Thesis prospectus

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The Macuti House in Ilha de Moçambique: Transforming the other side of a World Heritage site SUMMARY PRESENTATION of a Ph.D Thesis by Silje Erøy Sollien

The Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts, Schools of Architecture, Design and Conservation School of Architecture


The Royal The Royal Danish Danish Academy Academy of Fine of Fine Arts, Arts, Schools Schools of Architecture, of Architecture, Design Design and Conservation and Conservation School School of Architecture of Architecture

© Silje Erøy Sollien, 15.04.2015 This summary document is based on the Ph.D thesis of the same name, published by The Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts/ Schools of Architecture, Design and Conservation, 2014 Funding: Danish Council for Independent Research in the Humanities In collaboration with: Faculdade de Arquitectura e Planeamento Físico/ Universidade Eduardo Mondlane and Gabinete de Conservação da Ilha de Moçambique/ Ministério da Cultura, Moçambique Illustration below from Aarhus: Ilha de Moçamnbique Relatório, 1982-5. Other illustrations by author.


CONTENTS Intro: Point of Departure ANALYSIS OF THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT The Macuti House: Typological Transformation The House in Macuti Town: Families and Livelihoods The Macuti Street: Open Space and Social Organization ANALYSIS OF URBAN HERITAGE PLANNING Mapping Heritage and Histories in the Built Environment Historical Documentation: Archives and Oral Testimonies Urban Heritage Planning in Macuti Town Conclusions

Point of departure


Transforming the other side of Ilha de Moรงambique

4

INTRODUCTION: THE HISTORIC TRADING CITY ON LILONGWE

NACALA NAMPULA

LUSAKA

ILHA DE MOร AMBIQUE TETE

HARARE

Ilha de Moรงambique is a small crescent-shaped island off Mozambiqueโ s Indian Ocean coast. Ca 15.000 people live on the island, which is connected to the mainland by a 4 km long bridge. Elements of Ilha de Moรงambique have been national heritage since 1943 in the Portuguese colony of Mozambique. The Fortaleza Sรฃo Sebastiรฃo was built by the Portuguese in the 16th century, replacing a Muslim Swahili settlement centred around boat building DQG ร QVKLQJ XQGHU WKH VKHLNK RI .LOZD In 1981 a campaign to document the architecture of

BEIRA

LISBOA

PRETORIA

JOHANNESBURG

MAPUTO

ILHA DE MOร AMBIQUE


Summary

THE INDIAN OCEAN COAST the island was carried out as Danish cooperation with the independent republic of Mozambique, created in 1975. The island was listed as World Heritage in 1991, valued for the particular architectural mix of local tradition, Portuguese, Arab and Indian influences, as well as bearing witness to the establishment of Portuguese maritime routes to Asia. The current thesis is interested in how this concept of World Heritage operates in Ilha today and in particular in the southern part of the island, now known as ‘Macuti Town’ - earlier “indigenous quarters” or “Ponta da Ilha”.

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Transforming the other side of Ilha de Moçambique

6

“1. The Macuti Town is part of the built heritage of Ilha de Moçambique and should be conserved in this perspective. The forms of conservation of this heritage should be defined according to reality. It is the responsibility of GACIM and CMCIM to define the best ways of conserving this heritage.” Códigos de Postura Art. 105, Conselho Municipal da Cidade da Ilha de Moçambique (CMCIM), 2011


Summary

The whole island with its 7 JSVXM½GEXMSRW ERH YVFER WXVYGXYVI PMWXIH EW UNESCO World Heritage Site no. 599, 1991

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Transforming the other side of Ilha de Moรงambique


Summary

9

Data: Analysis of The Built Environment


10

THE MACUTI HOUSE: TYPOLOGICAL TRASFORMATION

Transforming the other side of Ilha de Moรงambique


Summary

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12

Transforming the other side of Ilha de Moรงambique

The Macuti house is a typology with thatched roof on bamboo and mangrove structure, walls of a form of wattle and daub. The pitched roof over a symmetrical facade is typical. Illustration of structure below from Aarhus: ilha de Moรงamnbique Relatรณrio, 1982-5. Other illustrations by author.


13

Summary

The focus in the literature when talking about Macuti Town, and in general in the UNESCO approach, is a focus on material integrity and the “semi-urban” building type with macuti thatched roof and a form of mangrove-based wattle and daub construction. Since the conservation efforts towards the end of colonial times, the continuous “sea of thatched roofs” under street level, was considered picturesque and a worthy tourist attraction. This has in the policy literature been coupled with the official aim of “integrated human development” in the 1990s, and later “sustainable development”, the current paradigm for international development. In order to understand building culture and how patrimonialization and the concept of heritage operates in relation to Macuti Town, I started with this privileged object, the Macuti House, as a material, formal and socio-cultural concept as a prism to look through. Detailed investigation of a number of houses and families, composed the main part of fieldwork in association with the young conservation office on the island. The research programme and objectives were originally formed in this way: To study “Traditional Building Technique” in Macuti Town in terms of a) everyday architectural practice b) a policy of conservation with “integrated human development”

A particular emphasis was placed on the social and local values of heritage, based on ethical considerations and the idea of “human development”. As research progressed, it became clear, that the power of macuti houses and material building technology to inform the question of what constituted heritage in Mauti Town or which attributes carried heritage value, became exhausted, and it was necessary to look at a more general and layered concept of urban heritage, urban building culture, social organisation and public open space.

1

I thus look at the two sides of the heritage equation in relation to the urban heritage, both the urban building culture and the planning practice addressing the culture in question. The result was to inform planning practice and help create a better urban heritage management system for Macuti Town.


Transforming the other side of Ilha de Moçambique

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Main findings Chapter 3: Transformations of the Macuti House typology Number:

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Starting fieldwork in Ilha,together with local wood worker Fefé as a research assistant, I conducted a rapid photographic survey of all the houses with plant material roof, which could then be compared with a similar survey at the end of fieldwork two and a half years later. Thus we could see clearly tendencies in the rapid typological transformation patters of the house in the Macuti Town. Another set of comparison could be done between 91 houses selected for survey in the 1982 Relatório produced by the Aarhus project, which included the urban context of the houses and located in different neighbourhoods or bairros, as well as overall numbers from a counting of all the houses and building materials in 1981. The general transfornation of the roof shape and to cement block walls is illustrated on the opposite page. We could see some examples of transformation patterns which clearly worsens the relation to the street and causes densification, in that a big house is divided into two or three smaller plots and houses, and a more worrying one, where the facade is turned completely inward, leaving a black wall facing the street as is common in other less dense settlements in urban Mozambique at the moment. The dense morphology of Macuti Town is designed with house facades creating a form of “the street as living room”, towards which research focus slowly turned.

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Summary

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Transforming the other side of Ilha de Moçambique

Main findings Chapter 3: • Changes 1982-2012

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Total number of houses in Macuti Town: 1107-1442 Macuti houses: 636-463 % of total: 57%-32%

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THE HOUSE IN MACUTI TOWN: FAMILIES AND LIVELIHOODS

Transforming the other side of Ilha de Moรงambique


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Summary

Main findings Chapter 4: Survey of 30 houses and their inhabitants

Key issues:

In-depth survey of 30 houses was conducted to provide socioeconomic and cultural background for the transformation trend described above. The surveys and interviews give a curated panorama of families often struggling to make ends meet and keep a roof over their head, who live in extended families spread over different locations testing different life strategies and at times rapidly changing living circumstances. Extensive spreadsheets with information on family, livelihoods and infrastructure was collected as well as drawings and photo documentation. The houses were revisited at the very end of fieldwork, showing a high rate of change in the household compositions, including four old owners having passed away in the meantime and others having gone to seek work elsewhere. Four examples on the following pages illustrate some of the topics for sub headlines from the thesis as seen to the right.

• Origins • Family composition • Women’s houses • Domestic economic activity • Savings • Rental housing • Mobile multisited life strategies • Land/ house ownership • Water and sanitation • Flooding

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Transforming the other side of Ilha de Moçambique

16E - The men’s houses There is generally a tendency for the large old macuti houses to be inherited family houses forming the basis for family members who have not founded their own households, a form of social insurance for unmarried women and younger men. Traditionally the house is run by a woman, but this is not exclusively so, even in large family houses. In the newer houses, mostly with 3 à guas roofs, the heads of smaller households were often men, the better houses in the survey in particular men employed by the State. The house on this page, still in construction, is headed by a man who has managed to send his children to college in Nampula and who rides a motorbike. He shares his time between the house on Ilha and the house on the mainland, where his other wife lives. In the backyard, water is stored in a large tank where neighbours come to buy in 25 litre jerry cans.


21

2

Summary

09L - The women’s houses One of the oldest and most architecturally interesting house in Macuti Town is inhabited by somewhere between 40 and 50 people, under Dona Mariama Kanarere who bought the house in the 1980s. Today the house is divided in seven “apartments”, where one family linked to Mariama’s daughters, is living in each one. Mariama’s old mother also lives in the central space of the house at the moment, after she was thrown out of the house she shared with her husband when the husband died recently. It was generally very difficult to try and chart how many people slept and ate in some of the houses on a regular basis. Marriages last from a couple of months to a couple of years, children move between parents, grandparents and aunts. Some times a son is in prison.


22

Transforming the other side of Ilha de Moçambique

23L - The tufo house with nahele roof Zainabo Atumani sells bundles of firewood and some times chillies too, for 1-5 meticais. A lot of the food economy in Macuti Town is conducted in proportions corresponding to ½ - 1 metical, ca 1-3 cents. Cash is very scarce. When this economy of a couple of cents a day should also pay for upkeep of a house, things become difficult. Zainabo is experimenting with different types of thatch, now that macuti itself is so expensive. Zainabo is also leader of a tufo dance group and part of different types of savings clubs. She has stored cement blocks outside her houses and one day she will start building a cement wall around the house. The old house toppled in the cyclone of 1994, and together the neighbours rebuilt the houses with the original materials in three days.


Summary

14Q - The tailor’s house with rented rooms Renting out rooms is an important source of income, which encourages further densification. A room can cost ca 50150 meticais or from ca 2-5 USD per month for families of fishermen and other who come to Ilha seeking work. A school teacher rented a whole house for 1200 meticais, ten times as much, but paid the rent in improvement works for the house. Renting is, however, not socially attractive, and people were telling stories of how they had suffered being renters always with the possibility of being put on the street from one day to the next.

23


24

Transforming the other side of Ilha de Moรงambique

THE MACUTI STREET: OPEN SPACE AND SOCIAL ORGANISATION


Summary

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Transforming the other side of Ilha de Moçambique

26

Main findings from Chapter 5: • Socio-cultural organisation of the bairro and the street space Types of institutions: * Official political

* Religion * Education

* Commerce * Health * Cultural artistic expressions

The official government structure divides Macuti Town into 7 different bairros or neighbourhoods with an official secretary each, an official liaison “local leader”. The social organisation in Macuti Town is, however, to a large extent based on religion, the main institutions being the mosque, the confraria or “brotherhood”, and the madrassa, the school where children are sent to learn civic education and recite the koran. As deceased khalifa Ancha Buonamade told me, “it was the confrarias who taught us to live in a community”. Religious festivals, life rituals and rituals of traditional healers and cultural performances fill the street space marking the passing of time. The largest celebration is Eid-ul-fitri, when the streets in front of the main mosques become common prayer rooms, the whole community praying together in the public open space. The specific relation between the built structures, the street space and the festival as well as everyday performances and ritual were investigated.


Summary

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28

Main findings Chapter 5: • Street space types • The bench • The staircases • Streets as extension to the backyard • Main streets for socialising The main streets run parallel with the length of the island, cross streets with staircases up and down work as side streets leading to main streets and to the beaches. The Macuti house with the front bench is a clear semi-public utility with many different functions: Selling food in temporary lunch time eateries and breakfast places. A place to sell small goods like washing powder, charcoal, a handful of coconuts or mangoes in the mango season, looking after children, socialising, carrying out household tasks in a more social setting or if the backyard is too small to really do household work in. In fact the shape shown on the drawing to the right, becomes the focus of attempts to facilitate a certain urban life, rather than the material integrity of the single house as such. It is in its role as one end of the street as living room that the facade and bench in front of the house, with its shady overhang that the macuti house receives a role very important to preservation of a certain urban culture. In order to encourage continued use of this urban element, a zone of one meter in front of the house can be reserved for an uncovered bench or step only, otherwise not allowed to be built upon - if planning regulations were to be changed and implemented in a consistent way.

Transforming the other side of Ilha de Moçambique


Summary

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A number of open spaces with the character of a public square exist in Macuti Town. These are often linked to a water infrastructure feature of a well and a pump for drinking water, which also creates social interaction. The picture from the square in front of the mosque in Litine shows how the pump to drain the neighbourhood of water is indeed a necessary installation. But the pump house has been built in the middle of the square, blocking the meeting space which used WR EH DQ LPSRUWDQW IXQFWLRQ RI WKH VTXDUH ZKHQ LW LV QRW Ă RRGHG 7KLV NLQG RI HQJLQHHULQJ LQWHUYHQWLRQ LQ SXEOLF RSHQ VSDFH FRQĂ LFWLQJ with urban heritage values, seem very unnecessary and could have been avoided with more careful placing of the infrastructure installation. There are also a lot of issues related to the way the open drainage has been left without cover thus making the narrow VWUHHWVSDFHV ZLWK GUDLQDJH GLIĂ€FXOW WR PRYH LQ 7KH FRRUGLQDWLRQ RI infrastructure in open space with urban space values in Macuti Town should be a main focus for urban upgrading.


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32

Transforming the other side of Ilha de Moรงambique


Summary

33

Data: Analysis of Urban Heritage Planning


34

Transforming the other side of Ilha de Moรงambique


Summary

MAPPING OF HERITAGE AND HISTORIES IN THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT

35


36

Transforming the other side of Ilha de Moรงambique

Main findings from Chapter 6: Process to create trust and build planning capacity


37

Summary

Urban elements highlighted • Staircases • Quarry remains, big stone • Particular trees • The trajectory of a djinn • The fishing boats on the beach • Religious monuments • The drainage system, wells • Houses of important xehes, comerciantes, cooks and artisans, as well as club houses and places where funti drums are kept • Markets, shops The exercise marked the beginning of an attempt at defining some urban elements carrying heritage value and opened up a richness of histories and memories more or less directly connected with the built environment. The exercise proved also to be an interesting exercise in participatory heritage management, revealing interesting issues related to power and negotiation among sections of the local population. The first step of the mapping process was a public meeting called in each bairro, officially through the neighbourhood secretary. According to my research assistant, it was the first time a foreign consultant researcher came down to the neighbourhoods, asking of their opinion, instead of representatives of the community being called to a workshop in one of the large nicely restored halls of the conservation office or the municipal council in the northern part of the island. In total 665 people, a majority of them women, showed up to the sessions, which must be considered a high turnout in an area of 1442 houses.

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Transforming the other side of Ilha de Moรงambique

38

HISTORICAL DOCUMENTATION: ARCHIVES AND ORAL TESTIMONIES

Main findings from Chapter 7: Everyday histories uniting the island Everyday histories and urban markers about football, markets, dances, cooking, funti and madjini Everyday histories in general unite the island in other ways than the integration of the monuments into the lives of the people of Macuti Town as well as the colonial history. The work in the port, the naval commerce, is the history of everyone on the island, as was sport and football in particular, even if some of the teams and the associated social clubs were reserved for whites only, another for a mestico team, the Liga Lusoafricano. Everyone came up to the northern tip of the island in front of the Fortaleza to watch or play football on the weekend. When for heritage conservation reasons the stadium was torn down in the early 1970s, people were very confused about the motivation for this.

Ancha Buonamade, khalifa, bairro Litine deceased 2012


Summary

39

The beginnings of heritage management and urban upgrading in Ilha/ Macuti Town • Comissão doso Monumentos e Reliquias Nacionaais de Moçambique, 1943. Representative on Ilha end 1960s. • Ilha “Cradle of Portugueseness on the Indian Ocean”, plus origin of Islamic society in Mozambique 1960s: Ilha exemplary of the idea of the pluriracial multicontinental Portugal in a decolonizing world.


40

Transforming the other side of Ilha de Moรงambique

1971

Main findings Chapter Looking for the urban


41

Summary

1974

1964

7: plan and macuti house regulations

Looking for the impossible to find urban plan from the 1960s and the municipal regulations for macuti roofs in colonial times, brought me to Lisbon, to Maputo, and finally back into the ruined, humid municipal archive in Ilha, where some remains have been salvaged in the chaos. The radical plan from 1964 was never imiplemented.


Transforming the other side of Ilha de Moçambique

42

URBAN HERITAGE PLANNING IN MACUTI TOWN After the discussion of urban culture and heritage values in Macuti Town, what can be added to the Outstanding Universal Value in order to communicate better the heritage of Macuti Town and assign built elements for conservation?

VALUES and NARRATIVES “ What I think is World Heritage in Ilha de Moçambique? Well. One thing:The island.” Albino Jopela, Ph.D student, Maputo

“Without the people - the human heritage - there is no heritage” José Capote, Norwegian Embassy, Maputo

• The maritime cosmopolitan trading community - “Spirit of Place” • “The unique Ilha, through which different peoples passed”, “the encounter between different cultures” • Heritage as people • Civic values and religious tolerance as fundamental part of Ilheu culture and urban management • Main threat to heritage conservation is poverty and lack of management capacity • Everyday histories create new narratives in the urban environment


Summary

43

INSTITUTTIONS, RULES AND REGULATIONS “ The most important element is that the Municipal Council has to determine, that this house has to follow this plan.” Martin Karoa, neighbourhood secretary bairro Areal

“ It was a big mistake of UNESCO to declare Ilha as World Heritage and just leave it like this.” “They already made a lot of questions, but nobody did anything for Ilha.” Abdul Naimo, Tourism Director, Ilha Municipality

• Lack of trust in the official urban management bodies, ad hoc planning, fight for scarce resources • Ministry of Culture in Maputo official focus on liberation struggle heritage, interest in Ilha ad hoc donor-driven and tourism oriented • Long expensive process of making management plans, lack of budget or structure for implementation • Lack of clear responsibilities between different institutions, lack of clear legal base for licencing of transformation works and passing fines • Municipal by-laws not known, not implemented and without clear rules for Macuti Town • Lot of legal work currently being done very fast to accommodate rapid commercial development and transformation of the territory.


44

Transforming the other side of Ilha de Moçambique

HERITAGE PLANNING RECOMMENDATIONS Four focus areas according to legislative set-up: 1. In relation to land use regulation: Need for Plano de Pormenor, with focus on urban morphology and preserving public open space. • There is a need to pay attention to the way the plots were demarcated according to distance between buildings and public alleys in between, rather than the way new plots are demarcated in urbanising areas today. • Leave particular space for the bench, incentivate use of this social architectural element. 2. In relation to the new law for conservation of cultural properties: a) Selection of urban elements for preservation in conjunction with an extended programme of social history work as started in the heritage mapping sessions of this project. • Need to inventory systematically the built attributes of social histories. (See list p. 276 of thesis, Chapter 5 and 6). b) Preserve a small number of examples of the houses representing the architectural typology considered “traditional”, but also including the “two slope” and “one slope” type. • Emphaisize that consistency in urban planning practice is more imporant than individual fragments of exemplary stature. 3. Update and simplify the Municipal By-laws to confirm to the above, clarify power to give fines and licencing procedures, who does what 4. Investigate local annexes to the Museum in Ilha de Moçambique in collaboration with the bairro secretaries as dynamic history centres


Summary

45


46

Transforming the other side of Ilha de Moรงambique


Summary

47

Conclusions


48

Transforming the other side of Ilha de Moçambique

Specific contribution of the current thesis: • Uniting different perspectives on heritage in Macuti Town • Integration of heritage values into urban development planning • Particular focus on social values and livelihoods • Mapping richness of heritage narratives and mnemonic markers in the built environement • Relation to the urban planning system and its management instruments • Certain morphological elements facilitating urban culture


Summary

49

The thesis has attempted to hold together different perspectives on heritage in Macuti Town, in order to show an integrated and layered concept of different narratives and an integration of heritage values into urban development planning, with particular focus on social values and livelihoods. The small geographical site has an abundance and richness of history spanning the world and different genres of storytelling, myth, literature, trade, diplomacy and travelogues. In the current thesis these are discussed in relation to the urban planning system and its management instruments In order to effectively engage the local population and the institutions not part of the official government authorities, systematic mapping and history-telling sessions were held, including people from community based organizations and other active citizens. By graphically mapping the neighbourhood and asking for the stories about the urban elements mapped, a richness of mnemonic markers in the urban environment were revealed. Observation of everyday life and cultural expression in the urban space, indicate certain morphological elements, which can be crucial in facilitating a certain urban culture. Spaces related to the different communal institutions also help explain the organization of the neighbourhoods and spaces of particular significance to people's lives and communal identity. These findings supplement a focus in the current policy literature on Ilha de Moรงambique on traditional building technique and natural building materials. These may form part of a certain mnemonic landscape, but to the population don't necessarily have the assumed iconic importance as preserver of heritage in Macuti Town. Survey of house transformation over the past 30 years and over the past three years, indicate that some houses could be assisted with a form of heritage conservation of individual houses, as they show a certain urban style not quite found elsewhere in the region. But what is more important, is a consistent urban planning practice focusing on the street space and facilitation of the urban religious and commercial culture.


50

Transforming the other side of Ilha de Moçambique

Regarding planning practice: • Focus on consistent urban planning practice, trust • Dialogue initiated between community and the authorities, between planning of the built environment and the histories it tells, as well as between development and conservation • Cultivation of certain values and narratives through mapping and telling histories • Dynamic connection to the urban built environment and its management practice


Summary

51

Looking a bit more carefully at the history of heritage conservation in Ilha de Moรงambique shows us how concepts of historicist picturesque scenography developed in the 1960s are still very much present in the heritage discourse, along with the focus by UNESCO on material authenticity. A planning apparatus to integrate development concerns in terms of improved livelihoods with cultivation and conservation of heritage values, could be rooted in participatory mapping of the built environment and its associated histories as described above. Increasing trust is a basic objective, as well as mobilising more resources and capacity for urban management, both from community organizations and official authorities. Currently most plans stop short of even attempted implementation, and responsibilities are not clearly divided between different authorities, which among other things currently are using different policy documents as their basis of action. The current research project has started a dialogue between community members and the authorities, between planning of the built environment and the histories it tells, as well as a dialogue between development and conservation. Through encouraging the repeated telling and collecting of different stories, certain values and narratives are cultivated, which are reflected to a more or less direct extent in the urban built environment and its management practice. Constantly questioning the changing nature of this connection and how values are attributed, is a central objective of an integrated, dynamic approach to heritage management.

Ilha de Moรงambique, the maritime cosmopolitan trading community.



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