System & Hardware

System & Hardware

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Introduction to Computer Science (uGey f sLwmodyrHÜ w d q f uf)

1/

Computer (uGey f sLwm)

1

2/

History of Computer Science (uGefysLwmodyÜH\ordkif;)

1

3/

Types of Computer (uGey f sLwmtrsK;d tpm;rsm;)

2

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Parts of Computer (uGefysLwmwGifyg0ifaomtpdwftydkif;rsm;) 3

5/

Program (y½dk*&rf)

6/

Generations of Programming Languages

3

(uGefysLwmy½dk*&rfrsKd;qufrsm;)

3

7/

Artificial Intelligence(AI) (todÓPftwk)

3

8/

Future of AI (tem*wfumvtodÓPftwk)

5

Personal Computer Hardware & System Maintenance

(udk,fydkifoHk;uGefysLwmwpfpHk\trmxnfypönf;ESifhpepfjyKjyifxdef;odrf;rI) 9/

Components of a Computer

(uGefysLwmwpfvHk;\tpdwftydkif;rsm;)

6

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System Unit

6

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Computer System One Set (uGey f sLwmpepfwpfp)kH

7

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Mother Board / Main Board

8

System & Hardware

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Bus, Slot and I/O Card

8

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Classes of I/O Buses (I/O Buses trsKd;tpm;rsm;)

9

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Microprocessors (rdkufu½dky½dkqufqmrsm;)

10

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Memory (rSwfÓPf)

12

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Monitor (armfeDwm)

13

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Monitor ESifhwGJzuftoHk;jyKrnfh VGA Card / Graphic Card

wGifrdrdtoHk;jyKvdkaom Resolution, Color Setting rsm;tvdkuf Video RAM vdktyfcsufZ,m; 13 19/

Keyboard (cvkwfcHk odkYr[kwf tcsuftvufESifh ñTefMum;csuf

xnfhoGif;onfhypönf;)

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Mouse

14

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Printer

15

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Impact Printer

15

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Daisy Wheel Printer

15

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Dot Matrix Printer

15

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Non-Impact Printer

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Installation of the Computer and Accessories (AT)

(uGefysLwmESifhqufpyfypönf;rsm; wyfqifjcif;) 27/ 28/ 29/

Rear Panel of AT System Unit

16 17

Installation of the Computer and Accessories (ATX)

(uGefysLwmESifhqufpyfypönf;rsm; wyfqifjcif;)

18

Rear Panel of ATX System Unit

18

System & Hardware

30/

*

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Starting the Computer (For Windows XP)

(Windows XP toHk;jyKuGefysLwmtm; pwiftvkyfvkyfapjcif;) 19 31/

Shut Down the Computer (For Windows XP)

(Windows toHk;jyKuGefysLwmtm; ydwfjcif;) 32/

Start-Up Procedure for PC

(uGefysLwmwpfvHk;rD;zGifhvQifpwifaqmif&GufrItqifhqifh) 33/

20 22

Power On Self Test (POST)

(rD;zGifhonfESifhtvdktavsmufppfaq;jcif;)

24

34/

Boot Strapping (uGefysLwmtqifoifhjzpfap&efvkyfaqmifjcif;) 25

35/

Low Level Interface

(trmxnfrsm;tcsif;csif;tjyeftvSefqufoG,faqmif&Gufjcif;) 26 36/

Maintenance a Hard Disk (For Windows XP)

(Hard Disk wpfvHk;tm;xdef;odrf;rI jyKvkyfjcif;) 37/

Protecting Electrical Power Problem

(vQyfppf"gwftm;qdkif&mjy贸emrsm;udkumuG,fjcif;) 38/

35

Notice of the Computer Users

(uGefysLwmtoHk;jyKolrsm;twGufowday;csufrsm;) 40/

34

Surge Protector, UPS, Computer System

wkdYcsdwfqufwyfqiftokH;jyKjcif; 39/

27

36

Fault finding for PC

(udk,fydkifoHk;uGefysLwmtm; jypfcsuf陆SmazGjcif;)

37

System & Hardware

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PC Hardware Maintenance and Upgrading

41/

Typical ATX Motherboard & Real Panel Connectors

38

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Desktop Board Components

43/

Intel's Microprocessor

39 40

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Intel Processor Specifications

41

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Intel Compatible Processors

42

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Chipset

43

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Celeron and Pentium II/III Motherboard Chipsets (North Bridge)

44

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Intel South Bridge Chips

45

49/

Mother Board Upgrading

45

50/

Processor Sockets / Slots

45

51/

Intel 486/Pentium CPU Socket Type and Specifications 46

52/

Five Ways to Faster PCs (PC rsm;tm; ykdrkdvsifjrefpGm

pGrf;aqmifEkdifa&;wGuf enf;vrf;(5)rsdK;) 53/

47

Two Buses are Better than One (BUS vrf;aMumif;ESpfckokH; Motherboard rsm;onf BUSvrf;aMumif;wpfckokH; Motherboard rsm;xufykdrkdpGrf;aqmifEkdifjcif;)

48

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Conventional Graphics Architecture

49

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How Accelerated Graphics Port Works

50

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PCI ESifh AGP Graphic Card wkdY\ tjrefEIef;EdIif;,SOfcsuf

50

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Upgrading jyKvkyf&eftwGuf tBuHjyKcsufrsm;

51

System & Hardware

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58/

Hard Disk Storage

52

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Hard Disk Features

56

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Hard Disk udktoHk;jyKaepOf owdxm;&rnfhtcsufrsm;ESifh

xdef;odrf;rIrsm;

56

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Floppy Disk Drives

57

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Floppy Disk

58

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Diskette on its Capacity

59

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Floppy Disk & Drive udktoHk;jyKaepOfowdjyKxdef;odrf;

&rnfhtcsufrsm;/

59

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CD-ROM (Compact Disk Read Only Memory)

60

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CD-ROM Drive wpfck\tvkyfvkyfyHk

61

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MultiBeam Technology

62

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CD-ROM Drive Specification

63

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CD-ROM Drive \tjrefEIef;rsm;ESifh Access Time rsm;

63

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CD-ROM Format

64

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CD & CD Drive udktoHk;jyKaepOf owdxm;&rnfh

tcsufrsm;ESifh xdef;odrf;rIrsm;

64

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High Capacity Removable Storage

65

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LS-120 Specifications

65

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Zip Specifications(100 and 250MB Capacity)

66

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Jaz Specifications

66

System & Hardware

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DAT and 8mm Tape specifications

67

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SparQ Specifications

67

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Removeable Drive Specifications

68

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DVD Formats and Standards

69

Contents Introduction to Computer Science 1

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Introduction to Computer Science (uGefysLwmodyÜHrdwfquf) Computer (uGefysLwm)

1/ uGefysLwmqkdonfrSm tcsuftvufrsm;ukd owif; odkYr[kwf tajz tjzpfodkU wGufcsuf vkyaf qmifaf y;aompuf jzpfygonf/ uGeyf sLwmonf ñTeMf um;csurf sm;ukd wdwu d sus? vsiv f sijf refjref ESifh rSefrSefuefuef vkyfaqmifay;Ekdifaom tDvufxa&mepf ESifh pufrIqdkif&mpufypönf;[kvnf; t"dyÜg,fzGifhqkdEkdifygonf/ Data

→

Processing

→ Information

GIGO (Garbage In Garbage Out)

Computer Hardware

Software

- Input Hardware - Output Hardware - Processing & Memory Hardware - Secondary storage Hardware - Communications Devices - etc.

System Software

Application Software

( Customize / Packages ) - Operating System - Utility Programs - Word Processing - Language Translators - Spread Sheet - Database - Graphic , etc.

History of Computer Science (uGefysLwmodyÜH\ordkif;) 2/ Computer Science \jzpfay:ajymif;vJrIorkdif;rSm atmufygtwdkif; jzpfygonfpOf ckEpS f Generation tokH;jyKaomypönf; tjrefEIef; 1/ 1200 Decimal pepfukdtajccHaom

ayoD;wGufcsufrI 2/

1800

-

3/ 4/ 5/ 6/ 7/ 8/

1896 1950 1960 1965 1970 1980

1st Gen: 2nd Gen: 3rd Gen: 4th Gen: 5th Gen:

Automatic Mechanical Calculator Punch Card Machine Vaccum tube Transistors Integreated Circuit(IC) Microprocessor Artificial Intelligence(AI)

1000 cal/sec 10×1st Gen 100×2nd Gen 50×3rd Gen Million Inst/sec

Contents Introduction to Computer Science 2

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Types of Computer (uGefysLwmtrsKd;tpm;rsm;) 3/ Types of Computer (uGefysLwmtrsKd;tpm;)udk pGrf;aqmifEkdifrIyrmP? tjrefEIef;ESifh csdwfquftoHk;jyKEdkifaom Terminal ta&twGufwdkYtay: rlwnfjyD; uGefysLwmrsm;tm; tMurf;

tm;jzifh atmufygtwkdif; trsdK;tpm;cJGjcm;xm;ygonf(u) Super Computer / Super Computer rsm;onf tvG e f j rif h r m;aom pGr;f aqmifEidk rf &I NdS y;D a':vmoef;aygif; rsm;pGmwefz;dk &Syd gonf/ Super Computer rsm;tm; odyÜHqkdif&mvkyfief;rsm;jzpfaom &moDOwkcefYrSef;jcif;? aq;okawoe jyKvyk jf cif; ponfv h yk if ef;rsm;wGif tok;H jyKygonf/ ¤if;uGeyf sLwmrsm;wGif atmufyg oGifjyifvu©Pmrsm; &Sdygonf(1) tjrifhqkH;tjrefEIef;ESifhpGrf;yum; (2) BuD;rm;aomvkyfief;ESifhodkavSmifrIyrmP (3) tBuD;rm;qkH; ½kyf0w¬Ktwkdif;twm (4) tjrifrh m;qk;H wefz;dk ( c ) Mainframe Computer / t½G,ftpm; BuD;rm;aom uGefysLwmrsm; jzpfMu onf/ Mainframe Computer rsm;onf Super Computer rsm;uJhodkY pGrf;&nf rjrifrh m;aomfvnf; Bu;D rm;aompGr;f aqmifEidk rf I ESihf odak vSmifEikd rf I &Syd gonf/ Mainframe rsm;tm; tzJ G U tpnf ; BuD ; rsm;wG i f Data rsm;tm; A[k d w G u f c suf r I jyKvyk af y;&eftwGuf tok;H jyKonf/ bPfrsm;? avaMumif;vkid ;f rsm;? tmrcH vkyif ef; rsm;? pmykv Yd yk if ef;rsm;? wuúov dk rf sm;? taumuftcGerf sm;ponfww Ykd iG f tok;H jyKonf/ ( * ) Mini Computer / Mainframe Computer xuf csw d q f ufEikd af omTerminal ta&twGuf ESihf pGr;f aqmifEikd rf KS enf;onf/ uGeyf sLwmjzifh wGucf suv f yk af qmifjcif; vkyfief;e,fy,ftoD;oD;wGif toHk;jyKEdkifygonf/ (C) Micro Computer(Personal Computer PC) / t½G,ftpm;ao;i,fí tvG,fwulo,faqmifEkdifNyD; pm;yJG ay:wGif wifaqmiftokH;jyKEkdifonf/ Micro Computer rsm;tm; Network wpfco k Ydk csw d q f ufíTerminal tjzpf tok;H jyKjcif; jzifh Personal Computer ESihf Workstation tjzpf(2)rsKd ; tok;H jyKEidk o f nf/ Micro Computer rsm;udk tdrfrsm;? ausmif;rsm;? ½kH;rsm;ESifh pD;yGm;a&;tzJGUtpnf;rsm;wGif us,fjyefYpGm tokH;jyKygonf/ trsm;tm;jzifh wpfOD;csif;tokH;jyK&aom pepfjzpfyg onf/ Personal Computer rsm;tm; t½G,yf rmPay:rlwnfí atmufygtwkid ;f cJGjcm;xm;ygonf(1) Desktops (2) Laptops( 8-20 Pounds)

Contents Introduction to Computer Science 3

(3) (4) (5)

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Notebooks( 4-7.5 Pounds) Pocket PCs or Hand Held PC (1 Pound or Less) Palmtops(1 Pound or Less) Screen ay:wGif Pen jzifha&;í Data

rsm;ukd xnfhoGif;edkifonf/ Parts of Computer

4/

(uGefysLwmwGifyg0ifaomtpdwftydkif;rsm;)

uGefysLwmwpfvkH;wGif atmufygtpdwftykdif;rsm; yg0ifygonf(u) Hardware / uGeyf sLwm&Sd xdawGUukid w f , G í f &aom ypön;f ud&, d mrsm;ukd ac:qkd ygonf/ Oyrm- Harddisk, Floppydisk, Monitor ( c ) Software / uGefysLwm&Sd xdawGUukdifwG,fír&aom tpdwftykdif;rsm;ukd ac:qkd ygonf/ Oyrm- System Software (pufvnfywf&ef tokH;jyKaom y½dk*&rf)?

Application Software (tokH;csy½dk*&rfrsm;)/ ( * ) Firmware / Hardware ESifh Software aygif;pyfyg0ifaom ypönf;ukd ac:qdk ygonf/ Oyrm- ROMBIOS

Program (y½dk*&rf) 5/ Program qkdonfrSm ñTefMum;csufrsm;tm; tpDtpOfwus pkpnf;xm;jcif;jzpfonf/ ¤if;ñTeMf um;csurf sm;ukd Programming Language rsm;jzifh a&;om;xm;onf/ Programming language generation rsm;udk atmufygtwdkif; cJGjcm;xm;edkifygonfGenerations of Programming Languages (uGefysLwmy½dk*&rfrsKd;qufrsm;)

pOff 1/ 2/ 3/ 4/ 5/

Generation Language 1st Generation Machine language 2nd Generation Assembly language 3rd Generation High-level language 4th Generation Very high-level language 5th Generation Natural language

Artificial Intelligence(AI) (todÓPftwk) 6 AI onf Computer Science \ tpdwftykdif;wpfckjzpfonf/ AI zefwD;&eftwGuf Program a&;om;&mwGif uRrf;usifaom Programmer rsm;? Hardware qkdif&muRrf;usifol

Contents Introduction to Computer Science 4

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rsm;ESio hf ufqidk &f mbmom&yf uRr;f usio f yl nm&Sirf sm;aygif;pyfí wnfaqmuf,&l ygonf/ AI onf odyÜHenf;ynm Field wpfckjzpfonf/ AI ukd atmufaz:jyyg t"dutpdwftykdif;rsm;tjzpf xyfrHcJGjcm;Ekdifygonf(u) Expert System / bmom&yfqidk &f m uRr;f usio f l Expert rsm;\ tawG;tac:? tawGUtBuKH ? A[kow k rsm;ukd Computer ynm&Sirf sm;\tultnDjzifh Program rsm;a&;om;jcif;ESifh Hardware qkdif&menf;ynmrsm;aygif;pyf&ef wnfaqmuf xm;jcif;jzpfonf/ þpepfonf Expert rsm;\ae&mwGif tpm;xkd;&efr[kwfyg/ Expert rsm;\tawGUtBuKH A[kow k rsm;ukd vlUywf0ef;usiw f iG f us,jf yefpY mG tok;H cs Ekdif&ef jzpfygonf/ ( c) Natural Language Processing (NLP) / Computer tokH;jyKolrsm;\ wwfuRrf;em;vnfaom bmompum;jzifh Keyboard rS trdefYay;í Computer tm; ckid ;f apjcif;? Computer ESihf tjyeftvSeq f ufo, G af qmif½u G jf cif;ukd pGr;f aqmif Ekdifonfh enf;ynmjzpfygonf/ ¤if;enf;ynmtm; atmufaz:jyyg e,fy,f(2)ck tjzpf xyfrHcJGjcm;Ekdifygonf(1) Natural Language Understanding (2) Natural Language Generation ( *) Speech(voice) Understanding(SU) / Computer tm; toHjzifh trdefYay; vkyfaqmifapjcif;^tjyeftvSefqufoG,fjcif; enf;ynm jzpfygonf/ (C) Robotic and Sensory System / tm½kcH rH I enf;ynmESihf puf½yk ef nf;ynmrsm;ukd aygif;pyftokH;jyKonfh enf;ynm jzpfygonf(1) Robotic System / puf½kyfwGif Electrical ESifh Electronic qkdif&m ypönf;rsm;? Mechanical qkdif&mypönf;rsm; aygif;pyf yg0ifwnfaqmuf xm;aom Electro Mechanical Device jzpfygonf/ ¤if; Robot tm; Program rsm;xnfhoGif;í owfrSwfxm;onfh abmiftwGif;ü trsdK;rsdK; vkyfaqmifEkdifygonf/ (2) Sensory System / tjrifukd tm½kHcHjcif;? Mum;cHe,f\ajymif;vJrIukd tm½kcH jH cif;? toHudk tm½kcH jH cif; ponfph epfrsm;tjzpf trsKd ;rsKd ;&SEd idk yf gonf/ Intelligence Robot rsm;onf ywf0ef;usif tajctaersm;tm; tm½kc H í H olUtvkdtavsmufvkyfaqmifjcif;jzifh information qkdif&m tajzukd &&Sd atmif pGrf;aqmifEkdifpGrf; &Sdygonf/ ,if;tcsufonf Automatic Machine rsm;ESifhuJGjym;jcm;em;csufjzpfonf/

Contents Introduction to Computer Science 5

( i)

( p)

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Computer Vision and Scene Recognition / Machine Sensor wpfckrS &&Sdaom tcsuftvufrsm;udk Digitized vkyfxm;jcif;jzpfonf/ tjrifqkdif&m owif; tcsut f vufrsm;ukd Computer wGif xnfo h iG ;f xm;aom A[kow k tajccH onfh Programrsm; (Knowledge Base)jzifh aygif;pyfxm;onfh enf;ynmyif jzpfonf/ ¤if;rS &&Sdaom Result onf puf½kyfrStp pufrIqkdif&mvIyf&Sm;rIrsm;?

Quality Control qkdif&mrsm;txd xdef;csKyfvkyfaqmif Ekdifonf/ Intelligence Computer Aided Instruction(ICAI) / vlrsm;ukd enf;ynm

wpfckESifh ywfoufí enf;jyq&m wpfa,muf uJhokdY oifjyEkdifonfh enf;ynm jzpfonf/ ,ck ICAI Program rsm;rSm tokH;jyKolESifh tjyeftvSef qufoG,f aqmif½GufajzMum;Ekdifonfh tqifhokdYa&muf&Sdaejcif;rSm AI qkdif&menf;ynmrsm; (Oyrm- Natural Language Interface) ESifh A[kokwqkdif&m tajccH( Knowledge Base)Haygif;pyfí wnfaqmufxm;jcif;aMumifh jzpfonf/ Future of AI (tem*wfumvtodÓPftwk) 7/ Software enf;ynmtopfrsm; wk;d wufxe G ;f um;vmjcif;? Expert System rsm; wk;d wuf xGef;um;vmjcif;? Software Development Tool rsm; ajrmufjrm;pGmay:xGufvmjcif;? Semiconductor Technology wk d ; wuf x G e f ; um;vmonf h t wG u f a Mumif h tvG e f j ref q ef j cif ; ? pGrf;tm;aumif;jcif;wkdYjzifh jynhfpkHaom Microprocessor rsm; RAM Chip rsm; ponfh Hardd &f menf;ynmrsm;onfvnf; AI tm; tjrifqef;opfaom toGio f Ydk ykaYd qmif ay;aeygonf/ ware qki *syefEkdifiHonf AI tm; Computer Technology Fifth Generation \ &nfrSef;csuftjzpf xm;&SdwnfaqmufaeaMumif;od&ygonf/ Computer Technology Fifth Generation \

&nf½G,fcsufrsm;rSm atmufygtwkdif; jzpfygonf(u) jrifhrm;aom todÓPf&Sdap&ef/ ( c ) vlrsm;tm; ¤if;wkdYr&if;ESD;aom udpö&yfrsm;wGif ulnDyHhykd;&ef/ ( * ) vlrIa&;qkdif&m jyóemrsm;ukd ajz&Sif;aqmif½Guf&ef/ (C) tkyfcsKyfrIqkdif&mrsm;wGif ulnDyHhykd;&ef/ ( i ) vlrIa&;qkdif&m jyóemrsm;ukd ajz&Sif;aqmif½Guf&ef/ ( p ) vufawGUwnfaqmuf&rnfh vkyfief;rsm;ukd Computer jzifh wkyaqmif½Guf&ef/ (q) ukefxkwfpGrf;tm; wkd;wufa&;twGuf taxmuftul jzpfap&ef/ ( Z ) tcsdefESifh aiGaMu;ukefusrI oufomap&efwkdYjzpfygonf/

Contents PC Hardware & System Maintenance

6

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Personal Computer Hardware & System Maintenance

(udk,fydkifoHk;uGefysLwmwpfpHk\trmxnfypรถnf;ESifhpepfjyKjyifxdef;odrf;rI) Components of a Computer (uGefysLwmwpfvHk;\tpdwftydkif;rsm;)

1/ Computer wpfvHk;wGif t"duyg0ifonfh tajccHtpdwftydkif;rsm;rSm atmufygtwdkif; jzpfygonf(u) System Unit ( c) Monitor ( *) Keyboard ESifh Mouse (C) Printer ponfhypรถnf;rsm;udk awGU&rnfjzpfonf/ System Unit 2/ System Unit wpfck\ twGif;ydkif;wGif atmufygypรถnf;rsm;yg0ifEdkifygonf-

(u) ( c) ( *) (C) ( i) ( p) (q) ( Z) (ps) (n) ( #) ( X) ( !) ( ยก) (P)

PSU (Power Supply Unit) [ AT/ATX ] FDD (Floppy Disk Drive) HDD (Hard Disk Drive) [ IDE/EIDE/UDMA33/UDMA66/SCSI ] CD Drive (Compact Disk Drive) [ IDE/SCSI ] Mother Board [ AT/ATX] Interface Card / Controller Card Sound Card [ISA(8/16 Bit)/PCI(32/64 Bit)] VGA Card [ISA(8/16 Bit)/PCI(32/64 Bit)/AGP] Fax Modem Card [ISA(8/16 Bit)/PCI(32/64 Bit)] Main Memory [FPM/EDO/SDRAM] Cache Memory CPU [Intel/AMD/Cyrix/TI/WinChip] ROM BIOS [AMI/AWARD/PHOENEX] Backup Battery Others

Contents

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7

PC Hardware & System Maintenance

Computer System One Set (uGefysLwmpepfwpfpHk)

System Unit

yHk (1)

Monitor Speaker

Speaker

Scanner

Dot- Matrix Printer

Scanner

Dot-matrix printer

Tower System

Mouse

uGefysLwm tpHkvdkuf wyfqifxm;onfhyHkxnfh&ef Keyboard Personal Computer

trsK;d tpm;rsm;

Pen Computer

Laptop

PDA

Computer PDA Pocket organizer (P er sonal Dig ital (Handheld (Per ersonal Digital computer) Asistant)

Pen computer

Computer Casing

Laptop computer

Desktop Casing

trsKd;tpm;rsm;

Tower Casing

Desktop box

Plotter Computer Accessories

uGeyf sLwmqufpyfypรถn;f rsm;

Tower box

Modem

Modem Laser printer

Plotter

Laser Printer

Contents PC Hardware & System Maintenance

8

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Mother Board / Main Board 3/ Personal Computer wpfv;kH wGif ta&;Bu;D qH;k tpdwt f ydik ;f rSm Main Board (odrYk [kw)f Mother Board jzpfygonf/ 4if; Mother Board wGif CPU, Chip Set ESifh tjcm;vQyfpD; ywfvrf;rsm; yg0ifygonf/ xdkYtjyif tjcm; Expension Card rsm; wyfqif&ef Slots rsm; yg0if ygonf/ Mother Board wpfcka½G;cs,f&mwGif atmufaz:jyygtcsufrsm;udk xnfhoGif; pOf;pm;

&rnf jzpfonf/ 4if;wdkYrSm (u) Processor trsKd;tpm; ( c) Processor Socket/Slot trsKd;tpm; ( *) Mother Board Speed (C) Cache Memory yg0ifrI ( i) Main Memory yrmP ( p) BIOS trsKd;tpm; (q) Form Factor (Full Size AT, Baby AT, LPX, ATX) ( Z) Interface rsm;yg0ifrI (PCI, VL Bus, ISA, SCSI, USB, PS II, Serial, (ps) (n) ( #) ( X)

Parallel, Interface ..... ) Plug and Play (PNP) pGrf;aqmifEdkifrI Power Management jyKvkyfEdkifrI Mother Board Chip Set Documentation / Manual Book ..... ponfwdkYjzpfygonf/

Bus, Slot and I/O Card 4/ rnfonfh Computer System rqdk Mother Board onf ta&;Bu;D qH;k jzpfonf/ Mother Board twGif; Hardware Devices tcsif;csif; tvkyfvkyf&mü Bus [kac:aom Wire BudK; tpkta0; rsm;jzifh tjyeftvSeq f ufo, G í f tvkyv f yk yf gonf/ Mother Board \ Bus Design EIdif;,SOfcsufudk yHk(2)wGif azmfjyxm;ygonf/ Personal Computer wpfvHk;wGif atmufyg Bus

trsKd;tpm;rsm; yg0ifygonf(u) Processor Bus ( c) Address Bus ( *) Memory Bus (C) I/O Bus

Contents

Chipset

Half (or) Full of CPU Speed

60/66MHz

Memory

Front Side Bus

RAM

I/O Bus

Chipset

AGP

PC 66 Memory

Processor Bus

CPU

Back Side Bus 800-1064MBPS

External Cache

L2 Cache

PC 100/133 Memory Memory

RAM

528MBPS

Classic Mother Board Design

yHk (2)

I/O Bus

Processor Bus

480-528MBPS

CPU

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PC Hardware & System Maintenance

Pentium Pro/ PII/PIII Design (Dual Independend Bus)

5/

tjcm; Device rsm;ESihf CPU tjyeftvSef qufo, G af qmif½u G Ef ikd &f ef I/O Bus (odrYk [kw)f Expension Slots rsm;u aqmif½Gufay;ygonf/ Personal Computer wpfvHk;&Sd Slots rsm;ü atmufaz:jyyg I/O Cards rsm;wyfqifEdkifygonf(u) Sound Card ( c) Video Card ( *) Network Interface Card (NIC) (C) SCSI (Small Computer System Interface) Host Adapter ...etc ponfwdkYjzpfygonf/ Classes of I/O Buses (I/O Buses trsKd;tpm;rsm;) 6/ Personal Computer wpfvHk;taejzifh jrifhrm;aompGrf;yum;jzifh tvkyfvkyfEdkif&ef I/O Bus rsm;\ Speed jrefqef&efvdktyfygonf/ 4if;vdktyfcsufonf atmufaz:jyyg tcsuf(3)csuf

jzpfay:vm&ygonf/ 4if;wdkYrSm (u) CPU rsm;jrefqefvmjcif; ( c) Software rsm;\ Hardware qdkif&mawmif;qdkcsufrsm; jrifhrm;vmjcif; ( *) Video ESifhywfoufí vdktyfcsufrsm; BuD;rm;vmjcif;wdkYaMumifhjzpfonf/ 7/

t"du I/O Bus trsKd;tpm;rsm;rSm wpfckESifhwpfck uGJjym;jcm;em;rI &SdEdkifygonf/ I/O Buses trsKd;tpm;rsm;rSm atmufygtwdkif;jzpfygonf/ (u) ISA (8 bit / 16 bit) (Industry Standard Architecture) ( c) MCA (16 bit / 32 bit) (Micro Channel Architecture)

Contents PC Hardware & System Maintenance

( *) (C) ( i) ( p)

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EISA (32 bit)(Extended Industry Standard Architecture) VL Bus (32 bit) (VESA Local Bus) PCI Bus (32 bit / 64 bit) (Peripheral Component Interconnect) PC-Card (Formerly PCMCIA)(Personal Computer Memory Card International Association) (Note Book rsm;wGif toHk;jyKonf)

8/

Personal Computer wGiy f g&Sad om omref Mother Board wpfcw k iG f CPU, Chipset, G af qmif½u G af eyHrk mS atmufygtwdik ;f jzpfygonf/ Memory, I/O Devices rsm;tcsi;f csi;f qufo,

CPU

Processor Bus (High Speed)

Built-In I/O

yHk (3)

I/O Bus (Slow Speed)

Bus Controller Chips

External Cache

I/O Bus (Slow Speed)

Slotted I/O

Memory Bus (High Speed)

RAM

Microprocessors (rdkufu½dky½dkqufqmrsm;) 9/ Personal Computer wpfvHk;\ Model udktqHk;tjzwfay;aom t"duypönf;rSm CPU jzpfygonf/ CPU qdo k nfrmS A[dx k ed ;f csKyo f nfh ,lepfwpfcjk zpfNy;D Computer wpfv;kH \ OD;aESmuf [kvnf; ac:qkEd ikd yf gonf/ CPU onf Computer wpfv;kH \ 'ór*Pef;qdik &f m wGucf surf rI t S y tjcm;wGucf surf EI iS hf Processing qdik &f mrsm;udk vkyaf qmifay;Edik yf gonf/ 'ór*Pef;udk wGucf suf Edkifaom FPU (Floating Point Unit) ESifh CPU udk Chip wpfcktwGif;wGif xnfhoGif;í wnfaqmufxm;jcif;tm;jzifh Microprocessor [k ac:qdkEdkifygonf/ 4if; Microprocessor udk IBM, AMD, Cyrix, Nexgen, Intel, DEC ..... ponfhukrÜPDrsm;rS xkwfvkyfvQuf&Sdygonf/

Contents PC Hardware & System Maintenance Processor

CPU Clock

8088 1x 8086 1x 286 1x 386SX 1x 386SL 1x 386DX 1x 486SX 1x 486SX2 2x 487SX 1x 486DX 1x 486SL** 1x 486DX2 2x 486DX4 2-3x Pentium OD 2-5x Pentium 60/66 1x Pentium 75+ 1.5-3x PentiumMMX1.5-4.5x Pentium Pro 2-3x Pentium II 3.5-4.5x Celeron 3.5-7x Pentium !!! 4.5-8x

11

Intel Processor Specifications Internal Data-Bus AddressRegister Width Bus Size Width 5v 16-bit 8-bit 20-bit 5v 16-bit 16-bit 20-bit 5v 16-bit 16-bit 24-bit 5v 32-bit 16-bit 24-bit 3.3v 32-bit 16-bit 24-bit 5v 32-bit 32-bit 32-bit 5v 32-bit 32-bit 32-bit 5v 32-bit 32-bit 32-bit 5v 32-bit 32-bit 32-bit 5v 32-bit 32-bit 32-bit 3.3v 32-bit 32-bit 32-bit 5v 32-bit 32-bit 32-bit 3.3v 32-bit 32-bit 32-bit 5v 32-bit 32-bit 32-bit 5v 32-bit 64-bit 32-bit 3.3v*** 32-bit 64-bit 32-bit 1.8-2.8v 32-bit 64-bit 32-bit 2.9v 32-bit 64-bit 36-bit 1.8-2.8v 32-bit 64-bit 36-bit 1.8-2.8v 32-bit 64-bit 36-bit 1.8-2.2v 32-bit 64-bit 36-bit Std. Voltage

uuuGef MaxMultimedia Memory Instructions 1M 1M 16M 16M 16M 4G 4G 4G 4G 4G 4G 4G 4G 4G 4G 4G 4G MMX 64G 64G MMX 64G MMX 64G SSE(MMX,3D)

MMX=Multi Media Extensions SSE=Str eaming SIMD(Single Instr uction Multiple Da ta) Extensions SSE=Streaming Instruction Data)

Z,m; (1) 10/ Intel ukrÜPDrS xkwfvkyfonfh Intel Processor rsm;\ pufrIqdkif&m t&nftcsif;rsm;udk Z,m;(1)ygtwdkif; awGU&SdEdkifygonf/ 11/ Intel Processor rsm;\ vkyfudkifaqmif½GufEdkifaom Memory yrmPudk Theory t& Z,m;(1)ygtwdkif; awGU&SdEdkifygonf/ 12/ Processor rsm;\tjrefEeI ;f onf Mother Board \tjrefEeI ;f ESihf rwlnED ikd yf g/ Processor \tjrefEIef;udk CPU Speed (odkYr[kwf) CPU Internal Speed [kac:qdkNyD;? Mother Board \tjrefEIef;udk Mother Board Speed (odkYr[kwf) CPU External Speed (odkYr[kwf) FSB Speed [k ac:qdkEdkifygonf/ CPU Speed ESifh Mother Board Speed jrefqefrIudk OD;pm;ay; a&G;cs,frSom Performance aumif;rGefygrnf/ CPU Speed onfMother Board Speed xuf tq rnfrQjrefqefonfudk Z,m;(2)ygtwdkif; awGU&SdEdkifygonf-

Contents PC Hardware & System Maintenance

Z,m; (2)

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CPU Type/Speed Pentium 60 Pentium 66 Pentium 75 Pentium 90 Pentium 100 Pentium 120 Pentium 133 Pentium 150 Pentium 166/P6 Pentium 180/P6 Pentium 200/P6 Pentium 233/PII Pentium II 300 Pentium II 350 Pentium II 450 Pentium !!! 500 Pentium !!! 533 Pentium !!! 667 Pentium !!! 733 Pentium !!! 800

CPU Clock 1x 1x 1.5x 1.5x 1.5x 2x 2x 2.5x 2.5x 3x 3x 3.5x 4.5x 3.5x 4.5x 5x 4x 5x 5.5x 8x

Motherboard Speed 60MHz 66MHz 50MHz 60MHz 66MHz 60MHz 66MHz 60MHz 66MHz 60MHz 66MHz 66MHz 66MHz 100MHz 100MHz 100MHz 133MHz 133MHz 133MHz 100MHz

Memory (rSwfÓPf) 13/ Personal Computer wpfvHk;\ wGufcsufrIrsm;? Process rsm;vkyfaqmif&mwGif CPU

rSajz&Sif;aqmif½Gufjcif; rjyKrDüvnf;aumif;? ajz&Sif;aqmif½Gufjcif; jyKvkyfNyD;üvnf;aumif;? tcsuftvufrsm;? ñTefMum;csufrsm;udk Memory wGif odrf;qnf;xm;&ef vdktyfygonf/ 14/ Mother Board wGif wyfqifEdkifaom Memory Chip (odkYr[kwf) Memory Card trsKd;tpm;rsm;udk yHko@mefESihfwnfaqmufyHkt& DIPs, SIMMs, SIPs, DIMMs [lí cGJjcm;edkifygonf/ 15/ Mother Board ay:wGif Memory rsm;udk wyfqif&mü Memory Bank wpfcktjynfh wyfqifrSomvQif tvkyfvkyfaqmifrnf jzpfygonf/ Mother Board, Processor rsm;tvdkuf Bank pepfowfrSwfcsufrsm;? uefYowfcsufrsm; &dSygonf/ Memory wyfqif&mwGif Memory Card rsm;onf Speed ESifh Capactity rsm; wlnD&ef vdktyfonfhtjyif FPM, EDO, SDRAM ponfhwdkYvnf; wlnD&ef vdktyfygonf/

Contents PC Hardware & System Maintenance

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Monitor (armfeDwm) 16/ Monitor wGif CRT ( Cathode Ray Tube ) udkoHk;aom Monitor ESifh LCD ( Liquid Crystal Display ) udkoHk;aom Monitor [lí ESpfrsKd;½Sdygonf/ Monitor trsKd;tpm;rsm;rSm

atmufygtwdkif;jzpfygonf(u) Monochrome ( c) CGA ( Color Graphic Adaptor ) ( *) EGA ( Enhanced Graphic Adaptor ) (C) VGA ( Video Graphic Array ) ( i) SVGA ( Super Video Graphic Array ) ( p) XVGA ( Extrasuper Video Graphic Array ) 17/ Monitor wGif Power On / Off Switch, yH&k yd \ f tvif;tarSmifEiS hf rsuEf mS jyifukd tay: atmuf? ab;b,fnm tusOf;tus,fwdkYudk jyKvkyfEdkifaom Button / Adjustment rsm;yg½SdNyD;? aemufzufwGif Data Cable (9Pin,15Pin) Male Type ESifh Power Cord wdkYyg½Sdonf/ 9 Pin 0 0 0 0 Mono, CGA, EGA 0 0 0 0 0 Connector

00000 00000 00000

15 Pin VGA, SVGA, XVGA Connector

yHk (4)

18/

Monitor ESiw hf zJG uftoH;k jyKrnfh VGA Card / Graphic Card wGirf rd t d oH;k jyKvakd om Resolution, Color Setting rsm;tvdkuf Video RAM vdktyfcsufZ,m; Resolution

16 Colors

256 Colors

64K Colors

16.7M Colors

640 x 480(VGA)

0.15MB

0.29MB

0.59MB

0.88MB

800 x 600(SVGA)

0.23MB

0.46MB

0.92MB

1.37MB

1024 x 768(XGA)

0.38MB

0.75MB

1.5MB

2.25MB

1280 x 1024(SXGA)

0.63MB

1.25MB

2.5MB

3.75MB

1600 x 1200

0.92MB

1.83MB

3.66MB

5.94MB

VRAM Requirements for Various (VGA/SVGA/XGA/SXGA)Resolutions/Color Depths

Z,m;(5)

Contents PC Hardware & System Maintenance

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½Sif;vif;csuf/ 1024 x 768 Resolution ESihf 16 Million Color az:jyEdik af om Frame wpfcu k kd Monitor ay:wGif az:jyEdkif&ef SVGA Card ü Memory yrmP 2.25MB vdktyfrnfjzpfí vufawGUwGif VRAM 4MB wyfqif&ef vdktyfygonf/ Keyboard (cvkwfcHk odkYr[kwf tcsuftvufESifhñTefMum;csufxnfhoGif;onfhypönf;) 19/ Keyboard wGif XT Keyboard, AT Keyboard ( 101 Keys, 104 Keys, Windows'95 Keyboard, Windows'98 Keyboard )[lí awGU½SdEdkifygonf/

PS2 Keyboard Connector ( 6-Pin -Female )

yHk (5)

101 Keyboard

AT Keyboard Connector ( 5-Pin -Female )

Mouse 20/ Mouse (3) rsKd;½Sdygonf/ Serial Mouse, Bus Mouse ESifh Inport Mouse jzpfygonf/ toHk;rsm;qHk; trsKd;tpm;rSm Serial Mouse jzpfonf/

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Serial Mouse Connector

PS2 Mouse Connector

yHk (6)

Mouse & Mouse Pad

Contents PC Hardware & System Maintenance

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Printer 21/ Printer qdo k nfrmS Data rsm;? ½kyyf rkH sm;udk Output (Hard Copy)taejzifh pm½Guaf y:odYk xkw, f al ompufjzpfygonf/ Printer rsm;udk t"dutm;jzifh atmufygtwdik ;f ESprf sK;d cJjG cm;Edik yf gonf(u) Impact Printer ( c) Non-impact Printer wdkYjzpfygonf/ Impact Printer 22/ Microcomputer oHk; Impact Printer trsKd;tpm;rsm;wGif (u) Daisywheel Printer ( c) Dot-matrix Printer [líawGU½SdEdkifygonff/

23/ Impact Printerrsm;onf Hammer (or) Small Pin rsm;jzifh ½dkufESdyfaom Printer trsKd;tpm;rsm; jzpfMuonf/ Daisy Wheel Printer 24/ Impact Printer trsKd;tpm;xJwGif yg0ifonf/ Solid Character Printer [kvnf; ac:onf/ vkyfaqmifrIonf Type Writer ESifhqifwlonf/ Daisy Wheel ac: A[dkrS jzmxGuf

aeaom vufwHtoD;oD;ay:wGif azgif;<upmvHk;rsm;yg½Sdonf/ rdrdtoHk;jyKaom pm½Guf\tus,f wpfavQmufwGif Daisy Wheel onf vnfywfa½GUvsm;jcif;jzifh pmvHk;udk ½dkufESdyfonf/ Dot Matrix Printer 25/ Line Printer qdkonfrSm Ribbon udktoHk;jyKí Pin rsm;jzifh½dkufESdyfyHkazmfay;aom pufjzpfonf/ Dot Matrix Printer [kvnf;ac:onf/ Dot Matrix Printer onf Pin ta&twGufay:rlwnfNyD; 9 Pin , 24 Pin [lí trsKd;tpm;cJGjcm;xm;ygonf/

24 Pin Printer Head

9 Pin Printer Head

Dot Matrix Printer

yHk (7)

Contents PC Hardware & System Maintenance

16

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Non-Impact Printer 26/ Microcomputer oHk; Non-Impact Printer trsKd;tpm;wGif (u) Laser Jet Printer(Photocopying machineESifhqifwl) ( c) Ink Jet Printer (Nozzle rsm; toHk;jyKíyHkazmf) ( *) Thermal Printer(Special Paper toHk;jyK) [lí awGU½SdEdkifygonff/

Laser Jet Printer

yHk (8) Installation of the Computer and Accessories (AT)

(uGefysLwmESifhqufpyfypönf;rsm; wyfqifjcif;) 27/ AT System Unit yHk(9)wGif Computer ESifh qufpyfypönf;rsm; wyfqifyHkrSm atmufyg twdkif; jzpfygonf (u) AT System Unit wGif Power Cord wyfqifjcif; / System Unit wGi½f adS om AC Inlet Port (A) wGif Power Cord udk csdwfqufwyfqifyg/ ( c) Monitor Power Cord wyfqifjcif; (1) System Unit ½Sd AC Outlet Port (B) ESifh Monitor ½Sd Power Inlet d q f uf wyfqifyg/ (odrYk [kw)f Port udk Loop Back Power Cable jzifh csw (2) AC Source rS Monitor ½Sd Power Cord wdkYtm; wdkuf½dkuf csdwfquf wyfqifyg/ ( *) Monitor rS Signal Cable tm; System Unit wGif wyfqifxm;aom VGA Interface Card (C) wGif csdwfqufwyfqifyg/ (C) System Unit ½Sd Keyboard Input Port (D)wGif Keyboard Connector tm; wyfqifyg/ ( i) System Unit ½Sd Serial Port (E) wGif Mouse Connector tm; wyfqifyg/

Contents PC Hardware & System Maintenance

( p) (q) ( Z)

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17

System Unit wGi½ f dS Parallel Port (F) wGif Printer Data Cable tm;wyfqifyg/ AC Source ESifh Printer Power Port tm; wdkuf½dkuf csdwfquf wyfqifyg/ System Unit ½Sd Sound Card (G) ½Sd SPK Port wGif Speaker Connector

tm; wyfqifyg/ ( ps)

UPS ( Uninterruptible Power Supply ) csdwfquftoHk;jyKjcif;/ AC Source rS UPS ? UPS rS System Unit odkY rSefuefpGm tpOfvdkuf csdwfquf

wyfqif toHk;jyK&rnf/ Surge Protector csdwfquf toHk;jyKjcif; / Surge Protector udk AC Source ESifh UPS tMum;xm;í toHk;jyK&rnf jzpfonf/ wyfqifrItm;vHk;tm; rSefuefrI ½Sd^r½Sd ppfaq;yg/

(n) ( #)

Rear Panel of AT System Unit DB 25 PARALLEL PORT (F) AC OUTLET (B) ( TO MONITOR)

○○○○○○○○○○○○○ ○○○○○○○○○○○○

AC INLET (A) DB 9 SERIAL PORT (E)

○ ○ ○ ○ ○ KEYBOARD INPUT (D) VGA INTERFACE (C) SERIAL 2

GAME

....... ........

..... .....

VGA Port

SERIAL 1

.... .....

............ ............. ............ .............

PARALLEL

PARALLEL PORT (F)

IN

SPK

PARALLEL & SERIAL INTERFACE SERIAL PORT (E)

tjcm; Sound pepf wpfck rS O/P udk 4if; PortwGifxnfh&ef Speaker wyfqif&ef SOUND CARD INTERFACE (G)

MIC

OUT

○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○

tjcm; Sound pepfwpfckodkY O/P xkwf&ef ae&m MIC wyfqif&ef VGA INTERFACE (C)

yHk (9)

Contents

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PC Hardware & System Maintenance

Installation of the Computer and Accessories (ATX)

(uGefysLwmESifhqufpyfypönf;rsm; wyfqifjcif;) 28/ ATX System Unit yHk (10)wGif wyfqifyHkrSm atmufygtwdkif; jzpfygonf(u) ATX System Unit wGif Power Cord wyfqifjcif;/ AC Source rS System Unit wGif½Sdaom PSU (Power Supply Unit) ½Sd AC Inlet Port (A) wGif Power Cord udk csdwfqufwyfqifyg/ ( c) Monitor Power Cord wyfqifjcif; (1) System Unit ½Sd AC Outlet Port (B) ESifh Monitor ½Sd Power Inlet d q f ufwyfqifyg/ (odrYk [kw)f Port udk Loop Back Power Cable jzifh csw (2) AC Source rS Monitor ½Sd Power Port wdkYtm; wdkuf½dkuf csdwfquf wyfqifyg/ Rear Panel of ATX System Unit PS/2 Mouse (E) USB PORT

OUT

SOUND CARD INTERFACE (D)

wyfqif&ef

○ ○ ○ ○ ○

o

MIC

o

tjcm; Sound pepfwpfckodkY O/P xkwf&efae&m

COM A

MIC

SPK

○ ○ ○ ○ ○

VGA INTERFACE (C) IN

LPT PORT (G)

o o

..... .....

Game Port

o

o tjcm; Sound pepfwpfckrS udk 4if; Port wGifxnfh&ef Speaker wyfqif&ef

O/P

COM B

............. ............ ..... ..... .... ....

yHk (10)

○○○○○○○○○○○○ ○○○○○○○○○○○○○

AC INLET (A)

PS/2 Keyboard (F)

AC OUTLET (B)

....... ........

Contents PC Hardware & System Maintenance

19

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( *) Monitor rS Signal Cable tm; System Unit wGifwyfqifxm;aom VGA/ SVGA/AGP Interface Card (C) &S d Interface wG i f csdwfqufwyfqifyg/ (C)S System Unit ½Sd PS2 Keyboard Input Port (F) wGif PS2 Keyboard Connector tm; wyfqifyg/ (odkYr[kwf)tjcm; Keyboard rsm;udk wyfqif toH;k jyKvykd gu PS2 Keyboard Input Port (F) wGif Adapter cHí toHk;jyKEdkifygonf/ ( i) System Unit ½Sd PS2 Mouse Input Port (E) wGif PS2 Mouse Connector tm;wyfqifyg/ (odr Yk [kw)f tjcm; Serial Mouse wyfqif toHk;jyKrnfqdkygu COM A wGif Mouse Connector tm;wyfqifyg/ ( p) System Unit wGif wyfqifxm;aom LPT Parallel Port (G) wGif Printer Data Cable tm;wyfqifyg/ (q) AC Source ESihf Printer Power Port tm; Power Cable jzifh wdu k ½f u kd f csdwfqufwyfqifyg/ ( Z) System Unit ½Sd Sound Card (D) rS SPK Port wGif Speaker Connector tm;wyfqifyg/ ( ps) UPS (Uninterruptible Power Supply) csdwfquftoHk;jyKygu AC Source rS UPS? UPS rS System Unit odkYrSefuefpGm tpOfvdkuf csdwfqufwyfqif toHk;jyK&rnf/ (n) Surge Protector csdwfquftoHk;jyKygu AC Source rS txGufwGif Surge Protector udkcHí UPS t0ifwGifwyfqiftoHk;jyK&rnf/ ( #) wyfqifrItm;vHk;tm; rSefuefrI½Sdr½Sd aocsmpGmppfaq;yg/ Starting The Computer (For Windows XP)

(Windows XP toHk;jyK uGefysLwmtm; pwiftoHk;jyKjcif;) 29/ Windows XP Operating System xnfhoGif;xm;aomuGefysLwmrsm;tm; atmufygtwdkif; zGifhEdkifygonf/ (u) AC Source rS Switch udk On yg/ ( c) System Unit a½SU&Sd Power On/Off Switch udk On yg/

Contents PC Hardware & System Maintenance

( *) (C)

20

uuuGef

Monitor Power Switch udk On yg/

acwåtMumwGif Windows XP Desktop Screen ay:vmNyD;aemuf Computer tm; pwiftoHk;jyKEdkifrnfjzpfygonf/ (Windows 9x, desktop screen rsm;ESifh tenf;i,fuGJjym;aeonfukdawGU&ygrnf/)

Shut Down The Computer (For Windows XP)

(Windows XP toHk;jyK uGefysLwmtm; ydwfjcif;) 30/ Windows XP Operating System xnfhoGif;xm;aomuGefysLwmrsm;tm; atmufygtwdkif; ydwfEdkifygonf(u)

rdrdtoHk;jyKpOf zGifhxm;aom Files rsm;? Folder rsm;? Application Software rsm;tm; wpfqifhjcif; Close vkyy f g/

( c)

Windows Desktop Screen atmufajc½Sd Task Bar ay:rS Start Button udk Click vkyy f g/ (odrYk [kw)f Short Cut taejzifh Ctrl+Esc Key ud k w G J í ES d y f y g/ (od k Y r [k w f ) Windows Keyboard rsm;wG i f Windows Key udE k ySd yf g/

( *)

Start Menu ay:vmrnf/ yHk(11)

(C)

Shut Down Button tm; Click vkyy f g/

( i)

Shut Down Wimdows Dialog Box ay:vmrnf/ yHk(12)? ykH(13)

( p)

ATX System jzpfygu uGefysLwmonf tvdktavsmuf Turn Off

jyKvkyfoGm;rnfjzpfonf/ (q)

Monitor Power Switch ukd Off vkyy f g/

( Z)

AC Power Source rS Switch ukd Off vkyy f g/

Contents PC Hardware & System Maintenance

21

yHk(11)

yHk(12)

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Contents PC Hardware & System Maintenance

22

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yHk(13)

Startup Procedure for PC

(uGefysLwmwpfvkH;rD;zGifhvQifpwifaqmif&GufrItqifhqifh) 31/

uGeyf sLwmwpfv;Hk ukd rD;zGiv hf u dk o f nfEiS hf atmufygtqifrh sm;twkid ;f aqmif&u G Nf y;D Ready tqifhokdY a&muf&SdoGm;rnfjzpfonf(u)

Power Supply Unit

( c)

Motherboard/Mainboard

( *)

Crystal (X'tal)

(C)

Clock Generator

( i)

Digital Clock (or) Digital Pulse

( p)

ROM-BIOS (Read Only Memory- Basic Input Output System)

Contents PC Hardware & System Maintenance

(u)

( c)

( *)

(C) ( i)

( p)

23

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Power Supply Unit (PSU) / Computer wpfvHk;pwiftoHk;jyK&eftwGuf rD;zGifhvdkufonfESifh PSUonf AC Voltage vufcH &,lNy;D DC Voltage (4) rsKd; (+5, -5, +12, -12 )udkjyefvnfxkwfay;onf/ PSU 4if; Output Voltage (4) rsK;d udk ±5% Error twGi;f tNr&J adS eatmif Maintainvkyaf y;aejcif;jzifh Regulated Outputudk pOfqufrjywf xkwaf y; ygonf/ PSU onf Switched Mode Power Supply trsK;d tpm;wpfck jzpfonf/ ±5% Error qdo k nfrmS 5V Output twGuf 4.75V tenf;qHk;&Sd &rnfjzpfNyD; 5.25V tjrifhqHk;&Sd&rnfjzpfovdk 12V Output twGuf 11.4V tenf;qH;k &S& d rnfjzpfNy;D 12.6V tjrifq h ;kH &S&d rnfjzpfonf/ Mother Board / Main Board (MB) / PSU rSxkwfay;aom Regulated Output Voltage \ ± 5% Error &Sdr&Sdudk Mother Board rSppfaq;NyD; 4.7V ESifh 5.25V \ tjyifa&mufaevQif Mother Board rSvufrcHyg/ 4.7V ESifh 5.25V twGi;f &Sr d o S mvQif Power Good Signal (PG) udk PSU odjYk yefyaYkd y;onf/ PG onfvdar®mfa&mifBudK;jzpfNyD; 5V &Sdonf/ PG Signal jyefvnfr&vQif PSU tvkyfrvkyfawmhyg/ odkYjzpfí PSU ESifh Mother Board onf wpfckESifhwpfck Independent jzpfygonf/ PSU ysuw f ikd ;f Mother Board udk rxdcu kd af p&efEiS hf Mother Board ysufwdkif; PSU udk rxdcdkufap&ef pDpOfxm;jcif;jzpfonf/ Crystal (X'tal) / Crystal onf vIdif;xkwfonfhud&d,mjzpfonf/ ovif;

ausmufjym;yg;yg;udk pwD;bl;i,fwGifxnfhí wnfaqmufxm;onf/ 0ifvmonfh AdkYtm;aMumifh Crystal &Sdovif;ausmufjym;wkefcgrIrS Analog vIdif; (14.31818 I ;f udk Digital Clock toGiaf jymif;,l&ef vdt k yfonf/ MHz)xkwaf y;onf/ 4if;vdi Clock Generator / Crystal rSxkwfay;aom Analog vIdif;udk Clock Generator IC odkY ay;ydkYNyD; 4if; IC rS Digital Clock odkYtoGifajymif;ay;onf/ Digital Clock (or) Digital Pulse / Digital Clock udkoufqdkif&m Frequency rsm;odkY tqwifí Mother Board wGif&Sdaom IC , Memory, h pdwt f ydik ;f toD;oD;odYk ay;ydo Yk nf/ Processor, ROM-BIOS, Chip Set ponft ROM-BIOS (Read Only Memory Basic Input Output System)/ Mother Boarday:wGif ROM Chip (Read Only Memory)yg&Sdygonf/ 4if; twGi;f wGif Program udk puf½rkH x S w k v f yk pf Ofuwnf;u owfrw S af y;vdu k yf gonf/ ROM BIOS onf atmufaz:jyyg tqifh(3)qifhjzifh vkyfaqmifygonf-

Contents

(1) (2) (3)

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24

PC Hardware & System Maintenance

Power On Self Test (uGey f sLwmrD;zGichf sed rf pS í pwifppfaq;rIjyKvyk jf cif;) Boot Strapping (uGefysLwmtqifoifhjzpfap&efjyKvkyfay;jcif;) Low Level Interfaces (Hardware tcsi;f csi;f tjyeftvSef qufo, G rf I udk Interface jyKvkyfay;jcif;)

Power On Self Test (POST) (rD;zGifhonfESifhtvdktavsmufppfaq;jcif;) 32/ POST onfuGefysLwmudkpwifzGifhvdkufaomtcg uGefysLwmpepfwpfckvHk;wGifwyfqif xm;aom Standard Devices (Memory, Monitor, Keyboard, Hard Disk, Floppy Disk, CPU, Chip Set, ...)rsm;udk pwifppfaq;&ygonf/

33/

POST onfuGefysLwmwGif Disk Drive ta&twGuf rnfrQ&Sdonf? Serial Ports, f Pf (Memory) wdu Yk kd ppfaq;ay;ygonf/ Test vkyí f &&Sad om Hardware Parallel Ports rSwÓ tajctaersm;udk CMOS Setup ESifhEIdif;,SOf ppfaq;NyD; udkufnDrI&Sdygu POST tqifhrS Boot dS gonf/ tu,fírSm;,Gi;f rI&ydS gu Monitor ay:wGief yH gwfrsm;az:jyjcif;? Error Strap odYk a&muf&y Message ay;jcif;? toHjrnfjcif;wdkYjzifh today;ygonf/

Start -Up Procedure For PC (PCwpfvHk;rD;zGifhvQifpwifaqmif&GufrItqifhqih)f MOTHER BOARD Regulated DC Output

→

230V/110V

P S U

→

AC

Switched Mode Power Supply

1234567 1234567 1234567 1234567

Analog

Crystal (Oscillator)

Digital Clock

(i) POST (Power On Self Test)

Clock Generator

→ -5 → +12 → -12 → PG +5

Internal Battery 3V ROM-BIOS

(± 5% Error)

CMOS

(ii) Boot Strap

→ → Other Devices →

(iii) Low Level Read Only Memory Basic Input Output System

Interface

yH(k 14)

Contents

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PC Hardware & System Maintenance

25

(ii) Boot Strap

Boot Strap Program Code Boot Strap Program

Main Memory

I/O.SYS 3

2

MSDOS.SYS

Seg F ROM-BIOS Program Loader

CONFIG.SYS

1

4 5

COMMAND.COM

yH(k 15) Seg 2 Seg 1

6 7

AUTOEXEC.BAT WIN.COM

Boot Strapping (uGefysLwmtqifoifhjzpfap&efvkyfaqmifjcif;) 34/ Boot Strapping onf OS udk Memory ay:odkYwifay;jcif; (odkYr[kwf) Computer udk toHk;jyKEdkifap&ef Ready jzpfapjcif;tydkif;udk aqmif½Gufay;onf/

35/

Boot Strapping (DOS) vkyfaqmifrItqifhqifhrSm atmufygtwdkif;jzpfygonf(u) ROM-BIOS Programs rsm;onf Memory \ Segment F wGif ae&m,lonf/ ROM-BIOS rS Program Loader ac: Loader Program onf uGefysLwm pepfudk Boot vkyf&ef Drive A (System Disk) \ Boot Record (BR) odrYk [kwf Drive C (Hard Disk) \yxr Track, yxr Sector wGif &Sad eaom Master Boot Record (MBR) rS Boot Strap Program Code ud k d nfh InstrucuGeyf sLwm\rSwÓ f Pf (Memory) ay:odYk wifyaYkd y;Ny;D 4if;wGiyf g&So tion rsm;udk rdkufc½dky½dkqufqmu qufvuf vkyfaqmifay;onf/ ( c) Boot Strap Program Code onf System Disk (or) Hard Disk xJ&Sd System File (5) Files jzpfaom (1) IO.SYS (2) MSDOS.SYS (3) CONFIG.SYS (4) COMMAND.COM (5) AUTOEXEC.BAT udk Memory ay:odYk quf

vufwifay;onf/ 36/ Boot Strap Program onf Input/Output Operation udk ROM-BIOS ESifhwGJNyD; vkyaf qmifay;aom IO.SYS File udyk xrOD;pGm Memory ay:odYk wifay;ygonf/ wpfenf;tm;jzifh IO.SYS onf Input/ Output Operations rsm;udk ROM-BIOS ESifhtwl aqmif&Gufay;onf/

Contents PC Hardware & System Maintenance

26

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37/ 4if;aemuf Memory ay:odaYk &muf&NdS yjD zpfaom IO.SYS onf DOS Request udak jz&Si;f aqmif½Gufay;aom MSDOS.SYS File udk Memory ay:odkY wifay;onf/ 38/ IO.SYS onfqufvufí CONFIG.SYS File udk &SmazGNy;D Memory ay:odYk wifay; onf/ CONFIG.SYS File onf4if;wGif&Sdaom Instruction rsm;t&aqmif&GufNyD; uGefysLwm pepf\ Configuration udk wnfaqmufay;onf/ DOS toHk;jyKuGefysLwmpepfwGif Hardware k w f iG f xnfo h iG ;f Device topfwyfqifygu Device twGuf Instruction udk CONFIG.SYS zdi ay;&rnf/ wpfenf;tm;jzifh CONFIG.SYS onf Standard r[kwo f nfh Device rsm; wyfqif xm;jcif;udk uGefysLwmpepfu odatmifaqmif&Gufay;jcif; jzpfonf/ 39/ 4if;aemuf IO.SYS File onf COMMAND.COM zdik u f kd qufvuf&mS azGNy;D Memory ay:odkY wifay;onf/ CONFIG.SYS zdkifwGif COMMAND.COM File onf rnfonfh Directory wGif &Sad Mumif;udk Path vrf;aMumif;jzifh az:jyEdi k o f nf/ COMMAND.COM zdik o f nf DOS \ Command Interpreter jzpfojzifh Command rsm;udkuGefysLwmem;vnfatmif bmomjyefay;onf/ COMMAND.COM File r&Sv d Qif "Missing Command Interpreter" [k owday;pmwef;ay:vmrnf/ 40/

qufvufíaemufq;kH tqifw h iG f COMMAND.COM File onf AUTOEXEC.BAT File udk&SmazGonf/ AUTOEXEC.BAT File onf uGefysLwm rD;zGifhNyD;aemuf aqmif½Gufapvdk aom Instruction rsm;udk pDpOfppk nf;íxnfo h iG ;f xm;onfzh ikd f jzpfygonf/4if; Instruction rsm;udk COMMAND.COM File uulnDajz&Sif;aqmif½Gufay;NyD; "C:\>-" odkYvnf;aumif;? Win 9x pepfwGif WIN.COM udk Automatic Execute vkyfívnf;aumif;? uGefysLwmtm; tqifoifh jzpfapygonf/ Low Level Interface

(trmxnfrsm;tcsif;csif;tjyeftvSefqufoG,faqmif&Gufjcif;) 41/ BIOS onf Hardware Devices rsm;tcsi;f csi;f udk tjyeftvSef qufo, G af qmif½u G rf u I kd OS ESifhtwl ulnDyHhydk;ay;ygonf/ Oyrm- Memory rS Hard Disk odkYvnf;aumif;? Hard Disk rS Memory odkYvnf;aumif; Data rsm;tjyeftvSefay;ydkYqufoG,fjcif;rsm;udk ulnDay;ygonf/

Contents PC Hardware & System Maintenance 27

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Maintenance a Hard Disk (For Windows XP) (Hard Disk wpfvHk;tm;xdef;odrf;rI jyKvkyfjcif;)

42/ Windows rS Defragmentation jyKvkyf&ef atmufygtwdkif; vkyfaqmifEdkif ygonf(u) Start→All Programs → Accessories → System Tools → Disk Defragmentor udkyHk(16)ygtwdkif;tpOfvdkuf Click vkyy f g/ (odrYk [kw)f

yHk(16) ( c)

Desktop ay:½Sd My Computer Icon udk Double Click vkyy f g/ (1) My Computer Window ay:vmrnf/ (2) rdrd Defragmentation vkyfcsifaom Drive A: (or) Drive C: ponfjzifha½G;í Right Click vkyyf g/ (3) Shortcut Menu yHk (17) ay:vmrnf/

Contents PC Hardware & System Maintenance 28

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yHk(17) (4) (5) (6) (7) ( *)

Shortcut Menu rS Properties udk a½G;í Click vkyy f g/ Properties Dialog Box ay:vmrnf/ yHk(18) Properties Dialog Box rS Tools uda k ½G;yg/ Defragment Now, Button udk Click vkyy f g/ Disk Defragmenter Window ay:vmrnf/ yHk (19) (1) Disk Defragmenter Window wGif Drive rsm;udx k yfNy;D a½G;cs,f

Edkifygonf/ (2) a&G;cs,fNyD;ygu Defragments Button udk Click vkyyf g/

Contents PC Hardware & System Maintenance 29

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yHk(18)

yHk(19)

Contents PC Hardware & System Maintenance 30

(C)

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rdrda½G;cs,fxm;aom Drive udk Defragmenting vkyfaeaMumif; Disk Defragmenter Window wGifvkyfaqmifcsufay:vmrnf/ yHk (20)

( p)

yHk(20) Defragmenting Window wGif cP&yfqdkif;vdkvQif Pause ? &yfqdkif; vdkvQif Stop udk Click vkyyf g/ teDa&mifonf wpfqufwpfpyfwnf;&Sdaejcif; r&Sdaomzdkifrsm;udk vnf;aumif;? tjyma&mifonfwpfqufwpfpyfwnf;&Sad eaom zdik rf sm;udk vnf;aumif;? tpdrf;a&mifonf a&TUír&aomzdkifrsm;udk vnf;aumif;? tjzLa&mifonf Hard Disk &SdtoHk;rjyK&ao;aom Free Space

(q)

wdkYudk&nfñTef;ygonf/ Defragmenting vkyfaejcif;NyD;qHk;oGm;ygu NyD;qHk;aMumif;udkaz:jyonfh Disk Defaragmenter Window ay:vmrnf/ yHk(21)

( i)

Contents PC Hardware & System Maintenance 31

uuuGef

yHk(21)

( Z)

yHk(22)

NyD;qHk;aMumif;az:jyonfh Disk Defaragmenter Window rSxGufvdk ygu Close Button tm;a&G;cs,fNyD;? Defragmentation Report udMk unf½h v I ykd gu View Report Button tm; a&G;cs,fvQif atmufyg Defragmentation Report Window yHk(22 ) ay:vmrnfjzpfygonf/

Contents PC Hardware & System Maintenance 32

(ps)

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Defragmentation Report ygtcsut f vufrsm;tm; odr;f qnf;vdyk gu Save As... Button tm; Click vkyfjcif;jzifhvnf;aumif;? Hard Copy xkwfvdkygu Print... Button tm; Click vkyfjcif;jzifhvnf;aumif;? xGuv f ykd gu Close Button udk a&G;cs,fjcif;jzifh Defragmenting vkyf

aqmifcsuf atmifjrifpGmNyD;qHk;oGm;NyDjzpfygonf/ 43/ DOS Mode rS Defragmentation jyKvkyf&ef atmufygtwdkif; vkyfaqmifEdkif ygonf(u) Start→Command Prompt udk yH(k 23 )ygtwdik ;f a&G;cs,f Click vkyyf g/ ( c) DOS Mode Desktop Screen ay:vmygrnf/ yH(k 24 )

yHk(23)

( *)

Command Prompt wGif rdrd Defragmentation vkyfvdkaom Drive ES i f h o uf q d k i f a om Command ud k ½ d k u f í Enter Key ud k E S d y f y gu Defragmenting vkyfoGm;rnfjzpfygonf/ (Oyrm- C:\>DEFRAG F: )

Contents PC Hardware & System Maintenance 33

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yHk(24) 44/

DOS Mode rS Check Disk jyKvkyf&ef atmufygtwdkif; vkyfaqmifEdkifygonf-

(u) ( c) ( *)

Start→Command Prompt udk yH(k 23 )ygtwdi k ;f a&G;cs,f Click vkyyf g/ DOS Mode Desktop Screen ay:vmygrnf/ yH(k 25) Command Prompt wGif rdrd Check Disk vk y f v d k a om Drive ESifhoufqdkifaom Command udk½dkufí Enter Key udEk ydS yf gu Check Disk vkyo f mG ;rnfjzpfygonf/ (Oyrm- C:\>CHKDSK C: )

yHk(25)

Contents PC Hardware & System Maintenance

34

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45/ Computer Hardware rsm;onf atmufygtaMumif;rsm;aMumifh cRwf,Gif;^ysufpD;rsm; ½SdEdkifygonf(u) User Error (toH;k jyKorl sm;rS pufukd pepfwus zGi^hf ydwf rjyKvyk jf cif;? toH;k jyKpOf ae&ma½TUajymif;jcif;? vIyf½Sm;rIjzpfapjcif;) ( c) Manufacture Fault (puf½kHrS Design ESifh Quality wdkYaMumifh jzpfjcif;) ( *) Environmental Condition ( Dust-zk e f r I e f Y r sm;? Temperature -tyl c sd e f ?

Moisture-pdkxdkif;q? EMI = Electro Magnetic Interference-vQyp f pfov H u kd f qdkif&maESmuf,SufrIrsm;? RFI = Radio Frequency Interference-a&'D,dkvdIif; aESmuf,SufrIrsm;) (C) Electrical Power Problem rsm;rSm(1) Noise (rvdkvm;tyfaom Signal rsm;) (2) Spike (rD;tm; ½kwfw&ufjrifhwufrI) (3) Surge (rD;tm; jrifhwufoGm;jcif;) (4) Brown out (vQyfppf"mwftm; avsmhenf;usqif;jcif;) (5) Black out (vQyfppf"mwftm; vHk;0jywfawmufjcif;) (6) Unstable Frequency (BudrfEIef; rrSefjcif;) (7) Unstable Power (vQyfppfAdkYtm; rwnfNidrfjcif; ) Protecting Electrical Power Problem

(vQyfppf"gwftm;qdkif&mjyóemrsm;udkumuG,fjcif;) 46/ Noise, Spike, Surge jzpfjcif;wdrYk u S muG,&f ef Noise Filter rsm;? Spike Killer rsm;ESihf Surge Protector rsm;udk rdrdtoHk;jyKrnfhpuf\ yg0gt0ifrsm;wGif wqifhcHí toHk;jyKEdkifygonf/ Brown Out jzpfjcif;ESifh Black Out jzpfjcif;rS umuG,f&eftwGuf UPS ( Uninterruptible Power Supply) udw k qifch í H toH;k jyK&rnf/ ,©Ktcg UPS rsm;onf Electrical Power Problem rsm;udk umuG,fEdkifaom pepfrsm;yg0ifvmNyDjzpfonf/ xdkYaMumifh vQyfppf"mwftm;qdkif&mjyóem rsm;aMumifh uGefysLwmpepfwpfckvHk; rysufpD;apa&;twGuf UPS Mum;cHí toHk;jyKoifhygonf/ csdwfqufyHkudk atmufwGif azmfjyxm;ygonf/ yHk(26)

Contents PC Hardware & System Maintenance

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35

Surge Protector, UPS, Computer System wkdYcsdwfqufwyfqiftokH;jyKjcif;

600VA

yH(k 26) rSwfcsuf/ UPS onf Built In AVR (Automatic Voltage Regulator) ryg0ifyguExternal AVR tm; UPS \t0ifwGif csdwfqufĂ­toHk;jyKoifhygonf/ ukd,fykdifokH; uGefysLwm pepfrsm; wGif UPS wyfqifvdkygu uGefysLwmwpfpkH(System Unit+14"Monitor) twGuf yQrf;rQ (500VA~600VA) yrmP&Sd UPS qkdvQif vkHavmufrI&SdEkdifygonf/ 47/ uGefysLwmpepfrsm;wGifvkdtyfaom Power yrmPukd wGufcsufvdkygu atmufygZ,m;&Sd Rating rsm;jzifh wGufcsufEkdifygonf5v Power Less

=Remaining power 12v Power Less

=Ramaining power 14" Monitor= (180VA~290VA) 15" Monitor= (300VA~340VA)

20.0 Amps Motherboard (5.0 amps) 4 slots filled at (2.0 amps)each (8.0 amps) 3 1/2 and 5 1/4 inch floppy drives (1.5 amps) 3 1/2 inch hard disk drive (0.5 amps) CD-ROM drive (1.0 amp) 4.0 amps 8.0 Amps 4 slots filled at (0.175 amps)each (0.7 amp) 3 1/2 inch hard disk drive (1.0 amp) 3 1/2 and 5 1/4 inch floppy drives (1.0 amp) Cooling fan (0.1 amp) CD-ROM drive (1.0 amp) 4.2 amps Dotmatrix Printer=(120VA~150VA) Laser Jet Printer = (360VA~400VA)

Contents PC Hardware & System Maintenance

36

uuuGef

Notice of the Computer Users (uGefysLwmtoHk;jyKolrsm;twGufowday;csufrsm;)

48/

uGeyf sLwmtoH;k jyKorl sm; owdjyKvu kd ef m&rnft h csurf sm;rSm atmufygtwdik ;f jzpfygonf(u) uGefysLwmESifhqufpyfypönf;rsm;tm; aeYpOfoefY½Sif;rIjyKvkyfyg/ ( c) uGeyf sLwmwpfv;kH tm; rzGirhf D Cable rsm;csw d q f ufxm;rI rSerf rSepf pfaq;yg/ (110 V / 230VwdkYudk*&kpdkufítoHk;jyKyg/ ( *) UPS ESifhcsdwfqufxm;ygu AC Switch udk ON NyD;aemuf UPS udk ON yg/ (C) uGeyf sLwm ON/OFF jyKvyk jf cif;rsm;udk Procedure twdik ;f pepfwus vkyaf qmifyg/ ( i) Application Software, Utilities Software rsm; Installation vkyf&mwGif puf\ Operating System ESifhudkufnDrI½Sd^r½Sd? Version udkufnDrI &dS^r&dS wdkYudk ppfaq;NyD;rSom Installation jyKvkyf&rnf/ ( p) uGefysLwmwGif xnfhoGif;xm;aom ta&;BuD;onfh Data rsm;? Files rsm;udkyHkrSef Back Up jyKvkyfxm;yg/ (q) uGefysLwmtm; BuHhcdkifrI½Sdap&eftwGuf Hard Disk tm; Scan Disk or Norton Disk Doctor ESifh Defragmenting or Speed Disk vkyfjcif;wdkYudk vdktyfygu tywfpOf aqmif½Gufyg/ ( Z) uGeyf sLwmtm; Virus tEÅ&m,fru S if;a0;ap&eftwGuf aemufq;kH ay: Anti Virus Program tm; uGefysLwmpwif rD;zGifhonfhtcsdefrSpwifí Auto Run Edkif&efESifh rSwfÓPfwGif apmifhMuyfppfaq;Edkif&ef(TSR) pDpOfaqmif½Gufxm;yg/ ( ps) jyifyrS,al qmifvmaom Diskettes rsm;? CD Disks rsm;tm; Virus ygrygppfaq; NyD;rS toHk;jyK&rnf/ jyifyESifhcsdwfquftoHk;jyKvQifvnf; Virus owdjyKyg/ (n) uGefysLwmtoHk;jyKaepOf a½TUajymif;jcif;? uGefysLwmwifxm;aom pm;yGJtm; vIyf½Sm;rIjzpfapjcif;? System Unit a&SU&dS Hard Disk rD;vif;aepOf ydwfjcif; rsm;udk rjyKvkyf&yg/ ( #) uGefysLwmcsKdU,Gif;rIjzpfay:ygu oufqdkif&modkY csufcsif;owif;ydkYwifjy&rnf/ ( X) Utilities Software rsm;udk toH;k jyK&mwGif aocsmpGmzwf½aI vhvmNy;D rS toH;k jyKyg/ ( !) System ydik ;f qdik &f mESihf Computer Peripheral rsm;udk jyKjyif ajymif;vJprf;oyfrrI sm; udk uRrf;usifem;vnfjcif;r&dSbJ wpfpHkwpf&m jyKjyif ajymif;vJ jcif; rjyKvkyf&/ ( ¡) CRT Monitor twGif;&dS tpdwftydkif;rsm;tm; jyifqifjcif;? vQyfppf"gwftm;ESifh ywfoufí jyKjyifjcif;rsm;onf touftEÅ&m,fxdcdkufapEdkifojzifh toHk;jyKol taejzifh (vHk;0) rvkyfaqmif&/

Contents PC Hardware & System Maintenance

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37

Fault finding for PC (udk,fydkifoHk;uGefysLwmtm;

jypfcsuf½SmazGjcif;)

49/ uGeyf sLwm\ vkyaf qmifrt I qifrh sm;udk atmufygvG,u f &l iS ;f vif;aomyHjk zifh rnfonft h ydik ;f wGif csKdU,Gif;aeaMumif;udk pOf;pm;awG;ac:Edkifygonf(u) Hardware (PSU, CPU , Memory, ( c) ( *) (C) ( i)

Keyboard, HardDisk, FloppyDisk, Application Monitor wdkY yHkrSef vkyf^rvkyf/ O/S POST vkyf^rvkyf/ (rD;pzGifhvQif KeyFirmware(ROMBIOS) board rD;ESpfBudrf vif;jcif;) Hardware Operating System yHkrSef vkyf^rvkyf/ Application rsm; aumif;rGefpGm vkyfaqmifEdkifpGrf; &dS^r&dS/

tjzpfrsm;aomtjypfvu©PmtcsKUd udk atmufygtwdik ;f jypfcsu&f mS azGEikd yf gonfpOf tjypfvu©Pm csKdU,Gif;Edkifonfhtpdwftydkif;rsm; 1/ Power rD;rvif; Power Source (odkY) Power Cable (odkY) Power Switch (odkY) PSU 2/ Monitor rD;rvif; Power Source (odkY) Power Cable (odkY) Power Switch (odkY) Monitor 3/ POST rvkyf PSU rSAdkYtm;rrSefuef(odkY) Memoryraumif; (odkY) ROMBIOS rvkyf 4/ Monitor wGifray: Monitor Cable (odkY) Memory raumif; (odkY) VGA raumif; (odkY) Monitor raumif; (odkY) Mother Board/ CPU raumif; 5/ Memory Error Memory raumif; (odkY) Memory trsKd;tpm; rwlnD 6/ Hard Disk Error CMOS Setup wGif HD type rSm; (odkY)Hard Disk raumif; (odkY) HD Controller raumif; (odkY) Backup Battery tm;enf; 7/ Non System Disk or System File rsm;ysuf (odkY) Boot Disk ysuf Disk Error (odkY) Virus zsufqD; 8/ Missing Command COMMAND.COM File ysuf (odkY) Virus zsufqD; interpreter

Contents PC Hardware, Maintenance & Upgrading

38

PC Hardware Maintenance and Upgrading Typical ATX Motherboard & Real Panel Connectors 50/ PII/PIII ATX Motherboard wpfck\ Layout Diagram ESifh Built-in Connector rsm;tm; atmufaz:jyyg ykH(27)ESifhyHk(28)wdkYtwkdif; Type trsKd;rsKd;awGY½SdEkdifygonf-

South Bridge

Slot 1(CPU)

A

B A B C D

PS2/ mouse PS2/ keyboard USB Port 1 USB Port 2

C

PCI Slots

North Bridge

PCI Slots

AGP Slot

}

F

D

E E F G H

H

G

Serial Port A Parallel Port Serial Port B MIDI/Game Port (optional)

I

J

K

I Audio Line Out (optional) J Audio Line in (optional) K Audio Mic in (optional)

Slot Type PII/PIII ATX Motherboard

yHk (27)

ISA Slots

Backup Battery

DIMM Memory Bank

ISA Slots

}

PCI Slots

.......... ..........

PCI Slots

Floppy Disk Connector Hard Disk Connector

ATX Power Supply Connector

Contents PC Hardware, Maintenance & Upgrading

39

Desktop Board Components A

BCDE

F G H I

Y

Line In

USB Device

X W

J

V UT S R Q P

O

NM L

K

Socket Type Intel DX15EEA Motherboard

yHk (28) A. CNR (Communication and Networking Riser) connector (optional) B. AGP universal connector C. Chassis fan connector (Fan 2) D. Legacy CD-ROM connector E. ATAPI-style CD-ROM connector F. Auxiliary line in, ATAPI-style connector G. Processor fan connector (Fan 3) H. Digital video output connector I. Processor socket J. DIMM sockets K. Power connector L. Diskette drive connector M. Primary IDE connector N. Secondary IDE connector O. Serial port B connector P. BIOS configuration jumper block Q. Front panel USB connector R. Front panel connector S. Front panel power LED, alternate T. Wake on LAN technology connector U. Chassis fan connector (Fan 1) V. Battery W. SCSI LED connector X. Speaker Y. PCI expansion

The Intel Desktop Board D815EEA supports the following processors: Processor Type

Socket Type

Intel Pentium Processors

FC-PGA

Intel Celeron Processors Celeron Processors

FC-PGA

FC-PGA

PPGA

Processor Designation (MHz)

System Bus Freq. (MHz)

866, 800EB, 733, 667, 600EB, and 533EB 850, 800, 750, 700, 650, 600E, 550E, and 500E 700, 667, 633, 600, 566, 533A, and 500A

133

256

100

256

66

128

66

128

533 and 500

L2 Cache Size (KB)

For the latest information on processors supported by the Desktop Board D815EEA, refer to the Intel web site at:

Z,m;(1)

Contents PC Hardware, Maintenance & Upgrading

40

Intel's Microprocessor 51/ Computer wpfv;Hk \ Model ukd ¤if;wGiw f yfqifxm;aomCPU \Model jzifo h wfrw S f qkH;jzwfMuygonf/ ¤if; CPU rsm;rSm CISC (Complex Instruction Set Code) ESifh RISC (Reduced Instruction Set Code) enf;ynmrsm;ukd tokH;jyKMuonf/ RISC enf;ynmokH; Microprocessor rsm;ukd Motorola, Digital ponfh ukrÜPDrsm;rSxkwfvkyfMuNyD; Special Purpose Computer rsm;wGif tokH;rsm;Muonf/ CISC enf;ynmokH; Microprocessor rsm;ukd Intel,AMD,Cyrix ukrP Ü rD sm;rS tjyKd it f qkid x f w k v f yk v f m&m ,cktcgwGif 1000 MHz(1 GHz) tjrefEIef;txd a&muf½SdvmMuNyDjzpfonf/ az:jyygZ,m;rsm;onf Intel rSxkwfvkyfaom Microprocessor rsm;ESifh tjcm;ukrÜPDrsm;rSxkwfvkyfaom Processor rsm;\ pufrIqkdif&m

tcsuftvufrsm;? pGrf;aqmifEkdifrIrsm;ukd EIdif;,SOfaz:jyxm;jcif;jzpfygonf/ 52/

Z,m;(2)t& atmufaz:jyygtxl;od½Sd&eftcsufrsm;ukd avhvmawGY½SdEkdifygonf(u) 486 DX Processor rSpwifí Microprocessor twGif; 'ór*Pef;rsm;ukd wGufcsuf aqmif&GufEkdifonfh FPU (Floating Point Unit) (okdU) Co-Math Processor rsm;ukd Built-in wnfaqmufxm;onf/ ( c) 386 rSpí Internal 32-bit vkyfaqmifEkdifonfhtwGufaMumifh 32-bit OS rsm; tokH;jyKEkdifonf/ ( *) Classics Pentium ukd MMX enf;ynm ( 57 MMX Instruction ) aygif;pyf wnfaqmufvkdufaomtcg Pentium MMX [kjzpfay:vmjyD; Multimedia qkdif&mñTefMum;csufrsm;ukd CPU rSajz½Sif;aqmif&GufvmEkdifonf/ (C) P6 Architecture udk MMX Instruction Set (57 Instruction) aygif;vdu k af om tcg PII Processor [líjzpfay:vmonf/ ( i) P II Processor wG i f 3D Instruction (SSE-Streaming SIMD) aygif;pyffvdkufaomtcg P!!! Processor [líjzpfay:vmum 3D Instruction rsm;udk CPU rSajz&Sif;aqmif½GufvmEdkifonf/ ( p) Pentium Pro (P6) Microprocessor twGif;ü L2 Cache udk built-in wnf aqmufxm;jcif;jzifh L2 Cache rS access vkyfonfh Performance udkwdk;wuf aponf/ (q) Pentium Pro (P6) rSpí L2 Cache ESifh CPU wdkY\ access vkyfonfhEIH;udk CPU Core Speed \w0uf (odkY) tjynfhjzifh aqmif½Gufjcif;jzifh Performance udk ydkrdkwdk;wufaponf/

CPU Clock 1x 1x 1x 1x 1x 1x 1x 2x 1x 1x 1x 2x 2-3x 2.5x 1x 1.5-3x 1.5-4.5x 2-3x

3.5-4.5x 3.5-6x 3.5-4.5x 3.5-8x 4.5-9x 4-6x 4-9x

4-4.5x

5-6x

4.5-6.5x

Processor 8088 8086 286 386SX 386SL 386DX 486SX 486SX2 487SX 486DX 486SL 2 486DX2 486DX4 486Pentium OD Pentium 60/66 Pentium 75-200 Pentium MMX Pentium Pro

Pentium II Pentium II PE Celeron Celeron A Celeron III Pentium III Pentium III E

Z,m; (2)

Pentium II Xeon

Pentium III Xeon

Pentium III E Xeon

1.65v

1.8-2.8v

1.8-2.8v

32-bit

32-bit

32-bit

32-bit 32-bit 32-bit 32-bit 32-bit 32-bit 32-bit

64-bit

64-bit

64-bit

64-bit 64-bit 64-bit 64-bit 64-bit 64-bit 64-bit

Data Bus Width 8-bit 16-bit 16-bit 16-bit 16-bit 32-bit 32-bit 32-bit 32-bit 32-bit 32-bit 32-bit 32-bit 32-bit 64-bit 64-bit 64-bit 64-bit

64GB

64GB

64GB

64GB 64GB 64GB 64GB 64GB 64GB 64GB

Max Memory 1MB 1MB 16MB 16MB 16MB 4GB 4GB 4GB 4GB 4GB 4GB 4GB 4GB 4GB 4GB 4GB 4GB 64GB

2x16KB

2x16KB

2x16KB

2x16KB 2x16KB 2x16KB 2x16KB 2x16KB 2x16KB 2x16KB

L1 Cache 0KB 1 8KB 8KB 8KB 8KB 8KB 8KB 16KB 2x16KB 2x8KB 2x8KB 2x16KB 2x8KB

WB

WB

WB

WB WB WB WB WB WB WB

L1 Cache Type WT WT WT WT WT WT WT WT WB WB WB WB WB

2MB

L2 Cache 256KB 512KB 1MB 512KB 256KB 0KB 128KB 128KB 256KB 512KB 1MB 2MB 512KB 1MB 2MB 512KB 1MB 2MB 256KB 1MB Yes

Yes

Core3

Yes

Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes

Integral FPU Yes Yes Opt Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes

Core

Core

1/2Core Core3 Core3 Core3 1/2Core Core3

L2 Cache Speed Bus Bus Bus Bus Bus Bus Bus Bus Bus Bus Bus Bus Bus Bus Core

SSE

SSE

MMX

MMX MMX MMX MMX SSE SSE SSE

Multimedia Instructions MMX -

140M

28.1M 84M

9.5M

7.5M

7.5M 27.4M 7.5M 19M 28.1M 9.5M 28.1M

No. of Tsransistors 29,000 29,000 134,000 275,000 855,000 275,000 1.185M 1.185M 1.2M 1.2M 1.4M 1.2M 1.6M 3.1M 3.1M 3.3M 4.5M 5.5M

Oct'99 May2000

Mar'99

Apr'98

May'97 Jan'99 Apr'98 Aug'98 Feb'2000 Feb'99 Oct'99

Date Introduced Jun'79 Jun'78 Feb'82 Jun'88 Oct'90 Oct'85 Apr'91 Apr'94 Apr'91 Apr'89 Nov'92 Mar'92 Feb'94 Jan'95 Mar'93 Oct'94 Jan'97 Nov'95

41

1.8-2.8v 1.6v 1.8-2.8v 1.5-2v 1.3-1.6v 1.8-2v 1.3-1.7v

Voltage 5v 5v 5v 5v 3.3v 5v 5v 5v 5v 5v 3.3v 5v 3.3v 5v 5v 3.3-3.5v 1.8-2.8v 3.3v

Internal Register Size 16-bit 16-bit 16-bit 32-bit 32-bit 32-bit 32-bit 32-bit 32-bit 32-bit 32-bit 32-bit 32-bit 32-bit 32-bit 32-bit 32-bit 32-bit

Intel Processor Specifications

Contents PC Hardware, Maintenance & Upgrading

2x

3.4x

Nexgen Nx586

IDT Winchip

32-bit

32-bit

Z,m; (3) 64-bit 64-bit

64-bit

L1

4GB

4GB

4GB

4GB

4GB

4GB

4GB

8TB

8TB

8TB

4GB

4GB

4GB

4GB

WB

WB

WB

2x8KB

WB

2x32KB WB

2x32KB WB

2x16KB WB

64KB

64KB

16KB

2x64KB WB

2x64KB WB

2x64KB WB

2x32KB WB

2x32KB WB

2x32KB WB

16+8KB WB

Type

Cache

Bus

Bus

Bus

Bus Bus

-

-

-

-

Bus

Yes

Yes Yes

Bus

Yes

Yes

Yes

Core3

Bus

256KB Core3

-

-

Yes

Yes

Core

Yes

64KB 256KB Core3

1/2-1/3CoreYes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

FPU

21.3M

9.3M

8.8M

4.3M

MMX

3DNow

MMX

-

3DNow

MMX

-

3.6M

5.9M

5.4M

3.5M

22M

6.5M

3M

Ench.3DNow 37M

Ench.3DNow 25M

Ench.3DNow 22M

3DNow

3DNow

MMX

-

Instructions Tsransistors

Integral Multimedia No. of

3

512KB

256KB Core

-

-

-

Cache Speed

Cache L2

L2

Oct'98

Sep'98

Oct'97

Mar'94

Feb'2000

May'97

Feb'96

Jun'2000

Jun'2000

Jun'99

Feb'99

May'98

Apr'97

Mar'96

Date

FPU = Floating Point Unit (internal math coprocessor) WT = Write - Through Cache (caches read only) WB = Write-Back cahce (caches both reads and writes) Bus = Processor external bus speed (motherboard speed) Core = Processor internal core speed (CPU speed) MMX = Multimedia extensions, 57 additional instructions for graphics and sound processing 3DNow = MMX plus 21 additional instructions for graphics and sound processing Enh.3DNow= 3DNow plus 24 additional instructions for graphics and sound processing SSE = Streaming SIMD (Single Instruction Multiple Data) Extensions, MMX plus 70 additional instructions for graphics and sound processing 1 = The 386SL contains an Itegral-cache controller, but the cache memory must be provided outside the chip.

2 = Intel later marketed SL Enhance version of the SX, DX, and DX2 processors.These processors were available in both 5 v and 3.3 v versions and included power-management capabilities.

3 = On-die integrated L2 cache-runs at full-core speed.

4 = 128 KB functional L2 cache (265 KB total, 128 KB disabled), use same die as Pentium 333 E.

32-bit

2.8v

Rise mP6

2-3.5x

3.3-3.5v 32-bit

64-bit

64-bit

64-bit

64-bit

64-bit

64-bit

64-bit

64-bit

64-bit

64-bit

64-bit

Max Memory Cache

L1

42

IDT Winchip2/2a 2.33-4x

3.3-3.5v 32-bit

4v

2.2v

2.5-7x

32-bit

2.5-3.5v 32-bit

Cyrix III

2x

Cyrix 6x86

2.5-3.5v 32-bit

1.5-1.8v 32-bit

1.6-1.8v 32-bit

2.9v

5-10x

AMD-Athlon 4

32-bit

2.2-3.2v 32-bit

Cyrix 6x86MX/MII 2.3-5x

5-10x

AMD-Duron

2.2-2.4v 32-bit

4.5x

5-10x

3.5-5x

AMD-K6-2

AMD-K6-3

2.2-2.4v 32-bit

2.5-4.5x

AMD K6

AMD-Athlon

1.5-1.75x 3.5v

AMD K5

Width

Register Bus Voltage Size

CPU

Clock

Processor

Introduced

Internal Data

Intel Compatible Processors

Contents PC Hardware, Maintenance & Upgrading

Contents 43

(Z)

PC Hardware, Maintenance & Upgrading

P II / P!!! Xeon Processor rsm;onf L2 Cache yg0ifrI 1024 KB rS 2048 KB xd &SdEdkifojzifh Performance ydkrdkaumif;rGefNyD; Server rsm;wGiftusKd;jyK

Edkifonf/ Chipset 53/ Motherboard wpfck\pGrf;aqmifEkdifrIukd t"ducsKyfukdifaom Chip rSm Chipset jzpfyg onf/ Chipset rsm;ukd CPU, Main Memory, AGP (Accelerated Graphic Port) ESifh Slot rsm;tm;xdef;csKyfonfh North Bridge ESifh Hard Disk Controller, USB wkdYukdxdef;csKyfonfh South Bridge [lí½Sdygonf/ Intel Chipset, SIS Chipset, ALi Chipset, UMC Chipset, VIA Chipset ponfjzifhawGU&SdEdkifygonf/ Intel Chipset rsm;\ pGrf;aqmifekdifrIESifh pufrIqkdif&m

t&nftaoG;rsm;ukd Z,m;rsm;jzifh EIdif;,SOfavhvmEkdifygonf/ 54/

Z,m; (4)ESifh(5)wdkYudkavhvmjcif;jzifh atmufaz:jyygtcsufrsm;ukd awGU½SdEkdifygonf(u) Chipset ukdMunfhí Motherboard wpfck\pGrf;aqmifEkdifrIukd cefYrSef;Ekdifygonf/ ( c) Chipset ay:rlwnfí Mother Board Speed uGmjcm;onf/ ( *) Chipset ay:rlwnfí trsm;qkH;wyfqifEkdifonfh t"durSwfOmPfyrmP Memory Bank ta&twGufuGmjcm;onf/ (C) Chipset ay:rlwnfíwyfqifEkdifaom CPU ta&twGufuGmjcm;onf/ ( i) 440GX, 440 NX Chipset rsm;onf SMP [kac:aom CPU ta&twGuf 2ck (odkY) 4ckxd wyfqifvkyfaqmifEdkifonfhtwGuf Server rsm;wGif tokH;jyK Ekdifonf/ ( p) Chipset ay:rlwnfíwyfqifEkdifaom CPU trsdK;tpm;uGmjcm;onf/ (q) Chipset ay:rlwnfí BUS Speed uGmjcm;onf/ ( Z) Chipset ay:rlwnfí wyfqifEkdifaom Memory Type (FPM, EDO, SDRAM, RDRAM) uGmjcm;onf/ ( ps) Chipset ay:rlwnfí UDMA 33 / UDMA 66/ UDMA 100 Hard Disk wyfqiftvkyfvkyfEdkifjcif;wdkY uGmjcm;ygonf/ (n) Chipset ay:rlwnfí AGP Support(1X/ 2X/ 4X) vkyfEdkifjcif;? rvkyfEdkifjcif; uGmjcm;ygonf/

Contents PC Hardware, Maintenance & Upgrading

44

Celeron and Pentium II/III Motherboard Chipsets (North Bridge) Chipset 440FX 440LX 440EX 440BX Codename Date Introduced Port Number

Natoma May 1996 82441 FX 82442 FX Bus Speed 66 MHz Optimum Processor Pentium II SMP (dual CPUs) Yes Memory Types FPM/EDO/BEDO Parity/ECC Both Maximum Memory 1 GB

none Aug 1997 82443 LX

none Apr 1998 82443 EX

none Apr 1999 82443 BX

66 MHz Celeron No EDO/SDRAM Neither 256 MB

66/100 MHz Pentium II/III, Celeron Yes SDRAM Both 1 GB

Memory Banks PCI Support AGP Support South Bridge

4 2.1 No 82371AB(PIIX4)

66 MHz Pentium II Yes FPM/EDO/SDRAM Both 1 GB EDO/ 512 MB SDRAM 4 2.1 AGP-2x 82371EB(PIIX4E)

2 2.1 AGP-2x 82371EB(PIIX3)

4 2.1 AGP-2x 82371SB(PIIX4E)

Chipset

440GX

450NX

440ZX

810

Codename Date Introduced Port Number

none Jun 1998 82443 GX

none Jun 1998 82451 NX 82452 NX 82453 NX 82454 NX 100 MHz Pentium II/III Xeon Yes, up to 4 FPM/EDO Both 8 GB 4 2.1 No 82371EB (PIIX4E)

none Nov 1998 82443 ZX

Whitney Apr 1999 82810/ 82810-DC100 82802 AB/AC

66/100 MHz* Celeron, Pentium II/III No SDRAM Neither 256 MB 2 2.1 AGP-2x 82371EB (PIIX4E)

66/100 MHz Celeron, Pentium II/III No SDRAM Neither 256 MB 2 2.2 Direct AGP 2801AA/AB (ICH/ICH0)

Bus Speed 100 MHz Optimum Processor Pentium II/III, Xeon SMP (dual CPUs) Yes Memory Types SDRAM Parity/ECC Both Maximum Memory 2 GB Memory Banks 4 PCI Support 2.1 AGP Support AGP-2x South Bridge 82371EB (PIIX4E)

SMP = Symmetric Multiprocessing (Dual Processors ) FPM = Fast Page Mode EDO = Extended Data Out BEDO = Burst EDO SDRAM = Synchronous Dynamic RAM Pburst = Pipeline Burst ( Synchronous )

PCI = Peripheral Component Interconnect AGP = Accelerated Graphics Port SIO = System I/O PIIX = PCI ISA IDE Xcelerator ICH = I/O Controller Hub

Z,m; (4)

Contents 45

PC Hardware, Maintenance & Upgrading

Intel South Bridge Chips Chip Name SIO

PIIX

PIIX3

PIIX4

PIIX4E

ICHO

ICH

Port Number IDE Support USB Support CMOS/Clock Power Management

82371FB BMIDE None No SMM

82371SB BMIDE Yes No SMM

82371AB UDMA-33 Yes Yes SMM

82371EB UDMA-33 Yes Yes SMM/ ACPI

82801AB UDMA-33 Yes Yes SMM/ ACPI

82801AA UDMA-66 Yes Yes SMM/ ACPI

82378IB/ZB None None No SMM

SIO = System I/O BMIDE = Bus Master IDE PIIX = PCI ISA IDE Xcelerator UDMA = Ultra-DMA IDE ICH = I/O Controller Hub SMM = System Management Mode USB = Universal Serial Bus ACPI = Advanced Configuration and Power Interface IDE = Integrated Drive Electronics (AT Attachment)

Z,m; (5) Mother Board Upgrading 55/ Chipset ay:rlwnfí Mother Board Speed ? Memory Bus Speed uGmjcm;onfh twGuf Mother Board wGif wyfqif&rnfh t"durSwOf mPf (Main Memory) \tjrefEeI ;f rsm; onfvnf; Mother Board Speed ?Memory Bus Speed ESihf udu k n f &D efvt kd yfygonf/ odjYk zpfí Mother Board udk Upgrade jyKvkyf&mwGif topfwyfqifrnfh Mother Board rSvufcHonfh Memory trsKd;tpm;(FPM / EDO / SDRAM / RDRAM) ESifh Memory Speed (PC 66 MHz / PC 100 MHz / PC 133 MHz) wdkYudkudkufnDatmifa½G;cs,f&rnf jzpfygonf/Z,m;(7) Processor Sockets / Slots 56/ CPU udk Socket wGifvnf;aumif;? tcsKdU SEC Type CPU rsm;udk Slot wGif vnf;aumif; wyfqif&rnfjzpfygonf/ odkYjzpf&m CPU Upgrade jyKvkyf&mü Motherboard ay:½Sd Socket eHygwfuMdk unfjh cif;jzifh rnfo f nfh CPU jzifh Upgrade vkyEf idk af Mumif; od½EdS idk yf gonf/ qkdvkdonfrSm Socket 7 Motherboard ay:wGif Slot 1, PGA 370, Slot 2 Processor rsm;jzifh Upgrade rjyKvkyfEkdifyg/ tu,fí Upgrade jyKvkyfvkdygu CPU omru Motherboard ukdyg Upgrade jyKvkyf&ygrnf/ (Memory ukdvnf; Motherboard \tjrefEIef;ESifhukdufnDaom Memory jzifh Upgrade jyKvkyf&ygrnf/) CPU Socket rsm;\pufrIqdkif&mtcsuftvufrsm;udk

Z,m;(6)wGifawGUEdkifygonf/

Contents PC Hardware, Maintenance & Upgrading

46

Intel 486/Pentium CPU Socket Type and Specifications Socket Pins Pin Layout Voltage Supported Processors Number Socket 1 Socket 2

169 238

17x17 PGA 19x19 PGA

5v 5v

Socket 3

237

19x19 PGA

5v/3.3v

Socket 4 Socket 5 Socket 6** Socket 7

273 320 235 321

21x21 PGA 37x37 SPGA 19x19 PGA 37x37 SPGA

5v 3.3v/3.5v 3.3v VRM

Socket 8 PGA370 Slot 1 Slot 2

387 370 242 330

dual pattern SPGA 37x37 SPGA Slot Slot

Auto VRM Auto VRM Auto VRM Auto VRM

PGA = Pin Grid Array

486 SX/SX2, DX/DX2*, DX4 Overdrive 486 SX/SX2, DX/DX2*, DX4 Overdrive, 486 Pentium Overdrive 486 SX/SX2, DX/DX2, DX4, 486 Pentium Overdrive, AMD 5x86 Pentium 60/66, Overdrive Pentium 75-133, Overdrive 486 DX4, 486 Pentium Overdrive Pentium 75-233+, MMX, Overdrive, AMD K5/K6, Cyrix MI/II Pentium Pro Celeron Pentium II/III, Celeron Pentium II/III, Xeon

SPGA = Staggered Pin Grid Array VRM = Voltage Regulator Module

Z,m; (6) CPU Type Pentium Pentium Pentium Pentium Pentium Pentium Pentium Pentium Pentium/PenitumPro/MMX Pentium/PenitumPro Pentium/PenitumPro/MMX Pentium-MMX/Pentium II Pentium-MMX(Mobile)/ Pentium II/Celeron Pentium II/Celeron Pentium II/Celeron Pentium II/Celeron Celeron Celeron Celeron Celeron Celeron Celeron Celeron Celeron

CPU Speed (MHz)

CPU Clock Multiplier

Mainboard Speed (MHz)

60 60 75 90 100 120 133 150 166 180 200 233 266

1x 1x 1.5x 1.5x 1.5x 2x 2x 2.5x 2.5x 3x 3x 3.5x 4x

60 66 50 60 66 60 66 60 66 60 66 66 66

300 333 366 400 433 466 500 533 566 600 633

4.5x 5x 5.5x 6x 6.5x 7x 7.5x 8x 8.5x 9x 9.5x

66 66 66 66 66 66 66 66 66 66 66

CPU Type Celeron Pentium II Pentium II/Xeon Pentium II/III/Xeon Pentium III/Xeon Pentium III/Xeon Pentium III/Xeon Pentium III/Xeon Pentium III/Xeon Pentium III/Xeon Pentium III/Xeon Pentium III/Xeon Pentium III/Xeon Pentium III/Xeon Pentium III/Xeon Pentium III/Xeon Pentium III/Xeon Pentium III/Xeon Pentium III/Xeon Pentium III/Xeon Pentium III/Xeon Pentium III/Xeon Pentium III/Xeon Pentium III/Xeon Pentium III/Xeon

Z,m; (7)

CPU Speed (MHz) 667 350 400 450 500 550 600 650 700 750 800 850 533 600 667 733 800 866 933 1000 1066 1133 1200 1266 1333

CPU Clock Multiplier

Mainboard Speed (MHz)

10x 3.5x 4x 4.5x 5x 5.5x 6x 6.5x 7x 7.5x 8x 8.5x 4x 4.5x 5x 5.5x 6x 6.5x 7x 7.5x 8x 8.5x 9x 9.5x 10x

66 66 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 133 133 133 133 133 133 133 133 133 133 133 133 133

Contents 47

PC Hardware, Maintenance & Upgrading

Five Ways to Faster PCs (PC rsm;tm; ykdrkdvsifjrefpGmpGrf;aqmifEkdifa&;twGuf enf;vrf;(5)rsdK;) 57/ PC rsm;tm; ykdrkdvsifjrefpGm pGrf;aqmifEkdifa&;twGuf atmufaz:jyygenf;vrf;(5)rsdK;jzifh Upgrade jyKvkyfaqmif&GufEkdifygonf2 CPUESifh L2 Cahce (BackSide

Bus)

qufo, G rf v I rf;aMumif; oD;jcm;xm;遜Sdjcif;/ Backside bus

1 CPU \System I/O Bus speed tm; 66 MHz rS 100 ~133~200 MHz xd

CPU I/O BUS

L2 cache (old)

Accelerated Graphic Port

5 PCI Graphic Controller tpm; Acce-

3 Main Memory Speed ukdjrefqefap&eftwGuf

PCI Bus

lerated Graphic Port

uk d tok H ; jyKjcif ; jzif h Graphic Speed uk d jrefqefapjcif; yHk (29)

rS w f c suf /

SDRAM, RDRAM Graphics Controller (old)

PCI device

PCI Device

wkjYdzift h pm;xk;d jyKvyk af pjcif;

4 PCI BUS Width ukd 32-bit 64-bit ok造Yd if;?

Speed ukd 33 MHz rS 66 MHz xd造if; ESpfqwifjcif;jzifh Speed jrefqefapjcif;

P6, PII, PIII Motherboard Design rsm;onf txufygtcsuf(5)csufESifh ukdufnDatmif Design jyKvkyfxm;ojzifh 造if;Motherboard rsm;ukd tokH;jyKjcif; jzifh Performance ydkrdkaumif;rGefvmygonf/

Contents PC Hardware, Maintenance & Upgrading

48

Two Buses are Better than One ( BUS vrf ; aMumif ; ES p f c k o k H ; Motherboard rsm;onf BUS vrf ; aMumif ; wpf c k o k H ; Motherboard rsm;xuf y k d r k d p G r f ; aqmif E k d i f j cif ; ) P6, PII, PIII Motherboard Design rsm;onf ,cif Motherboard Design rsm;xuf 58/

ykdrkdpGrf;aqmifEkdifaMumif; atmufaz:jyygykHrsm;jzifh EIdif;,SOfavhvmEkdifygonfIntel’s Socket 8 and SEC Slot 1

Private backside bus (64 bits wide)

Socket 7

CPU I/O bus (64 bits wide)

CPU I/O bus (64 bits wide)

PCI bus

PCI device

PCI bus

PCI device PCI device

PCI device

PCI device PCI device

Socket 8 and Slot 1 have two independent 64-bit buses, improving cache access bandwidth over Socket 7.

yHk (30) 59/

Socket 370, Socket 8, Slot 1, Slot 2 okH; Motherboard rsm;onf DIB (DualIndependence Bus Architecture) ukd tokH;jyKxm;ojzifh L2 Cache ESifh Main Memory ukd wpfNydKifwnf; Access vkyfEkdifonf/ okdYjzpfí ,cif Pentium ESifh Pentium xufedrfhaom Motherboard rsm;xuf ykdrkdpGrf;aqmifEkdifygonf/

Contents 49

PC Hardware, Maintenance & Upgrading

Conventional Graphics Architecture 60/ Pentium Mother Board Design rsm;wGif Graphic Card tjzpf PCI trsKd;tpm;udk toHk;jyKí PCI Slot wGif wyfqifvkyfaqmifjcif;aMumifh PCI Bus \ Data Transfer Rate

om tvkyfvkyfEdkifonfhtjyif atmufygyHktwdkif; tm;enf;csufrsm;udk awGU&Sd&ygonf/

Graphic Controller rSvmaom PCI Memory Request rsm;udk Chipset rS vufcHrxm;Ekdifyg/

3-D Program rsm; onfh 3-D Texture rsm;udF k rame Buffer wnfaqmufí Main Memory twG i f ; ü okdavSmifonf/

PCI rS Data yk d Y v T w f EI e f ; onf One Cycle wG i f w pf B ud r f o myk d Y v T w f Ek d i f j cif ; aMumif h yk d Y v T w f r I tjrefEIef;enf;aponf/ Graphic Controller \Memory wGif Frame Buffer wnf aqmufjyD; ¤if; twGif;ü Main Memory wGif ½S d N yD ; jzpf a om 3-D Texture rsm;ukd xyfrH í od r f ; qnf ; xm;&o jzifhMemory okH;pGJrI rsm;onf/

yHk (31)

PCI Graphic Card onftjcm; PCI Device rsm;ESifh PCI Bus ukd rQa0okH;pGJ &onf h t wG u f a Mumif h Bandwidth uefYowfcsufukdjzpfaponf/

Yd w T o f nfEh eI ;f ) 61/ PCI Graphic Card tok;H jyKjcif;aMumifh Graphic qkid &f mtjrefEeI ;f (Data ykv aES;onfh jyóemukd jzpfay:apygonf/ ,if;jyóemukd ajz½Sif;&ef AGP Card, AGP Slot tok;H jyKoifyh gonf/ Pentium ESi¤hf if;xuferd ahf om Motherboard rsm;wGif Chipset onf AGP uk d raqmif & G u f Ek d i f o jzif h AGP Chipset ygaom Motherboard rsm;jzif h Upgrade jyKvyk af qmif&u G f &efvt dk yfrnfjzpfonf/ tcsKUd AGP Set rsm;onf AGP 2x jzifo h mtvkyv f yk Ef idk f jyD;aemufqkH;ay: Motherboard Design rsm;onf AGP 4x jzifhtvkyfvkyfEkdifMuonf/ AGP \ pGrf;aqmifEkdifrIukd wpfzufwGif ½Sif;vif;az:jyxm;ygonf/

Contents PC Hardware, Maintenance & Upgrading

50

How Accelerated Graphics Port Works 62/ AGP \pGrf;aqmifEdkifrIudk atmufygyHkjzifh awGUjrifedkifygonfAGP onf tjcm; Bus rsm;ESifh rQa0okH;pGJ &efrvkdbJ Chipset, Main Memory wk d Y E S i f h wk d u f ½ k d u f tvk y f v k y f E k d i f o nf / (Program ESifhTexture rsm;ukd Main Memory rS AGP okdYwkduf½kduf ay;ykdY Ekdifonf)/

CPU I/O Bus

Graphic Controller rSvmaom PCI Memory Request rsm;udk Chipset rS vuf c H o d r f ; qnf í tjrefqkH;tvkyfvkyfEkdifonf/

AGP Graphics Controller (old)

PCI Bus Graphic Controller \ Memory wGif Frame Buffer wnfaqmufNyD; ¤if;twGif;ü Main Memory ½Sd 3-D Texturersm;ukd xyfrHí odrf;qnf;&ef rvkdawmhbJ 3-D Dataukdom odrf;qnf; xm; ojzifh Memoryvkt d yfrI enf;onf/

PCI PCI PCI Device Device Device AGP \ Data ykdYvTwf EIef;onf One Cycle wGif ESpfBudrfykdYvTwfEkdifjcif;aMumifh tjrefEIef; (Band width) ukd ESpfq yHk (32) jrifhwufaponf/

3-D Program rsm; onf 3 -D Texture rsm; udk Frame Buffer wGif odrf;p&mrvkdawmhbJ Main Memory t wG i f ; vk d t yf o avmuf om okdavSmifonf/

63/ okdYjzpfí Main Memory ESifhqufoG,f&mü AGP onf PCI Bus xuf 4qykdrkdjrefqef aMumif; az:jyygZ,m;twkid ;f awG½Y &dS ojzifh Graphic qkid &f m? Animation qkid &f m? Video qkid &f m?

Presentation rsm;ESifh Editing vkyfaqmifjcif;rsm;wGif AGP 2x, 4x Graphic Card wkdYukd okH;pGJoifhygonf/ PCI ESifh AGP Graphic Card wkdY\ tjrefEIef;EdIif;,SOfcsuf (AGP 2x onf PCI xuf av;qjrefjyD;? AGP 4x onf PCI xuf ½Spfqjrefonf) Bits per transfer Transfer per clock cycle Clock cycles per second Band Width

PCI 32 One 33.3Million 133 MByte/Sec

AGP 2x 32 Two 66.6 Million 533 MByte/Sec

Contents 51

PC Hardware, Maintenance & Upgrading

Upgrading jyKvkyf&eftwGuf tBuHjyKcsufrsm; 64/ uGefysLwm Hardware qdkif&mESifh Software qdkif&mwdkY\ wdk;wufajymif;vJrIonf tvGef

jrefqefonfhtwGufaMumifhvnf;aumif;? toHk;jyKolwdkY\ vdktyfcsufrsm;rSmvnf; waeYwjcm; wdk;wufvmonfhtwGufaMumifhvnf;aumif;? uGefysLwmpepftm; ydkrdkaumif;rGefa&;twGuf t&nftaoG;jr§ifhwifjcif; (Upgrading) udkvkyfaqmif&efvdktyfvmygonf/ Upgrading jyKvkyfjcif;twGuf atmufygtwdkif; pOf;pm;Edkif&ef tBuHjyKygonf/ (u) uGefysLwmtoHk;jyKonfh vkyfief;twGuf Software qdkif&m Upgrading jyKvkyf aqmif½Guf&ef vdk^rvdk/ Oyrm / Windows 98 rS Windows 2000 odkYajymif;vJ&ef vdk^rvdk/ Office 97 rS Office 2000 odkYajymif;vJ&ef vdk^rvdk/ ( c) Software qdik &f m Upgrading vkyaf qmif&mwGif Hardware qdik &f m Upgrading jyKvkyf&efudkyg xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;oifhonf/ ( *) Performance aumif;rGefa&;twGuf Memory (FPM / EDO / SDRAM) yrmP jr§ifhwifjcif;udk yxrOD;pm;ay;pOf;pm;&ef/ (C) Performance aumif ; rG e f a &;twG u f Hard Disk yrmPES i f h tjref E I e f ; jr§ifhwifa&;udk 'kwd,OD;pm;ay;pOf;pm;&ef/ ( i) Performance aumif;rGefa&;twGuf CPU (odkY) CPU ESifh Mother Board jr§ifhwifa&;udk wwd,OD;pm;ay;pOf;pm;&ef/ ( p) Mother Board jyKjyifajymif;vJ&mwGif Casing ESifh Power Supply trsKd;tpm; tm; AT (odkY) ATX Casing & Power Supply udk xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;&ef vdktyf ygonf/ (q) Graphic Performance jr§ifhwifa&;twGuf Graphic Card wGifyg&Sdaom Memory jr§ifhwifa&; (odkY) ydkrdkaumif;rGefaom Graphic Card jzifh tpm;xdk; aqmif½Gufa&;udk pOf;pm;&ef/ ( Z) tcsKdU Simulation qdkif&m Program rsm;? Game Program rsm;? Application Program rsm;udk Install jyKvkyfí toHk;jyK&ef? Hardware qdkif&m vdktyfcsuf?

OS qdi k &f mvdt k yfcsurf sm;udk udu k n f aD tmifaqmif½u G af y;&ojzifh ,if; Program rsm;udk toHk;jyKvdkygu Hardware qdkif&m jyKjyifajymif;vJrI? Software qdkif&m jyKjyifajymif;vJrIrsm; vkyfaqmif&efvdktyfonf/ Oyrm / 3D Game rsm;twGuf owfrSwfVRAM yrmP&Sdaom3D Graphic Accelerator Card vdktyfygonf/

Contents

PC Hardware, Maintenance & Upgrading 52

Hard Disk Storage

65/

uGefysLwmpepfwpfckwGif tcsuftvufodkavSmif ypönf;wpfckjzpfonfh Hard Disk onfta&;BuD;qHk;aomtpdwftydkif;rsm;wGif yg0ifonf/Hard Disk \pufrIydkif; qdkif&mtvkyfvkyfyHkudk em;vnfjcif;jzifh rnfodkYrnfyHkBuHhcdkifatmif xdef;odrf;oifhonf? rnfonfhenf;vrf;rsm;jzifh xdef;odrf;a&;aqmif ½Gufoifhonfudk od&SdEkdifrnfjzpfygonf/ 66/ Hard Disk wpfvHk;wGif atmufaz:jyyg Conponents rsm;yg0ifonf(u) Disk Platters ( c) Logic Board ( *) Read/Write Heads (C) Cable and Connector ( i) Head Actuator Mechanism ( p) Configuration Items (Jumper or Switches) (q) Spindle Motor 67/ Hard Disk onftvHkydwfxm;aom oHbl;i,fwpfckjzpfygonf/ 4if;oHbl;i,f twGif;wGif&Sdaom ypönf;rsm;udk atmufaz:jyygyHktwdkif;awGU&SdEdkifygonf/

yHk (33)

Contents 53

PC Hardware, Maintenance & Upgrading

68/

f m;aom puf0ikd ;f yHk tvlreD , D rfjym;rsm;udk txufygyHt k & Iron Oxide jzifh Coating vkyx Shaft wpfckwGiftaowyfqifxm;NyD; Spindle Motor jzifhvnfywfapygonf/ (1 rdepfvQif tywfaygif; 5400? 7200? 10000 txd vnfywfEdkifonf)/ tcsuftvufrsm;udk Head jzifh ñdIUízwfygonf/ rsufESmjyifwpfzufwGif Head wpfckpD wyfqifxm;NyD; 4if; Head rsm;onf Fly Head Principle jzifh Platter \rsufESmjyifESifh 1 vufr\ tyHk 1 oef;yHkvQif 3 yHkcefY tuGmta0; (3 µ in) rSñdIUízwfonf/ 69/ ,if;odkY Head rSzwfaepOf (Hard Disk tvkyfvkyfaepOf? Hard Disk LED vif;aepOf) User rS Proper Shut Down rjyKvkyfojzifhvnf;aumif;? rD;ysufjcif; rD;tm;avsmhusjcif; ponfh Electrical Power Problem jzpfojzifhvnf;aumif;? vnfywfrI½kwfw&uf&yfwefYjcif;aMumifh yifhtm;&aeaom Head rSm yifhtm;r&awmhbJ Platter \rsufESmjyifESifhxdcdkufrdojzifh Head Crack jzpfum Data rsm;aysmufqHk;Edkifonfhtjyif Hard Disk rSmvnf; ysufpD;Edkifygonf/ 70/

rD;tm;jyóemrsm;aMumifhvnf;aumif;? oHk;pGJol\toHk;rjyKwwfrIaMumifhvnf;aumif; Head Crack jzpfEi kd o f uJo h Ykd Logic Card udv k nf; ysupf ;D cRw, f iG ;f Edik yf gonf/ odjYk zpfí vQypf pfr;D jyóemrsm;jzpfaom (Spike, Noise, Surge, Brown Out, Black Out) ponfwdkYudkyg umuG,fwm;qD;&ef vdktyfojzifY trsdK;tpm;aumif;rGefaom UPS ESifY Surge Protector rsm;udk tokH;jyK&ef vdktyfygonf/ owfrSwfcsufESifhudkufnDaom Ground System &dS&efESifh oHk;pGJolrS rSefuefpGm toHk;jyKwwf&efvnf; vdktyfygonf/ 71/ Hard Disk onf atmufaz:jyygyHkrsm;twdkif; puf0dkif;yHkvrf;aMumif; Tracks rsm;jzifh tcsuftvufrsm;udk Magnetic Sport rsm;tjzpfzefwD;í " 1, 0 " rsm;tjzpf odrf;qnf;ygonf/ Platter rsufESmjyifwdkif;wGif Track rsm;wnf&Sdav&m rsufESmjyifrsm;&Sd eHygwfwlnDaom Track rsm;udk pkpnf;jcif;jzifh Cylinder [kac:qdkEdkifygonf/ 123 123 123 123 123 123 123 123 123 123 123 123 123 123 123 123 123 123 123 123 123 123 123 123 123 123 123 123 123 123 123 123 123 123 123 123 123 123 123 123 123

Head Arm

Spindle

Platter

Head

Cylinder

yHk (34)

Contents PC Hardware, Maintenance & Upgrading

54

72/

Hard Disk wpfvHk;\tcsuftvuf odkavSmifEdkifrIyrmPudk Cylinder ta&twGuf? Head ta&twGu?f Sector ta&twGuaf y:wGif rlwnfí wGuc f suEf ikd yf g onf/ atmufaz:jyyg yH(k 9)onf Capacity rsm;rsm; odr;f qnf;Edik &f eftwGuf wpfvufrwGif &Sad om Track ta&twGuf udk wdk;íxm;&Sdjcif;? wpfvufrwGif&Sdaom 1, 0 ta&twGuf bit ta&twGufudk wdk;íxm;&Sdjcif; jzifh &&SdEdkifygonf/ þtcsufonf Platter tcsif;0ufcsif;wlaomfvnf; odrf;qnf;EdkifrIyrmP

enf;&jcif;? rsm;&jcif;\ t"dutcsufyifjzpfonf/ Tracks per Inch ( TPI )

Tracks per Inch ( TPI )

Bits per Inch (BPI)

Bits per Inch (BPI) Track Lower Bits Areal Density

Higher Areal Density

yHk (35) 73/ Hard Disk \ Platter Surface wGiaf tmufaz:jyyg yH(k 10)twdik ;f puf0ikd ;f yHv k rf; aMumif; (Track) ESifh Sector rsm;cGJí tcsuftvufrsm;odrf;qnf;onf/ Track

}

Sector

yHk (36)

Contents 55

PC Hardware, Maintenance & Upgrading

74/

Hard Disk \puf0dkif;ykHvrf;aMumif;rsm;wGif tjyiftusqHk; puf0dkif;yHkvrf;aMumif;udk Track 0 [kac:onf/ 4if; Track 0 onf Hard Disk \ta&;BuD;qHk;tpdwftydkif; (System Area) jzpf&m Track 0 Bad jzpfomG ;ygu tcsut f vufrsm; ysuq f ;D qH;k ½I;H Ny;D Hard Disk wpfcv k ;kH oHk;r&aom tajctaeodkY a&muf&SdoGm;rnfjzpfygonf/ tjyiftusqHk; Track rStwGif;bufodkY a&muf&SdoGm;onfESifh eHygwfydkBuD;vmrnf jzpfygonf/ (eg : Track 1024) Outer Track Middle Track

yHk (37) Inner Track

Cylinders

Outer Cylinder

MiddleCylinder

Inner Cylinder

yHk (38)

Contents PC Hardware, Maintenance & Upgrading

56

Hard Disk Features 75/ Hard Disk wpfvHk;tm;a½G;cs,f&mü(u) Reliability (,HkMunfpdwfcs&rI) ( c) Capacity (odkavSmifEdkifrIyrmP) ( *) Interface Type (csdwfqufEdkifonfhpepf) (C) SMART (Self Monitoring And Reporting Technique) ( i) Head Technology (Head wnfaqmufxm;onfh enf;ynm) ( p) MTBF (oufwrf;umv) ( q) Shock Mounting (vIyf&Sm;rI'PfcHEdkif&ef txdef;rsm;) ( Z ) Speed (tjrefEIef;) ( ps) Cost (wefzdk;aiG) wdkYudkMunfhí a½G;cs,foifhygonf/

76/ Hard Disk wpfvHk;\oufwrf;udk MTBF (Mean Time Between Failure) jzifh wdkif;wm onf/ MTBF rSm 20000 rS 50000 em&D txufwGif&SdEdkifygonf/ (Oyrm/ MTBF t& em&D (5)aomif; &Sdaom Hard Disk wpfvHk;udk (1) &ufvQif (8) em&DMumtoHk;jyKygu (17)ESpfMumtoHk;jyKEdkifNyD; (24)em&DtjynfhtoHk;jyKrnfqdkygu (6)ESpfcefY toHk;jyKEdkifaMumif; wGucf sucf efrY eS ;f Edik yf gonf/) 4if;onf oDt&kd t D & oufwrf;yifjzpf&m wu,fvufawGUwGif tjcm; xdcdkufEdkifzG,f tajctaersm;udkyg xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;&rnf jzpfygonf/ 77/

Hard Disk udktoHk;jyKaepOf owdxm;&rnfhtcsufrsm;ESifhxdef;odrf;rIrsm;

(u) ( c) ( *)

(C) ( i)

uGeyf sLwmtm; rD;zGijhf cif;? rD;ydwjf cif;wdu Yk kd owfrw S cf suEf iS t hf nD vkyaf qmif&rnf/ Hard Disk rD;vif;aepOf (odkY) tvkyfvkyfaepOf rydwf&? rvIyf&Sm;&yg/ Hard Disk Utility , File System Utility Software rsm;toHk;jyK&mwGif ruRr;f usib f J toH;k rjyKoifyh g/ owdjyK&rnft h csurf sm;udk aocsmpGmzwf½NI y;D rSom oHk;oifhygonf/ (Data rsm;udktjcm; Media wpfckckwGif Backup jyKvkyfNyD;rSom oHk;pGJoifhygonf/) CMOS Setup &S d Hard Disk ES i f h y wf o uf a om tcsuf t vuf r sm;ud k jyKjyifajymif; vJrIjyKvkyf&mwGif owdjyKyg/ Hard Disk udo k ifah wmfaom Hard Disk Utility rsm;jzifh Scan Disk jyKvyk jf cif;?

Defragment jyKvy k jf cif;rsm;jzifh yHrk eS x f ed ;f odr;f rI aqmif½u G af y;&ef vdt k yfygonf/ (Norton Utility jzpfygu Norton Disk Doctor jyKvkyfay;jcif;? Speed Disk jyKvkyfjcif;rsm;jzifh yHkrSefxdef;odrf;rI aqmif½Gufoifhygonf/)

Contents 57 PC Hardware, Maintenance & Upgrading

Floppy Disk Drives

78/ Flopy Disk Drives rsm;wGif a&;EdkifzwfEdkifaom Read / Write Head onf rsuEf mS jyifwpfzuftwGuf wpfcpk ½D o dS nf/ Floopy Drive wpfckwnfaqmufrIudk yHk (39) jzifah zmfjyxm;ygonf/ Floopy Drive onfwpfrdepfvQif tywfaygif; 300 ESifh 360 xdvnfywfEikd o f nf/ Head ESihf Diskette \rsuEf mS jyifukd xdízwfjcif;aMumifh zHrk sm;aom ae&mwGifxm;½Sdygu Diskette ESifh Head rsm;Mum;wGifzHkrsm;Mum;cHí yGwfwdkufrdum Diskette ESifh Head rsm;ysup f ;D Edik yf gonf/ Head Cleaning Disk jzifh Clean jyKvkyfí oefY ½Sif;rIaqmif ½GufEdkifaomfvnf; Cleaning Disk jzifh tBurd Bf urd t f oH;k jyK&efroifyh g/ 79/ Floppy Drive wpfckwGif wnfaqmufxm;aom tpdyftydkif;rsm;tm; atmuf az:jyyg yHk(39)wGif awGU&SdavhvmEdkifygonf/

Contents PC Hardware, Maintenance & Upgrading 58

Floppy Disk

31/ Floppy Disk wpfcsyf \ puf0dkif;;yHkvrf;aMumif;ESifh Sector rsm;pdyfydkif;xm;yHkudk atmufygtwdkif;awGU&dS&rnfjzpfygonf-

Platter

Floppy Disk ESifh Head vIyf&Sm;rI

yHk (40)

Contents 59

PC Hardware, Maintenance & Upgrading

81/

Floopy Disk rsm;udk Plastic Material jzifhjyKvkyfxm;onf/ puf0dkif;yHkvrf;aMumif;rsm; Sector rsm;cGJí tcsuftvufrsm; udkodrf;qnf;ygonf/ 5¼ ESifh 3½ Floopy Disk wdkY\

odrf;qnf;EdkifrIyrmPrsm;udk atmufygZ,m;rsm;twdkif;awGY½SdEdkifygonfDiskette on its Capacity For 5¼" 1. Single Sided Double Density (SSDD) 2. Double Sided Double Density (DSDD) 3. Double Sided High Density (DSHD) For 3½" 1. Double Sided Double Density (DSDD) 2. Double Sided Quad Density (DSQD) 3. Double Sided High Density (DSHD)

Track Sector Byte/Sector Total 40 x 8 x 512 = 160 KB 40 x 9 x 512 = 180 KB (40 x 9 x 512) x 2 = 360 KB (80 x

15

x

512) x 2 = 1.2 MB

Track Sector Byte/Sector Total (80 x 9 x 512) x 2 = 720 KB (80 x

18

x

512) x 2 = 1.44 MB

(80 x

36

x

512) x 2 = 2.88 MB

Z,m; (8) 82/ Floppy Disk & Drive ud k t oH k ; jyKaepOf o wd j yKxd e f ; od r f ; &rnf h t csuf r sm;/ atmufygtcsufrsm;udk owdjyKvkyfaqmif&ygrnf(u) jyifyrS Diskette rsm;toH;k jyKrnfqykd gu Virus &S^d r&Sd ppfaq;Ny;D rStoH;k jyK&rnf/ ( c) zkefwufaeaom? rIdwufaeaom? ysufpD;aeom Diskette rsm;tm; toHkrjyK&yg/ ( *) Diskette \rsufESmjyiftm; vufjzifhudkifwG,fjcif; rjyKvkyf&yg/ (C) Diskette rsm;tm; oHvu kd pf ufuiG ;f &Sad om? tylrsm;aom ae&mrsm;wGif rxm;&yg/ ( i) Floppy Drive zwfaepOf Diskette tm;txkwftoGif;rjyKvkyf&yg/ ( p) Diskette tm;ajymif;jyefrxnfhrdap&ef owdjyK&rnf/ (q) Floppy Drive \ Head wGifzkefwufjcif;? rIduyfjcif;rsm;jzpfay:í zwfr&ygu Cleaning Disk jzifh Cleaning vkyfay;&ef vdktyfygonf/ odkYaomf Cleaning Disk jzifh tBudrfBudrfjyKvkyfygu Head ysufpD;Edkifygonf/ ( Z) uGefysLwmtm; jyifyodkYo,faqmif&mwGif Floppy Drive twGif; Diskette xnfhvQuf o,faqmifjcif; rjyKvkyf&yg/

Contents PC Hardware, Maintenance & Upgrading 60

CD-ROM (Compact Disk Read Only Memory) 34/ ,cktcg CD-ROM Drive rsm;onf PC rsm;wGif Standard Equipment tjzpfyg&Sdvmygonf/ CD-ROM (Compact Disk Read Only Memory) onf Optical Storage Medium wpfckjzpfNyD; 682 Milliom Byte or 650 MB udkzwf½Hk oufoufom toH;k jyKEikd yf gonf/,cktcg Plane CD ay:ü Record vkyu f modr;f qnf; Edkifaom CD-R Drive rsm;ay:vmNyD;t*Fvdyftu©&m rsm;jzifh ½dkufEdSyfodrf;qnf;ygu Text pmrsuE f mS 333,000 Pages eD;yg; (odkYr [kwf) t&nftaoG;aumif;rGefaom toH udo k rd ;f qnf;ygu 74 Minutes pmudo k rd ;f qnf;xm;Edik yf gonf/ wpfpuúet Yf wGuf Block wpfckvQif 2048 Byte ygaom Block aygif; 75 ckyg&So d nf/

Contents 61

85/

PC Hardware, Maintenance & Upgrading

CD-ROM Drive wpfck\tvkyfvkyfyHk

(u) ( c)

( *)

(C)

( i)

( p)

avqma&mifjcnfxkwfvTwfjcif;/avqm'dkiftkyfonf Energy tenf;i,fom &Sdaom Infrared tvif;a&mifwef;ufk rSefjym;ay:odkYxkwfvTwfonf/ Servo Motor rScsdefn§djcif;/ Servo Motor onf Microprocessor rS ydv Yk w T f aom ñTefMum;csuftwdkif; vkyfaqmifNyD; tvif;a&mifwef;\ taetxm;udk CD-ROM ay:&Sd vrf;aMumif;ay:odkY a&muf&Sdatmif rSefjym;rsm;udk a½GUvsm; apjcif;jzifh csdefñd§yg onf/ avqm"gwfjym;ufkxd½dkufrdjcif;? tvif;jyefjcif;ESifhpkpkHapjcif;/tvif;a&mif wef;onf avqmDisk zefjym;udk xd½dkufrdNyD;aemuf tvif;jyefrI jzpfapygonf/ jyefvmaom tvif;a&mifwef;udk jyefvnfpkpnf;&eftwGuf rSefbDvl;wGif jzwfoef;aponf/ xdkYaemuf rSefjym;rsm;udkjzwfí tvif;a&mifwef;udk cGJxkwf onfh Beam Spliter odkYydkYvTwfygonf/ jyefvmaomavqma&mifjcnfwef;ukd pkqkHapjcif;/ Beam Splitter onf jyef v maoma&mif j cnf w ef ; uk d pk q k H r I a umif ; ap&ef t wG u f pk q k H r S e f b D v l ; aemufwpfckokdY ykdYvTwfonf/ tvif;a&miftcsufjyrsm;ukdvQyfppftcsufjyrsm;tjzpfajymif;jcif;/ aemufqkH; tqifhwGif avqma&mifjcnfwef;ukd Photo detecotr okdY ay;ykdYonfh Photo detector onf tvif;a&mifudk jywfawmif;jywfawmif; vQyp f pfvidI ;f tcsujf yrsm; tjzpfokdYajymif;ay;onf/ CD Drive wGif Microprocessor rS Process jyKvkyfjcif;/ Microprocessor onf¤if;xHokdY 0ifvmaom impulse rsm;ukd uGefysLwmokdY datarsm; tjzpfykdYvTwfygonf/

Contents PC Hardware, Maintenance & Upgrading 62

MultiBeam Technology

86/ jrefqefaom CD-ROM Drive rsm;ESifh DVD (Digital Video Disk) wdkYonf wpfBurd w f iG f puf0ikd ;f yHv k rf;aMumif;wpfco k m or½k;d uszwfonfeh nf;ynmrS Track rsm;pGm udk wpfBudrfwnf;ESifh jrefqefpGmzwfEdkifonfh Multi Beam / True X Technology udk Zer Research ukrÜPDrSwDxGifcJhygonf/ atmufaz:jyygyHkonf puf0dkif;yHk vrf;aMumif; (7)ckukd avqma&mifjcnfrsm;jzifw h pfNyKd iw f nf;zwf&ef rnfov Ykd yk af qmifonfukd &Si;f vif; jyoxm;aomyHkjzpfygonf/

Multi-beam Dector

Beam Splitter

Lenses

Laser Diode

MultiBeam Technology allows seven tracks to be read at once.

yHk (47)

Contents 63

PC Hardware, Maintenance & Upgrading

CD-ROM Drive Specification 87/ CD-ROM wpfck\pGrf;aqmifEdkifrIrsm;udk atmufygtcsufrsm;jzifh wdkif;wmygonf(u) Data Transfer Rate (CD-ROM rStcsuftvufydkYvTwfEdkifonfh yrmP) ( c) Access Time (tcsuftvufzwf&efMumcsdef) ( *) Buffer / Cache (tcsuftvufrsm; acwåodrf;qnf;&ef CD Drive twGif;&Sd

rSwfÓPfyrmP) (C) ( i)

CPU Utilization (CPU \xdef;csKyfrIjzifh vkyfaqmifrItwdkif;twm) DMA (Direct Memory Access udktoHk;jyKí CPU \xdef;csKyfrI tenf;qHk;

( p) (q)

jzifhvkyfaqmifEdkifrI) Interface (uGefysLwmpepfESifh csdwfqufrI) Loading Mechanism (CD xnfhoGif;pepf)

CD-ROM Drive \tjrefEIef;rsm;ESifh Access Time rsm; Drive Speed Transfer Rate(bps) Transfer Rate(KB/sec) 1x 153,600 150 2x 307,200 300 3x 460,800 450 4x 614,400 600 6x 921,600 900 8x 1,228,800 1,200 10x 1,536,000 1,500 12x 1,843,200 1,800 16x 2,457,600 2,400 18x 2,764,800 2,700 24x 3,686,400 3,600 32x 4,915,200 4,800 36x 5,529,600 5,400 40x 6,114,000 6,000 48x 7,372,800 7,200 52x 7,987,200 7,500 100x 15,360,000 15,000

}

Z,m; (9)

Access Time (ms) 400 300 200 150 150 100 100 100 90 90 90

85~75 or less

Contents PC Hardware, Maintenance & Upgrading

64

CD-ROM Format Format Red Book

Used For Digital audio CDs

Yellow Book

Computer CDs

White Book

VideoCD

Orange Book

Writable CDs including CD-R, magneto-optical, single and multisession recording and packet writing Green Book Combination of Red Book and Yellow Book - for CD-I (Interactive CD) CD+(Enhance CD) Combines music and computer data on single CD

88/

CD

(u) ( c) ( *) (C) ( i) ( p) (q)

Notes This standard, a.k.a. CDDA (Compact Disc Digital Audio), was codeveloped by Philips and Sony Specifies physical arrangement of sector. ISO Mode 1:9660 Level 1: PC, Apple, UNIX, DVI Level 2: CDTV ISO 9660, HFS, and HFS-ISO are used with Yellow Book to define file and directory structures. See also Mode 1, Mode 2, and CD-ROM/XA, which define sector formats.

Stores MPEG 1, MPEG 2, and similar video sources.

Has replaced VHS video in southeast Asia for flim distribution Port I-Magneto-Optical Drives Port II-CD-R

CD-ROM/XA can be played on either CD-I or CD-ROM drives; CD-I has been used for interactive sales presentations and kiosks Used by musical artists to incoporate video and interviews on music CDs

Z,m; (10) & CD Drive udktoHk;jyKaepOf owdxm;&rnfhtcsufrsm;ESifhxdef;odrf;rIrsm; CD rsm;udk Virus ygrygppfaq;NyD;rS toHk;jyKyg/ zkefwufaeaom? jcpf&mygaom? zefom;aygufaeaom CD rsm;udk toHk;rjyK&yg/ zkew f ufaeaom CD rsm;udk owfrw S x f m;aom Cleaning Kit jzifo h m oef&Y iS ;f rI jyKvkyfoifhygonf/ Format rwlízwfr&aom CD rsm;tm; xnfhoGif;zwfjcif;udk a&SmifusOf&rnf/ CD Drive twGif;&Sd Lens tm; tjcm;Murf;wrf;onfh ypönf;rsm;jzifh yGwfwdkufí oefY&Sif;a&;jyKvkyfjcif;tm; a&SmifusOf&rnf/ uGefysLwmtm; jyifyodkYo,faqmif&mwGif CD Drive twGif; CD xnfhvQuf o,faqmifjcif; rjyKvkyf&yg/ CD Drive twGif;rS CD udkxkwfír&ygu ta&;ay: Eject vkyfEdkifonfh taygufudk toHk;jyKí vkyfaqmifyg/ 4if;taygufonf CD Drive \ rsufESmpm wGif yg&Sdwwfygonf/

Contents 65

( Z)

PC Hardware, Maintenance & Upgrading

CD Drive &Sd Eject cvkyftm;csufjcif; zGifhydwfrI rjyKvkyfoifhyg/

High Capacity Removable Storage 89/ tcsuftvufrsm;ukd Backup tjzpf odrf;qnf;xm;&eftwGufvnf;aumif;? wpfae&mrS wpfae&mokdY yrmP BuD;rm;aom File rsm;ukd o,faqmif&mwGifvnf;aumif; atmufaz:jyyg Magnetic Media ESifh Magneto-optical Drive rsm;ukd tokH;jyKEkdifonf-

(u)

High-Capacity Floptical drive (21MB, 120MB, 250MB, 500MB

[lítrsdK;rsdK;&Sdonf) ( c)

Bermoulli Drives(10MB, 35MB, 65MB, 105MB, 150MB [l í

trsdK;rsdK;&Sdonf) ( *) (C) ( i) ( p)

Zip Drives (100MB, 250MB [lí trsdK;rsdK;&Sdonf) JAZ Drives (1GB, 2GB [lítrsKd;rsKd;&Sdonf/) SyQuest Drives (44MB, 88MB, 270MB, 1GB [lítrsdK;rsdK;&Sdonf) Tape Drives (2GB, 4GB, 8GB, 14GB, 24GB, 35 - 70 GB [lítrsdK;rsdK;

&Sdonf) (q)

Optical Storage Drives(CD-ROM, CD-R or CD-RW, DVD)

90/ Removable Storage tcsdKU\ pufrIqkdif&mt&nftcsif;rsm;ESifh pGrf;aqmifEkdifrIrsm;ukd atmufaz:jyygZ,m;toD;oD;jzifhEIdif;,SOfEkdifygonfLS-120 Specifications Drive Type Floppy Disk Fomatted Capacity Transfer Rate: parallel port Transfer Rate: Internal IDE Average seek time Disk rotational speed Track density Number of tracks

LS-120 Floppy

Standard 1.44MB

120MB 290KB/sec 484KB/sec 70ms 720rpm 2,490tpi 1,736×2 sides

1.44MB 45KB/sec n/a 84ms 300rpm 135tpi 80×2 sides

Z,m; (11)

Contents PC Hardware, Maintenance & Upgrading

66

Zip Specifications(100 and 250MB Capacity) Model (Interface)

SCSI and/or Parallel

Formatted capacity Substained transfer rate Substained transfer rate Maximum throughput

100MB or 250MB 1.40MB/sec 0.79MB/sec 60MB/min(SCSI); 20MB/min(parallel) 29ms 2,941 rpm 32KB

Average seek time Disk rotational speed Buffer size

Eide 100MB or 250MB 1.40 maximum MB/sec 0.79 minimum MB/sec 84MB/min 29ms 2,941 rpm 16KB

Z,m; (12) Jaz Specifications Model

1GB

2GB

Formatted Capacity Transfer rate: Maximum Average Minimum Burst Average seek time read Average seek time write Acess Time Disk Rotational speed Buffer size Interface

1070 million bytes

2000 million bytes

6.62MB/sec 5.4MB/sec 3.41MB/sec 10MB/sec 10 ms 12 ms 15.5-17.5ms 5400rpm 256KB Fast SCSI II

8.7MB/sec 7.35MB/sec 3.41MB/sec 20MB/sec 10 ms 12 ms 15.5-17.5ms 5394rpm 512KB Ultra SCSI

Z,m; (13)

Contents 67

PC Hardware, Maintenance & Upgrading

DAT and 8mm Tape specifications Tape Capacity Standard (w/o Com- Data pression) Density

Tracks Appro- Tape Recording Encoding ximate Length Technology Format Interface

DAT 2GB/4GB 114MB/in 1869 195 ft./ Helical Scan DDS* (Digital AudioTape) 300 ft. DataDAT Video Tape

14GB

n/a

n/a

120m

SCSI

Helical Scan

*DDS=Digital Data Storage DDS-1 drives store 2GB of uncopressed data(4GB Compressed) DDS-2 drives can store 4GB of uncompressed data(up to 8GB with compression) DDS-3 drives have a native 12GB capacity or 24GB compressed

Z,m; (14) SparQ Specifications Formatted Capacity

1008 milion bytes

Transfer rate: Maximum Minimum Burst (PIO mode 4) Substained transfer rate: parallel version Average seek time Disk rotational speed Burst (PIO mode 4) Substained transfer rate: parallel version Average seek time Disk rotational speed

6.9MB/sec 3.7MB/sec 16.6MB/sec 1.25MB/sec 12ms 5,400rpm 16.6MB/sec 1.25MB/sec 12ms 5,400rpm

Z,m; (15)

Contents PC Hardware, Maintenance & Upgrading

68

Removeable Drive Specifications Disk/Cartridge Capacity

Drive Type lomega Zip Parallel lomega Zip IDE lomega Zip SCSI Imation LS-120 Internal SyQest 235 Parallel Avatar Shark 250 Parallel SyQest 235 SCSI/IDE lomega Jaz (SCSI) Avatar Shark IDE SyQest Syjet SISC SyQest Syjet IDE SyQest SparQ Parallel CD-R Drives

100MB 100MB 100MB 120MB 235MB 250MB 235MB 2GB 250M 1.5GB 1.5GB 1GB 650MB

Average Seek Time

Data Transfer Rate

29ms 29ms 29ms 70ms 13.5ms 12ms 13.5ms 12ms 12ms 12ms 12ms 12ms <150ms

1.4MB/sec 1.4MB/sec 1.4MB/sec 4.0MB/sec 1.25MB/sec 2.0MB/sec 2.4MB/sec 5.4MB/sec 2.5MB/sec 5.3MB/sec 5.3MB/sec 1.25MB/sec 150KB/sec

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1MB odrf;qnf;&eftwGuf ukefusrnfhaiG (Price per megabyte of storage) a&;Edkif? zwfEkdifonfh tjrefEIef; (Access time)

rnfonfhuGefysLwmESifhrqkd csdwfquftokH;jyKEkdifjcif;ESifh o,faqmif&vG,fuljcif; uGefysLwmtwGif; (okdYr[kwf) jyifywGifwyfqifEkdifjcif; (Internal or External) uGeyf sLwmtm; Ready jzpfatmifjyKvyk Ef idk jf cif; (Bootable)ponfwYkd jzpfygonf/

Contents 69 PC Hardware, Maintenance & Upgrading

DVD Formats and Standards Standard DVD Formats and Capacities Format

Disk Size

Sides

Data

Video

Layers

Capacity

Capacity

Single Double Single Double Double Single Double Single Double

4.7 GB 8.5 GB 9.4 GB 13.24GB 17 GB 1.4 GB 2.7 GB 2.9 GB 5.3 GB

Single Single Single Single Single Single Single

3.95 GB 7.4 GB 2.58 GB 5.16 GB 4.7 GB 9.4 GB 1.4 GB

DVD-ROM Formats and Capacities DVD-5 DVD-9 DVD-10 DVD-14 DVD-18 DVD-1 DVD-2 DVD-3 DVD-4

120 mm 120 mm 120 mm 120 mm 120 mm 80 mm 80mm 80mm 80mm

Single Single Double Double Double Single Single Double Double

Recordable DVD Formats and Capacities DVD-R1.0 DVD-R2.0 DVD-RAM 1.0 DVD-RAM1.0 DVD-RAM2.0 DVD-RAM2.0 DVD-RAM2.0

120 mm 120 mm 120 mm 120 mm 120 mm 120 mm 120 mm

Single Single Single Double Single Double Double

CD-ROM Formats and Capacities (For Comparison) CD-ROM CD-ROM

120 mm 120 mm

Single Single

Single Single

0.65 GB 0.194 GB

Z,m; (17)

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2+ hours 4 hours 4.5 hours 6.5 hours 8+ hours 0.5 hours 1.3 hours 1.4 hours 2.5 hours