The modern scientific shorthand or the longhand in shorthand sher singh msc kashmir by Sikh Digital Library

OR. •

I4&&_-iD,;.Shorthand~ .

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. The Modern Scientific Shorthand or The Longhand-io:-Shorthand: by

SI-fEF~

SiNGH

Deputy Cons~rvator of Forests, Kashmir.

Easy Quick ~1odern

Rs. 3/.. .

Scientific The Best

The Modern Scientific

Shorthand

OR 1 he Longhand-in-Shorthand,

OUT$T~NDINr.

•

FEATURES.

Nothing arbitrary; the sllorthand symbols ,are based on and .wrillc n like the longhand ;!Iphabet . .

No detache'd ,'owds; vowels joined as in longhand.

No artificial outlines nor list of f:'rammalogues to be remembered. Posh ion' writing rationalised and minimised.

5· Three speed rules only. 6.

Maximum of speed and legibility in minimum time.

7· The system tror the millions, as it S.il!l_~~._mlilste.r:c:<! ,in

. a~k and is adapted to th~ ' needs of students of even the most elementary ' education and calibre.

Outlines brief, fa~ile and legible, possible even after years.

Based on thoroughly scientific and linguistic

10.

and

transcription

principle~

Guarantees success to one and all. BY

'.rll.r

~HER

SINCH, M.Sc., M.R.A.S., F.e.S. (En,.),

,,:

Deputy Conservator of Fonsts. lashmir.

•

FOREWORD. Any and every shorthand script must necessarily be brief. But this shortness would be of little use if it were obtained at the expense of legibility or if it were hased on a complicated set of rules difficult to memorise and difficult to use in practice. In other words, an artificial shorthand system is more an encum. brance than a practical asset. And yet practically all the shorthand systems now in vogue suner from the aformention~d defects. A comparative study of the ditferent shorthand systems soon revealed to the author that there is a great leeway to be made up in the direction oj simplifying this subject so as to bring it within the reach of students of even the most elementary education and calibre. And the sys\em outlined in these pages in the result. The author thinks that he has fairly succeeded in his objective for it is the longhand alphabet itself (partly condensed) which has been used for the shorthand symbols, and the speed rules have been reduced to only three! There is little in this system to cumber the memory of students, and as there is little to memorise, there is little to forget. A few days' working . acquaintance with路 the shorthand sy ml路ols is all that is required. The alphabet I>eing complete, i.e., covering all ordinary letters and simple phonetic sounds, it is as easy to take down notes in shorthand as in longhand. The speed is, if anything, electric inasmuch as to the usual wing-ed devices of phonography, there is yoked the psychological advantage of unconscious movement of the hand in the proper direction. No more long lists of artificial outlines (Grammalogues) to be memorised! No more the bewi.ldering shorthand practice of one~h.orthand symbol representmg a do~en or more longhand woras r There is little doubt that this system, like all new things, has tii struggle against vested interests, but given fair field it requires no favour, as its innate simplicity combined with legibility and speed makes it far and away the easiest and the most scientific system, in the market. Above all, the system aims at contributing, however indirectly, to the solution of the unemployment problem by affording to the average student maximum speed in minimum time. And the writer will consider his efforts amply rewarded if to the students tried and rejected by other shorthand systems, this system holds out, as it is hoped it must, a fresh hope of unqualified success. Dated 25th March 1928. Ramban.

{

THE AU.THOR.

TABLE OF CONTENTS.

Pages.

5-7

INTRODUCTION LESSO:-l

L -The Alphabet

LESSON II. LESSON

-The Three Speed Rules.

ilL-On Numerals and other Signs 路 mostly common between Longhand and Shorthand.

LESSON Iv.-Abbr~iations LESSON

8--18 19-29

30-33

and Contractions.

34-39

v. -Frequently Recurring Words. ...

40-42

INTRODUCTION. THE UTILITY OF SHORTHAND. Shorthand writing is at once a fine art and a profession. The characters employed in the longhand are far too complicated and cumbrous to admit of rapid writing and what can be spo~en in one hour can hardly be written in six. It was, therefore, .. great step forward when in 1837, Sir Isaac Pitman perfected his phonographic system thereby using the winged forms of phonography to keep pace ""ith the tongue.

THE DEFECTS OF THE OLD SYSTEMS. \Vithout minimising in the least the great debt that is due to Sir Isaac, it may be mentioned that there are a few fundamental defects in the phonographic system which cannot be mended or mitigated by any amount of patching. To mention only a few: the student has to relie on a complicated system 01 dotJs, dashes and arrowheads to represent the vowels. The consonants are written first and the vowels are then dashed or dotted. For instance, the word UNNATURAL is at first written NTRL, the vowels being then added to complete the spelling thus: . ntrluaua, which at first sight' reads like natural. This system of detached vowels necessitates repeated lift of the pen, once for each vowel, thereby impeding speed. Further,. it involves inversion of the correct order of spelling. It is true that in rapid writing many vowels are usually omitted but the Pitmanic system then. suffers from. illegibility in . transcription. Instances are not rare in which even expert shortband writp.rs have been unable to transcribe their own notes after a period of a few days -not to speak of transcription after months and by other shorthand writers . . Furthermore, under the above system, each stroke has a different meaning according as it stands on, above or below a line. Ordinary students are unable to grasp this .. writing In oosltlon," as it is called, for they have been accustlomed to attach the same value to any letter whether it stands on, above or below the line. Needless to say, that if mistakes occur in . writing the letters in position, as is very often the case, the notes suffer badly in transcription for, these misplaced letters . have quite' different meanings. Little wonder, therefore, that in England where this system is much in use, the Inspectors of the evening schools were com-

6. pelled to report as follows:,. The proportlon of students who ever attain a practically useful "peed, say 80 ""ords per minute or more IS

small."

(Page 2S of Board of Education, Circular No. 1116). Referring to this a Sioan-Duployan shorthand book writes : " This is quite in accord with the statemen.t of H. M. Inspector that fully 9" per cent. of shorthand pupils fail to reach a serviceable degree of proficiency. Think 01 It I Ninety lailures ou,t 01 every hundred II" To remove the above defects, there are many other systems in the field, namely Sioan-Duployan, Dutton, etc., but study of these systems discloses that these systems suffer from a common delect, viz., the adoption of arbitrary alphabets. Laws of psychology demand that there should be as much conformity between longhand and shorthand characters as possible, as such a conformity facilitates the movement of fhe hand in shorthand writing. . No system which ignores this fundamental desideratum can be said to be simple or cllicient. In addition to this there are a few other requisites which may be· summarised as under : -. THE ESSENTIALS OF A SCIENTIFIC SHORTHAND SYSTEM. The fundamental basis of any shorthand system is its alphabet; if the alphabet is weak so must be the system for then the student has to relie on a complicated system of rules to . avoid awkward combinations. The stronger the aiphabet tbe 'fewer the rules required. The following gives a few important requisites which a modern scientific shorthand system should . fulfil:-

(I) The alphabet letters should have obvious resemblance with the longhand letters so that the hand may automatically move in the required direction. In other words, the alphabet should be natural and not ari:/.itrary. (2) The abbreviating rules shnuld be lew, simple and of wide application. (3) The alphabet should be complete covering all longhand letters and all simple phonetic sounds, i.e., it should be possible to write either phonetically or as in longhand. (4) The vowels should not be disconnected. (5) The speed should be rapid. (6) 'Writing in posItion to be avoided or ration~lise•• (7) It should involve the least possible stram on memory, and be adapted to the requirements of students of even elementary calibre. (8) It should be based on sound linguistic principles. In other words, the system of the future must aim at extreme simplicity combined with speed and legibm".

7 THE ORDER OF FREQUENCY OF LETTERS IN THE ENCLISH LANCUACE.

. The last .consideration (Ko. 8) makes it necessary to work out :he relattve order of frequency of different I ~tters In the E~ghsh language as obviously the speed rules must be based Oil this order. This order has been worked out b" Dr. Cobh'\r" Brewer, LL. D., and is as follows;. E

1,000

770

728 70l

U C

680

Al F

672

'71

540

Y P

., R

360

158

~nv

280

272

120 88 55

4]35 190 184

Q X

1Oil

391

16B

H.B.-Frequently recurring consonants are Iliven in bol" type.

I t is these recurrent letters for which the speed rules have been framed. THE 01JTLlNES OF THE MDDERN SCIENTIFIC SHORTHA:IID SYSTBM.

The system given in 路this book uses the ordinary alphabet letters, partly condensing their outlines for the sake of brevity . but retaining their broad g eneral features. As there are different symbols for all tbe 26 10nRhand letters and ph onel'ic sounds, this system offers, for the first time, the possibility of writing shorthand script either phonetically or in the longhafld-spel1ingorder. There are but three speed rules, VIZ.;J. . Thicken letters to affix R. 2. Lengthen them to 路affix 1'\. 3. An initial hook adds L, and a final one T (or D). The.c are all the rules to be mastered, and give the whole system In a nutsh~1. "

, THE MODERN SCIENTIFIC SHORTHAND' INSTRUCTOR.

LESSON I. THE ALPHABET •

• The alphabet described in this lesson is based on the scientific principles given in the Intrbduction, and covers amon~ others t he following:(i) All the 26 longhand letters from A to Z. (ii) All the phonetic .ounds given in ordinary shorthand systems based on phonetic principles. (iii) Frequently recurring compound letters which, for all practical purposes, are as much indivisible units as the longhand lel~ers, e.g. , nt., mp., etc. This provision of definite symbols for longhand letters and phonetic sounds enables the writer to spell the words either as in the longhand or ph0 n clically, which is a distinct advantage. 2. As explained in the Introduction, the symbols are not selected at random but are based on the longhand letters themselves. The characteristic portion of each longhand letter is coloured~~!11'';-lr.e·rrr"lc I and this same portion is adopted as . the shorthand symbol. This simple arrang-ement abridges the great gulf that, heretofore, existed between the longhand and the shorthand. It also serves to yoke the mind with the eye and the . hand, thus automatically increasing speed, and taking off burden from tbe memory.

J. In selecting characteristic portion of any longhand letter, capital letter or small letter is used whichever is simpler in outline. -Thus, the capital letter (G) is simpler in outline than the small letter (g), hence it is the former which is taken. Similarly, capital letters are used in C'lse 'of Vowels and Semi-vowels. J n other cases, script letters are adopted as it is these which are most familiar to the hand.

4. The alphabet divided into groups.-The alphabet is best remembered by dividing the same into groups which have obvious relationship either in outline or in sound or in both. . G • The following statement gIves t h e groups, as also r.r the shorthand symbols adopted:-

r~asons

9 STATEMENT SHOWING LETTERS GROUPED. (N . B.-Read tbis grOups and script

~l.a1f;me.{1t

along with . Pl~. which givea

raters intended (n the description .-See ~â&#x20AC;˘â&#x20AC;˘19).

Groop No.

Let:er. grouped.

0, script s.

Script ". (T.

Why ::rollped.

Note (OJ IS CIRCULAR. Tho script (s) also encleses a circle The circle (or (0) is bigger tha .. (or (s).

f. j! script I; Note the characteristic portions f. ). I.) o( these letters form 1J~,tical HOOKS, the hook being in different positions. These distincti"e parts are adopted as shorthand symbols . .

I. U; E. A: . .V. IV; 1", X.

(I) Note all of these letters are composed of STRAIGHT STl\OKES. The characteristic portions (generally the fi,st strokes) are used as shorthand signs. In E, the horizontal stroke IS adopted as there are three such strokes as against one vertical. .(2) AII of these letters are radii of a circle and are written Ol4t side f,om the cent,e; this gives up or down directions . . (3) The radii are parallel to distinctive portions coloured red. , . (4) (I) is written down, A up, V, \V down, as in longhand. The stroke for U IS its second upleg; it IS ~lightlY . f,!clined to ,ight instead o( being dead ver tical. . (5) Note in the above circle. V occu pies a place which it occu pies . on a clock and W. occupies the place of IV, with which it resembles.

THE

MODERN .'ICIENTIFIC SHORTHAND ALPHABET [PLATE I.J

( _ Note the .!!!,~~i~~ parts of Ictters are col o \J r~d RED and the same are USCll as shorthancl sign • . "rrow~ indica"te"' dijec.. tion oC writin!;. •

. Group I.-CIRCLES. Longhand letters. Shorthand sign..

.~ (e

Group II .-VERTICAL HOOKS.

Longhand letter".

. ...,.~

1 .

Shortha nd signs.

Group III.-STRAIGHT-STROKED LETTERS. Longhand letters.

]

~borthand signs. ~ I

U. E:. A V 'lV. Y U A .,...) ~l~' l!.L :; I/, ~\~ 1 ~ . ... EJ'

.. ..

•

.' jA

. ....,..., ~IV (

~.B.-Strokes

cen~re.

are ""mten outside from the are para ilel to the distinctive parts.

... )

and

<;roup IV.-INCLINED OR QUADRANT CURVES.

(." .w

i~ ~

, '3;-.'· Q.J 1

( .t"

ftS\ \J7 ~

6 '\:

Q\ rD ~ ~0J.l ~

,..I.... d

I'f. B.-Strokes are inclined and written as in longhand Allied letters:For K' use up-Q strok~ . 1', For, (or ah~rn~!i:,e 5) U5e down-B stroKe. ).t

11 (See Page 10). Gro:lp No.

Letters grouped,

Why grouped.

(6) V,\V are allied in sound and are, therefore, written in practically the same way. Note, further how V, \V; X, "occur, near each other both in long-l hand and shorthand. (7) The X line is more inclined backwards than Y; it covers ex; use also for X: (k plus s) i.e., eks.

q, 1', d, b,

(J) All of these letters have similar, outlines being composed of one vertical stroke with a QUADRANT or compressed circles in , different positions. (2) Take the circle given in the plate I divided into 4 quadrants by two diameters running due N, S, E & \V. Darkening each quadrant in turn, as shown, we get the concerned letters, and eliminating the common vertical or horizontal portions, we get the distinctive part __ each letter coloured red which glves the natllral shorthand symbols for these letters. The direction of strokes, as denoted by arrows, is as in script longhand. (3) K being allied with Q' is denoted by up-Q stroke. As Q is always followed by U, hence (qu) is one unit. (4) Z is denoted by , the down-B stroke. As letter Z occurs , rarely, this symbol is also used for S ,vlzenever a strok.d S is required, as is the case when (s) follows 0 circle or points, given later.

12 (See Page 14). Groull

~o.

Letters groupeJ.

Why gl'ouped.

c g. n m ,. I Ih ,.

(I) These letters are formed partly

1.1

cit nfJ.

or wholly of CURVES · VERTI. CAL OR HORIZONTAL.

(2) Inc, G the component curves are the left·hand curves like ( .; ch and ng being allied respe· lively to c and G are denoted by the reversed c, G symbols:) ()) In (n) and (m) note the chao racteristic portion is the upper convex portion. The curve for m ' has to be double than for " as In is a doubled form of n.

'(4) The distinctive pa~ of t is iIs lower concave portIOn. The curve for th has to be bigger than for I, as th is a hardened form of t. , (5) Note ,·crtical strokes are no red as they are common to most letters.

i,,·

6 (a).

If (t; cpm pour. d L,ftfT.•.

.J.lfiscella11erHtS~

nt, tld ,. mp. 'mb,' st, .~st,. oi~ OW,'

she

(}1l,

(I) For H a point will suffice as it has no distinct sound of its own but merely aspirates the concerned vowel. The point is written inside a7vay from the outline. It is generally omitted in rapid writing.

(2) NT (ND) denoted by an (r) inner (2) attached point. Remember this by the word Point which word is followed by (N1); or better use ! (n) stroke.

(3)

~!B

(MP) denoted by (I) outer ' (2) attached point See (8) bePow.

(See Pag~ 14).

---------------------

Gr,up No.

Why grouped.

(4) ST Md SST denoteel by attached l oo~'as a loop is a modified form of (S) circle. (5) Dipthongs as Oi, Ou, Ow, are formed in the ordinary way, i .â&#x20AC;˘. , by joining concerned strokes.

(6) .For 00 (OU, OW) write the 0 circle outside. .' (7) For 5h write the (5) circle o..tside. The stroked Z (5) when dotted gives alternative form of Sh.

6 (b).

ilal!Jed-strokes.

(8) For NT, NO, MP, MD,. NK, NQ use 1 of T, 0, P, B, K, Q strokes respectively.

----~

6 (c).

A ltematives recommended.

The following are possible:~ ÂŤi) For K use down-Q stroke. if necessary.

(iiI For

use G-strokt.

(iii) For X use K plus S . . (iv) For N D etc. prefer halved. strokes to points. (v) For

Z use S-circle or

vice-

versa.

(vi) V and W can be interchang ed.

Group V.-<:URVES VERTICAL OR HORIZONTAL. C C; ' T\. Tn. . th. m ·· ....

It I(

(~"

-;;;:;'::; ;::;.

s.w · leU~rs:

U.I.-Allied

Curv~s.

(i) Ow.t

"Or Ch U~e reverspd C, )~ for Ng usE- reversed · G., )'

(-z:"

r" 11//

o"r

O.H

(COMPOUND LETTERS)

Group VI.-MISCELLANEOUS.

H -, Ii) Detaehed Innerpointsl against concerned letters. .) PH (usually omitted) \, SH

....·

/. AH

,J.

.:...: EH

MP &I MB . -

Attached POlOt5.(.) NT & NO, .' (addtd to M. ) (in) -... I (out)

--.c

(added to M.)

--=

ST & SD,

(iv) Loops.

vowels).

Group · VII

(in)

(added t.:> M.). Olpthongs

01·, OV, ' EO.

on :I,l

p•

Y;<J, 9.° ~ _~'} '-"""'"

t'/,

Halvcd-Iettcrs.-

NQ. ./r '/,Q.

OO,OU,pw .

(iii) Outer circle.

',~'1 H~:" 1 Ii

(ii)

(v)

In I\: Out !,o,ition . (ii) Straight strokes. (iii) Ho rizontal stroke.

" )Okf' '

· .,

'/.. Ti

---0 E:

; (in)

SHD SST , ~ ; (out)""':-'::-

et~.. (join '0-...

concerned

lit • .."

NT; NO (and); ,/,,1) . \", .... . ~

MP ; MB; NK ,

.....

'I.'

.....

;.;

'jr.

1,&

r,"

,,-

Ordinary or phonetic spellings.-The spellings mal be

ordinary or phonetic. : lings,

Thus, a word such as cat has two spel-

VlZ. : -

the ordinary: c, a, t. the phonetic: k, a, t. I t is immaterial under this system as to which is used for both spellings are possible.

But the general rule will be :-(1)

Ordinarily usc that spelling ~hich gives briefer outline, but (2) if both take the same space or time then use the ordinary spelling. Under rule (2) the ordinary spelling c, a, t is preferred to k, a, t. Under rule (I) for words like you, a simple (U) will suffice, similarly (C) for see, (R) for are, ctc., etc. 6.

Long and shortvowels.-The shorthand signs given for

vowels ordinarily denote short vowels; to get correspondiJ)g long vowels place a detached vertical dash (not dot) dose to the vowel stroke. initial stages.

This dilIerentiation is not required in any but In rapid writing omit unnecessary vowels and

symhols. ,. In and Out.-The following simple convent;on gives 'In and out positions. III curves, it is the concave side which is inner. In horizontal stroke E, the upper side is considered

o uter, . the lower inner.

In straight strokes, the left-hand side

-----'Jo

-.-------

15 Inner.

8:'.

Simple leiter, simply joined.-The student can now

write the ordinary words in the shorthand much as in the longhand.

To begin with, the student will write all letters normally

one after . the other as in the ordinary spelling.

He will

USf

.phonetic spellings if they are briefer, e.g., the circle S for soft (c). 路 In short

~vords,

such as be, me, the student may gradually

dispense with vowels .remaining content with the simple strokes (b) and (m).

In a word like psalm, the silent letters (p, I)

need not be written; they may, be written only in the preliminary stages. Inarticulate or ill-defined vowels will be omitted, as (i) in sir. Initial vowlfls should generally be. retained. as they are distinctive.

For and use nd, i.e.,

of d or n strokes.

16 the convenience Plate II illustrates the following words; for - " -....... ... .-~

of .!,~~ .l?eginn_e l:s distinctive longhand letters are written alongside with shorthand signs:-

N. B.-Plate II to be read with these words. (See P . 17).

II. 5·

10.

0, owe, Oh 26. bet·

I, eye,

beat

See the, thee.

bit bite

though, tho :1 0 . abet abate good doubt

bait

IS are

boat about

-;,.

boot

fi"ment amendment rem anant

55; di stance this . by, bye buy bow

60. boy beau state

76. foul envoy gout li"ht So. li"ht bound found

all hope

85. almighty owe

bout

my thy

Co. Coy.

statement

how Ice

rest

ca'nt

must

high

15· resist

20.

35·

51. why

40.

rent

6.".

much

egoism

few

ring

elect

same

attest

shame

d'nt damp

attend

goal

eve ago cheese chan"e ganl': camp

45·

first

pope

70. no consist

west

resists

dust

smash

rogue

.... desist 50. Rust

sick

75· spout

go .• devout recess night small space

95· spontauuoUf

SIMPLE WORDS .SIMPLY JOINED.,

(Insma.ll ~ordl final vowels may be omitte~.)

•. ~.i:, .;.A."-;::. ~

'if a l:t

&o.c[:

•

18 9.

Miscellaneous notes to avoid overlapping etc.-(i) , In

writing shorthand

letters,

,short and long strokes.

make

clear

distinction he tween

There are mainly two sizes to be differ-

entiated and there can thus be no confusion . . ' (ii) Strokes running in the same direction as letter (i) following (f) should be written slightly off the first stroke with\

out lifting the pen. \. (iii) Attached points followinli circles

should

written

slightly on one side of the concerned circle, to avoid overlapping. For the same reason, strokes running

III

the same direction

or lying in the same quadrant should be written at slightly variant angles. (iv) The up-strokes normally cannot he confused with corresponding downstrokes inasmuch as their preceding letters show whether they are up or down strokes. \Vhen they occur alone as

simple abbreviat ion~,. they are dilIerentiated thus:-

(a) The up-strokes are written slightly above the Imaginary line of writing, and (b)

The down-strokes slightly below the imaginary

line. (v) When alternative symbols are possible, Use which gives better outline and ac!tle angles.

that

THE MODERN SCIENTIFIC HAND INSTRUCTOR.

SHORT~

LESSON II. THE THREE SPEED RULES.

10. n.t les,

Ollly 3 rules to be ~membered.-There are only 3 speed.

VIZ.:-

(i) Thicken any letter to add (affix) R. (See P. 22). (ii) Lengthen any letter to add (affix) N. (See P. 22), (iii) Add an initial hook for L and a final hook fot' affixed T or D. (See P. 23). These rules are based on common sense principles. The reason for the first rule is obvious, for, the addition of R to any letter, e.g., (Pr. Br in pray, bray) merely thickens the consonantal sounds (p, b respectively). The addition of N turns the ordinary sounds into corresponding nasal sounds (A becoming An; I, In; 0, On, and so on) which has the effect of lengthening the concerned vowels whence the second rule. The third rule is based on expediency for reasons given in the Introduction. II. A general proviso.-A general proviso which extends I the usefulness of the above rules is to omit vowels occurring I b~tween consonants, on the one hand, and R, N, T, D, l.,. and S, on the other. By so doing, the aforementioned rules can be utilised to the best advantage and circles or hooks can be appended to lengthened or thickened letters. Thus, the word for should be abbreviated into fr and denoted "by thickened (f), word fun into fn and expressed by lengthened (f), word fuss into 1s and expressed by a circled (f) .. word fall into n and expressed by initially hooked (f) and so on.

12.

The . R rule.-To take each rule separately:-

The R rule applies to all letters simple or compound. Thus, by thickening, S becomes SR, . ST becomes STR, SST becomes SSTR and 路 so on. In thickening' circles, loops and generally curves, it is not necessary to thicken the whole of the concerned part, but thicken the downward part only, \ or just so much as can be conveniently thickened by the pen (see plate II I for thickened 0 and S and for other thickened letters). (See P. 22). 13', The N rule.-The N rule, likewise, applies to all letters. A few remarks are necessary to explain lengthening.

20 (i) Letters of the (f) group are lengthened in the ordinary way and so are letters of the (Q) and (I) groups, i.e., letters of II to IV groups. ' ii) The circles are elongated to become

~~. .

. (iii) Letters of C and G group (v group) are made deep U: shaped, of their Tespective big and small sizes. (See plate Ill.

on'P:·U).

•

'4. The hook rule,:'-'-The hooks may be initial or final, and 111 either case they may ' either inside or outside having <\.iflerent values. A hook in the beginning stands for L; ... for initial L I,f outside, and for liquid (affixed) L if inside. 1 here .s but one size III this hook. (See P. 23i.

'5. The final hook when written inside stands for T if small, and for D if slightly bigger, but for Td or Dd (ted, ded) if written outside; the outer hook is small. For illustralOons see plate Ill. Note.-The circles 0 and S have no hooked forms; nor can letter (I) have above hooks as these hooks already stand for letters of the (f) group. Hooks to straight strokes and to (f) group should be joined as shown in the plate III. Miscellaneous.-(i) Rules and given above may be c,ombincd to alnx simultaneously. NR In Ithickening l..'-shaped shorthand letters, it is expedient to thicken 16.

(~~r:!).

just the

d~wnward

portion and not thc whole of the letter.

(ii) As it is dilncult to thicken upward strokes it is expedient to write alternative forms, wherever possible. Thus, are instead of being denoted by thickened upward A, is best denoted hy its downward phonetic equivalent, i.e., simple (r) written in shorthand. (See P. 22) . . . (iii) The N rule enables one to make such combinations as son, ·non, and other prefixes. The allied syllables in which n is replacc<l by m as cOfll, nom can be made by elongating the last leg of the concerned U. Similarly~tion can be differentiated from-ten by-elongating the last leg of the concerned U-shaped curve To. This applies only to letters of group 5. See pag'e 22.

路21 J

Simple words Illustrative 01

the

speed

rules.-The

illustrations g-iven in Plate II I when read in conjunction with the general proviso given in para.

give the following com-

mon words or word-parts; the words to be read horizontally

and to be compared wi~h the Plate. (See P. 22):AFFIXED R W.ORDS.

Or, Sir, Shee r, Roary For (far), Jar, Liar, Ire, Ur-, Ere (era), Are, Very, \Vcrc (war), year; exer-. Quire (qucer), kr, par, Dr (doctor) Bar (at-law), czar, Gear, char, Nigger, llor, !IIr (mister), Tar, there. AFFIXED

N WORDS.

un- , van, wall (when), yon, ex . en (Executive Eng) . . On, sun, s hine,

rain,

fain J. J"en- )

line ,

in J

en- J an,

Quan-, kin, pen-, dcn-, hen . . , zone, con- or en o, gun (gon-) s

chin, ngn, none (non~), !"ani (many), ten, tbe.n, AFFIXED NR WORDS.

Owner tanner,

runner,

inner,

winner,

Connor

(e nr) ,

.....

dinner,

AFFIXED OR LIQUID L.

Call, eha l, gel-, -ng<'l, -rei, mill, tell, thal-, quali, kil-, pal, hall, zeal, ul-, el-, all, vale, wcll, yell, eX(,f'I, rail, fail, jail. INITIAL L.

(See Page 23). Loco-, loch, leg, long, line, lime,

lat~,

litho, liquo-,

eap,

led, lobe, lez-, lu, Ic, la, love, low, lie, lux. T,D, TO, DO .ENDINCS.

Cot, Cod, (ere) -etc'd, ceded, not, need, noted, nodded, what (wet), would, waited, wedded, etc.

THE. MODERN SCIENTIFIC SHORTHAND SPEED RULES

I PLATE Ill.)

•

. Rule

R added (affixed) by THICKENINC •

OR, ~R, SHR, RR, FR. JR, LR, JR, UR, ER. • D ~.:) ~!" 1'" n J J L:

ARt

IJ'... ;;

VR, WR'lR, XR. QR, KI~ PR, DR, BR. ZR, CR.

, . : , ~(Ir

..' ~~R .

,\.........

.oJ.,.. )J, ((

("HR, NGR, NR. MR, TR, THR.

)1 ~ ~ ~ ;rrt

NTR, NDR; MnR, MPR; NKR NQR; STR. SDR~'lSSTR. J.t,J~ ~}{ ~ r, t. (,-~ .....~ ....-~

"'} . . '

",.

1""

•

Rule

.. i't

Ov..t.;1

••

N added (allixed) . by LENCTHENINC~

ON; SN, SHN; I).N. FN. ,IN.

o 4",. 0,.... It · fTWN,H IN, UN. EN. AN, VN. It jjt -;::::; // ~ ~ O(u)N,

KN,

Ir .fr

l\!GN .

PN,

D:-.I.

CN, GN, CHN.

c.C:>

LN,

YN,

/,1

BN,

ZN.

-4'.//

NN , MN, TN. TIIN.

nVV

Allied ("ombinations ·got hoY unequal lengt"~ning : ~ Thus Con (CN), Cum; Nn, Tn,Tion; etc.,

("c.

-*';

~;~'I'f)J'~&'

Rul~s .1 and 2 n1:ly be combined 10 gel NR by lirst knglhening

(N) and Ilwn thickening LO add R.

•

. .

ONR. RNR. INR. WNR. QNR, DNR, CNR, NNR, TNR.

11 P

~ 7(~

~.: ~

THE

MODERN SCIENTIFIC SHORT~J'''D SPEED RULEJ;, •

PLATE III-contd. Rule, 3.

Use of hook$ (interD<lland external).

TI.ie rule applies to curves, straight strokes (except ~" :to hooked'ietters as shown beJow. bl.\t not to cin.:1.e_s! ", ':

Liql.\id, or affi'xed L· (internal initial hook .., ", l. Liquid or alllxerf, L I' CL, CHLj GL, ~GL'

•

C,'

TL, THL.

NL, ML; QL, KL; PL, DL, BL,

ut,- EL,

-.lY

tt.

; :

"\ \"

AL, Y.L, WL, YL.XL, RL, F:LJ, JL. ~ '\ ....... J ,7 'VI. C,r. J.,.

J~ c:II'

, ~~

Initial L (external initial h~ok.) ,v Le. LCH; LG, LNG, LN,LMj LT LTH;

).....: ............. -

LO.

LK; LP, LD. L'D, LXI

1 . i'"

LU, LE,

-It '

'\,.

LV, ~

Lwi

J,..V, LX.

<:....

I' ".

T, D Final liooks.

T, 0 ;TD " DO H~oks ate similar, ego . r

% .....

Ct. r

•

Ctd or Cdd. S ~

'Cd;

NT,NDf NTD, NDD; WT, Wn, WTD, WDO •.etc:

,,~

,...'......

.....

,24 Words illustrative of the R rule.-Plale IV gives the

18,

following words illustrative of the R rule; these words should be read

conjunction with the Plate where the distinctive

shorthand letters alone are gIven (Page ZS): WORDS ILLUSTRATIVE OF THE R RULE.

l. Purpose . mother daughter

therefore

5. brother

21. Property tra.itort.rigonometry

tJi(lent

2,. trusty

fort.nightly

gov~rna.nce

ilttroflnce

breakfast

interpose

45. iuterpret

fllrtlierance

Gr,. finger

nei,ghbonr

America

wander

lIorthern

odour

amorphous

mCllder

meander

greater

member

equator

Great Britain

Empire

quarterly

firmament overthrow

to. overpower

30. through

50. contrary

70. borrower

yapour

murder

counter

l~nder

perfect

meter

render

arbitrary

either

morphine

gender

yeruure

emerge

merist.em

prolninent

foremost

15. iurprise

35, northenmost 65. dormant

75. fcrester

Government

important

segment

fraternal

furniture

master

earnest

careworn

further

dllstor

camber

carnl\"orus

refresh

stress

character

verdigris

20. grope

40. "trollg

1'.0. charActer- SO. represent. tically

Note.-In this plate. N and hook rules are not used to

.......--..

avoid confusion; they should, however, be used with practice ill later stages.

WORDS ILLUSTRATIVE OF THE R RULE.

(Omit vowels between consonants and R for brevity.) .

[PLATE IV.] P.

1.'

~ -...

P"r-

t.- w

~路 ~ '" '" c;.,

t ..

t~ 1S"

c.,...

t' .

. ""ft,

...,

ct~

~~~

19.

Words illustrative 01 the N rule.-The following ~I\'es

a few words illustrative of the N rule (see Plate V) : -

Spain

21. consistent

37· non-eo-opera 5.f. exonerate tion con.sclence tendency 55· quantity

spanish • dense endurance engage

5·

confluence

environment

configu r alion condition

entrant

constipation

enmesh

convocation 45· mountain

entreat

3 0 • convenient

regenerate

ingenious

35· consplTacy

consideration consternation

20.

gunner

commission

Helen

congratulation

introspection horizontal

thinning

rendezvous

competent

violence

maintain

genu:ne

men

prudence

information 60. definite

convalesc('nt

complaisant

genus

tentacle

fancy

fantastcc

reminiscent

congrl!ga- 4 0 . tender tion fenets 25· condensation

engraver

10.

tentative

6.1. indecent

pander

honour

50. omnipresent

enervate

demonst r ative Andrews

53- Man

veneer

Bannerman

70 . Winner

cnnference

Connor

congress

Channer

consist

manner

dinner

75· thinner

•

WORDS ILLUSTR~rIVE OF THE " RULE. ·

(Ofilii vowels between consonants and N fo~ hrevi!}.

[PLATE V.]

i •

28· Words illustrative, 01 the h90ks.-The following gi",'C 20. few words illustrative of the usfpf hooks: (See Plate VI. page 29):-

Apple

22.

pebble

length

rebel

letter

•

43· note

long

63· suspended reprimanded

noted conduct

65.

Phillipine

• . 2'=;.

lithowork

-15· rebate

•

invited

lukewarm

deleted

confiscated

leapyear

planted

denoted

fluid

leaden

limited

demonstrat·

5· ,delicious

ed calomel flask 10.

50.

70. plied

permitted

pleaded

lavender

confiscate

quieted

gloworm

loquacious

treated

saccate

angle

lucky

granted

chilled

limelight

molten 35· pleasant

maltrealed 75· quality 55· plated

resilient

molecule

maple

revolutionist

delinquent

aluminium

grounded

delicate

malicious

welldone

legitimate

playmate

nobl~

excellent

deleted

sample

20.

30 . loophole

degraded

reflex I':;.

lable

'.condescp.n<i

". delta

40 .

rattle

60.

molested

olip

interested

slip

suspected

; gelatinous

So. ignoble.

W~RD' ILLUiTRATIVE OF THE ':ISE: OF HOOKS.

(Omit vowels between consonants and L, or T, D to ·abbreviate oullines and to use hooks.)

•

THE MODERN SCIENTIFIC SHORTHAND INSTRUCTOR. LESSO~

Ill.

NUMERALS AND OTHER SICNS.

21. Figures.-Figures I, 2, 3, ... 9, 10, II up to 99 will be u>'ed as such ,~s they are alrea":y shorthand symbols. The following- conventions will, however, be used "S illustrated In Plate VII (see page 31):â&#x20AC;˘ Hundreds denoted by underlining-. Thousands denoted by Overlining. Lacs denoted by Crossing- from right to left. !'Ilillions denoted by Crossing horizontally halfway throug-h.

Billions denoted by Crossing from left to right. For illustrations sec Plate VII. By combining the above rules other fig-ures hig-her than billions may be obtained.

n. Ordinals, viz., first, s~cond, third, fourth, 5th, 6th, 7th are got by dotting the figure below (note, dot stands for H of th in most ordinals, e.g., fourth, fifith). The correspondil1g adverbs, viz., firstly, secondly, etc., arc got by dotting above.

23. Punctuation marks.-Punctuation marks arc the SAl\IE AS IN LOKGHAND, except in the case of hyphen which is denoted by two parallel dashes. The underlined words should J:!e doubly underlined. 24- Mathematical signs.-l\Iathematical signs are the SAl\IE AS IN LONGHAND, except minus which is dotted. For other symbols see Plate VII. 2 S. Reporting signs.-A wavy line denotes differeRt reporting interruptions as follows:-' ~q' ertical stands for: hear, hear. \ Right to left down stands for: shame. \. ' lorizontal stands for: cheers. Left to right up stands for: applause or laughter, etc.

26. Miscellaneous.-:'Ilonetary signs, e.g., R. a. p. s. d., ctc., are u~ed as such. Similarlv thermometer readings, e.g'., C for Centigrade, F for Fahrenheit, etc.

ÂŁ

2;.

Chemical symbols being brief will be used in the .

longhand thus:-

H (h) for Hydroge~ or prefix hydro..-(in hydrometer), etc.

NUMERALS AND OTHER SICNS MOSTLY COMMON BETWEEN SHORTHAND A~D LONCHAND;

[PLATE VI!.]

(i) Figures. Five

Five billion

-r-

S' •

1 • 2, 3. 4

Fiv e nlillioll

Five lacs.

Five thousand

Five hundred

etc. denote firet, second, third, fourth, et9'

•

•I

.' ete. denote firatly, secondly, thirdly, fou"thly. etc • 2, S, 4

(ii) Punctuation ' Marks. Same as in longhand except Hypen ; Brack~t.

Underline

[l,O

(iii) Mathematical Signs. Same as ia longhand except Minu. £hown thus ...... (h,l

Reporlinlt SleD •.

Shame

He .. r. hear

•

applause or Taughter ~

cbeer.

Miscellaneous. Othet .ymbols same as in longhand e. go.

t.. •. d.

•

't.; R . • Percent Cirelli ,

104 0 },;

1000 C .

Inchc~

fahrenheit

centigtade.

3'. feet

dollllr • . Perp.ndic;,lar on

..L

c;.

(P~ rallel)

(triang).) (Mi"so"g wora) 0; one-hal!

/..'

'I..

32 C(c) for Carbon or carbo-(as in carburretor), etc. The student should make for each subject separate longhand abbreviations suiting his own convenience. Thus, A may stand for Agriculture, M for l\!athematics and so on. 28. It will be noted that in this lesson, longhan-i abbreviations hav·e been retained as such, as no advantage could be gained by displacing them. • 29· Exercises in simplP dictation,-The following give~ two exercIses in simple dictation duly punctuated: compare Plate VIII, on page 33:-· EXERqSE I. t.

Life is real! life is earnest! And the grave is not its goal; "Dust thou art to dust rcturnest,"

\Vas not sl'oken of the soul. Lives of great men all remind us, 1\)' e call make our lives sublime, And departing leave behind us Foot-steps on the sands of time. EXERCI~E

II.

INDIA'S CONTRIBUTION TO THE WORLD'S CIVILIZATION.

r. India's contribution to the world's civilization has been enormous. By far the greatest contribution 2. is its doctrine of harmlessness. Gautama Buddha propounded it several centuries 3. ago and this rloctrine is ~till the most prominent doctrine in the' East as also in the

4. domain of religion. Through G. B. (Gautama Buddha) India has conquered 470,000,000 people, who even up to this

s. day live and die professing the tenets of Buddhism. The conquests of India through 6. religion extend from Nepal to Ceylon, across the whole of Eastern peninsula to 7. Tibet, China, Japan, Manchuria of these countries constitute what

and

Mongolia.

8. may rightly be called the mighty Empire of India. great Empires 'oI:e see now

All The

9. and which are founded by force may fly, decay, die and disappear in spite of big armies and 10. navies but this great Empire of India, which Indian sages founded several centuries ago still exists and II.

will live long ...... for ages.

•

SIMPLE DICTATION.

, [PLATE VII!.} ... Exercise (I).

(1)~. t! ~. __ ! ;:'.>.

' (2.) \. r

,_ (...,.; ..... fj

(, (\ .;1-", ,

\ C.--../ '\ ~ oA-," •

Exerol .. (II).

34 THE MODERN SCIENTIFIC SHORTHAND

LESSON IV. ABBREVIATIONS AND CONTRACTIONS.

• 30 •

Underlinlng.-Ordinary longhand contractions such as I.e.s., F.R.S., A.D., etc., etc., which have well-known meanings are first written in .shorthand characters and then underlined to distinguish them from un abbreviated shorthand strokes.

F or illustrations see Plate IX, ~ords

to 20 on page 36. 31. Inter-sections.-An alternative way is to intersect the concerned strokes. This is illustrated in words 21 to 60 (Plate IX). 32. Long words.-Long words are at first abbreviated exactly as in longhand as if one were writing dictation rapidl,. and these abbreviated parts then expressed into shorthand. Thus, for instance, Great Britain is abbreviated into Gr. Br. (see word 21, Plate IX, and other words). No hard and fast rule need be laid down regarding the degree of contraction; this is left to the . writer's discretion. Normally he will use ' the same :::ontraction as he would adopt in longhand. Thus, the word Covernment could be contracted' into Govern, Govt, Gmt., or Gt, etc., etc., depending on Individual discretion; this discretion will be translated into shorthand. Underlining or inter-section of these parts will bring to one's memory that the words are contracted. _ "33. Detached letters.-Long prefixes or suffixes may be -denoted by detaching the first letter of the concerned prefix or suffix. For example:Detached (s) selves-(suffix) •

circle will denote self-(prefix)-and-'-

Detached (m) sign will denote Magna-and-Ment. Detached (f) sign will denote Phos-and-fulness. For illustrations see words 61 onwards, Plate IX, page 36. i . 34· Suffixes like -ality, -odity etc., which stand for abstract nouns are ·denoted by detaching the first letter of the concerned syllabie. Thus, for instance, word Majority would be denoted by Ma and detllt;hed .. Qr Jr, etc. See words Plate IX. . 1>1 11,)

/..1 .....

3.) 35. Phrases written JOined.-Common phrases which stand together, may be written joined in shorthand. In so doing omit unimportant letters, syllables or words, and use only distinctive words or letters. Examples: In. spite (of). ,more or less, lowe you, I the honour, etc., etc.

hav~

For illustration see Pillte X where distinctive longhand letters used are given side by side with shorthand outlines for convenience of the . beginner. 36. Abbreviations and contractions.-Plate IX gives a few illustrations of contracted words or phrases which are indicated either by Ultderlining, inter-sections or by detached letters:-

(See page 36) 1. M. A. 25 Mr. President 41. ·.Tesus Christ Act of parlia H. A. and GentleVirgin Mary ment T. C. S. men. cross exam- 59. Meeting ' of Y. M. O. t\. Government ination I directors. ~. F. R. S, Hoara. examination· 60. self-respect K. C: I. E. Nevertheless in-chIef self·defence K. O. R. 1. Notwith.tan- 45. rA-tixaminatioll myself G. C. S. 1. ding. circumotyourself G. C. T. E. Law and order antial evidthyself 10. N. W. Ry. · 80. League of ence 65. mftg-nif.r J. O. U. Nations May it please magnetlc 1. owe you. Rome Depftrtvour honour. form.lity 1. C. U. R. ment Gentlemen < f carnaLty I see you o.re. Foreign deparjury. durability M. L. A. tment JURt.ice ofpeace70, propri.et.v JJ. L. C. yours faith· 50, Rlgh court of maJorlt.v 15. M. P.. fully .iustice. tendency M. R -\.. S. your. trulv Freedom of JOinority F. R. S. A. 35, yours sinc. the nreBS. geniality D. F. O. erely Rt. Ron. 75. popularity D. Se. yours obediPrime Minister. llarmlp8snea, 20, I O. M. entl)". Unite~ States thon!f!tfulIlO~S 21 Gr.-Br. with reference of AmerIca. restfu e •• Great Britain to. 55, Rouse of Cocarefulness Labour party Call your att- mmons • 80. thermometer Conservative entioll. House of hygrometer Party In reply to J.. r?~. hydrome\er Tndi~n Natiyour letter. Bnhsh Em· barometer onal Congress 40. M. . pITa gAlvanometer 85. Electrometer

A8IIREVIATIONS AND CONTRACTIONS

indicated by UNDERLUIINC. INTERSECTIONS AND • LETTERS.

DETACHED

37 37. The following gives a few phrases which are joined together and written in shorthand omitting unimportant words or syllables; comPare Plate X on page 38:l\fore and mare I have the honour In spite of I shall be That is; i. e. IOU (I owe you) leu R (I. sec you are) In reply to your favour I n reference to your letter (10) \Vith reference to your letter At your convenience For fa vou r of necessary action For further consideration For disposal (5)

(15) May it please your honour Your Excellency My lord Your ~Iaje sty Free trade

(20) Han. gentleman Freedom of the Press RighI Honourable House of P a rliament Prime Minister (25) Chairman of the Committee Learned coun~1 for the defence Your worship No my lord Virgin Mary â&#x20AC;˘ (30) Very good Your most obedient servant Yours obediently Yours sincerelv I have to ack~owledge receipt of your lett.r : 35) I must (ask) your favour I 3m directed I beg to enclose I regret to state I hope you are well (40) I hope you are saf-r <01.

PHRASEOCRAPHY.

[PLATE X.] 11j. •

~ ~ p .

39 38 . Progressive use o. contractions and speed.-In the . ini. tial stages, the student will write all letters composing each separate word. \Vith little practi~e, however, the student can gradually increase the number of omissions using abbreviations, contractions and detachments as much as possible. 39. Over and above the contractions given in the Instructor, the student is strongly recommended to coin his own abbreviations associating them with script longhand letters which will then be interspersed in the shorthand scnpt. These contractions will be applicable to the partioular sutlject or branch of .cience in which the shorthand writer may be interested. Obviously, longhand script lettt;,rs should be used only for exceptionally big and technical words of frequent recurrence. In all but such cases, it is the shorthand script wl,ich should be employed. 40. Side by side with wfltmg dictation in shorthand. the student should practise reading written notes, as dictation without transcription retards speed.

41.

Alternatives where available.-Whenever two or more

shorthand symbols are available for the same sound. obviously that one should be chosen which is shorter or quicker to write. Thus. for K-sound we may either use down-Q or up-K strokes; prefer fornier for KR or QR i.e. thickened K-sound. for thicl(ened strol(es are b".t writlen downward. For compound letters nt. nd. mp etc:; 路use h~lved.strokes instead of attached points as a point impedes writing speed. Similarly for 1. prefer C-stroke as the latter opens forward instead of haclr.. wards. Rand L are best represented by thickening and hooks; for this purpose omit Vowels. Also use position rule (q v) for simple words as this writing is quicker than ordinary one.

THE MODERN SCIENTIFIC SHORTHAND LESSON V. FREQUENTLY

RECURRINC

WORDS, AND

POSITION

WRITINC RATIONALISED.

42. If any paragr1iph or writing were carefully exa- Âˇ mined, it would be found that some words, particularly small . â&#x20AC;˘ words like is. be, the, and, was etc., recur with much greater frequency than others. It is necessary that these common words should be lepresented by simple strokes. This ne~essitates the omission of all but characteristic con.onant strokes. At the same time. it is necessary to differentiate words to prevent confusion. The attached simple device on Plate XI serves this purpose. (Page 41).

(See Plate Xl for diagram showing normal distribution) The distribution is not arbitrary but what would be in reference to the' imaginary line of writing which is dotted here. On this line, the distribution of vowels is a~ follows ; 43.

wri(t~n

(i) U and A are written above the line. (ii) 0 and E are written on the line. (iii) [ and Yare written below the line. From these positions of the vowels. the following Position

Rule follows;(i)

U and A are added by writing a stroke above the

line. (ii) 0 and E are likewise added by writing the same on the line. (iii) I and Yare ad,kd by writing belOW the line. For example, take the three common words; may, me, my. lIere the consonant .(m) is common, the vowels being different. Using the' Position' i. 11e, the above words arc obtained thus: may by writing (m) abo:'e the line, me by writing (m) on the line, my by writing (m)' below the line. Similarly, Us, as; see; is are differentiated by writing the (s) circle above, for us, as; on the line for sp.e, below the line for. i6. . 1

.'SO~E .:FSEQUJ;:NTLYRtCURRiNO ......, .. .. .0 ".,. . ." . ' " WORDS ,. , .. . • _ ,

r PI.ate xr. J (i)

rule. .Position .,......

x'/{"

U,~ o •~ ~ .. '., Ao;;f ." }

.....

.J.~.J... '~"'~'~'~"~~' ::~~''''.lf.f. ............ 0..

(i.i) 7«~ittel) ip p~,!itio~.

.. £. ..

II~'

~ . ~ 0",* ............ ~ .............. : .......... ~, ..................... ~ ('l. , . . • ................

N;f'i:: .........

•

• ........... "'1.& 1·",0.

•

...

M .... I I

',. ,".j> .. -. ' 1'1 "'<, ~. _ ':"':A" 1 if...<_ _ 'lL., A~ • ...!:~~ ~~......... ~~~ .....................1~:..~~....:........... .sQ, )~ .. . ...,. Yt-' . ~

".3..'

'~J

""_

ft..w'il:.~

~..

f.~

J _

I l: T~ \..'Dij

--:"' ..

(../

FIrl',Ii.c

~~,~ _

1,1c.J.. ""\ ~ .

....~l-ll.\;.w....; ..f .... /.. .~~......... ; ........~..1lP. ...;,)", .j. ..J. H~ ~rl.Z'" 'D . 1.rl.."" " -'-J .' ../ 'BjJ''d '-...:: <e ) . ") 1i"Hj Ai- ~ F...... I ,;1!o.~ ....... , \1;;;'-..... ) S~3} ---

..:~:.~};.y,,,,,,,,,>,,.,,.,,.\.~~,E".~,, .. ; ..: ...) ~~,.. . :,,-,1;u , v~, £""3 )

(" . &,

o..J..J.~"- ,;, .

y ...... <.t

(iii). No posit;"".

,., G......

(

."....,L.."'('

JI,~ ""*, ",...,.

C. ........7

r-.:o

.---,.

"':~

C.......rt

••

80_

-:',"; - ,"""""i c.,..

u y.....

r I • . _No. ,• ,

____ j

0 ~.)

;ii

-...:..J

•

%.,t

•

---:>

~I-~~. -. .. _,., '

1IoT,...A..I.

~ _

Q'"

a;;......

5-"

~~.

54-<01.

C/I · ' .,

. \

Do "

'-.-J I' ' "

=.. ...,.""

0"1.

"/.

A.~ % .......... ~-..... :~- ' \ ,~...t&' rIo....u ~ iL.....,. • IP"l .•,. I ~ ~. .........

r j""" , '

t\ ..../. \ D'a>\( '-=> , - .I

~"1-J<-

~"""'"

42 4+ The above principle can I.>c extended' to r'lther long" words as most and must. Here the ('onsonantsare common" and can be represented by looped (m), and difference in vowels is expressed by writing must above the line (for u), most being written on the line (for 0). Similarly, other words more or less allied in sound or spelling may be differentiated by position. Thus in the words mUCh, each, which the characteristic common sound is of ch. \Ve may omit all other consonants and use (L'1;) stroke for all, and difrerentiate them by their characteristic yo\\'els thus: much \\'ritt(,11 nho"e (for u) f'ach on (for e) and which below the linc of. writIng (for i). For other common words thus difl'crentiated see the adjoining Plate XI. I

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45. J n cO'1ciusion, it will be noted that this "position" writmg is quite unlike "position" writing in other !liystems where different arbitrary values attach to different positions . . In this system both the alphabet and the" Position ., wntlllg are RATIO}lALISED, for the first time, to take off all Hurden from the memory; In its simplicity lies its success. Finallv. we rannot known adage: . \Vell begun

h~lp

drawing attention to the wellIS half done. Once well-started the spf'cd. under this system, is bound to progress with 9vpr-

incrr<lsing- momentum, mnximnn1

sP('Pci h('ing- attained in

than a quarter of the time required in other systems. FINIS.

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