Mahan sikh yodha atey jarnail sardar hari singh nalwa dr harbhajan singh sekhon by Sikh Digital Library

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wjkB f;Zy :'Xk ns/ ioB?b ;odko joh f;zx Bb{nk

fw. hrBjn isMG syKoN, dwKw

qqkrw pihlI vwr CpI 2013 sB h`k pRkwSk dy rwKvyN hn lyKk fw. hrBjn isMG syKoN ipMf dwKw, kwlj rof dwKw, ijlHw luiDAwxw[

e-mail : sekhonhsd@yahoo.com Pon ; 9463377009 (Bwrq)

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Dr Harbhajan Singh Sekhon 13130 69 Ave Surrey B.C. Canada V3WIR7 Phone 001-778-218-1432

mwiek shwieqw gurduAwrw isMG sBw kwlj rof, dwKw dI sMgq Cwpk PuAwiel pirMtRz luiDAwxw

+91-161-2404979, 2404093 email: foil@vsnl.com www.foil printers Ludhiana.com.

pMnw mu`K bMd BUimkw

i-vi xiii-xv

jIvn idRStI

mulqwn dI jMg

30-45

kSmIr qy hzwry dIAW ij`qW Aqy gvrnrI

46-83

iSmlw imSn dw muKI

84-95

ipSwvr dw prdySpqI

96-107

jmrOd dI jMg Aqy sUry dw AMq

108-127

SihrW, ikilHAW Aqy Dwrimk AsQwnW dw inrmwx

128-140

srdwr hrI isMG nlUAw dI bMs Aqy AMs

141-158

pusqk prmwx

159-160

1-29

sm`rpx is`K kOm dy mhwn hIry Aqy Syir-ey-pMjwb mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG dy is`K rwj dy hIro jrnYl srdwr hrI isMG nlUAw Aqy smUh ShId isMGW Aqy isMGxIAW ijnHW dyS vwsIAW dIAW gulwmI dIAW zMjIrW k`tx leI jwnW vwrIAW[

qqkrw pihlI vwr CpI 2013 sB h`k pRkwSk dy rwKvyN hn lyKk fw. hrBjn isMG syKoN ipMf dwKw, kwlj rof dwKw, ijlHw luiDAwxw[

e-mail : sekhonhsd@yahoo.com Pon ; 9463377009 (Bwrq)

kYnyfw

Dr Harbhajan Singh Sekhon 13130 69 Ave Surrey B.C. Canada V3WIR7 Phone 001-778-218-1432

mwiek shwieqw gurduAwrw isMG sBw kwlj rof, dwKw dI sMgq Cwpk PuAwiel pirMtRz luiDAwxw

+91-161-2404979, 2404093 email: foil@vsnl.com www.foil printers Ludhiana.com.

pMnw mu`K bMd BUimkw

i-vi xiii-xv

jIvn idRStI

mulqwn dI jMg

30-45

kSmIr qy hzwry dIAW ij`qW Aqy gvrnrI

46-83

iSmlw imSn dw muKI

84-95

ipSwvr dw prdySpqI

96-107

jmrOd dI jMg Aqy sUry dw AMq

108-127

SihrW, ikilHAW Aqy Dwrimk AsQwnW dw inrmwx

128-140

srdwr hrI isMG nlUAw dI bMs Aqy AMs

141-158

pusqk prmwx

159-160

1-29

mu`K bMd jdoN qoN mnu`K hoNd iv`c AwieAw hY, audoN qoN hI in`jqw dI Bu`K ny ies dw ip`Cw nhIN C`ifAw[ mnu`K svwrQI soc dw gulwm hY[ hmySw ieh Awpxw qy AwpixAW dw hI Blw cwhuMdw hY, dUijAW dw nhIN[ mu`F kdIm qoN mnu`K Awpxw iF`f Brn leI dUjy dw glw Gutdw Aw irhw hY[ AwpxIAW loVW leI ieh dUijAW nUM frwauNdw, DmkwauNdw, lu`tdw, ku`tdw qy mwrdw Aw irhw hY[ audoN jMgl dw rwj sI[ smwj nhIN sI[ smwijk kdrW kImqW pYdw nhIN sn hoeIAW[ hOlI hOlI mnu`KI jIvn qr`kI v`l quirAw jMgl qoN bwhr AwieAw, soc bdlI, kMm-ik`qy SurU hoey, jwqW, goqW qy DrmW dI hoNd hoeI[ smW pw ky sMivDwnk kdrW pYdw hoeIAW, pr dUjy dI qbwhI Aqy Awp dI cODr vwlI soc ny mnu`K dI soc nUM jrvwxw, inrdeI, lutyrw, kwql bxw id`qw[ Bwrq dI g`l krIey qW ies iv`c vsdy ihMdU muslmwnW dI kdy nhIN sI bxI[ 'ijs kI lwTI aus kI BYNs' dy AKwx vWg kdy muglW Aqy kdy ihMdU rwijAW dw rwj ho jWdw sI[ iehnW zr, zorU Aqy zmIn dy lVweI JgiVAW ny SWqI dyvI nUM BwjVW pweI r`KIAW[ gurU nwnk swihb dI soc ny nvIN kRWqI dw nwhrw id`qw[ ies kRWqI iv`coN is`K Drm dw prkwS hoieAw[ dsW hI gurU swihbwnW dy mhwn isDWqW nUM ^qm krn dI smyN smyN dIAW srkwrW ny koeI ksr nhIN C`fI[ pMjvyN gurW sRI gurU Arjn dyv jI dI qsIihAW BrI Shwdq ny ij`Qy ie`k pwsy frwkl mnW nUM BWj id`qI auQy dUjy pwsy AxK Aqy Awzwd jIvn ijaux leI BgqI Aqy SkqI dy isDWq nUM jnm id`qw[ auprMq nOvyN siqgurW gurU qyg bhwdr jI dI lwswnI Shwdq ny ^wlsy dy pRkrx nUM surjIq kr id`qw[ sRI gurU goibMd isMG jI ny ^wlsy dw pRkwS kr ky mOq iv`coN nvW jIvn surjIq kIqw[ AwpixAW cOhW sihbzwidAW dI ShIdI, AnykW isMG isMGxIAW qy Bujg M IAW dw ShwdqI gVH, is`K pMQ nUM nvIN rUh Aqy juJwrU soc dy igAw[ k`Px isrW qy bMnH (i)

ky isMGW nUM Gr Gwt C`fxy pey Aqy Awpxy imSn dI pUrqI leI jUJdy gey[ isMGW ny Coty Coty rwj pYdw kr ley, ienHW nUM imslW dw nwm id`qw igAw[ ienHW imslW dI sMGrSmeI pRIiKAw dI bdOlq mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG dw rwj hoNd iv`c AwieAw[ ies rwj iv`c lokW nUM KuShwlI, SWqI Aqy Awzwd jIvn nsIb hoieAw[ ies rwj iv`c pMjwb ny BUgoilk, rwjnIiqk, AwriQk qy Dwrimk KuShwlI hMFweI[ is`K rwj dI POj AMdr ivdySI &OjI, musilm, ihMdU Aqy is`K BrqI sn[ ienHW &OjIAW ny jwnW qlI aup`r Dr ky v`fIAW m`lW mwrIAW[ ienHW iv`c fogry gdwr vI BrqI sn pr dyS kOm dy Anmol Aqy su`cy hIirAW dI lVI vI by-imswl sI jo srIrk qOr qy swfy iv`c nhIN rhy pr swihq Aqy ieiqhws iv`c auynHW dw nwm ikAwmq q`k cmkdw rhygw[ ienHW iv`c srdwr hrI isMG nlUey dI dyx bVI mhwn hY[ jd bMdy dw jIvn, ijauxw krqw AOKw, qUPwn J`ly jbr zUlm dy nrk-AnyrI Jokw[ iPr nwnk dIAW ds joqW ny, BgqI SkqI ApxweI[ sUirAW jwm ShIdI pIqy, Brdw ieiqhws gvwhI[ mOq 'coN jIvn lY isMGW ny, julm dI kIqI vwFI, h`k, s`c dw sUrj ciVHAw, su`qI AxK sI jwgI[ Xu`DW ny iPr sUry prKy, G`t nw au~qry pUry[ dyS kOm dy mrn leI, dOVy ie`k dUjy qoN mUhry[ sUrimAW dI cVHq sukwvy, hr duSmx dw qlUAw, cmkx sUry qwirAW vWgUM, cMd iesy iv`c nlUAw[

fw. hrBjn isMG syKoN swihb dI ieh s`qvIN pusqk hY[ swihq ivSw lMmy smyN dw pRqIk hY[ kuJ ivSy huMdy hn ijnHW qy ricAw swihq sdw jIvq rihMdw hY pr kuJ iviSAW vwlw swihq QoVHy smyN bwAd Alop ho jWdw hY[ syKoN swihb ny Awm qOr qy ieiqhws nUM hI ivSw (ii)

bxwieAw hY[ ieiqhws nUM swihq iv`c pyS krnw ie`k imAwn iv`co do qlvwrW pwaux dy qu`l huMdw hY[ ies pusqk dw KrVw pVH ky mYnUM mhW kvI vwirS Swh dI hIr dI g`l Xwd AweI hY, aunHW hIr rWJy dy ipAwr dI g`l kridAW ij`Qy r`bI ipAwr dI pySkwrI kIqI, au~Qy mnu`KI srIr nUM l`gx vwlIAW by-igxq bImwrIAW dy nusKy vI ilK id`qy jo pMjwb dy jn-jIvn nUM qMdrusq krdy Aw rhy hn[ kvI v`loN vrqy AKwxW vWg ieh nusKy pMjwbI lokW dI zbwn qy cVHy hoey hn, iqvyN syKoN swihb dI ies pusqk iv`coN vI bhu BWqI igAwn pRwpq huMdw hY[ kSmIr iv`c kysr dI KyqI, kysr dy AnykW guxW, srIrk suMdrqw Aqy srIrk ielwj dw vI izkr hY[ pihly kWf iv`c nlUey srdwr dw jIvn ibrqWq hY[ ienHW dy bwbw jI Aqy ipqw jI sMpUrn guris`K Aqy isrl`Q sUrmy sn, ijs kr ky sUrmqweI dI guVHqI bMs iv`coN hI iml geI sI[ s`q swl dI aumry XqIm ho gey Aqy nwnky Gr srb shUlqW nwl srb p`KI igAwn pRwpq kIqw[ AMimRqpwn kr ky isMG sj gey Aqy gurU ikRpw sdkw drSnI juAwn sn qy pyNfU KyfW iv`c g`qky bwjI Aqy qlvwrW dy AYsy jOhr idKwaux l`gy ik dyKx vwly ienHW dI PurqI Aqy klw qy A`S A`S kr auTdy sn[ Syr dw iSkwr krky 'nlUey' dw pd hwsl kIqw Aqy ies Xogqw kwrn Syir-ey-pMjwb mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG dy ijgr dy toty bx gey[ auprMq byigxq pdvIAW dy mwlk bxy, au~cy Awcrn dIAW DuMmW pweIAW, svrg vrgw rwj pYdw kIqw, ienHW dy nwm dw is`kw c`ilAw jo ie`k mhwn ikRSmw sI[ dUjy kWf iv`c mulqwn dI jMg, im`Ty itvwxy dI ij`q au~c dy pIrW dI suDweI, koihnUr hIry dw ivvwd Kqm krnw, rjOrI Aqy iBMbr dI ij`q, mulqwn qy kbzw, jMqw dI hrmn ipAwrqw ij`q lYxI Awid ivSy bVI hI fUMiGAweI q`k CUhy gey hn[

(iii)

qIjw kWf ies pusqk dI ijMd jwn hY[ au~Gy XoiDAW dI vrdI qy sunihrI inSwn mVHny, qlvwrW qy hIry jVHny, GoiVAW dIAW kwTIAW dI jVHq jvwhrW nwl krnI, ij`qy hoey ielwikAW iv`c ikilHAW dw inrmwx krnw[ ikilHAW dIAW dIvwrW dI Kws aucweI cVHweI qoN ielwvw bwhrvwr fUMGy Kwly putvw ky pwxI nwl Brny srdwr hrI isMG nlUey dy idmwg dI Ascrz kwF sI[ ies qoN ielwvw kSmIr dI kdm kdm dI qsvIr, auQoN dy mOsm qy kudrqI suMdrqw, lokW dw husn, kMm DMdy, smwijk Aqy AwriQk AvsQw bwry jwxkwrI hwsl krnw nlUey dy mhwn kwrnwimAW dw vrnx hY[ XoDy ny vgwr dw kohV v`iFAw, Dwrimk AwzwdI dvweI, KyqI bwVI iv`c suDwr kIqw, ByfW b~krIAW r`Kx vwilAW nUM mwlI m`dd dyxw, Swl audXog pRP`ulq krnw, kwgz dI dsqwkwrI iv`c suDwr krnw, AwvwjweI leI rsqy bnwauxy, v`fy AlwtIAW qoN zmInW Koh ky kwSqkwrW nUM vMf dyxIAW, KyqI audXog sWBx leI godwm bnwauxy, nihrW k`Fvw ky brwn zmInW 'c isMjweI dw pRbMD krnw, ijns KRIdx vycx leI nvyN qol mwp krny, lokW Kws kr kwimAW dy jIvn iv`c suDwr Aqy KuShwlI ilAwauxI Awid rwhIN srdwr dI s`cI-su`cI soc nUM drswieAw igAw hY[ ies kWf dw kuJ ih`sw qW BulyKw pwauNdw hY ijvyN ieh sB kuJ krnw ie`k sPrnwmw hovy[ coQw kWf ^wlsw rwj dy Kyqr nUM drswauNdw hY ik ieh ikqnw ivSwl sI[ nwl hI ieh vI Kulwsw krvwauNdw hY ik iSmly vrgy imSn iv`c srdwr nlUAw jI gorIAW AOrqW dy ArD nMgy srIrW nwl nwc dy pUry iKlwP sn[ ie`k Kws g`l ieh sI ik srdwr gorI srkwr nwl Syir-ey-pMjwb dI iksy vI sMDI dy jwqI qOr qy iKlwP sn[ Bwv Awp rbV dI mohr nhIN sn sgoN qrk BrI soc dy mwilk sn[ pMjvyN kWf iv`c ipSwvr ielwky dI vDIAw rwj sQwpqI dw izkr hY[ Cyvy kWf nUM vYrwgmeI kWf AwKWgy[ is`K ieiqhws iv`c

(iv)

(iii)

(iv)

jmrOd dy iklHy dw Kws AsQwn hY[ ies ielwky iv`c sUrmy nUM mOq dy PirSqy keI idn l`Bdy iPrdy rhy[ pr ieh XoDw isr qy k`Px bMnH ky rwxI mOq nUM mKOlW krdw irhw[ isAwixAW dy kQn Anuswr hoxI nhIN tldI, aus ny Awpxw kMm kr id`qw[ XoDy dy AMq nwl is`K rwj dy isMGwsn dw ieh QMm Fih FyrI ho igAw[ArQwq isMGwsn fol igAw… qy ieh is`K rwj dy ^wqmy dw sMkyq bixAw[

kwiv totikAW dI KUb vrqoN kIqI hoeI hY[ r`b A`gy Ardws krIey ik fwktr swihb Koj BrI rcnw krdy rihx qy pMjwbI swihq dI syvw krdy rihx[ dws surjIq isMG muKI-pMjwbI ivBwg (swbkw) gurU nwnk nYSnl kwlj nkodr jlMDr

nlUey ny Awpxy smyN iv`c bhuq swry ikilHAW, SihrW Aqy Drm AsQwnW dw inrmwx kIqw[ sRI gurU hir ikRSn jI dy nwm qy hzwry dy iklHy dI auswrI krvweI, hrIpur Sihr nUM sPweI Aqy shUlqW BrpUr bxwieAw, ipSwvr iv`c iklHy bxwey, pMjw swihb gurU Gr dI syvw sMBwl dy p`ky pRbMD kIqy, iklHw guzrW vwlw, iklHw jmrOd, kSmIr iv`c Dwrimk AsQwnW dI auswrI Aqy iklHy bxvwey, sRI Akwl q^q swihb dy guMbd dI syvw sonw jVw ky krvweI, qrnqwrn, mukqsr swihb iv`c mhwn srovrW dI syvw Aqy gurU swihbwn dIAW au~cIAW SwnW nUM buMigAW rwhIN pyS kIqw[ fwktr swihb ny ies pusqk iv`c mhwn ivSy dI Koj krky pyS kIqw hY[ ieiqhws iksy vI qrHW bxwey nhIN jWdy sgoN ieh hwlwqW dI dyx huMdy hn[ hwlwqW dI pIVw ieiqhws isrjdI hY[ ies ivcly pwqrW dy ikrdwr ies nUM au~cw nIvW krdy hn[ sMswr iv`c sYNkVy kOmW AijhIAW hn ijnHW dw koeI ieiqhws nhIN hY[ AsIN irxI hW Awpxy gurUAW, BgqW, isrl`Q XoiDAW vIrW Aqy BYxW dy, ijnHW ny Awpxy nwmoinSwn imtw ky is`K ieiqhws dw prp`k mh`l auswirAw hY[ DMnvwdI hW syKoN swihb dy ijnHW ieiqhws dI lMmI lVI nUM ivigAwnk soc Aqy qrkmeI sUJ bUJ nwl pyS kIqw hY[ pusqk dI bolI muhwvry BrpUr TyT pMjwbI hY, ikqy ikqy mwlvy dw ielwkweI Asr idsdw hY[ vwk bxqr ikqy ikqy Ax-suKwvIN hY pr Awp jI nUM g`l pwTk dy p`ly pw dyx dw FMg AwauNdw hY[ lyKxI nUM rs BrI bnwaux leI gurbwxI Aqy

(v)

(vi)

(v)

(vi)

BUimkw AnMq SkqIAW dy mwlk prmySr dI idRStI bVI byAMq hY ijs AMdr joq, dwq Aqy jugq dI klw psr rhI hY[ ieh klw auh mhwn SkqI hY jo idKweI nhIN idMdI pr pRq`K rUp iv`c pRgt hY[ ieh SkqI AYsI hY ijs nUM mwipAw, qoilAw Aqy igixAw nhIN jw skdw[ hr ie`k jIv AMdr aus jIvn dwqy vloN klw itkweI hoeI hY Aqy ieh ipCly jnmW-jnmWqRW dI kIqI kmweI qy ADwrq huMdI hY[ mnu`KI jIvn jW sMjIv jIvW dy jIvn dw AwrMB vI hY Aqy AMq vI hY pr klw AnMq hY[ pRBU vloN bKSI klw nUM GtwieAw, vDwieAw nhIN jw skdw[ hW mnu`K AwpxI klw dI vrqoN G`t v`D kr skdw hY[ pRis`D icqRkwr srdwr soBw isMG Anuswr 'klw ie`k aucyrI qy Awzwd aufwrI hY' jo s`uqIAW rUhW nUM jgw idMdI hY Aqy Bu`ly-BtikAW nUM shI rsqy pw idMdI hY[ klw qW hI s&l hY jy klwkwr ies nUM cMgI qrHW smJy[ klw ie`k imSn hoxw cwhIdw hY pySw nhIN[ Airstotl ny klw nUM kudrq dI sUJ-bUJ vwlI inrUpx SkqI iliKAw hY[ ieh SkqI ie`k surqw Aqy vzndwr mwp dw pRqK ` srUp hY[ bMdy ies kudrqI SkqI dy qohPy nUM AwpxI kwblIAq dI pdvI drswauNdy hn, jdoN aunHW dy mnW AMdr auj`fpuxw pYdw huMdw hY[ 'Imagination then is one instinct of our nature. Next there is the instinct for harmony, and rhythmymeters being manifestly sections of rhythms Persons, therefore, starting with this natural gift developed by degrees their special aptitudes till their rude improvisations give birth. Akwl purK ny dUjy jIvW dy mukwbly mnu`K nUM au~qm idmwg, cMgI soc Aqy ie`k dUjy nwl g`lbwq krn, myl-imlwp r`Kx, pVHn Aqy ilKx leI ivl`Kx ivDI bKSI hoeI hY[ pr ieh Awpxy suAwrQ, lwB, ih`q Aqy hMkwrI AOguxW nUM mu`K r`K ky kmzorW Aqy grIbW nUM (vii)

gulwm bxw ky aunHW qy zulm FwhuMdw hY, lu`t-Ksu`t krdw hY ijs kwrn, jMgl rUpI bol bwlw ho jWdw hY[ ijs dI lwTI aus dI BYNs vwly hwlq pYdw hox kwrn pwpW dI h`d ho jWdI hY Aqy prjw 'c kurlwht m`c jWdI hY[ pr AKIr iehnW AwhW Aqy rox dIAW DwhW jdoN jIvn idhMd suxdw hY qW iehnW nUM T`lHx leI auh iksy mhWblI nUM klw dy ky sMswr qy Byjdw hY[ auh AgMmI mrd SsqrW Aqy gulwmI dI c`kI iv`c ips rhI Klkq dI shwieqw nwl pwpI buriCAW dI pMjwlI auhnW dy gloN luhw idMdw hY[ Asl iv`c Bwxw swrw krqy dw hI vrqdw hY ijvyN gurbwxI dy bol hn: loB lhir sB suAwn hlku hY hlikE sBih ibgwry] myry Twkur kY dIbwin Kbir huoeI gur igAwnu KVgu lY mwry] (983)

mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG dy is`K rwj qoN pihlW bMdw isMG bhwdr dy ^wlsw rwj (1708 qoN 1716) dw smW C`f ky ihMdusqwn qkrIbn 800 swl ArbW, qurkW Aqy muglW dy ADIn gulmI dIAW zMjIrW iv`c jkiVAw irhw[ ies smyN dOrwn jo jbr jnHw, Gwx, durgqI Aqy musIbqW dI hnyrI prjw au~pr Ju`lI auh sMqwp Aqy AiqAwcwr lUM kMfy KVHy krn vwlI vwrqw hY[ bMidAW dw jIvn pSUAW nwloN vI mMdw sI[ ihMdUAW nUM jbrI muslmwn bxwieAw igAw, iesqrIAW dy sq BMg kIqy gey, byksUirAW, b`icAW Aqy bu`iFAW nUM vI mOq dy Gwt auqwirAw igAw[ ihMdUAW qy ho rhy D`ky Aqy slUk bwry igAwnI igAwn isMG jI 'pMQ pRkwS' iv`c ilKdy hn: bytI bhU nvIN jo AY hYN[ qRY idn jbrn qwihN rKY hYN[ pun jb ihMdU koeI mr hYN[ kbr pIr drvwjy pr hY[ iqs ky nIcy sY lKvY hYN[ murdw iPr jlq so nY hYN[

fwktr hrI rwm gupqw ilKdy hn ik jykr sRI gurU nwnk swihb jI dy jnm (1469) ijnHW ny is`K Drm dI nINh r`KI qoN 500 swl pihlW qy JwqI mwrIey qW jrvwixAW ny ies smyN dOrwn qkrIbn (viii)

60 hmly ihMdosqwn qy kIqy[ iehnW hmilAW dOrwn dyS dI Dwrimk, AwriQk, rwjnIiqk Aqy smwijk AvsQw nUM cknwcUr hI nhIN kIqw sgoN ihMdusqwnIAW nUM kmzor,buzidl Aqy inqwxy bxw id`qw[ gurU nwnk dyv jI ny s`c Aqy h~k dw hokw id`qw[ Awpxy r`bI bolW nwl lukweI nMU jMgy-AwzwdI leI jgwauxw kIqw[ bwbr vrgy jrvwxy bwdSwh nUM aus dy mUMh qy jwbr ikhw[ hor rwijAW nUM Syr dI inAweIN ivcrn kr ky AwdmKor AwiKAw Aqy iehnW dy muk`dmW nUM lwlcI ku`qy grdwinAw Aqy nOkrW nUM grIbW dI r`q pIx vwly AwiKAw[ rwjy sIh mukdm kuqy] jwie jgwien bYTy suqy] cwkr nhdw pwiein Gwau] rqu ipqu kuiq ho ctu jwhu] (1288)

ijhVy Awpxy Awp nUM DrmI AKvwauNdy sn aunHW dy pwKMf rUpI pwjW nUM ieM\ auDyiVAw: kwdI kUV boil mlu Kwie] bRwhmx nwvY jIAw Gwie] jogI jugiq n jwxY AMDu] qIny EjwVY kw bMDu]

jbr nwl jUJdw rhygw[ pr Srq ieh r`KI ik ^wlsw auhI hovygw jo gurmiq dw DwrnI Aqy gurmirXwdw iv`c prp`k rhygw[ jykr gurU dy is`K gurU nwnk dy isDwqW qy pihrw nhIN dyxgy qW du`K pwauxgy Aqy pwpW dy BwgI hoxgy[ gurU nwnk dI is`KI shI jIvn syD dyx krky mnu`Kqw dI ijMd jwn, Awn Aqy Swn hY[ is`KI bwry Mr.Bertrand Arthur William Russell (Noble prize winner in literature in 1950) ijhVw mhwn i&lws&r Aqy gixq ividAw dw mwhr sI[ ies qoN ielwvw ieh ihstorIAn Aqy smwijk nukqw ingwh iv`c vI mwhr sI Aqy swihq dw Awlock sI[ ieh 1872 qoN 1970 dy drimAwn hoieAw hY Aqy brqwnIAW dw SihrI sI[ ies dy ivcwr suxo: "If some lucky men survive on slaught of the third world war of atomic and hydrogen bombs, then the Sikh religion will be the only means of guiding them. When asked isn't this religion capable of guiding mankind before the third world war? He said,"Yes, it has the capability but the Sikhs haven't brought out in the broad day light the splendid doctrines of this religion which has come into existence for the benefit of the entire mankind. This is their greatest sin and the Sikhs cannot be freed of it."

gurU swihb ny gur is`K nUM jIvn jwc isKx leI pRyirAw Aqy nwl hI Drm dI ikrq, nwm jpx Aqy vMf Ckx dw aupdyS id`qw[ AwpxI pMjvIN Aqy nOvIN joq AMdr h`k, s`c, ienswP leI kurbwnI krn dw v`l isKwieAw, nykI dw prkwS Aqy bdI dw nwS krn leI CyvIN joq sRI gurU hir goibMd swihb jI ny ipqw gurU Arjn dyv jI dI Shwdq auprMq mIrI Aqy pIrI dy isDWq nUM is`KI AMdr pRkwiSq kIqw ArQwq is`K nUM sMq ispwhI bxw id`qw[ duStW dI suDweI leI Ssqr cu`ky[ dsvIN joq AMdr mrd AgMmVy-srbMsdwnI sRI gurU goibMd isMG jI ny is`K nUM AMimRq pwn krw ky isMG dI pdvI bKS ky ^wlsy dw rUp dy id`qw[ nwl hI sRI gurU gMRQ swihb jI nUM jugo jug At`l gurU Qwp id`qw[ ^wlsy bwry AwiKAw ik Awaux vwly smyN AMdr ^wlsw zulm

Bwv 'nobl purskwr ivjyqw brtYNf rsl (1872-1970), brqwnIAW dw mhwn dwrSink, gixq SwsqRI, ihstorIAn Aqy swihq dw Awlock ilKdw hY ik jykr koeI suBwgw bMdw dunIAW dI hox vwlI qIjI mwrUjMg 'coN bc igAw ikauik ieh AYtm Aqy hweIfRojn bMbW dI hovygI qW ies ipCoN is`K Drm hI ie`k AYsw Drm hovygw ijhVw Xog AgvweI kr skygw[ qd rsl qoN pu`iCAw igAw ik kI dunIAW dy ies qIjy mhW Xu`D qoN pihlW is`K Drm mnu`Kqw nUM shI syD

(ix)

(x)

ijhVy Awpxy Awp nUM DrmI AKvwauNdy sn aunHW dy pwKMf rUpI pwjW nUM ieM\ auDyiVAw: kwdI kUV boil mlu Kwie] bRwhmx nwvY jIAw Gwie] jogI jugiq n jwxY AMDu] qIny EjwVY kw bMDu]

(ix)

(x)

dyx dI smr`Qw nhIN rKdw? auq`r sI, hW, ies Drm kol ieh smr`Qw hY[ pr is`KW ny is`K Drm dy gOrvmeI isDwqW nUM pRkwSq nhIN kIqw ijhVy swrI mnu`Kqw dI BlweI loVdy hn[ ieh ies pwp kwrn bKSy nhIN jw skdy'[ is`KI mhwn hY[ gurU ikRpw sdkw is`K kOm mwrSl hY[ gurU ny is`K nUM ies g`l iv`c prp`k kIqw hY ik qUM ie`k Akwl purK qy Brosw r`Kxw hY, sdw cVHdI klw 'c rihx leI bwxI Aqy bwxy dy DwrnI hoxw hY, srb`q dw Blw mMgxw hY, sdw praupkwr krnw hY Aqy dyS jW kOm qy jykr koeI BIV bxy qW Awpxy Awp nUM kurbwn krn qoN vI kdy nhIN iJjkxw[ mYN qyry sdw AMg sMg hW[ ies leI is`K gurU dy pRym Aqy pRqIq nUM mu`K rKidAW mOq qoN nhIN frdw, Awpw vwrn leI sdw qqpr rihMdw hY Aqy gurU crnw iv`c hoeI mOq nUM vfBwgI mMndw hY[ bwbw bMdw isMG bhwdr dI Shwdq auprMq is`KW ny bhuq qsIhy J`ly Aqy AOKI GVI iv`c ivcridAW jrvwixAW dy mUMh vI BMny[ nvwb zkrIAw KWn Aqy mIr mMnU vrigAW ny ksmW KwDIAW ik AsIN auqnw icr p`g Awpxy isr qy nhIN DrWgy ijqnw icr is`KW dw nwmo inSwn nhIN imtw idMdy[ ieQoN q`k hukmnwmy jwrI kIqy gey ik guV Sbd dI vrqoN qy vI pwbMdI lgw id`qI ikauNik ieh Sbd gurU nwl imldw juldw hY[ guV dI QW 'roVI' Sbd vrqx dy AwdyS id`qy gey[ isrW dy mu`l pwey gey Aqy QW QW qy v`Fy isrW dIAW mInwrW KVHIAW kr ky aunHW nUM swiVAw igAw[ pr isMGW ny ieh Sbd aucwrn kIqy: mMnU swfI dwqrI, AsIN mMnUM dy soie[ ijauN ijauN mMnUM v`Fdw, AsIN dUx suvwey hoey[

is`KI bwry ilKwrI mInw dws dy ivcwr suxo: "ijhVw vrg (is`K) h`k s`c dI ^wqr jwnW inCwvr kr dyx dy krm nUM 'pRym dI Kyf' Kyfx dw nW idMdw hY, zulmW dy qsIihAW nUM 'qyrw kIAw mITw lwgy' kih ky iKVy m`Qy pRvwn krdw hY, kwl koTVIAW (xi)

dy AMdr vI srUrI sdW lwauNdw hY Aqy &wsI dy q^iqAW qy vI jyqU jYkwry gjWauNdw hY aus iv`c AwpxI inAwrI hsqI Aqy Tu`k dw Aihsws pYdw ho jwxw suBwivk hY[ AjyhI ipAwrI, inAwrI, dulwrI Aqy siqkwrI kOm AMdr Awpw vwrn dw bhuq p`kw Aqy fUMGw Aihsws hY[ ieh Aihsws aus dI Awzwd hsqI dw pRgtwvw drswauNdw hY[ kimaUinst ivcwrDwrw dy kvI AmrjIq cMdn dI svY-kQnI pVoH ijs iv`c drz hY: 'AsIN vI is`K ieiqhws qoN pRyrxw leI, Kws kr ky Shwdq dy sMklp qoN[

mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG dy rwj AMdr srdwr hrI isMG nlUAw is`K rwj dw mhwn jrnYl Aqy ausreIAw sI[ husnl crwg, roSn idmwg Aqy AgwD bl dw mwlk hox krky ies ny SmSIr pkV ky zrvwixAW dy dlW AMdr kmwl Aqy byimswl DmwlW pweIAW[ ijs iK`qy dy jrvwixAW (APgwnW) ny ihMdusqwn nUM bwr bwr kuìtAw Aqy luìtAw Aqy ijnHW v`l nUM koeI vI ihMdusqwnI sUrmw mUMh krn nUM iqAwr nhIN sI ieh au~Qy Syr vWg buìkAw Aqy grijAw[ mn AMdr gurilv, is`KI pRym, AxK Aqy mnu`Kqw dy Bly dI icxg hox krky ieh Albylw sUrbIr mOq dI prvwh nw krdw hoieAw duStW dy dlW nUM lqwVdw , gwldw Aqy mwrdw ibjlI dI inAweIN Awpxy inSwny vl vDdw sI[ ie`k qyj-qrwr qy PurqIlw GoV svwr, dOVwk, qIrAMdwzI Aqy qlvwr dw DnI hox dy nwqy ieh jMgW-Xu`DW AMdr duSmx nUM AYsIAW BwjVW pwauNdw Aqy nkyl ksdw sI ik aus nUM hwr qoN ibnw hor kuJ idKweI nhIN sI idMdw[ hr pl mwlk dI ikRpw sdkw ij`q srdwr hrI isMG dy pYr cuMmdI sI[ ieh ij`q aus dy au~dmI suBwA, srl Aqy spSt soc, nyk idl inAW Aqy ienswP psMd, kilAwxkwrI Aqy SuB-icMqk hox dw nqIjw sI[ sRI gurU goibMd isMG dy au~cry bol hrI isMG dy AMg AMg iv`c rmy hoey sn: (xii)

dyh isvw br moih iehY suB krmn qy kbhUM n troN[ nw fro Ar so jb jwey lroN inscY kr ApnI jIq kroN[ Ar is`K hUM Apny hI mn ko ieh lwlc hO gun n aucroN[ jb Awv kI AOD indwn bnY Aq hI rx my qb jUJ mrON[

rwj pRbMD vwlw rwj kIqw[ ies rwj Bwg iv`c hrI isMG dw rol Aqy kwrnwmy bhuq hI mh`qvpUrn sn[ ies dw nW hIro hox dy nwqy hIry vWg cmikAw[

bhuq hI ivl`Kxqw, Ascrz Aqy klwmeI g`l ieh hY ik Atk qoN ^Ybr pws q`k mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG ny hrI isMG nlUAw dI dyK ryK hyT A&gwnW nUM Bwrq iv`c dwKl hox qoN sdw leI rok id`qw[ ^Ybr pws p`Cm dyS qy grIks v`loN 500 bI. sI. iv`c hI hmlwAwvr drw ^Ybr rwhIN ihMdusqwn iv`c lu`t Ksu`t leI ibnW iksy fr Bau qoN dwKl huMdy Aw rhy sn[ grIks qoN ibnw qurk, ArbI, mugl, mMgolz Aqy A&gwnI bwr bwr ies rsqy hmlw krdy sn[ iehnW nUM rokxw Kwlw jI dw vwVw nhIN sI, isr DV dI bwjI dI zrUrq sI[ Syir-eypMjwb dI kwbl Aqy ipSwvr dy rsqy nUM bMd krn vwlI mhwn soc nUM srdwr nlUAw ny isMGW dI m~dd nwl ijnHW dI igxqI muglW dy brwbr Awty iv`c lUx ijqnI hI sI nUM cwr cMn lwey[ ihMdusqwn iv`c pihlI mrdm SumwrI AMgryzI srkwr ny 1860 iv`c krvweI sI[ vwtr PIlf ny AwpxI pusqk (Memorandum on the Census of British India 1871-72, London, Page 17) iv`c iliKAw hY ik rwvI Aqy sqluj dy ivckwr lwhOr sxy is`KW dI igxqI 17 pRqISq sI[ AMimRqsr iv`c 13 pRqISq Aqy jlMDr iv`c 8 pRqISq sI jdik bwkI QwvW qy igxqI 3 qoN 1 pRqISq hI sI[ AMimRqsr, mulqwn, lwhOr qy rwvlipMfI iv`c ihMdU 24, 17, 15 Aqy 10 pRqISq kRmvwr sn[ d`Kx iv`c ihMdU bhuigxqI iv`c sn[ muslmwnW dI AbwdI AMimRqsr, lwhOr qy mulqwn iv`c 50 qoN 65 pRqISq sI [ jd ik pySwvr iv`c 93 pRqISq Aqy rwvlipMfI iv`c 85 pRqISq sI[ Bwv mu`TI Br is`KW ny 600 swlW dy rwj nUM qihs nihs krky r`K id`qw[ brnz ilKdw hY ik bhuq hI G`t igxqI dy is`KW ny lMmy smyN leI mugl bhuigxqI dy ielwikAW qy bhuq Swndwr, SwnSOkq Aqy cMgy

by-bhuq hoXw hrI isMG dUlw, ijdHw nwm rOSn dUr dUr swry[ id`lI d`Kx qy cIn mcIn qweIN, bwdSwhW nUM KO& zrUr swry[ rwjw krn qy ibkRmwjIq vWgUM, hwqm qweIN vWgUM mShUr swry[ kwdrXwr jhwn qy nhIN hoxy, swKI auh bulMd hjUr swry[ (2)

(xiii)

kwdrXwr vI hrI isMG dI mihmW ieM\ gwauNdw hY[

dws ny ipCly kuJ swlW dOrwn dyS-ivdyS iv`c bhuq swrIAW lwiebRyrIAW Aqy pusqkW sMbMDI lweIAW jw rhIAW numwieSW dI PyrI lweI Aqy inrIKx kIqw hY[ pr ies hTIly, CYl-CbIly, dUr-AMdySI, Adu`qI Aqy sMGrSmeI XoDy qy bhuq hI G`t ikqwbW dyKIAW[ mn iv`c soc pYdw hoeI ik ies is`K rwj dy QMMmH , prjw syvk, dwnSbMd Aqy cmqkwrI sKSIAq sMbMDI iliKAw jwvy qW ik vrqmwn Aqy Awaux vwlIAW pIVHIAW nUM ies au~dmI, mwxm`qy Aqy hoxhwr dI kOm Aqy dyS pRqI kIqI Gwlxw Aqy kurbwnI dw igAwn hwsl ho sky[ sMn 2009 iv`c fwktr vnIq nlUAw jo srdwr hrI isMG dI ku`l iv`coN hY ny AMgryzI iv`c bhuq hI Koj BrpUr ikqwb,"hrI isMG nlUAw, cYNpIAn AwP dI Kwlsw jI" ilKI hY[ pr ieh pusqk Awkwr iv`c v`fI Aqy kImq p`KoN vI mihMgI hox krky ho skdw hY Awm lokW dy h`QW iv`c nw jwvy[ pr dws nUM ieh ikqwb ilKx iv`c kwPI shwiek hoeI hY, ies qoN ielwvw dws ny hor bhuq swrIAW pusqkW, rswly, ilKwrIAW dy lyK, AKbwrW Aqy ieMtrnYt dI vI shwieqw ies pusqk dI sMpUrnqw leI leI[ iehnW dy prmwx ilKq iv`c vI Aqy AKIr qy, nwm vI pusqk prmwx sUcI iv`c AMikq hn[ BwvyN dws ieiqhwskwr nhIN, pI. AY~c. fI. q`k swieMs dI pVHweI kIqI pr gurU dI b^SI m`q Anuswr XoDy dy ieiqhws nUM srl pMjwbI mW bolI dI SbdwvlI 'c (xiv)

dyh isvw br moih iehY suB krmn qy kbhUM n troN[ nw fro Ar so jb jwey lroN inscY kr ApnI jIq kroN[ Ar is`K hUM Apny hI mn ko ieh lwlc hO gun n aucroN[ jb Awv kI AOD indwn bnY Aq hI rx my qb jUJ mrON[

rwj pRbMD vwlw rwj kIqw[ ies rwj Bwg iv`c hrI isMG dw rol Aqy kwrnwmy bhuq hI mh`qvpUrn sn[ ies dw nW hIro hox dy nwqy hIry vWg cmikAw[

(xiii)

kwdrXwr vI hrI isMG dI mihmW ieM\ gwauNdw hY[

ilKx dw Xqn kIqw igAw hY[ ieiqhws dy nwl nwl ilKq nUM pRym Aqy rs BrI bnwaux leI gurbwxI Aqy kvIAW dIAW kivqwvW dy idRStWq vI id`qy gey hn[ dws pRoPYsr surjIq isMG jI dw kotwn kot DMnvwdI hY ijnHW ny ies KrVy ƒ GoiKAw Aqy piVHAw[ pVHn auprMq ies sMbMDI Awpxy v`fmu`ly ivcwr mu`K bMd iv`c AMikq kIqy hn[ dws AwpxI supqnI srdwrnI rwijMdr pwl kOr dw vI irxI hY ijs ny swry iviSAW ƒ pVH ky soDW kIqIAW[ sRImqI srlw rwxI dw vI DMnvwd krn qoN nhIN rih skdw ijs ny keI vwr ies ikqwb dy KrVy ƒ tweIp kIqw[ bwr bwr GoKx auprMq vI ZlqIAW rih jWdIAW hn dws aunHW pRqI pwTkW qoN muAwPI cwhuMdw hY[

1 jIvn idRStI

hrBjn isMG syKoN (rItwierf) swbkw pRoPYsr qy ieMcwrj dwl sYkSn pMjwb KyqIbwVI XUnIvristI luiDAwxw kwlj rof dwKw, ijlHw luiDAwxw 141102 (pMjwb) email – sekhonhsd@yahoo.com Pon 9463377009 imqI : 22.2.2013

Syir-ey-pMjwb mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG dy jnm qoN l`g pg igAwrW swl ip`CoN pMjwb dI DrqI qy 1791 eIsvI iv`c mwqw Drm kOr dI ku`KoN srdwr gurdws isMG dy gRih gujrWvwlw ivKy ie`k bhuq hI nUrI ichry vwlw, hoxhwr, sujwn, DIrjvwn, qyj-prqwpI Aqy Awqm q`q dw igAwqw pùqr jnimAW ijs dw nwm hrI isMG rìKAw[ ieiqhwskwrW ny ipqw dw nwm srdwr guridAwl isMG iliKAw hY[ pr vnIq nlUAw jo hrI isMG dI s`qvIN pIVHI iv`coN hY ny AwpxI pusqk AMdr hirduAwr dy pWifAW dI ilKq muqwbk hrI isMG dy ipqw dw nwm gurdws isMG iliKAw hY[ srdwr gurdws isMG Sukrc`kIAw imsl (Misal means a unit or a division or a brigade of sikh warriors) dw ku`mydwn (kmWfr) sI[ Bwv aus ny bhuq swry jMgW-Xu`DW iv`c bhwdrI dy AdBùq jOhr idKw ky ku`mydwn dw mrqbw hwsl kIqw sI[ ipClIAW do pIVHIAW qoN hrI isMG dw prvwr ^wlsw &Oj iv`c Swml ho cuìkAw sI[ ies dy dwdw jI srdwr ibSn isMG aup`l (ieiqhwskwrW Anuswr srdwr hirdws isMG) srdwr cVHq isMG Aqy srdwr mhW isMG dy hm-rkwb rhy Aqy is`K pMQ dI Awn Aqy Swn leI aunHW BwrI m`lW mwrIAW[ ^qrIAW' 'coN aup`l goq iksy purKy dy nW qoN AwrMB hoieAw sI ijs ny auq`m kMm leI kurbwnI id`qI sI[ aus dI Xwd iv`c A&gwinsqwn ivKy ie`k p`Qr iSlwlyK mOjUd hY[ mugl Aihmd Swh durwnI dy qkrIbn swry hmly iehnW dy isrW aup`r dI lMGy[ ieh 1762 eIsvI dy v`fy-G`lUGwry dOrwn ku`p-rhIVw, mlyrkotly kol golIAW l`gx kwrn ShId ho gey sn[ lwflw hrI isMG Ajy s`q ku swl dw hI sI ik 1798 iv`c jMgI jrnYl dy ipqw srdwr gurdws isMG cVHweI kr gey[ pqI dI mOq kwrn mwqw Drm

(xv)

1 jIvn idRStI

(xv)

kOr AOkV iv`c iGr geI[ Gr dy hwlqW nUM q`k ky mwqw Drm kOr dw Brw hrI isMG nUM AwpxI BYx smyq Awpxy ipMf lY igAw[ au`Qy hI hrI isMG viDAw Pu`ilAw Aqy juAwn hoieAw[ aus smyN koeI nhIN sI jwxdw ik s`q swlw inAwsrw ieh bwlk l`KW pRwxIAW dw Awsrw, inqwixAW dw qwx, inmwixAW dw mwx Aqy ^wlsw pMQ dI ie`k idn Swn bxygw[ ies qoN vI v`D ky gurU ikRpw sdkw is`KI nUM cwr cMn lw ky ies dy JMfy dUr dUr q`k Julweygw Aqy koih nUr vrgy hIry mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG nUM idvweygw[ kwdr dI kudrq bVI Ascrz, AlOikk, AdBu`q Aqy Adu`qI hY[ ies dy BydW bwry A`j q`k pUrn qOr qy koeI nhIN jwx sikAw[ Akwl purK v`loN ByjIAW nUrwnI rUhW kdy kdweIN sMswr qy AwauNdIAW hn[ AYsIAW rUhW AMdr mwlk AYsI ivsmwdI klw pw ky Byjdw hY ijs kwrn aunHW v`loN jIvn AMdr kIqy mhwn, v`fmuly Aqy cmqkwrI ikRSmy qy kwrnwmy Awp-muhwry pRgt ho jWdy hn[ lukweI AMdr aunHW dw qyjprqwp sUrj dI inAweIN pRkwS ho jWdw hY[ ijs krky aunHW dI soBw Aqy vifAweI nUM gwieAw jWdw hY[ aunHW dy au~qm gux, kilAwxkwrI soc Aqy praupkwrqw vwlw rsqw lok-gQwvW Aqy ieiqhws bx ky sMswr AMdr hIry dI inAweIN cmkdw hY[ auh gQwvW Aqy ieiqhws drpx rUp ho ky Awaux vwlIAW pIVHIAW qy nslW nUM shI qy s`cy mwrg qy qorn, ivl`Kx kwrnwmy krn Aqy AwpsI ipAwr Bwvnw pYdw krn leI auqSwhq krdw hY[ ie`k kvI ny TIk hI iliKAw hY: hoqw hY kohy-dsq my pYdw kBI kBI[ vuh mrd ijs kw &kr kry ^zP ko ngIN[

pwlx-poSx Aqy iv~idAk pRbMD bwlk hrI isMG Awpxy nwnky Gr rih ky viDAw Pu`ilAw, piLAw Aqy juAwn hoieAw[ nwnky Gr vwilAW ny bVy cwA, mlwr Aqy ipAwr nwl Awpxy Bwxjy nUM r`iKAw[ ies dy Kwx leI cMgI Kurwk, 2

pihnx leI loV Anuswr bsqr, ksrq leI Xog smwn Aqy SsqrW Awid dw pRbMD kIqw[ aunHW simAW iv`c GrylU kMmW dy nwL nwL bcpn iv`c hI gurU dI is`KI, hiQAwr clwaux, GoL krwaux, inSwnwbwzI Awid dw AiBAws krwieAw jWdw sI ikauNik muglW v`loN bwhrI hmly bwr bwr huMdy sn[ ie`k vwr mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG nUM ie`k AMgryz A&sr ny is`KW dI bhwdrI, dlyrI Aqy AxK bwry pu`iCAw sI[ au~qr iv`c mhwrwjy ny AwiKAw,"gurU ny is`K nUM guVHqI hI ie`k r`b qy Brosw krn Aqy sMq-ispwhI bxn dI id`qI hY[ is`K b`cy nUM pMj swl dI aumr iv`c gurbwxI pVHn, kMT krn, GoV-svwrI Aqy qIr-AMdwzI isKwauxI SurU kr id`qI jWdI hY"[Aihmd Swh AbdwlI dy nwl rihx vwlw ilKwrI kwzI nUr dIn BwvyN QW QW qy is`KW nUM sg (ku`qy) ilKdw hY[ pr AwpxI ilKq iv`c is`KW dI vifAweI vI krdw hY Bwv s`c nUM s`c kihMdw hY[ kI kihMdw hY? 'jykr iksy ny Ssqr clwauxw, nyzwbwzI , g`qky-bwzI qy GoV-svwrI is`KxI hY auh iehnW qo is`Ky[ qlvwr clwaux dw jo ikRSmw mYN jMg AMdr Awpxy A`KIN iehnW dw dyiKAw auh hor nhIN iksy dw dyiKAw[ pqw nhIN ieh v`l iehnW ny ik`QoN is`Ky hn"[ ieM\ hrI isMG bcpn iv`c hI gurbwxI,qIr-AMdwzI, g`qky-bwzI, nyzy-bwzI, GoV-svwrI is`K igAw sI[ vYsy vI kudrq v`loN Dur drgwhoN ies nUM v`fy bl Aqy klw dI bKSS hoeI hoeI sI[ aunHW idnW iv`c pVHweI fyirAW dy mhMqW gurduAwirAW dy gRMQIAW jW inrmilAW dy AwSrmW iv`c rih rhy swDUAW v`loN hI krweI jWdI sI[ srdwr SmSyr isMG ASok dI ilKq muqwbk pMj swl dI aumr qoN pihlW hI hrI isMG gurmuKI (pMjwbI) pVHn pwieAw igAw qy Pyr A`T ku swl dI aumr iv`c mOlvI pwsoN &wrsI pVHweI geI[ Awm irvwj Anuswr jpu jI, jwpu swihb, sÍ`Xy, cOpeI, AnMd swihb, rihrws qy kIrqn soihlw nUM Su`D aucwrn Aqy kMT krn qy zor id`qw jWdw sI[ auprMq pMj gRMQI , bweI vwrW, BgqW dI bwxI pVHw ky sRI gurU gRMQ swihb jI dI sMiQAw id`qI jWdI sI[ hrI isMG ny ikqnI pMjwbI, 3

aurdU, &wrsI pVHI ies bwry ilKqI q`Q bhuqy mOjUd nhIN sn[ vnIq nlUAw ny AwpxI pusqk 'hrI isMG nlvw, cYNpIAn Aw& ^wlsw jI' iv`c AMikq kIqw hY ik hrI isMG &wrsI qy gurmuKI qoN ielwvw pKqUnW dI BwSw pSqo vI jwxdw sI[ jgq pRis`D XwqrU bYrn hugl ny Awpxy 's&rnwmy' iv`c iliKAw hY ik hrI isMG nlvw PwrsI iv`c A`q drjy dw inpuMn hY Aqy bVI qyzI nwl PwrsI ilKdw qy boldw hY[ aus dy mUMhoN pSqo sux ky vI lok AcMBk ho jWdy hn[ bYrn hugl ieh vI ilKdw hY ik sMn 1833 iv`c iSmlw g`lbwq smyN srdwr hrI isMG nlUAw ivlIAm bYNitk nUM imly qW imlxI smyN ijs ijs A&sr nwl qy gvrnr jnrl nwl aunHW g`lbwq kIqI auh swry hI Awp dI isAwxp, au~cI bu`DI Aqy KulHy suBwA qoN bhuq hYrwn Aqy cikRq hoey[ iehnW dI eIst ieMfIAw kMpnI dI pwilsI vwk&IAq Aqy gupq kwrnwimAW sMbMDI jwxkwrI qoN AMgryz APsrW nUM bVI Ascrjqw hoeI sI[ pMifq iSv nrYx ilKdw hY ik srdwr hrI isMG nlUAw mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG dy drbwr iv`c sB qoN v`D sUrmw Aqy cMgw ivdvwn srdwr sI[

AMimRqpwn krnw AMimRq dw Bwv hY Amr kr dyx vwlw rs[ ies nUM Awby-hXwq (Amr kr dyx vwlw pwxI) jW phul vI AwiKAw jWdw hY[ AMimRq klw ie`k AYsI mhwn SkqI hY ijs nwl bMdw ivDwn iv`c rih ky gurU dy isDWq nUM Apxw lYNdw hY[ ieh isDWq SYqwn mn nUM ivSy-ivkwrW qoN hoV ky kyvl s`c dy rsqy qy hI nhIN qordw sgoN aus nUM BgqI dy mwrg qy clw ky pRBU joq nwl joV idMdw hY[ AMimRq dI krwmwqI SkqI mnu`K nUM inrBau, inrvYr Aqy AYsw srbbIr bxw idMdI hY ik auh hr AOkV dw ft ky bVI dlyrI, bIrqw Aqy bhwdrI nwl mukwblw krn leI iqAwr ho jWdw hY[ 4

sRI gurU nwnk dyv jI ny 1469 qoN is`KI dw inrml pMQ clwieAw[ gurU nwnk joq ny dsvyN jwmy iv`c phuMc ky 1699 dI ivswKI nUM KMfy bwty dI phul iqAwr krky pMj ipAwirAW nUM AMimRqpwn krw ky ^wlsw sjwieAw Aqy aunHW pwsoN Awp vI AMimRq Ck ky 'isMG' dw drjw pRwpq kIqw[ sMswr AMdr ieh sB qoN v`KrI iksm dw mhwn ienklwb sI ijs AMdr hr pRwxI nUM brwbr dw h`k Aqy iensw&, Dwrimk AwzwdI, smwijk BweIcwry dI bhwlI, srb`q dw Blw, s``c dI soc qy pihrw dyx leI mIrI-pIrI ArQwq sMq-ispwhI dw isDWq, grIb dI r`iKAw, jrvwxy dI B`iKAw, Awp jIau qy dUijAW nUM su`KIsWdI ijaux idau Aqy nw fro nw hI iksy nUM frwau dI pRyrnw sI[ ieM\ sRI gurU goibMd isMG jI ny sRI gurU nwnk dyv jI dy imSn dI pUrqI leI Aqy ienswn nUM nmUny dw mrd bnwaux leI ^wlsw pRgt krky nvW ienklwb ilAWdw[ BweI gurdws jI dUjy ny AwpxI vwr AMdr rc id`qw: gur br Akwl ky hukm isauN aupijE ibigAwnw[ qb sihjy ricE Kwlsw swbq mrdwnw[ (vwr 42)

ieslwm Drm dI ie`k rvwieq hdIsW (ieslwm prMprw iv`c kurwn qoN bwAd hdIsW nUM mwnqw pRwpq hY) Anuswr Kudw nUM Awdm bnwaux leI 230 swl dw smW l`igAw[ jd Awdm iqAwr ho igAw qW Kudw ny dyviqAW nUM ies Awdm A`gy isr Jukwaux leI ikhw[ kihMdy hn dyviqAW ny qW ieh g`l mMn ky Awdm A`gy isr Jukw id`qw pr SYqwn ienkwrI ho gey[ auprMq SYqwn qy Awdm dI jMg jwrI rhI[ gurU klgIDr pwqSwh nUM vI ienswn nUM ^wlsw bnwaux leI 230 swl (1469 qoN 1699) dw smW l`igAw[ ^wlsy dI swjnw jnm suhylw, gurU dw cylw, hlymI rwj dI bhwlI, sMqW dI rKvwlI qy duStW dI mMdhwlI pRqI ie`k kRWqI sI[ gurU klgIDr dy drbwrI kvI sYnwpqI dy bol hn:

Asur isMGwrby ko durjn ky mwrby ko, sMkt invwrby ko ^wlsw bnwXo hY[

dunIAW AMdr ies auprMq cwr v`fy ienklwbW (brqwnIAW, &rWs, rUs qy AmrIkw) dw ieiqhwsk izkr AwauNdw hY pr ieh ienklwb suAwrQ BrpUr, rwjnIqk, AwriQk qy smwijk msilAW nwl l`dy hox krky KUn-Krwby, dMgy-Pswd, lu`t-mwr Aqy iDM|ojorI vwly sn[ pr ^wlsy dI swjnw iehnW g`lW qoN rihq sI[ lYinn ny 1917 iv`c kimaUinst pwrtI dI sQwpnw ^wlsy dI swjnw qoN qkrIbn 218 swl bwAd kIqI[ ies bwry lYinn ny dwAvw kIqw ik ieh kRWqI mnu`K jwqI leI soSilst (smwjvwdI) isDWqW qy inrBr sMswr AMdr pihlI Gtnw hY[ pr 1952 iv`c jgq pRis`D ieiqhwskwr Awrnlt twienbI ny Awpxy mhW gRMQ (History of the Word) iv`c inrxw kIqw hY ik lYinn dI kimaUinst pwrtI dw pUrvj gurU goibMd isMG dw ^wlsw hY Aqy ieh pwrtI sMBv auqpqI dI pdvI dI AiDkwrI nhIN[ ivswKI dw purb ihMdusqwn AMdr purwqn smyN qoN mnwieAw jWdw hY[ ieiqhwsk q`QW Anuswr sMn 1801 dI ivswKI vwlw idn Syir-ey-pMjwb mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG Aqy hrI isMG leI bhuq mh`qvpUrn sI ikauNik ies idn ie`kI swl dy rxjIq isMG nUM srkwr dw iKqwb ArQwq is`K rwj dI slqnq hwsl hoeI jd ik ds swlw hrI isMG ny aus idn KMfy dI phul (AMimRq) CkI sI[ Bwv isMG sj ky srdwrI dI pdvI hwsl kIqI ijhVI sMswrI bwdSwhI (rwj iqlk) qoN vI aup`r hY[ sIqw rwm ny ies sMbMDI bhuq suMdr kib`q ricAw : dsvyN brs iv`c phul lIqI KMfy vwlI, CikAw AMimRq KuS hoNvdI lukweI sI[ XwrvyN brs svwrI KUB krn l`gw, 6

Syr vW\UM g`jy iv`c kuvwq ielwhI sI[ bwrvyN brs rIq PVI srdwrW vwlI, qyrvyN brs bwxI sB ic`q AweI sI[ cODvyN brs ic`q kry KMfw Pyrny nUM, sIqw rwm r`qI jo nsIbW vwlI CweI sI[

bsMq dy myly qy zwhrI ikRSmy mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG bìcAW nwl bhuq ipAwr krdw sI Aqy nOjuAwnW dy krq`bW nUM dyKx iv`c bhuq idlcspI lYNdw sI[ hoxhwr, suGV , KUbsUrq Aqy gMBIr DIrj vwly is`K nO-inhwlW dI ijsmwnI qwkq prK ky aunHW nUM ^wlsw &Oj iv`c BrqI kr lYNdw sI[ ies prK leI bsMq pMcmI 1805 nUM is`K rwj dI rwjDwnI lwhOr ivKy ds idn dw mylw AwXoijq kIqw igAw sI[ ies iv`c pMjwb Br qoN v`fI igxqI iv`c nOjuAwn sUrmy Awpxy jOhr idKw ky ienwm hwsl kr rhy sn[ ie`k idn Syir-ey-pMjwb Awp iehnW bhwdrW dy jOhr bYTy q`k rhy sn ik srdwr gurdws isMG aup`l dy spUq srdwr hrI isMG ijs dw drSnI ichrw gorw-inSoh, nYx-nkS iq`Ky, ijsm au~cw qy fIlfOl vwlw, srIr lckdwr qy PurqIlw Aqy ichrw roAb-dwb vwlw sI ny qIr-AMdwzI, inSwnybwzI, GoV-svwrI Awid dy kmwl Bry jOhr idKwey ik mhwrwjw swihb dyK ky dMg rih gey[ ies dy bulMd hOsly, hunr, qy Ssqr Asqr dI jMgI ivìdAw qoN pRBwvSwlI ho ky hrI isMG nUM B`j ky glv`kVI iv`c lY ilAw[ g`lbwq dOrwn ies dy im`Ty pRym Bry bol, idmwgI sUJ-bUJ qy au~cw-su`cw Awcrn dyK ky Bry drbwr AMdr KuSI KuSI Awpxy gl 'coN lwh ky v`fmu`lw sunihrI kMTw hrI isMG dy gl iv`c pw id`qw[ nwl hI hukm kr ky vjIrW nUM kih id`qw ik A`j qoN ieh lVkw myrw iKdmqgwr (AMg rìKAk) hovygw[

Asur isMGwrby ko durjn ky mwrby ko, sMkt invwrby ko ^wlsw bnwXo hY[

Syr vW\UM g`jy iv`c kuvwq ielwhI sI[ bwrvyN brs rIq PVI srdwrW vwlI, qyrvyN brs bwxI sB ic`q AweI sI[ cODvyN brs ic`q kry KMfw Pyrny nUM, sIqw rwm r`qI jo nsIbW vwlI CweI sI[

ikrpwn-bwzI iv`c inpuMnqw hrI isMG ikrpwn clwaux iv`c A`q drzy dw inpuMn, ausqwd Aqy PurqIlw sI[ ie`k vwr ie`k AMgryz ny ies nUM ikrpwn clwaux sMbMDI AwpxI klw idKwaux leI AwiKAw[ vnIq nlUAw dI ilKq muqwibk srdwr ikrpwn pkV ky mMjy qy bYT igAw[ mMjy hyT pkiVAw hoieAw kW C`ifAw[ auprMq mMjy dy Awly-duAwly ieqnI qyzI nwl ikrpwn vgweI ik kW nUM kw&I smW mMjy qoN bwhr nhIN inklx id`qw[ ies g`l qoN ihswb lwieAw jw skdw hY ik auh ikrpwn dw pRdrSn kYsw hovygw ikauNik kW bhuq hI cqur Aqy qyz-aufwr jwnvr hY[ hrI isMG dI ies kwrwgrI, klw Aqy hunr nUM dyK AMgryz nUM bhuq AcMBw hoieAw[

nlUey dw iKqwb pMdrW brs dI aumry hI hrI isMG ny Syr nUM mwrn krky 'nlUAw' dw iKqwb hwsl kIqw[ lqIP Anuswr Syr dw iKqwb aus ienswn nUM hI id`qw jWdw sI ijhVw koeI swhsI kMm kry ArQwq Syr dw mukwblw kr sky[ mhWBwrq dI gwQw Anuswr rwjw nl Awpxy smyN dw mhW dwnI, nwmI Aqy Adu`qI sUrbIr sI[ pUrbI rwjsQwn Aqy p`CmI au~qr prdyS dy j`t 'Folw' nwm dw bIr-kwiv bhuq ipAwr nwl gwauNdy sn[ smW pw ky ieh kwiv pMjwb iv`c vI pRc`lq ho igAw[ ies kwiv dy SbdW iv`c drz sI ik SWqIvx dy jMgl iv`c rwjw nl ny Awpxy ipqw nUM Syr dy mUMhoN bcw ilAw sI[ iesy qrHW jMgl iv`c ie`k vwr iSkwr Kyfx smyN hrI isMG qy Acwnk Syr ny hmlw kr id`qw[ pr roSn idmwg Aqy Syr idl hrI isMG ny qlvwr nwl Syr dy do toty kr id`qy[ lok gwQw Anuswr mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG ny AwpxI A`KIN ieh Ajb nzwrw q`ikAw[ mhwrwjy ny hrI isMG kol qyzI nwl Aw ky AwiKAw, "vwh myry rwjw nl, vwh"[ AiqAMq KuSI iv`c mhwrwjy ny hrI isMG 8

nUM glv`kVI 'c ilAw Aqy nwl dy isMGW nUM AwiKAw, "ieh myrw nlUAw hY"[ ies auprMq hrI isMG dy nwm nwl 'nlUAw' sdw leI pY igAw[ srdwr hzUr ny ausy smyN drbwrI icqRkwr pMifq ibhwrI lwl jo Syr mwrn dy mOky smyN mOjUd sI, nUM hukm id`qw ik hwlwq nUM q`k ky hrI isMG nlUey dI Syr nUM mwrn dI qsvIr bxwau[ icqRkwr ny suMdr icqR bxwey ijhVy mhwrwjy Aqy isMG nUM ByNt kIqy[ ienHW iv`coN ie`k icqR srdwr hrI isMG nlUey ny bYrn hUgl nUM 8 jnvrI 1821 nUM id`qw, ijs nUM dyK auh bVw hYrwn qy pRsMn hoieAw[ hUgl dI AwpxI ilKq ieM\ hY: I surprised him by knowledge whence he had gained the applellation of Nalva, and of his having cloven the head of a tiger who had already seized him as its prep. He told the Diwan to bring some drawings and gave use his portrait, in the act killing the beast (Travels in Kashmir & the Punjab by Baron C. Hugal Page 234). mOlwnw Aihmd dIn AwpxI pusqk, 'muk`ml qwrIK kSmIr' iv`c ilKdw hY, "nlvw dI vjw qsmIAw ky muq`Alk mShUr hY ikauNik rwjw 'nl' zmwnw kdIm my eyk bhwdr Ar sujwq rwjw Qw'[ logNo ny hrI isMG ko 'nl' sy 'nlvw' bxw dIAw[ nlvw sy murwd 'Syr ko mwrny vwlw' Xw 'Syr A&gwn' hY[ imstr AYn. ky. isnhw AwpxI ilKq 'qwrIK' iv`c ilKdw hY ik srdwr hrI isMG 'nlvw' aup nwm ies leI pRis`D ho igAw ik aus ny Syr nUM h`QW nwl mroV ky mwr su`itAw sI[ According to Vigne (1842) young Hari Singh was separated from his companions in the jungle and was found just as he destroyed a tiger with his sword.

Bwv-ivjn (1842) iv`c ilKdw hY ik nOzuAwn hrI isMG jMgl iv`c Awpxy swQIAW qoN v`K ho igAw sI[ auhnW swQIAW ny ies nUM AwpxI qlvwr nwl Syr nUM ^qm krdy dyiKAw[ ircrf tYNpl v`loN ilKI pusqk 'Legends of the Punjab' iv`c AMikq hY ik BwvyN 'nl' Aqy Syr' ivckwr koeI sMbMD nhIN pr ikauNik nl ny Syr nUM mwr id`qw sI[ ies leI lokW ny Syr mwrn vwly nUM 'nl' AwKxw SurU kr id`qw sI[

srdwr dI pdvI srdwr Sbd 'sr' Aqy dwr dy sMjog qoN bixAw hY[ 'sr dw Bwv hY AxK r`Kxw[ 'dwr' Sbd sUlI leI vI vriqAw jWdw hY[ so srdwr dw ArQ hY auh ienswn ijhVw AxK dI ^wqr sUlI qy cVHn dI ihMmq r`Kdw hovy[ ie`k kvI ny srdwr dI prIBwSw nUM kwiv rUp iv`c AMikq kIqw hY: idl-b-idldwr bdyh, qw qo idldwr SvI[ sr bsr dwr binh, qw qo srdwr SvI[

Bwv auh bMdw ijhVw Awpxy ipAwry nUM idl ByNt kr dvy[ AYsI hwlq iv`c auh ipAwry dy smwn ho jWdw hY[ ArQwq jo Awpxy ieSt dy hukm iv`c cldw hoieAw Awpxw isr aus A`gy ByNt kr dvy aus nUM srdwr kihMdy hn[ BweI nMd lwl goieAw jI ilKdy hn ik srdwr bxn jW khwaux dI KyfH g`lW bwqW dI nhIN, isr DV dI bwzI lwaux vwlI hY[ auh AwpxI ie`k gzl iv`c AMikq krdy hn: AY bPzl goieAw! E mz`n dm[ Ko pw inh`d drI rwh, AW rW ik sr n bwSd[

ArQ-AY goieAw! qUM g`pW nw mwr[ gurU nwl lwey ieSk dw hMkwr nw kr, ikauNik ies rwh qy pYr r`Kx vwly nUM AwpxI qlI qy sIs itkwauxw pYNdw hY[ 10

ie`k gwQw Anuswr jdoN bwbr ny eymnwbwd Sihr qy hmlw kIqw qW hmly auprMq l`uitAw mwl aus dy ispwhIAW ny gTVIAW 'c bMnH ilAw[ kudrqI sRI gurU nwnk dyv jI vI au~Qy sn[ iehnW nUM Aqy BweI mrdwny qy BweI bwly nUM pkV ilAw[ pkV ky gurU nwnk dyv jI Aqy BweI bwly dy isr qy bMnyH mwl dIAW gTVIAW itkw id`qIAW Aqy BweI mrdwny nUM GoVw pkVw id`qw[ GoVw pkVwaux smyN ispwhIAW ny AwiKAw, "ies GoVy dI lgwm nI C`fxI[ jykr GoVw dOV igAw qW qyrw isr klm kr idAWgy[" jdoN ieh qury jWdy sn qW gurU swihb ny AwiKAw,"BweI mrdwny rbwb vjw bwxI AweI hY[" BweI mrdwnw kihMdw,"s`cy pwqSwh! mYN rbwb vjwvW ik GoVy dI lgwm PVW, bwbr dy ispwhI dw hukm s^q hY ik jy GoVw dOV igAw qW myrw isr v`iFAw jwxw hY[ g`l kI AwpW ij`Qy vI jWdy hW isr v`Fx vwlIAW g`lW hI huMdIAW hn[" gurU jI ny AwiKAw, "BweI mrdwny! s`c dI Awvwz bulMd krn leI isr qlI qy r`Kxw pYNdw hY[ srdwrI vI isr dyx nwl hI imldI hY[ ieh jo is`K pMQ SurU kr rhy hW ies iv`c g`l hI isr dyx qoN SurU hoxI hY"[ PV rbwb, C`f GoVy dI lgwm Aqy r`b nUM Xwd kr"[ aus smyN siqgurW Sbd aucwrn kIqw: eyqI mwr peI kurlwxY qYN kI drdu n AwieAw] (360)

ie`k hor kvI dy srdwr sMbMDI suMdr bol hn: kry jo PUl kI rKSw, ausI ko Kwr kihqy hYN[ bdl fwly jo ienswn ko, ausy ipAwr kihqy hYN[ suxo auh dunIAW vwlo, mYN quJ ko s`c kihqw hUMN[ jo sr ko dwr py r`K dy, ausy srdwr kihqy hYN[

BweI kwnH isMG nwBw ny Awpxy Sbd koS iv`c srdwr dI sMgXw pRDwn, muKIAw qy iSromxI ilKI hY[ srdwr dI pRIBwSw dws ny AwpxI pusqk 'gurmiq mwrg Aqy swfw s`iBAwcwr' iv`c KolH ky ibAwn kIqI hY Aqy srdwr Sbd dy inkws qy ivkws bwry lMbI gwQw ibAwn kIqI 11

ArQ-AY goieAw! qUM g`pW nw mwr[ gurU nwl lwey ieSk dw hMkwr nw kr, ikauNik ies rwh qy pYr r`Kx vwly nUM AwpxI qlI qy sIs itkwauxw pYNdw hY[ 10

hY[ ieQy qW kyvl tUk mwqR hI iliKAw hY ikauNik 1804 dI ivswKI nUM hrI isMG nlUAw nUM &Oj dy srdwr dw pd pRwpq hoieAw sI[ v`fI ivl`Kxqw vwlI g`l ieh hY ik kyvl pMdrW swl dI AwXU iv`c AwpxI jwn nUM zoKm iv`c pw ky dlyrI nwl Syr nUM mwr dyxw ies qoN v`fI sUrmgqI ienswn iv`c hor kI ho skdI hY? sUrmy dI pihlI Xogqw hI hOslw hY[ ieh hOslw hI pRBU dI pRym rUpI BgqI AYsI SkqI hY ijhVI buzidlI dUr krky &rz, nyknIqI, shI PYsly, idRVqw qy nmk-hlwlI nUM jnm idMdI hY[ hOsly vgYr isAwxp qy cqrweI PlhIx ho jWdI hY[ sUrmy dI soc Awpxy inSwny pRqI KulH-idlI vwlI, sw&, gOrvmeI qy BY-rihq huMdI hY[ sUrmw jIvn dy sB su`K, ieCwvW qy vwSnwvW iqAwg ky izMdgI nUM ^qry iv`c pw ky inSwny dI pUrqI krdw hY[ sUrmy dI bhwdrI hor vI cmk pYNdI hY jd auh aupkwrqw vl pYr itkwauNdw hY, h`k, s`c, iensw& Kwqr jUJdw hY, Drm pwldw hY, duSt gwldw hY Aqy jwn qy KyfH ky kOm qy dyS nUM iSMgwrdw hY[ Asl sUrmw auhI huMdw hY ijhVw inmkI iv`c Aw ky vYrI nUM vI muAwP kr idMdw hY[ pr ieh swrI KyfH pRBU pRIq mMfl dI hY jo pRBU dI ikRpw sdkw aupjdI hY[ ies dI aupj smyN bMdy dy mn AMdr ArSI qy PrSI nwd v`jxy SurU ho jWdy hn pr sB kuJ krn krwaux vwlw auh prmySr hY[ gurbwxI dy bol hn: khu mwnKu qy ikAw hoie AwvY] jo iqsu BwvY soeI krwvY] Aiq sUrw jy koaU khwvY] pRB kI klw ibnw kh DwvY] (282)

vnIq nlUAw ny vI iliKAw hY ik mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG ny 1808 dI ivswKI AMimRqsr mnweI[ ies idn iklHw BMgIAW qy BwrI ie`kT hoieAw[ mhwrwjw ny nOjuAwn hrI isMG dI blvwnqw nUM mu`K rKidAW aus nUM Syr idl ^wlsw &Oj dw muKI Qwp id`qw[ ausy idn 36 swlw dysw isMG mjITIAw nUM 400 svwrW Aqy jTyry inhwl isMG AtwrIvwly nUM 500 svwrW dw muKIAw QwipAw[ dyKx vwlI AjIb g`l ieh hY ik pMdrW swl dI CotI aumr iv`c koeI byimswl Xogqw Aqy Adu`qI guxW vwlw hI &OjI srdwr bxn dw Ahudw pRwpq kr skdw hY[

bulMdI qy au~cy Ahudy ijauN ijauN nlUey srdwr dI aumr juAwnI vl geI aus dw k`dkwT vDdw igAw[ bhuqy ieiqhwskwrW Anuswr aus dw k`d s`q Pu`t dy l`g pg, srIr guMdvW, CwqI cOVI, bwhW lMbIAW ichrw nUrI qy dg dg krdw sI[ pRis`D smkwlI lyKk hmIdu`lw SwhwbwdI (kSmIrI) dy kQn Anuswr srdwr hrI isMG nlvw SkloN sohxw, idl dw dlyr, Syr mrd, AwlI vkwr, lwswnI SKSIAq dw mwilk, hwiqm vrgw sKI, Swh mOSIrvW jyhw munisP, imzwj, mulkI isAwsIAq iv`c pUrI qrHW mwihr qy Adu`qI ruAbdwb dw vwlI sI[ ijs kwrx aus dI Suhrq dIAW DuMmW nw kyvl kwbl q`k hI, sgoN APgwinsqwn dy hryk ielwky iv`c peIAW hoeIAW sn (Akbr nwmw kSmIrI)[

dIvwn Amr nwQ dI ilKq 'zPrnwmw rxjIq isMG' Anuswr hrI isMG qoN iKdmqgwrI (AYNfIkwrw) dw Ahudw Cufw ky srdwrI dw mrqbw bKS id`qw qy A`T sO svwr qy pYdl sYnw dw A&sr Qwp ky iezq A&zweI kIqI[ ieQoN srdwr hrI isMG nlUey dw &OjI jIvn AwrMB hoieAw[

kihMdy hn ik ie`k &rWsIsI A&sr nlUey srdwr nUM aus dy d&qr iv`c pihlI vwr imilAw[ hrI isMG dw husnl crwg dw dg dg krdw ichrw muhrw dyK ky Gbrwht iv`c Aw igAw[ srdwr ny pu`iCAw kI kwrn hY quhwfy ichry qy ieqnI Gbrwht ikauN hY? aus ny au~qr id`qw, "srdwr swihb! jykr quhwfy jlwau vrgy ichry Aqy blvwn srIr vwly nwl kdy mYdwny jMg iv`c t`kr l`g jwvy qW dyK ky hI Qr Qr kMbxI iCVnI suBwvk g`l hY[ ijs qrHW sUrj dy swmHxy

A`KW KolH ky lgwqwr KVHnw muSkl huMdw hY ausy qrHW mYnUM quhwfy jmwl rUpI husn nUM dyK ky mihsUs hoieAw hY"[ pRym isMG hoqI mrdwn ilKdy hn ik APgwinsqwn dw Adu`qI bhwdr XoDw muhMmd AjIz Kwn sMn 1823 eIsvI iv`c KySgI dy mYdwn iv`c jd hrI isMG nlvy nwl do cwr h`Q hoieAw qW A`KW imlwaux dI dyr sI ik bwrkzeI ^wn pr srdwr jI dw AYsw roAb CwieAw auh mYdwn iv`c ie`k pl leI BI hor nw Tihr sikAw[ ijQy Awp dy dbdby dw ieh hwl sI aus dy nwl isAwxp qy sMjIdgI vI ieMnI vDI hoeI sI ik Awpxw nmUnw auh Awp hI sn[ sohx lwl sUrI Anuswr mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG dI lwhOr kcihrI AMdr hrI isMG nlUey vrgw hor koeI srdwr nmk hlwl nhIN sI[ hrI isMG mwno Arjn sI Aqy mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG ikRSn smwn ijvyN ik mhwBwrq iv`c pRmu`K sKSIAqW ikRSn qy Arjn sn[ "Arjun had gained victory everywhere on account of the cooperation of Sri Krishan ji" hrI isMG aurP kwdrXwr AwpxI pihlI SIhrPI iv`c srdwr hrI isMG dI vifAweI ieM\ gwauNdw hY: sy-swAbqI sux ky bhwdrW dI, idl pING dw AYS hulwirAW iv`c[ rUh KuSI dy nwl vsl krdw, AwSk msq ijaux ipAwirAW iv`c[ rxjIq isMG srdwr dy APsrW nU,M if`Tw nzr mYN pw ky swirAW iv`c[ kwdrXwr bhwdrW iv`c cmky, hrI isMG ijauN cMn isqwirAW iv`c[

hrI isMG v`fy qoN v`fy sUrmyN dI llkwr nUM cxOqI idMdw sI[ ij~Dr nUM vI cVHweI krdw sI Syr vW|UM BbkW mwrdw jWdw sI[ solW swl dI aumr iv`c hI ksUr dI jMg smyN hrI isMG ny gwzI pTwxW dy AYsy C`ky Cufwey ik jMgy mYdwn nUM C`f ky ij`Dr nUM dyiKAw jwnW bcwaux leI B`j inkly[ nlUey dI Syr-idl rjmYNt dy isMGW ny n`Ty jWdy bhwdr nvwb kuqbdIn nUM pkV ky muSkW iv`c jkV ilAw[ ies nvwb ny ihMdU Aqy is`KW dy ielwky AMdr jo vDIkIAW kIqIAW sn qy kr irhw sI , auh 14

bhuq hI idl kMbwaU Aqy dihlwaU sn[ iehnW muglW dy v`fy vfyry ipSOr qoN bwbr dI &Oj nwl ihMdusqwn qy hmly vkq Awey sn Aqy v`fIAW jwgIrW dy mwlk hox kr ky prjw qy vDIkIAW kr rhy sn[ iehnW ny ^wlsy dI vD rhI qwkq nUM dyK ky is`KW dw nwmo-inSwn imtwaux leI v`fI qzvIj GVI sI[ ies g`l dw Syir-ey-pMjwb nUM jd pqw l`igAw qW iehnW nUM smJwaux leI srdwr &qih isMG kwilAW vwlw Aqy &kIr AzIz-aud-dIn nUM ByijAw[ pr ieh hMkwrI, ivkwrI Aqy durwcwrI m`Cry hoey nw tly[ iehnW dI BYVI soc nUM srdwr &qih isMG Aqy &kIr qoN sux ky Aqy &kIr jI nwl bdslUkI qy kubcn bolx krky Syir-ey-pMjwb ny ^wlsw &Oj nUM ksUr v`l kUc krn dw hukm dy id`qw sI[ ies DUAW Dwr jMg iv`c KwlseI &OjW ny &qih pweI[ muSkW 'c jkVy hoey nvwb kuqbdIn nUM jd mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG A`gy pyS kIqw igAw qW Syir -ey-pMjwb ny hukm id`qw, nvwb Kwn dIAW muSkW KolH idau ieh bhwdr sUrmw hY[ ies nUM mwirAw nhIN sgoN Prwk idl mhwrwjy ny jwgIr dy ky pRvwr smyq sqluj qoN pwr mmdot ielwky iv`c 22 ipMf Aqy 52 hzwr rupey swlwnw Awmdn dw prgnw dy ky pIVIHE-dr-pIVHI bKS id`qI[ bwbw pRym isMG hoqI mrdwn dI ilKq Anuswr ieh jwgIr A`j q`k ies Grwxy kol hY[ ieM\ ksUr dw ielwkw 28 PrvrI 1806 nUM ^wlsw rwj iv`c Swml ho igAw[ srdwr inhwl isMG jI AtwrI vwly nUM jo ies muihMm dy mu`K pRbMDk sn, ieh ielwkw sMBwl ky ^wlsw &OjW ij`q ky DONsy vjwauNdIAW lwhOr puj ` IAW[ gurU klgIDr ny bic`qR nwtk iv`c iliKAw hY ik ksUr qy lwhOr Sihr sRI rwm cMdR jI dy pu`qrW ny vswey sn: qhI iqnY bwDy duie purvw] eyk ksUr duqIAw lwhurvw]

brqwnIAW dy ihstorIAn igRPn Aqy mYsI ny 1909 iv`c iliKAw ik hrI isMG nUM ksUr dI jMg iv`c bhwdrI bdly jwgIr 15

pRwpq hoeI[ mYkwilP ny vI 1909 iv`c ilKI pusqk 'The Sikh Religion' iv`c iliKAw ik ksUr iv`c pTwxW dI &qih qy sRI gurU Amr dws jI dy khy hoey Sbd , "swfy syvk ie`k idn SYhnSwh hoxgy[ ie`k is`K rwjw ksUr dw s`qwDwrI hovygw"[ ie`k solW swlW dy n`Fy ny pUry kr idKwey[ ispwh-slwr srdwr hrI isMG nlvw dw &OjI jIvn 1804 iv`c GoV svwr qy pYdl rjmYNt nwl SurU hoieAw[ pr 1807 iv`c ies iv`c hwQI, aUT Awid Swml krky do btwlIAnW (&OjI dsqy) bxw id`qIAW[ sIqw rwm kohlI Anuswr ie`k dsqy iv`c 632 AwdmI Aqy dUjy iv`c 910 AwdmI sn[ srdwr hrI isMG vwlI pltn i`v`c 632 'coN 576 lVwkU Aqy 56 shwiek ijvyN ik JMfw brdwr, gRMQI isMG, GiVAwlI (tweIm kIpr) , KlwsIz (tYNt ip`cr), hlky luhwr, qrKwx Awid sn[ pihlW pihl is`K sYnkW dI vrdI ic`ty rMg dI sI[ pr Pyr PrWsIsI A&srW nwl slwh mSvrw kr ky vrdI iv`c jwkt lwl rMg dI, pqlUn nIlI Aqy CwqI qy ic`ty jW kwly rMg dI p`tI vwlI bxweI geI[ v`K v`K AhuidAW dI pCwx leI sunihrI Dwgw, vDIAw iksm dI PIqI, sunihrI Aqy cWdI rMgI forI jW sunihrI Jwlr kmIz qy lgweI jWdI sI[

jrnYlI ruqbw &Oj AMdr jrnYl dw ruqbw sB qoN SRomxI hY[ ieh ruqbw iksy ruhwnI BrpUr SKSIAq Aqy gYbI qwkq vwly nUM hI pRwpq huMdw hY[ mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG dy drbwr AMdr hrI isMG ny ieh Ahudw Awpxy blbUqy qy pRwpq kIqw ArQwq i^dmqgwr qoN srdwr, srdwr qoN ispwh-slwr, ispwh-slwr qoN gvrnr qy gvrnr qoN jrnYlI hwsl kIqI[ ^wlsw rwj AMdr BwvyN hor vI jrnYl sn pr jo cwr cMn ies XoDy ny lwey auh horW qoN inAwry sn ArQwq ^wlsw pMQ dw hMs ho inbiVAw[ ies dy kIqy cmqkwrI ikRSmy, jMgW-Xu`DW iv`c idKweI 16

sUrbIrqw Aqy au~cw-su`cw Awcrn sMswr AMdr ieauN cmk irhw hY ijvy pMCIAW iv`c mor SoBnIk huMdw hY, qwirAW iv`c DrU qwrw soBdw hY Aqy hIirAW iv`c koihnUr hIry dI bu`kq hY[ bIrqw jW bhwdrI mnu`KI jIvn dy AnykW guxW dI Kwn hY, ieh BWq-suBWq, rMg-brMgy, tihk-mihk qy KSbU nwl Bry Pu`lW dy guldsqy dI inAweIN hY[ ijvyN sony dy ikxky im`tI iv`c pey soonw khwauNdy hn Aqy cmkdy hn iesy qrHW bIrqw dy gux kwrn sUry kOmI isqwry, cwnx munwry qy lukweI leI ipAwry Aqy siqkwry bx jWdy hn[ sUrmy AMdr bIrqw pRym, sbr, sMqoK, syvw, s`c Awid guxW dI sMjog huuMdI hY[ ieh ruhwnIAq dw isKr mMnI geI hY Aqy SIl, dieAw, Drm, DIrj qy igAwn dy QMmHW qy KVHdI hY[ sUrmw srIr dI mOq qoN nhIN frdw zmIr dy mrn qoN frdw hY[ aus dI inrml soc KulH-idlI dw sbUq huMdI hY qy buzidlI nyVy qyVy nhIN Fu`kdI[ ijvyN sony dI Su`Dqw A`g 'c pw ky prKI jWdI hY iqvyN sUrmy dI prK musIbq dI B`TI iv`c pw ky prKI jWdI hY[ gurbwxI dy vI bol hn: sUrw so pihcwnIey jo lrY dIn ky hyq] purjw purjw kt mrY kbhU n CwfY Kyq] (1105)

sB qoN pihlW aus AMdr lIfriSp (AgvweI) dw gux hoxw zrUrI hY[ ArQwq ijhVw Awpxy swQI ispwhIAW dI imQy inSwny dI pUrqI leI A`gy l`g ky qury, aunHW leI loV Anuswr shUlqW dw pRbMD Aqy AnukUl vwqwvrn auswry qy kwnUMn Aqy ivDwn nUM sKqI nwl lwgU krn dI smr`Qw r`K[y ies qoN ielwvw suAwrQ hIxqw, dlyrI, blvwnqw, qVk-BVk, juAwb-dyhI, nyk-nIqI Aqy svY-BrosgI vI ie`k auq`m jrnYl dy Kws gux mMny gey hn[ sMswr AMdr BwvyN AnykW jrnYl pYdw hoey pr srdwr hrI isMG nlvw vrgw bw-kmwl, pRqIvwn, nIqIvwn, bw-imswl, TwT-bwT vwlw qy pRsMsk koeI ivrlw hI lBygw[ srdwr nlvw ikauNik zmIr, 17

SmSIr, qkbIr Aqy qkdIr dw DnI sI ies leI aus ny Xu`g pltwaU kwrnwmy krky mhwn s&lqw hwsl kIqI[ iehnW guxW krky krm, cwl-Fwl, bol-cwl qy rwj pRbMD dIAW bwrIkIAW bwry auh v`fI sUJbUJ rKdw sI[ ies qoN ielwvw SsqrW-AsqrW qy GoiVAW dI pCwx dw vI pUrw pwrKU sI Aqy jMgW-Xu`DW dy qOr-qrIikAW qy pihlUAW qoN mwhr sI[ ies leI is`K ieiqhwskwrW ny hI nhIN blik horW ny vI jrnYl hrI isMG dI BwrI pRsMsw kIqI hY[ aunIvIN sdI iv`c 1887 dy brqwnIAW qoN Cpdy spqwihk AKbwr Tit-Bits jo imstr lInwrf krUkMb dI AYfItrI hyT hr sincrvwr v`fI igxqI iv`c Cpdw sI ny dunIAW dy jrnYlW dI bhwdrI dw bhuq hI ghu nwl qulnwqimk ivSlySx kIqw Aqy AKIr ieh incoV k`iFAw ik sMswr dw sB qoN v`D sPl jrnYl kOx hoieAw hY? Some people might think that Napoleon was a great General. Some might name Marshal Hindenburgh, Lord Kichner, General Karozey or Duke of Willington etc. And some going further might say Halaku Khan, Genghis Khan, Changez Khan, Richard or Allaudin etc. But let me tell you that in the North of India a General of the name of Hari Singh Nalwa of the Sikh prevailed. Had he lived longer and had the sources and artillery of the British, he would have conquered most of Asia and Europe. Bwv ArQ-koeI qW inpolIAn dw nwm lYxgy ik auh mhwn jrnYl sI, koeI mwrSl hYfnbrg, lwrf ikcnr, jnrl krobzy, fXUk AwP vwilMgtn Awid dw nwm lYxgy[ keI horW dw nwm lYxgy ijvyN hlwkU ^wn, jYNigs Kwn, cMgyz Kwn, ircrf qy AlwaudIn[ pr mYN quhwnUM d`sW ik auq`rI Bwrq iv`c hrI isMG nlUAw nwm dw is`K jrnYl bhuq hI hoxhwr Aqy v`fy bl vwlw hoieAw hY[ jykr auh lMmy smyN leI ijauNdw rihMdw Aqy aus kol brqwnIAW dI &Oj vrgy swDn 18

Aqy qopKwnw huMdw qW auh eySIAw Aqy XUrp dw bhuq swrw ielwkw hiQAw skdw sI[ aus AMgryz ny ieh vI iliKAw hY ik ie`k mwmUlI igxqI dI &Oz nwl aus ny APgwinsqwn jYsy mulk nUM sr kIqw Aqy APgwnW au~qy AYsw is`kw jmwieAw jo ies dI hoxhwrqw dI gvwhI Brdw hY[ APgwinsqwn auh mulk hY ijs iv`c iqMn vwr AMgryz &OjW dw KUn fuilHAw pr Pyr vI auh au~Qy Amn-kwnUMn bhwl nhIN kr skIAW, hwlW ik auhnW kol v`fI igxqI iv`c &Oj Aqy zMgI swzo-smwn sI[ hrI isMG nlUey ny swbq kr id`qw ik is`K kOm dunIAW dI bhwdr qy lVwkU kOm hY[ ies kOm dy idlW AMdr gurU vsdw hY Aqy ieh gurU dI is`iKAw Aqy aupdyS dy DwrnI hn[ hrI isMG nlUAw srdwr dw db dbw, KO& Aqy DWk pTwxW dy idlW AMdr AYsw bYT igAw sI ijvyN b`krI Syr qoN frdI hY[ ies nUM dyKdy hI swry pTwxW dy ichry pIly P`k vrgy Aqy mUMh su`k jWdy sn[ pTwxIAW Awpxy b`icAW nUM jdoN auh AVI krdy sn, roxo nhIN sI htdy jW kihxw nhIN sI mMndy qW ieh kihky frwauNdIAW sn, 'hrIAw rWGly' Bwv hrIAw (hrI isMG) Aw igAw hY cu`p kro Aqy kihxw mMn lau[ sIqw rwm ny ies sMbMDI vI iliKAw hY: iksy jy pTwx dw puq ` r nhIN cup ` kry, AwauNdw hrI isMG khyN au~cI sy pukwr ky[ ausy vyly jwn hwvw hud M I aus bwlky dI, lvy gl Gut ` bwqW kry hauNky mwr ky[ Pwqy hoey isMG dy pTwx Ajy qIk Xwro, mUDy ho ky sONdy BwvyN dyK lau ivcwr ky[ sIqw rwm nwm srdwr dw AzreIl, AwK dy pTwx dyKw hm ny suDwr ky[

ieiqhwsk q`Q ieh drswauNdy hn ik hrI isMG nlUAw dy ie`k hukm ny APgwnW nUM slvwr pihnwaux leI mjbUr kr id`qw[ hukm sI, "AY A&gwno! jykr quhwfy iv`c koeI dm jW AxK hY qW is`K &OjW dw jMgy mYdwn iv`c mukwblw kro nhIN qW slvwrW pihn lvo[ ikauNik mYnUM jMg AMdr APgwn bMidAW Aqy iesqrIAW iv`c koeI &rk nhIN 19

lìgAw Aqy ijs qrHW iesqrIAW slvwr pihndIAW hn qusIN vI pihno[ ieM\ is`K jrnYl dw hukm mMn ky muglW ny slvwrW pwauxIAW SurU kr id`qIAW[ vnIq nlvw ny vI AwpxI pusqk dy 264 pMny qy iliKAw hY ik drSnI ifaufI AMimRqsr kol BweI imlKw isMG ny mYnUM ieh g`l d`sI ik hrI isMG nlvw ny pTwxW nUM ieh slwh id`qI ik ijhVy pTwx slvwrW pihn lYxgy auhnW qy is`K hmlw nhIN krngy[ ikauNik slvwrW iesqrIAW pihndIAW hn Aqy is`K; b`c,y iesqrIAW, ibmwrW jW kmzor buìFAW qy kdy hmlw nhIN krdy[ hrI isMG dw ieh suJwA mMn ky vI bhuqy pTwx slvwrW pihnx l`g pey sn[ auprMq lMbw kmIz Aqy slvwr 'pTwxI sUt' PYSn bx igAw[ srdwr mihqwb isMG jo lMfn ivKy tYksI clwauNdw hY ny 12 AkqUbr 2008 nUM ie`k bhuq hI idlcsp Kbr srdwr hrI isMG nlUey sMbMDI ieMtrnY~t qy pweI hY[ auh ilKdw hY ik ies idn dupihr dy FweI vjy sn, APgwinsqwn dw ie`k tYksI frweIvr jo myrw im`qr hY aus ny mYnUM dìsAw, "srdwr jI! mYN ieh g`l Awpxy qwlIbwn BrwvW qoN kMnI suxI hY ik ip~Cy jhy jdoN qwlIbwn ihMdUAW, is`KW, iesweIAW dy Dwrimk AsQwnW nUM brbwd kr rhy sn qW ie~k idn auh jdoN hrI isMG nlUAw dy nW qy bxy gurduAwry kol phuMcy qy aus nUM Fwhux dI Xojnw bxweI qW bwhr hrI isMG nlUAw dw nwm pVH ky dihl gey[ aus dy AMdr nhIN vVy Aqy nw hI nukswn phuMcwieAw"[ Bwv muglW leI hrI isMG dw nwm Ajy q`k vI haUAw bixAw hoieAw hY[

cwlcln bMdy dw au~cw Awcrn jIvn dw au~qm nmUnw ArQwq au~cy jIvn dI inSwnI huMdI hY nw ik au~cw A~hudw, bhuqw Dn mwl jW pRis`DI 20

gurbwxI dy vI bol hn: schu aurY sBu ko aupir scu Awcwru ](62)

ivdvwnW dw ivcwr hY ik cMgy Awcwr leI au~dm, gMBIrqw Aqy swP idl hoxw bhuq zrUrI hY pr ieh iqMny gux iksy twvyN twvyN bMdy iv`c hI hMudy hn[ iebrwhm ilMkn Anuswr A character is a tree and reputation like its shadow. Bwv cwl cln ie`k ibRC dI inAweIN hY jd ik pRis`DI aus dI CW vWg[ According to Joel Halwas-A character is like a white paper, if once blotted it can hardly ever be made to appear white as before. Bwv cwlcln ic`ty kwgz dI inAweIN huMdw hY[ ijvyN ic`ty kwgz qy D`bw l`g jwvy aus nUM pihlW vrgw ic`tw nhIN kIqw jw skdw iesy qrHW cwlcln qy l`igAw D`bw kdy im`t nhIN skdw[ hrI isMG dI dlyrI Aqy qwx jYsw AnUTw jrnYl dunIAW dy ieiqhws AMdr koeI twvW hI imlygw ijs ny QoVHy smyN AMdr v`fI DWk jmweI[ pMjwb dw ieh mhwn spUq is`KW dy sunihrI ieiqhws AMdr AYsI Aim`t Cwp C`f igAw jo rihMdI dunIAW q`k Xwd rhygI[ vnIq nlUAw jo inaUro sweIkwlojI dI pI. AY~c. fI. hY[ ijs ny AwksPorf XUnIvristI XU. ky. dw kwmn vYlQ skwlriSp 1986 iv`c hwsl kIqw Aqy XU. AY~s. ey. myrIlYNf (nySnl ieMstIicaUt AwP mYNtl hYlQ) dw PulbrweIt skwlriSp ij`iqAw, ds swl id`lI XUnIvristI Aqy QweIlYNf iv`c Psychology pVHweI Aqy hrI isMG nlUAw dI ku`l iv`coN hY, ny AMgryjI iv`c 'Hari Singh Nalwa Champion of the Khalsa Ji (1791-1837) bwry bhuq hI fUMGI Koj krky 21

cwlcln bMdy dw au~cw Awcrn jIvn dw au~qm nmUnw ArQwq au~cy jIvn dI inSwnI huMdI hY nw ik au~cw A~hudw, bhuqw Dn mwl jW pRis`DI 20

gurbwxI dy vI bol hn: schu aurY sBu ko aupir scu Awcwru ](62)

ivsqwr pUrbk ikqwb 2010 iv`c ilKI aus iv`c mu`K qOr qy ieh q`qswr id`qw hY:

r`iKAw[ pr pwTkW leI ie`Qy do GtnwvW ibAwn kIqIAW jw rhIAW hn[

'srkwr ^wlsw mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG dw rwj sqluj qoN lY ky ihMdU kuS trWs-ieMfs phwVIAW q`k PYilAw hoieAw sI[ ies rwj AMdr hrI isMG nlvw 'kmWfr ien-cIP' sI[ ies srdwr dI v`fI Gwl-kmweI sdkw Aqy ^wlsw &Oj dy Awsry muglW dy 800 swl qoN c`l rhy rwj dIAW jVHW put ` id`qIAW[ muglW dy rwj AMdr ihMds u qwnIAW dI jo lut ` -^sut ` , mwr-DwV Aqy iesqrIAW qy jo iDM|j o r o I qy blwqkwr ho rhy sn auh ibAwn krn qoN bwhr dI g`l sI Aqy d`rw-KYbr rwhIN mugl inJ`k ho ky dwKl huMdy sn[ hrI isMG nlvw ny jmrOd qy kbzw kr ky ^Ybr d`ry dw rsqw sdw leI bMd kr id`qw[ ipClIAW do sdIAW qoN brqwnIAW, rUs Aqy AmrIkw APgwinsqwn dy iK`qy nUM sr krn leI zor lw rhy hn pr kwmXwb qW kI hoxw sI BwrI nukswn krvw cu`ky hn[ Ajy q`k kyvl hrI isMG nlvw hI kwmXwb hoieAw sI ikauNik auh swrI izMdgI ^wlsw sj ky sRI gurU goibMd isMG jI dy AsUlW qy c`ilAw sI[ gurmiq mirXwdw iv`c prp`k hox krky hrI isMG nlUey dw cwlcln pUrn qOr qy bydwg sI[ Awm qW kI jMg dy dOrwn vI is`K sYinkW nUM aus ny hukm kIqw hoieAw sI ik iesqrI qy nw vwr krnw hY qy nw aus dI iezq nUM h`Q pwauxw hY[ gurU swihbwn dy aupdyS Anuswr auh sYinkW nUM prweI iesqrI dy sMg qoN vrzdw sI Aqy AwKdw sI ik kwm bMdy dy jq, sq qy pq nUM hMq kr idMdw hY[ auh ieh vI kihMdw sI ik is`K dw &rz hY iesqrI dI ie~zq nUM bxwauxw qy hr p`KoN aus dw siqkwr krnw[ gurU jI dy bol hmySw Xwd r`K:o

vwrqw hY ik p`CmI pMjwb dy ipSOr ielwky dy srh`dI ipMf qoN ie`k ihMdU prvwr Awpxy lVky nUM ivAwh ky folw iljw irhw sI[ rsqy iv`c fwkU pTwxW ny aunHW pwsoN kImqI vsqW qy gihxw-g`tw lu`t ilAw Aqy ivAwh ky ilAWdI lVkI nUM vI D`ky nwl Aphrn kr ilAw[ byvsI kwrn, kmzor idl Aqy Ssqr hIn hox kr ky ieh Gtnw vwprI[ aus ielwky iv`c kudrqI hrI isMG gvrnr sI[ lwVw qy aus dy mwipAW ny ies vwrdwq dI Skwieq hrI isMG pws jw kIqI[ jrnYl ny kcihrI lgweI aunHW dI sB g`l bwq suxI Aqy hukm kIqw ik ies lVky (lwVy) nUM kYdI bxw lau, ieh AwpxI pqnI nUM bcw nhIN sikAw[ suxvweI smyN aunHW fwkUAW dy bMdy ies vwrdwq dI suxweI ghu nwl sux Aqy q`k rhy sn ik jrnYl kI PYslw krdw hY[ jdoN fwkUAW dy bMidAW ny &Yslw suixAW qW aunHW dy ichirAW qy KuSI Aw geI[ &Ysly vkq hrI isMG AwpxIAW qyz pr dbIAW A`KW nwl Awly-duAwly ghu nwl dyK irhw sI[ aus ny dyiKAw ijhVy do bMdy &Ysly nUM sux ky KuSI iv`c Pu`ly nhIN sI smw rhy ieh kwrw iehnW dw hI hY[ auh do bMdy qW PYslw sux ky vwho dwhI Awpxy itkwxy v`l c`l pey ijQy ivAWDV lVkI kwbU kr ky lkoeI hoeI sI[ hrI isMG ny ispwhIAW nUM hukm kIqw ik ie`ky dm auDr jwau ijDr ieh do bMdy gey hn[ jdoN iehnW sMdyhI bMidAW ny jw ky jrnYl dy &Ysly dw sMdyS Awpxy nwl dy bMidAW nUM suxwieAw qW auh KuSIAW mnwaux l`gy[ A`jy ieh DwVvI KuSIAW hI mnw rhy sn ik is`K ispwhI phuMc gey[ iehnW nUM szwvW dy ky folw Cufw ilAwey Aqy lu`itAw smwn vI vwps lY Awey[

pr nwrI ky syj BUl supny BI n jhIE]

Awpxy jIvn kwl iv`c nlUey srdwr ny byAMq AOrqW nUM muglW v`loN kIqI jw rhI bypqI qoN bcwieAw Aqy Awpxw ikrdwr au~cw 22

jdoN lwVy nUM kYd 'coN k`F ky Aqy ilAWdI lwVI nUM srdwr dy A`gy pyS kIqw qW nlUey srdwr ny lVkI qoN aus dw nW p`uiCAw, auq`r iv`c aus ny ikhw, "srdwrw! mYN qW frI hoeI Awpxw nW vI Bu`l geI hW! qUM hI mYnUM bcwaux vwlw hY, b`s hux qyrI Srn iv`c hW[ AgoN srdwr 23

ivsqwr pUrbk ikqwb 2010 iv`c ilKI aus iv`c mu`K qOr qy ieh q`qswr id`qw hY:

r`iKAw[ pr pwTkW leI ie`Qy do GtnwvW ibAwn kIqIAW jw rhIAW hn[

pr nwrI ky syj BUl supny BI n jhIE]

Awpxy jIvn kwl iv`c nlUey srdwr ny byAMq AOrqW nUM muglW v`loN kIqI jw rhI bypqI qoN bcwieAw Aqy Awpxw ikrdwr au~cw 22

ny lVky Aqy lVkI qoN aunWH dI ie`Cw bwry pui` CAw qW dohW ny ikhw, "swnUM qusIN Awpxy pMQ iv`c Swml kr lau[ AsIN is`K bx ky jIvn ijauxw hY qy is`KI iv`c hI mrnw hY"[auprMq iehnW nUM AMimRq Ckw ky ^wlsw pMMQ iv`c Swml kr ilAw Aqy bIbI dw nW 'swrMgq kOr' rìKAw[ hrI isMG nlUAw bhuq hI rihqvwn is`K sI Aqy bhuq hI au~cysu`cy cwlcln dw mwlk sI[ Agr koeI nlUey dy Awcrn bwry jwxnw cwhuMdw hY qW bIbI bwno dI swKI zrUr pVHy[ ieh bwno ie`k bhuq hI suMdr mugl muitAwr sI[ srdwr hrI isMG jI APgwinsqwn iv`c jmrOd dy AsQwn qy &Oj smyq ie`k tYNt iv`c ibrwjmwn sn[ ies dy mn iv`c ie`Cw jwgI ik jykr myry bhwdr hrI isMG qoN pu`qr jnmy qW auh vI ies jYsw XoDw ho skdw hY ijhVw dunIAW qy myrw nwm au~cw kr skdw hY[ ie`k idn ieh pu`CdI pu`CdI aus jgHw jw phMucI ij`Qy nlUey dw invws sI[ surìKAw qy KVHy sYink ny bwno nUM pùiCAw , "qUM iks nUM imlxw hY"? aus ny ikhw, "mYN quhwfy srdwr nUM imlxw hY"[ sYink ny srdwr nlUey nUM dìsAw ik quhwnUM ie`k bIbI imlxw cwhuMdI hY[

hY"[ ieh sux ky bwno dIAW A`KW Br AweIAW qy rox vwlI hwlq ho geI[ kuJ smW soc ky bolI, "is`Kw! mYN suixAw hY ik gurU nwnk bVw mhwn hY qy bKSSW dw Gr hY Aqy aus dy Gr qoN kdy koeI KwlI nhIN muiVAw[ pr qUM gurU dw is`K hox dy nwqy mYnUM KwlI hI vwps Byj irhw hYN"[ srdwr nlUey ny iPr AwiKAw , "pu`qrI! qUM mYnUM hI Awpxw pu`qr smJ Aqy mYN qYnUM A`j qoN mW kih ky bulwieAw krWgw"[ bwno kihMdI, srdwr jI! "mYN is`KW dy au~cy cwlcln bwry suxdI sW pr qUM qW prp`K hI drsw id`qw hY"[ ies auprMq hrI isMG bwno nUM mW kihky bulwauNdw irhw Aqy bwno aus nUM pu`qr kih ky bulwauNdI sI[ so ieh hY gurU dy is`K dw cwlcln [ gurbwxI AYsy is`KW bwry kih rhI hY: nwnk soihwgx kw ikAw ichn hY AMdir scu muKu aujlw KsmY mwih smwie] (185)

nwm dw is`kw

srdwr swihb ny kih id`qw ik auh iml skdI hY[ ieM\ iejwzq imlx qy auh knwq dy AMdr clI geI[ hrI isMG ny ies qoN nW pqw Aqy aus kol Awaux dw kwrn pu`iCAw[ A`goN bwno ny AwiKAw, "srdwr jI! hr koeI quhwfI soBw gw irhw hY[ qusIN mhwn hI nhIN bVy dlyr, bhwdr Aqy hoxhwr XoDy hoN[ mYN Ajy AxivAwhI hW[ myrI idlI ie`Cw hY ik myry quhwfy vrgw pu`qr jnmy"[ srdwr hrI isMG BwvyN ies dI Bwvnw nUM BWp igAw sI pr AwiKAw, "pu`qrI! Kudw qyrI idlI mMg nUM zrUr pUrI krygw[ aus A`gy Arz kirAw kr"[ bwno iPr bolI, "srdwr jI! mYN qW quhwfy rwhIN pu`qr cwhuMdI hW"[ au~qr iv`c nlUAw swihb kihMdy, "pu`qrI mYN qW ivAwihAw hoieAw hW Aqy myry DIAW pu`qr hn[ mYN qyry nwl ivAwh nhIN kr skdw[ mYN qW gurU nwnk dw is`K hW[ gurU jI ny is`KW nUM iesqrI dw siqkwr krn leI aupdyS id`qw hY nw ik blwqkwr leI[ jo qUM kih rhI hY auh au~kw hI AsMBv

rwj Bwg clwaux leI Dn dI v`fI zrUrq huMdI hY[ srkwrW ieh is`ky rwjy, rwxIAW jW dyS dy mhwn ivAkqIAW dy nW qy clwauNdIAW hn[ ieh is`ky iksy ^ws rwj dI bwdSwhI dw icMnH huMdy hn[ pRym isMG hoqI mrdwn AwpxI pusqk iv`c ilKdy hn ik ^wlsw rwj smyN ieh sB qoN pihlw mOkw sI ik mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG v`loN Purmwn jwrI kr ky srdwr hrI isMG dy nW qy kSmIr iv`c is`kw (zrb) clwaux dw mhwn AiDkwr bKS id`qw[ ies Purmwn rwhIN srdwr hrI isMG dI iezq Aqy bhwdrI nUM v`fw mwx bKiSAw[ hor qW hor mhwrwjw swihb ny Awpxy ijauNdy jIA kMvr nO inhwl nUM C`f ky hor iksy nUM ieh mwx nhIN sI id`qw[ ies qoN pihlW ^wlsw rwj smyN bwbw bMdw isMG bhwdr ny nwnk SwhI is`kw jwrI kIqw sI[ suirMdr isMG ny 2001 Aqy 2004 iv`c Sikh Coinage Symbol of Sikh Sovereignty sMbMDI bVw ivsQwr nwl iliKAw hY[ auh ilKdy hn ik kSmIr iv`c ^wlsw rwj smyN ibkrmI sMmq 1876 (sMn 1819) nUM srdwr hrI isMG

nwm dw is`kw

nlUAw gvrnr dy nW hyT pihlI vwr ieh is`kw jwrI hoxw ijs nUM 'hrI isMGIAw' ruipAw kihMdy sn bhuq hI mhq`qv pUrn Gtnw sI[ hrI isMG nlUAw dI inmrqw dyKo jdoN Syir-ey-pMjwb v`loN iehnW nUM Awpxy nW qy is`kw jwrI krn dw Purmwn imilAw qW au~qr iv`c srdwr swihb ny bVw DMnvwd kIqw[ ieh vI iliKAw ik is`kw qW sRI hzUr dy nwm qy hI soBdw hY[ pr mhwrwjw ny hrI isMG dI ilAwkq, kurbwnI, ivSwl idlI Aqy inrmwxqw nUM jwx ky AiDkwr id`qw ik qusIN Awpxy nW qy is`kw jwrI kro[ ieM\ srkwr dw hukm mMn ky is`kw cwlU kIqw ijs dy ie`k pwsy 'sRI Akwl shwie' Aqy sMmq 1876 aukirAw hoieAw sI Aqy dUjy pwsy 'hir' qy ies dy hyT 'Xk ruipAw' drj sI (qvwrIK ipSwvr, sPw 905; sr vwltr lwrYNs dI vYlI Aw& kSmIr, sPw 234; mukMml qvwrIK kSmIr s&w 17) aus smyN kSmIr iv`c v`K v`K iksm dy is`ky c`l rhy sn Aqy ieh v`K v`K simAW qy srkwrW v`loN clwey hoey sn[ hrI isMG dy rupey iv`c ds mwSy ^wls cWdI sI Aqy ies dI kImq A&gwnW v`loN jwrI kIqy Aqy jbr Kwn v`loN kwbl dy iv`c c`l rhy rupey dy brwbr sI[ mOlwnw muhMmd dIn ny ies dI kImq A`T Awny ilKI hY Aqy ieh ruipAw kSmIr iv`c 1892 q`k bhuq QwvW qy mOjUd sI[ sr lYpl igRPn ny, reIsn-pMjwb sPw 181 iv`c AMikq kIqw ik hrI isMGIAw ruipAw jo kSmIr iv`c jwrI kIqw pMjwb iv`c vI 1890 q`k Awm cldw sI[ cWdI dy is`ky qoN Cu`t qWby dw is`kw vI 'hrI isMGIAw' pYsw khwauNdw sI[ vnIq nlUAw Anuswr keI is`ikAW qy gurmuKI iv`c 'hrI' dyvnwgrI iv`c 'hir jI' jW 'aum SRI' auk`irAw hoieAw sI[ Kry qy Koty rupey dI pCwx leI vI ies iv`c ^ws inSwn sI[ gnySI lwl ny 1846 iv`c qwrIK -ey-pMjwb-ey-kSmIr iv`c iliKAw hY ik ieh is`ky clwaux nwl ^wlsw rwj dI Awmdn iv`c coKw vwDw hoieAw hY[ so AYsy nwiek, sUrbIr, audwric`q, gOrvmeI Aqy mwx m`qy XoDy dy guxW dw ieiqhwskwrW ny srvyKx, inrIKx Aqy prIKx kr ky ies 26

nUM bVI mhwnqw id`qI hY[ iksy ny ies nUM 'mUrq Aw& ^wlsw AOP dI is`K AYmpwier' iks ny tYrr Pwr A&gwn, 'iksy ny cYNpIAn Aw& dI ^wlsw', 'vuAwies Aw& dI isKs', '^wlsw rwj dw QMmH' qy 'Kwlsw' rwj' dw hIrw AwiKAw hY[ kwdrXwr ny hrI isMG srdwr dI isPq ieM\ kIqI hY: rxjIq isMG srdwr dy AwSkW nUM, if`Tw nzr mYN pw ky swirAW iv`c[ kwdrXwr bhwdrW iv`c cmky, hrI isMG ijauN cMn isqwirAW iv`c[

gurU dw AinMn is`K srdwr swihb dIAW rgW iv`c is`KI BrI peI sI[ auh ikhw krdy sI ik is`KI dy shwry hI mYN jIvn jwc is`KI hY Aqy hr vkq gurU myry AMg sMg rihMdw hY[ ieh srIrk bl, bu`D Aqy klw myry au~opr gurU dI bKSS hY[ 'is`K' Sbd pr hrI isMG nUM ieqnw P^r sI ik is`K gurU dI is`iKAw qy jykr c`ly qW izMdgI iv`c aus nUM iksy iksm dw fr, BYA, icMqw sog, rog Awid nhIN ivAwp skdw Aqy nw hI mwieAw dI Gwt Aw skdI hY[ pMQk Aqy Dwrimk pRym myry AMdr gurU ny pYdw kIqw hoieAw hY[ ieh g`lW aunHW dIAW kihx mwqR nhIN sn sgoN krnI pRDwn sn[ srdwr hrI isMG gurbwxI dw in`qnymI Aqy pRymI sI ijs kwrn aus dw ihrdw hlymI BirAw sI[ hrI isMG jMg dy mYdwn AMdr vI gurbwxI pVHdw sI Aqy Akwl purK dI kIrqI mu`K qoN aucwrn krdw sI[ ieh g`l aunHW dy ie`k icqR qoN zwhr ho rhI hY (jo sMpUrn nhIN) sunihrI p`qry qy aukirAw hoieAw hY Aqy aus aupr dyv nwgrI BwSw iv`c hrI isMG nlUAw iliKAw hoieAw hY[ ies icqR iv`c jo 1840 iv`c iksy ny bxwieAw iv`c hrI isMG dy ie`k h`Q 'c mwlw, dUjy h`Q 'c ikrpwn Aqy ip`T qy Fwl idKweI hoeI hY[ gurbwxI pRqI SrDw, Bwvnw Aqy pVHn smyN iekwgrqw sMbMDI vI 27

ie`k gwQw drswauNdI hY ik ie`k vwr Drmswlw iv`c Swm smyN jdoN srdwr swihb rihrws swihb dw pwT kr rhy sI qW Acwnk qurkW dI &Oj ny hmlw kr id`qw[ ies hmly nUM aunHW dy byty srdwr jvwhr isMG ny roikAw pr srdwr hrI isMG pwT dI sMpUrnqw kr ky Aqy Ardws ip`CoN hI Drmswlw qoN bwhr Awey[ 14 mwrc 1832 dI g`l hY ik sr AlYgzYNfr bwrns hrI isMG nlUey nUM Atk ivKy imilAw[ auh Awpxy s&rnwmy (Barnes Travels into Bukhara Voluma II, page 66) iv`c ilKdw hY ik hrI isMG ny mYnUM bhuq ipAwr idKwieAw Aqy sohxI mihmwn invwzI kIqI[ aunHW ie`k idn Atk dirAw qoN pwr jwxw sI qy mYnUM vI nwl jwx leI ikhw[ AsIN GoiVAW qy svwr ho gey qy jdoN dirAw pws phuMcy qW pwxI pUry vyg iv`c c`l irhw sI Aqy au~cIAW au~cIAW pwxI dIAW C`lW idKweI dy rhIAW sn[ mYN ieh iBAwnk idRS dyK ky vwps muVn dw ierwdw bxw ilAw[ bwrns dI ilKq hY: We were shocked at the catastrophe and proposed to return , but the chief (Hari Singh) would not listen to it. He gave a laugh, and said, "What is the use of (Sikh) if he cannot pass the Attock (Indus)"? The Principal branch, however, was still in our front; and I only agreed to cross if the horse men were left behind. "Leave my guard, "impossible but we did leave it, and safely passed the ford….. Bwv ibpqw BirAw idRS dyK ky jdoN mYN ip`Cy muVn bwry ikhw qW ieh sux ky swfw muKI hrI isMG h`s ipAw Aqy swfI g`l nhIN suxI[ aus ny AwiKAw, "auh is`K kwhdw jykr auh Atk dirAw pwr nhIN kr skdw[ dirAw swfy swmHxy sI[ KYr mYN ies Srq qy dirAw pwr krn leI sihmq ho igAw jykr hor GoV svwr BIV BVkw nhIN krngy[ myrI g`l mMn ky mYnUM ip`Cy ibTw ky srdwr dirAw pwr kr igAw[ 28

bwrns ny ieh vI iliKAw ik dirAw dI pihlI C`l qW AsIN su`KIN sWdI pwr kr gey[ pr AglI C`l pwr krn smyN ie`k duKdweI Gtnw vwpr geI[ kuJ hor muswPr jo aus ielwky dy sn swnUM dyK ky dirAw iv`c GoiVAW qy Aw vVy[ swfy dyKdy dyKdy aunHW s`q bMidAW 'coN pMj bMdy pwxI dI qyz C`l iv`c ruVH gey[ bwkI dy do bVI muSkl nwl bcy[ bwrns ieh vI ilKdw hY ik ieh idRS dyK ky mYN BYBIq ho igAw Aqy myry srIr nUM kMbxI iCV geI[ A`gy AsIN hor v`fw ih`sw Ajy pwr krnw sI[ mYN srdwr nUM ikhw ik cMgI g`l hY AwpW ip`Cy muV c`lIey[ A`goN hrI isMG boilAw, "is`K kdy ip`Cy nhIN muVdw hmySw Awpxy inSwny v`l A`gy nUM v`Ddw hY[ ieh qW srdwr hrI isMG dI ie`k vMngI mwqR jIvn dI Gtnw hY pr pqw nI ies qoN vI Kqrnwk GtnwvW ik`Qy ik`Qy vwprIAW hoxgIAW[ ieh Gtnw srdwr dI dlyrI, idRVqw Aqy idlI qwkq nUM pRgt krdI hY[ Bwv auh krnI Aqy idl dw pUrw sUrw sI[ srdwr nUM AnykW s&lqwvW kwrn mhwrwjw swihb v`loN bhuq jwgIrW, pdwrQW Aqy Dn mwl pRwpq hoieAw sI[ pr is`K hox dy nwqy auh ies Kzwny nUM 'gurU nwnk dw Kzwnw' hI kihMdy sI[ pRym isMG jI hoqI mrdwn vwilAW dI ilKq Anuswr hrI isMG ies Kzwny bwry iehI kihMdw sI, "ieh Kzwnw gurU nwnk dyv jI dw hY Aqy kuMjI hrI isMG dy h`Q hY[ myrw qW ies iv`c kuJ BI nhIN"[ so hrI isMG ny qn, mn qy Dn gurU nUM Arpn kIqw hoieAw sI[ sMswrI mirXwdw inBwaux leI aus ny Syir-ey-pMjwb dy hr hukm qy Pu`l cVHwey Aqy inrMkwrI hox dy nwqy ie`k inrMkwr dI mnOq kIqI[ iehI Asl is`K dIAW inSwnIAW hn[ kOfIAW nUM hIirAW iv`c Aqy TIkrIAW nUM ngIinAW iv`c bdl dyx vwlw sUrmw kdy kdWeI sMswrI mMc qy pYdw huMdw hY[ aus dI kIqI Gwl kmweI ieqnI Ak`Q huMdI hY ijhVI kQn krnI kTn hI nhIN, blik nw-muSikl huMdI hY[ Aijhy sUrmy bwry DnI rwm cwiqRk ilKdy hn: z`rw z`rw qyrw nUro nUr hY, nwm qyrw j`g qy mShUr hY[ 29

2 mulqwn dI jMg mulqwn pwiksqwn dy pMjwb dw bhuq purwxw Sihr hY[ ieh Jnwb dirAw dy d`KxI kMFy qy siQ`q hY Aqy lhOr qoN 221 mIl dUr hY[ pihly pihl ies dw nW mulw sQwn sI jo ik ipCoN mulqwnpur vjoN jwixAw jwx l`gw[ ie`Qy ie`k purwqn mMdr sI ijs iv`c ihMdU Brw sUrj dyvqy dI pUjw krdy sn[ bwrns ilKdw hY ik mulqwn dIAW cwr cIzW DUV, grmI, mMgqy Aqy kbrsqwn bhuq mShUr hn[ grmI ru`q iv`c qwpmwn 54 ifgrI sYNtIgRyf q`k phuMc jWdw hY[ muglW dy rwj smyN bMgwl qoN kwbl q`k dy vpwrk rsqy iv`c mulqwn Sihr sB qoN mu`K sI[ ieh Sihr rySmI kpVy leI vI pRis`D sI[ mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG drbwrIAW jW ivdySIAW leI rySm dy suMdr qy kImqI isrpwau mulqwn qoN mMgwauNdw sI[ mulqwn dy rwijAW, vzIrW bwry qW kihxw hI sI kI ie`QoN dy qW pIr, PkIr vI bVy hMkwrI, ivkwrI qy mkwrI sn[ ieh Sihr sUPI sMqW dw gVH sI Aqy ieh krwmwqW idKw ky prjw nUM Brmw ky lu`t rhy sn[ iehnW nUM is`Dy rsqy qy pwaux leI jdoN sRI gurU nwnk dyv jI mulqwn phuMcy qW iehnW gurU jI nUM bVy nwtkI FMg nwl ie`QoN jldI cly jwx leI AwiKAw[ BweI gurdws jI AwpxI vwr iv`c ies bwry ilKdy hn : myilE bwbw auiTAw mlqwny dI jwriq jweI[ AgoN pIr mulqwn dy duD ktorw Br ly AweI[ bwby kF kr bgl qy cMbylI duiD ivic imlweI[ ijau swgr ivic gMg smweI[ (vwr 1, pwauVI 44)

Bwv iSvrwq dy myly iv`coN is`DW nwl g`lbwq krn ip`CoN gurU jI mulqwn phuMcy[ PkIr jwx ky mulqwn dy pIrW ny gurU jI A`gy du`D dw 30

lbw lb BirAw ktorw ilAw r`iKAw ijs dw Bwv sI ik nwnk ie`Qy qW A`gy hI pIr bhuq hn Aqy qyry leI ie`Qy koeI jgHw nhIN[ gurU jI ny vI ieSwry nwl smJwaux leI duD ` dy Bry ktory qy cMbl y I dw Pul ` itkw id`qw Aqy smJwieAw ik pIro ijs qrHW du`D Bry ktory qy ies Pu`l r`Kx nwl du`D nhIN fu`ilAw ies qrHW swfy ie`Qy Awaux nwl quhwfw kwrobwr nhIN rukygw[ AsIN qW ie`k s`cy A`lw dw nwm prjw nUM jpwaux Awey hW[ ijvyN gMgw dw pwxI smuMdr iv`c pYx nwl smuMdr dw kuJ nhIN ivgVdw swfy ie`Qy Awaux nwl quhwfw vI kuJ nhIN ivgVygw[ sMn 1799 iv`c mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG nUM rwj Bwg dI pRwpqI hoeI[ rwj Bwg dI pRwpqI auprMq mhwrwjw ny mulqwn dy nvwb muz`Pr ^wn nwl sMDI Aihdnwmw iliKAw ik qusIN Syir-ey-pMjwb dI srkwr dy v&wdwr rhoNgy, srkwr dy iksy vI ivroDI nwl nw sMbMD rKoNgy nw aus nUM pnwh dyvoNgy Aqy bwzguzwrI sxy swlwnw nzrwnw srkwrI ^zwny iv`c smyN isr ByjoNgy[ pr Koty idl Aqy hMkwrI durwcwrI muz`&r Kwn ny ies Aihmdnwmy dIAW swrIAW SrqW A`Ko proKy krky srkwr dy ivroDI Aihmd Kwn isAwl rweIs JMg nUM Awpxy kol pnwh id`qI Aqy lMby smyN qoN bwzguzwrI nzrwnw vI nw ByijAw[ mhwrwjy nUM ieh pqw l`gx qy ik ies ny ksUr dy kuqbdIn nUM h`lw-SyrI dy ky srkwr ivru`D bgwvq krn leI aukswieAw hY[ mulqwn dy nvwb dy srkwr ivroDI pYNqVy q`k ky jnvrI 1810 nUM srkwr ny srdwrW dI sBw bulweI Aqy mulqwn qy cVHweI krn dw &Yslw ilAw[ auprMq Syir-eypMjwb dI kmwn hyT isMGW dI &Oj qopKwny smyq 24 PrvrI nUM mulqwn kol pu`j geI[ ie`Qy phuMc ky mhwrwjy ny srdwr &qih isMG nUM nvwb kol eylcI dy qOr qy ByijAw ik auh jW qW nzrwnw srkwr nUM dy dvy nhIN qW jMg leI iqAwr rhy[ pr ies ny eylcI nUM koeI p`lw nw PVwieAw[ sgoN iklHy iv`c swl Br dw rwSn vgYrw jmHw kr ky ^wlsw &Oj nwl m`Qw lwauxw cwihAw[

Bwv iSvrwq dy myly iv`coN is`DW nwl g`lbwq krn ip`CoN gurU jI mulqwn phuMcy[ PkIr jwx ky mulqwn dy pIrW ny gurU jI A`gy du`D dw 30

nvwb dy BYVy Aqy ivroDI kwrnwmy dyK ky ^wlsw &Oj ny mulqwn Sihr Gyr ky kbzy iv`c kr ilAw[ muzPr Kwn ny mulqwn dy iklHy iv`c vV ky qopW dy goilAW dy mUMh ^wlsw &OjW v`l KolH id`qy[ keI idn jMg c`lI qy isMGW dw kwPI nukswn hoieAw[ mulqwn dw ieh iklHw sMn 1640 iv`c bwdSwh Swh jhwn dy pu`qr Sihzwdw murwd bKS ny bxwieAw sI[ ieiqhws AMdr ieh iklHw ihMd dy mShUr p`ikAW qy mu`K ikilHAW iv`c igixAw jWdw sI[ isMGW ny iklHy qy zordwr hmly kIqy pr pikAweI kr ky Aqy drvwizAW qy cMgy mwrky dIAW qopW bIVIAW hox krky AMdr nw vV sky[ lVweI lMbI Aqy vDyry nukswn huMdw dyK mhwrwjy ny Awpxy bhwdrW A`gy pukwr kIqI, "isMGo! hux kurbwnI dw smW Aw igAw hY[ mYN nI cwhuMdw myry XoDy ies qrHW mOq dy mUMh iv`c peI jwx[ hux ijqnw icr brUd dIAW surMgW iklHy dIAW kMDW iv`c nhIN ivCONdy Aqy kMDW nhIN qoVdy AMdr jwxw A`q muSkl hY[ im`qro kOx kOx jwn dyx nUM iqAwr hY? mYN Kud quhwfy nwl ies kMm iv`c ih`sw lvWgw, mrn dI prvwh nhIN"[ ieh suxn dI dyr sI ik sB qoN pihlW hrI isMG nlUAw dOV ky mhwrwjy dy A`gy Aw Kloqw Aqy Adb nwl AwiKAw, "hzUr! mYN ieh &rz pUrw krWgw pr quhwnUM ies kMm nhIN jwx dyxw[ quhwfI kOm nUM v`fI loV hY"[ ies dy nwl hI srdwr inhwl isMG AtwrI vwlw Aqy srdwr Aqr isMG vrgy Syir-ey-idl sUrmy mhwrwjw swmHxy kurbwnI leI Aw Kloqy[ pRym isMG hoqI mrdwn ny iehnW sUrimAW dI igxqI 75 ilKI hY[

im`tI G`tw cVH igAw[ srdwr hrI isMG, inhwl isMG Aqy Aqr isMG ikauNik ieh kMD dy nzdIk sn iehnW qy kMD dw mlbw Aw ifigAw Aqy P`tV ho ky DrqI qy ifg pey[ kMD iv`c pwV ipAw dyK ky nvwb dy &OjIAW ny iehnW v`l A`g nwl bldIAW hWfIAW su`tIAW[ jdoN rswly dy isMGW ny ieh srdwr if`gy pey dyKy Aqy iehnW kol A`g dIAW lwtW dyKIAW qW mOq dI prvwh nw kridAW iehnW nUM bwhr k`Fx dI ihMmq kIqI[ ies smyN q`k hrI isMG Aqy nwl dy isMG burI qrHW P`tV ho cu`ky sn[ A`g l`gx kwrx srIr vI Juls gey[ kYNp q`k phuMcidAW mhwn sUrmw srdwr Aqr isMG DwrI pRwx iqAwg cu`ky sn[ hrI isMG smyq bhuq sUrmy bysurq sn[ dUjy pwsy ^wlsw &OjW golIAW cldIAW iv`c kMD dy pwV rwhIN iklHy iv`c jw cVHIAW[ isMGW dIAW qlvwrW hnyrI vWgUM SUkdIAW Aqy gwty lhuMdIAW dyK qurk Qr Qr kMbx l`g gey[ AwKIr hiQAwr su`t ky hwr kbUl kr leI[ nvwb muz`&r Kwn nUM isMGW ny pkV ilAw[ auDr Syir-ey-pMjwb nUM pqw l`igAw ik hrI isMG Aqy inhwl isMG AtwrI vwly dI hwlq bhuq hI gMBIr hY mhwrwjw swihb ny AzIz-aud-dIn Aqy vYdW nUM iehnW dy P`tW qy mrHm p`tI krn leI hukm id`qw[ vYdW ny srdwr dI nwjuk hwlq dyK ky jdoN bcx dI nw aumId mhwrwjy nUM d`sI qW auh ieqnw mwXUs hoieAw ik A`goN bolx dI ihMmq vI nw rhI[ pr : ijs dw sws n kwFq Awp] iqs ko dy kr rwKY hwiQ]

ieh AxKI sUry brUd vgYrw lY ky 'vwihgurU jI kw ^wlsw, vwihgurU jI kI &qih'] dy jYkwry gjwauNdy ibjlI dI kVk vWg iklHy dI dIvwr kol phuMcy[ ieh dyK ky nvwb dIAW &OjW ny iehnW qy golIAW vrswauxIAW SurU kr id`qIAW[ pr ieh XoDy golIAW dI buCwV iv`c surMgW ivCwauNdy rhy Aqy keI mOq dy mUMh 'c cly gey[ AKIr Awpxw kMm pUrw krky jd brUd dy plIiqAW nUM A`g lgweI qW iklHy dI kMD iv`c brUd Ptx kwrn pwV ipAw idKweI id`qw Awly duAwly DUMAW qy

kuJ idnW ip`CoN ijauN hI ieh isrVI, isdkI Aqy SkqISwlI sUrmy TIk hoxy SurU ho gey mhwrwjy qy Cwey gmW dy b`dl vI au~f gey[ aus prmwqmw dw DMnvwd kIqw Aqy iPr pUrI ishqXwbI Aqy Awrwm leI iehnW nUM lwhOr dy v`fy s&wKwny iv`c phuMcwaux leI qwkId kIqI[ ies auprMq mhwrwjy ny mUMh nvwb mu~z&r ^wn v`l kIqw[ ijs nUM isMGW ny pkV ky kYdI bxwieAw hoieAw sI[ ijs smyN ies nUM

srkwr A`gy pyS kIqw ies dy h`Q joVy hoey sn Aqy srIr kMb irhw sI[ rodyN kurlwauNdy ny AwpxI ic`tI dwVHI PV ky AwiKAw, "SihnSwh! mYQoN v`fI Bu`l hoeI hY[ mYN quhwfy nwl kIqy vwAdy A`KoN-proKy kr id`qy, mYN v`fw DRoh kmwieAw hY Awp nwl m`Qw lw ky[ ikrpw kro myrI jwn bKS idau[ mYN bwjguzwrI, nzrwnw qy qwvwn jMg sB kuJ dy idAWgw Aqy A`goN qoN AijhI glqI nhIN krWgw"[ mhwrwjy ny ies dIAW lylVIAW sux ky Awpxy nrm suBwA Anuswr kyvl muAw& hI nhIN kIqw sgoN nvwbI bKS ky mulqwn dw cMgI qrHW rwj-pRbMD krn leI AwiKAw[ mhwrwjy ny mulqwn dI ij`q dI KuSI iv`c BwrI drbwr AwXojq kIqw[ ies iv`c isr DV dI bwzI lwaux vwly ShId Aqy P`tV is`KW dI mihmW gwien kIqI, aunHW dy prvwrW nUM pYnSnW qy jwgIrW bKSIAW[ srdwr hrI isMG dI idKweI mhwn dlyrI bdly ivSyS DMnvwd kIqw igAw, 20 hzwr rupey slwnw jwgIr id`qI[ KuSI iv`c Aw ky Syir-ey-pMjwb ny sony dIAW mohrW hrI isMG dy isr qoN dI vwrIAW[ sIqw rwm ny ies smyN dw nzwrw kwiv rUp iv`c ieM\ iliKAw hY: qb mhwrwj QwpI dyn hrI isMG qweIN, inmk hlwlI AYsw sUrmw nw kweI hY[ vwr ky k`Fy mohrW su`t idMdy sIs au~qoN, ihrdy ky bIc KuSI jweI nw smweI hY[

im`Ty itvwxy aup`r &qih ieiqhwsk gwQw muqwbk 1690 iv`c mIr Aihmd Kwn ny ies jgHw qy ie`k KUh KudvwieAw sI ijs dw pwxI kudrqI im`Tw pwieAw igAw jd ik Awly duAwly dy ielwky dw pwxI Kwrw sI[ itvwxy goq dy pirvwr ieQy rihx krky ies jgHw dw nW im`Tw itvwxw pY igAw[ 34

^wlsw rwj dy smyN itvwixAW dy AwgU Aihmd Xwr Kwn qy aus dy bMidAW ny AYsI bdmwSI, by-slUkI Aqy byiezqI ieQoN dI prjw Aqy DIAW BYxW dI krnI SurU kr id`qI[ ijs dIAW KbrW Syir-ey-pMjwb nUM idn-bidn phuMcidAW sn[ ies cu`kI A`q nUM ^qm krn leI srkwr ny hrI isMG nUM hukm id`qw[ nlUey ny 7 PrvrI 1812 nUM im`Ty itvwxy v`l &Oj smyq kUc kIqw[ A`gy m`Cry hoey itvwxy Aihmd Xwr ^wn dI AgvweI hyT ^wlsw &Oj nwl do h`Q krn leI ft gey[ hrI isMG ny iehnW nUM lVweI nw krn leI AwiKAw pr ieh nw tly[srdwr dI Amn Amwn krn dI ApIl qy dlIl r`d krky iehnw Ssqr c`k ley[ ie`k idn Gmswx dI jMg hoeI v`fw nukswn krwky iehnw eIn mMn ky im`Ty itvwxy dI gVHI KwlHI kr id`qI[ Swm nUM ^wlseI JMfy gVHI qy JUl gey[

au~c dy pIrW dI suDweI au~c dy pIr ieslwm AMdr Kudw dI BgqI krn vwly DrmI purS igxy jWdy sn[ BweI vIr isMG jI Anuswr iehnW dw v`fkw gurU nwnk dyv jI nUM m`ky iv`c imilAw sI qy gurU dy hukm sdkw kyswDwrI sn[ ieh Awm krky kwly jW nIly kpVy pihndy sn[ au~c dy pIr nUM ivSyS krky cwr bMdy plMG qy ibTw ky iljWdy sn Aqy ie`k bMdw ip`Cy ip`Cy cldw hoieAw cOr krdw jWdw sI[ gurU klgIDr vI mwCIvwVy qoN au~c dy pIr bx ky inkly sn[ mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG iehnW dw bhuq siqkwr krdw sI ikauNik gurU Gr dy ieh prm pRymI sn[ pr iehnW iv`coN hI gYlwnI s`Xd muglIAw nUM srkwr v`loN jwgIrW imlx kwrn ieh AKOqI au~c dy pIr gYr muslmwnW nwl kyvl iGRxw hI nhIN sn krdy sgoN auhnW qy vDIkIAW, lu`tmwr qy BwrI AiqAwcwr krn l`gy[ ieiqhwsk pVcol Anuswr pRym isMG hoqI mrdwn ilKdy hn ik ieh ihMdU nUM dyK ky Awpxy mUMh qy kpVw pw lYNdy sn jW lMGy jWdy ihMdU qy Qu`k idMdy sn[ jdoN Syir-ey-pMjwb nUM iehnw dy kukrmW bwry pqw l`igAw qW auhnW nUM AprwD krn qoN bwr bwr vrijAw pr ieh nw hty[ 35

mhwrwjw ny srdwr dl isMG Aqy srdwr hrI isMG jo im`Ty itvwxy qoN ^wlsy dI ij`q dy fMky vjw ky Aw rhy sn rsqy iv`c rih rhy au~c dy pIrW dI suDweI leI hukm ByijAw[ iehnW srdwrW ny srkwr dw hukm pgwaux leI iehnW au~c dy pIrW qy Dwvw bol id`qw[ isMGW dI &Oj A`gy iehnW gofy tyk id`qy Aqy jwn bKSI leI mUMh iv`c Gwh lY ky ^wlsy dy drbwr iv`c hwzr hoey[ ilKqI qOr qy mMinAw ik AsIN Awaux vwly smyN iv`c lwhOr drbwr dy hukm iv`c clWgy Aqy nwl hI glqIAW dw 25 hjwr rupey jurmwnw vI id`qw[ iehnW dI suDweI leI hrI isMG v`loN idKweI bhwdrI bwry srdwr dl isMG ny mhwrwjy nUM jdoN d`isAw qW rxjIq isMG ny srdwr dI bhuq SlwGw kIqI[ sIqw rwm ny srdwr dI bhwdrI qy qyz-qrwr idmwg dy A`gy Jukdy qurkW bwry bVy joSIly Sbd Awpxy kwiv iv`c ilKy hn: h`Q joV kihMdy lkIrW nwl k`F n`k dy, lVWgy nw muV ky duhweI A`lw pwk dI hY, KWvdy sugMDW kurwn pey c`k dy sIqw rwm m`c geI duhweI hrI isMG vwlI, mwr mwr musly aufwey vWg P`k dy[

koihnUr hIrw Syir-ey-pMjwb nUM dvwauxw koihnUr hIrw 106 kYryt (37 gRwm) dw sI ijs nUM aurdU Aqy &wrsI iv`c roSnI dy prbq nwl jwixAw jWdw sI[ dunIAW AMdr ies dy qu`l hor koeI hIrw nhIN hY[ ieiqhwskwrW muqwbk ieh hIrw AWDrw pRdyS 'c gol kuMfw dIAW KwxW 'coN pRwpq hoieAw sI[ ieh bhuq hI kImqI hIrw muglW, mrwiTAW dy h`QW 'coN huMdw hoieAw mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG kol 1813 iv`c phuMc igAw[ pr ^wlsw rwj dy pqn mgroN brqwnvI srkwr dy h`Q Aw igAw[ auhnW mrhUm rwxI dy qwj dw ih`sw bnwaux leI ies nUM k`t ky 105 kYryt (31.6 gRwm) bxw id`qw[ ie`k AMdwjy muqwbk ies dw mu`l 10 Arb pONf qoN vI v`D hY[ 36

ieh hIrw kwbl dy rwjy Swh sujwA qoN Syir-ey-pMjwb nUM imilAw sI[ bwrkzeI srdwr &qih Kwn vzIr dw zor vDx kr ky Swh mihmUd ny Awpxy Coty BweI Swh sujwA nUM g`dIE lwh id`qw sI[ Swh sujwA SwhI prvwr smyq mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG dI Srn Aw igAw[ pr idl-idmwg iv`c rwj Bwg dI iK`c kwrn kSmIr dy hwkm A~qw muhMmd ^wn dI m`dd nwl ieh ipSwvr qy kwbj ho igAw[ ipSwvr qoN c`l ky ies ny Swh mihmUd nUM iSkSq dy ky A&gwinsqwn qy kbzw kr ilAw[ Aihmd Swh AbdwlI dI sMqwn hox dy bwvjUd Swh sujwA Awpxy bwrkzeI BrwvW dy A`XwSI, md-msqI Aqy BYVIAW krqUqW kwrn bhuqw icr rwj nw kr sikAw[ mihmUd Swh ny Swh sujwA nUM AYsI BWj id`qI ik ieh jwn bcwA ky kSmIr phuMc igAw[ Swh sujwA dI bygm ny ieh fr mihsUs kr ky ik kSmIr dw hwkm A`qw muhMmd ^wn Swh mihmUd dy kihx qy aus dy Swh nUM mrvw nw dvy Syir-ey-pMjwb nUM jw imlI[ mhwrwjy pws iesny Arz kIqI ik ayh AwpxI &Oj Byj ky kSmIr dy hwkm qoN Cufw ky Swh sujwA nUM lwhOr lY Awaux qy auh koihnUr hIrw ByNt kr dvygI[ mhwrwjw swihb ny srdwr nlvw nUM kSmIr qy cVHweI krn leI hukm id`qw Aqy Swh sujwA nUM A`qw muhMmd ^wn dy bMdI^wny 'coN shI slwmq Cufw ky ilAwaux leI AwiKAw[ iehnI idnI vzIr-&qih Kwn vI srkwr nUM ^wlsw drbwr iv`c Aw imilAw[ aus ny AwiKAw ik mYN kSmIr dI lu`t coN nO l`K rupey quhwnUM dyvWgw[ AwpW iek`Ty cVHweI krIey[ ieM\ dohW &OjW ny sWJI cVHweI kIqI Aqy kSmIr qy jw Dwvw boilAw[ vzIr &qih ^wn cwhuMdw sI ik ikvyN nw ikvy Swh sujwA myry h`Q Aw jwvy Aqy ^wlsw &Oj nUM vwAdw kIqw Dn vI nW dvW[ sujwn hrI isMG nlUey ny dUjy srdwrW nwl iml ky bVI smJdwrI Aqy PurqI nwl Swh sujwA nUM Cufw ilAw[ vzIr &qih ^wn lu`t dw swrw mwl lY ky kwbl nUM qur igAw Aqy Awpxy Brw AzIm ^wn nUM kSmIr dw sUbydwr Qwp igAw[ 37

srdwr hrI isMG ny Swh sujwA nUM lwhOr drbwr iv`c phuMcw id`qw[ mhwrwjy v`loN ij`q dIAW BwrI KuSIAW mnweIAW geIAW[ Swh sujwA dw vI cMgw suAwgq krky aus nUM aus dI bygm pws mubwrk hvylI iv`c phuMcw id`qw[ BwvyN bygm Aqy Swh sujwA ny koihnUr hIrw dyx qoN twl-mtol kIqw pr mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG ny ih`k dy zor nwl ies nUM kwbU kr ilAw[ qkrIbn 26 swl (1813-1839) q`k ieh hIrw mhwrwjy kol irhw[ jdoN 1839 iv`c mhwrwjy ny Awpxw AMqlw smW nyVy AwauNdw dyiKAw qW koihnUr nUM jgn nwQ mMdr (auVIsw) dy nW qy vsIAq (willed) krvw id`qw sI[ pr ^wlsw rwj qy kwbU pw ky eIst ieMfIAw kMpnI ny lwhOr dy ^wlsw qoSyKwny iv`coN hor bhumu`lIAW vsqW smyq koihnUr hIrw vI curw ilAw[ ieM\ AMgryz srkwr ny mhwrwjy dI soc pUrI nw hox id`qI[

Atk dy iklHy aup`r kwbz hoxw

leI mwno ieh mu`K duAwr sI[ mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG dy smyN ies iklyH au~pr jhwn dwd ^wn dw kbzw sI[ mhwrwjy dI bu`DI bhuq qIKx Aqy soc-dUr idRStI vwlI sI[ srdwrW nwl soc ivcwr kr ky srkwr ny ikhw ik ijqnw icr q`k AwpW Atk dy iklyH qy kbzw nhIN kr lYNdy auqnW icr APgwnW nUM pMjwb AMdr dwKl hox qoN rok nhIN skWgy Aqy pMjwb iv`c Amn-Amwn vI auqnw icr nhIN ho skdw[ ieM\ Akl qoN kMm lYNidAW mhwrwjy ny Atk iklHy qy kbzw krn leI dIvwn mohkm cMd Aqy srdwr hrI isMG nlUey nUM bIVw cu`kx leI AwiKAw[ hukm imlx dI dyr sI ik ^wlsw &OjW hrI isMG dI kmwn hyT bVy zor Aqy Sor nwl Atk v`l nUM cVHIAW ijhlm dirAw pwr kr ky ieh pMjw swihb qoN huMdIAW hoeIAW brhwn dy mYdwn iv`c phuMc geIAW[ auDroN bhwdr &qih ^wn vzIr Awpxy BweI infr dosq muhMmd ^wn nUM nwl lY ky 15 hzwr A&gwnW nwl hzro dy lwgy SmSbwd dy mYdwn iv`c Aw fitAw[

Atk dw ielwkw purwqn smyN AMdr gMDrv dy nW nwl jwixAw jWdw sI[ ijvyN ijvyN sìBAqw iv`c qbdIlI AweI rwijAW dy rwj bdly ies dw nW vI bdldw igAw[ kwbl dirAw, kwbl (APgwinsqwn dw Sihr) dy p`CmI pwsy qoN SurU ho ky 435 mIl dI dUrI qy Atk jw ky ^qm ho jWdw hY Aqy isMD iv`c jw pYNdw hY[ purwxy simAW AMdr ies dirAw nUM isMDU AwiKAw jWdw sI[ grIk iv`c ies nUM isnQU, romn iv`c isMXoj kihMdy hn pr cInI lyKkW ny ies nUM isnqU iliKAw hY jd ik eIrwnI Awb-ey-isMD Aqy plInI ieMfs ilKdw hY[ ies dirAw pwr krn smyN &OjW nUM jW XwqrUAW nUM rukxw pYNdw sI[ ikauNik Atk dw Bwv hI hY 'rukxw'[ ieh Sbd pihlI vwr 'AweIny AkbrI' iv`c vriqAw igAw Aqy Akbr bwdSwh ny ies dw nwm Atk rìKAw[ Akbr ny 1581 iv`c au~cI jgHw qy ie`k bhuq hI mjbUq, AwlISwn Aqy v`fy Awkwr dw iklHw bxwieAw ijs dw nW vI Atk rìKAw[ APgwinsqwn dIAW &OjW dw ihMMdusqwn AMdr dwKly

DONisAW dI gUMj nwl 12 julweI 1813 nUM svyry hI jMg AwrMB ho geI[ qopW idAW goilAW Aqy bMdUkW dIAW c`l rhIAW qVw-qV golIAW nwl jMgy mYdwn DUMAw Dwr ho igAw[ sUrimAW v`loN cwry pwsy mwr lau mwr lau dI Awvwj suxweI dyx l`gI[ ijauN ijauN Du`p kVkx l`gI iqvyN iqvyN jMg AMdr grmI vD rhI sI[ dohW pwisAW dy P`tV pey sUrmy pwxI dI pukwr kr rhy sn Aqy v`fy P`t l`gx kwrn koeI hwey hwey AwK irhw sI qy koeI pRwx iqAwg irhw sI[ swrw idn lohy qy lohw KVkdw irhw Aqy idn dy CpwA nwl lVweI bMd hox dw ibgl v`j igAw[

rwq ho geI jo vI Kwx nUM imilAw Kw ky Q`ky tu`ty keI DrqI qy hI lyt gey, keI GoiVAW dIAW kwTIAW qy hI sONA gey pr hrI isMG Aqy mohkm cMd muKI srdwrW nUM ie`kTy kr ky dUjy idn hox vwlI jMg dIAW skImW bnwaux 'c ju`t gey[ inSwnw ie`ko hI hY[ iklHy qy kwbz ikvyN hoxw hY? mrn dI mnW iv`c koeI prvwh nhIN sI[ phu-Putwlw

Atk dy iklHy aup`r kwbz hoxw

hoieAw, isMG au~Ty, bwxI pVHI Aqy isMGW dI cVHdI klw Aqy ik`lHy aup`r &qih pwaux leI Ardws kIqI[ sUrj cVHidAW hI gwzI AlI AlI kr ky isMGW qy tu`t pey isMG vI boly so inhwl, siq sRI Akwl dy jYkwry gjwauNdy AsmwnI ibjlI vWg mugl &OjW qy jw vrHy[ mro jW A`gy vDo isMGW leI nlUey dw Purmwn sI[ srdwr nLUAw Awp vYrI dy dlW vl pwxI dy hVH vWg A`gy vD irhw sI[ ies izMdgI mOq dy svwl iv`c dohW dlW dy sUrmy koeI ksr bwkI nhIN sI C`f rhy[ pr r`bI Bwxw AYsw vriqAw ik isMGW dy zoS A`gy muglW dy hoS au~f gey[ ^wlsy dw plVw BwrI pY igAw[ srdwr jsvMq isMG mokl ny dosq muhMmd Kwn qy AYsI qlvwr clweI ik ieh GoVy qoN ifg ipAw[ ieh smJ ky ik Kwn mwirAw igAw hY mugl &Oj mYdwn C`f ky jMgy mYdwn 'coN B`jx l`gI[ ausy smyN srdwr hrI isMG sYinkW smyq Atk iklHy vl qyzI nwl viDAw[ isMGW nUM J`KV dI qrHW vD dy dyK ky iklHy iv`c mOjUd A&gwnW dy qoqy au~f gey Aqy ieh jwnW bcwaux leI qoiqAW vWg ibnw mukwbly iklHy 'coN au~f inkly[ srdwr nlUey ny iklHy qy kbzw kr ky ^wlseI JMfy Julw id`qy[ A&gwnW au~qy ^wlsy dI ieh pihlI Aqy mu`K &qih sI[ ies ij`q dI KuSI iv`c lwhOr, AMimRqsr Aqy btwlw Awid SihrW iv`c dIpmwlw kIqI geI[ srkwr ny srdwrW Aqy sYinkW nUM ies ij`q kwrn v`fIAW jwgIrW, iK`lqW Aqy Dn dI bKiSS kIqI[ s`Xd muhMmd lqI& ny 'History of the Punjab' iv`c pMnw 397 qy iliKAw hY ik ies ij`q dy idn qoN APgwnW dy idlW AMdr ^wlsy dI bhwdrI dw AYsw is`kw bYTw ik A`gy nUM ^wlsw sdw leI A`gy vDdw igAw[

rwjOrI Aqy iBMbr dI ij`q

&qih ^wn v`loN krweI jw rhI mwr-DwV Aqy lu`t-Ksu`t dIAW ^brW idn-bidn phuMc rhIAW sn[ iehnW dI suDweI leI srkwr v`loN srdwr hrI isMG nlUAw, dIvwn rwm idAwl Aqy srdwr dl isMG nUM &Oj dy ky ByijAw[ rwjOrI dy rwjw Agr ^wn ny lwlc dI cwl ADIn hrI isMG nUM KihVw C`fx leI AwiKAw[ pr srdwr nlUAw AYsy lwlc iv`c Psx vwly nhIN sn[ nlUey dI scweI vwlI nIqI nUM BWp ky Agr ^wn mOq qoN frdw mihl mwVIAW C`f ky iq`qr ho igAw[ is`K &Oj ny rwjOrI Sihr lu`itAw, aus dy mihl Fwh id`qy[ ies auprMq iBMbr nUM kbzy iv`c kIqw[ lutyirAW nUM krVIAW sjwvW id`qIAW Aqy Awaux vwly smyN AMdr bMdy bxn leI AwiKAw[ KUMKwr rweIsW nUM kYdI bxw ky lwhOr Byj id`qw[

mulqwn ^wlsw rwj ADIn krnw mulqwn dw nvwb muz`&r j&r bVy cMcl suBwA vwlw sI[ sMn 1802 qoN 1819 dirimAwn ies ny s`q vwr Awpxy kIqy vwAidAW nUM qoiVAw[ iehnW 16 swlW dOrwn is`KW v`loN mulqwn qy s`q hmly (1802, 1805, 1807, 1810, 1812, 1816 Aqy 1817 iv`c) hoey[ iehnW hmilAW iv`c is`K &Oj dw jwnI nukswn kwPI hoieAw pr mom idl mhwrwjw bwr bwr nvwb nUM bKSdy rhy[ jdoN 1819 iv`c mulqwn dw mwmlw ivcwrn leI lwhOr ivKy drbwr hoieAw qW sB muKI srdwrW ny nvwb dy vqIry nUM mwVw AwiKAw[ keIAW ny ie`QoN q`k AwK id`qw ik ku`qy dI pUC vWg nvwb ny is`Dw nhIN hoxw[ bwr bwr blw mulqwn qoN AwauNdI hY Aqy AnykW jwnW lY lYNdI hY[ auhnW mulqwn dw tYNtw sdw leI mukwaux leI srkwr nUM AwiKAw[

vzIr &qih ^wn rwjOrI Aqy iBMbr dy ielwikAW iv`c reIsW nUM is`K rwj ivru`D auksw irhw sI[ lokW nUM lu`tx leI ies ny corW, fwkUAW Aqy T`gW nUM vI KulH id`qI hoeI sI[ mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG nUM

mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG ny &Yslw kr id`qw ik mulqwn qy cVHweI kIqI jwvy[ srdwr hrI isMG dI kmWf Q`ly AkwlI PUlw isMG, dIvwn moqI rwm, srdwr &qih isMG AwhlUvwlIAw, srdwr dl isMG Aqy imsr dIvwn cMd nUM &Oj dy ky Byjx dw hukm hoieAw (&qih nwmw gurU

rwjOrI Aqy iBMbr dI ij`q

vzIr &qih ^wn rwjOrI Aqy iBMbr dy ielwikAW iv`c reIsW nUM is`K rwj ivru`D auksw irhw sI[ lokW nUM lu`tx leI ies ny corW, fwkUAW Aqy T`gW nUM vI KulH id`qI hoeI sI[ mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG nUM

^wlsw jI, ikRq gxyS dws ipMgl 1952)[ srdwr hrI isMG aunHIN idnIN AtkoN pwr A&gwnW dI suDweI iv`c l`igAw hoieAw sI[ mhwrwjw ny ies muihMm iv`c Sihjwdw KVg isMG nUM vI 25 hzwr jMgI jvwn Aqy qopKwnw lY ky Swml hox leI AwiKAw[ hrI isMG ny KUn-^rwby qoN bcx leI Awpxy eylcI dIvwn BvwnI dws Aqy kwdr bKS Byjy[ iehnW nvwb nUM AwiKAw ik auh sulwh-s&weI nwl mulqwn isMGW dy hvwly kr dyvy Aqy srkwr pwsoN jwgIr hwsl kr ky su`K-SWqI nwl Awpxw jIvn bqIq kry[ jykr ieh g`l mnzUr nhI qW lVweI leI iqAwr ho jwvy[ rwj Bwg dw mwlk mwieAw kwrn A`q dw AMnHw Aqy bolw huMdw hY ijs kwrn auh iksy dI g`l nhIN suxdw Aqy hMkwr iv`c msq huMdw hY[ vYsy vI khwvq hY 'lwqoN ky BUq bwqoN sy nhIN mwnqy'[ AYsy lok 'fMfy dy Xwr' huMdy hn[ ieM\ ieh nvwb jdoN bwr bwr smJwaux qy vI nhIN smiJAw qW Sihzwdw KVk isMG ny ^wlsw &Oj nUM iqMn ih`isAw iv`c vMf ky mulqwn qy cVHweI krn dI ivauNq bxweI[ ie`k pwsy Sihzwdw Awp qy dIvwn cMd, ivckwr srdwr hrI isMG nlUAw Aqy dUjy pwsy srdwr &qih isMG, srdwr DMnw isMG Aqy srdwr Swm isMG AtwrI[

id`qI[ iklHy AMdr nvwb dy gwjI vI pUrI swvDwnI vrqx l`gy[ ij`Qy ikqy kMD tu`tdI sI auh borIAW nwl surwK ie`ky dm Br idMdy sn[ cOQy idn ^wlsw &Oj lwhOrI drvwjw qoVn iv`c s&l ho geI[ srdwr nlvy dw dsqw pwxI dy hVH vWg Sihr 'c jw viVAw[ nvwb dI &Oj ny qkVw mukwblw kIqw[ BwvyN A&gwn srIrW dy qkVy Aqy k`dwvr sn pr joS, sMjm Aqy swhshIx sn[ieh r`iKAk dy qOr qy lV rhy sn jd ik isMG hmlwvr vjoN auqSwh iv`c Aw ky jUJ rhy sn[ CykV isMGW ny kwPI ktw-v`FI ip`CoN Sihr qy kbzw jmw ilAw[ pr nvwb muj`&r ^wn gwzIAW nUM lY ky mulqwn dy iklHy iv`c jw viVAw[ 8 &rvrI nUM srdwrW ny slwh mSvry ip`CoN iklHy nUM Gyr ilAw[ ieh iklHw ihMd dy mShUr p`ikAw ikilHAW iv`coN ie`k nwmI iklHw mMinAw jWdw sI[ ies dIAW dIvwrW 40 Pu`t au~cIAW Aqy 6 Pu`t cOVIAW sn[ iklHy AMdr AMn pwxI vI nvwb ny bhuq jmHw kIqw hoieAw sI[ iklHy aup`r bIVIAW qopW vI AwlHw drzy dIAW qy dUr q`k mwr krn vwlIAW sn[ ies leI iklHy nUM sr krnw koeI sOKI g`l nhIN sI[ isMG iklHy dy shI itkwixAW qy in`q golwbwrI krdy rhy[ Gyry nUM 3 mhIny dw smW bIq igAw[ grmI ru`q kwrn hYzy dI bImwrI vI &Oj iv`c PYl geI[

pihly h`ly iv`c hI srdwr &qih isMG dy dsqy ny mwmUlI Jpt nwl kwnHgVH iklHy qy kbzw kr ilAw[ auDr srdwr hrI isMG ny gwzIAW qy AYsw Dwvw boilAw ik iehnW A`gy koeI nhIN AV sikAw[ muj`Pr gVH dy iklHydwr nUM kwbU kr ky &qih hwsl kr leI[ srdwrW ny nvwb nUM iPr smJOqy leI ApIl kIqI ik qUM jwgIr hwsl kr ky jMg nUM twl dy qWik sUrimAW dw KUn AMjweIN nw fulHy[ pr s`Xd muhMmd lqI& ny ; History of the Punjab dy pMnw 411 qy iliKAw ik GumMfI nvwb ny sulwh-s&weI vwlI g`l ie`k BI nw mMnI[ ies leI lwcwrI v`s ho ky ^wlsy nUM jMg dw ibgl vjwauxw ipAw[

2 jUn vwly idn 80 GMitAW dI lgwqwr bMbwrI mgroN, AwiKr iklHy dI dIvwr iv`c v`fy mGory ho gey[ gulwm ijlwnI jo gwzIAW dw jwsUs sI aus ny AwpxI pusqk 'jMgy-mulwnw' iv`c ies nUM lUM kMfy KVHy krn vwlw swkw iliKAw hY[ auh ilKdw hY ik is`KW dIAW qopW ny i^zrI gyt nyVy qbwhI mcweI hoeI sI[ kMD qoVn leI isrP QoVHy hI goilAW dI hor loV sI ik Acwnk qop dw ie`k phIAw tu`t igAw qy qop nwkwrw ho geI[ qop nUM TIk krn leI kwPI smyN dI loV sI pr aus smyN ie`k ie`k imMt Aqy ie`k ie`k golw bVI kImq rKdw sI[ qop kol Sor m`cx kwrn gulwm ijlwnI dyKx Aw igAw ik rOlw ikauN pY irhw hY[ auh ilKdw hY ik qop kmWfr au~cI au~cI kih irhw sI ik jy kMm &qih krnw hY qW ie`ko hI cwrw hY ik tu`ty phIey dI QW iek`lw

5 PrvrI 1818 vwly idn sUrj cVHn qoN pihlW hI mulqwn Sihr nUM Gyrw pw ilAw[ ies dIAW kMDW BMnx leI golwbwrI AwrMB 42

iek`lw isMG Aw ky moFw dvy[ sB qoN pihlW ieh kMm mYN krWgw[ kmWfr dy kihx qy isMGW dI kqwr l`g geI[ ijlwnI ilKdw hY ik ieh dyK ky mYN hYrwn ho igAw[ soicAw pqw nhIN isMGW nUM ienHW dy gurU ny kI CkwieAw hoieAw hY ik ieh mrn qoN rqI Br vI nhIN frdy[ myry dyKdy dyKdy sB qoN pihlW kmWfr ny qop dy tu`ty phIey vwly pwsy moFw id`qw[ ie`k is`K ny qop clweI qy ijvyN hI golw inkl ky kMD iv`c jw vìjAw kmWfr vI nwl hI ShId ho igAw[ ieM\ igAwrW isMG ShIdIAW pw gey[ ieh kMD pwV ky hI hty[ A`gy c`l ky ieh ilKdw hY ik ieh swkw dyK ky myrw idl ih`l igAw ik ikvyN iehnW ny jwnW vwrIAW[ pRBwvq ho ky mYnUM vI joS AwieAw ik mYN vI qop Q`ly moFw dvW pr soicAw jykr mYN vI ShId ho igAw qW ies idl-ivMnvyN swky nUM dunIAW swmHxy hor kOx r`Kygw[ is`KW dI kurbwnI dI ieh byimswl khwxI hY[ ieh jMg kwPI lMbI hox kr ky ^wlsy dI pq nUM bcwaux leI AkwlI PUlw isMG vI kOmI ipAwr sdkw mulqwn phuMc igAw sI[ ijauN hI iklHy dI dIvwr iv`c pwV ipAw ieh kOmI prvwnw Aqy gurmiq dw dIvwnw isMGW nUM nwl lY mwro mwr krdw iklHy AMdr jw viVAw[ iklHy AMdr Awhmo-swhmxy dI h`QopweI dI lVweI hox krky ieqnw BwrI KUn-Krwbw hoieAw ijhVw keI swl lokW dI Xwd bixAw irhw[ sUrmy srdwr hrI isMG Aqy dUjy isrk`F srdwrW ny gwzIAW dy C`ky Cufw id`qy[ ies ktw v`FI iv`c nvwb muj`Pr ^wn sxy aus dy pMj pu`q mwry gey Aqy bwkI dy iqMn pu`qr sr&rwz ^wn, zulPkwr Kwn Aqy AmIr KW bcy jo 300 A&gwnW smyq isMGW ny kYdI bxw ley[ ies jMg iv`c 12 hjwr A&gwn Aqy 4 hjwr dy krIb isMG mwry gey[ auprMq mulqwn nUM KUb luìtAw[ kMvr KVk isMG ny ij`q ip`CoN iklHy iv`c dwKl ho ky nkdI Dn, sonw, cWdI hor kImqI mwl jo SwhI ^jwny coN h`Q lìgAw aus dI sWB sMBwl kr ky lwhOr phuMcw id`qw[ nvwb dI hIry jVq qlvwr Aqy Fwl DMnw isMG dy h`Q AweI sI[ jdoN 44

ies ny ieh mhwrwjw swihb nUM pyS kIqI qW aus ny ieh dovyN vsqW Aqy pMj hzwr rupey bhwdrI bdly DMnw isMG nUM bKS id`qy[ ies jMg dI ij`q auprMq srdwr hrI isMG nlUAw dI jwgIr dUxI kr id`qI[ mugl ieiqhwskwrW dIAW ilKqW muqwbk, "rxjIq isMG dI &Oj mulqwn qoN ip`Cy D`kI jwxI sI jykr PUlw isMG ie`k pwgl AkwlI, ihMmq kr ky (kMD dy) aus mory iv`coN j`Qw lY ky AMdr nw jw vVdw[ lY&tInYt krnl gulcrn isMG ny Awpxy ie`k lyK jo 'sIs-gMj' id`lI dy rswly 1984 iv`c 'mw: rxjIq isMG dw mulqwn &qih krnw pMnw 73-96 qy iliKAw hY"? ies lVweI qoN swbq huMdw hY ik ie`k nIvIN p`Dr dI isKlweI vwlIO Aqy AnuSwSn hIn &Oj ie`k fispln vwlI Aqy byhqr isKlweI Aqy AwXojq &Oj dw mukwblw nhIN kr skdI[ Dwrimk jnUMn &wiedymMd huMdw hY, pr ieh fispln, cMgI isKlweI Aqy ivauNqbMdI dy Gwty nUM kdI vI pUrw nhIN kr skdw[ pr lwiek, inpuMn Aqy idRV lIfriSp cMgy is`ty pYdw krdI hY[ aunHW ieh vI iliKAw ik mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG ie`k bhuq hI SkqISwlI, sw& idl, sucyq, sMjmI Aqy skImI rwjw sI[ gulwm, ijlwnI dw iliKAw ik`sw ies g`l dI gvwhI Brdw hY ik is`KI siprt kwrn is`K &Oj dy hOsly hmySw cVHdI klw vwly rihMdy sn[ mulqwn dI ij`q bVI hI mh`qv pUrn sI[ ies nwl is`K rwj Atk qoN lY ky d`Kx iv`c pMj nd dirAw q`k jw imilAw[ pMjwb iv`c A&gwnW dI qwkq dw Bog pY igAw[ ies ij`q ny isMD leI rwh KolH id`qw[ ies nwl kMDwr qoN mulqwn huMdw hoieAw id`lI nUM jWdw rsqw jo qjwrq p`KoN pRis`D sI, is`K rwj dy ADIn ho igAw[ sIqw rwm kohlI Anuswr ies ij`q kwrn lwhOr dy Kzwny iv`c 680975 rupey swlwnw dw vwDw ho igAw sI[

AsQwn hY[ bwdSwh jhWgIr ny kSmIr bwry AmIr Kusro (kvI) dy Sbd duhrwey :

kSmIr dy hzwry dIAW ij`qW Aqy gvrnrI

Agr iPrdOs br rU ey zmIn Asq, hmy Asq hmy Asq E hmy Asq[

sMsikRq iv`c kSmIr do SbdW kw+SmIr dw sMjog hY['kw' dw Bwv hY pwxI Aqy 'SmIr' KuSk DrqI nUM kihMdy hn[ kSmIr dI DrqI bhuq au~cI nIvIN hY Aqy ivckwr ijhlm dirAw vgdw hY[ ieiqhws AMdr ieh vrxn hY ik ie`Qy mrIcI dy pu`qr kSXp nwmI irSI ny qp kIqw[ ies ny bwrwmUly pws ie`k phwV iv`coN rsqw bxvw ky sqIsr dw pwxI pMjwb v`l vgw id`qw[ ieh vg irhw pwxI pihlW 'kwsUr' Aqy ip`CoN ijhlm nwm nwl jwixAw jwx l`gw[ sqIsr ie`k JIl sI ijhVI 56 koh lMmI Aqy 16 koh cOVI sI Aqy ieh cwry qrPoN phwVW nwl iGrI hoeI sI[ mhW Bwrq iv`c drj hY ik pihly pihl ie`Qy kMbojW ny rwj kIqw[ aus auprMq hor rwjy hoey Aqy cODvIN sdI iv`c pihlW musilm pKqUn rwjw Swm-au-dIn Swh mIr hoieAw[ cIn dy XwqrI hIvn sWg (ihaUn sWg) ny 1631 iv`c kSmIr dy s&r smyN ies nUM ikAwSImIl iliKAw hY[ iq`bqI lok ies nUM Kwsl (br&wnI phwV) kihMdy hn[ rwj 'qrMgnI' dw lyKk sRI Xuq klhx ilKdw hY ik kSmIr auh dyS hY, ijs nUM sUrj dyvqw AwpxIAW suhwvxIAW ikrnW Aqy im`TI-im`TI Du`p nwl rOxk bKSdw hY[ ieh irKIAW dI qp BUmI Aqy ivdvwnW dw su`K invws hY[ ies dy au~qr v`l nwgw prbq 26620 Pu`t au~cw hY qy pUrb v`l hrmuK prbq snmu`K idKweI idMdw hY[ d`Kx v`l Amr nwQ phwV 17800 Pu`t au~cw hY Aqy iesy qrHW p`Cm v`l pIr pMjwl 15000 Pu`t au~cw hY[ jhWgIr bwdSwh qozky bwbrI iv`c AwpxI klm nwl ilKdw hY ,"kSmIr ie`k bwg hY pr auh bwg ijs iv`c sdw bhwr rihMdI hY ....bwdSwhW dI p`q vDwx vwlw dyS hY Aqy drvySW leI iekWq 46

Bwv jykr koeI DrqI qy svrg hY auh ieh jgHw hY[ kSmIr dI GwtI kudrq dy nzwirAW, mnmohxy idRSW, idliK`cvyN jl-JrinAW, hry-Bry mYdwnW, vMn-suvMny Pu`lW dI tihkmihk qy muskwn nwl BrpUr hY[ ie`Qy dIAW GwtIAW au~cy au~cy ibRCW, bwgW, inrml jl qy br& nwl l`dIAW hoeIAW bhuq hI suMdr rmxIk Aqy cmk dmk vwlIAW hn[ pr pRym isMG hoqI mrdwn vwly ilKdy hn ik ieh auh dyv-lok Aqy PirSiqAW dy invws vwlI DrqI bykdirAW dy h`Q Aw ky surg qoN Gor nrk Aqy PulvwVI qoN mswx BUmI dy rUp iv`c bdl geI[ ijauN hI ies DrqI qy A&gwnW dw kbjw hoieAw Aqy 1752 iv`c Aihmd Swh durwnI ny ies nUM AwpxI slqnq AMdr ADIn kIqw[ auprMq iehnW by-qrs, by-drd, bykdry Aqy by-iensw& zwlmW ny nwdr Swh dy kqlyAwm nUM vI mwmUlI krwr id`qw[jrvwxy Asd^wn bwry ilKqW drswauNdIAW hn ik ieh pSU ibrqI vwlw do do ihMdUAW dIAW ip`TW joV ky qy r`isAW nwl aunHW nUM nrV ky fUMGy pwxI iv`c sutvw idMdw jdoN auh ivcwry bcx leI h`Q pYr mwrdy qW iKV iKV krky h`sdw sI Aqy kihMdw sI ieh kI qmwSw kr rhy hn? ieh aunHW nUM auyqnw icr KuSI KuSI q`kdw rihMdw ijqnw icr aunHW dy jIvn dw dIvw gu`l nhIN sI ho jWdw[ ies ny hukm kr id`qw ik koeI ihMdU isr qy p`g nhIN bMnH skdw Aqy nw hI pYNrI ju`qI pihn skdw hY[ ihMdUAW dI ip`T qy cVH ky A&gwnW v`loN svwrI krnI Awm g`l sI[ ieh g`l sr vwltr lwrMs ny 'dI vYlI AwP kSmIr' dy pMnw 198 qy ilKI hY[ mOlwxw muhMmd dIn qvwrIK kSmIr dI hU bhU drd khwxI ieM\ ibAwn krdy hn : 47

AsQwn hY[ bwdSwh jhWgIr ny kSmIr bwry AmIr Kusro (kvI) dy Sbd duhrwey :

kSmIr dy hzwry dIAW ij`qW Aqy gvrnrI

Agr iPrdOs br rU ey zmIn Asq, hmy Asq hmy Asq E hmy Asq[

prsIdm Az KrwbIey gulSn z bwgbW[ PgW kSId v gu&q ko AvgW ^rwb krd[ Swmqy Aihmwl sy A&gwn hwkm ho gey[ Awey Eu Avr qwly bydwr Apny so gey[

Bwv A&gwnW dIAW iGnwauxIAW, KO&nwk Aqy frwauxIAW hrkqW ny AYsy idl ihlw id`qy ik mulk iv`c Sor Aqy qU&wn pYdw ho igAw[ ij`Dr vI mYN dyKdw sI lokW (Kws kr ihMdUAW) dI Swmq AweI hoeI sI[ mUl rUp iv`c ieh mrdkuSI sI[ iehnW qoN ielwvW grIbW Aqy CotIAW zwqW vwilAW nUM D`ky nwl PV ky ieh A&gwn ibgwrW krwauNdy sn Aqy kMm bdly kuJ nhIN sI idMdy[ iehnW A&gwnW dy mohrIAW iv`coN A~qw muhmMd ieqnw nSèI Aqy ivSèI sI ik AwpxI kwm vwSnw dI iqRpqI leI ies ny kUV kpt vwlIAW jnwnIAW r`KIAW hoeIAW sn[ auh dUr dUr q`k GuMmdIAW sn Aqy ijs Gr iv`c koeI suMdr qy juAwn nUMh DI dyKdIAW sn qW aus nUM A~qw muhmMd ^wn kol Dky nwl lY AwauNdIAW sn[ Gr vwly ivcwry roNdy kurlwauNdy rih jWdy sn Aqy iehnW dI &irAwd suxn vwlw koeI nhIN sI[ ijvyN ik sRI gurU qyg bhwdr jI pws Awpxw Drm bcwaux leI kSmIrI PirAwdI bx ky AnMdpur swihb Awey sn iqvyN AiqAwcwrW nUM mu`K r`K ky kSmIr dw ie`k pqvMqw, sqvMqw bIrbl Dr nW dw DnwF pMifq Awpxw Bys bdl ky kSmIr qoN lwhOr mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG dy drbwr iv`c Aw hwzr hoieAw[ pr SmSyr isMG ASok ny ies dw nW pMifq bIrvr iliKAw hY, jo sUbw j`bwr ^wn dy ADIn sRI ngr (kSmIr) dw pRDwn mMqRI sI[ ies ny ro ro ky AiqAwcwrW dI drdnwk gwQw mhwrwjy A`gy h`Q joV ky suxweI[ ieh sB kuJ sux ky Syir-eypMjwb dy rONgty KVHy ho gey Aqy kol bYTy srdwrW dw KUn aubwly Kwx lìgAw[ Blw gurU dy is`K ieh g`lW ikvyN jr skdy sn? bIrbl ny 48

AwiKAw, "rwjn ! kSmIr dy iesqRI purS duKI ihridAW nwl pRBU A`gy iehI bynqI krdy hn[ idvw XI XI[ is`K rwj qihq ikAwhW[ Bwv hy Bgvwn! is`K rwj CyqI ieQy phuMc jwvy[ mhwrwjy ny bIrbl Dr dy drd Bry Sbd sux ky kSmIr qy cVHweI krn leI iqAwrIAW AwrMBx dw hukm kIqw[ vYsy vI kSmIr ijQy ihMdUAW Aqy boDIAW dw Dwrimk kyNdr irhw hY au~Qy iqMn gurU swihbwn gurU nwnk dyv jI, gurU hir goibMd swihb jI Aqy gurU hir rwey jI ny crn pwey sn[ gurU qyg bhwdr jI ny ihMdUAW dy iqlk jMvU dI rwKI leI ijs dy ik auh DwrnI nhIN sn id`lI ivKy jw ky Shwdq id`qI sI[ mhInw vI ivswK dw sI Aqy ^wlsw swjnw idvs c`l rhy sn[ ieh idn ^ws krky ^wlsy dy mnW AMdr gurU goibMd isMG jI dy khy bcn, 'inscY kr ApnI jIq kroN' dw Xu`D-nwd vjw idMdy hn[ ^wlsw ieh pRyrxw lY ky iksy qy vI peI BIV dyK ky iensw& Aqy suqMrqw dI ^wqr rx-q`qy iv`c CwqI fwh ky jUJ pYNdw hY[ Bwv jb Awb kI AauD inDwn bnY,Aq hI rx mih qb jUJ mro]

AijhI nykI Aqy bdI dI jMg AMdr prmwqmW vI pwpIAW nUM aunHW dy kIqy kukrmW qy pwpW dI szw idMdw hY Aqy DrmIAW dI jY jY kwr krwauNdw hY[ DrmI dw krm hY ik piq lhwaux nwloN mOq kbUlxw shI hY[ DrmI ho ky zulm zr lYxw ^wlsy dy nwm nUM klMkq krn dy qu`l hY[ gurbwxI dy bol hn: syeI pUry Swh vKqY aupir liV mUey] (145) jYkwr kIE DrmIAw kw pwpI ko dMf dIE]

^wlsw nwm hI mnu`KI Aqy r`bI pRym dw hY[ mnu`KI jzibAW dw pRgtwvw hY, sMGrSmeI Gol Aqy srb`q dy Bly dw pRqIk hY[ sIqw rwm dy kib`q Anuswr bIrbl Dr dy vihMdy nYxW ,coN nIr Aqy mu`KoN Alwey vYx sux ky Syir-ey-pMjwb ny srdwr hrI isMG nUM ieh AwiKAw:

prsIdm Az KrwbIey gulSn z bwgbW[ PgW kSId v gu&q ko AvgW ^rwb krd[ Swmqy Aihmwl sy A&gwn hwkm ho gey[ Awey Eu Avr qwly bydwr Apny so gey[

puxC dy hwkm zbrdsq ^wn ny t`kr lYx leI qrweI iklHy iv`c jMgI iqAwrIAW AwrMB id`qIAW[ Aw rhI ^wlsw &Oj nUM rokx leI rsqy iv`c Bwry p`Qr sutvw id`qy Aqy dr^q ktvw ky su`t id`qy[ srdwr hrI isMG nlUAw Aqy AkwlI PUulw isMG nUM ies g`l dI ^br phuMcI qW iehnW qyzI nwl Aw ky h`lw boilAw[ AgoN jbrdsq ^wn ny vI s^q twkrw kIqw[ isMGW ny iklHy dw ie`k pwsw brUd nwl aufw id`qw Aqy joS iv`c Aw ky iklHy dy AMdr mukwblw kr rhy A&gwnW qy tu`t pey[ qlvwrW, nyijAW qy BwilAW nwl jMm ky lVweI hoeI[ dohW qr&W dy kw&I sUrmy lVdy lVdy jwnW vwr gey[ Aw^Ir ^wlsw &Oj ny

iklHy qy kbzw kr ky kysrI inSwn Julw id`qy[ieh morcw ij`q ky &Oj bihrwm ij`Qy dw mOsm bVw suhwvnw sI vwps Aw geI[ ie`Qy Tihr ky kuJ idn Awrwm kIqw Aqy Agly sMgrwm leI iqAwrI iv`FI ikauNik kSmIr dy KwVkU hukmrwn bwrkzeIAW nwl m`Qw lwauxw sI[ ieh kSmIr nUM AwpxI p`kI mlkIAq smJdy sn[ kSmIr dI suMdrqw krky, vDIAw mOsm Aqy au~cIAW phwVIAW kwrn surìKAq hox krky mu`dqW qoN ieh jgHw bwdSwhW dI rxBUmI rhI hY[ mwro mwr krdIAW ^wlsw &OjW Awaux dI ^br sux ky kSmIr dy hwkm muhmMd j`bwr ^wn ny v`fI igxqI iv`c &Oj iek`qr kr ky supeIAW (supn) dy mYdwn iv`c twkry leI qopW bIV id`qIAW[ koh Drwl qy pIr pMjwl dIAW au~cIAW cotIAW dw rsqw bVw kTn sI[ ^wlsw &OzW 26 jUn nUM srwey ielwhI pu`j geIAW[ srwey qoN kUc krky AhIrpur fyrw kIqw ij`QoN jMg dw mYdwn 5 koh qy sI[ A&gwn &Oj v`fI lVweI leI pUrI iqAwrI iv`c sI[ srdwrW nUM vI vYrI dI hr qzvIz dI sUh iml cu`kI sI[ twkry leI iehnW &Oj nUM iqMn ihìsAW iv`c vMf ky 3 julweI nUM 1819 nUM svyr swr A&gwnW dy moricAW qy Dwvw jw boilAw[ A`goN A&gwnW ny qopW dy goly dwg id`qy[ Gmswn dw Xu`D hox lìgAw[ dohW pwisAW qoN Ssqr KVk rhy sn Aqy sUrmy lhU-luhwn ho rhy sn[ AkwlI PUlw isMG dI tukVI dy swmHxy bhwdr Syr idl ^wn Awpxy Brw mIr AKor sm`d ^wn dy nwmI &OjIAW sxy Aw fitAw Aqy lVdw lVdw mwirAw igAw[ dUjy pwsy j`bwr ^wn ny hrI isMG nlvw qy qlvwr dw lMbw vwr kIqw[ nlvw ny PurqI nwl ieh vwr Fwl qy roikAw Aqy AwpxI qlvwr nwl j`bwr ^wn dw qlvwr nwl h`Q v`F id`qw[ ies hwlq iv`c auh jwn bcw ky n`s igAw[ rsqy iv`c muhmMd j`bwr ^wn ny mYdwny-jMg AMdr Awpxy BrwvW nUM P`tV pey Aqy qVPdy dyiKAw qW ieh jMg leI nw ruikAw Aqy A&gwinsqwn v`l inkl igAw[ ieM\ hwkmW dy mrn Aqy dOVn krky &Oj ny hiQAwr su`t id`qy Aqy ^wlsy dI ij`q hoeI[ ies ij`q nwl kSmIr iv`c qkrIbn pMj sO swl qoN lgwqwr c`l irhw ieslwmI rwj ^qm ho igAw[

J`t srkwr &OjW kIqIAW iqAwr, mu`KoN ikhw bwr bwr hrI isMG ko vMgwr ky[ sIqw rwm bwJ qyry hovxw nw kwj audY, kro bYTy rwj kSmIr Sihr mwr ky[

Syir-ey-pMjwb ny AwpxI ingrwnI hyT 30 hzwr &OjW nwl lwhOr qoN kSmIr v`l kUc kIqw[ ies iv`c Sihzwdw KVg isMG, srdwr hrI isMG nlUAw, AkwlI PUlw isMG, Swm isMG AtwrIvwlw, hukmw isMG icmnI , jvwlw isMG Awid mu`K srdwr sn[ ies qoN ibnW 10 hzwr &Oj mhwrwjy ny Awpxy pws r`KI[ ^wlsw &Oj siq sRI Akwl dy jYkwry gjwauNdI, ngwirAW qy cotW lwauNdI Aqy ByrIAW vjwauNdI c`lI qW 20 ApRYl 1819 nUM lwhOr qoN sI pr ies dI Dmk kSmIr iv`c pYxI SurU ho geI sI[ &Oj dI cVHq sux ky iBMbr, rwjOrI Awid dy hwkm jwn bcwaux leI B`j inkly[ isMGW ny rwjOrI dy Agr Kwn nUM pkV ky mhwrwjy dy swmHxy pyS kIqw[ srkwr ny qrs Kw ky jwn hI nhIN bKSI dubwrw rwjOrI dw rwj Bwg sB sMBwl id`qw[ ^wlsw &Oj bihrwm phuMcI pr A&gwnI &Ojdwr gVHI C`f ky sRI ngr v`l dOV igAw[ hwkm mIr muhMmd KW Aqy muhMmd AlI ny eIn mMn ky Awpxy Awp nUM KVg isMG dy hvwly kr id`qw[ Sihzwdy KVg isMG ny iehnW nUM muAwP kr ky iK`lqW b^SIAW[

J`t srkwr &OjW kIqIAW iqAwr, mu`KoN ikhw bwr bwr hrI isMG ko vMgwr ky[ sIqw rwm bwJ qyry hovxw nw kwj audY, kro bYTy rwj kSmIr Sihr mwr ky[

ij`q dI KuSI iv`c DOisAW dI gUMj hyT ^wlseI inSwn Julw id`qy[ prmwqmw dw DMnvwd kIqw igAw[A&gwnI &Oj dIAW 22 qopW, hzwrW bMdUkW, qlvwrW, Bwly, brCy, v`fI igxqI 'c hwQI Aqy GoVy Aqy jKIry ^wlsy dy h`Q Awey[ ^wlsw &Oj sihzwdw KVg isMG dI kmwn hyT bVI Swno SOkq nwl 4 julweI 1819 nUM sRI ngr iv`c dupihr vyly dwKl hoeI[ Sihr 'c dwKly smyN A`gy A`gy ieh munwdI krweI jw rhI sI ik koeI SihrI iblkul nw Gbrwey[ ^wlsw &OjW quhwfI jwn qy mwl dI r`iKAw leI bVIAW qkVIAW GwlxW Gwl ky Aqy sUrimAW dIAW jwnW vwr ky ie`Qy phuMcIAW hn[ auDr sYinkW nUM vI s^q hukm kr id`qy ik koeI vI iksy SihrI v`l burI nzr nwl nw q`ky Aqy nw hI iksy dy Dn mwl nUM curwvy[ ies hukm qy s^qI nwl pihrw id`qw igAw Aqy ieh ieiqhwsk sYink prdrSn jo jlUs dI Skl iv`c sI Awpxy Adu`qI jwho-jlwl idKwauNdw SWqI pUrbk Sihr iv`c dI lMiGAw[ prjw ny vI bhuq grm joSI nwl idloN bVw BrmW suAwgq kIqw[ AKIr Sihjwdw KVg isMG dw invws iklHw Syr gVHI iv`c krvwieAw igAw Aqy bwkI srdwrW Aqy sYinkW dy Tihrn leI Xog pRbMD kIqy gey[ ies v`fI kwmXwbI dI ^br Syir-ey-pMjwb nUM dyx leI hlkwry srdwr jYml isMG lmtMgy (lMbIAW tMgW vwlw) nUM ByijAw igAw[ ijauN hI mhwrwjy ny ieh ^br suxI qW gd gd ho au~iTAw[ ies ij`q dw DMnvwd krn leI sRI AMimRqsr hirmMdr swihb phuMc ky nqmsqk hoey[ siqgurU dw l`K l`K Sukr kIqw Aqy gurU dIAW bKSIAW dwqW coN svw l`K ruipAW dI sRI drbwr swihb jI qy sony dI syvw leI Ardws krweI[ rwq nUM Sihr iv`c dIpmwlw kIqI geI[ hlkwry h`Q ilK ky ByijAw ik srdwr hrI isMG nlUAw Aqy Swm isMG AtwrI vwly dI sYnw Byj ky lgdy h`Q muj`Prwbwd Aqy drbMD Awid dy prgxy &qih krky kSmIr nwl imlwau[ sX`d lqI& Anuswr iehnW srdwrW ny krVIAW lVweIAW auprMq ieh ielwky &qih kr ley[ srkwr ny 52

pMifq bIrbl (bIrbr) nUM jwgIr bKSI Aqy kSmIr dy mwlIey coN l`g pg 53 l`K rupey (kSmIrI is`ky) id`qy[ ieh pRgtwvw munSI sohx lwl ny AwpxI ilKq 'vYlI AO& kSmIr' iv`c 199 s&y qy kIqw hY[

lwhOr vwpsI Aqy dIvwn moqI rwm nUM gvrnrI dyxw kuJ smyN ipCoN hrI isMG nlUey dI fvIzn lwhOr phuMcI Aqy bwkI &Oj kSmIr 'c hI r`KI geI[ Swhdry dy lwgy Syir-ey-pMjwb Awp AihlkwrW smyq Awau Bgq leI phuMcy[ lwhOr phuMcx vwly rsqy dulhn vWg sjwey gey[ srdwr nlUAw bhuq hI suMdr Aqy k`d kwT vwly sjwey hoey hwQI qy svwr sI[ mhwrwjw swihb vI nwl nwl hwQI qy c`l rhy sn[ lwhOr dy iklHy iv`c phuMcx qy qopW dI slwmI id`qI geI[ Awsmwn 'boly so inhwl, siq sRI Akwl' dy jYkwirAW nwl gUMj a~uiTAw Aqy rwq nUM dIpmwlw kIqI geI[ Agly idn hjUrI bwg iv`c BwrI drbwr sjwieAw igAw ijs AMdr kSmIr dy ivjyiqAW, ShIdW Aqy P`tVW nUM bhumu`ly isropy, iK`lqW Aqy jwgIrW bKSIAW[ srdwr nlUey nUM DmnI dw ielwkw jwgIr vjoN id`qw igAw[ iesy idn dIvwn moqI rwm nUM kSmIr dw pihlw gvrnr QwipAw igAw[ dIvwn moqI rwm mhwrwjw rxjIq swihb dw hukm brdwr, pUrw qwibAwdwr Aqy nyk krmcwrI sI[ ies ny kSmIr iv`c Xog pRbMD leI Aqy SWqI kwiem r`Kx leI isr qoV Xqn kIqy[ mMdBwgI Gtnw ies nwl ieh vwprI ik ies dw pu`qr, gMdgVH ivKy, jo ik p`CmI kSmIr iv`c sI, ijmIdwrW dy AMdoln nUM dbwauNdw hoieAw mwirAw igAw[ dIvwn moqI rwm nUM l`gy ies v`fy D`ky kwrn aus dw idl tu`t igAw[ sohx lwl sUrI Anuswr dIvwn ny mhwrwjw nUM syvw mukq krn leI p`qr iliKAw[ vYsy vI izAwdw hI nrm idl krky moqI rwm kSmIr AMdr au~T rhy AMdolnW qy kwbU nw pw sikAw[ mhwrwjy v`loN 53

pMifq bIrbl (bIrbr) nUM jwgIr bKSI Aqy kSmIr dy mwlIey coN l`g pg 53 l`K rupey (kSmIrI is`ky) id`qy[ ieh pRgtwvw munSI sohx lwl ny AwpxI ilKq 'vYlI AO& kSmIr' iv`c 199 s&y qy kIqw hY[

Byjy hoey AihlIey dIvwn dyvI dws ny vI AwpxI pVqwlIAw rIport iv`c drz kIqw ik "dIvwn moqI rwm nrm idl krky bdAmnI qy kwbU nhIN pw sikAw, prjw dI guMJlI hoeI qwxI nUM sulJw nhIN sikAw ijs kwrn by-ieMqzwmI dI h`d ho geI hY, ho skdw hY kSmIr iv`c Awaux vwly smyN AMdr koeI v`fI bgwvq Pu`t pvy"[ ieh rIport pVH ky mhwrwjw ny srdwr hrI isMG nlUAw nUM v`fI iK`lq bKSI Aqy kSmIr dI gvrnrI sMBwlx dy hukm kr id`qy[

kSmIr dw gvrnr hrI isMG nlUAw kSmIr dI ie`k qW irAwsq bhuq v`fI sI, dUjw ies dw mwlIAw sB qoN v`D sI[ qIjw, ieh nvIN nvIN ^wlsw rwj iv`c Swml hoeI sI[ cOQw, ie`Qy pVHy ilKy ihMdU ivdvwn rihx krky muglW nwl iehnW dI dÍYS Bwvnw v`D sI Aqy pMjvW, lMby smyN qoN mugl hkUmq ie`Qy hox krky mugl iksy hor dI ADIngI pRvwn nhIN sI krnw cwhuMdy[ iehnW g`lW nUM mu`K r`K ky Syir-ey-pMjwb ijhVw dUr-AMdySI, bw-^br Aqy swvDwn rwjw sI ny Akl qoN kMm lYNidAW &OjI jrnYl hrI isMG nlUey nUM gvrnr QwipAw qW ik ivgVy hoey hwlwqW nUM jldI kwbU kIqw jw sky[ ijaNu hI Syr idl, dlyr idl, ibbyk idl Aqy nyk idl nvyN gvrnr dy qOr qy kSmIr phuMcx dI ^br suxI qW hMkwrI, bykwrI, qwnwSwh, bdmwS Aqy lutyirAW dy idl dihl gey[ 25 Agsq 1820 nUM srdwr ny dIvwn moqI rwm nUM Pwrg kr ky kMm kwz sMBwl ilAw[ ieiqhwskwrW Anuswr kSmIrI lok ies g`l dy AwdI sn ik ijhVw Swsk iehnW nwl nrmI vrqdw sI aus ivru`D ieh bgwvq krdy sn Aqy s^qI krn vwly nUM zwlm qy &wlm kih ky BMfdy sn[ nwl hI pihly SwSk dI vifAweI Aqy nvyN dI inMdw SurU kr idMdy sn[ g`l kI hwkm dw tyFw-myFw nwm r`K ky aus nUM it`c smJdy sn[ 54

so srdwr hrI isMG vrgw AxKIlw XoDw, DrmI bMdw hr ie`k nwl ipAwr krn vwlw, iemwndwr, iensw&I Aqy nyk nIqIvwn prjw dy du`KW nUM ikvyN shwr skdw sI? gvrnrI dI g`dI sMBwlidAW pihlw AYlwn ieh kIqw ik myry huMdy koeI vI bMdw hkUmq ivru`D bgwvq nhIN kr skdw, inrblW Aqy grIbW nUM Kwh-mKwh qMg nhIN kr skdw, bhU bytIAW dI bypqI nhIN kr skdw, hkUmq dy rwh iv`c AOkVW nI KVIAW kr skdw Aqy by-inXmIAW nI kr skdw[ mStMifAW, corW, T`gW, fwkUAW, lutyirAW Aqy qwnySwhW nUM AwiKAw jW qW bwj Aw jwau nhIN qW quhwfy nwl qkVy h`QIN dyiKAw jwvygw[ lwcwrI iv`c Aw ky swnUM s^qI nw vrqxI pY jwvy ikauNik h`QW bwJ krwirAW mMdy idl hox nw im`q['fMfw pIr huMdw hY ivgiVAW iqgiVAW dw' myrw imSn jMgl rwj nhIN hlymI rwj hY[

kSmIr dIAW mu`K smìsAwvW gvrnrI kwrj sMBwlx smyN srdwr nlUey nUM hyT ilKIAW mùK smìsAwvW dw swmHxw krnw ipAw: 1.

kSmIr GwtI AMdr hYjy dI iBAwnk bImwrI &Yl geI ijs iv`c 35 hzwr qoN v`D lok mr gey sn[

bwrwmUlw qy puxC dy ielwikAW AMdr bwgIAW v`loN bgwvq dw rwh PiVAw hoieAw sI[

lyh ldwK Aqy lwgly ielwikAW iv`c ByfW ijnHW qoN kImqI Aqy vDIAw aun Aqy hor k`cw mwl pRwpq huMdw sI, bImwrI kwrn ie`jVW dy ie`jV mwry gey[

ijhlm dirAw dy dohIN pwsIN vsx vwly K`Ky' Aqy b`by' AwpsI KihbwjI kwrn lVdy JgVdy sn[

A&gwnW dy p`KpwqI rwj kwrn Swl bnwaux qy vycx vwilAW dw kwrobwr idno idn Gt irhw sI ikauNik vpwrI kSmIr C`f 55

kSmIr dIAW mu`K smìsAwvW gvrnrI kwrj sMBwlx smyN srdwr nlUey nUM hyT ilKIAW mùK smìsAwvW dw swmHxw krnw ipAw: 1.

kSmIr GwtI AMdr hYjy dI iBAwnk bImwrI &Yl geI ijs iv`c 35 hzwr qoN v`D lok mr gey sn[

bwrwmUlw qy puxC dy ielwikAW AMdr bwgIAW v`loN bgwvq dw rwh PiVAw hoieAw sI[

lyh ldwK Aqy lwgly ielwikAW iv`c ByfW ijnHW qoN kImqI Aqy vDIAw aun Aqy hor k`cw mwl pRwpq huMdw sI, bImwrI kwrn ie`jVW dy ie`jV mwry gey[

ijhlm dirAw dy dohIN pwsIN vsx vwly K`Ky' Aqy b`by' AwpsI KihbwjI kwrn lVdy JgVdy sn[

A&gwnW dy p`KpwqI rwj kwrn Swl bnwaux qy vycx vwilAW dw kwrobwr idno idn Gt irhw sI ikauNik vpwrI kSmIr C`f 55

ky dUjIAW sur`iKAq QwvW qy cly gey sn[ bwrSW G`t hox kwrn Anwj dI ik`lq kwrn vI lok Gr bwr C`f ky hor QwvW qy jw vsy sn[

srdwr nlUey dw rwj pRbMD BwvyN kSmIr iv`c is`K rwj Awaux nwl lokW ny su`K dw swh ilAw sI[ pr ipCly 500 swl dy mugl rwj Aqy 67 swl qoN c`l rhy A&gwnW dy rwj nwl juVy hoey 'K`Ky' Aqy 'b`by' Ajy mnmwnIAW kr rhy sn[ d`Kx qoN Awey bRwhmx kwly sn jd ik kSmIrI bRwhmxW dw rMg sw& (gorw ) sI[ iehnW iv`c vI kwly gory dw Byd Bwv jwrI sI[

K`Ky Aqy bìbAW dI suDweI ieh 'K`Ky' Aqy 'b`by' kox sn? Asl iv`c ieh ihMdU jwqI dy ^`qrI Aqy bRwhmx sn[ muglW dI hkUmq dy julmW qoN frdy ieh muslmwn bx gey sn[ pRym isMG hoqI mrdwn ilKdy hn ik Awpxy ip`Cy dI Xwd nUM kwiem r`Kx leI ^qrIAW dy pihly A`Kr 'K' nUM lY ky iehnW ny AwpxI kOm dw nW 'K`Ky rìKAw Aqy bRwhmxW ny iesy qrHW pihlW A`Kr 'b' lY ky Awpxy Awp nUM 'b`by' khwauxw SurU kr id`qw[ iehnW iv`coN bhuqy qW hrI isMG dw nwm sux ky hI JgVy krno ht gey[ pr bwrwmUly ielwky dy reIs Aqy ijhlm dy dohIN pwsy vsx vwly K`Ky Aqy b`by ijnHW dy AwgU rwjw gulwm AlI ^wn K`Kw Aqy zul&kwr ^wn b`bw sI Awpxy Awp nUM bVy K`bI KW khwauNdy sn[ moqI rwm gvrnr dy smyN Sry-Awm iehnW ny bdPYlI Aqy ASWqI &YlweI hoeI sI Aqy mwmlw vI nhIN sI auqwirAw[ srkwr dy hukmW qoN vI AwkI sn[ srdwr nlUey dy Awp bwrwmUly phuMcx qy ieQoN dy hwkm qy lok ieqny fr gey ik bhuiqAW ny ipClw rihMdw mwlIAw vI dy id`qw Aqy pMj rupey hr Gr vwly nUM lìgAw 'qwvwn jMg' vI jmHw krvw id`qw[ 56

srkwr dw hr hukm mMnx leI vI iekrwr kIqw[ ies auprMq nlUAw swihb Kud srdwr tyk isMG Aqy srdwr hwkm isMG dIAW pltnW lY ky 'K`Ky', 'b`ibAW' dy ipMfW 'c jw phuMcy[ phu-Putwly hI iehnW dy hwkm su`qy pey hI d`b leyy[ iehnW nUM A`KW KolHx qy hI pqw l`igAw ik swfy srHwxy do do isMG qlvwrW lihrweI KVHy hn[ hrI isMG dw hukm sI iksy qy vwr nhIN krnw[ isMGW ny Awpxy Awp nUM bhwdr, birAwV, bdmwS Aqy bl vwly smJ rhy AwgUAW rwjw gulwm AlI Kwn qy zulPkwr Kwn dy byVIAW pw leIAW Aqy nlUey dy hukm Anuswr ie`k qkVI gwrd hyT lwhOr ivKy mhwrwjy pws iBjvw id`qw[ bwkIAW nUM is`K hkUmq dy AsUlW muqwbk c`lx leI AwiKAw[ iehnW dy hiQAwr jbq kr ley Aqy mwlIAw vI augrwh ilAw[ ieM\ KUnKrwby qoN ibnw sB hwlwq kwbU krn dI rIport jdoN srkwr pws phuMcI qW Syir-ey-pMjwb ny srkwrI Purmwn rwhIN nlUey srdwr dI BwrI SwlwGw kIqI[ ielwky iv`c Amn kwnUMn kwiem hox nwl prjw 'c vI KuSIAW Cw geIAW[

grIbW qoN vgwr krvwauxI bMd krweI ieslwm Aqy A&gwn rwj dy AMdr ibnW imhnq dyx qoN D`ky nwl vgwr krwauxw Awm pRc`lq sI Aqy byqrsI dI h`d sI[ hukmrwn lok Awpxy kMmW ijvyN ik iklHy bnwauxw, mh`l, msjdW, sVkW dy smwn dI FoAw-FuAweI Awid leI ipMfW 'coN qkVy qkVy bMidAW Kws kr grIb ihMdUAW Aqy muslmwn SryxI dy SIAw pRvwrW iv`coN juAwnW nUM pkV ilAwauNdy sn[ lMby smyN qoN ies qrHW mzdUrI lYx qoN ibnW hI jykr koeI h`Q joV ky bMd-^lwsI mMgdw sI qW aus nUM kuìtAw vI jWdw sI[ ieiqhwsk p`K drswauNdy hn ik ie`k vwr jdoN srdwr nlUAw ielwky dw dOrw kr rhy sn qW aunHW kuJ bMidAW dy ku`t pYNdI dyKI qW auh ruk gey[ puìCAw,"iehnW nUM ikauN kuìtAw jw irhw hY? auq`r 57

ky dUjIAW sur`iKAq QwvW qy cly gey sn[ bwrSW G`t hox kwrn Anwj dI ik`lq kwrn vI lok Gr bwr C`f ky hor QwvW qy jw vsy sn[

imilAw,"ieh vgwrI lok hn Aqy Gr jwx leI kih rhy hn jd ik Ajy kMm mukMml nhIN hoieAw"[ srdwr swihb dy mn AMdr is`KI isDWq Gul Gul ky vsy hoey sn[ is`K dy mn iv`c qW qrs huMdw hY auh byqrs nhIN ho skdw[ ausy vkq srdwr nlUAw ny vgwrI dI ikirAw iblkul bMd krn leI AwiKAw[ A`gy qoN koeI AiDkwrI bMidAW nUM vgwr kwrn nw PVy[ srkwrI smwn dy FoAw-FuAweI dw kMm K`crW vgYrw nwl krvwau[ iPr vI ij`Qy mzdUrW jW kulIAW dI loV pvy auhnW nUM bxdI mzdUrI id`qI jwvy[ A`gy vwsqy myry kol vgwrI dI koeI iSkwieq nw Awvy[

Dwrimk AwzwdI Drm dw Bwv hY s`c ArQwq r`bI inXm jW kwnUMn [ Drm dieAw dw pu`qr hY , dieAw qoN pYdw huMdw hY[ Bwv ijs ihrdy iv`c dieAw hY auQy Drm pRPul`q huMdw hY[ ivdvwnW dy kQn Anuswr s`c dy pYr huMdy hn Aqy JUT dy pYr nhIN huMdy[ AslI DrmI bMdw s`c boldw hY, JUT nhIN boldw ikauNik aus iv`c mYN nhIN huMdI[ Drm dw mqlb hI hY, mYN nUM pry Drnw[ Drm bwry gurbwxI dy bol hn:

leI hukm kIqw Aqy dUjy dy Drm nUM hwnI phuMcwaux qoN vrijAw[ ihMdUAW pRqI Drm dI bhwlI dy Purmwn kwrn hr gopwl kOl (1883) dI ilKq Anuswr 40 hzwr ihMdUAW ijhVy D`ky nwl muslmwn bxwey gey sn ny iPr ihMdU Drm Dwrn kr ilAw[ hor qW hor gvrnr swihb dy cMgy rwjnIqk Aqy AwriQk PYsilAW kwrn bhuq swry ihMdU Aqy muslmwn is`K sj gey[ hrI isMG nlUAw ny ihMdU pMifqW nUM purwqn mMdr ijhVy ik muglW ny Fwh id`qy sn Aqy aunHW dI jgHw msijdW auswr id`qIAW sn nUM dubwrw bnwaux dI jdoN g`l kIqI qW auhnW ieh suJwA Tukrw id`qw[ kmzor idl hox kwrn fr gey ik ikqy muslmwn swfy ivru`D nw ho jwx[ dUjw iehnW dy mn iv`c sI ik is`K rwj pqw nhIN ikMnw icr rhy[

DOl Drmu dieAw kw pUq] sMqoK Qwip riKAw ijin sUiq] (5) bolIey sc Drm JUT n bolIey]

hrI isMG ny gaU nUM ihMdU Drm AMdr piv`qr mMnx kwrn swry kSmIr iv`c gaU h`iqAw bMd krn dw vI hukm id`qw[ muslmwn ikauNik gaU dw mws KuS ho ky KWdy hn ies leI aunHW kihxw SurU kr id`qw ik kw&r (is`K gvrnr) ny ieh cMgI g`l nhIN kIqI[ ies bMdS nwl GwtI iv`c muslmwnW leI mIt dI Gwt vI ho geI pr ies dI pUrqI leI aunHW ByfW, b`krIAW Aqy m`CI dy mIt qy inrbwh krnw SurU kr id`qw[

Drm 'coN sMqoK jnmdw hY[ sMqoK dw vwsw au~Qy huMdw hY ij`Qy mYN nw hovy[ pr sMswrI bMidAW ny mYN nUM A`gy r`K ky Awpxy Awpxy Drm bxw ley hn Aqy iehnW nUM vpwr dw DMdw bxw ilAw Aqy srkwr dw AMg smJ ilAw[ ijvyN ieslwm AMdr srkwrI hukmW Anuswr ihMdUAW nUM muslmwn bnwaux leI iDM|ojorI vrqI geI[ kSmIr ikauNik ihMdUAW dw kyNdr sI, ies leI muglW Aqy A&gwnW ny ie`Qy A`iqAwcwr kr ky ihMdUAW nUM ieslwm AMdr ilAWdw Aqy iehnW dy bhuq swry mMdr vI Fwh id`qy[ hrI isMG ny hr ie`k nUM Awpxy Drm iv`c p`ikAW rihx

hrI isMG ny hr Drm dy siqkwr v`l pUrw iDAwn id`qw[ fI.sI. Srmw (1983) ny iliKAw hY ik nLUAw ny muslmwnW nUM sRI ngr iv`c hzrq bl Aqy mKdUm swihb piv`qr smwrkW bnwaux leI Dn id`qw[ gnySI lwl Awpxy kSmIr nwmy (1946) iv`c ilKdy hn ik ^wlsw rwj AMdr kSmIr qoN AmrnwQ dI XwqRw qy jwx vwly qkrIbn 400 bYrwgI swDUAW Aqy Cy hjwr dUjy XwqRIAW nUM rsqy iv`c mu&q Bojn Aqy do rupey pRqI swDU hr smyN id`qy jWdy sn[ pr AMgRzI rwj smyN hwkm ihMdU fogry, rwjw gulwb isMG ny ieh shUlq bMd kr id`qI sI[

DOl Drmu dieAw kw pUq] sMqoK Qwip riKAw ijin sUiq] (5) bolIey sc Drm JUT n bolIey]

nvyN is`ky Aqy v`ty clwauxy hrI isMG dI gvrnrI smyN 14 iksmW dy is`ky kSmIr iv`c c`l rhy sn[ iehnW au~qy clwaux vwilAW dy nwm v`Kry v`Kry sn Aqy hr ie`k is`ky dI kImq vI klk`qy dy is`ky mukwbly v`KrI sI[ iehnW isìkAW dy nW sn, ieskwrdo, ldwKI, rupeIAw hyrwqI, idnwr Awid[ pr hrI isMG nW dw is`kw kSmIr 'c hI nhIN swry pMjwb AMdr lMby smyN q`k cìlAw[ hrI isMG dy is`ky clwaux Aqy c`lx sMbMDI pihly AiDAwie iv`c KoHl ky vrnx kIqw igAw hY[ suirMdr isMG ny 2001 Aqy 2004 iv`c is`K rwj dy isìkAW sMbMDI AwpxIAW pusqkW iv`c bhuq KolH ky vrnx kIqw hY[ auh ieh ilKdy hn ik hrI isMG AwpxI gvrnrI smyN ieh is`ky cwlU nhIN kr sikAw[ ies dw kwrn ieh hovygw ik tkswl iv`c is`ky GVn leI auhnW dI bxqr vgYrw leI hukm id`qw jWdw hY jo srkwr v`loN dy id`qw igAw hovygw pr isìkAW dI iqAwrI leI smW lìgAw hovygw[ ikauNik srdwr nlUAw svw ku swl hI kSmIr dy gvrnr rhy sn Aqy aunHW dy nwm dy is`ky bwzwr iv`c auhnW dI gvrnrI qoN ip`Cy Awey[ ie`Qy ieh g`l vI bVI idlcsp hY ik auhnW ip`CoN hor bhuq gvrnr Awey pr hrI isMGIAw is`kw pMjwb iv`c 70 swl qoN v`D smW cldw irhw[ ies is`ky dy c`lx nwl kSmIr dy srkwrI ^jwny iv`c coKw vwDw hoieAw[ ieh is`ky krwieAw, tYks Aqy v`Ko-v`Kry rIqI irvwjW Aqy cMUgI Awid leI vrqy jWdy sn[ ie`k hor v`fI g`l ies is`ky dI ieh sI ik ies dI kImq AMgRyz srkwr dI eIst ieMfIAw kMpnI dy clwey is`ky dy brwbr sI jd ik dUjy isìkAW dI kImq G`t sI[

clvw id`qy[ ij`Qy kSmIrI syr pihlW 14 CtWk dw sI auh 15 CtWk krvwieAw[ hrI isMG dy clwey 92 rupieAw dw Bwr ie`k syr sI[ ikauNik aunHW idnW 'c Kzwnw giDAW jW K`crW qy l`d ky ljWdy sn[ imstr mUrkrO&t Aqy trYbYk dI 1841 lyKxI Anuswr hrI isMGIAw Krvwr is`ikAW dw ie`k gDy dw Bwr 96 syr sI[ ies nUM ie`k KrvwV jW Krvwr kihMdy sn[ gnySI lwl jI vI ilKdy hn ik kpVw, iGau Awid dI imxqI vI KrvwV iv`c cldI sI[ hrI isMG ny swry v`ty lohy dy vrqx dw hukm id`qw ikauNik p`Qr dy v`itAW nwl hyrw PyrI huMdI sI[ Asl qol sn 17 qoly dw ie`k pweIAw jW pwau, 6 pwau jW fyF syr dw 1 mnotw, 4 mnoitAW jW 16 syr dw 1 qrk, 16 qrk jW 96 syr dw ie`k KrvwV[ ieMj hrI isMG nlUey dw nwm dUr-drwfy q`k pRis`D ho igAw[ ieh is`ky brqwnIAW iv`c vI phuMc gey sn[ nySnl ArcIvj Aw& ieMfIAw (NAD Foreign Secret Consultation 1837) muqwbk mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG ny Awpxy pu`qr kMvr nO inhwl isMG dy ivAwh smyN iehnW rupeIAW dy 11 QYly Br ky auhnW A&srW nUM id`qy ijhVy biritS kmWfr ien cI& dy nwl ivAwh smyN Awey sn[

KyqIbwVI suDwr

jdoN hrI isG ny gvrnrI dw Ahudw sMBwilAw qW aus smyN kSmIr AMdr c`l rhy v`ty Aqy hor imxqI dy pYmwny shI nhIN sn[ nklI, Koty Awid is`ikAW kwrn ie`k qW srkwr nUM ivqI qOr qy kw&I Gwtw pY irhw sI dUjw vpwrI Aqy dukwndwr prjw nwl hyrw PyrI kr rhy sn[ pr srdwr nlUAw ny AwauNidAW hI imAwrI v`ty qy is`ky

A&gwn srkwr ny kSmIr dI KyqIbwVI dy suDwr 'c koeI idlcspI nhIN sI leI[ zmInW vI v`fy v`fy jwgIrdwrW kol sn[ A`goN auh izmIdwrW nUM KyqI krn leI dy idMdy sn Aqy aunHW qoN mwlIAw augrwhuMdy sn[ izmIdwr prweI zmIn smJ ky zmIn suDwr jW cMgI &slvwVI v`l bhuqw iDAwn nhIN sn idMdy[ KyqI vI brwnI sI[ jykr bwrS ho jWdI sI qW kuJ dwxy ho jWdy sn nhIN qW soky kwrn keI vwr &sl qbwh ho jWdI sI[ AYsI hwlq iv`c izmIdwrW dy isr qy grIbI dy b`dl mMflwauNdy sn pr srkwr dw iehnW v`l koeI iDAwn nhIN sI[ &sl dI qbwhI kwrn jdNo izmIdwrW nUM hkUmq v`loN bIj id`qw

KyqIbwVI suDwr

jWdw sI qW ie`k KrvwV bIj nwl do qrk (Cy syr dy qol dw ie`k qrk huMdw hY) v`D ilAw jWdw sI[ ijs kwrn izmIdwrW dy p`ly QoVHy dwxy hI bcdy sn[ sMn 1819 iv`c hVHW dI mwr kwrn Dwn dI &sl qbwh ho geI[ izmIdwrW kol ibjweI leI bIj vI nhIN sI[ pr srdwr nlUAw ny puxC, rwjOrI qy muj`Prwbwd qoN do hzwr KrvwV srkwrI ^jwny 'coN kFvw ky Dwn dw bIj 16 rupey pRqI KrvwV dI bjwey 3 rupey pRqI KrvwV vMifAw Aqy qrk lYxw vI ^qm krw id`qw[ ies shwieqw nwl ieh lwB hoieAw ik 1821 iv`c ipCly 12 swlW qoN v`D aupj hoeI Aqy Agly swlW 'c vDdI geI[ hor qW hor izmIdwrW qoN mwlIey dw lgwn vI qIjw ih`sw Gtw id`qw[ aupj smyN vwDy kwrn Aqy mwlIAw Gtx kwrn izmIdwrW qy srkwr nUM lwB hoieAw[ ByfW, b`krIAW cwrn vwly AwjVIAW nUM vI ivqI shwieqw dyxI AwrMB kIqI[ ies qoN ielwvw A&gwnI hkUmq vloN aupj, mMgxI Aqy ivAwh qy lwieAw 'qorw tYks' vI sdw leI bMd kr id`qw[ sB qoN mu`K PYslw ieh kIqw ik A&gwnI jwgIrdwrW dIAW zmInW nUM ^wlsw srkwr dI zmIn AYlwn id`qw[ auprMq kSmIr dy ihMdUAW, muslmwnW Aqy is`KW qoN ies zmIn qy KyqI krn dIAW dr^wsqW mMgIAW Aqy A&gwnI lokW nUM KyqI krn vwilAW nwl Kyq iv`c kMm krw ky gujwrw krn leI hukm kIqw[ nwl hI bhuq swrI zmIn jMg iv`c ShId hox vwly Aqy Bwg lYx vwly is`K &OjIAW nUM p`ky qOr qy kwSq krn leI dy id`qI[ hrI isMG ny kysr (sY&rn) dI KyqI nUM auqSwhq krn qy vI bhuq zor id`qw ikauNik ieiqhwsk p`KW Anuswr 90 qoN vI v`D bImwrIAW dy ielwj leI kysr vriqAw jWdw hY[ kysr ieqnw kImqI hY ijqnw ik sonw Aqy qoilAw vI rqIAW mwiSAW iv`c jWdw hY[ purwqn gRMQW iv`c ies nUM 'kSmIr jnnI' iliKAw hY[ BwvyN eIrwn iv`c vI ies dI kwSq kIqI jWdI sI pr auh kSmIrI kysr dy mukwbly GtIAw iksm dw sI[ kSmIr iv`c pwmpur dy Awly-duAwly ies dI 62

kwSq kIqI jWdI sI pr jo kysr pwmpur qoN iqMn ku koh qy vwnqU iv`c &ldw hY auh bhuq hI vDIAw igixAw jWdw hY Aqy ies dy Pu`lW dI sugMDI bhuq dUr q`k mihsUs kIqI jWdI hY[ pRym isMG hoqI mrdwn ilKdy hn ik kysr dI sugMDI iv`c rihx vwly nUM jukwm Aqy isr drd nhIN huMdw[ iehnW guxW kwrn srdwr nlUAw ny pwmpur dy kysr augwaux vwly izmIdwrW dw iek`T kIqw Aqy auhnW nUM ies dI kwSq sMbMDI Aw rhIAW AOkVW ijvyN ik srkwrI lgwn Aqy kysr dI corI Awid dUr kIqIAW[ ies dI kwSq vDwaux leI Awp kmytI dy srpRsq bxy[ kysr dw bUtw qkrIbn ie`k Pu`t au~cw huMdw hY Aqy hr twhxI qy cwr Pu`l lgdy hn[ hryk Pu`l iv`c iqMn prwg kx huMdy hn[ Pu`lW dw rMg BwvyN v`K-v`K huMdw hY pr kysrI rMg dy Pu`lW vwlI iksm bhuq guxkwrI huMdI hY[ kysr dw suAwd kuV`qx vwlw huMdw hY pr ivigAwnk Koj muqwbk ies iv``c 150 qoN v`D imSrq vsqUAW huMdIAW hn ijvyN kwrbohweIfRyt, KurwkI rySw, pRotIn, ivtwimn ey, QwieAwmIn, rweIboPlwivn, nwiesn, ivtwimn sI, kYlSIAm, lohw, mgnySIAm, &wsPors, putwSIAm, izMk, slynIAm, Polyt Awid[ kysr dI 100 gRwm mwqRw iv`c 310 ik`lo kYlrI qwkq huMdI hY[ nvIN Koj Anuswr ies iv`c kYNsr dI rokQwm dy Aqy AYNtIAwksIfYNt q`q mOjUd hn[ ieh A`KW dI ingwh vI vDwauNdw hY[ ies dIAW p`qIAW dI vrqoN audwsI dUr kr idMdIAW hn[ bUitAW dy Pu`lW qoN kysr iek`Tw krnw bhuq hI imhnq vwlw Aqy isrVI kMm hY[ ies leI Krcw bhuq AwauNdw hY ijs kwrn ies dI kImq v`D hY[

Swl audXog prPul`q krnw kSmIr dw mu`K audXog SwlW dI iqAwrI sI[ srkwr nUM ies DMdy qoN v`fI Awmdn sI[ pr A&gwn srkwr ny ies audXog nUM ^wqmy v`l qor id`qw[ ie`k qW ByfW qy b`krIAW, ijnHW qoN SwlW leI vDIAw au~n 63

pRwpq huMdI sI aunHW nUM pwlx vwilAW dI koeI shwieqw nhIN kIqI[ dUjw, kSmIr dI au~n jo A&gwinsqwn ByjI jWdI sI aus dI kImq qy 15 pRqISq ktOqI lw id`qI ijs kwrn au~n auqpwdkW nUM v`fw Gwtw ho irhw sI[ qIjw, Swl audXog dI aun`qI leI Swl auqpwdkW leI koeI srkwrI krzw Awid nw dyxw[ Swl audXog dI qr`kI leI srdwr nlUey ny qyzI nwl v`fy &Ysly ley, ijvyN ByfW b`krIAW pwlx vwilAW dI hr p`KoN srkwrI shwieqw krnw, A&gwinsqwn nUM KRId ky iljwx vwlI au~n qy l`gI 15 pRqISq ktOqI Kqm krnw Aqy Swl audXog clwaux vwilAW nUM nkdI krzw dyxw Awid[ ie`s v`fy &Ysly nwl Swl vycx dw jo bwhrI vpwr kyvl APgwnW dy h`Q iv`c sI auh is`KW, ihMdUAW Aqy muslmwn vpwrIAW dy spurd kr id`qw[ mUrkrw&t Aqy trYbY`k (1841) dI ilKq Anuswr auprokq cMgy PYsilAW nwl Swl audXog iv`c v`fw vwDw hoieAw[ sMn 1820 iv`c 4 l`K kSmIrI rupey dy SwlW dw inrmwx hoieAw jo ik 40 l`K klk`qw islIkw Aqy 5 l`K pONf dy brwbr sI[ Swl bnwaux leI mwlkW ny 48 hzwr julwhy Aqy hzwrW hI kwimAW nUM ies ruzgwr qy lwieAw hoieAw sI[ ieiqhwskwrW ny ieh vI iliKAw hY ik kSmIr dy pwxI iv`c kudrqI bhuq v`fw gux hY ik ieh au~n nUM bhuq nrm Aqy grm bxw idMdw hY[ ijs kwrn ie`QoN dy SwlW dI iksm (quality) vDIAw hY[

kwgz dsqkwrI dI aun`qI krwauxw

srdwr hrI isMG ny ies audXog nUM auqSwhq krn leI srkwrI ^jwny 'coN kwgz dy im`l mwlkW nUM G`t ivAwj drW qy coKw Dn auplBD krwieAw[ ie`QoN dy kwgz nUM pMjwb iv`c iv`krI leI Kws pRbMD krvwey[ ^wlsw rwj smyN ie`Qy ijhVw kwgz iqAwr huMdw sI aus dy nW sn, Syr-jMgI, dwh-msqI, hsq-msqI, hrIrIAW, klmdwnI Awid[ klmdwnI kwgz, f`ibAW Aqy QwlIAW Awid bnwaux Aqy inkwSI dy kMm leI kmwl Aqy mnmohxw huMdw sI[ ieM\ AwpxI gvrnrI smyN srdwr swihb ny kSmIr dI burI qrHW aulJI qwxI nUM suXog FMg nwl sulJwieAw[ iehnW dy rwj smyN kSmIrIAW ny su`K dw swh ilAw, byAMq qr`kI kIqI, AwpsI BweIcwrw Aqy ivrsw mzbUq kIqw ijs kwrn hrI isMG dw nW ie`Qy Aim`t Cwp C`f igAw[ Syir-ey-pMjwb ny kSmIr iv`c Amn psMd hwlq, srkwrI Kjwny dI Awmdn iv`c v`fw vwDw dyK Aqy ^wlsw rwj dIAW h`dW hor vDwaux leI srdwr hrI isMG dw AiqAMq DMnvwd kIqw Aqy nwl hI hor zrUrI kMmW nUM nypry cwVHn leI vwps bulwaux leI s`dw p`qr ByijAw[ pihly gvrnr dIvwn moqI rwm nUM dubwrw gvrnrI dy Ahudy qy lgw id`qw[ s`dw p`qr iv`c ieh vI drj sI ik dIvwn moqI rwm nUM Awp jI v`loN clweIAW nvIAW XojnwvW, kIqy suDwr Aqy gvrnrI krn dy qOr qrIikAW bwry cMgI qrHW smJwky swnUM &Oj smyq KuSbU dy mukwm Aw imlxw[ AsIN 10 nvMbr 1821 nUM muMGyr v`l cVHweI krnI hY[

nlvw dw kSmIr qoN muMGyr v`l mwrc

pihly pihl kSmIr AMdr kwgz dI dsqkwrI v`fy pYmwny qy cldI sI[ ie`Qy dw kwgz vDIAw hox kwrn ies dI mMg dyS-ivdyS AMdr kw&I sI[ srkwr nUM ies dy audXog qoN cMgI Awmdn huMdI sI[ pr bwhrI hmilAW dI lu`t-Ksu`t ny ies DMdy nUM bhuq Korw lwieAw[

hrI isMG ny jwx qoN pihlW BwrI drbwr sjwieAw bVy ipAwr Bry Aqy idl tuMbvyN SbdW nwl kSmIr dI prjw v`loN aunHW nUM id`qy mwx Aqy siqkwr dw DMnvwd kIqw[ aunHW AwiKAw, "BwvyN myrw idl nhIN sI krdw kSmIr vrgI suMdr jgHw nUM C`fx leI pr mYN srkwr dw hukm Awaux qy jw irhw hW[ qusIN Awaux vwly smyN AMdr dIvwn moqI rwm

kwgz dsqkwrI dI aun`qI krwauxw

nlvw dw kSmIr qoN muMGyr v`l mwrc

nwl aus qrHW dw vrqwv krnw ijs qrHW myry nwl kIqw hY[ ikrpw krky kSmIr dI qr`kI nUM mu`K r`Kxw"[ ijs idn 6 nvMbr 1821 nUM mhwn jrnYl ny kSmIr qoN cwly pwey ieiqhwskwrW Anuswr auh nzwrw idl nUM DUA pwaux vwlw sI[ kUc krn smyN v`fI igxqI iv`c iek`Ty hoey lokW ny rsqy dy dohIN pwsIN Klo ky A`QrU BrIAW A`KW nwl srdwr nUM ivdwiegI id`qI[ Asmwn ngwirAW dI gUMj nwl Aqy jYkwirAW dI jY jY kwr nwl gUMj irhw sI[ ^wlsw &Oj ijs dI igxqI qkrIbn 7 hjwr sI jdoN gVHI hbIbulw dy rsqy pKlI dy mYdwn iv`c pu`jI qW pqw l`igAw ik hzwry dy jdUnW Aqy iqnwvlIAW ny 30 hzwr lSkr iek`Tw krky ^wlsy dw rsqw rok ilAw hY Aqy lVweI leI pUrI iqAwrI kr leI hY[ jdoN srdwr nlUAw nUM ieh ^br imlI qW auhnW Awpxy kuJ eylcI jdUnW Aqy iqnwvlIAW nUM ieh d`sx leI p`qr ilK Byjy ik AsIN qW mWglI dy ielwky iv`c dI lMGxw hI hY ies leI lVweI nUM iqAwgo Aqy KwhmKwh lhU nw foilHAw jwvy[ pr ieh hYNkVbwz, BYVy Aqy AVbYVy gwzI nw tly Aqy nwkwbMdI pUry zor Sor nwl kr leI[ iehnW dy mnW iv`c bhuqI igxqI dw, qwkq dw Aqy lu`tI hoeI Dn dOlq dw gumwn sI[ AYsy hwlwq jdoN srdwr nlUey ny q`ky qW ie`ky dm ^wlsw &Oj nUM iqMn BwgW 'c vMf ky hmlw kr id`qw[ A`goN joSIly Aqy Awpxy Awp nUM v`fy bhwdr khwaux vwly ieh iqnwvlI ^wlsw &Oj qy tu`t pey[ qVw qV golIAW c`lx l`gIAW, qlvwrW dI kVw kV krn l`gI Aqy iBVdy hoey sUrmy lhU-luhwn ho ky DrqI qy if`gx l`gy[ jMgy mYdwn iv`c gwjIAW nUM KMiBAW dI qrHW fty dyK ky srdwr myG isMG rUsw isMGW smyq bVI inrBYqw nwl A`gy viDAw Aqy gwzIAW dw gVH qoV id`qw[ mWglI dy nwky qy loQW dy Fyr l`g gey[ lVdw lVdw BweI rUsw golIAW l`gx nwl pRwx iqAwg igAw[ pr ies dI dlyrI Aqy h`lw SyrI ny jMg iv`c ieqnI hnyrI ilAw id`qI ik isMGW ny mWglI 66

dy cSimAW qy kbzw kr ilAw[ sUrj Asq hox q`k mYdwn ^wlsy dy h`Q Aw igAw[ rwq pYx qy lVweI ruk geI[ Agly idn ieh gwzI hwr pRvwn kr ky dono h`Q joV ky jwn b^SI leI hrI isMG A`gy pyS hoey[ ieM\ iehnW hMkwrIAW ny bhuiqAW dIAW jwnW guAw leIAW[ Asl Dn vI guAw ilAw Aqy byiezqI vI krweI[ hrI isMG ny qrs Kw ky jwn bKSI qW kr id`qI pr Awaux vwly smyN AMdr is`iKAw dyx leI ieh Srq r`KI ik hr ie`k Gr 5 rupey jMg dMf dyvy qW iehnW jMg dMf ^wlsy nUM dy ky KihVw CufwieAw[ pwxI dy cSmy lwgy ShIdW dw dwh sMskwr kIqw Aqy iqMn idn ie`Qy Awrwm kr ky &Oj ny A`gy cwly pwey[ P`tV isMGW nUM mrHm p`tI leI pMjw swihb phuMcwieAw[ ieh mWglI hjwry dI rwjDwnI sI[ lVweI kwrn srihMd dI qrHW ies Sihr dy vsnIkW qy BwrI mwr peI sI Aqy smW pw ky Sihr aujV igAw[ mWglI dy KMfr 1970 q`k vI mOjUd sn[ jdoN 1822 iv`c srdwr nlUAw hjwry dy gvrnr bxy qW mWglI dy aus cSmy kol, ij`Qy ShIdW dw sMskwr kIqw sI au~Qy suMdr Xwdgwr bxweI Aqy cSmy nUM qlwA iv`c bdl id`qw[ srdwr hoqI mrdwn Anuswr 1925 q`k ieh jgHw TIk hwlq iv`c sI[ ie`Qy ivswKI dy idhwVy mylw lgdw sI[ pr dyS dI vMf kwrn is`KW h`QoN ieh mhwn XwdW Ku`s geIAW[ is`K pMQ leI ieh vMf bhuq v`fw Gwtw swbq hoeI[ ^wlsw rwj dI rwjDwnI lwhOr hox krky mwno pwiksqwn ies rwj dw isr sI[

muMGyr qy cVHweI mhwrwjy dy hukm Anuswr srdwr nlUAw &Oj smyq 28 nvMbr 1821 nUM KuSbU dy mYdwn qy phuMc gey[ slwh mSvry dOrwn Syir-eypMjwb ny AwiKAw ik muMGyr dy nvwb hw&z Aihmd ^wn dI socxI shI nhIN[ ie`k qW ies ny itvwixAW dy AwgU jo hmySw AwpxI ivroDqw krdw sI aus nUM Awpxy kol iklHw jMfvwlw iv`c pnwh id`qI sI[ dUjw, 67

AMdrKwqy ieh ^wlsw rwj dy ivru`D zihr augldw hY Aqy rozwnw A&gwinsqwn ^brW Byjdw hY[ ies leI muMGyr nUM &qih krnw zrUrI ho igAw hY[ muMGyr Atk dirAw dy s`jy pwsy dUr q`k PYilAw hoieAw prgnw hY[ ielwkw ryqlw sI, AwvwjweI vI sVkW nw hox krky muSkl sI Aqy v`fI g`l pwxI dw rsqy iv`c koeI pRbMD nhIN sI[ sur`iKAw p`KoN ieh ielwkw bVw mjbUq sI ikauNik ies dy cwry pwsy bwrW iklHy sn Aqy pwxI iehnW ikilHAW dy ivckwr sI[ ies qoN vI v`fI muSkl ieh sI ik nvwb ny 25 hjwr dy krIb bVy bl vwly juAwn &Oj iv`c r`Ky hoey sn[ iehnW kwrnW kr ky muMGyr nUM ij`qxw koeI Kwlw jI dw vwVw nhIN sI[

dyK nvwb bygmW sxy srdwr hrI isMG dI Srn iv`c Aw igAw Aqy jwn b^SI leI Arz kIqI[ nlUey srdwr ny iehnW nUM kuJ isMGW dI ingrwnI hyT Syir-ey-pMjwb pws Byj id`qw[ s`Xd muhMmd lqI& dI ilKq muqwbk dlyr mhwrwjy ny 20 dsMbr 1821 vwly idn nvwb nUM bhumu`lI iK`lq dy ky C`f id`qw[ Agly idn srdwr hrI isMG nwl slwh krky mhwrwjy ny srdwr Amr isMG nUM ie`Qy dw gvrnr lgw id`qw[ mhwrwjw swihb sxy srdwr hrI isMG, jnvrI 1822 nUM lwhOr phuMc gey[

srdwr nlUAw dI hzwry dy gvrnr vjoN inXukqI

mhwrwjw vI ies soc dw mwlk sI ik ig`dV nUM mwrn leI Syr jYsI qwkq Aqy iqAwrI hoxI cwhIdI hY[ auprokq AOkVW nUM iDAwn gocry r`K ky hI srkwr ny cotI dy jrnYl nUM bulwieAw sI[ ^wlsw &Oj ny 3 dsMbr 1821 nUM muMGyr qy Dwvw boilAw[ srdwr hrI isMG ny srdwr dl isMG Aqy srdwr KuSwl isMG nwl imlky Xu`D AwrMB id`qw[ iqMn idnW dI lhU folHvIN lVweI lV ky s`q ikilHAW qy kbzw kr ilAw[ nvwb dy juAwn vI bhwdrI nwl lVy ijs kr ky keI idn lohw KVikAw, goly Aqy golIAW c`lIAW[ AKIr muG M r y dw iklHw jo bhuq hI mjbUq sI auDr nUM isMG vDy[ jdoN dyiKAw ik drvwijAW qy s^q qkVweI hox krky iklHy AMdr jwxw muSkl hY qW hrI isMG ny iklHy dI kMD qopW nwl aufwaux dI skIm bxweI[ A`Dw idn goly dwgx auprMq ijauN hI kMD if`gI hrI isMG Syr dI inAweIN dhwVdy XoiDAW smyq ik`lHy AMdr ikrpwnW clwauNdy jw vVy[ A`goN nvwb vI juAwnW smyq ft igAw[ Gmswx dw jMg hoieAw Aqy CykV nvwb dy pYr au~KV gey[ mOq qoN frdw nvwb hrm iv`c jw viVAw[ bhwdr hrI isMG ny AwiKAw,"isMGo! hrm iv`c AwpW nhIN vVnw ikauNik au~Qy muglW dIAW bygmW, nUhW Aqy DIAW hn[ AKIr isMGW dw iklHy au~pr kbzw hoieAw

hzwrw, ihmwlIAw prbq dIAW bwhrI Aqy A`D q`k PYlIAW phwVIAW dw jMkSn hY[ purwqn simAW AMdr ies nUM gMDwrw jW gMDrv dyS vI kihMdy sn[ ieh cMdr gupq morIey dI slqnq dw ih`sw sI[ aus smyN ies nUM aurwsw AwKdy sn Aqy ieh boDIAW Aqy ihMdUAW dw mu`K Dwrimk kyNdr sI[ keI ieiqhwskwrW ny ies nUM aurg iliKAw hY[ cMdr gupq morIey dw poqw ASok vI ieQy dw gvrnr irhw hY[ auprMq rwjw rswlU ny vI ie`Qy rwj kIqw[ hIvn sWg ny ies nUM vUlwSI iliKAw hY[ jdoN 1399 iv`c AmIr qYmUr ihMdusqwn nUM l`ut ky vwps priqAw qW jWdy smyN ies ny ie`k hzwr qurk ie`Qy p`ky qOr qy r`Kx leI hukm id`qw[ ieM\ ies jgHw dw nW aus smyN qoN hzwrw pY igAw[ iqMn sdIAW ieh ielwkw qurkW dy kbzy hyT irhw[ pr aus ip`CoN svwqIAW ny ies nUM &qih kr ilAw[ sMn 1752 iv`c Aihmd Swh durwnI ny i`e`Qy Awpxy pYr jmw ley[ BWq BWq kOmW dy lok ie`Qy rihx krky AwpsI DVy bwzI, KihbwzI, fwkwznI, lu`t-Ksu`t Aqy KUn-^rwbw zorW qy ho igAw[ swry hzwry iv`c bdAmnI krky lokW dw ijauxw du`Br ho igAw sI[ AYsy hwlwq dyK ky mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG ny AkqUbr 1818 iv`c qurk hwSm ^wn dI &irAwd qy srdwr m`Kx

srdwr nlUAw dI hzwry dy gvrnr vjoN inXukqI

isMG rwvlipMfI nUM SwqI kwiem krn leI ByijAw sI[ kuJ smyN ip`CoN m`Kx isMG dw kql ho igAw[ ieh ^br sux ky Atk dw iklHydwr srdwr hukmw isMG icmnI qyzI nwl ^wlsy dI m`dd leI hzwry phuMc igAw[ srdwr m`Kx isMG dy kwqlW nUM szwvW dy ky srdwr icmnI vwps Atk Aw igAw[ ie`Qy Aw ky hzwry dI swrI ^br lwhOr drbwr AMdr Byj id`qI[ lwhOr iv`c muMGyr dI ij`q dIAW Ajy KuSIAW mnweIAW jw rhIAW sn[ Syir-ey-pMjwb nUM ^br imlI ik A&gwn buriCAW ny gvrnr Amr isMG klwn nUM mwr id`qw hY[ ies ^br dw mhwrwjw swihb nUM gihrw sdmw hoieAw[ ikauNik ie`k qW Amr isMG dw k`dkwT bhuq sI, dUjw ieh mMinAw pRmMinAw dlyr sI Aqy qIjw rwj nIqI iv`c mwhr sI[ auprokq cMgy cMgy srdwrW nUM hzwry dy ielwky iv`c mwrn krky Aqy au~Qy dy hwkmW v`loN mwlIAw nw dyx kr ky srkwr ny lMbI soc ivcwr ip`CoN srdwr nlUAw nUM 1822 dy SurU iv`c hjwry dw gvrnr Qwp id`qw[ srdwr hrI isMG &Oj smyq 26 &rvrI 1822 nUM hzwry phuMc gey[ ie`Qy phuMc ky sB qoN pihlW srdwr Amr isMG dy kwqlW dw pqw krvw ky aunHW nUM pkiVAw[ iPr ielwky invwsIAW dw v`fw iek`T krvw ky iehnW nUM qop A`gy KVHw krky aufw id`qw[ ies szw dw Asr ieh hoieAw ik muV koeI bdmwS bdmwSI qy nw au~qirAw[ sMn 1822 qoN 1837 q`k nlUAw srdwr hzwry dy gvrnr rhy pr ies dOrwn iksy mugl nUM srdwr jW ihMdU nUM qMg krn jW mwrn dI jur`Aq nhIN sI peI hwlWik ielwky iv`c 95 pRqISq mugl sn jd ik gYr muslmwnW 'coN isr& ie`k pRqISq hI is`KW dI AwbwdI sI[ srdwr hrI isMG ny pwKlI, smqUr, drbMd Awid QwvW qy vI Awpxw db dbw jmw ilAw[ bwhrI hmilAW qoN sur`iKAw leI keI ikilHAW dI auswrI SurU krvw id`qI[ hjwry dy mYdwnI ielwky iv`c ijs nUM hjwry dw idl ikhw jWdw sI ^wlsw &Oj leI A`TvyN siqgurW dy nW qy hirikSn gVH iklHw auswirAw ijhVw qihsIl hrIpur iv`c hY[ 70

ies iklHy dy lwgy hI hrIpur Sihr vswieAw[ bYrn hugl ilKdw hY ik 1835 iv`c jdoN mYN hrIpur Sihr dyiKAw qW ies iv`c bhuq gihmw gihm sI[ hzwry ijhw mYN ieMnw Gu`g vsdw Sihr hor koeI nhIN dyiKAw[

qwrIn Aqy bMbwz nUM v`fI Sksq lwhOr drbwr v`loN 1823 iv`c srdwr nlvw nUM hrIpur qoN A&gwn AzIm ^wn, ijhVw ik kwbl qoN cVHweI kr ky Aw irhw sI nUM sbk isKwaux leI bulwieAw[ nlvw nUM gYrhwzr dyK ky muhMmd ^wn ny ijhVw qwrInW dw muKI sI , ny hrI isMG dy sihkwrI srdwr Amr isMG nwl JgVw kr ky hmIrpur qy hmlw kr id`qw[ ieh qwrIn bloicsqwn qoN kwPI smW pihlW Awey sn[ muhMmd ^wn Awpxy Awp nUM srdwrnI sdw kOr dw muqbMnw pu`qr khwauNdw sI[ AYsy hwlq dyK ky srkwr ny srdwr nlUAw qy AkwlI PUlw isMG nUM lwhOr qoN jldI kUc krky Atk phuMcx dw hukm id`qw[ iehnW &Oj smyq PrvrI 1823 nUM Atk jw fyry lwey[ Atk dirAw pwr krn leI iehnW byiVAW dw pRbMD kIqw Aqy Kwx pIx leI AMn pwxI iek`qr kIqw[ bwrkzeI Grwxy dw mhwn sUrbIr muhMmd AzIm ^wn ijs dw is`kw A&gwinsqwn AMdr mMinAw jWdw sI Aqy pySwvr Awid ielwikAW dy bMdy ies dy sihm nwl Qr Qr kMbdy sn[ jdoN ies ny ^Ybr pwr kIqw qW ^br imlI ik swrw ipSwvr KwlI ipAw hY[ ieh g`l sux ky ies dy hOsly hor bulMd ho gey[ ieh ies vwr is`KW nUM cMgw sbk isKwauxw cwhuMdw sI Aqy pUrI jMgI iqAwrI krky AwieAw sI[ ies ny v`fI sYnw smyq Awpxy BqIjy muhMmd zmwn qy &Iroz ^wn Aqy p`uqr ^vws ^wn dI kmWf hyT ^wlsy nUM dirAw Atk dy pqn qy hI rokx dw Xqn kIqw[ Atk kol iehnW qopW bIV ky bhuq p`ky morcy bxw ley[ ^wlsw &Oj ijs dI AgvweI srdwr hrI isMG Aqy Sihzwdw 71

ies iklHy dy lwgy hI hrIpur Sihr vswieAw[ bYrn hugl ilKdw hY ik 1835 iv`c jdoN mYN hrIpur Sihr dyiKAw qW ies iv`c bhuq gihmw gihm sI[ hzwry ijhw mYN ieMnw Gu`g vsdw Sihr hor koeI nhIN dyiKAw[

Syr isMG kr rhy sI hvw dy qyz vyg vWg Atk pwr kr gey Aqy gwzIAW nwl pMjw jw lwieAw[ dohW pwisAW dIAW &OjW dw Awhmo swhmxy BwrI ByV hoieAw[ DrqI qy loQW ivC geIAW, AnykW hI Gwiel hoey qVP rhy sn pr sUrmy qno mno ie`k dUjy qy fwFy vwr kr rhy sn[ gwzIAW dI &Oj dI igxqI ieiqhwskwrW ny ^wlsy dI &Oj nwloN cwr guxw v`D ilKI hY[ iehnW Atk dy pu`l dy r`sy v`F ky pul ^qm kr id`qw qW ik hor ^wlsw &Oj m`dd leI nw Aw jwvy[ Sihjwdw Syr isMG Aqy srdwr nlvw BwvyN pUry qwx nwl mukwblw kr rhy sn pr gwzIAW dI &Oj jo kIVI dy ktk vWg sI, ny ^wlsw sYnw dw kwPI nukswn kIqw[ auDroN mhwrwjw swihb ny srdwr PUlw isMG nUM m`dd leI ByijAw[ jdoN AkwlI PUlw isMG ny dyiKAw ik Atk dw pul gwzIAW ny qoV id`qw hY qW mOq dI prvwh nw kridAW GoVw Atk v`l TylH id`qw[ AkwlI jI vl dyK ky sYinkW ny vI dyr nhIN lweI dirAw pwr kr gey[ iehnW nUM dyK isMGW dy joS ny AYsw hulwrw KwDw ik gwzIAW aup`r mwno kihr tu`t ipAw[ iehnW jwnW bcwaux leI n`T B~j SurU kr id`qI[ srdwr hrI isMG ny iklHw jhWgIr qy kbzw kr ilAw[ muhMmd AzIm ^wn ny mYdwny jMg 'coN dOV rhy sYinkW nUM p`q bcwaux leI A`lw dw vwsqw pwieAw pr jwn ipAwrI jwx ky auh nw ruky[ iBAwnk jMg dI ^br sux ky Syir-ey-pMjwb Awp &Oj smyq nuSihry phuMc gey[ ieQy sUhIey ny ^br id`qI ik muhMmd AzIm ^wn ny ip~Cy ht ky KySgI dy AsQwn qy morcy g`f ley hn[ Syir-ey-pMjwb ny AkwlI PUlw isMG, srdwr hrI isMG, Sihzwdw KVk isMG nUM A`gy vDx leI ikhw[ A`gy jw ky AwpsI AYsw ByV hoieAw ik DrqI lhU nwl rMgI geI, Asmwn qopW dy goilAW Aqy DUV dy kxW nwl kwlw BUrw ho igAw Aqy gzb dw Gmswn m`c igAw[ pr isMGW dy A`gy A&gwnW dI hwlq ieh ho geI jYsI hMsW A`gy ttIhrIAW dI huMdI hY[ muhMmd AzIm ^wn nUM rx q`qy 'coN dOVidAW dyK ky ispwhI vI rx C`fx l`gy[ dOVy jWidAW ny ip`Cw nhIN dyiKAw Aqy nW hI isMGW ny iehnW qy hmlw

kIqw[ muhMmd AzIm ^wn AwpxI jwn bcw ky kwbl nhIN phuMc sikAw[ jMg iv`c hwr kwrn idl dw dOrw pYx nwl rsqy iv`c hI pRwx iqAwg igAw[^wlsw pMQ dw DrmI sUrmw AkwlI PUlw isMG Aqy hor keI srdwr ies jMg iv`c ShIdI gwny pw gey[

jMg dI &qih auprMq ^wlsw &Oj kuJ smW Awrwm krky mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG Aqy srdwr hrI isMG nwl XUsPzeI, hsq ngr (Ast ngr) Aqy ipSwvr ielwikAW iv`c phuMcI ij`Qy pTwxW ny ^wlsw rwj dy AsUlW qy c`lx qy SWqI r`Kx dw pRx ilAw[ ies qoN ielwvw nzrwny vI srkwr nUM ByNt kIqy[ srdwr nlUAw jI qkrIbn 7 mhIny ipSwvr hI rhy qWik ie`Qy Amn Amwn bhwl hovy, lokW nUM hr p`KoN rwhq imly Aqy srkwrI pRbMD Xog FMg nwl c`ly[ jdoN cwry pwsy SWqI ho geI qW srkwr dy hukm Anuswr &Oj smyq srdwr swihb ipSwvr qoN hzwry v`l rvwnw hoey[

hzwry dy rsqy dIAW AOkVW ie`k qW hzwry dw rsqw phwVI sI Aqy dUjw ie`Qy iBMn iBMn kbIly rihMdy sn ijnHW dw kMm hI fwky mwrnw Aqy lu`t-mwr krnw sI[ muglW Aqy A&gwnW dw lMby smyN qoN ie`Qy rwj rihx krky hr kbIly kol hiQAwrW, brUd Awid dy v`fy zKIry sn[ Awm lok qW ies rsqy v`l mUMh nhIN sI krdy[ jdoN iehnW nUM ^wlsw &Oj dI Awmd dw pqw l`igAw qW iehnW swry rsqy p`QrW, drKqW Awid nwl bMd kr id`qy[ isMGW nUM lu`tx leI v`fI igxqI iv`c iek`Ty ho ky hiQAwrW nwl lYs jMg leI iqAwr ho gey[ ^wlsw AYsIAW rukwvtW dUr krdw A`gy viDAw[ iehnW nUM eylcI Byj ky pMgw nw lYx Aqy dMgw nw krn leI bQyrw smJwieAw pr ieh ib&ry hoey nw tly[ ^wlsy nwl iehnW qkVI Jpt leI Aqy Awpxy bwhUbl nUM bhwdrI nwl idKwieAw[ bhuq ktw v`F hoeI pr ^wlsw

&Oj lVdI lVdI A`gy lMG geI[ ijs rsqy hrI isMG jw rhy sI au~Qy iehnW v`fy p`QrW hyT brUd BirAw hoieAw sI[ ies brUd nUM Ptwaux leI pTwx luky hoey sn[ mOkw qwV ky iehnW plIiqAW nUM dwg id`qw ijs kwrn v`fw Dmwkw hoieAw[ ies Dmwky nwl phwVI qoN v`fy v`fy p`Qr ruVH pey jo srdwr nlUAw Aqy aunHW nwl c`l rhy juAwnW nUM GVIs ky phwVI dI K`f 'c ryVH ky lY gey[ nlUey srdwr nUM l`Bx leI srdwr swihb mhW isMG mIrpurIAw Aqy srdwr tyk isMG sUrimAW nUM nwl lY ky swrI rwq Bwldy rhy pr koeI au~G su`G nw l`gI[ idn ciVHAw qW dyiKAw srdwr swihb ie`k drKq dy mu`F iv`c Psy hoey lhU nwl l`Q-p`Q pey sn[ bVI muSkl nwl cu`k ky ilAWdw , mrHm p`tI kIqI pr srIr bhuq nFwl ho cu~kw sI[ dUjy idn srdwr mhW isMG ny nwVy ipMf qy h`lw boilAw, ijs nzdIk ieh Bwxw vwpirAw sI[ ipMf nUM lu`t ky A`g lgw id`qI[ ieM\ duSmx dw nws krdy krdy isrIkot dy ielwky nUM sr kr ilAw[ srdwr dy burI qrHW j^mI hox dI ^br jd Syir-ey-pMjwb nUM imlI qW ie`ky dm iqAwrI krky hzwry vl nUM qur pey[ pr iehnW dy phuMcx q`k srdwr swihb TIk ho gey sn[ mhwrwjw swihb nUM nwl lY ky nlUAw srdwr ny dUr dUr q`k GumwieAw iPrwieAw[ ie`QoN dw rwj pRbMD dyK ky srkwr AiqAMq KuS hoeI[

bdly qYnUM kI szw deIey? firAw hoieAw ieh kuJ nw boilAw[ srdwr jI ny is`K sYinkW nUM AwiKAw, "ies nUM A`j soc lYx idau, k`lH nUM iPr pyS kirau"[ ^wn srdwr dy jwho-jlwl Aqy roAb-dwb vwly ichry nUM q`k ky ieqnw dihl igAw ik ies ny rwq smyN zihr Kw ky Awqm h`iqAw kr leI[ srdwr hrI isMG nlUAw ny 1828 iv`c ktocIAW nUM Ajy kwbU hI kIqw sI ik pqw l`igAw s`Xd Aihmd jhwd dw nwm dy ky pTwxW nUM is`KW ivru`D BVkw irhw hY[ ieh brylI dw vsnIk sI Aqy 1786 iv`c jnimAw sI[ m`ky-SrI& h`j qy jwx krky pTwxW dy idl AMdr ies dw bVw siqkwr sI[ieh kyvl s`Xd hI nhIN blik Awpxy Awp nUM pMj AwSw (Bwv auh s`Xd hY, hwjI hY, gwjI hY, KlIPw hY Aqy jhwdI hY) khwauNdw sI[ ies ny is`KW dI qwkq dy ^wqmy leI bhuq swry ihMdusqwnI mOlvI vI ie`kTy kr ley[ iehnW mOlvIAW ny kwPI Dn mwl iek`Tw krky jhwd leI lokW nUM aukswieAw[ ieh vI sunyhy s`Xd q`k phuMcwey ik is`K rwj swnUM kMfy dI qrHW cuB irhw hY Aqy ieh kMfw k`Fx vgYr pTwx su`K dI nINd nhIN sON skdy[ ieh mujwihd AMgRyzI hkUmq dy ieSwry qy vI is`KW ivru`D pRcwr kr rhy sn[ AMdrKwqy s~Xd ny ies jhwd leI Dn vI id`qw Aqy hiQAwr vI id`qy[

ie`Qy kuJ smyN leI srdwr swihb Awpxy Gr gujrW vwly GrylU kMmW nUM inptwaux cly gey[ jwx l`gy hzwry iv`c gvrnrI dw kMmkwj Awpxy nwieb srdwr mhW isMG mIr purIey nUM sMBwl gey[ pr kuJ smW bwAd hzwry 'c hwlwq iPr AYsy ho gey ijvyN jdoN Syr jMgl iv`coN ikqy aury pry cilAw jwvy qW dUjy jwnvr pUCW cu`k lYNdy hn[ muhMmd ^wn qwrIn dy BqIjy ny isrIkot dy ielwky iv`c bgwvq kr id`qI[ ieh ^br sux ky srdwr hzwry phuMc igAw[ bwgIAW dI suDweI leI isrIkot qy cVHweI kIqI[ Awm lokW nUM mrn qoN bcwaux leI ^wn dy BqIjy dosq Kwn nUM pkiVAw[ ies nUM srdwr ny pu`iCAw ik bgwvq

srdwr SmSyr isMG ASok AwpxI pusqk 'vIr nwiek hrI isMG nlvw' dy pMnw 64 qy ilKdy hn ik sqMbr 1910 iv`c mYN brylI (XU.pI.) dy keI QwvW qy igAw qW pqw l`igAw ik s`Xd Aihmd dy v`fy vfyry bwdSwh AOrMgzyb dy smyN nvwb vzIr ^wn sUbw srihMd dy ADIn v`fy kwzI sn[ iehnW sRI gurU goibMd isMG jI dy Coty swihbzwidAW nUM ShId krn dw &qvw id`qw sI[ ip`CoN bwbw bMdw isMG bhwdr dy cVHweI krn qy jd is`KW ny srihMd dI ie`t nwl ie`t KVkweI qW s`Xd ^wndwn dy kuJ ivAkqI ies AprwD bdly is`KW dy h`QoN mwry gey qy bwkI kuJ n`s ky lKnaU dy ierd igrd, brylI Awid QweIN jw vsy sn[

so ies s`Xd Aihmd ny auh purwxw ivroD mn iv`c icqwr ky is`K rwj ivr`D u jhwd dw bIVw cui` kAw[ dIn mzhb dy nW qy muslmwnW nUM auksw ky Awpxy nwl rlwieAw[ ieM\ ies s`Xd dy jhwd iv`c mOlvI imrzw hsn, AlI muhMmd lKnvI, mOlvI Abdul heI Aqy mOlvI muhMmd iesmweIl idhlvw Awid rl gey (j&rnwmw rxjIq isMG dIvwn Amr nwQ) pMnw 174[ BwvyN ^wlsw rwj AMdr hr vrg dy lokW nUM Dwrimk, smwijk, rwjnIiqk p`KW qoN Awpxw jIvn ibqwaux dI KulH id`qI geI[ hr SryxI dy lokW nwl suhxw ivvhwr Aqy siqkwr kIqw jWdw sI Aqy aunHW nUM au~cy Ahudy vI id`qy gey pr kwdr Xwr dI ilKq Anuswr ku`qy dI pU`C kdy vI is`DI nhIN huMdI : fwl-fMgxo s`p nhIN mUl jWdw, BwvyN l`p iv`c du`D iplw mIAW[ burw bwj burweI QIN nw Awvy, l`K Blw ies nwl kmw mIAW[ pUCl ku`qy dI kdy nw hovy is`DI, bwrW brs nVI iv`c pw mIAW[ kwdrXwr prnIq qy imly bdlw, BwvyN lvy koeI Azmw mIAW[

ijs kOm dw ivrsw ShIdIAW BirAw hovy, ijnHW AMdr au~cI DOx krky ijaux dw swhs TwTW mwry Aqy ijnHW ny gYrW dy A`gy kdy isr hI nhIN JukwieAw auh Avysly nhIN huMdy[ auh hmySw swvDwn rihMdy hn[ imrzw gwlb dy bol hn: rMgoN my dOVqy iPrny ky hm nhIN kwiel, jb AWK sy hI nw tpky qo iPr lhU ikAw hY?

ij`Qy isMGW dw pwqSwh mhwn hY, au~Qy ieiqhws vI mhwn hY[ pwqSwh ny mUrqIAW nhIN, murdy nhIN mrd pYdw kIqy hn[ s`Xd Aihmd dI pUC c`kI dyK ky v`fI igxqI iv`c qurkW dy ie`kTy hox dI ^br srdwr bu`D isMG ny srdwr nlUAw nUM ByjI[ srdwr swihb 8 hzwr &Oj lY ky qurMq Atk pwr krky KYrwbwd dy mYdwn iv`c phuMc gey[ Agly idn Sukrvwr (juMmy) dw idn sI Aqy inmwj ip`CoN qurkW 76

ny isMGW qy hmlw krnw sI[ pr sujwn, sucyq Aqy swhsI isMG sUrimAW ny &Oj nUM ibnw dyrI vYrI qy tu`t pYx dw ibgl vjw id`qw[ gwzI vI ikauNik jMg leI pUrI iqAwrI iv`c sn ieh pUry joS iv`c ^wlsy nwl iBVn l`gy[ kdy gwzI ^wlsy nUM ip~Cy Dkyldy Aqy kdy ^wlsw gwzIAW nUM BjwauNdw[ mYdwn iv`c jW lohw KVkdw suxdw sI qy jW lhU fulHdw idKweI idMdw sI[ qopW dy goilAW ny G`ty kwrn sUrj dI lwlI vI m`Dm pw id`qI[ gwjIAW dI v`fI igxqI kwrn isMGW dy h`Q s&lqw nhIN sI Aw rhI[ ieh dyK ky srdwr nlUAw ny mOq dI prvwh nw kridAW nyzw h`Q iv`c lY ky Awpxw GoVw qyzI nwl s`Xd Aihmd vl dOVwieAw[ isMG vI A`gy vDy[ ieiqhwskwr ilKdy hn ik srdwr nlUey nUM AwauNdy dyK ky s`Xd mOq qoN frdw CweIN mweIN ho igAw[ ieh AkOVy dw pqn pwr krky qorU qy hoqI mrdwn iv`c dI huMdw hoieAw is`Dw lUMd KuvV phuMc igAw[ qurk &Oj vI sYdU dw mYdwn C`f ky iq`qr ho geI[ isMGW ny jo qyg ies mYdwn iv`c clweI Aqy nyijAW nwl qurkW nUM ijvyN fMigAw, aus sMbMDI ie`k pSqo dw kvI ilKdw hY: dw sIkwnoN nyzy qly pWc Ajgro lkw ieqMn pKymw durumI dw iKAwm[

Bwv is`KW dy nyzy gwzIAW dIAW sMjoAW nUM cIr ky ie`k nhIN pMjW nUM ivMnH rhy sn[ ieh nyzy gwjIAW dy srIrW iv`c dI ieMv inkl rhy sn ijvyN drjI dI sUeI k`pVy iv`c dI Awrpwr inkldI huMdI hY[ srdwr hrI isMG ny cqr bu`DI qoN kMm lYNidAW srdwr bu`D isMG nwl slwh kIqI ik AwpW nUM jMg nUM ie``Qy hI nhIN mkwauxw cwhIdw sgoN s`Xd dw ip`Cw krnw cwhIdw hY[ ^wlsw &Oj cVHI AwauNdI dyK ieh lUMd KuvV qoN vI B`j inkilAw[ pr A`gy mOlvI iesmweIl nwl iml ky 14 hzwr gwzIAW nwl iPr lVweI leI ft igAw[ ie`Qy vI zorW dw jMg hoieAw Aqy ^wlsw h`QoN hwr Kw ky dOV igAw[ hwzIAW nwl lVdw lVwauNdw ^wlsw pMjqwr phuMc igAw pr s`Xd bunyr dy phwVW iv`c 77

jw luikAw[ lokW nUM lVw ky qy mrvw ky Awp mYdwn iv`coN dOV jwxw kwierqw hY Aqy ku`qy dI mOq dy brwbr hY[ ie`k jrmn &OjI icMqk 'kwlz ivtz' (On War Vol.I., Page 297) qy ilKdw hY, AslI sUrbIr ijvyN ik cwrls XII, mwrlbro, XUjIn , PrYNfirk Awzm AwpxIAW PYslw kuMn ij`qW mgroN vYrI dw zordwr ip`Cw krdy sn[ lYPtInYNt krnl gulcrn isMG Awpxy ie`k lyK 'jnrl hrI isMG nlvw 'ijhVw sIs-gMj mwsk id`lI mwrc 1986 nUM CipAw dy pMnw 33 qy ilKdy hn ik hrI isMG ny vI sYdU Aqy hor lVweIAW ij`qx auprMq ieM\ hI kIqw sI[ ies leI aus dw nwm vI auprokq ilst iv`c Swml kIqw jw skdw hY[ sYdU dy mYdwn AMdr gwzIAW dI igxqI ^wlsw &Oj nwloN l`g Bg 20 guxw v`D sI[ bwrns AlYgjYNfr jMg dy kuJ Arsy ip`CoN sYdU iv`c dI lMiGAw qW cwry pwsy ies nUM kbrW hI kbrW idKweI id`qIAW[ ies ny AwpxI ilKq iv`c jo 1831 dI hY iv`c iliKAw hY ik ^wlsy dI 8 hzwr &Oj ny 150000 lSkr qy iklHw KYrwbwd aup`r &qih pweI[ iesy qrHW lYPtInYNt ivlIAm jd bwr sr klyf vYNJ nwl sYdU iv`c dI lMiGAw qW aus ny vI AwpxI fwierI iv`c dohW &OjW dI igxqI bwrns vwlI hI ilKI hY[ ieh igxqI bwrns nUM iksy is`K ny nhIN sgoN jnrl kort dI &Oj dy ie`k muslmwn njIb jmWdwr ny d`sI sI (ilKq jnrl AO& ey mwrc PrOm idhlI tU ipSwvr, lYPtInYNt ivlIAm bwr, s&w 203)[ ieh sMkyq pRym isMG hoqI mrdwn v`loN pusqk jIvn ieiqhws hrI isMG nlUAw iv`c vI drz hY[

KbrW AKbwr (The Times London) iv`c vI CpIAW[ ies ij`q nUM lY ky mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG dI &OjI qwkq nUM bhuq hI sUJ bUJ vwlI Aqy SkqISwlI drswieAw igAw[ s`Xd muhMmd ijhVw Awpxy Awp nUM vwhwbI msIhw AKvwauNdw sI 1828 iv`c Pyr isMD iv`c Aw viVAw Aqy 5600 jhwdIAW nwl pihlW ies ny hsq ngr iklHy qy kbzw kr ilAw ijhVw ipSwvr qoN 25 mIl dI dUrI qy au~qr pUrb idSw iv`c sI[ mYsn cwrls dI 842 ilKq muqwbk ies auprMq ies ny bwlw ihswr dy iklHy nUM sr kr ilAw[ mhwrwjw swihb ny ies nUM pkVn leI ie`k l`K dw ienwm r`iKAw[ s`Xd ny pYNdy ^wn dy bMidAW nUM auksw ky Awpxy nwl rlw ilAw Aqy jUn 1830 nUM drbMD dy ielwky iv`c Aw phuMicAw[ &ulqrW dy AsQwn qy hrI isMG nwl qkVI mu`T ByV hoeI pr mrdW dy mrdwny Aqy rx dy dIvwny Syr jo sINh vWg bukdw sI Aqy jMg dy hr hunr dw mwhr sI A`gy ieh bhuqw icr lV nw sikAw Aqy phwVW 'c jw luikAw[ sIqw rwm srdwr dI bhwdrI bwbq ilKdw hY: ATwrW sO aunq ` I iv`c s`Xd KW Aihmd, iPr inkl phwVoN kSmIr iv`c AwieAw[ krdw ie`kTy jo muslmwn ielwky iv`c, Awx ky qy m`Qw muV ^wlsy nwl lwieAw[ hrI srdwr &Oj AwpnI sMBwl swrI, mwr mwr qurkW dI DUV sI aufWvdw[ sIqw rwm au~T n`Tw s`Xd Aihmd ^wn Pyr, cldI nw pyS idl iv`c gu`sw KWvdw[

s`Xd Aihmd dI mOq

fwktr mry dI rIport Anuswr mhwrwjw swihb sYdU dI jMg AMdr isMGW dI ij`q sux ky kuJ idnW iv`c hI rwzI ho gey ikauNik kuJ smyN qoN auh ibmwr sn[ rx q`qy iv`c srdwr hrI isMG Aqy isMGW v`loN idKweI Ascrz bhwdrI qoN KuS ho ky iehnW nUM bhuq kImqI vsqW Aqy GoVy Byjy[ mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG ny mYkwl& jo ik id`lI dw kimSnr sI aus nUM sYdU dI &qih dy vDweI p`qr Byjy[ ies ij`q dIAW

isMGW Aqy pTwx jhwdIAW ivckwr AwKrI jMg meI 1831 iv`c bwlwkot jo kunwr dy s`jy kMFy qy hY Aqy hrIpur qoN 61 mIl dUrI qy sI, hoeI[ ieh jgHw hzwry dIAW phwVIAW iv`c cwry qrPoN iGrI hox krky jMg p`KoN bhuq Xog sI[ s`Xd A`lw v`loN ByijAw hoieAw KlIPw smJx kwrn Aqy v`fw krwmwqI &kIr hox kwrn v`fI igxqI iv`c

s`Xd Aihmd dI mOq

jhwdI ies dy nwl juV gey[ ieslwm dI rìKAw leI ieh pTwx isr DV dI bwzI lwaux leI iqAwr sn Aqy SsqrW nwl pUrI qrHW lYs sn[ auDroN srdwr hrI isMG nlUAw, kMvr Syr isMG Aqy jnrl vYnqUrw dIAW &OjW ny bwlw kot nUM cwry pwisauN Gyr ilAw[ jMg SurU ho geI[ jYkmwaUNt (1829-1832) Anuswr s`Xd dy bMdy jMg AMdr cIiqAW dI inAweIN is`KW nwl lVy[bwlw kot jhwdIAW dw tRyinMg kYNp hox kr ky ieQoN dy bMdy jMg dy mwhr sn[ pr isMGW A`gy iehnW dI pyS nw geI[ jMg dOrwn ie`k isMG ny s`Xd Aihmd dw isr v`F ky kMvr Syr isMG A`gy ilAw rìKAw[ Awpxy nwiek dw ieh hSr dyK ky pTwx ijDr bcwau dw rsqw dyiKAw auDr nUM hrn ho gey[ rx q`qy AMdr vI is`K rwjnIqI dy nwl nwl Drm nIqI ApxwauNdw hY, ispwhI huMidAW sMqgIrI krdw hY ArQwq gurU dy hukm nUM pugwauNdw hY Aqy duStpuxW mn iv`c nhIN ilAwauNdw[ jMg dI ij`q auprMq kMvr Syr isMG Aqy srdwr nlUey ny isMGW nUM AwiKAw,"s`Xd dw DV l`Bo"[ DV lìBAw, auprMq kbr Kod ky sIs Aqy DV au~qy kImqI duSwlw pw ky muslmwn mOlvI dy h`QoN ieslwm dIAW rsmW Anuswr s`Xd dw AMqm sMskwr krwieAw[ iesy qrHW mOlvI muhMmd iesmweIl Aqy pRwx iqAwg gey mugl sYinkW nUM vI siqkwr sihq d&nwieAw[ vnIq nlUAw ny iliKAw hY ik ^wlsw rwj ^qm hox ip~CoN jdoN AMgryzI srkwr ny ies iK`qy iv`c Amn kwnUMn kwiem krnw cwihAw qW mnu`KI hmdrdI Alop ho geI sI[ cwrls (2000) iv`c ilKdw hY ik 1853 iv`c ipSwvr AMdr ie`k muslmwn v`loN brqwnIAW dy kimSnr nUM mwrn krky AMgryzW ny pihlW aus mugl nUM PWsI id`qI auprMq aus dw srIr ie`k sUr dI K`l iv`c mVH id`qw[ muslmwnW leI AYsI szw bVI hI iBRSt mMnI jWdI hY[ mwnoN aus leI svrg dy drvwzy bMd krn dy qu`l hY[ muslmwn Drm AMdr sUr nUM bhuq piv`qr mMinAw jWdw hY[ AYsIAW Axmnu`KI sjwvW bhwdrI dI inSwnI nhIN drswauNdIAW[ 80

hzwry AMdr nlUAw dw rwj pRbMD AwpxI pMdrW swl dI gvrnrI Aqy au~qrI sImW dy hwkm (1922-1937) vjoN AnykW jMgW Xu`DW dy bwvjUd srdwr nlUAw ny bhuq hI kmwl dw Swsn kIqw[ jMg qW ibgVI hoeI kwnUMnI hwlq, Awm lu`t-Ksu`t , burCwgrdI, D`kySwhI Aqy iesqrI blwqkwr nUM n`Q pwaux leI zrUrI sI[ ies qoN ibnW iK`qy iv`c SWqI, Amn kwnUMn Aqy qr`kI AsMBv sI[

zmInI suDwr KyqIbwVI ijs aup`r 12 pRqISq lok KyqI krdy sn dI aupj vDwaux leI zmInI suDwrW dI aus smyN bhuq zrUrq sI[ mugl rwj AMdr zmIn dw mwlk (vwrs) qkVw hI huMdw sI Aqy koeI j`dI mwlkI dw kwnUMn nhIN sI[ mwlk kol bhuqI zmIn hox krky auh aupj vDwaux v`l koeI bhuqw iDAwn nhIN sI idMdw[ pr srdwr nlUAw ny v`fy AlwtIAW qoN zmInW Koh ky ikswnW nUM vMf id`qIAW[ vMf vI ies AwDwr qy kIqI ik ijhVw ikswn srkwr nUM pUrw mwlIAw dyvygw auhI zmIn dw mwlk hovygw[ ieM\ ^wlI peIAW zmInW qy vI KyqI AwrMB ho geI Aqy pYdwvwr iv`c BwrI vwDw hoieAw[ zmInW dy pihly vwrsW ny ies kwnUMn dw AiqAMq ivroD kIqw pr srdwr hrI isMG ny iehnW dI koeI pRvwh nw kIqI[ KyqIbwVI dI vwDU aupj nUM sWBx leI godwm vI bxwey[ ieh aupj aunHW swlW iv`c vrqI jWdI sI ijnHW iv`c bwrS hox krky kwl pY jWdw sI[

pwxI leI Xog pRbMD Awpxy rwj pRbMD smyN hrIpur lwgy 'rMgIlw' nwmI nihr hrI isMG ny KudvweI[ ies leI dOr dirAw qoN pwxI ilAw ky ie`k v`fy qlwA iv`c pwieAw igAw Aqy iPr nihr rwhIN v`K v`K ipMfW iv`c 81

phuMcwieAw[ hr ie`k vwhIkwr nUM bwrI-su`Dy pwxI isMjweI leI imldw sI[ SihrI ieh pwxI pIx leI vI vrqdy sn[ ies qoN ielwvw phwVW iv`c AwbSwrW dw pwxI iek`Tw krn leI vI bhuq swry qlwA Kudvwey gey qW ik pyNfU ieh pwxI pIx leI jW &slvwVI leI loV pYx qy vrq skx[ pwxI dy ies Xog pRbMD kwrn hrIpur dy Awly duAwly dw ielwkw dUr-durwfy q`k hrw Brw bx igAw[ ^wlsw rwj ipCoN AMgryjI srkwr dy AiDkwrIAW ny hrI isMG v`loN bxweI pwxI dI AwdrS Xojnw nUM bhuq slwihAw Aqy ies nUM aus dI au~cI m`q Aqy dUr-AMdySI vwlI soc AwiKAw[ ies nwl ielwky AMdr PslW sbzIAW Awid dI aupj vDx kwrn ij`Qy ikswnW nUM lwB hoieAw au~Qy srkwrI Awmdn iv`c vI vwDw hoieAw sI[

nvyN qol mwp A&gwnI Aqy mugl hkUmqW smyN Atklp`cU vwly qol mwp vrqy jWdy sn ijnHW kwrn lokW dI lu`t-Ksu`t huMdI sI[ srdwr swihb ny shI mwp qol vrqx leI s^q hdwieqW id`qIAW[ hzwry iv`c mihmUd SwhI p`kw syr Bwr p`KoN gYNfy dy 100 rupey dy brwbr sI[ ieh p`kw syr 96 qoly dw sI Aqy k`cw 82 qoly dw sI[ ie`k qolw Aty sty 10 gRwm huMdw sI[ keI QwvW qy bhwdr SwhI syr cldw sI ijhVw 82 qoly dw sI[ iesy qrHW gujr Syr vI vriqAw jWdw sI[ k`pVy dI imxqI leI hrI isMG ny p`kw gz clwieAw ijhVw AMgryzI gz nwloN solHvW ih`sw v`fw sI[ keI QwvW qy k`pVw qol ky vI ivkdw sI[

rihxI bihxI 'c suDwr hzwry dw ielwkw bhuq au~pdrI, &swdI Aqy puAwVy h`Qw sI[ ie`Qy 94.6 pRqISq muslmwn rihMdy sn[ pr hrI isMG ny hrIpur Sihr vswieAw ijs iv`c is`KW qy ihMdUAW dI igxqI kw&I sI[ kYptn vys ijhVw ik AMgRyzI srkwr dw ishq ivBwg sMbMDI A&sr 82

sI[ auh ilKdw hY ik mYN dUr dUr q`k hzwry dy ielwky iv`c igAw pr hrIpur vrgw sw&-suQrw, hrw-Brw Aqy cihl-pihl vwlw ielwkw hor koeI idKweI nhIN id`qw[ ie`Qy is`KW dy Gr bVy suMdr sn, lok Awp vI s&weI vwly sn Aqy v`fI g`l AMimRq vyly au~T KVoNdy sn[ ieh Awp qW imhnqI sn pr iehnW dIAW iesqrIAW bMidAW qoN vI v`D imhnq krdIAW sn Aqy bsqr vgYrw vI cMgy Aqy sw& pihndIAW sn[ jdik muslm ielwikAW iv`c bVI gMdgI sI, lokW dy Gr Aqy k`pVy vI mYly-kucYly sn[ is`KW dI aun`qI hrI isMG dI v`fI dyx sI[ ikauNik ies ny KyqIbwVI Aqy vpwr vDwaux leI jwdUgrI qr`kI krvweI sI[ National Archieves of India, New Delhi (Foreign Secret Consultation 31.12.1847 Page 326 qy drj hY, 'Hari Singh Nalwas resource management in this difficult and turbulent frontier was more efficient than that of the British) Bwv ies sImw vwly gVbVI ielwky iv`c hrI isMG dy rwj pRbMD dy sroq AMgryz hkUmq nwloN vI bhuq kwrgr sn[ hzwry dy gztIAr (1901) iv`c drz hY ik hrI isMG Awpxy kwrnwimAW dI Cwp ie`Qy C`f igAw ikauNik koeI qwkqvr, dlyr Aqy v`fy idl vwlw bMdw hI ieh kMm kr skdw hY[ aus ny is`D kr id`qw ik ivroDI qwkqW swhsI, gqISIl, ihMmqI Aqy in~fr bMdy dy mUhry nw AV skdIAW hn Aqy nw KVH skdIAW hn[ ieM\ ieh gurU klgIDr dw isMG sUrmw Aqy srdwr Asmwnqw ivru`D jUiJAw, suqMqrqw leI liVAw Aqy s&lqw sihq AwpxI mMzl vl vDdw hoieAw sUrj v`q ho ky cmikAw[ ies Syr idl XoDy dy Xu`g pltwaU kwrnwimAW krky srdwr nlUey dI pRis`DI bwry ie`k gYr is`K AwpxI SihrPI iv`c ilKdw hY: by-bhuq hoieAw hrI isMG dUlo, ijhdw nwm roSn dUr dUr swry[ id`lI d`Kx qy cIn mcIn qweIN, bwdSwh nUM KOP zrUr swry[ rwjw krn qy ibkRmwjIq vWgU, hwqmqweIN vWgUM mShUr swry[ kwdrXwr jhwn qy nhIN hoxy, sKI auh bulMd hzUr swry[ 83

4 iSmlw imSn dw mu`KI mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG dw ^wlsw rwj dirAw sqluj qoN mulqwn, kSmIr Aqy ipSwvr q`k PYl cu`ikAw sI jd ik eIst ieMifAw kMpnI (AMgryzI hkUmq) ny sqluj qoN d`Kx q`k pYr pswry hoey sn[ Syirey-pMjwb dy rwj ADIn pMjwb dw ielwkw sI[ AMgryz A&sr keI vwr grmI dIAW Cu`tIAW iSmly ibqwauNdy sn ikauNik grmI iv`c ie`Qy mOsm bhuq suhwvxw huMdw hY[ jdoN vI AMgryz A&sr iSmly AwauNdy qW ihMdusqwn dIAW v`K v`K irAwsqW dy rwjy, mhwrwjy , nvwb Awid iehnW nUM iSmly ivKy 'jIau AwieAW' kihx AwauNdy Aqy iehnW dI cwplUsI vI krdy sn[ sMn 1809 dI AMimRqsr sMDI kwrn Syir-eypMjwb nwl vI AMgryzW ny im`qRqw bxweI hoeI sI[ ies imqRqw dI AwV hyT AMgryz hkUmq ie`k pMQ do kwj kr rhI sI[ ie`k qW vpwrk swDnW leI AwvwjweI ^wqr pMjwb dw rsqw vrq rhI sI dUjw rwj Bwg dw Byd lY rhI sI[ AMgryz hkUmq ielwkw isMD qy kbjw krky Awpxw rwj Bwg smu`cy A&gwinsqwn Aqy bloicsqwn qy jmwaux dI soc rhI sI[ aunHI idnI s`Xd Aihmd brylvI dw db dbw ^qm ho cu`ikAw sI Aqy AMgryz hkUmq Swh sujwA nUM kwbl dI g`dI qy ibTwaux dy Xqn iv`c sI[ pr Syir-ey-pMjwb Aqy ies dy jrnYl AMgryz dI ies kUV nIqI qy ingwh r`K rhy sn[ ieh pqw l`gx qy ik 1831 dIAW grmIAW iv`c pihlI vwr AMgryz srkwr dy do v`fy A&sr (birtS gvrnr jnrl, lwrf ivlIAm bYNitk Aqy birtS kmWfr-ien-cI& lwrf flhOjI) iek`Ty iSmly Aw rhy hn[ mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG ny Awpxy jrnYlW Aqy drbwrIAW dI mIitMg iv`c ikhw ik myrI soc hY AwpW nUM vI imlxI 84

iv`c iSmlw ivKy zrUr Swml hoxw cwhIdw hY[ sB ny ies g`l qy sihmqI pRgt kIqI pr nwl hI keIAW ny ivcwr id`qy ik swnUM AMgryz srkwr A`gy gofy nhIN tykxy cwhIdy[ iehnW PrMgIAW dIAW momo TgxIAW g`lW qy ivSvwS nhIN krnw cwhIdw[ iehnW idnW iv`c srdwr hrI isMG nlUAw Atk ivKy sn[ iehnW nUM sunyhw imilAw ik qusIN lwhOr jldI phuMco[ mhwrwjw swihb bhuq sUJvwn sn[ aunHW iSmly ivKy v&d Byjx leI iqMn AiDkwrIAW hrI isMG nlUAw, &kIr AzIz-aud-dIn Aqy dIvwn moqI rwm) dI cox kIqI[ ies v&d iv`c srdwr hrI isMG nlUAw nUM muKI bxwieAw ikauNik ie`k qW srdwr nlUAw swry jrnYlW iv`c mu`K miltrI kmWfr sI[ dUjw, aus nUM mhwrwjw ny ie`k nwmvr jrnYl hox dw purskwr id`qw hoieAw sI[ qIjw, ieh XUrpI &OzW dy FMgW qoN pUrI qrHW nwl jwxU sI[iehnW guxW qoN ielwvw ieh s^iSAq p`KoN bhuq hI roAb vwlw, idmwg p`KoN bu`DImwn, g`lbwq p`KoN hwzr juAwb, idRV ihrdy vwlw Aqy idloN sw& Aqy BrosyXog sI[ ies v&d dI cox qoN mhwrwjw swihb dI Drm inrp`Kqw fu`lH fu`lH pYNdI hY[ ikauNik ies iv`c ie`k is`K, ie`k ihMdU Aqy ie`k muslmwn r`iKAw igAw[ iehnW iv`coN hrI isMG sB qoN CotI aumr dw sI[ auprly gux jo srdwr nlUAw bwry vrnx kIqy hn ieh koeI PrzI nhIN AslIAq hY[ bYrn hugl ijhVw jrmnI dw &OjI, ivdvwn Aqy nIqIvwn sI auh hrI isMG dI 1836 iv`c aus nwl hoeI imlxI bwry ilKdw hY: Our conversation was very different from the majority of such interviews in India.... the exchange of ideas and of references to events which had actually taken place. His questions proved him to have thought and reasoned... He was one of the very few Sardars at the court of Lahore who could read and write persian, the official language... (Hugel, 1845: 255)

Bwv swfI g`lbwq Bwrq iv`c hoeIAW bhuq swrIAW mulwkwqW nwloN v`KrI sI....AsIN hoeIAW Asl GtnwvW bwry Awpxy iKAwlwq Aqy prsMg sWJy kIqy[ aus dy svwl bhuq ivcwr BrpUr Aqy qrk vwly sn[ lwhOr dI kcihrI iv`c auh kuJ srdwrW iv`coN ie`k sI ijhVw srkwrI BwSw &wrsI pVH Aqy ilK skdw sI[ (hugl 1845: 255)

hrI isMG nlvw ijs dy imSn iv`c 265 sYink hoxgy, bwry iSmly phuMcx sMbMDI brqwnIAW dy iejMt kYptn vyf ny gvrnr jnrl nUM p`qr ilK ky sUicq kr id`qw sI[ mhwrwjw swihb ny &kIr AzIz-aud-dIn nUM hox vwlI swrI g`lbwq dw mUl KrVw (protokol) iqAwr krn leI AgwaUN luiDAwxy Byj id`qw Aqy dIvwn moqI rwm nUM kYptn vyf kol iPlOr phuMcx leI AwiKAw[

iSmlw imSn dw mMqv 1.

iSmlw imSn ijhVw 1831 iv`c r`iKAw igAw dw mu`K mMqv sI brqnIAW dy vpwr nUM auqSwhq krnw ikauNik 1830 dy eyV gyV iehnW dy vpwr dI iezwrydwrI bhuq Gt geI sI[ pMjwb, kwbl, buKwrw Awid ielwikAW iv`c in`q dI vrqoN dIAW vsqW, k`pVw, lohw, qWbw Awid bhuqIAW rUs qoN Aw ky ivkx l`g peIAW sn[ hor qW hor ies imSn iv`c mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG v`loN brqnIAW dy A&srW nUM ijhVy is`ky qohPy vjoN ByNt kIqy jWdy auh vI rUs qoN hI bx ky AwauNdy sn[ is`K rwj dI &OjI qwkq Aqy &OzW dI igxqI Awid bwry shI jwxkwrI pRwpq krnI[ eIst ieMfIAw kMpnI nUM imstr Aylnbrg ny AwiKAw sI ik ijqnw icr qusIN lwhOr Aqy kwbl qy kbzw nhIN kr lYNdy Awpxw vpwr vD nhIN skdw[

vpwr leI pMjwb dy ielwky iv`c sVkW dy inrmwx leI mMnjUrI hwsl krnw[

isMD Aqy pMjwb dy dirAwvW iv`c vpwr leI zhwzrwnI dy swDnW bwry jwxnw Aqy prvwngI lYxw[

pMjwb qy rUs dy hmly dI icqwvnI dyxw[

ivlIAm bYNitk dw kw&lw ijhVw iSmly v`l jw irhw sI aus bwry jYkmwaUNt dI rIport (1834 ) ijhVI AwksPorf XUnIvristI pRY~s, id`lI ny vwlIaUm 2, 1976 iv`c CwpI dy pMnw 386 qy drz hY ik ies iv`c 103 hwQI, 1300 aUNT Aqy 800 rQ-g`fIAW sn[ bYNitk ny ipMjOr ivKy mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG dy Aw rhy kw&ly dy suAwgq leI rukx dw mn bxwieAw pr &kIr AzIz-aud-dIn ny ikhw ik mhwrwjw swihb dw hukm hY ik swfw kw&lw is`Dw iSmly phuMcygw[ ieh g`l mMn ky bYNitk iSmly phuMc igAw[ srdwr hrI isMG jo gurU dw nUrw, bcnW dw pUrw Aqy krnI dw sUrw sI ny mhwrwjy nUM AwiKAw, "swihb! mn dI ie`Cw nhIN iSmly jwx dI[ hW, quhwfy hukm nUM svIkwr kr irhw hW[ ijs kMm mYN l`igAw hoieAw sI auh Ajy ADUrw hY"[ iSmly v`l qurn qoN pihlW srkwr ny hrI isMG nUM Swndwr iK`lq ByNt kIqI[ hrI isMG nwl AMq dy sjy hoey 265 sYink qy GoVy qory[ rsqy iv`c Awpxy pirvwr kol gujrWvwly kuJ idn Tihr ky is`Dy luiDAwxy phuMcy ij`Qy kYptn vyf ny iehnW dw in`Gw suAwgq kIqw[ vnIq nlUAw ny iliKAw hY ik ihMdusqwn dy dUjy nvwbW qoN srdwr hrI isMG leI suAwgq v`Krw sI[ hugl ny vI iliKAw hY ik srdwr nlUey nUM ie`k ^ws kursI bYTx leI pihlW hI itkweI hoeI sI[ mOlvI modIn kI ilKdw hY kIqy ies suAwgq bwry Aqy AMgryzW v`loN BwrqIAW leI kIqy jw rhy slUk bwry?

iSmlw imSn dw mMqv 1.

vpwr leI pMjwb dy ielwky iv`c sVkW dy inrmwx leI mMnjUrI hwsl krnw[

isMD Aqy pMjwb dy dirAwvW iv`c vpwr leI zhwzrwnI dy swDnW bwry jwxnw Aqy prvwngI lYxw[

pMjwb qy rUs dy hmly dI icqwvnI dyxw[

These Feringis will seat their dogs by their sides on chairs, beds, on palankeens but will not suffer these brutes (meaning people of india whether Hindu or Muslim) to come into their presence; when admitted they will not allow him to sit down even on the ground when noble and distinguished natives appear in the presence of an Englishman, they find him seated on a chair, and though they salute him, they will not return the salutation nor even move his heads (NAI/FSC 21.8.1939 : 16) ….Bwv ieh PrMgI Awpxy ku`iqAW nUM qW kursIAW, ibsqirAW Aqy pwlkIAW iv`c Awpxy kol ibTw lYNdy hn pr jd iksy ihMdU jW muslmwn nUM jdoN kdy iehnW nUM imlx dI AwigAw iml jwvy qW ieh ies nUM DrqI qy vI bYTx leI nhIN AwKdy[ jdoN guAWF dw koeI db dby vwlw Aqy pqvMqw ie`k AMgryz dy swmHxy AwauNdw hY aus nUM bYTx leI kursI idMdy hn, aus nUM slUt mwrdy hn BwvyN auh slUt dw juAwb nw vI dyvy Aqy Awpxw isr vI nw ihlwvy[ is`K rwj dw kw&lw luiDAwxy qoN c`l ky ropV, mwCIvwVw, cmkOr swihb huMdw hoieAw iSmly v`l c`ilAw[ A`D ApYRl ieh nwlwgVH phuMc gey[ imstr mry iehnw nwl c`l irhw sI pr kYptn vyf iehnW dy suAwgq leI iSmly phuMc igAw sI[ hrI isMG dw kw&lw rsqy iv`c sbwQU (spwtU) kol kuJ smW TihirAw sI[ ies jgHw ksOlI iSmlw rUt qy A`j klH 'nlvw' nwmI ipMf visAw hoieAw hY[ dUjy pwsy ihMdusqwn dy rwjy Aqy nvwb ijnHW iv`c nwBy dw rwjw jsvMq isMG Aqy jINd Aqy kYQl dy is`K rwjy sn, auh gvrnr jnrl nUM mnImwjrw ivKy qoh&y ByNt kr ky vwps cly gey[ pitAwly dy rwjy ny ipMjOr ivKy gvrnr jnrl nwl ByNt krky qoh&y id`qy[

lwrf ivlIAm bYNitk phwVI aup`r bxy mkwn 'bYNitk kYsl' iv`c TihirAw hoieAw sI[ hrI isMG 21 ApRYL 1831 nUM jdoN iSmly phuMcy qW aunHW nUM 2500 rupey jY&wq vjoN id`qy gey[ iehnW dy swry mYNbrW Aqy sYinkW dy iDAwn leI imstr kYnyfI dI ifaUtI lgweI geI[ kYptn vyf 13 vYswK (23 ApRYl 1831) nUM srdwr hrI isMG Aqy aunHW dy nwl dy mYNbrW nUM "Paliti's Grand Hotel" iv`c AgvweI kr ky pihlI mIitMg leI lY ky igAw[ lwt ivlIAm bYNitk Aqy lwt flhOzI ny kmytI hwl dy duAwr qy Aw ky iehnW nUM jIE AwieAW (Welcome) kIqw, h`Q imlwey Aqy pRm y sihq kursIAW qy ibTwieAw[ mhwrwjw swihb dI ishqXwbI bwry pu`iCAw[ &kIr AzIz-aud-dIn ny mhwrwjy v`loN ByijAw p`qr ijs iv`c dosqI dw auphwr vrnx sI, pyS kIqw[ A`go ivlIAm bYNitk ny vI dovW qr&W dI Atu`t dosqI dw Aihsws ijqwieAw Aqy mhwrwjy v`loN idKweI audwrqw, idAwlqw Aqy ikRpwlqw dw DMnvwd kIqw[ iPr dohW pwisAW qoN qohiPAW dw Awdwn-pRdwn kIqw igAw[ ie`k dUjy nwl iml ky g`l bwq rwhIN KuSI sWJI kIqI geI[ Asl iv`c ieh idKwieAw jw irhw AwpsI ipAwr Aqy idKweI jw rhI AwpsI sWJ Aqy KuSI aup`roN aup`roN hI sI[ ieh lok aupr ` No ijqny gory ic`ty sn AMdroN iehnW dy idl auqny hI kwly sn[ ieh g`l mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG dI mOq auprMq j`g zwhr ho geI sI[ j`g jwxdw hY iehnW ny is`K rwj ikvyN qbwh kIqw Aqy ikvyN koihnUr hIry vrgIAW AnykW hI kImqI vsqW lu`t ky lMfn lY gey[

rsmI sMmyln srdwr hrI isMG jI nlUAw Aqy aunHW dy v&d dI AMgryz A&srW nwl 27 ApRYl 1831 nUM pYiltI dy grYNf hotl iv`c rsmI g`lbwq hoeI[ ies g`l bwq iv`c dohW rwjW dIAW gupq g`lW nUM pRSn auq`r rwhIN iekWqvws iv`c sWJw kIqw igAw[ BwvyN ies mIitMg bwry

sB kuJ gupq r`iKAw igAw sI[ pr ivlIAm bYNitk dy bwAd iv`c ilKy p`qrW qoN pqw l`gdw hY ik ies iv`c &Oj dI igxqI, B`qy, &OjI krq`vW Aqy Awaux vwly smyN iv`c &Oj dI kwrvweI bwry ivcwirAw igAw sI[ lYPtInYNt jnrl AY~s AY~& vitMgm nUM ilKy p`qr nMbr 314 iv`c ivlIAm bYNitk ny ieh iliKAw: Ranjit Singh had abondoned the lance for the sabre. This was necessitated from the moment. Ranjit Singh determined to organise regular troops modelled after European methods. For the cavalry to manouver in line and at close order, the long lance was inconvenient to use and thereafter replaced by the sabre. Bwv hux rxjIq isMG ny nyjy dI QW ktwr dI vrqoN leI AwiKAw hY[ rxjIq isMG AwpxIAW &OjW nUM XUrpIn FMg Apnwaux leI idRV hY[ sYinkW nUM pYNqVybwjI dI vrqoN sihq lMby nyzy dI vrqoN Xog nhIN; ies dI QW ktwr r`Kx nUM AwiKAw hY[ Awpxy 378 nMbr p`qr iv`c ivlIAm bYNitk ilKdw hY ik Krcw Gtwaux leI ihMdusqwn iv`c AMgryz A&srW Aqy sYinkW dI QW ihMdusqwnI BrqI kIqy jwx ikauNik auh G`t qnKwh B`qy qy kMm kr skdy hn[ bYNitk ny Awpxy sk`qr nUM ieh hdwieqW id`qIAW ik mYnUM pqw kr ky d`sy ik rxjIq isMG AwpxI ieqnI &Oj nUM ieqny PMf ikQoN pRwpq krdw hY? mIitMg auprMq ^wlsw &Oj dy sYinkW Aqy GoV svwrW v`loN Awpxy kwrnwimAW dw pRdrSn kIqw igAw[ ies Ajb Aqy gzb dy pRdrSn nUM dyK ivlIAm bYNitk ny ispwhIAW nUM ienwm pRdwn kIqy[ bYNitk ny ies ip`CoN ihMdusqwnI Aqy XUrp dy s`iBAwcwr dI sWJ leI bVw sj Dj vwlw iesqrI nwc SurU kr id`qw ijs iv`c aus dI

mym vI ih`sw lY rhI sI[ pr ^wlsw &Oj dy imSn ny ieh psMd nhIN kIqw[ mUMh iv`c tokw twkI vI kIqI, auh ieh dyK ky hYrwn Aqy prySwn hI nhIN hoey sgoN aunHW dy idlW qy ies gm dI gihrI s`t v`jI[ ^wlsw gurU dy aupdyS qy cldw hoieAw iesqrI dI ie`zq Aqy p~q dw rKvwlw hY, prweIAW iesqrIAW v`l nhIN q`kdw Aqy nw hI AYsy nwc (mujry) dyKdw hY[ nwcW, nwtkW, cytkW Awid nUM gurU swihb ny mwVy AwiKAw hY ikauNik ieh bySrmI dw qwx huMdy hn[ nwtk cytk kIey kukwjw] pRBu logn ko Awvq lwjw]

sohn isMG sUrI ilKdw hY: "During those days the wife of the Governor with other fifty Eurpean ladies came forward and began to dance and sing with instruments in such a way that the audience become spell-bound like pictures on the wall". (Sohan Singh Suri 19th Cent: (111-1)f.25) "Bwv aunHI idnI gvrnr (bYNitk) dI mym 50 hor mymW nwl A`gy AweI[ aunHW swzW nwl n`cxw Aqy gwauxW SurU kr id`qw ijs nUM dyK ky sRoqy mugD ho gey ijvyN kMD qy koeI qsvIr l`gI idKweI idMdI hovy"[ ies imlxI iv`c mu`K qOr qy mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG nwl Awaux vwly smyN AMdr qih hoey pRogRwm dI crcw hoeI, ijhVI 26 AkqUbr 1831 nUM ropV ivKy hoxI sI[ ivdwiegI smyN srdwr hrI isMG nUM lwl drI ivCw ky 13 kImqI bsqrW, klgI, gly dw hwr Aqy Cwp nwl snmwinq kIqw igAw[ ^wlsw imSn dy c`lx smyN bYNitk ny mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG nUM jldI imlx dI auqsukqw duhrweI[ kYptn vyf qW mhwrwjw swihb nUM iSmlw imSn dI s&lqw d`sx lwhOr v`l qur igAw pr srdwr nlUAw sYinkW smyq gurDwmW dy drSnW leI AnMdpur swihb v`l c`l pey[ dIvwn moqI rwm gMgw dy iknwry vsy hirduAwr v`l clw igAw[ 91

auprMq hrI isMG dw kw&lw sqluj dirAw pwr krky i&lOr phuMicAw[ i&lOr qoN A`gy AdInw ngr phuMcy ijhVw gurdwspur Aqy pTwnkot dy ivckwr hY[ AdInw ngr A&gwn gvrnr AdInw byg ny vswieAw sI[ aunIH idnIN mhwrwjw swihb AdInw byg ngr TihirAw hoieAw sI[ mhwrwjw ny srdwr hrI isMG, dIvwn moqI rwm Aqy &kIr AzIz-aud-dIn dw DMnvwd kIqw Aqy iqMnW nUM sony nwl jVIAW kwTIAW vwly suMdr GoVy id`qy[ mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG BwvyN ies im~qRqw qoN bhuq KuS sI pr srdwr nlUAw AMgryzW nwl im`qRqw gMFx dy h`k iv`c nhIN sn[ auhnW nUM ies im`qRqw iv`c AOkVW idKweI idMdIAW sn[ aunHW mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG nUM kYptn vyf dIAW im`TIAW im`TIAW g`lW qoN swvDwn rihx leI vI AwiKAw[ srdwr nlvw dy id`qy suJwvW Anuswr mhwrwjw ny kYptn vyf nUM AgwaUN hox vwlI mIitMg sMbMDI pMj SrqW r`KIAW: 1.

mIitMg iv`c g`lbwq kyvl dohW rwjW iv`c im`qRqw sMbMDI hovygI Aqy koeI rwjnIiqk mu`dw nhIN ivcwirAw jwvygw[

ieh imlxI AnMdpur (mwKovwl) dy nyVy qyVy hovygI Aqy dohW rwjW dy sYink sqluj dirAw dy Awpxy Awpxy pwsy bYTxgy[

quhwfy swihb (English lordship) nUM pihlW swfy kol Awauxw pvygw[

mYN Awpxy v`loN quhwnUM myry (Syir-ey-pMjwb) pws ilAwaux leI Awpxy byty kMvr KVk isMG nUM ByjWgw Aqy mYnUM quhwfy pws quhwfw kmWfr ien-cIP iljwvygw[

quhwfy swihb nwl ies imlxI dI g`l bwq Awaux vwly smyN AMdr koeI imswl nhIN hovg y I[ AgwaUN vwlI imlxI jW imlxIAW Awpxy ih`qW nUM m`uK r`K ky hI hovygI jW hoxgIAW[

kYptn vyf ny mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG v`loN id`qw p`qr ivlIAm bYNitk kol Byj id`qw[ bYNitk ny ieh SrqW ivcwr ky ilK id`qw ik ieh imlxI quhwfy id`qy suJwvW dy Anuswr hI hovygI[ mYnUM ieh swrIAW g`lW pRvwn hn[ is`K srdwrW dI mIitMg iv`c mhwrwjy ny jd AMgryzW nwl hox vwlI imlxI sMbMDI ivcwr kIqw qW swry srdwrW ny ies nUM tyFI cwl AwiKAw[ ies ivroD nUM dyK ky srkwr ny aunHW kol phuMcy kYptn vyf nUM AwiKAw ik quhwfw swihb mYnUM ieh Brosw dyvy ik jo g`lbwq hovygI auh gupq r`KI jwvygI[ SYqwn vyf ny AwiKAw,"swihb! ies mIitMg sMbMDI swfw koeI gu`Jw Byd nhIN , ieh qW im`qRqw sMbMDI qy dohW rwjW iv`c cMgw mwhOl bnwaux leI hovygI[ AKIr mhwrwjy ny AkqUbr 1831 iv`c imlxI bwry hW kr id~qI[ pr vyf Ajy vI mIitMg bwry Gbrwht iv`c sI ikauNik mhwrwjy ny jI.fI. kinMGm nUM ieh AwiKAw sI ik myry swry srdwr AjyhI imlxI dy pUrI qrHW i^lwP hn[ Asl iv~c jo kuJ huMdw hY auh kudrq krwauNdI hY[ kudrq dI krnI nUM koeI nhIN myt skdw[ bMdw l`K Xqn kry jo hoxw hY auh ho ky hI rihMdw hY[ b`s bMdy dI Akl au~pr AYsw pVdw pY jWdw hY ik iPr isAwxp vI PylH ho jWdIO hY[ kudrq AMdr koeI cIz siQr nhIN hr vsqU iv`c bdlw AwauNdw hY[ Bwv ieiqhwskwrW ny iliKAw hY ik mhwrwjy ny AMgryzW nwl imlxIAW kr ky v`fI glqI kIqI sI, pr rwj Bwg ijs nUM Aqy ijqnw icr leI pRwpq huMdw hY auh r`bI bKiSS kwrn hI huMdw hY[

ropV imlxI lMbI soc ivcwr ip`CoN ieh BYA ho igAw ik ieh imlxI ropV ivKy AkqUbr iv`c hovygI[ AMgryz kw&lw sqluj dy K`by pwsy Aqy is`K Kw&lw s`jy pwsy itkw krygw[ ies imlxI leI iqAwrIAW zor 93

mIitMg iv`c g`lbwq kyvl dohW rwjW iv`c im`qRqw sMbMDI hovygI Aqy koeI rwjnIiqk mu`dw nhIN ivcwirAw jwvygw[

ieh imlxI AnMdpur (mwKovwl) dy nyVy qyVy hovygI Aqy dohW rwjW dy sYink sqluj dirAw dy Awpxy Awpxy pwsy bYTxgy[

quhwfy swihb (English lordship) nUM pihlW swfy kol Awauxw pvygw[

mYN Awpxy v`loN quhwnUM myry (Syir-ey-pMjwb) pws ilAwaux leI Awpxy byty kMvr KVk isMG nUM ByjWgw Aqy mYnUM quhwfy pws quhwfw kmWfr ien-cIP iljwvygw[

quhwfy swihb nwl ies imlxI dI g`l bwq Awaux vwly smyN AMdr koeI imswl nhIN hovg y I[ AgwaUN vwlI imlxI jW imlxIAW Awpxy ih`qW nUM m`uK r`K ky hI hovygI jW hoxgIAW[

ropV imlxI lMbI soc ivcwr ip`CoN ieh BYA ho igAw ik ieh imlxI ropV ivKy AkqUbr iv`c hovygI[ AMgryz kw&lw sqluj dy K`by pwsy Aqy is`K Kw&lw s`jy pwsy itkw krygw[ ies imlxI leI iqAwrIAW zor 93

Sor nwl SurU ho geIAW[ XUrpI &OzW ny pihlW Aw ky lwl rMg dy tYNt g`f id`qy[ is`K sYnW dy Tihrn leI rwjw iDAwn isMG fogrw ny kysrI rMg dy tYNt lvw ky sohxI iqAwrI krweI[ dirAw au`pr dI lMGx leI dohW iDrW ny Awpxy Awpxy pul iqAwr krvwey[ mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG 25 AkqUbr nUM 6 hzwr ipAwdw &Oj Aqy 10 hzwr GoV svwrW nwl ie`Qy pu`jy[ iehnW ny swihbzwdw KVk isMG, jINd dw rwjw sMgq isMG, srdwr Aqr isMG sMDwvwlIAw, rwjw gulwb isMG Aqy Swm isMG AtwrIvwly nUM gvrnr jnrl lwrf ivlIAm bYNitk nUM Su`B ieCwvW dyx leI ByijAw[ iehnW dy AMgryzI kYNp iv`c phuMcx qy &OjW v`loN slwmI id`qI geI[ mhwrwjw Aqy gvrnr jnrl ivckwr mIitMg 26 AkqUbr nUM hoeI[ mhwrwjw Aqy srdwrW dy kysrI puSwky pihny hoey sn[ Syir-ey-pMjwb dI sunihrI kursI Aqy koihnUr hIrw sB leI iK`c dw kyNdr bxy hoey sn[ mIitMg dOrwn vyf Aqy pirnsY~p AnuvwdI (interpretor) sn[ 27 AkqUbr nUM hrI isMG nlUAw, swihbzwdw KVk isMG Aqy rwjw gulwb isMG ny gvrnr jnrl nUM ^wlsw kYNp 'c Awaux qy jIau AwieAW AwiKAw[ auprMq srdwr nlUAw ny nyzwbwzI dw bhuq hI cmqkwrI prdrSn kIqw[ ies ip`CoN bYNitk ny ie`k p`qr id`qw ijs dy mu`Fly Sbd sn:

Bwv swnUM vYr Bwvnw Bulw ky AwpsI imqRqw gMFxI cwhIdI hY ArQwq im`qR dw vYrI nhIN bxnw cwhIdw[ pr bYNitk ny AMqly smJOqy iv`c ieh Sbd (ik AsIN im`qR nwl Droh nhIN krWgy) nhIN pwey ijs kwrn ^ws kr srdwr hrI isMG nlUAw Aqy hor srdwrW ny ropV dy smJOqy nUM Tukrw id`qw sI[ BwvyN ropV dI mIitMg auprMq hrI isMG dw Ahudw srkwr v`loN hor vDw id`qw sI[ pr srdwr nlvw AMgryzW nwl iksy iksm dI sWJ pwaux bwry hmySw ivroD krdw irhw[ ieh ie`k ijauNdw jwgdw &OjI jrnYl Aqy bhuq hI inpuMn Swsk hox nwqy AMgryzW dy hr pYNqVy qoN pUrI qrHW jwxU sI[ Agr ieh lMby smyN leI ijauNdw rihMdw qW AMgryzW dI kI mjwl sI ik auh ^wlsw rwj qy kwbz ho jWdy? hrI isMG dI bhwdrI sMbMDI ie`k kvI dy bol hn: nlUey Syr ny muglW nUM vKq pwieAw, vYrI dlW dy QMmH iQVkw id`qy[ pSOr, mulqwn, ^Ybr dry vrgy, gVH muglW dy sUrmy Jukw id`qy[ sYNkVy swlW dI gulwmI dy dwg Do ky, is`K rwj dy JMfy Julw id`qy[

The interview at Rooper was no doubt intended to cement more strongly the union of the two powers..." Bwv ies iv`c koeI S`k nhIN sI ik ropV dI g`lbwq ny do qwkqW dI im`qRqw nUM vDyry p`ikAw kIqw hY.... iesy qrHW mhwrwjw v`loN vI jo KrVw ilKqI rUp iv`c bYNitk nUM id`qw igAw aus dy Sbd sn: "The friends and enemies of the one should be considered the friends and enemies of the other"

5 ipSwvr dw prdySpqI ipSwvr qkrIbn 836 vrS A&gwnW dw qkVw gVH irhw sI[ Awpxy Awp nUM bVy qwkqvr, blvwn Aqy D`kV khwaux vwly AnykW rwjy mhwrwijAW ny ies au~pr kbzw krn dIAW bhuq koiSSW kIqIAW pr sB As&l rhy[ ipSwvr nUM &qih krn leI brqwnIAW, rUs Aqy eIrwn vwly vI koiSS kr rhy sn[ BwvyN ipSwvr dw ielwkw keI swlW qoN is`K rwj dy ADIn sI pr bwrkzeI srdwr gVbVI kr rhy sn[ hzwrw ifsitRkt gztIAr, 1907 pMnw 131 muqwbk hrI isMG nUM mhwrwjw ny mwx-siqkwr dy ky AwiKAw ik auh CyqI qoN CyqI dirAw rwvI Jnw Awid pwr kr ky iPr jldI AtkoN pwr jw ky sUbw ipSwvr nUM Awpxy AiDkwr hyT kr lvy[ srdwr nlUAw ny srkwr dw hukm mMn ky &Oj smyq rwvlipMfI v`l cwly pw id`qy[ ies dI md`d leI kMvr nO inhwl isMG ADIn jnrl vYnqUrw dI &Oj ByjI geI (aumdw quq ` vwrIK, 3/1, pMnw 118-119)[ ipSwvr nUM pihly pihl gMDwrw kihMdy sn Aqy ies dI rwjDwnI 'prospur' sI[ rwjw pors ny ies nUM vswieAw sI[ ieh ielwkw cMdr gupq morIAw dy ADIn vI irhw[ bwbw pRym isMG hoqI mrdwn Anuswr cMdr gupq morIAw ny A`j qoN 2200 swl pihlW ihMdusqwn dI auh kudrqI srh`d kwiem kr id`qI, ijs leI A`j q`k sMswr dIAW v`fIAW qwkqW bwvjUd Xqn krn dy BI kwmXwb nhI ho skIAW[ mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG dI soc sI ik pMjwb dI purwxI cMdr gupq vwlI srh`d q`k is`K rwj dy JMfy JUlx[ pr hrI isMG Aqy rxjIq isMG dy byvkq clwxy kwrn ieh kMm ADUrw rih igAw[ ies g`l dI qweId pMjwb rIkwrfz iv`c kYptn vyf pulItIkl eyjMt, luiDAwxw dy ^q, jo aus ny gvrnr jnrl nUM julweI 1, 1832 nUM iliKAw iv`c drz hY[ 96

They may take the possession of the path of khyber and gradualy extend the Maharaja's authority to Cabul in the same manner as his occupation of the fort of Attack enabled him overawe and after wards subvery the independence of Peshawar. Bwv is`K ^Ybr qy AiDkwr jmw ky hOlI hOlI mhwrwjy dw rwj kwbl q`k vDw skdy hn ijvyN iehnW Atk dy iklHy qy kbzw kIqw Aqy auprMq ipSwvr nUM Awzwd krwauxgy[ ipSwvr dy nwvW iv`c bhuq qbdIlIAW AweIAW[ pors smyN ies nUM porspurw, ASok smyN purspurw, kinSk smyN purspr kihMdy sn[ PwihXwn ny pwrwSwvr, hIvn sWg ny po-lo-Shw-poloN, putwlwnI ny pwrspur, Ab irhwn ny prswvr, Akbr ny pySAwvr, AKUn drvzw ny pUrsor, KuSwl Kwn Ktk ny poKwvr, mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG ny pSOr Aqy A`j kl ipSwvr ikhw jWdw hY[ ATwrvIN sdI q`k ieh A&gwnW dI isAwlU ru`q dI rwjDwnI huMdI sI[ mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG ny ipSwvr qy iqMn vwr AiDkwr jmwaux dI koiSS kIqI sI[ ij`q vI pRwpq kIqI pr ij`q ky ies nUM bwrkzeIAW dy ADIn kr idMdy sn[ ieh ielwkw bhuq aupjwaU sI Aqy ies qoN srkwr nUM v`fI Awmdn sI[ mwrc 1831 iv`c A&gwinsqwn dy rwjy Swh sujwA Aqy mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG ivckwr ie`k gupq sMDI hoeI sI[ ijs iv`c aus ny swrw ielwkw pMjwb nUM dy id`qw sI[ ies bdly Syir-ey-pMjwb ny aus nUM hr m`dd dw Brosw id`qw sI[ pr AMgryzW nwl hoeI ropV imlxI kwrn pSOr qy p`kw AiDkwr jmwaux leI kuJ Atkwr pY geI sI[ sMn 1833 iv`c mhwrwjw ny srdwr nlUAw nUM Atk dirAw qy p`kw pul bnwaux leI AwiKAw ikauNik auh dusihrw pSOr iv`c mnwauxw cwhuMdw hY[ pr mhwrwjw swihb bhuq bImwr ho gey Aqy ieh ^br vI iksy ny aufw id`qI ik Syir-ey-pMjwb mr igAw 97

hY[ ieh ^br sux ky XusPzeI Aqy Ktk kbIilAW ny bgwvq kr id`qI[ bgwvq dI ^br suxdy swr jnvrI 1834 iv`c hrI isMG, vYnqUrw Aqy rwm lwl dIAW &OjW AkOVw phuMc geIAW jo pSOr qoN 36 mIl qy sI[ PrvrI iv`c srkwr ny kMvr nO inhwl nUM vI pSOr v`l qor id`qw[ mwrc iv`c hrI isMG pMjqwr v`l Aqy vYnqUrw &Oj lY ky nwlw bu`Fw vl viDAw[ bwrkzeIAW nUM jd ies cVHweI dI ^br imlI qW auhnW bhuq &Oj jMg leI ie`kTI kr leI[ hrI isMG nlUAw mMzl qih krdw cmknI phuMc igAw[ ie`Qy Syir-ey-pMjwb v`loN srdwr nlUAw ny ie`k p`qr hwsl kIqw ijs iv`c iliKAw sI ik cmknI iv`c ie`k bhuq v`fw pusqkwlw (library) hY[ cmknI qy hmly smyN pusqkwly nUM A`g qoN zrUr bcwauxw[ (pRoPYsr sIqw rwm, s&w 327)[ ieh g`l mhwrwjy dI audwrqw BrI soc nUM drswauNdI hY[ pr du`K dI g`l jdoN 1984 iv`c 'auprySn bilaU stwr' vkq BwrqI &Oz ny Awpxy Awp nUM prjw qMqr vwdI khwaux vwlI srkwr dy hukm nwl hirmMdr swihb au~pr hmlw kIqw sI qW ies hmly dOrwn is~K rY&rYs lwiebRyrI AMdr pey Anmol ^zwny nUM A`g lgw ky qbwh kr id`qw[ aus smyN lwiebRyrI iv`c 13 hzwr qoN vI v`D mhwn icMqkW dIAW ilKqW, purwqn h`Q KrVy , poQIAW Aqy Dwrimk gRMQ mOjUd sn[ AYsI hI kwrvweI ieiqhws AMdr muhMmd gOrI v`loN ibhwr (mgD dyS) dI nwlMdw XUnIvristI, jo ik bu`D Drm dw kyNdr sI, kIqI geI sI[ aus ny ividAwly dw pusqkwlw A`g lgw ky rwK kr id`qw sI[ iksy kOm dy swihq nUM nSt krnw aus kMOm nUM qbwh krnw huMdw hY[ swihq kOm dw cwnx munwrw huMdw hY[ ieh Awaux vwlIAW pIVHIAW leI aunHW dy puriKAW dy hunrW, smwijk FMgW, rsmirvwzW, rihxI-bihxI, Aqy kwrW ivhwrW nUM idRStImwn krdw hY[ ijs qrHW bMdw mr ky iPr ausy hwlq iv`c aus Skl iv`c ies DrqI qy nhIN iv`cr skdw iesy qrHW swihq nUM swV ky dubwrw aus Skl iv`c pyS nhIN kIqw jw skdw[ swihq ie`k jIvn hY, jIvn vI auh ijhVw 98

sdIAW Br ijauNdw hY jd ik mnu`KI jIvn v`D qoN v`D ie`k sdI dy eyV gyV hI hY[ ^wlsw sYnw nUM pqw l`igAw ik hwjI ^wn Aqy muhMmd ^wn A`gy v`fI igxqI iv`c brkzeIAW dy lSkr hiQAwrW nwl lYs jMg leI morcw bMdI krI bYTy hn[ ieh SurU qoN hI ^wlsw rwj dw ivroD kr rhy sn Aqy ies ielwky iv`c ihMdUAW Aqy is`KW ivru`D &qUr mcwieAw hoieAw sI[ ^wlsy ny BwvyN pihlW vI iehnW nUM krwry h`Q idKwey sn Aqy ieh jwnW bcw ky B`jy sn[ ies vwr srdwr nlUAw ny ieh g`l Twx leI sI ik ielwky iv`c jo A`g iehnW ny lweI hoeI hY aus nUM buJwey vgYr g`l rws nhIN AwauxI[ gurU dy isMG iehnW pTwxW qy Bu`Ky SyrW vWg jw pey[ isMGW dI qlvwr iehnW aup`r hnyHrI vWg c`lI, golIAW mINh vWg vrHIAW Aqy qopW dy goly giVAW vWg if`gy[ BwvyN hwjI ^wn Aqy ies dy pTwx vI CwqIAW qwx ky lVy pr isMGW dI cVHq Aqy dlyrI A`gy iehnW dy hoS au~f gey[ lVdy lVdy hwjI ^wn Aqy muhMmd ^wn burI qrHW Pt`V ho gey[ isMGW dw vI BwvyN kwPI nukswn hoieAw pr meI 1834 nUM ^wlsy dy inSwn pSOr dy iklHy bwlw ihswr qy JUl gey[ auprMq ^wlsy ny ies iklHy dw nW sumyr gVH r`iKAw[ pTwxW ny hwr mMn leI Aqy bhuq swirAW nUM bMdI bxw ilAw[ XUs&zeIAW qoN iKrwj vsUl kIqw Aqy kYdIAW nUM lwhOr phuMcw id`qw[ ies ij`q dI KuSI iv`c mhwrwjy ny 7 meI 1834 nUM ipSwvr dy swry pRWq nUM ^wlsw rwj iv`c Swml krn leI srdwr nlUAw nUM iK`lq dy ky bKiSAw[ kwdrXwr ny ies jMg iv`c hrI isMG dI c`lI qyg Aqy ipSwvr iv`c Dmk bwry kwiv toty iv`c ies qrHW iliKAw hY: qy-qyg mYdwn my bhuq c`ly, nwl qyg dy rwj kmWvdw ey, cVHql Syr dI cVHy mYdwn AMdr, iklHy mwr lYNdw &qih pWvdw ey[ audoN Bwj pYNdy v`fy KYbrW nUM , jdoN Dmk pySwvr nUM jWvdw ey[ kwdrXwr kMDwrIAw dosq muhMmd, frdw kwbloN aurW nw AWvdw ey[

A letter dated 12 May 1834 from Maharaja Ranjit Singh to captain Wade Political agent Ludhiana states: 99

By the grace of God at present auspecious moment I have been delighted by the arrival of happy news. The Barkzai Sardars destitute of foresight had arrived at the the dawn of the day with about 12000 horses and foot inhostility against my troops. Kanwar Nau-Nihal Singh took spear in his hand and prepared to oppose them with great presence of mind in concert with Hari Singh Nalwa and Mr. Court with a discharge of artillary and musketroy commenced . At length the Barkzais repinning at their timidity sought safety in flight and dispersed on all sides. Peshawar fell in the hands of officers of my Governmaent who extended their protection to the inhabitants of that place and their property. In the evening there was illumination in the city which was hailed both by Hindus and Muslims of the country as the harbinger of their deliverance from the hands of their tyrants. The victory of Peshawar is one of the greatest of the Sikh Raj and it was mostly due to generalship and boldness of Sardar Hari Singh Nalwa. (NAI/ SPC 2: 12: 1834: 61) Bwv 12 meI 1834 nUM ijhVw p`qr mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG v`loN kYptn vyf (eyjMt luiDAwxw) nUM iliKAw igAw aus dy Sbd sn: r`bI ikRpw sdkw ies suBwgSwlI Aqy kilAwxkwrI smyN mYN KuSI BrI ^br sux ky bhuq AnMdq hW[ bwrkzeI srdwrW dI dirMdgI qy hIxqw kwrn svyr smyN 12 hzwr GoV svwr Aqy ipAwidAW ny swfy sYinkW nwl mwVw slUk kIqw[ kMvr nO inhwl ny nyjw pkV ky hrI isMG nlUAw nwl imstr kort dy qopKwny Aqy hor Asly dI vrqoN kr ky hoS hvws nwl jdoN hmlw kIqw qW buzidl Aqy frpok bwrkzeI Awpxy bcw leI ij`Dr rsqw imilAw dOV gey[ myry A&srW ny pSOr nUM kwbU kr ky au~Qy dy lokW dIAW izMdgIAW Aqy dOlq nUM bcwieAw[ Swm dy 100

smyN Sihr AMdr dIp mwlw kIqI geI[ ihMdU Aqy muslmwnW ny ies kwrvweI nUM slwihAw ikauNik auh iehnW dy zulmW qoN bc gey[ pSOr dI ij`q is`K rwj dI sB qoN mhwn ij`q hY Aqy ies dw swrw ishrw jrnYl hrI isMG nlUAw nUM jWdw hY[ (AY~n ey AweI/AY~s pI sI 2: 12:1834-61) ipSwvr dI ij`q auprMq Agly swl bsMq ru`qy mhwrwjw swihb ie`Qy pDwry Aqy swrw rwj pRbMD dyK ky srdwr nlUAw dI BwrI SlwGw kIqI[ aunHW ie`k v`fw drbwr kIqw ijs iv`c ielwky dy reIsW, ^wnW Awid ny KuSI KuSI nzrwnw srkwr nUM id`qw[ ies bdly Syir-ey-pMjwb ny iehnW nUM jwgIrW b^SIAW ijhVIAW bwjy Grwxy dy bMidAW pws hoqI mrdwn jI dy smyN q`k vI hwsl sn[ kuJ smW bIqx ip`CoN srdwr nlUAw nUM ^br imlI ik AmIr dosq muhMmd Kwn bwrkzeI kwbl iv`c hY[ ieh ipSwvr hiQAwaux leI &yr BwrI jMgI iqAwrIAW kr irhw hY[ ieh jhwd dw nW dy ky drw KYbr kol phuMc igAw[ BwvyN ieh pihlW vI do vwr hzwry Aqy nuSihry dIAW lVwieAW AMdr hwr Kw ky dOV igAw sI pr Ajy vI hMkwr mn 'coN nhIN sI igAw[ srdwr hrI isMG twkry leI qihkwl bwlw dy mYdwn iv`c phuMc gey Aqy ipSwvr vwly swry rsqy bMd kr id`qy[ 11 meI 1835 nUM nmwz pVH ky muhMmd Kwn ny isMGW qy v`fw hmlw kIqw[ ies vwr ieh isMGW dy dMd K`ty krn dy joS iv`c sI[ &OjI lSkr Aqy Aslw vI ies pws bhuq sI[ bVw iBAwnk Xu`D iCV igAw[ dohW pwisAW dy sUrmy jwn qoV ky lV rhy sn[ pr hrI isMG ny jMg dI AYsI ivauNq bxweI ik muhMmd Kwn Aqy aus dI &Oj nUM pUrI qrHW Gyrw pw ilAw[ swrw idn jMg huMdI rhI[ idn smyN isMGW dI mwr peI dyK rwq smyN hnHyry iv`c ieh kwbl v`l dOV igAw[ &Oj dw v`fw nukswn krw ky AYsw dOiVAw muV ipSwvr v`l mUMh nhIN kIqw[ 101

rwj pRbMD ipSwvr dw ielwkw AiqAMq gVbVI vwlw hox krky ie`Qy dw pRbMD clwaux koeI sOKI g`l nhIN sI[ mhwrwjy ny srdwr nlUAw nUM ieQy bhuq swvDwnI nwl c`lx leI AwiKAw[ kudrqI dyx kr ky hrI isMG bhuq hI suXog, dUrdrSI, KulH iKAwlI Aqy audwric`q pRbMDk sI[ ij`Qy ieh nrm idl Aqy duKIAW dw drd vMd sI, auQy p`Qr idl, duSmx dy nkyl pwaux vwlw vI sI[ ies sMbMDI kwdrXwr dy bol ieM\ hn: Al& Aw ipSwvr dy iv`c Xwro, hrI isMG hux rwj kmwaux l`gw[ gzb nwk A&gwn p`ky, iv`coN sUeI dy n`ky lMGwaux l`gw[ nwl nok-sMgIn mhIn kr ky, dyKo AwpxI eIn mnwaux l`gw[ kwdrXwr dlyrI dy kMm kr ky, nwm Awpxw roSn krwaux l`gw[

swry ielwky dw dOrw kr ky pihlW lokW dIAW mu`K sm`isAwvW bwry srdwr nlUAw ny jwixAw[ ipSwvr dw ksbw do ih`isAW iv`c vMifAw hoieAw sI[ ie`k ih`sw kwbl dirAw dy s`jy pwsy A&rIdI Aqy Ktk phwVIAW nUM jw imldw sI Aqy dUjw Atk q`k jWdw sI[ ieh iqkonI Skl iv`c dirAw dy dUjy bMny bwVw Aqy ^Ybr dIAW phwVIAW nUM jw lgdw sI[ ieh swrw ielwkw pwxI dI hoNd kr ky Aqy cMgI zmIn kr ky bhuq aupjwaU sI[ ipSwvr dy d`Kx iv`c is`KW dI kuJ vsoN sI ijs dw bUtw sRI gurU nwnk dyv jI ny lwieAw sI[

mwSy) dy brwbr huMdw sI[ ihMdUAW (kw&rW) aup`r ieh bhuq v`fw Bwr hI nhIN sI sgoN ies dy auqwrn smyN ie`zq vI rolI jWdI sI[ bwdSwh dy hukm Anuswr hr ihMdU bwlg nUM Awp hwzr ho ky ieh tYks dyxw pYNdw sI[ ieM\ juAwn muMifAW nUM dyK ky aunHW qoN ieh mugl GrW iv`c bygwrW krwauNdy sn Aqy suMdr DIAW, BYxW, nUhW nUM D`ky nwl iljw ky Awpxy GrW dw kMm krWauNdy sn Aqy aunHW dI iezq lu`tdy sn[ ijhVw ieh jzIAw nhIN sI auqwrdw aus nUM sKq sjw id~qI jWdI sI[ srdwr nlvw ny sB qoN pihlW AwpxI gvrnrI smyN ihMdU BrwvW dw jzIAw ^qm kIqw[ ^jwny iv`c ies Gwty dI pUrqI leI muglW dy hryk Gr qy 4 rupey pRqI Gr 'iKrwj' auhnW aup`r lgw id`qw[ swrI pYdwvwr dw pMjvW ih`sw mwmly vjoN srkwr nUM jWdw sI[ hoqI mrdwn, pRym isMG jI dI ilKq muqwbk 1221630 rupey swlwnw srkwr nUM hyT ilKy pMj prgixAw qoN pRwpq huMdw sI[ 1.

prgxw muhMmd mlk AmIn aulw Kwn

ielwkw KlIl Arbwb muhMmd Kwn

prgxw dwauzeI-suMdr dws gopwl dw, ipSOrIAw

prgxw ^wlsw-pbI, Akrpurw sweIN id`qw m`l, ipSOrIAw

prgxw hSq ngr-srdwr sYd muhm M d ^wn Aqy sulqwn muhm M d ^wn bwrkzeI[ (ieh iehnW nUM guzwry leI jwgIr vjoN sI)

muglW dI GxI v`soN kr ky ivcwry ihMdU qW gulwmI vwlw jIvn bqIq kr rhy sn[ AorMgzyb bwdSwh (pUrw nwm- AbzPr muhIEudIn muhMmd AorMgzyb sI Aqy AwlmgIr ies dw iKqwb sI) ny 1658 iv`c ihMdUAW qy 'jjIAw' lgw id`qw sI[ ies tYks leI hr ihMdU bwlk (18 swl dI aumr qoN v`fy) nUM ie`k 'dInwr' hr swl dyxw pYNdw sI[ ieh dInwr sony dy is`ky nUM kihMdy sn, ijs dw qol 32 r`qIAW (cwr

hrI isMG ny pihly hwkmW nwloN mwmly dy ryt kwPI Gtw id`qy sn[ fwktr cOpVw ny AwpxI ilKq (The Punjab as a Soverign State dy pMnw 130) iv`c iliKAw hY ik mwmlw Gtwaux dy nwl ijmIdwrW nUM hor vI bhuq shUlqW id`qIAW[ srdwr swihb ny bwV Aqy kwbl dirAw iv`coN keI nihrW isMjweI leI kFweIAW[ munSI Swhwmq AlI (The Sikhs and Afgan dy s&w 201 qy ilKdw hY ik jd AsIN 13 mwrc nUM cmknI (ipSwvr) phuMcy qW keI nihrW dyKIAW

102

103

prgxw muhMmd mlk AmIn aulw Kwn

ielwkw KlIl Arbwb muhMmd Kwn

prgxw dwauzeI-suMdr dws gopwl dw, ipSOrIAw

prgxw ^wlsw-pbI, Akrpurw sweIN id`qw m`l, ipSOrIAw

prgxw hSq ngr-srdwr sYd muhm M d ^wn Aqy sulqwn muhm M d ^wn bwrkzeI[ (ieh iehnW nUM guzwry leI jwgIr vjoN sI)

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ijhVIAW bwV Awid dirAwvW iv`coN k`FIAW geIAW sn[ Syir-eypMjwb ny KuS ho ky srdwr nlUAw nUM bhuq mwx id`qw Aqy ipSwvr iv`c vI Awpxy nwm dw is`kw(zrb) clwaux leI AwiKAw[ srdwr ny ijhVw is`kw clwieAw aus dy ie`k rupey dw Bwr 135 gRyn (swFy 8 mwSy) sI[ hoqI mrdwn ilKdy hn ik sMn 1937 iv`c vI lwhOr dy Ajwieb Gr iv`c srdwr hrI isMG dw ipSOrI tkswl dw is`kw mOjUd sI[ hrI isMG dI gvrnrI smyN ipSwvr iv`c mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG dy v`fy pu`qr nO inhwl isMG dy nwm qy vI is`kw c`ilAw ijs nUM nO inhwl isMGI is`kw kihMdy sn[ ieh cWdI dw is`kw sI[ ies is`ky dy dohIN pwsIN ibkRmI 1891 aukirAw hoieAw sI[ ieh is`kw 18 ipSwvrI Awny dy brwbr sI Aqy ies dw Bwr 124-130 gRynz sI[ pr hrI isMG vwlw is`kw 15 ipSwvrI Awny dy brwbr sI Aqy ies dw Bwr 170 gRynz sI (16 gRynz dw Bwr ie`k mwSy dy brwbr huMdw hY)[ ipSwvr iv`c nwnk SwhI is`kw vI c`ldw sI jo 24 ipSwvrI Awny dy brwbr sI Aqy Bwr iv`c 170-172 gRynz sI[ ipSwvrI culnI jW rupeIAw 16 Awny dw sI[ nwnk SwhI dy 100 rupey dw mu`l kwbl dy 113, pySwvr dy 122, nO inhwl dy 133 Aqy hrI isMG dy 160 rupey dy brwbr sI[ bVI hI Ascrz g`l ieh sI ik hrI isMG dI mOq dy sO swl ip`CoN vI 15 pRqISq mwmlw hrI isMG dy rupey nwl c`l irhw sI (vnIq nlUAw)

&OjI pRbMD bwhrI hmilAW qoN bcwA leI Aqy hmlwAwvrW dw twkrw krn leI keI ikilHAW dI auswrI krvweI[ iehnW iv`coN jmrOd (&iqhgVH) dw iklHw ie`k sI[ srdwr hrI isMG ny 17 AkqUbr 1836 vwly idn v`fw &OjI iek`T kr ky Ardws krw ky jmrOd dy iklHy dI nINh Awpxy h`Q nwl r`KI Aqy qkrIbn do mhIinAW iv`c ies dI iqAwrI mukMml krw id`qI[ ij`Qy ieh iklHw bxvwieAw au~Qy pihlW Qyh qy ie`k k`cI gVHI bxI hoeI sI[ Aqy ies nUM jmrOd dI gVHI kihMdy sI Aqy ipMf lwgy v`fI mwqrw iv`c pwxI mOjUd sI[ pSqo iv`c pwxI dy iek`T nUM rOd kihMdy hn[ ieM\ jMm+rOd qoN ies jgHw dw nW jmrOd pY igAw sI[ ieh pwxI drw ^Ybr qoN AwauNdw sI[ dUr idRStI qoN kMm lY ik srdwr ny pwxI dy pRbD M leI iklHy AMdr ie`k KUh vI KudvwieAw[ ies qoN ielwvw ipSwvr Aqy jmrOd dy ivckwr ie`k Cotw burj hrI isMG vI bxvwieAw[ hoqI mrdwn jI AwpxI pusqk jo auhnW 1937 iv`c ilKI iv`c ilKdy hn ik ieh iklHw Ajy vI mOjUd hY Aqy ies iv`c pulIs dw Qwxw hY[ iehnW ikilHAW iv`c &OzI qopKwnw Aqy loVINdw jMgI j^Irw rKvwieAw[ ienHW ikilHAW qy ^wlsy dy inSwn swihb JULdy sn[ iehnW inSwnW nUM q`k mugl BwvyN kcIcIAW v`tdy sn pr ^wlsy nwl m`Qw lwaux qoN aunHW dy idl dihldy sn[

AwvwjweI dy swDnW leI sVkW dw vI inrmwx krwieAw[ nySnl AwrcIvz Aw& ieMfIAw (nvIN id`lI) dI &OirMn pulItIkl knsltySn 1836 dy pMnw 32 qy iliKAw hY ik is`K rwj ny ipSwvr dI mMdhwlI nUM dUr kr id`qw, cwry pwsy hirAwlI ho geI, KuShwlI Cw geI Aqy prjw suBwgSwlI ho geI[ ies dw v`fw kwrn ieh sI ik Amn Amwn kr ky bhuq swry ihMdU vpwrI Aqy SwhUkwr ie`Qy Aw vsy ijs kwrn vpwr bhuq vDx l`igAw[

rwj AMdr SWqI dI bhwlI leI AYsy kwnUMn bxwey gey ik koeI iksy nwl D`kw-SwhI nw kry, julm nw Fwh sky, dgw-&ryb nw kry Aqy lu`t-Ksu`t qoN bcwA rhy[ iehnW kwnUMnW AMdr drz hI nhIN kIqw sgoN iehnW nUM lwgU kIqw[ aus vyly hukm sI ik ijhVw iksy nwl vYrivroD krygw ibn pu`C aus nUM ijauNdy hI A`g iv`c swV id`qw jwvygw[ ies kwrn BwvyN koeI kwnUMn dI Av`igAw G`t hI krdw sI pr ijhVw mwVI motI glqI kwrn pkiVAw jWdw sI auh dovyN h`Q joV ky Aqy DrqI qy n`k nwl lkIrW k`F ky hoey zurm qoN srdwrW koloN Cu`tx leI muAw&I mMgdw sI[ ie`QoN q`k vI q`Q mOjUd hn ik glqI qoN bKSx

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leI kurwn dI sONh mugl KWdy sI[ sIqw rwm ny AwpxI kwiv rcnw iv`c kwnUMn bwry ieM\ iliKAw hY: swry hI ielwky iv`c k`iFAw kwnUn M ie`k,kry jo lVweI PUk idMdy nhIN J`k dy[ A`g pwsoN fr pTwx jwx bIs kos, h`Q joV k`Fdy lkIrW nwl n`k dy[ lVWgy nw muV ky duhweI A`lw pwk dI hY,Kwx v`fy sugD M qy kurwn pey c`k dy[ sIqw rwm m`c geI duhweI hrI isMG vwlI, mwr mwr mugl aufwey vWg P`k dy[

is`K rwj AMdr cMgy pRbMDW bwry jwnx leI brqwnIAW dI AMgryzI srkwr ny lwrf mYkwly nUM ByijAw sI ijs ny 1835 iv`c swry pMjwb dw dOrw kIqw[ aus ny swry rwj nUM dyKx auprMq ieMglYNf phuMc ky pwrlImYNt iv`c ieh BwSx id`qw sI[ I have travelled across the length and bredth of Punjab (India) and have not seen one person who is a thief, such high moral values, people of such calibre that I do not think we would even conquer this country, unless break the very back bone of this nation, which is her spirtitual and cultural heritage? 'Bwv mYN Bwrq dy pMjwb iv`c dUr-drwfy q`k iPr qur ky dyiKAw hY, mYN au~Qy koeI mMgqw nhIN dyiKAw Aqy nw hI koeI cor dyiKAw hY[lokW dw bhuq hI au~cw-su`cw ikrdwr, ieKlwk Aqy hYsIAq idKw rhI hY ik aus dyS nUM ij`qxw auqnw icr muSkl l`g irhw hY ijqnw icr q`k aus kOm dI ip`T qy Drm (gurU) dw b`iJAw ivSvwS nhIN qoV idMdy[ ieh auhnW dw Awqmk qy rUhwnI joS Aqy s`iBAwcwr vwlw ivrsw drsw irhw hY[

hY[ iehnW ny mMinAW ik hrI isMG ny iBAMkr Aqy zwlm pTwxW nUM kwbU krI r`iKAw[ BwvyN AMgryzW nUM ipSwvr dy AwLy-duAwly hrI isMG v`loN auswry bhuq iklHy iml gey sn pr pKqUnW ny AMgryzW dy pYr nhIN l`gx id`qy[ ieiqhwsk q`QW nUM GoK ky dyKIey qW is`KW ny muglW vWg nw qW iksy qy zulm hI Fwhy Aqy nw hI k`tV pMQkqw idKweI[ pr iehnW A&gwnW dy idlW AMdr is`KW dw BwrI fr vD igAw sI[ Kws kr hrI isMG dy nW qoN qW ieh Qr Qr kMbdy sn[ ieh vI ieiqhwsk scweI hY ik mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG dy drbwr dw hor koeI srdwr ipSwvr v`l nUM mUMh nhIN sI krnw cwhuMdw[ gurU ikRpw sdkw Aqy r`bI bl kwrn kyvl hrI isMG hI ipSwvr iv`c Syr vWg buu`ikAw Aqy AMqly dm q`k ie`Qy dw kmWfr ien-cI& irhw[ ies dUly ny Awpxy Awp nUM bhwdr Aqy dYNq khwaux vwly muglW dy mUMh AYsy BMny ik dunIAW dI koeI v`fI qoN v`fI qwkq Ajy q`k Ajyhw nhIN kr skI[ hrI isMG dI sUrbIrqw bwry ie`k kvI dy ivcwr ieM\ hn: nlUey Syr ny muglW nUM vKq pwieAw, vYrI dlW dy QMmH iQVkw id`qy[ pSOr, mulqwn, ^Ybr d`ry vrgy, gVH muglW dy sUrmy Jukw id`qy[ sYNkVy swlW gulwmI dy dwg Do ky, is`K rwj dy JMfy Julw id`qy[

pTwxW dy ieiqhwskwr sr aurP ikrpYtirk kYroey Aqy brqwnIAW dy gvrnr ijhVy Bwrq dI AwzwdI jo 1947 iv`c imlI qoN pihlW ipSwvr ivKy swrI hwlq qy ingwh r`K rhy sI, iehnW dohW ny ipSwvr iv`c srdwr nlUAw v`loN kIqy kMmW dI BwrI SwlwGw kIqI 106

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6 jmrOd dI jMg Aqy sUry dw AMq AxKI , ihMmqI, dlyr Aqy inrBY XoDw muglW nUM llkwrdw Aqy vMgwrdw au~cw mnbol kr ky ^Ybr dI GwtI iv`c phuMc igAw[ d`rw ^Ybr jmrOd qoN SurU ho ky au~qr-p`Cm v`l au~cIAW phwVIAW iv`c dI ivMg vl KWdw 22 koh (33 mIl) lMbw qorKwm jw ky ^qm huMdw hY jo ik kwbl dI rwjDwnI hY[ ieh d`rw smuMdrI ql qoN 1070 mItr au~cw hY Aqy pwiksqwn-A&gwinsqwn nUM imlwauNdw hY[ bweIbl iv`c ies nUM pyS hybr iliKAw hoieAw hY[ ^Ybr d`ry iv`c dI lMGdy rsqy nUM suPyd koh kihMdy hn Aqy ieh purwqn smyN qoN m`D eySIAw Aqy d`KxI eySIAw dw vpwrk rsqw hY Aqy &OjI Xu`D klw dI ^ws jgHw hY[ ieiqhws muqwbk KYbr dw Sbd hYbrIaU qoN bixAw hY ijs dw Bwv hY iklHw, gVH jW mh`l[ ^Ybr Asl iv`c pSqo dw Sbd hY[ muhMmd gOrI, mihmUd gznvI, qYmUr lMg Aqy bwbr vrgy ies rsqy hI ihMdusqwn nUM lu`tx Awey Aqy 1526 qoN 1857 q`k mugl rwj kwiem kIqw[ ies auprMq ihMdusqwn qy nwdr Swh Aqy Aihmd Swh durwnI hmlwvr bx ky Awey[ iehnW hmilAW iv`c A&gwnW ny ihMdusqwn jo sony dI icVI AKvwauNdw sI nUM KUb lu`itAw, ieQoN dI sMsikRqI qbwh kr id`qI Aqy bhU bytIAW dI iezq lu`t ky aunHW nUM tky tky iv`c gznI dy bzwrW AMdr vyicAw[ is`K rwj smyN kudrq v`loN Byjy sUrmy hrI isMG nlUAw ny isMG XoiDAW nwl iehnW A&gwnW dy mUMh AYsy BMny ik ^Ybr rwhIN Awaux vwly hmlwvrW ny muV ieDr nUM mUMh nhIN kIqw[

ho sky[ brqwnIAW dIAW &OjW dw ie`k mYNbr jwrj molzvrQ ijs ny 1919 dI jMg lVI auh ilKdw hY: Every stone in the Khyber has been soaked in blood. Bwv ^Ybr dw hr p`Qr KUn nwl iB`ijAw hoieAw hY[ ^Ybr pws rwhIN lMGx vwly qoN ie`QoN dy hwkm tYks lYNdy sn[ ieh tYks iehnW dI Awmdn dw mu`K swDn sI[ AMgryzW ny ^Ybr pws dI sVk dy nwl pihly sMswr mhW Xu`D (1914-18) ip`CoN ryl ptVI bxweI[ dUjy sMswr Xu`D (1938-45) smyN AMgryzW ny ^Ybr dI sVk qy v`fIAW Aqy mjbUq pQrIlIAW rukwvtW bxw id`qIAW qW ik jrmn vwly tYNkW rwhIN Bwrq qy hmlw nw kr dyx[ sMn 2001 qoN AmrIkw, brqwnIAW Aqy kYnyfw dIAW &OjW dI m`dd nwl A&gwinsqwn iv`c jUJ irhw hY pr Ajy q`k qwlIbwnW nUM dbwaux iv`c As&l hY[ iehnW &O j I qwkqW nwto Po r sz (NATO-North Atlantic Treaty Organisation) dw Bojn Aqy jMgI smwn bhuqw ^Ybr pws rwhIN hI pwiksqwn qoN A&gwinsqwn jWdw sI[ pr hux AmrIkw dI pwiksqwn nwl ivgVI hox kr ky pwiksqwn vwilAW ny ies qy rok lweI hoeI sI[

is`K rwj auprMq AMgryz ikauNik ihMdusqwn Aqy pMjwb qy kwbz ho gey sn[ iehnW ny A&gwnW nwl iqMn jMgW 1838-42, 187880 Aqy 1919 iv`c, iehnW nUM dbwaux leI lVIAW pr kwmXwb nw

srdwr nlUAw v`loN ipSwvr qoN jmrOd q`k keI iklHy bnwaux kr ky Aqy iehnW iv`c is`K &OjI v`fy Asly sihq qwienwq krwaux kr ky kwbl kMbx l`g ipAw[ AmIr dosq muhMmd ^wn iqMn vwr is`KW qoN mwr Kwx ip`CoN Awp qW muV isMG srdwr nwl m`Qw lwaux qoN iJjkdw sI[ies ny A&gwnW nUM duhweI pweI ik jykr Awpxw bcwA cwhuMdy ho qW ieslwm dw vwsqw jhwd leI iqAwr hovy[ mYN Awpxy pMjy pu`qrW (muhMmd A&jl ^wn, muhMmd Akbr ^wn, gulwm hYdr ^wn, muhMmd Awzm ^wn Aqy muhMmd Akrm ^wn) nUM kOm dI r`iKAw leI sONp irhw hW[ ieh pMjy kOm leI jwnW vwrn leI iqAwr hn[ dosq muhMmd ^wn dI ieh pukwr sux ky A&gwinsqwn qoN vgYr ibjOV,

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is`K rwj auprMq AMgryz ikauNik ihMdusqwn Aqy pMjwb qy kwbz ho gey sn[ iehnW ny A&gwnW nwl iqMn jMgW 1838-42, 187880 Aqy 1919 iv`c, iehnW nUM dbwaux leI lVIAW pr kwmXwb nw

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kuMnV Awid dy ielwikAW qoN BwrI igxqI iv`c jhwdI kwbl phuMcx l`gy[ ieM\ &OjW nUM A`lw dIAW ksmW kro jW mro KuAw ky ies ny ApRYl dy SurU iv`c ipSwvr v`l iklHw &qih gVH (jmrOd) Aqy hsq ngr v`l qor id`qIAW[ iehnW &OjW dI AgvweI ies dy pMjy pu`qr Aqy imrjw Abdul s`mI ^wn Aqy dosq muhMmd ^wn kr rhy sn[ srdwr hrI isMG aus smyN sumyr gVH (bwlw ihswr) iv`c sI[ &qih gVH dw iklHw jmrOd dy au~qr v`l 11 mIl dI dUrI qy ^Ybr dy mu`K qy hY[ jdoN hI srdwr swihb nUM ieh mulK`eIAw cVH ky Awaux dI ^br imlI qW ieh cukMny ho gey Aqy Syir-ey-pMjwb nUM hor &Oj Byjx leI p`qr ilK Byjy[ ie`k qW aunHI idnI kMvr nO inhwl isMG dI SwdI hox krky mhwrwjw swihb lwhOr iv`c SwdI dy kMmW 'c ru`Jy hoey sn[ dUjw, iDAwn isMG fogrw srdwr nlUAw nUM v`fy AhuidAW dy imlx kr ky AMdr Kwqy hrI isMG nwl Kwr KWdw sI Aqy idl dw Kotw sI ijs kwrn ies ny ByjIAw ic`TIAW d`bI r`KIAW Aqy mhwrwjw q`k phuMcx nw id`qIAW[ qIjw, kwPI B`j n`T kwrn srdwr nlUAw bImwr ho gey[

28 ApRYl vwly idn A&gwnW ny iklHy v`l qopW dy goly vrswauxy SurU kr id`qy[ jdoN bhwdr srdwr mhW isMG ny A&gwnW nUM hwQIAW vWg dhwVdy iklHy v`l v`fI igxqI iv`c AwauNdy q`ikAw qW isMGW ny vI qopW dy goly dwgxy SurU kr id`qy[ dohW pwisAW qoN qVw qV golIAW c`lxIAW SurU ho geIAW[ isMGW dI igxqI BwvyN Awty 'c lUx dy brwbr sI pr rx-BUmI AMdr ieh gurU klgIDr dy nwhry 'svw lwK sy eyk lVwaUN' nUM mn iv`c vsw ky jUJy[ swrw idn golIAW nwl DrqI kMbdI rhI, Asmwn 'c grz pYNdI rhI pr isMG sUrmy isdk nwl lVy Aqy nw foly[ bhuq swry sUrmy pRwx iqAwg gey[ srdwr AjYb isMG rMDwvw dlyrI nwl lVdw hoieAw c`l visAw[ ies dI mOq nwl isMGW dy dl nUM v`fw Gwtw ipAw[ SwmW pY geIAW, lVweI bMd ho geI Aqy dohW qr&W ny Awpxy P`tV hoey Aqy imRqk juAwnW nUM sMBwilAw[

imrjw s`mI ^wn jo dosq muhMmd ^wn dI slqnq dw nwieb sI Aqy jMg dy pRbMD Aqy kwrnwimAW p`KoN bVw pRis`D sI[ ies ny 15 ApRYl 1837 nUM AwpxI &Oj do BwgW iv`c vMf ky ^wlsy dy ^wqmy leI qor id`qI[ ie`k ih`sy iv`c 30 hjwr &Oj, qopW sxy d`rw ^Ybr v`l kUc kr ky AweI Aqy dUjy ih`sy dy 10 hzwr &OjIAW smyq SMkrgVH Aqy imcnI qy Dwvw krn leI c`l peI[ ies qoN ielwvw nwl lgdy A&rIdI kbIilAW nUM ies jMg iv`c Swml hox leI pRyirAw Aqy iehnW nUM kwPI Dn vI vMifAw[ ieh hmlw iehnW ny ieh Byd jwx ky ik ^wlsw &Oj ies Kyqr iv`c bhuq G`t hY Aqy hrI isMG nlUAw bImwr ipAw hY Aqy jmrOd dy iklHy iv`c nhIN hY bVI qyzI nwl kIqw[

dUjy idn vI swry CwqIAW fwh ky lVy[ vYrI vwr vwr iklHy v`l AMDw-DuMd goly vrHw ky AMdr jwx dI koiSS kr irhw sI[ iehnW ny d`rw ^Ybr dy k`Ty (nwly) dw pwxI, ijhVw iklHy AMdr vrqoN leI jWdw sI, auh bMd kr id`qw Aqy cwry pwsy AYsw Gyrw pwieAw ik bwhroN koeI m`dd nw iml sky[ srdwr mhW isMG ny siqgurW nUM iDAw ky bVI joSIlI Awvwz iv`c AwiKAw, isMGo! swfI ShIdI dy pl nyVy Aw rhy hn[ jo siqgurU nUM Bwvygw auhI hovygw, hOslw r`K ky pUry qwx nwl mukwblw kro[ ieh Sbd sux ky isMGW ny AYsw golIAW dw mINh vrHwieAw ik mugl A`lw A`lw krdy jwnW lkox l`gy[ srdwr SmSyr isMG ASok muqwbk 800 qoN vI G`t isMGW ny 30 hjwr qoN v`D pTwx, jo v`fy it`fI dl dI inAweIN sn, nwl pUrw idn mukwblw kIqw[ rwq ho geI Aqy golwbwrI vI m`Dm ho geI[ lMgr pwxI C`kx auprMq ivcwr kIqI ik bwhrI m`dd leI koeI aupwA krIey[ keI isMG sunyhw phuMcwaux leI iqAwr ho gey Aqy kuJ iklHy dI FhI PsIl Brn l`g pey qW ik vYrI AMdr nw Aw vVy[

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jmrOd dI jMg

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jmrOd dI jMg

bIbI hrSrn kOr dI dlyrI iksy isMG nUM m`dd leI sMdyS ipSwvr phuMcwaux leI ivcwr c`l hI rhI sI ik bIbI hrSrn kOr qy aus dw pqI jo Ajy QoVHw smW pihlW hI AMimRqpwn kr ky ^wlsw sjy sn, phuMc gey[ bIbI ny AwiKAw, ^wlsw jI! iklHy AMdr jMg leI iek`ly iek`ly isMG dI bhuq loV hY[ mYN srdwr mhW isMG jI dw p`qr srdwr nlUAw nUM phuc M wvWgI[ keI isMGW ny AwiKAw, BYx AsIN qYnUM qorn dy h`k iv`c nhIN hW[ dunIAW Awaux vwly smyN 'c kI AwKygI ik koeI isMG nhIN igAw, ie`k lVkI nUM Byj id`qw[ pr bIbI hrSrn kOr ny ikhw, isMG!o myrI pMQ A`gy bynqI hY ik ieh syvw mYnUM bKSI jwvy[ jykr muglW ny mYnUM pkV vI ilAw qW bypqI krwaux dI bjwey kurbwnI dy dvWgI[ ieh Sbd sux ky isMGW AMdr AYsw joS TwTW mwrn l`igAw ik jMg AMdr jUJ mrn leI KUn KOlx l`g ipAw[ bIbI hrSrn kOr ny A&rIdxW dw vys Dwrn kr ilAw Aqy p`qr lY ky rwqo rwq ipSwvr jw pu`jI[ pihrydwrW qoN AwigAw lY ky p`qr srdwr nlUAw nUM pkVwieAw[ p`qr iv`c AMikq sI siqkwr Xog srdwr jI! myrw idl nhIN sI krdw ik bImwrI dI hwlq iv`c quhwnUM qMg krW, pr hwlwq h`QoN bwhr hox kr ky pMQ dI Awn, Swn Aqy cVHdI klHw leI ibnY p`qr ByijAw hY[ mn iv`c ies g`l dI qV& hY ik ikqy &qih gVH iklHw swfIAW kurbwnIAW ip`CoN im`tI iv`c nw iml jwvy[ kOm dI ie`zq dw svwl hY[ ^wlsy dy JMfy dI koeI bypqI nw kr dvy[ ieh idl tuMbvNy Sbd p`qr qoN pVH ky nlUey Syr dy srIr dw AMg AMg &rk au~iTAw, A`KW 'c lhU auq`r AwieAw Aqy srIr iv`coN mwno A`g dy Crwry inklx l`gy[ AwpxI bImwrI nUM A`KoN proKy kr ky pMQ dI jwn qy mwl dI r`iKAw mu`K r`K ky h`Q SsqrW qy cly gey[ &Oj nUM qyzI nwl jmrOd v`l jwx dy audyS dy id`qy[ srdwr swihb ny bIbI hrSrn kOr dI dlyrI nUM bhuq slwihAw Aqy bIbI dI idKweI byimswl 112

bhwdrI nUM mu`K rKidAW l`K l`K DMnvwd kIqw[ ipSwvr qoN c`lx smyN jmrOd dI pqlI hwlq bwry srdwr nlUAw ny lwhOr v`l p`qr ilK ByijAw Aqy jldI &Oj Byjx dI qwkId kIqI[

mhwrwj dw iDAwn isMG fogry nwl lohw lwKw hoxw srdwr nlUAw ny jmrOd dI nwzk hwlq bwry ijhVy cwr p`qr m`dd leI Syir-ey-pMjwb nUM Byjy sn Aqy qurMq &Oj Byjx leI iliKAw sI aunHW bwry vI Byjy gey p`qr iv`c vyrvw pw id`qw[ srkwr ny iDAwn isMG fogrw nUM srdwr v`loN Byjy p`qrW dI jwxkwrI vyly isr nw dyx kr ky bhuq JwV pweI[ Asl iv`c iDAwn isMG nhIN sI cwhuMdw ik hrI isMG jlwlwbwd Aqy kwbl qy ij`q pRwpq kry[ aus dy idl iv`c sI ik jykr hrI isMG ny ieh ij`qW ij`q leIAW qW mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG dI mOq ip`CoN hrI isMG nlUAw is`K rwj dw mwlk bx jwvygw[ hrI isMG dI Shwdq qoN auprMq mhwrwjw ny gu`sy iv`c Aw ky iDAwn isMG dIAW l`qW qy gVvw mwirAw sI[ aus nUM AwiKAw myrIAW A`KW qoN prHy ho jw[ qUM mnhUs bMdw hY[ kwdrXwr ny AwpxI kwiv rcnw iv`c ies g`l dw izkr ieM\ kIqw hY[ gYn gu`sy nwl mhwrwj Xwro, gVvw mwry vzIr dI tMg au~qy[ AwKy dUr ho jw myrI A`KW QIN, kuJ Pwiedw nhIN qyry sMg au~qy[ pihly ^br nw kIqyo mUl mYnUM, &OjW G`ldw m`dd nUM jMg au~qy[ kwdrXwr Aw d`isAw aus vyly, jdoN s`t Aw peI ey jMg au~qy[

srdwr nlUAw dI jmrOd v`l cVHweI srdwr hrI isMG 1000 GoV svwr, 6000 pYdl ispwhI Aqy 6000 hor XoDy, qopKwnw Aqy jMgI swzo smwn lY ky jmrOd v`l hnHyrI 113

bhwdrI nUM mu`K rKidAW l`K l`K DMnvwd kIqw[ ipSwvr qoN c`lx smyN jmrOd dI pqlI hwlq bwry srdwr nlUAw ny lwhOr v`l p`qr ilK ByijAw Aqy jldI &Oj Byjx dI qwkId kIqI[

srdwr nlUAw dI jmrOd v`l cVHweI srdwr hrI isMG 1000 GoV svwr, 6000 pYdl ispwhI Aqy 6000 hor XoDy, qopKwnw Aqy jMgI swzo smwn lY ky jmrOd v`l hnHyrI 113

dI qrHW igAw[ isMGW dy Awaux dI ^br sux ky iklHy ivcly isMGW dy mUMhW qy ij`Qy lwlIAW cVH geIAW au~Qy pTwxW dy ichry au~qr gey Aqy idlW 'c fol pYx l`gy[ ie`Qy phuMc ky srdwr ny &Oj nUM iqMn ih`isAW iv`c pTwxW nUM Gyrn leI vMf id`qw[ ie`k ih`sw Awpxy pws, dUjw bhwdr srdwr inDwn isMG pMj h`Qw (nuSihry dI jMg iv`c pMj pTwx ies qy tu`t ky pY gey[ ies ny AYsI bIrqw idKweI ik pMjW nUM SmSIr nwl ^qm kr id`qw sI) Syir-ey-pMjwb ny Kud ies nUM jUJidAW dyiKAw sI Aqy jMg auprMq pMj h`Qy dw iKqwb bKiSAw[ qIjw Bwg srdwr Amr isMG Kurd mjITIAw nUM sONipAw[

sUhIey ny ^br id`qI sI ik hrI isMG nlUAw qw bImwr ipAw hY[ Ajy ieh BwSx dy ky hitAw hI sI qW hrI isMG nlUAw &Oj smyq jYkwry gjwauNdy dgV dgV Aqy mwro mwr krdy rx-BumI iv`c Aw phuMcy[ isMGW ny mOq dI pRvwh nw kridAW pTwxW dy dlW iv`c vV ky AYsI qyg vwhI ik k`dUAW vWg iehnW dy isr lwh su`ty[ auDroN iklHy iv`coN isMGW ny qopW Aqy golIAW dI BwrI buCwV SurU kr id`qI[ jMg dw mYdwn lhUluhwn ho igAw[ pTwxW leI mwnoN prloN Aw geI[ jdoN suixAw ik nlUAw Aw phuMicAw hY qW s~mI Kwn dy pYrW hyToN zmIn inkl geI Aqy buKlw igAw[

jMg dy qIjy idn A&gwn qVkswr hI jmrOd dy iklHy AMdr jwx leI v`fy hmly dI iqAwrI iv`c sn[ s~mI ^wn ny hmlw krn qoN pihlW au~cI phwVI qy Klo ky qlvwr lihrwauNdIAW bhuq joSIlw BwSx Awpxy &OjIAW nUM id`qw[ srdwr sohx isMG sIql ny ieiqhws 'coN q`Q iek`qr kr ky kwiv rUp iv`c ies dw nkSw ieM\ ibAwinAw hY:

ies Gmswx dI jMg iv`c nvwb jbr KW burI qrHW jKmI ho igAw[ s`jy bMny srdwr inDwn isMG ny Akbr ^wn dy dsqy nwl t`kr lweI[ inDwn isMG dI SmSIr cldI dyK pTwxW iv`c AYsI qVQ`lI m`cI ik mwnoN hyTlI au~qy Aw if`gI[ lVdw lVdw Akbr ^wn mwirAw igAw[ srdwr Amr isMG ny A&jl ^wn Aqy muhMmd Awzm ^wn nUM AYsw BjwieAw ik aunHW ip`Cy muV ky nhIN dyiKAw[ ieqny nUM ie`k bhuq hI dlyr pTwx ny srdwr hrI isMG nUM llkwirAw Aqy aus nwl m`Qw lwaux leI ikhw[ pr pihly vwr iv`c hI auh srdwr nlUAw h`QoN mwirAw igAw[ jMg nwmw hrI isMG ikRq kwnH isMG bMgw iv`c drz hY:

mYN mYN mYN mYN mYN mYN mYN mYN mYN mYN

ksm kurwn dI KwvW, nwl eImwn dy[ gVH jmrOd dw FwvW, Kwk aufw idAW[ im`tI iv`c imlwvW, bwlw swr nUM[ imcnI qy hl vwhvW, swVW CwauxIAW[ A`g dlW iv`c lwvW, qygW bwl ky[ lhU dy iv`c nhwvW, v`ifAW XoiDAW[ r`q nwl vujU krwvW, AwpxI qyg dw[ isrW dy QVHy bxwvW, pVHW inmwj bih[ nwm inSwn imtwvW, j`g qoN is`K dw[ ieslwmI JMfy JulwvW, iv`c pMjwb dy[

eyk pTwx juAwn bfo, hrI isMG ko iqny llkwrXo[ Awin qbY iqMn vwr kIXo, kir Fwl ko Dwr ko vwr sMBwrXo[ mXwn qy kwF leI qb hI, bl Dwr ky iqs aupr mwrXo[ sIs ktXo ieh Taur pirXo, jYsy bylih qy kdUAw kt fwrXo[

s~mI ^wn ny ieh g`lW bVy hMkwr iv`c Aw ky kIqIAW[ ies nUM ies jMg dI ij`q dw p`kw Brosw ies leI sI ikauNik ies dI &Oj dy

Awpxy KwnW nUM jMg iv`c mrdy Aqy B`jdy dyK s~mI Kwn nUM bVw roh ciVHAw[ ieiqhwsk ilKqW dsdIAW hn ik ieh bhuq bhwdr Aqy zorwvr sI Aqy rx-BumI iv`c jd AwauNdw sI KlblI mcw idMdw sI[ jMg h`QoN jWdI dyK ies ny hrI isMG nlUey nUM vMgwirAw Aqy au~cI Awvwz iv`c AwiKAw bMdy nw mrvw, myry nwl do h`Q kr ky dyK[ ies

114

115

mYN mYN mYN mYN mYN mYN mYN mYN mYN mYN

s~mI ^wn ny ieh g`lW bVy hMkwr iv`c Aw ky kIqIAW[ ies nUM ies jMg dI ij`q dw p`kw Brosw ies leI sI ikauNik ies dI &Oj dy

114

115

dy kVkvyN bolW nUM sux ky srdwr nlUAw A`gy viDAw Aqy AwiKAw, s~mI ^wn! qUM qwkq prKxI hY qW Aw jw[ pry kr dy hor &OjIAW nUM[ pihly iqMn vwr qUM myry qy krIN jykr mYN bc igAw iPr mYN qyry qy vwr krWgw[ s~mI ^wn dy kIqy iqMny vwr hrI isMG ny pCwV id`qy[ s~mI ^wn! hux myrw vwr Awvygw iqAwr ho jw[ srdwr nlUey ny do DwrI KMfy nwl jdoN vwr kIqw qW ieh P`tV ho ky DrqI qy ifg ipAw[ srdwr dI Ku`lH -idlI dyKo dubwrw if`gy pey qy vwr nhIN kIqw[ sgoN s~mI ^wn dy swQI ispwhIAW nUM AwiKAw, Awpxy hIro nUM cu`k ky lY jwau[ ies dy j^mW qy mrHm p`tI kro[ ieM\ s~mI ^wn nUM j^mI hwlq iv`c dyK ky pTwx mYdwn coN dOVn l`g pey[ ieiqhwskwrW Anuswr dosq muhMmd dw Cotw pu`qr hYdr ^wn ijhVw pihlI vwr jMgy mYdwn iv`c AwieAw sI ies G`lU-Gwry nUM dyK cIkW mwrdw Aqy roNdw krlwauNdw bcwau bcwau dI rt lweI jw irhw sI[ AmIr dy dUjy pu`qr Akbr ^wn Aqy Akrm ^wn qW mOq qoN frdy phwVW dIAW klMdrW iv`c hI luky rhy[ mYsn Awpxy s&rnwmy (Jorney in Balochistan, Afganistan and Punjab Volume III, Page 384) iv`c ilKdw hY ik 30 ApRl Y nUM srdwr hrI isMG ny iehnW (AmIr dosq muhmMd ^wn) dI &Oz qy Dwvw krky ienHW swirAW nUM A`gy Dr ilAw[ ies mYdwn iv`c hrI isMG dy rswly ny A&gwnW dIAW 14 v`fIAW qopW qy kbzw kr ilAw[ iehnW ij`qIAW qopW iv`c koh iSkn nwmI qop ieiqhws iv`c bVI pRis`D mMnI geI sI[ ies jMg AMdr hrI isMG dy v&wdwr Aqy ijgrI dosq nvwb Arvwb muhMmd ^wn qihkwl nUM ie`k pTwx ny nlUey dIAW A`KW swmHxy golIAW nwl aufw id`qw[ srdwr swihb ny jdoN Awpxw ieh im`qr qVP qV& ky mrdw dyiKAw qW bVy joS 'c Aw ky AwpxI qlvwr nwl aus pTwx nUM f`kry f`kry kr id`qw[ ieM\ ipAwry dosq pRqI p`kI im`qrqw dw sbUq id`qw[ 116

A&gwnI &Oj burI qrHW hwr Kw ky d`rw ^Ybr v`l dOV geI[ srdwr hrI isMG dI idlI ie`Cw sI ik iehnW dw ip`Cw nw kIqw jwvy Aqy isMG Awrwm kr lYx[ is`K &Oj keI idnW dI lVdI lVdI kw&I Q`k-tu`t geI sI[ pr hoxI nUM jo mMnjUr sI auh hoxw sI[

mhwn jrnYl dw AMq jMg iv`c qW hr sUrmw isr qy k`Pn bMnH ky qurdw hY[ mn iv`c sUrmy ij`q leI A`gy nUM hI vDdy hn Aqy mOq dI pRvwh nhIN krdy[ ^ws kr Drm nUM bcwaux leI Drm Xu`D iv`c Aqy grIb dI r`iKAw leI auh Awpxy Awp nUM kurbwn krn leI idRV huMdy hn[ is`K nUM qW gurU ny is`iKAw hI ieh id`qI hY[ jYsy kbIr jI PrmwauNdy hn: sUrw so pihcwnIAY ju lrY dIn ky hyq] purjw purjw kt mrY kbhU nw CwfY Kyq] (1105) jo jIvn mrnw jwnY] so pMc sYl suK mwnY ] (655)

srdwr inDwn isMG pMj h`Qw joS iv`c Aw ky AwpxI &OjI tukVI lY ky duSmx nUM Bjwaux leI d`rw ^Ybr v`l viDAw[Awpxy isMG swQI nUM ieM\ dyK srdwr hrI isMG nlUAw nw rih sikAw[ aus dI m`dd leI juAwnW nUM nwl lY A`gy viDAw[ srdwr swihb ny Ajy inDwn isMG nUM vwps prq Awaux leI sunyhw G`ilAw hI sI ik ieqny nUM SmsudIn ^wn 2000 svwrW smyq dry iv`c Aw igAw[ bhuq ktw v`FI hoeI[ pr ^wlsy dIAW qygW A`gy ieh ^wn KVH nhIN sikAw[ r`bI Bwxw dyKo ie`k pwsy qW ^wlsy dI ij`q dy DONsy v`j gey[ pr dUjy pwsyy Aiq ipAwrw Aqy bhwdr jrnYl srdwr hrI isMG burI qrHW P`tV ho igAw[ srdwr nlUAw surkmr pws Awpxy bwfI gwrf srdwr AjYb isMG rMDwvw nwl jw rhy sn[ ie`Qy rqI nwmI ctwn iv`c ie`k guPw sI[ 117

ies guPw iv`c kuJ gwzI pTwx luky hoey sn[ ies guPw iv`coN Acwnk golIAW c`lIAW jo srdwr AjYb isMG dy l`gIAW[ golIAW l`gx kwrn ieh GoVy qoN if`g ipAw Aqy QW qy hI pRwx iqAwg igAw[ ieh Bwxw bIqx qy srdwr hrI isMG GoVy qoN bVI PurqI nwl auqirAw Aqy GoVy dI lgwm PVH ky guPw v`l igAw[ gwzIAW ny hor golIAW dwgIAW ijnHW coN ie`k CwqI iv`c v`jI Aqy dUjI v`KI iv`c[ golIAW l`gx dy bwvjUd ieh gwzIAW v`l vDy Aqy sB nUM qlvwr nwl mOq dy Gwt auqwr id`qw[ jdoN srIr v`l dyiKAw qW P`tW coN KUn dIAW DwrW vg rhIAW sn[ aus smyN idl krVw kr ky GoVy dI rkwb qy pYr DirAw Aqy plwkI mwr ky suAwr ho gey[ GoVy nUM A`fI lweI Aqy s^q zKmI hwlq iv`c GoVw qyzI nwl dOVw ky is`Dy jmrOd dy iklHy iv`c phuMcy[ rsqy iv`c srIr dI ivgV rhI hwlq nUM dyK ky Awpxy ipAwry, inAwry Aqy iSMgwry GoVy nUM AYsw kih rhy hn ijvyN ik kwdrXwr ny AwpxI kwiv rcnw iv`c AMikq kIqw hY: nUn inkl c`l GoiVAw iklHy dy v`l, AsW pwvxw nhIN dUjI vwr Pyrw[ golI l`gI ey kihr dlyr vwlI, Gwiel hoieAw ey A`j svwr qyrw[ myry bMikAw CYl CbIilAw auey, hY qUM sYAW mYdwnW dw Xwr myrw[ kwdrXwr jy lY clyN A`j fyry, qyrw kdy nw BulsI ipAwr Syrw[

A`gy GoVy dy kwrnwmy sMbMDI Sbd hn: vw vigAw hvw dy vWg GoVw, ijvyN inkldw qIr kmwn iv`coN[ mwr cuMgIAW hrn dy vWg Xwro, au~f igAw sI aus mYdwn iv~coN [ &OjW isMGW dIAW iv`coN guzr igAw, lMG igAw sI lSkr pTwx iv`coN[ kwdrXwr h`T nwl srdwr bYTw, AYpr inkldI peI sI jwn iv~coN[ (hrI isMG nwmw, pMnw 20)

r`bI ikRpw sdkw srdwr swihb iklHy AMdr qW phuMc gey pr ^Un vgx kr ky GoVy qoN auqrn dI qwkq nw rhI[ srdwr mhW isMG nUM bulwieAw Aqy AwiKAw srdwr jI ! mYnUM GoVy qoN isMGW dI m`dd nwl 118

auqwro[ golIAW v`jx kwrn srIr juAwb deI jw irhw hY[ srdwr mhW isMG jrnYl nlUey dI hwlq dyK ky bhuq Gbrw gey[ GoVy qoN lwh ky srdwr nUM mMjy qy swvDwnI nwl iltwieAw[ P`t bMnHx vwly nUM qurMq bulwieAw[ mrHm p`tI qW kr id`qI pr srdwr dI hwlq plo plI ivgV rhI sI[ auDroN srdwr inDwn isMG pMj h`Qw &Oj smyq ij`q dy ngwry Aqy jYkwry gjwauNdw iklHy iv`c Aw phuMicAw[pr jdoN srdwr hrI isMG dy burI qrHW zKmI hox bwry suixAW qW KuSIAW m`Dm pY geIAW[ iklHy AMdr kihr Cw igAw[ AMqly swhW qy phuMc srdwr ny mMjy dy Awly-duAwly bYTy Aqy KVHy srdwrW nUM AwiKAw isMGo! jmrOd dI &qih sMbMDI mYN sB dw DMnvwdI hW ikauNik qusIN bhuq Gwlxw Gwl ky Aqy jwnW vwr ky ies iklHy aup`r ^wlsw rwj dy JMfy Julwey hn[ l`K l`K Sukr hY aus krqwr dw ijs ny dwsW qoN ieh kwrj krwieAw hY[ aus mwlk dw s`dVw Aw igAw hY, dws nUM KuSI KuSI ivdw krnw[ ijs smyN srdwr lihxw isMG ny, ijhVy srdwr jI dy juAweI sn (srdwr nlUey dI DI bIbI cMd kOr srdwr lihxw nwl ivAwhI hoeI sI), ny ieh Sbd suxy qW ikhw bwpU jI! swnUM C`f ky iks dy hvwly kr c`ly hoN? qW DImI Awvwz iv`c AwiKAw, pu`qr! Akwl purK sB dw rwKw hY[ AKIr qy mhW isMG nUM ikhw, mhW isAW! ijqnw icr mhwrwjw swihb nhIN phuMc jWdy auqnw icr iklHy qoN bwhr myry sMswr qoN jwx dI ^br nw phuMcy[ ieh AMqly Sbd kihx dI dyr sI mhWblI XoDw Aqy jrnYl; AwKrI svws lY ky sMswr qoN clw igAw[ srdwr dI Shwdq sMbMDI kvI gurid`q isMG jI kuMdn ny mn nUM tuMbx vwly Sbd au~cry hn: mOq nhIN sUrmy dI, mOq ieh pMjwb dI sI[ sONdy swr auhdy jwg peIAW brbwdIAW[ mwnoN tu`tw puL sqluj dw sI aus idn[ AweI sI gulwmI, qur geIAW sI AwzwdIAW[

119

r`bI ikRpw sdkw srdwr swihb iklHy AMdr qW phuMc gey pr ^Un vgx kr ky GoVy qoN auqrn dI qwkq nw rhI[ srdwr mhW isMG nUM bulwieAw Aqy AwiKAw srdwr jI ! mYnUM GoVy qoN isMGW dI m`dd nwl 118

119

srdwr mhW isMG ny sujwn srdwrW nwl slwh krky srdwr swihb dI dyh dw sMskwr ausy rwq 30 ApRYl 1837 nUM jmrOd iklHy dy AMdr hI krn dw PYslw kIqw[ jldI sMskwr krn dw v`fw kwrn ieh sI ik mOsm bVw grm sI[ kOm dy mhwn Aqy Anmol hIry dy sMskwr leI iklHy dI cVHdI nu`kr v`l sm`grI ie`kTI kr ky itkweI[ A`DI rwq dy smyN gurmiq mirXwdw Anuswr AMqm sMskwr kIqw[ auprMq AKMf pwT krvwky Bog pwieAw igAw Aqy Amr ShId dI AMqm Ardws kIqI[ auprMq srdwr swihb dy AMgITy nUM Pol srIr dIAW AsQIAW brqn iv`c pw ky siqkwr sihq r`KIAW[ iehnI idnIN mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG gujrwq iv`c sI[ srdwr nlUey dy zKmI hox dI ^br mhwrwjw nUM 4 meI 1837 nUM imlI[ BwvyN rwjw iDAwn isMG nUM srdwr dI mOq bwry pqw l`g cu`ikAw sI pr ies ny mhwrwjw swihb nUM nhIN d`isAw[ iDAwn isMG ny ngwirAW dI gUMj nwl ie`QoN jmrOd v`l kUc kIqw[

Syir-ey-pMjwb nUM srdwr dy clwxy dI ^br imlxI jdoN mhwrwjw swihb zyhlm pwr krky rohqws phuMcy qW 6 meI nUM ipSwvr qoN ^br AweI ik srdwr nlUAw qW cVHweI kr gey hn[ ieh sux ky Syir-ey-pMjwb fUMGy vihx iv`c vih gey[ Awpxy Syr jYsy Adu`qI XoDy nUM Xwd kr ky rox l`g pey[ munSI sohn lwl ny mhwrwjy v`loN nlvw dy rudn sMbMDI mUMhoN ieh Sbd inkly ilKy hn: srkwry AwlI Aj SunIdn dI ^br dhSq Asr kmwl qwsuP v qP`kr &rmUdw, qmwm Ahvwly srdwr mzkUr Az iebqdwey qw ieMqhw vnmk hlwlI dr[ qkdImy i^dmwq ibAwn PrmUdw cSm pur Awb SudMd[ 120

(aumdwqu`q qvwrIK , d&qr soiep, ih`sw cuhrwm pMnw 397)

fwktr gMfw isMG Anuswr mhwrwjw v`loN iDAwn isMG dy gVvw mwrn dI Gtnw gujrwq ivKy hoeI sI[ ieiqhwskwrW Anuswr hrI isMG dy ivCoVy dw Asr mhwrwjw qy ieqnw hoieAw ik jlDwrw dy rUp iv`c A`KW coN pwxI iqRp iqRp co irhw sI Aqy bhuq hI KwmoSI dI hwlq iv`c cly gey sn[ kwPI smyN dI cu`p ip`CoN boly, A`j ^wlsw rwj dy iklHy dw BwrI burj Fih igAw hY[ myry bhwdr suGV isAwxy srdwr hrI isMG dw ivCoVw myry leI Asih hY[ dsdy hn ik Syir-ey-pMjwb Awpxy jIvn AMdr kdy ieqny mwXUs nhIN sn hoey[ Awp hmySw cVHdI klw iv`c ivcrn vwly inDVk sUrmy sn[ srdwr nlUAw dw ivCoVw auhnW dy idl nUM fwFw P`tV kr igAw[ jmrOd iv`c ies vrqy Bwxy kwrn Asmwn iv`c vI b`dl Cw gey sn[ b`dlW iv`coN pwxI dIAW bUMdW vI vrsIAW ArQwq pRikrqI ny vI hMJU kyry[ ipqw dI ^br sux ky srdwr hrI isMG dw v`fw pu`qr srdwr jvwhr isMG nlvw ipSwvr nUM rvwnw ho igAw[ ie`QoN srdwr jvwhr isMG jmrOd phuMicAw pr jwx vyly q`k sB kuJ sMpUrn ho cu`ikAw sI Bwv AKIr smyN prvwr dw koeI jIA (juAweI srdwr lihxw isMG qoN vgYr) srdwr dw mu`K nhIN dyK sikAw [ srdwr jvwhr isMG vwpsI smyN srdwr dy AMgITy dw kuJ Bwg gujrW vwly ivKy lY AwieAw Aqy AwpxI mwqw srdwrnI dysW dy aupdyS qy srdwr dy ipAwry bwg iv`c bwrWdrI dy swmHxy suMdr Xwdgwr bxw id`qI[ srdwr pRym isMG jI hoqI mrdwn ilKdy hn ik ieh smwD mYN dyKI hY[ ieh bwrWdrI qoN 12 kdm dI iv`Q pr zmIn nwloN 10 pOVIAW au~cI bxI hoeI hY[ ijs pr 16 Pu`t au~cw gMubj hY[ gMubj dy Awly-duAwly pRkrmw hY[ ie`k smwD AMgITy vwly AsQwn qy bxweI geI[ mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG dI ie`Cw Anuswr smwD lwgy gurduAwrw swihb vI bxwieAw igAw[ ie`k gRMQI isMG p`ky qOr qy sRI gurU gRMQ swihb jI dI syvw leI r`iKAw igAw[ sMn

121

(aumdwqu`q qvwrIK , d&qr soiep, ih`sw cuhrwm pMnw 397)

121

1849 iv`c jdoN brqwnIAW srkwr dw kbzw jmrOd aup`r ho igAw qW AMgryzI srkwr vI gRMQI isMG nUM qnKwh idMdI rhI sI[ srdwr hrI isMG ihMdA U W dy idlW AMdr vI bhuq hrmn ipAwrw sI[ ihMdUAW dI sur`iKAw leI aus ny bhuq kwnUMn bxvwey, gaUAW dwn kIqIAW Aqy iehnW dIAW iesqrIAW, nUhW, DIAW Aqy BYxW nUM bcwaux leI AwpxI jwn nUM vI bhuq vwr zoKm iv`c pwieAw[ sMn 1892 dy sqMbr mhIny iv`c bwbU gjU m`l jI kpUr, jo ipSwvr iv`c mShUr Tykydwr sI, ny srdwr hrI isMG dI smwD nUM muV qoN au~cw kr ky bhuq suMdr bxwieAw[ ies smwD qy gurmuKI, AMgryzI Aqy aurdU iv`c ilKvwieAw: Tomb the late Sikh General Hari Singh Nalwa, Cremated 30th April 1837 Commermorated by Babu Gajjan Mal Kapur of Peshawar, September 1892, smwD srdwr hrI isMG nlvw[ ihstorIAn AY~s AY~m j&r ny 1945 iv`c AwpxI ikqwb 'ipSwvr pwst AYNf prYzYNt' dy pMnw 121 qy iliKAw hY ik jmrOd dy iklHy iv`c ie`k Cotw kmrw srdwr hrI isMG dI Xwd iv`c Ajy vI piv`qr kmry dy qOr qy KwlHI r`iKAw hoieAw hY[ ies kmry iv`c hrI isMG nUM j^mI hwlq iv`c ilAw ky mMjy aup`r pwieAw sI[ sMn 1844 iv`c ibRitS is`K rjmYNt ny hrI isMG dI smwD qy ipAwr Aqy siqkwr vjoN ie`k plyt Dwq dI iP`t krvweI sI[ ies qy AMikq hY (< syvw krweI, sYkMf (2) XwdivMdrw pitAwlw, nvMbr 1944)[ vnIq nlUAw ny iehnW XwdgwrW dIAW PotoAW jo 1982 iv`c iK`cIAW Awpxy ikqwb dy pMnw 320 qy lweIAW hoeIAW hn[ mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG, srdwr hrI isMG dy clwxy dw du`K prvwr nwl sWJw krn leI Awp gujrWvwly phuMcy[ srdwr swihb dI ivDvw pqnI nUM gujrWvwlw ijlHw jwgIr vjoN dyx dw &Yslw vI kIqw[ 122

hrI isMG dy AMgITy nUM iek`Tw kr ky siqkwr vjoN srdwr suMdr isMG pihlW phoey phuMcy Aqy iPr gMgw iv`c pwieAw[ srdwr nlUey dy AMgITy nUM jo gwgrW iv`c r`iKAw hoieAw sI, dy drSnW leI is`K, ihMdU Aqy muslmwn v`fI igxqI iv`c rsqy dy dohIN pwsI KVHy sn[ rwm idAwl ny ies nzwry nUM ie`k kib`q iv`c vrnx kIqw hY: qMbU Pu`l Eh jb

jw l`gy iv`c hjro dy, sux Sihr dy ^qrI sB DwieAw[ d`sI dy ieh srdwr dy jI, aunHW r`b dw vwsqw cwie pwieAw[ dyvqw sI srdwr cMgw, dyK Pu`lW qy bhuq hI du`K pwieAw[ gwjIAW hjroAwn mwrI, au~T hsno qurq Cpwl AwieAw[

dUjy pwsy jdoN kwbl dy gwjIAW nUM pqw l`igAw ik hrI isMG nlUAw mwirAw igAw hY qW Sihr iv`c BwrIAW KuSIAW mnweIAW geIAW Aqy dIpmwlw kIqI geI[ srdwr SmSyr isMG ASok Anuswr AmIr dosq muhMmd ^wn dy drbwr iv`c crcw SurU ho geI ik hrI isMG nUM mwrn dw ishrw iks dy isr qy bMinHAw jwvy[ muhMmd ^wn dIAW 14 bygmW iv`coN 13 vIN bygm ny ijs dw AmIr dy idl au~qy aus dI cwihqw bIvI hox kr ky, pUrw pUrw kbzw sI[ ie`k ^udgrz mW hox dy nwqy ies ij`q dw ishrw Awpxy pu`qr muhMmd Akbr Kwn dy isr hI bMnHvwieAw hwlW ik srdwr hrI isMG dy hmly smyN jd A&gwnI &OjW mYdwny jMg iv`coN n`sIAW qW muhMmd Akbr ^wn sB qoN pihlW dOiVAw sI[ kyvl muhMmd A&zl ^wn Aqy S`msudIn Kwn hI AKIr q`k lVdy rhy[ SmSyr isMG ASok dI ilKq muqwbk muhMmd A&zl Kwn, Awpxy ipqw dy ies XkqrPw PYsly qoN hmySw leI nwrwj rihx l`g ipAw[ ieh g`l mohn lwl kSmIrI ny (Life of Amir Dost Muhammed Khan) 1846 iv`c ilKI hY[ vnIq nlUAw ny iliKAw hY ik kYptn vyf ny ie`k p`qr AMdr DMnvwd vjoN muhMmd Akbr ^wn nUM hrI isMG dI mOq bwry iliKAw sI[Bwv ies nUM kYptn vyf qoN srdwr dI mOq dI ^br imlI[

123

hrI isMG dI bhwdrI, jvWmrdI, socxI Aqy kurbwnI nUM mu`K rKidAW srdwr dI mOq qy SrDWzlI v`joN mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG nUM horW qoN ielwvw iqMn p`qr AMgryz A&srW v`lNo Aqy ie`k APgwinsqwn dy pihly rwjy v`loN AwieAw[ AMgryz A&sr ijnHW ny sog p`qr Byjy auh sn, ibRitS gvrnr A&sr jnrl, lwrf AwklYNf, kmWfr -iencIP ibRitS AwrmI lY&tInYNt jnrl sr hYnrIPyn Aqy ibRitS eyjMt klwf pwrtn vyf cOQw p`qr A&gwinsqwn dy pihly rwjy Swh sujwA v`loN AwieAw[ hor qW hor muglW Aqy pTwxW ny vI ieh iliKAw hY ik hrI isMG mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG dw kyvl ie`k bhwdr jrnYl hI nhIN sI sgoN kwblIAq p`KoN vI v`fI muhwrq rKdw sI[

sUrmy nlvw aup`r golIAW iks ny clweIAW? jykr koeI kihMdw hY ik mYN hrI isMG nUM golIAW mwrIAW ieh sB dwAvy JUTy hn[ Agr A&gwnW nUM ies g`l dw shI pqw l`g jWdw qW auh aus nUM v`fw mwx b^Sdy, aus dw bu`q lwauNdy Aqy aus nUM pUjdy[ mhwrwjy dw Awpxw p`qrkwr lwlw rwm idAwl ilKdw hY ik muhMmd ^wn ^lIl ny srdwr hrI isMG nUM zKmI kIqw ijs kwrn aus dI mOq hoeI[ auh ieh vI ilKdw hY ik j^mI hox ip`CoN srdwr ny aus nUM mwr id`qw sI[ pr ieiqhwskwrW Anuswr ^lIl qW srdwr dI mOq auprMq ijMdw sI[ A&gwnW qoN ibnW do AMgryzW Aqy ie`k AmrIkn ny vI hrI isMG qy goLI clwaux leI Awpxy Awp nUM hIro khwieAw[ pr qvwrIK ies g`l dI gvwhI Br rhI hY ik jMg smyN A&gwnW dI &Oj iv`c koeI AMgryz jW AmrIkn nhIN sI[ keIAW ny ies ip`Cy rwjw iDAwn isMG fogry dw h`Q iliKAw hY, keIAW ny jmWdwr KuShwl isMG aup`r doS miVHAw hY Aqy keIAW ny rwjw gulwb isMG dw nW iliKAw hY[ mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG nUM jdoN iehnW g`lW dw pqw l`igAw qW au~qr sI, "kwrbweIn iv`coN inklIAW golIAW hrI isMG dI sMjoA iv`c 124

D`s geIAW[ ieh mwrIAW iks ny r`b hI jwxdw hY[ srdwr ie`k isAwxw qy dwnw purS sI, Aqy auhny bhwdrI Aqy hOsly drswauNidAW AwpxI jwn Akwl purK dy hvwly kr id`qI hY[ auh pUrw nmk-hlwl sI"[ AMgryz ilKwrI gRyA ilKdw hY ik,"Swn dy rwh bMdy nUM SmSwn v`l iljWdy hn" pr ie`k s`cy sYink vWgMU nlvy dI mOq mYdwny-jMg iv`c hoeI[ auh Awpxy ip`Cy bhwdrI, hunrmMdI dI ie`k prMprw C`f igAw hY jo imtweI nhIN jw skdI[ auh is`K ieiqhws iv`c pTwxW nUM A`gy A`gy lgwaux vwlw sB qoN v`D mShUr ivAkqI hoieAw hY[...swrI srh`d aus dy nwm qoN kMbdI sI"[ ieiqhwsk q`Q hn ik srdwr nlUAw golIAW l`gx auprMq hoS iv`c sI[ aus ny Awp jw ky golIAW clwaux vwilAW nUM qlvwr nwl mOq dy Gwt auqwr id`qw[ auu~QoN auh GoVy qy svwr ho jmrOd iklHy phuMcy[ P`tV hwlq iv`c srdwr mhW isMG Aqy horW nwl vI g`lbwq kIqI[ jykr is`K &Oj 'coN iksy ny ieh kwrw kIqw huMdw qW d`s idMdy[ bMdy dw mwirAw bMdw nhIN mrdw[ mOq dw sdVw qW r`b v`loN hI AwauNdw hY[ hoxI tldI nhIN Aqy ijs ny hiQAwr clwauxw hY auh vI hwzr ho jWdw hY[ imQy smyN Anuswr hoxI AwpxI klw vrqw idMdI hY nhIN qW pihlW vI ieh sUrmw AnykW bwr burI qrHW P`tV hoieAw sI[ vnIq nlUAw ny AwpxI ikqwb dy pMnw 262 qy srdwr Arjn isMG v`loN d~sI hrI isMG dI dlyrI Aqy mOq qoN infr hox qy gwQw ilKI hY: gwQw Anuswr ie`k A&rIdI pTwx jo jwm ipMf dw sI AwpxI bygm dy nwl jmrOd dy iklHy kol dI svyr v^q lMG irhw sI[ kudrqI srdwr nlUAw bwhr KVHy dwqx kr rhy sI[ pTwx ny srdwr nUM AwiKAw,"isMGw! qYnUM pqw ieh pTwxW dI DrqI hY[ qUM hiQAwr ibnw iklHy dy bwhr quirAw iPrdw hYN[ qYnUM koeI pTwx mwr skdw hY[ kI qUM mrn qoN nhIN frdw"? nlUAw ny auq`r iv`c ikhw, is`KW nUM qW gurU 125

goibMd isMG dI Et hY[ mwrnw r`Kxw gurU dw kMm hY[ jykr qyry 'c ihMmq hY mYnUM mwr dy jW mukwblw kr ky dyK lY[ pTwx kihMdw,"isMGw myrI bygm nwl hY[ ies nUM mYN Gr C`f AwvW[ jykr ihMmq hY Aw myry nwl myry jwm ipMf c`l au~Qy jor Azmw lvIN[ ies jwm ipMf dy nW qy hI jmrOd dw iklHw hoNd iv`c AwieAw sI[ dlyr Aqy byKO& srdwr dwqx krdw hI A&rIdI nwl aus dy ipMf clw igAw[ ies pTwx ny ipMf vwsI ie`kTy kr ley Aqy mukwbly leI AwKwVw bMnH ilAw[ pTwx ny qlvwr Fwl nlUey nUM dy id`qI Aqy Awp vI c`k leI[ mukwblw SurU ho igAw[ nlUAw ny AwiKAw,"A&rIdI! pihlW qUM vwr kr lY, pr qkVw ho ky krIN"[ pTwx ny vwr kIqw, srdwr ny Fwl qy vwr rok ilAw[ srdwr ny ikhw,"A&rIdI! qkVw ho hux myrI vwrI hY, " nlUey ny AYsw vwr kIqw ik qlvwr s`p vwgUM SUkdI Fwl nUM pwr kr ky pTwx dy srIr qy jw v`jI[ lhU vih quirAw[ srdwr ny AwpxI auprlI p`g lwhI[ mrHm vgYrw mMgvw ky zKm qy lw ky KUn rokx leI p`g lpyt id`qI[ is`K dw AYsw ihrdw dyK ky ipMf vwsI hYrwn rih gey[ pTwx ny pyNfUAW nUM AwiKAw,"is`K nUM kuJ nw AwiKau[ mYN Awp hI is`K nUM mukwbly leI aukswieAw sI"[ srdwr hrI isMG nlvw qur ky iklHy AMdr phuMc gey[ kuJ idnW ip`CoN pTwxW nUM pqw l`igAw ik auh is`K qW 'hrIAw' sI[ auh AwpxI mUrKqw qy pCqwauNx l`gy ik hrIAy nUM mwrn dw bhuq vDIAw mOkw AsIN Ko id`qw hY[(Tales from Sikh History 1918: 23-6)

jo ienswn s`c Aqy ienswP dI Kwqr Aqy dIn duKIAW, d`bykucly, grIb-gurby Aqy qIRmq dI ie`zq bcwayux ^wqr Shwdq idMdw hY, auh ShId khwauNdw hY[ ShId hmySw Amr rihMdw hY[ sMswr qW kI inrMkwr dy Gr iv`c vI aus dI hmySw soBw huMdI hY[ ijvyN ik gurU swihb PrmwauNdy hn: syeI pUry Swh vKqY aupir liV mUey] (145) gurmuKw ky muK aujly hir drgih soBw pwie] (1415)

bMdy dy ^qm hox auprMq SMikAW dy AwDwr qy GVIAW khwxIAW ieiqhws bx jWdIAW hn[ gurbwxI dy s`cy bol hn: nwnk jo Duir krqY iliKAw su myit n skY koie](1414) ijsu qU rwKih iqsu kaun mwrY sB quJ hI AMqir sgl sMswrY] (1415)

126

127

126

127

7 SihrW, ikilHAW Aqy Dwrimk AsQwnW dw inrmwx blkwrI XoDw hrI isMG nlUAw kyvl &OjI jrnYl, hunrmMd sYink Aqy suGV rwj-pRbMDk hI nhIN sI sgoN au~cI mwnsk bu`DI vwlw, ivauNqkwr Aqy mnsUby-bwz S^SIAq dw mwlk sI[ iehnW cmqkwrI guxW sdkw aus ny gulwmI dIAW jMzIrW nUM qoVn leI ApxweI AgWh vDU Xu`D nIqI qoN ielwvw Biv`K iv`c prjw dI BlweI leI bhuq hI dUr-AMdySI nIqI nUM mu`K r`K ky gOrvmeI kwrz kIqy[ iehnW kwrjW iv`c nvyN SihrW dI sQwpnw, ikilHAW dI auswrI, pwxI dy pRbD M , Dwrimk iemwrqW dw inrmwx, bwgbwnI Aqy sud M r bgIicAW dI iqAwrI mu`K ivSy sn[ Awpxy sMKyp (46 swl) jIvn AMdr ijhVIAW XwdgwrW kwiem kIqIAW aunHW dw vyrvw Bwv rUp iv`c vrnx kIqw jw irhw hY[

hzwry dw hirikSn gVH iklHw srdwr nlUAw ny hzwry dy AYn ivckwr, jo ik qMg phwVIAW nwl iGirAw hoieAw sI, ^wlsw &Oj leI ie`k v`fy Aqy mzbUq iklHy dI auswrI krvweI[ ies iklHy dw nW A`TvyN pwqSwh sRI gurU hirikSn jI dy nwm qy hirikSn gVH r`iKAw sI[ ies jgHw qy XUsP jeIAW Aqy isMGW ivckwr bVI iBAwnk jMg hoeI sI[ ies jMg iv`c srdwr Amr isMG klwn (mjITIAw), idvwn rwm idAwl Aqy srdwr Amr isMG jwnW vwr gey sn[ hirikSn gVH iv`c pwxI dw pRbMD dOr dirAw qoN kIqw igAw[ ivzn dI 1842 dI irport Anuswr ieh iklHw cOrs hY, &OjI inXmW Anuswr nymb`D hY Aqy im`tI dIAW kMDW nwl auswrI hoeI hoeI hY[ hoqI 128

mrdwn dI ilKq muqwbk ieh iklHw 1937 q`k qW hoNd iv`c sI[ aunHW dy dyKx Anuswr ieh hrI isMG dI au~c idmwgI qy ieMjInIArI dy kmwl nUM drswauNdw hY[ hrI isMG dI mOq auprMq Aqy is`K rwj dy ^wqmy ip`CoN jdoN mugl phwVI kbIilAW ny mwrc 1846 iv`c ihMdU Aqy is`KW qy hmly krny SurU kr id`qy qW aunHW ies iklHy iv`c dwKl ho ky Awpxy Dn mwl nUM sur`iKAq kIqw[ vnIq nlvw ny ieh vI Kulwsw kIqw hY ik hrI isMG dI ie`k BYx sI ijs dw nW sI ikSn dyvI-ikSno (ikSn kOr)[ so hirikSn gVH iklHy dy nwm iv`c dohW BYx BrwvW dw nwm vI Aw jWdw hY[ ies iklHy qoN ielwvw Amn kwnUMn dI bhwlI leI srdwr nlUAw ny hzwry dy ielwky iv`c cwr iklHy hor bxvwey sn, ijvyN iklHw nvW Sihr, iklHw DmDoV, iklHw drbMD Aqy iklHw SIn ikAwrI[ hoqI mrdwn jI Anuswr 1937 dy Aws pws kyvl drbMD iklHw cMgI hwlq iv`c sI, ijs iv`c nvwb drbMd rihMdw sI pr bwkI dy iklHy Fih cu`ky sn[

hrIpur Sihr vswauxw hirikSn iklHy qoN A`D mIl dI dUrI qy p~Cm v`l hrIpur Sihr vswieAw[ ieh mwno hrI (God) dI purI hY qy srdwr nlvy dw nwm vI ies iv`c smwieAw hoieAw hY[ nlUey dIAW hor XwdgwrW BwvyN smW pw ky imt jwx pr hrIpur Sihr ies mhwn sUrmy dI Xwd dunIAW Br AMdr hmySw rhygI[ Sihr dI sur`iKAw leI Awly-duAwly 4 gz cOVI Aqy 16 gz au~cI dIvwr bxvweI Aqy cwr drvwjy rKvwey[ kMDW dy cwry koinAW qy sur`iKAw p`KoN burz vI bxvwey[ dirAw dOr iv`coN pwxI dw vihx krvw ky rMgIlw nwm qlwA iv`c puAwieAw[ ies qlwA iv`coN moGy kFvw ky hr roz dI vrqoN leI Sihr dy hr ih`sy iv`c pwxI phuMcwieAw[ 129

sur`iKAw nUM mu`K r`K ky Aqy cMgIAW shUlqW dI auplBdI kwrn bhuq swry vpwrI ie`Qy Aw vsy[ bYrn hugl ny 23 dsMbr 1845 nUM jdoN ieh Sihr dyiKAw qW Sihr dI gihmw gihm dyK ilKdw hY ik hzwry iv`c hrIpur ijhw Sihr mYN hor koeI nhIN dyiKAw[ ies Sihr iv`c cwry pwsy suMdr hirAwlI sI, dUr-durwfy q`k vpwr cldw sI[ ie`QoN q`k ik iq`bq rwhIN hrIpur qoN cIn q`k vpwrk vsqW jWdIAW sn[ A`j ie`kIvIN sdI iv`c vI pwiksqwn dy hzwrw ijlHy iv`c hrIpur ie`k mShUr Sihr hY[ iklHw hirikSn gVH iv`c kwnUMn sMbMDI mMqrwly dw d&qr hY[ hrIpur qoN ielwvw ie`k hor Sihr AMimRqpur vI hrI isMG ny vswieAw sI[ SihrIAW dIAW Dwrimk loVW dI pUrqI leI srdwr nlvw ny ie`k gurduAwrw ShId gMz ie`Qy jMg dOrwn ShId isMGW dI Xwd iv`c bxvwieAw[ ies dI syvw leI BweI krm isMG nwmI gRMQI rKvwieAw[ gRMQI isMG dy guzwry leI Aqy lMgr clwaux leI gurU Gr leI zmIn vI lgvw id`qI[ ihMdU BrwvW leI gxyS igrI nW dw mMdr iqAwr krvwieAw Aqy muslmwn BweIAW leI qylIAW dy muh`ly vwlI msIq bxvweI Aqy ienHW nUM Dn vI id`qw[

hrI isMG kw bwg hrIpur dI DrqI cMgI aupjwaU hox kr ky ie`Qy &ldwr bUty, jVHI bUtIAW Aqy Kws iksm dIAW durl`B JwVIAW bhuq vDIAw &l idMdIAW hn[ hirikSn gVH dy auqr ` -pUrb v`l iskMdr pur (AlYgzYNfr ksby) dy nzdIk hrI isMG kw bwg bhuq mShUr sI ijs iv`c &ldwr bUitAW, suMdr bgIcIAW, rMgdwr Pu`lW nwl BrpUr sbzIAW Awid vI bhuq huMdIAW sn[ pr AMgryz hkUmq ny ies bwg dy kuJ ih`sy nUM SmSwn Gwt iv`c bdl id`qw sI[ pRoPYsr pUrn isMG hrIpur Sihr iv`c pYdw hoieAw sI[ aus ny ies nUM hirAwlI BirAw Sihr iliKAw hY[ hrIpur iv`c AMb, KurmwnI, SihqUq Awid dI KuSbU bhuq hI ipAwr Aqy mlwr BrI sI[ grmIAW iv`c grIbW leI drKqW dI TMFI 130

CW qy nihrW dw vg irhw pwxI mwno bihSq hY (Puran Singh, 1982).

ipSwvr dy iklHy hrI isMG qkrIbn iqMn swl (1834 qoN 1837) ipSwvr dw gvrnr irhw[ ies smyN dOrwn iK`qy iv`c cMgy rwj-pRbMD qy Amn SWqI dI bhwlI leI ies ny bVy Ajb Aqy gzb dy kMm kIqy[ pMjwb v`loN muglW qy pTwxW dy mUMh moVn leI cwr iklHy jhWgIrw, nuSihrw, ipSwvr 'c sumyr hVH Aqy jmrOd ivKy &qihgVH is`K &Oj dI mzbUqI leI bxvwey[ ies qoN ielwvw Atk dy iklHy nUM hor mzbUq krvwieAw[ sumyr gVH ikly dw pihlw nW bwlw-ihswr sI Aqy ieh bwbr ny bxvwieAw sI[ bwbr ip`CoN A&gwnW ny ies nUM nSt kr id`qw sI pr bwbr dy pu`qr hMmwXU ny ies nUM dubwrw bxvwieAw sI[ Akbr dy rwj smyN A&gwnW ny ies nUM iPr Fwh id`qw sI[ pr muglW ny iPr bxw ilAw[ nuSihry dI jMg smyN 1823 iv`c is`K &Oj ny ies nUM qbwh kr id`qw sI[ mUr krwPt ny jd ieh jgHw dyKI qW ies nUM 'gMdgI dw Fyr' hI iliKAw[ is`KW ny jdoN 1834 iv`c ipSwvr qy kbzw kIqw qW ies jgHw qy srdwr nlUAw ny ies iklHy nUM bxvwieAw Aqy 'bwlwihswr' dw nW bdl ky 'sumyr gVH r`K id`qw[ sumyr gVH ies dw nW ikauN r`iKAw? ies dw vI v`fw kwrn sI[ sRI gurU nwnk dyv jI 1510 iv`c audwsI dOrwn mwaUNt kYlwS prbq ijs nUM sumyr prbq vI kihMdy hn is`DW nwl goSt krn gey sn[ mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG jdoN ieh nvW bixAw iklHw pihlI vwr 16 meI 1835 nUM dyKx Awey qW aunHW AwiKAw sumyr prbq qy qW gurU nwnk dyv jI Awey sn ies leI ies iklHy dw nW sumyr gVH hovygw[ iehnW ikilHAW qoN ielwvw hrI isMG ny ipSwvr ivKy BweI jogw isMG, BweI bIbw isMG Aqy gurU nwnk dyv jI dy pu`qrW sRI cMd Aqy sRI 131

CW qy nihrW dw vg irhw pwxI mwno bihSq hY (Puran Singh, 1982).

lKmI dws dy nW qy gurduAwry vI bxvwey[ ipSwvr iv`c hI ie`k purwqn iemwrq 'gVH K`qrI' sI[ ieh jogIAW Aqy ihMdUAW dw Dwrimk kyNdr sI[ pr 1504 iv`c bwbr ny ihMdusqwn qy hmly smyN ies nUM nSt kr id`qw sI[ gVH K`qrI nUM XogI'gorK m`T vI kihMdy sn[ ie`Qy hI sRI gurU nwnk dyv jI ny gorK nwQ (XogIAW dw gurU) nwl g`lbwq kIqI sI ijs bwry sRI gurU gRMQ swihb iv`c vI drz hY[ gVH ^qrI dy AsQwn qy srdwr nlUAw ny pihlW gurduAwrw bxwieAw Aqy nwl hI iSv mMdr Aqy BYroN jI mMdr dI auswrI krvweI[

pMjw swihb dI syvw sMBwl pMjw swihb dw piv`qr AsQwn hsn Abdwl Sihr iv`c siQ`q hY[ hsn Abdwl hrIpur dy d`Kx-p`Cm Aqy rwvlipMfI dy au~qr p`Cm v`l hY[ is`K ieiqhws Anuswr sRI gurU nwnk dyv jI 24 hwV 1571 ibkrmI (1515 eIsvI) nUM hsn Abdwl phuMcy[ gurU swihb qW vlI kMDwrI &kIr nwl myl-imlwp leI Awey sn[ aunHW BweI mrdwny nUM ies pws pwxI lYx ByijAw[ pr nwsqk qy hMkwrI &kIr ny pwxI dyx dI bjwey gurU swihb nUM mwrn leI ie`k Bwrw p`Qr iehnW v`l roVH id`qw[ s`cy pwqSwh ny Awpxy AiDAwqmk bl Awsry ruVHy AwauNdy p`Qr nUM s`jy h`Q nwl rok ilAw[ auh pMjw ijs nwl p`Qr ruikAw kudrqI inSwnI v`joN p`Qr iv`c D`s igAw[ aus goibMd rUp dwqy ny hor dwq bKSI ik aupr jo pwxI jmHW sI auh cSmy dy rUp iv`c sdw leI vgw id`qw[ bwby nwnk dy ies cmqkwrI pMjy dy inSwn qy sMgqW DMn nwnk! DMn nwnk ! kihMdIAW nqmsqk huMdIAW hn[ Syir-ey-pMjwb mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG ny munSI sohx lwl dy roznmw Anuswr k`qk dy mhIny dI 23 qwrIK sMmq 1875 (1818 eIsvI) nUM hsn Abdwl iv`c gurU swihb jI dy pMjy (swihb) dy ipAwr Bry ihrdy nwl drSn dIdwry krky pRsMnqw pRwpq kIqI qy inhwl hoey[ sMn 1823 iv`c imstr mUr 132

kurwPt ie`Qy AwieAw, pMjy dw inSwn p`Qr qy dyK ky gur is`KW qoN pu`C ky iliKAw: Beyond the tomb was a spot of a rill, trickling from a block of a stone, supposed to have been sanctified by a miracle wrought there by Nanak coming to the place fatigues and thirsty, through he had a claim upon hospitality of this brother ascetic, and involved the spirit of Baba Wali for a cup of water. The Mohammaden saint, indignant at the presumption of an on believer, to his application by throwing a stone at him of several tons weight. Nanak caught the missile in his hand, and placed it on the ground, leaving the impression of his fingres upon its hard substance, at the same time he commanded water to flow from it, and this constituted the rill here observable, along which were a number of Sikh fanatics who had come on piligrimage. (Travels in the Punjab, Ladakh, Kashmir Page, 319-320 by Mooncraft) Bwv mkbry qoN QoVIH dUrI qy phwVI dy iknwry au~pr ie`k p`Qr dy QìlauN pwxI dw somw vih irhw sI, ijhVw nwnk dy cmqkwr kwrn PuìtAw sI, jdoN auh Q`ky hoey Aqy ipAwsy ie`Qy phuMcy sn[ auh qW Awpxy Awp nUM Kudw prsq khwaux vwly Brw nUM imlx Awey sn Aqy bwbw vlI pwsoN pwxI dy ie`k ipAwly dI mMg kIqI sI[ muslm sMq ny ie`k gYr muslm dI mMg nUM sux ky gu`sy 'c Aw ky ie`k bhuq Bwrw p`Qr aus au~pr suìtAw[ nwnk ny Awpxy h`Q nwl rok ky aus p`Qr nUM DrqI qy QMmH id`qw[ ijhVy h`Q dy pMjy nwl p`Qr roikAw sI s^q p`Qr qy aus dy inSwn pY gey sn[ aus smyN aus ny au~Qy pwxI vgw id`qw ijhVw hux ie`Qy c`l irhw hY Aqy somy dy rUp iv`c idKweI idMdw hY[ ie`Qy SrDwvwn is`K bYTy hoey sn jo drSnW leI Awey sn[ iesy qrHW hugl ny 1835 dy Awpxy s&rnwmy iv`c pMjw swihb dw izkr kIqw hY Aqy 1836 iv`c munSI Swhmq AlI ny jdoN ieh pMjy 133

dw inSwn p`Qr qy q`ikAw qW AwpxI pusqk 'The Sikhs and Afgans' dy pMnw 158 qy ies bwry iliKAw hY[ Awnrybl AYliPnstn ny vI ies piv`qr jgHw nUM dyK ky ies dI mihmw gwien kIqI hY[ sMn 1832 iv`c srdwr nlUAw ny Awpxy Awp nUM vfBwgw jwx ky ies gurDwm dI syvw AwrMB krvweI[ ijs p`Qr qy siqgurW dw pMjy dw inSwn hY aus aup`r ie`k suMdr gMubjnumw iemwrq bxvw ky sRI gurU gRMQ swihb jI dw pRkwS krvwieAw[ sIql jl dy vg rhy somy dw pwxI qlwA (srovr) bxvw ky aus iv`c pwieAw[ srovr dIAW pauVIAW leI sMg mrmr rwjpuqwny qoN mMgvwieAw sI[ bYrn hugl ny Awpxy s&rnwmy iv`c sMgmrmr dIAW pauVIAW bwry vI iliKAw hY[ gurduAwrw swihb leI hrI isMG ny bhuq Dn id`qw[ hoqI mrdwn jI Anuswr jdoN jnvrI 1833 iv`c gurduAwrw swihb jI dI mukMmlqw auprMq sRI gurU gRMQ swihb jI dy AKMf pwT dw Bog pwieAw qW srdwr nlUAw ny AwpxI nyk kmweI iv`coN bhuq suMdr klIn, ibsqry, lMgr leI brqn Aqy 3500 rupey nkd Bytw kIqy[ BweI mhW isMG nUM ie`QoN dw pRbMDk QwipAw Aqy bwhrlI syvw qy rKvwlI leI inhMg swDU isMG nUM muk~rr kIqw[ pMjw swihb ivKy idn rwq lMgr cldw sI Aqy XwqrUAW dy rihx leI Drmswlw vI iqAwr krvweI geI sI[ pr 1920 dy l`g pg AMgryzW dI Sih qy ie`Qy mhMq kwbz ho igAw Aqy kurIqIAW krn l`gw[ pr is`KW ny isMG sBw lihr jo gurDwmW dy suDwr leI clweI ny kurbwnIAW dy ky 22 nvMbr 1921 nUM gurduAwry dw pRbMD SRomxI gurduAwrw pRbMDk kmytI ADIn krvw id`qw[ aunIvIN sdI dy A^Ir ies gurduAwrw swihb dI iemwrq kmzor ho geI sI jo vIhvIN sdI dy SurU iv`c nvIN bxweI geI[ A`j klH jo AwlISwn iemwrq hY ieh 1934 iv`c iqAwr kIqI geI sI[ sMn 1947 qoN ipCoN dyS dI AwzwdI smyN ieh gurDwm hux pwiksqwn iv`c hY[ pr is`K sMgqW smyN smyN qy pMjw swihb dy drSnW leI sMswr Br qoN AwauNdIAW hn[ 134

iklHw jmrOd hrI isMG ny ^Ybr dy ielwky dw srvyKx kIqw ijs nUM sYlwnI jMg, kql jW mOq dw rwh kihMdy sn[ ies rsqy iv`c A&gwnW ny ie`k gVHI bxweI sI ijs aup`r nlUey ny AkqUbr 1836 qy kbzw kr ilAw sI[ ieh gVHI ipSwvr dy lihMdy pwsy 12 iklomItr Aqy ^Ybr pws d`ry dy pUrbI mUMh qoN 6 iklomItr qy sI[ ieh gVHI k`cI hox kr ky ie`Qy mzbUq iklHw jmrOd ijs dw nW iqAwrI auprMq '&iqhgVH' r`iKAw, 17 AkqUbr 1836 nUM Awp nINh r`K ky iqAwr krvwieAw sI[ ies dI ih&wjq leI 800 ipAwdw &Oz , 200 GoV svwr Aqy 10 v`fIAW Aqy 12 hlkIAW qopW r`KIAW geIAW[ srdwr mhW isMG nUM hzwry qoN bulw ky ie`Qy dw srh`d-dwr QwipAw[ ies qoN ibnW burj hrI isMG (ipSwvr jmrOd dy ivckwr), bwrw, imcnI (kwbl dirAw dy kMFy qy) Aqy Sbkdr (ijs nUM is`KW dI FyrI vI AwiKAw jWdw sI)[ Awid iklHy bxvwey[ Sbkdr iklHw iqMn rwhW (ibjOr, kwbl qoN hsq ngr Aqy muhmwd) qy nzr r`Kx leI auswirAw sI[ iehnW ikilHAW qoN ielwvw duSmx qy ingrwnI r`Kx leI do do koh dI iv`Q qy au~cy au~cy mInwr vI bxvwey[

iklHw gujrWvwlw gujrWvwlw mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG Aqy srdwr nlUey dw jnm AsQwn hY[ pihlW pihl ieh ie`k Cotw ijhw ipMf sI[ hrI isMG ny ies ipMf duAwly im`tI dI au~cI kMD iqAwr krvweI[ ipMf dy au~qr v`l iklHw vI bxvwieAw Aqy iklHy dy Awly-duAwly fUMGI Aqy cOVI KweI putvweI[ ies iklHy dy AMdr bwrWdrI AMgryzI PYSn iv`c ausrvweI[ iklHy dy mu`K duAwr aup`r do v`fIAW bMdUkW iP`t krweIAW Aqy naubq Kwny qy ngwry itkvwey[ ies naubq Kwny iv`c Syr vI r`Ky hoey sn[

135

gujrWvwlw ivKy srdwr ny mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG dy puriKAW dI Xwd iv`c bhuq sud M r smwDW bxvweIAW[ nlUAw ny AwpxI irhwieS leI iqMn-mMzlw mkwn iqAwr krvwieAw[ mkwn dy nzdIk hI bwg lvwieAw[ hugl AwpxIAW ilKqW iv`c ies bwg nUM bVw slwhuMdw hY[ ies bwg iv`c vDIAw Gwh, Pu`lW qy &lW dy bUty Aqy dr^q kSmIr qoN mMgvw ky lwey hoey sn[ bwg iv`c mnmohxy PuAwry Aqy roSnI leI gYs vgYrw v`fI igxqI iv`c sn[ Gr dy nyVy hI ie`k mMdr dI auswrI vI krvweI jo is`D krdI hY ik srdwr dy idl AMdr ihMdUAW pRqI bhuq pRym sI[ pitAwlw BwSw ivBwg dy mwrc 1970 dy jrnl iv`c imstr bwr dy pMjwb dOry bwry pypr hY ijs iv`c aus ny iliKAw hY ik 1839 eIsvI iv`c jdoN mYN gujrWvwly igAw qW hrI isMG dI rhwieS dyKI[ ieh iemwrq ie`k cbUqry qy bxweI hoeI sI qWik grmI ru`q iv`c vI TMFI hvw Prn Prn AMdr pRvyS kry[ bwr ilKdw hY ik KulHy Aqy au~cI C`q vwly kmirAW dI C`q qy bhuq hI AdBu`q iksm dI mInwkwrI dyK ky myrw mn moihAw igAw[ sMn 1848 iv`c AMgryzW ny hrI isMG dy byty srdwr Arjn isMG qoN ieh hvylI Koh ky ie`Qy brqwnvI ifptI kimSnr dI rhwieSgwh bxw id`qI[ imstr bwr ny 1844 iv`c ieh vI iliKAw hY ik hrI isMG dI mOq auprMq hvylI dI ie`k kMD qy ies dy prvwr ny 12 x 6 Pu`t dI ie`k ic`qRkwrI kIqI hoeI sI[ ijs dI ip`T qy Du`p CW dy rMg sn[ ies iv`c nlUey nUM jMg dy mYdwn iv`c jUJdy idKwieAw igAw sI[ ieh ic`qr hrI isMG dI nYiqkqw, inrBYqw Aqy dlyrI nUM drswauNdw sI[ srdwr nlUAw QoVHy ijhy is`KW nwl v`fI igxqI dy A&gwnW nwl mukwblw kr irhw sI[

136

kSmIr dy iklHy Aqy Dwrimk AsQwn kSmIr iv`c hrI isMG ny ie`k iklHw auVI ^yqr iv`c Aqy dUjw GoVI gVH jyhlm dy kMFy qy iqAwr krvwieAw[ auVI iklHy dy lwgy ikauNik jyhlm dirAw vgdw sI[ iklHy dy AMdr jwx leI ie`k ltkdw pul (Suspension bridge) jo 600 mItr dy eyV gyV sI r`isAW vwlw bxvwieAw[ jI. AY~m. fI. sU&I (1948-49) iv`c ilKdw hY ik auVI iklHy iv`c A`j klH ijlHy dy qihsIldwr dI irhwieS hY[ jyhlm dy s`jy kMFy aup`r hrI isMG ny ie`k bwg lgvwieAw sI[ pr ieh jgHw gulwb isMG ny AMgryzI srkwr qoN mu`l KRId leI sI[ auprMq ie`Qy A`D mIl dy rkby iv`c kuAwtr bxvwey[ ijnHW iv`c XUrpIn mihmwn Aw ky rihMdy sn[ ieh bwg A`j klH sRI ngr Sihr dy m`D iv`c siQ`q hY[ kSmIr ivKy sRI gurU nwnk dyv jI, mIrI pIrI dy mwlk sRI gurU hir goibMd swihb jI Aqy s`qvyN pwqSwh sRI gurU hir rwey jI ny pYr pwey[ mtn dy AsQwn qy gurU nwnk dyv jI ny pMifq bRhm dws nwl vwrqwlwp kIqI[ srdwr nlvw ny g`lbwq vwly AsQwn lwgy Drmswlw iqAwr krvweI Aqy ies dw nW 'mtn swihb' r`iKAw[ CyvyN pwqSwh ny 1620 iv`c bwrwmUlw ivKy Awpxy crn pwey[ ijs jgHw qy pwqSwh ny ivSrwm kIqw au~Qy vI hrI isMG ny Drmswlw dI auswrI krvweI[ hugl ny kSmIr dy dOry smyN ie`k rwq ies Drmswlw iv`c k`tI sI[ ijs jgHw qy gurU swihb bYTy sn aus dw nW 'CyvIN pwqSwhI prm imlwn' hY[ gurU swihb sRI ngr vI gey sn[ hrI isMG ny k`QI drvwzy dy bwhr gurduAwrw swihb CtI pwqSwhI iqAwr krvwieAw[ s`qvyN pwqSwh sRI gurU hir rwie jI sRI ngr 1660 iv`c pDwry sn[ srdwr nlvw 7 AkqUbr 1831 nUM jdoN s`qvyN pwqSwh dI Xwd iv`c auswry gurduAwrw dyv Awgn ivKy phuMcy qW aunHW 360 rupey dI dyg krvweI Aqy gurduAwrw swihb dy nW p`kI jwgIr lgvweI[ 137

136

sRI Akwl q^q dy guMbd nUM sunihrI krvwauxw srdwr hrI isMG nlvw DrmI guris`K sI[ ^wlsw rwj AMdr dyS kOm dI mn, Dn Aqy qn dyhI nwl syvw krn dy nwl nwl srdwr ny gurDwmW dI vI mhwn syvw krweI[ dunIAW Br AMdr is`K kOm dI mhwnqw hirmMdr swihb dy kwrn psrI hoeI hY[ ies mhwn jrnYl ny hirmMdr swihb iv`c keI sjwvtI cIzW lwaux qoN ielwvw Akwl q^q swihb dy auprly bMgly Aqy gMubd dI sunihrI syvw krvweI[ ies nUM KUbsUrq q`k ky hrI isMG ny &Yslw kIqw ik swrI iemwrq hI sunihrI kIqI jwvy[ ies leI ieiqhwsk q`QW Anuswr Awpxy koloN svw l`K rupieAw igAwnI gurmuK isMG nUM id`qw[ pr hrI isMG dI Shwdq hox kr ky gurmuK isMG ny byeImwnI kIqI Aqy swrw Dn qy sonw gbn kr ilAw[ ies hyrwPyrI dw pqw l`gx qy mhwrwjw dy hukm nwl igAwnI nUM muslmwnW dy spurd kr id`qw[ aus dw Gr bwr zbq kr ilAw Aqy gbn kIqw sonw vI brwmd kr ilAw[ auprMq muslmwnW ny gurmuK isMG nUM bVy qsIhy dy ky burI mOqy mwirAw[ hrI isMG ny sunihrI pwlkI dI syvw krvweI ijs pwlkI iv`c jwgdI joq sRI gurU gRMQ swihb jI nUM suBw Swm Akwl q^q qoN hirmMdr swihb Aqy hirmMdr swihb qoN Akwl q^q AMdr siQ`q koTw swihb q`k iljwieAw jWdw hY[ pr 1984 dy 'auprySn bilaU stwr' smyN BwrqI &Oj ny hmly dOrwn sRI Akwl q^q swihb dw sunihrI guMbd, iemwrq Aqy auh sunihrI pwlkI pUrI qrHW nSt kr id`qIAW (vnIq nlUAw)[ BwrqI srkwr ny is`KW dy ihridAW dIAW vlUMdVHIAW BwvnwvW qy mrHm p`tI lwaux leI BwvyN Akwl q^q dI iblifMg iksy kMpnI nUM Dn dy ky iPr KVHI krvw id`qI[ pr is`K sMgq ny ies nUM kbUl nhIN kIqw Aqy kwr syvw rwhIN aus nUM Fwh ky dubwrw auswirAw[

138

Sy^ munIr-aud-dIn dy 1837 iv`c Awpxy pulItkl eyjMt nUM ^q nMbr 650 Anuswr AMimRqsr iv`c Akwl q^q dI d`Kx vwlI bwhI qy bwg AkwlIAW ivckwr hrI isMG dw bMugw Aqy AMimRqsr Sihr dy cOigrdy qoN bwhr btwlw sVk qy hrI isMG nwmI bwg sI bwry vrnx kIqw hoieAw hY[ srdwr ikrpwl isMG ny 1994 iv`c AwpxI CwpI pusqk 'Historical Studies of Maharaja Ranjit Singh's Times' iv`c iliKAw hY ik hrI isMG dy clwxy auprMq hrI isMG buMgw nlUAw pRvwr ny Awpxy pRoihq mdn dws nUM dy id`qw sI[ srdwr hrI isMG jdoN vI &Oj smyq hirmMdr swihb dy drSnW nUM AwauNdw sI qW aus dI &Oj bwg kol TihrdI sI[ &OjIAW dy nhwaux leI bwg iv`c ie`k JIl sI[ hrI isMG dy sMswr qoN kUc krn auprMq ieh bwg aunHW dy spu`qr srdwr jvwhr isMG ny bwbw swihb isMG jI bydI dI sMqwn nUM sONp id`qw sI[

qrn qwrn Aqy mukqsr swihb dy srovrW Aqy buMigAW dI syvw qrnqwrn swihb , jo AMimRqsr dy p`Cm vl 20 ku iklomItr dI iv`Q qy hY sRI gurU Arjn dyv jI ny 1580 iv`c vswieAw sI[ gurU swihb ny KwVw Aqy plsUr ipMfW dI zmIn KRId ky ieh ngr hoNd iv`c ilAWdw sI[ hrI isMG ny qrn qwrn gurduAwrw swihb dy srovr dI pRkrmW duAwly buMgy bxvwey[ srdwr hoqI mrdwn Anuswr hrI isMG ny lMgr iv`c dwixAW dI zrUrq kwrn 25 iv`Gy zmIn vI gurduAwrw swihb dy nW lgvweI[ pr srdwr SmSyr isMG ASok ny 32 iv`Gy zmIn ijs iv`c KUh vI sI, AwpxI ilKq iv`c ilKI hY[ mukqsr dI jMg sRI gurU goibMd isMG jI ny iKdrwxy dI Fwb pws muglW nwl 1705 iv`c lVI sI[ ies jMg iv`c ShId hox vwly isMGW nUM 'mukqy' dw i^qwb bKiSAw Aqy ies DrqI nUM 'mukqsr' dw nwm gurU 139

138

swihb ny id`qw[ mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG ny 1806 iv`c mukqsr dI DrqI qy kbzw kIqw[ Fwb nUM auhnW 100 vrg mItr dy srovr iv`c qbdIl kr ky hrI isMG rwhIN srovr dI iqAwrI krvweI[ hrI isMG ny srovr dIAW pOVIAW vI bxvweIAW[ mhwrwjy ny ie`Qy pMj gurduAwry vI bxvwey[

8 srdwr hrI isMG nlUAw dI bMs Aqy AMs

hrI isMG v`loN Drm ArQ kIqy kuJ hor dwn sMn 1808-09 iv`c pRoihq mdn dws pu`qr mojU rwm, pWfw hirduAwr nUM ie`k KUh dI pYlI jo bdovwl ivKy sI qoN pRwpq Awmdn dwn kIqI[ srdwr kwhn isMG bydI nUM 1813 iv`c eymnwbwd, ijlHw vzIrwbwd iv`c ie`k KUh mocvwlw Aqy 35 GumW zmIn id`qI sI[ pMfq blm dws nUM 1818 iv`c ijlHw gujrWvwlw iv`c auinAwl iv`c zmIn nW lvweI[ bwbw surYn isMG bydI nUM 1828 iv`c ipMf rutwlI Kurd, prgxw SyKUpurw, gujrWvwlw id`qw[ sMn 1830 iv`c imsr rwm shwey nUM cwr iv`Gy Aqy 10 ib~svy zmIn ielwky srwey slyh, hzwry iv`c id`qI[ muslmwn gulwm muhMmd dIn nUM 1833 iv`c AMimRqsr ivKy mojw jIvn gory, qlvMfI ivKy zmIn id`qI[ iesy qrHW bwbw inrml dws cylw rwmdws nUM 1834 iv`c ie`k KUh SIrINvwlw Aqy 30 GumW zmIn prgxw isAwlkot iv`c id`qI sI (vnIq nlUAw, cYNpIAn Aw& dI ^wlsw jI, pMnw 245 )[

140

↓ pu`qr gurid`q isMG jvwhr isMG pMjwb isMG Arjn isMG

ibSn isMG (dwdw) ↓ gurdws isMG (ipqw) ↓ hrI isMG nlUAw ↓

↓ pu`qrIAW cMd kOr nMd kOr

srdwr ibSn isMG aup`l, srdwr cVHq isMG ijs ny imsl Sukrc`kIAw sQwipq kIqI dw hm-rkwb sI[ iehnW dy purKy ngr mjITw, ijlHw AMimRqsr dy vsnIk Aqy aup`l ^`qrI sn[ ibSn isMG dw myl bwbw nOD isMG nwl bhuq sI[ nOD isMG dI SwdI BweI gulwb isMG Syrig`l dI lVkI bIbI lwlI (lwl kOr) nwl 1726 iv`c hoeI sI[ gulwb isMG dw sMbMD sRI gurU goibMd isMG jI nwl bhuq sI[ ieh ielwky mjITy dw ie`k nwmI ivAkqI sI Aqy gurU swihb nwl imlwp kr ky is`KI dI pwx cVHI hoeI sI[ bwbw nOD isMG Sukrc`kIey ny nvwb kpUr isMG dI nsIhq qy AMimRqpwn kIqw sI[ is`KI dy rMg kwrn srdwr ibSn isMG ny muglW nwl keI Xu`D kIqy[ sMn 1762 nUM ku`prhIVw (ijlHw sMgrUr) ivKy ieh is`KW dy v`fy pihly G`lUGwry iv`c bhwdrI nwl jUJdy golIAW l`gx kwrn ShId ho gey sn[ 141

8 srdwr hrI isMG nlUAw dI bMs Aqy AMs

140

↓ pu`qr gurid`q isMG jvwhr isMG pMjwb isMG Arjn isMG

ibSn isMG (dwdw) ↓ gurdws isMG (ipqw) ↓ hrI isMG nlUAw ↓

↓ pu`qrIAW cMd kOr nMd kOr

srdwr ibSn isMG dw pu`qr srdwr gurdws isMG hoieAw Aqy srdwr cVHq isMG dy Gr srdwr mhW isMG (ipqw Syir-ey-pMjwb mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG) pYdw hoieAw[ dohW srdwrW (gurdws isMG Aqy mhW isMG) ny Sukrc`kIAw imsl nUM AwpxI bhwdrI sdkw cwr cMn lwey[ iehnW ny c`Ty srdwrW dy mncr Aqy rsUl ngr Awid ielwky aunHW nUM krwry h`Q idKw ky ij`qy[ iehnW jMgW AMdr mhwn jOhr idKwaux kr ky mhW isMG ny gurdws isMG nUM Swhdry dw ielwkw jwgIr iv`c sMBwl id`qw[ kudrq dI bKiSS sdkw mhW isMG dy Gr 1780 iv`c rxjIq isMG jnimAw Aqy gurdws isMG dy 1791 iv`c hrI isMG pYdw hoieAw[ auprMq 1792 iv`c srdwr mhW isMG Aqy 1798 iv`c srdwr gurdws isMG c`l vsy[ iehnW dy clwxy smyN rxjIq isMG 11 swlW dw sI Aqy hrI isMG 7 swl dw sI[ rxjIq isMG nUM aus dI mwqw rwj kOr Aqy hrI isMG nUM mwqw Drm kOr ny pwilAw[ hrI isMG dI ie`ko ie`k BYx (ikSn dyvI) ikSn kOr sI[ auh ivswKw isMG nwl ivAwhI hoeI sI pr AOlwdhIn hI c`l vsI[

hrI isMG nlUAw dI sMqwn srdwr hrI isMG dy do ivAwh sn[ ie`k srdwrnI rwj kOr (rwjo) Aqy dUjw srdwrnI dys kOr (dysW) nwl hoieAw[ srdwrnI rwj kOr kuMqrIlw ipMf, jo rwvl ipMfI iv`c hY dI jMmpl sI (ey AY~s sMDU 1935)[ srdwr SmSyr isMG ASok muqwbk rwj kOr dy do pu`qr srdwr gurid`q isMG Aqy srdwr jvwhr isMG hoey jd ik dysW dI ku`KoN srdwr pMjwb isMG Aqy srdwr Arjn isMG hoey[ dovyN DIAW (cMd kOr qy nMd kOr) gwlbn srdwrnI dysW dy pytoN sn[ imstr bYrn hugl ny hrI isMG dy pMjvyN pu`qr srdwr cqr isMG bwry vI iliKAw hY pr ieh nhIN iliKAw ik ieh iks dy pytoN sI[

142

bIbI cMd kOr srdwr lihxw isMG gVHJ`k pu`qr srdwr kwhn isMG nUM ivAwhI hoeI sI[ gVHJ`k ipMf vVYc j`tW ny vswieAw sI[ srdwr lihxw isMG jmrOd ivKy srdwr hrI isMG dy AMqly svwsW q`k kol sI[ ieh Aqy cMd kOr dovyN gujrWvwly nlUAw dI ivDvw pqnI kol rhy[ sMn 1893 iv`c lihxw isMG dI mOq auprMq A`DI pYnSn AMgryzI srkwr ny bIbI cMd kOr dy nW lgw id`qI sI[ hrI isMG dI Shwdq smyN bIbI nMd kOr Ajy AxivAwhI sI[ ies ipCoN nMd kOr dI SwdI bwbw gMfw isMG nwl kotlI vwly bwbw &kIr cMd (isAwlkot) dy lVky nwl hoeI[ bwbw gMfw isMG sRI gurU nwnk dyv jI dI s`qvIN pIVHI iv`coN sn[ bwbw gMfw isMG dy cwcw jI bwbw rwm isMG jI bydI bVy zorwvr is`K sn Aqy A&gwnW nwl lVdy lVdy aunHW Shwdq pRwpq kIqI sI[ vnIq nlvw dI ilKq muqwbk bIbI nMd kOr dI pMjvIN pIVHI coN bI. AY~s. bydI ny pwiksqwn iv`c AwpxI bMs dw purwqn ipMf kotlI jdoN dyiKAw qW nMd kOr dy shury Gr 'c aus dw sMdl vu`f dw PrnIcr, ie`k mMjw ijs nUM sony dy pwvy Aqy cWdI dIAW bwhIAW l`gIAW sn Aqy Kwxy pkwaux vwly BWfy vI dyKy[ ies ny auh jgHw vI Gr 'c dyKI ij`Qy auh bcpn iv`c luikAw krdw sI[

srdwr gurid`q isMG nlUAw hirduAwr dy pWfy dI ilKq drswauNdI hY ik gurid`q isMG 1808 iv`c jnimAW[ julweI 1831 iv`c gurid`q isMG Atk ky iklHy iv`c swzo-smwn dw ieMcwrj sI[ srdwr gurid`q isMG AwpxI mwqw rwj kOr nwl gujrWvwly hI rhy[ rwj kOr pWifAW dI ilKq muqwbk 1867 iv`c cVHweI kr geI sI[ gurid`q isMG dy koeI AOlwd nhIN sI hoeI[ aus ny &qih isMG nUM muqbMnw bxwieAw[ &qih isMG dy sMpUrn isMG hoieAw pr auh CotI aumry 1874 iv`c hI cVHweI kr igAw[ 143

142

sMpUrn isMG dw pu`qr krqwr isMG sI jo 1794 iv`c pUrw ho igAw Aqy A`gy bMs nhIN c`lI[ gurid`q isMG dI mOq 1882 iv`c hoeI sI[

sMn 1848 iv`c ieh kuJ isMGW nUM lY ky Jnwb pwr kr ky srdwr Syr isMG AtwrI vwly nwl jw imilAw[ srdwr sujwn isMG bydI (swihb isMG dw v`fw pu`qr ) vI Syr isMG dIAW &OjW iv`c jw Swml hoieAw[

srdwr jvwhr isMG nlUAw

igR&n Aqy mY~sI (1909) iv`c ilKdy hn ik jvwhr isMG icilAWvwlI jMg iv`c ieqnI bhwdrI nwl liVAw, auh ilKx qoN bwhrlI g`l hY[ ies ny brqwnvIN ieiqhwskwrW dy vI kMn KVHy kr id`qy Aqy AYsw sMkt iv`c pw id`qw ik auh ilKx qW kI ilKx[ Bwv auh AwpxI kOm dI bhwdrI is`KW dy mukwbly kI ilKx[ auh ilKdy hn ik AMgryz jykr ieh jMg ij`qy qW smJo ij`q ky vI hwry hn ikauNik iehnW dw bhuq izAwdw nukswn hoieAw[ igRPn Aqy mY~sI ny hor iliKAw hY ik AMgryzW dI ij`q jykr hoeI qW auh auq`m qopKwnw, is`KW dy gdwrW Aqy ihMdusqwnIAW dI m`dd kwrn hoeI[

jvwhr isMG mwqw rwj kOr dI ku`KoN 1809 iv`c jnimAW[ ieh Awpxy ipqw hrI isMG vWg kw&I dlyr, qyj-qrwr Aqy sUrmw sI[ ieiqhwsk q`Q drswauNdy hn ik ie`k idn Swm nUM srdwr hrI isMG Drmswlw iv`c bYTy rihrws swihb dw pwT kr rhy sI ik qurkW ny isMGW qy hmlw kr id`qw[ iksy bMdy ny ies qurkW dI Aw rhI &Oj bwry jvwhr isMG nUM ikhw,"qurk bVI BwrI igxqI iv`c Aw rhy hn jykr izMdgI cwhuMnw hY qW dOV jw"[ jo au~qr jvwhr isMG ny id`qw Aqy ijs qrHW qurkW nwl twkrw kIqw aus sMbMDI kvI sIqw rwm ilKdw hY: mwry iklkwrI jvwhr isMG blkwrI, sUry dw Drm nhIN n`sxw mYdwn sy[ Kwie ky kRD o KMfw sUiqAw imAwn iv`cNo , boly siqnwm Ds igAw AiBmwn sy[ Dr id`qI vwF ie`k vwFIAW sy j`t vwgUM , m`cI hwhw kwr DUV imlI Asmwn sy[ sIqw rwm mwr mwr s`Qr ivCw id`qy, swmHxy jo Awvy J`t au~f jwey bwx sy[

ie`k AMgryz lyfI (1853) iv`c ies lVweI sMbMDI ilKdI hY: ......on the occasion of our recent movable defeat at Chillianwala, the prestige of our usually victorious army experienced a humilating failure.

mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG dI mOq ip`CoN qr`kI krdw krdw jvwhr isMG is`K &Oz dw 1843 iv`c jnrl -ien-cI& sI[ BwvyN Swhmq AlI ilKdw hY ik hrI isMG dy p`uqr aus vrgy dlyr nhIN sn[ pr qvwrIK ies g`l dI hwmI BrdI hY ik jvwhr isMG Aqy Arjn isMG ny AMgryzW dI jMg iv`c jo jOhr idKwey Aqy aunHW dy dMd K`ty kIqy auh vrnxXog hn[

Bwv icilAWvwlw ivKy kuJ smW pihlW swfI hoeI hwr ny ie`k jyqU Aqy qzrbykwr &Oj nUM jlwlq BrI PylHqw drsw id`qI hY[

icilAW vwlI jMg jo dyS dI AwzwdI leI AMgryzW nwl lVI geI, aus dw nwiek srdwr jvwhr isMG sI[ ies jMg qoN pihlW hI qyjw isMG ny gdwrI kIqI ijs kwrn jvwhr isMG PiVAw igAw Aqy AMgryzW ny ies nUM lwhOr jylH iv`c kYd kr ilAw[ pr jvwhr isMG pihrydwrW dI m`dd nwl jylH coN inkl ky gujrWvwlw iv`c clw igAw[

kinMGm ny vI 1849 iv`c iliKAw ik is`KW ny Awpxy blbUqy qy rwj kIqw[ iehnW vrgw idRV hOslw, jMgI AiBAws Aqy GoVsvwrI mYN hor iksy kOm 'c nhIN dyKI[ is`K hwr nhIN sI skdy jykr ihMdusqwnI iehnW dI m`dd krdy[ Bwrq dy ihMdusqwnI rwijAW dI m`dd kwrn hI AMgryzW ny is`K rwj qy ij`q pRwpq kIqI[

144

145

mohx lwl (1846) iv`c ilKdw hY ik pMjwb dI jMg ny vI brqwnvI hkUmq nUM drsw id`qw sI ik pMjwbI kyvl pdwrQk qOr qy hI DnI nhIN sgoN s`iBAwcwr Aqy AiDAwqmk qOr qy vI DnI hn[ AMgryz qW dUijAW dI lu`tmwr kr ky DnI bxy hn[

sMpUrn isMG dw pu`qr krqwr isMG sI jo 1794 iv`c pUrw ho igAw Aqy A`gy bMs nhIN c`lI[ gurid`q isMG dI mOq 1882 iv`c hoeI sI[

sMn 1848 iv`c ieh kuJ isMGW nUM lY ky Jnwb pwr kr ky srdwr Syr isMG AtwrI vwly nwl jw imilAw[ srdwr sujwn isMG bydI (swihb isMG dw v`fw pu`qr ) vI Syr isMG dIAW &OjW iv`c jw Swml hoieAw[

srdwr jvwhr isMG nlUAw

Bwv icilAWvwlw ivKy kuJ smW pihlW swfI hoeI hwr ny ie`k jyqU Aqy qzrbykwr &Oj nUM jlwlq BrI PylHqw drsw id`qI hY[

144

145

ikauNik ihMdusqwnIAW ny AMgryzW dI hmwieq kIqI sI Aqy is`KW dw ivroD[ ies kwrn cwlbwz AMgryzW ny 1857 dy gdr smyN is`KW nUM nwl rlw ilAw[ srdwr jvwhr isMG pMjwb dw pihlw srdwr sI ijs nUM AMgryzW ny pihlI is`K rjmYNt iv`c rswldwr dI pdvI id`qI[ brqwnvI hkUmq ny iqMn sO swl qoN c`l rhI mugl hkUmq ^qm krn Aqy gurU swihbwn dIAW ShwdqW dw bdlw lYx leI jvwhr isMG nUM &Oj dy ky id`lI v`l qoirAw[ id`lI phuMc ky is`K &Oj ny Gyrw pw ky mugl bwdSwh dy swihbzwidAW nUM pkV ilAw[ hMmwXU dy mkbry kol AMgryz A&sr hOfsn ny iehnW nUM AlP nMgw kr id`qw[ ies ny ie`k is`K ispwhI nUM AwiKAw, is`Kw! swihbzwidAW nUM golI mwr ky bdlw lY lY hux cMgw mOkw hY[ is`K ispwhI ny nWh kr id`qI Aqy AwiKAw ies g`l dI swfw Drm iezwzq nhIN idMdw ik iksy nuM pkV ky mwrIey[ imstr trOtr ny 1901 iv`c The life of Hodson iv`c iliKAw hY ik hYfsn ny AMgryz ispwhI dy h`QoN kwrbweIn Koh ky swry swihbzwidAW nUM mwr id`qw[ jvwhr isMG ny 18 lVweIAW lKnaU, bweIQUr, kwnHpur, klpI Awid ivKy lVIAW[ ies bhwdrI bdly AMgryz hkUmq ny aus nUM sMn 1859 iv`c 12 hzwr rupey slwnw dI jwgIr lgw id`qI[ 'Awrfr AwP birtS ieMfIAw' dy iKqwb nwl mYfl dy ky invwijAw[ aus nUM 1862 iv`c guzrwvwlw ivKy AwnryrI mijstRyt dw Ahudw id`qw[ ies Ahudy qy 1877 q`k (Bwv AKIrly swhW q`k) srdwr jvwhr isMG rhy[

srdwr Arjn isMG nlUAw srdwr Arjn isMG mhwrwjy dy drbwr AMdr bwhroN Awaux vwly mihmwnW dI suAwgqI kmytI dw mYNbr sI[ meI 1838 iv`c ieh ihMdusqwn srkwr dy sk`qr imstr mYkMGtn dI suAwgqI kmytI iv`c Swml sI[ ies auprMq ieh brqwnIAW srkwr dy gvrnr jnrl 146

AwklYNf nUM i&rozpur ivKy imlx vwlI cotI dy srdwrW dI kmytI iv`c vI Swml sI[ sohx isMG sUrI Anuswr 1838 dy nvMbr mhIny iv`c srdwr AjIq isMG sMDwvwlIAw, rwjw sucyq isMG Aqy srdwr Arjn isMG ny AwklYNf dw suAwgq AMimRqsr ivKy vI kIqw sI[ ^wlsw drbwr dy ilKqI prmwxW iv`c drz hY ik Arjn isMG mOjIb Aqy mOjIl svwrI dw mu`KI sI[ 26 ApRYl 1839 nUM ieh kMvr nO inhwl nwl ipSwvr iv`c jnrl vYnqUrw dy v&d iv`c vI Swml hoey[ mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG 27 jUn 1839 nUM pRlok suDwr igAw[ ies auprMq srdwr KVk isMG rwj g`dI qy bYTy[ srdwr Arjn isMG GoV svwr sYnw dy muKI Qwpy gey[ sqMbr 1839 iv`c ieh lwrf AwklYNf nwl iSmly ivKy g`lbwq krn leI vkIl dy qOr qy Swml hoey[ iehnW nwl srdwr lihxw isMG mjITIAw Aqy &kIr AzIzaud-dIn vI gey sn[ BwvyN &kIr AzIz-aud-dIn nwloN Arjn isMG aumr iv`c Ahudy Aqy qzrby krky bhuq Coty sn pr vwpsI smyN AwklYNf v`loN Arjn isMG nUM &kIr nwloN bhumu`lI iK`lq ByNt kIqI geI[ sMn 1840 iv`c Arjn isMG ny mMfI Aqy kmlgVH iv`c vI vYnqUrw nwl g`lbwq kIqI[ mhwrwjw KVk isMG Aqy nO inhwl dy dyhWq ip`CoN srdwr Arjn isMG mhwrwjw Syr isMG dy smyN vI cMgI pdvI qy irhw[ jdoN ieh 1843 iv`c ipSwvr Aqy kwbl dI cVHweI ip`CoN lwhOr phuMcy qW iehnW nUM 'rob Aw& Awnr' dy ky nvwijAw (sohx lwl sUrI)[ 1 AkqUbr 1843 nUM Arjn isMG nUM lwhOr dy rswly dw kmWfr QwipAw[ ies qoN pihlW iDAwn isMG Aqy sMDwvwlIAw dI imlI Bugq ny sqMbr 1843 nUM mhwrwjw Syr isMG nUM kql krvw id`qw sI[ iDAwn isMG Awpxy pu`qr hIrw isMG nUM g`dI qy ibTwauxw cwhuMdw sI pr Arjn isMG Aqy hor srdwrW ny ies dw ft ky ivroD kIqw[ srdwr Arjn isMG Aqy srdwr jvwhr isMG ny pMjwb dI AwzwdI leI jMgW AMdr brqwnvI &Oj nwl qkVw AwFw lwieAw[ pr 147

fogirAW ny r`j ky gdwrI kIqI[ AkqUbr 1848 iv`c Arjn isMG, mIAW l`Kw isMG Aqy bKSI su`Kw isMG 23 hjwr &Oj lY ky jyhlm pwr kr gey[ iPr ieh gujrwq v`l vDy[ fogirAW Aqy sMDwvwlIAW dI gdwrI kwrn ieh Awpxy imSn 'c s&l nw hoey[ AMgryzW ny Arjn isMG nUM PVnw cwihAw pr ieh gujrWvwly 100 ku ispwhIAW smyq Awpxy Gr phuMc gey[ auprMq AMgryzW ny Arjn isMG nUM pkV ky lwhOr ilAwauxw cwihAw[ PVn vwilAW ny Arjn isMG dI bhwdrI Aqy r`iKAw leI ApxweI rxnIqI qy bybsI zwhr kIqI[ AMgryz ispwhIAW ny Gr dI dIvwr qoV ky jdoN Arjn isMG nUM &Vnw cwihAw qW Arjn isMG dlyrI nwl llkwrdw hoieAw GroN GoVy qy inkl igAw Aqy AMgryzW dy h`Q nhIN AwieAw[ ies ip`CoN ieh sUrw cVHweI kr igAw[ ies ny AMqm svws ik`Qy ley? ies bwry Koj krn dI zrUrq hY[ hrI isMG dy lVky srdwr pMjwb isMG bwry sohx lwl sUrI ny iliKAw hY ik 1838 iv`c iehnW is`K rswly dI AgvweI kIqI[ auprMq Awpxy BrwvW nwl iksy vI jMg iv`c ies dy Swml hox bwry ieiqhwskwrW ny nhIN iliKAw[

hrI isMG nlUAw dIAW XwdgwrW, jMg-nwmy Aqy aunHW dy nW qy c`l rhIAW sMsQwvW srdwr hrI isMG dw jnm gujrWvwlw ivKy kisAwrw bwzwr iv`c hoieAw sI[ ie`Qy iehnW dy v`fy-vfyirAW dI hvylI hY ijs iv`c bhuq hI suMdr, mInwkwrI vwly AwkrSk iKVkIAW Aqy drvwjy sn[ ieh iKVikAW drvwjy lwh ky lwhOr dy imaUzIAm iv`c A`j klH prdrSnI dy qOr qy r`Ky hoey hn[ dyS dI vMf smyN Bwv 1947 iv`c ieh hvylI luiDAwxy dy mShUr hkIm h&Iz gulwm rsUl nUM rhwieS leI id`qI geI sI[ 148

nlvy srdwr dI v`fI ikrpwn ijs aup`r suMdr mInwkwrI kIqI hoeI hY, BwrqI is`K rjmYNt sYNtr, rwmgVH ivKy suSoiBq hY[ Ssqr rwj SkqI dw icnH hn Aqy ieh Drm, dyS, kOm rìKAw Aqy zulm dI rìKAw Aqy zwlm dI BìKAw leI hn[ sRI gurU goibMd isMG jI ny qW iehnW nUM pIr ikhw hY Aqy ieh vI ikhw ik iehnW dI pUjw kro[ aunHW dy bcn hn: As ikRpwn KMfo KVg qupk qbr Ar qIr[ sYP sbUhI swihbI XhI hmwry pIr[

qlvwr jW ikrpwn n&rq dw icMnH nhIN, ieh mnu`KI r`iKAw dI Fwl hY Aqy cVHdI klw dI imswl hY[ qyg jW ikrpwn dI mhwnqw bwry gurU jI dy bol hn: Kg KMf ibhMfM Kl dl KMfM Aiq rx mMfM brbMfM] Buj dMf AKMfM qyj pRcMfM joiq AmMfM Bwn pRBUM] suK sMqw krxM durmiq drxM iklibK hrxM As srxM] jY jY jg kwrx isRSt aubwrx mm pRiqpwrx jY qygM]

Bwv ^Vg (qyg) duStW dy dlW dy toty krn vwlI hY Aqy Xu`D BUmI iv`c mUrKW nUM nwS krn vwlI mhwn SkqI hY[ ieh mwno sUrj v`q kRWqIkwrI ho ky hnHyr grdI nUM imtw ky pRkwS krn vwlI ArQwq gulwmI dIAW zMjIrW qoV ky AwzwdI idvwaux vwlI hY[ ieh sMqW nUM su`K dyx vwlI Aqy BYVI m`q vwilAW nUM hrn krn vwlI hY, iesy kr ky hI AsIN ies dI Srn leI hY[ qyg jgq AMdr jY jY kwr krwaux vwlI, isRStI nUM swjx qy bcwaux vwlI qy pwlx vwlI hY[ hy ^Vg! qyrI jY hovy[ jY hovy[ ikrpwn ie`k ssqw, hr ie`k dI phuMc vwlw Aqy lwiesMs rihq hiQAwr hY[ ijs dy v`fI sRI swihb pihnI huMdI hY CyqI kIiqAW cor, fwkU Awid aus bMdy dy nyVy nhIN AwauNdw[ jd ik ivigAwnk FMg nwl iqAwr kIqy hiQAwr bhuq mihMgy, AmIr dI phuMc vwly Aqy 149

lwiesMs Sudw hiQAwr hn[ brUd mukx qy nkwrw ho jWdy hn[ hrI isMG nlvw ny ikrpwn sdkw hI zwlm A&gwnW dy mUMh BMn ky aunHW nUM sdw leI ihMdusqwn AMdr hmlwvr bx ky Awaux qoN rok id`qw[ smwj iv`c jmhUrIAq nUM surjIq kr ky suqMqrqw dw rwh idKwieAw Aqy sdIAW qoN d`by-kucly lokW AMdr nvIN rUh Puk id`qI[ dUjy pMjwbIAW dI qrHW 1947 dI vMf smyN hrI isMG dI bMs vwilAW nUM Bwrq Awauxw ipAw[ aunHW gujrWvwlw ivKy v`fIAW jwiedwdW pwiksqwn 'c C`fIAW ikauNik aus smyN mwr-mrweI qy ktw-v`fI v`fw ihMsw dw rUp Dwrn kr geI sI[ hrI isMG dIAW mhwn XwdW pwiksqwn iv`c rih geIAW[ pr aunHW XwdW nUM qwzw r`Kx leI Aqy Bwrq dI &Oj dy juAwnW iv`c aus mhwn XoDy dw auqSwh Brn leI BwrqI &Oj ny auVI (kSmIr) cOkI dw nW 'nlvw' r`iKAw[ ie`QoN dy mu`K d&qr dI iblifMg 'nlvw blwk' dy nW qy hY[ (bI.AY~s. nlUAw, 2001) blvMq isMG nlUAw AMgryzI rwj smyN JMg ijlHy dw ifptI kimSnr sI[ ies dw pu`qr AmrjIq isMG nlUAw hoieAw[

hrI isMG dy nwm dI ikSqI Mr. Wade lived in Punjab for 15 years. In a letter addressed to Mr. Maddock Secretary of the Government of India in 1841, drew attention to a ferry on the river Narbada called Nalwah. The river Narbada flows along the Vindhya range deep within Hindustan and long has been regarded as the symbiolic boundary between North and South India. Narbada led to Nanded where Guru Gobind Singh Ji resided for 14 months before departure from the mortal world.

hjUr swihb gurU Gr dI auswrI iv`c hrI isMG nlUAw ny vI ih`sw ilAw sI[ nwl hI ieh AMikq kIqw hY ik Abcl ngr dy inhMgW ny, ijhVy hrI isMG dI kmWf iv`cNo sn nrbdw ndI pwr krn leI vrqI jwx vwlI PYrI (ikSqI) dw nW nlUAw r`K id`qw hovygw[ pRoPYsr suKidAwl isMG ny AwpxI pusqk '^wlsw pMQ dy pMj q^q' iv`c vrnx kIqw hY ik srdwr hrI isMG dy Akwl clwxy auprMq aunHW dy byty srdwr jvwhr isMG ny aus dy swQI isMGW koL srdwr hrI isMG dw kmrbMd (kmrksw), jo bhuq hI kImqI hIirAW nwl jiVHAw hoieAw sI Aqy 50 hjwr rupey hzUr swihb Byjy sn[ auh jgHw ij`QoN ieh kw&lw lMiGAw sI bwry imstr vyf ny AwpxIAW ilKqW iv`c iliKAw hY[ ieh sMBv hY ik hzUr swihb gurU Gr dI auswrI smyN hrI isMG nlvw ny nrbdw ndI pwr krn leI ikSqI iqAwr krvwky id`qI hovygI[ ijs kwrn aus ikSqI dw nwm nlvw v`jdw sI[ ies sMbMDI hor Koj krn dI zrUrq hY[

hrI isMG gyt (iklHw goibMdgVH) Aqy hor iklHy

vnIq nlUAw ny AwpxI pusqk iv`c iliKAw hY ik Ajy q`k koeI ihstorIAn ieh is`D nhIN kr sikAw ik nMdyV ivKy Abcl ngr

mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG ny 1805 iv`c AMimRqsr Sihr dy bwhr bixAw iklHw sr kIqw Aqy ies dw nW goibMdgVH r`iKAw[ ies iklHy iv`c mhwrwjy dw qopKwnw, d&qrI smwn Aqy Amlw sI[ qkrIbn 12 hzwr ispwhI Aqy hzwrW mx Anwj vI loV pYx smyN ies iv`c mOjUd rihMdw sI[ ieiqhwskwrW Anuswr ies iklHy qoN lwhOr q`k ie`k surMg vI sI[ ies iklHy dy do gyt hn Aqy mu`K gyt hrI isMG nlUAw dy nW qy r`iKAw igAw sI Aqy A`j klH vI hY[ Bwrq Aqy pwiksqwn dIAW 1965 Aqy 1971 dIAW jMgW smyN vI ieh iklHw imltrI dI mu`K CwauxI (Base camp) sI[ ieh vI ivl`Kxqw vwlI g`l hY ik is`KW dy ^wlsw rwj (Government of the pure) nUM 1947 iv`c

150

151

hrI isMG gyt (iklHw goibMdgVH) Aqy hor iklHy

vnIq nlUAw ny AwpxI pusqk iv`c iliKAw hY ik Ajy q`k koeI ihstorIAn ieh is`D nhIN kr sikAw ik nMdyV ivKy Abcl ngr

150

151

(dyS dI vMf smyN) pwiksqwn (Land of the pure) dw nwm id`qw igAw[ iqMn hor iklHy (&iqhgVH, jmrOd, hrI isMG dw burj Aqy sumyr gVH (bwlw ihswr, A&gwn) vI hrI isMG nwl sMbMDq hn[ hrIpur Sihr iv`c hirikSn gVH iklHw vI hrI isMG dy nwm qy hY[

hrI isMG dIAW smwDIAW Aqy hor XwdW hrI isMG dy nW qy iqMn smwDIAW (ie`k gurjrW vwly , dUjI ipSwvr Aqy qIjI iklHw &iqhgVH, jmrOd ivKy bxIAW hoeIAW hn[ iklHw jmrOd iv`c ie`k kmrw hY ij`Qy srdwr nUM P`tV hwlq iv`c r`iKAw igAw hY[ pwiksqwn iv`c hrIpur Sihr, iSmly kol nlUAw gwauN, nvIN id`lI dy krOl bwg Aqy phwV gMj iv`c, glIAW nlvw dy nwm qy mOjUd hn[ rweykot - b`sIAW cOk qy hrI isMG GoVy qy svwr vwlw Swndwr bu~q hY[ b`sIAW ipMf iv`c au~pl goq dy bhuq swry prvwr rihMdy hn[ srdwr nlUAw dI Xwd nUM qwzw r`Kx leI smyN smyN qy is`K pMQ v`loN sYmInwr, kwnPrMsW Awid AwXoijq huMdIAW rihMdIAW hn[ sMn 1965 iv`c luiDAwxw ivKy nlUAw kwnPrMs krweI geI[ ies iv`c is`KW dy rwjnIiqk msly Aqy hor audyS ivcwry gey[ ies kwnPrMs dI swrI kwrvweI AYnsweIklopIfIAw is`Kiezm 1992-98 jo pMjwbI XUnIvristI pitAwlw ny CwipAw iv`c drz hY[ iesy qrHW 1991 iv`c hrI isMG dI do sO swlw jnm SqwbdI sMbMDI luiDAwxw iv`c kOmI p`Dr dw sYmInwr krvwieAw igAw[ ies iv`c ivdvwnW ny nlUAw dI mhwn SKSIAq Aqy lwswnI kwrnwimAW aup`r cwnx pwieAw[ SRomxI gurduAwrw pRbMDk kmytI AMimRqsr ny 1991 dy swl dOrwn v`K v`K QwvW qy hrI isMG dy jIvn Aqy aus v`loN mwrIAW bic`qr mwrW sMbMDI krvwey pRogRwmW iv`c pVHy gey mh`qv pUrn prcy gurmiq pRkwS dy 1992 dy spYSl AyfISn iv`c Cwpy[ is`KW ny qW bhwdr jrnYl dIAW 152

XwdW mnwauxIAW jW r`KxIAW hI hn, pwiksqwn iv`c vI muslmwnW dy GrW iv`c aus sUrmy dIAW XwdW suSoBq hn[ 1992 iv`c srdwr AmrjIq isMG nlUAw, jo hrI isMG dI CyvIN pIVIH iv`coN hn[ nvIN id`lI qoN lwhOr ivKy Awpxy kwlj dy sQwpnw idn qy phuMcy[ AmrjIq isMG 1946 iv`c ieMfIAn ruAwiel nyvI iv`c nOkrI krdy sn[ iehnW ny dyS dI AwzwdI leI kwPI Xogdwn pwieAw[ pwiksqwn iv`c AmrjIq isMG 45 swl ipCoN Awpxy hmjmwqIAW nUM Aqy kuJ AiDAwpkW nUM vI imly[ iehnW dI m`dd nwl ijnHW dy Gr AmrjIq Aqy aunWH dI pqnI Tihry hoey sI kMD qy l`gy hrI isMG nlUAw dy icqR nUM dyK ky bVy Ascrz hoey[ At News Islamabad 2006 Internet dI ^br hY ik pwiksqwn srkwr ny hrI isMG nlUAw dy Sihr gujrvwlW ivKy srdwr nlUAw dI Xwd iv`c fwktrI dI pRmu`K cikqswlw KolHx dw AYlwn kIqw hY[ lYPtInYNt jnrl bI. AY~s. nlUAw ijhVy hrI isMG dI ku`l iv`coN hI hn ny d`isAw ik 1947 nUM jdoN dyS dI vMf smyN Bwrq iv`c Awauxw sI qW aus smyN AsIN gujrWvwlw dI hvylI iv`c nlUAw jI dI jMg iv`c pihnx vwlI sMjoA (lohy dIAW qwrW dw kot) ijs dw Bwr qkrIbn 40 syr dy nyVy sI C`f ky Awey[ brqwnIAW srkwr ny vI hrI isMG nlUAw dI Xwd qwzw r`Kx leI 1908 iv`c aunHW bMidAW nUM snmwx leI ijnHW mhwn Gwlxw GwlIAW, leI Indian General Service Medal iqAwr kIqw ijs aup`r ie`k pwsy jmrOd dw iklHw idKwieAw hoieAw sI Aqy dUjy pwsy brqwnIAW dy rwjy dI Poto auk`rI hoeI sI[ ieh mYfl 1935 q`k jwrI irhw[ AMgryz ilKwrIAW ny hrI isMG nlUAw dI ausqqI bhuq Fu`kvyN gihry, Tos Aqy suMdr SbdW iv`c kIqI hY[ igRPn ny srdwr nUM 'mUrq

153

Aw& ^wlsw' iliKAw hY, kroey ny 'dI AweIfIAl is`K solzr' iliKAw Bwv nmUny dw ispwh-slwr[ gujrWvwlw dy 1893-94 dy gztIAr iv`c 'Ney of the Punjab' Bwv pMjwb dI nINh iliKAw jd ik igRPn Aqy mY~sI ny 1909 iv`c cYNpIAn Aw& dI ^wlsw iliKAw hY[

BwvyN srdwr nlUey sMbMDI CotIAW motIAW XwdW BwrqI pMjwb AMdr kuJ zrUr hn[ kvI sMsQwvW v`loN nlvw dy nwm qy Avwrf vI id`qy jWdy hn ijvyN kOmI Kyf idvs 14 AkqUbr 2011 nUM srdwr jsivMdr isMG ig`l (AQlYitks koc) nUM srdwr hrI isMG nlvw Avwrf nwl snmwinAw igAw[ pr ies idl dy dwny, XwrW dy Xwr Aqy srdwrW dy srdwr sMbMDI pMjwb AMdr mhwn Xwd bnwaux dI v`fI loV hY[

mIm-mOq nw jwxdw kyhI huMdI, qygw iK`c ky Xu`D dy iv`c vVdw[ hor &Oj qW bhuq srkwr dI hY, hrI isMG sUrw A`gy hoey lVdw[

jrnYl hrI isMG nlUey sMbMDI vwrW qy jMg-nwmy vwr jW jMg nwmy AMdr kvI mhwn XoDy dI prm sUrbIrqw, prm scweI Aqy prm dnweI nUM AwpxI kivqw iv`c rcdw hY[ ieh vwrW jW jMg-nwmy bIr-rs nwl BrpUr huMdy hn, swihq AMdr iehnW dI au~cI-su`cI Swn huMdI hY Aqy Awaux vwlIAW pIVHIAW leI jwgrqI dI nuhwr bx jWdy hn[ ieh vwrW Awm bMdw jW bhuq ielm vwlw nhIN rc skdw[ieh qW Dur drgwhI dwq ijs nUM pRwpq huMdI hY aus dy roSn idmwg iv`coN Awp-muhwry kivqw auqrdI hY[ purwqn simAW dy kvI nwiekW dI sUrbIrqw, s`c-JUT dw insqwrw qy AslIAq dw pRgtwvw AwpxI kivqw iv`c krdy sn[ aunHW dy ihrdy lwlc qoN rihq, jIvn swdw Aqy prmwqmw dy BYA iv`c c`lx vwly sn[ is`K rwj dy AMdr jo kwrnwmy, jo virAwmqw, jo jIvn AwdrS Aqy Shwdq q`k dI bulMdI hrI isMG ny idKweI aus dw snmwn Aqy guxgwn hoxw suBwivk sI[ mu`K qOr qy pRoPYsr ipAwrw isMG pdm ny nlUey dy bIr kwrnwimAW sMbMDI s`q rcnwvW dw vrnx kIqw hY[ 154

ikRq kvI shweI isMG-shweI isMG ivdvwn kvIAW dy pRvwr iv`c jnimAw[ ieh kysr isMG iC`br dw poqw sI[ ies ny hrI isMG sMbMDI kmwldI Sihr&I ilKI hY ijs dy 30 bYNq hn[ nmUnw ieh hY:

&Oj jwie peI qMbU lu`txy nUM, hrI isMG srdwr sI mnHy krdw[ shweI isMG iPrMgI nUM mwr ky jI, qopKwny dy iv`c brUd Brdw[ (24)

gurmuK isMG igAwnI- ieh ivdvqw dy mwrqMf igAwnI sMq isMG dw pu`qr sI[ srdwr nlUey ny Akwl q^q dy klS dI sunihrI syvw leI ies dI ifaUtI lgweI sI[ gurmuK isMG ny 'jMg nwmw hrI isMG kw' 30 bYNqW iv`c iliKAw :

jIm-jwxky bhuq hI sUr Bwrw, krI gOr qy pws ibTwieAw eI[ KuSI hoie srkwr ny lweI klgI, ijgHw FwL AxvwieAw eI[ isropwau dy ky ikhw jwE BwXw, hrI isMG ny &qih bulwXw eI[ 'gurmuK isMG' ciVHAw hrI isMG rwjw, sBo qorkI &Oj frwXw eI] (4)

rwm idAwl AwnMd- ieh nvW Sihr dw vsnIk sI[ ies ny 91 CMdW dw jMg-nwmw srdwr hrI isMG iliKAw:

mhW isMG srdwr qqbIr kIqI, Pu`l cwie qUPwn dy iv`c pWdw[ iv`c pwlkI dy srkwr bYTI, nwl GoiVAW dy Asvwr lWdw[ cMbw GoVw srdwr dw bhuq cMgw, rx iv`c qlvwrIAW jwie KWdw[ mhW isMG hiQAwr srkwr dy jI, cwey GoVy dy hMny dy nwl lWdw[ (74)

AigAwq kvI-ieh jMgnwmw is`K rYPrYNs , lwiebRyrI AMimRqsr dy KrVw nM: 5854 qy ipAw sI ijs nUM srdwr SmSyr isMG ASok ny 1850 iv`c sMpwidq kIqw[ ies dy qkrIbn 100 CMd hn Aqy BwSw ibRj hY: 155

mIm-mOq nw jwxdw kyhI huMdI, qygw iK`c ky Xu`D dy iv`c vVdw[ hor &Oj qW bhuq srkwr dI hY, hrI isMG sUrw A`gy hoey lVdw[

ikRq kvI shweI isMG-shweI isMG ivdvwn kvIAW dy pRvwr iv`c jnimAw[ ieh kysr isMG iC`br dw poqw sI[ ies ny hrI isMG sMbMDI kmwldI Sihr&I ilKI hY ijs dy 30 bYNq hn[ nmUnw ieh hY:

&Oj jwie peI qMbU lu`txy nUM, hrI isMG srdwr sI mnHy krdw[ shweI isMG iPrMgI nUM mwr ky jI, qopKwny dy iv`c brUd Brdw[ (24)

rwm idAwl AwnMd- ieh nvW Sihr dw vsnIk sI[ ies ny 91 CMdW dw jMg-nwmw srdwr hrI isMG iliKAw:

AigAwq kvI-ieh jMgnwmw is`K rYPrYNs , lwiebRyrI AMimRqsr dy KrVw nM: 5854 qy ipAw sI ijs nUM srdwr SmSyr isMG ASok ny 1850 iv`c sMpwidq kIqw[ ies dy qkrIbn 100 CMd hn Aqy BwSw ibRj hY: 155

hrI isMG bIr ko, khXo nryS bYT ky, ipSOr dyS jwie ky, hmwrw kwm kIjIey[ AwbwdwnI kIjY sB, dys ko vswie dIjY[ kIqY bwq soeI ijm, koaU n duKIjIAY[

kwnH isMG bMgw ieh jMg nwmw srdwr hrI isMG pitAwly vwilAW pws sI[ srdwr krm isMG ihstorIAn ny ies dI nkl kIqI sI pr CpI nhIN[ ies dw AMqlw dohrw sI: hrI isMG muK nwm kih, jo bWDy qlvwr[ qIn lok jIvq iPrY, koaU nw sky hY twr[

imsr hrI cMd aurP kwdrXwr-pRoPYsr ipAwrw isMG pdm dI Koj drsWauNdI hY ik ieh imsr bylI rwm dy ^wndwn iv`c vIhvIN sdI iv`c hoieAw[ pRoPYsr sIqw rwm kohlI nUM lwhOr ivKy imldw rihMdw sI[ ies ny kwdrXwr dI SIhrPI qoN pRBwvq ho ky hrI isMG dy jMg-nwmy dw ibRqWq 6 SIhrPIAW iv`c iliKAw pr nwm Awpxy qK`lS vwlw kwdrXwr vriqAw[ ies dIAW SIhrPIAW 1924 iv`c mnohr pRYs srgoDw ny CwpIAW sn Aqy 1964 iv`c pMjwbI XUnIvristI ny pRkwiSq kIqw sI[ nmUny leI bYNq hY:

nUn inkl cl GoiVAw iklHy dy v`l, AsW pwvxw nhIN dUjI vwr Pyrw[ golI l`gI hY kihr klyr vwlI, Gwiel hoXw hY A`j Asvwr qyrw[ myry bWikAw CYl CbIilAw auey, hY qUM sYAW mYdwnW dw Xwr myrw[ kwdrXwr jy lY c`ly A`j fyry, qyrw kdy nw Bu`l sI ipAwr Syrw[ (qIjI sIhrPI)

kwdrXwr -ieh mwCI ky ijlHw gujrWvwly dw sMDU j`t sI[ ies ny keI ik`sy ilKy hn[ ies dw iliKAw srdwr hrI isMG dI bhwdrI dw ik`sw 'srdwr hrI isMG' 30 bYNqW iv`c idl tuMbx vwlw hY, jYsy: 156

AlP-AwPrIN jMmxw kihx swry, hrI isMG dUly srdwr qweIN[ jmWdwr bylI rwjy swihb koloN, k`d au~cw bulMd, srkwr qweIN[ DnI qyg dw mrd nsIb vwlw, swXw aus dw ku`l sMswr qweIN[ kwdrXwr phwVW nUM soiDAw sU, kwbl kyieAW KOP kMDwr qweIN[

iehnW ilKwrIAW qoN ielwvw, jsvMq isMG vqnw ny 'jMg nwmw srdwr hrI isMG nlUAw, mnohr isMG inrmwx ny 'vwr hrI isMG nlUAw' hirMdr isMG rUp ny 'nlUey dI vwr', pRoPYsr mohx isMG ny, 'dyS ipAwr' Awid ilKqW ies blkwrI XoDy sMbMDI ilKIAW[ kvI Amr isMG ny hrI isMG nlUey dI jIvn gwQw 'cmkdw hIrw' gurmuKI iv`c kivqw dy rUp iv`c ilKI[ ipCokV smyN AMdr AnykW ilKwrIAW ny srdwr hrI isMG dy jIvn qy Jwq pweI hY[ pr A`j klH dy ilKwrIAW ny ies mhwn XoDy nUM mwno ivswr hI id`qw hY[ ivigAwn dIAW nvIAW kwFW, Dn dy PYlwA Aqy mOjUdw bhuqy ilKwrIAW dI soc vpwrk Aqy by-sbrI kwrn aunHW sUrbIr bhwdrW dw ieiqhws ilKx dI bjwey ASlIlqw Bry lyK ilKx, purwqn ieiqhws qy nukqwcInI krn Aqy ie`k dUjy dIAW l`qW iKcx vwlIAW ilKqW ilKxIAW SurU kr id`qIAW hn[ A&sos dI g`l ieh vI hY ik au~cI su`cI klw vwly, aud`mI Aqy nyk nIqI vwly ilKwrIAW Aqy kvIAW nUM smyN dIAW srkwrW ny vI A`KoN-proKy kr id`qw hY[ cMgw swihq ilKxw ij`Qy jIvn dI mhwn ikrq huMdI hY au~Qy auh kOm dI buinAwd vjoN kMm krdw hY[ auswrU Aqy suqMqr soc vwlIAW ilKqW mnu`KI idlW nUM hrw Brw kr idMdIAW hn[ iehnW lyKxIAW ilKx leI bhuq smW lgdw hY, iltrycr Polxw Aqy pVHnw pYNdw hY idmwgI qwkq lgdI hY Aqy Cpwaux leI Dn dI zrUrq pYNdI hY[ BwvyN A`j dy dOr AMdr vPw, SrDw, Adb, Aqy mnu`KI ipAwr Kqm hox kwrn AwpoDwpI , byivSvwSI Aqy suAwrQpuxw zorW qy hY, 157

hrI isMG bIr ko, khXo nryS bYT ky, ipSOr dyS jwie ky, hmwrw kwm kIjIey[ AwbwdwnI kIjY sB, dys ko vswie dIjY[ kIqY bwq soeI ijm, koaU n duKIjIAY[

kwdrXwr -ieh mwCI ky ijlHw gujrWvwly dw sMDU j`t sI[ ies ny keI ik`sy ilKy hn[ ies dw iliKAw srdwr hrI isMG dI bhwdrI dw ik`sw 'srdwr hrI isMG' 30 bYNqW iv`c idl tuMbx vwlw hY, jYsy: 156

pr jIvn nUM ruSnOx leI, au~cw-su`cw bnwaux leI Aqy shI syD dyx leI hrI isMG nlUAw vrgy mhwn XoiDAW dw ieiqhws A`j dy smyN AMdr mwnisk bl qoN ielwvw, srIrk bl, scweI dw bl, sMqoK Aqy aupkwrqw dw rsqw idKwaux leI AiqAMq shwiek ho skdw hY[ suihrdqw, isAwxp Aqy suhj iesy g`l iv`c hY ik Ajy vI sMBwl jweIey[ ijs XoDy ny dyS dI AwzwdI leI Awpxy Awp nUM lyKy lw id`qw aus nUM nw Bu`lIey[ ikauNik ies sUrmy ny sony dI icVI AKvwaux vwly ihMdusqwn au~pr bwr bwr hmlw krky lu`tx vwilAW dy mUMh AYsy BMny sn ik sdw leI aunHW nUM dyS AMdr vVno rok id`qw[ aus ny A&gwnW qy AYsI ij`q pRwpq kIqI jo nw rUs, nw brqwnIAW nw AmrIkw vrgy SkqISwlI dyS Ajy q`k kr sky hn[ ies mnu`KI AwzwdI, mzlUmW qy gaU grIb dI r`iKAw, mwnvvwdI Aqy kilAwxkwrI dyS dy jMzIry, kOm dy hIry Aqy sMGrS dy qdbIry dI mihmw ieM\ hI gwauxI bxdI hY: ijs Drq v`l koeI nhIN sI mUMh krdw, hrI isMG dUlw Syr au~Qy jw bu`ikAw[ XoDw mOq dI nhIN sI prvwh krdw, jykr ruikAw qW imSn pUrw kr ruikAw[ swrw jIvn lMGw id`qw sMGrS AMdr, isMG hox nwqy kdy vYrI A`gy sI nw JuikAw[ Aim`t Cwp C`f igAw auh sMswr AMdr, aus kMm dI jo rUsI, AMgryz nw koeI hor kr sikAw[

pusqk prmwx pRym isMG hoqI (bwbw) (1937) jIvn ibRqWq srdwr hrI isMG nlvw, lwhOr bu`k Swp, insbq rof, lwhOr[ (pMjwbI) SmSyr isMG ASok (1990) vIr nwiek hrI isMG nlvw[ pblIkySn ibaUro pMjwbI XUnIvristI, pitAwlw[ (pMjwbI) AOqwr isMG sMDU (1935) jnrl hrI isMG nlvw[ pblIkySn kinMGm ihstOrIkl suswietI, lwhOr[ (AMgryzI) bYrn crlz hugl (1970) tRYvlz ien kSmIr AYNf pMjwb[ pblIkySn lYNgUeyz, fIpwrtmYNt pMjwb, pitAwlw[ (AMgryzI) jOhr AY~s AY~s (1996) is`K vYrIAr hrI isMG nlvw[ pblIkySn nYSnl bu`k Swp, id`lI[ (AMgryzI) sUrj isMG (1912) cmkdy lwl srdwr hrI isMG nlUAw[ pblIkySn : cqr isMG , jIvn isMG AMimRqsr (pMjwbI) suKidAwl isMG (2002) Kwlsw pMQ dy pMj q^q[pblIkySn : pMjwbI XUnIvristI, pitAwlw[ (pMjwbI) rxjIq isM G (1973 ) jIvn-jnrl srdwr hrI isM G nlUAw[pblIkySn : SRomxI gurduAwrw pRbMDk kmytI AMimRqsr[ (pMjwbI) rwm ikSn (1927) srdwr hrI isMG nlUAw[pblIkySn : lwhOrI gyt, lwhOr[(aurdU) vnIq nlUAw (2009) hrI isMG nlUAw cYNpIAn Aw& dI ^wlsw jI 1791-1837)[ pblIkySn : mnohr pbilSrz 2(6 AnswrI rof dirAw gMj nvIN id`lI[ (AMgryzI)

158

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suirMdr isMG (2004) is`K kuAwienz - isMbl Aw& is`K sOvirntI pblIkySn : mnohr pbilSrz 2(6 AnswrI rof dirAw gMj nvIN id`lI[ (AMgryzI) Amr isMG (1903) cmkdw hIrw-jIvn ibrqWq sRI mwn srdwr hrI isMG jI nlUAw, kmWfr-ien-cI& ^wlsw &Oj , gvrnr Aw& pySwvr vw ielwkw hzwrw pblIkySn : dI ^wlsw eyjMsI lwhOrI, lwhOr[ (pMjwbI) brnz AlYgzYNfr (1834) trYvlz ien tU boKwr tUgYdr iv`c ey nYryitv Aw& ey vovyj Awn dI ieMfs : pblIkySn : AOksPorf XUnIvristI pRY~s[ (AMgryzI) 1973 igAwnI qrlok isMG qUPwn (1949) AxKIlw jrnYl (srdwr hrI isMG nlUAw) pblIkySn : BweI myhr isMG , suirMdr isMG, AMimRqsr[ (pMjwbI) gurmiq pRkwS (spYSl ieSU) meI 1992 [ pblIkySn Drm pRcwr kmytI 38 (2) (pMjwbI) ipAwrw isMG pdm (2007) jrnYl hrI isMG nlvy dy jMgnwmy[ gurmiq pRkwS meI 2007 pMnw 45-52[ (pMjwbI)

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