Simon Borrough
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Book Design
About me
I am a freelance book designer with over twenty years experience. I am committed to creating beautifully crafted books in a good humoured but professional way. I would like to think that I am versatile and can produce a well designed book whatever the purpose, budget or schedule. I believe in teamwork and acknowledge that I am only one of the cogs that turn to put a book into print.
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As you will see my clients include children’s book publishers and packagers, and adult illustrated reference publishers.
I am happy to design one-off sample spreads, covers or complete series designs, and am also happy to layout books based on an existing template or series style and deliver print ready PDFs.
Last summer we moved to Clovelly on the North Devon coast where I work in a restored shepherd’s hut in my garden. When not working I love to walk my dog on the South West Coast Path or cruise the canals of England on my narrowboat ‘Sonoma’. I am married with one daughter.
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THE TRENT & MERSEY CANAL
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Navigator Guides self promotion sample cover and spread designs
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THE RIVER SEVERN
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THE LLANGOLLEN CANAL
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THE SHROPSHIRE UNION CANAL
Gnosall and Norbury Junction
41 Lambarts Bridge GRUBB STREET CUTTING
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40 Double Culvert Bridge
TThe Boat 01785 840232 0 Canalside at bridge C 34. The pubs cosy atmosphere and friendly staff makes this pub a wonderful place for friends and family to drop in for a quiet drink and children are very welcome. They offer a wide selection of draught beer, wine and spirits for your enjoyment along with a range of real.
At the end of the cutting is the short Cowley tunnel, carved out of the rock with a curtain of ivy at either end. Back out in the sunshine you are at the Gnosall visitor moorings. The Boat in overlooks the canal by bridge 34. The main village of Gnosall lies a mile to the east of bridge 34. Shortly after leaving Gnosall you cruise onto the Shelmore Embankment which took over five years to build and was a major hindrance in the construction of the canal. At either end of the embankment are stop gates which were closed every evening during World War II in case of enemy bomb attack. Passing through the northern stop gate you are at Norbury Junction where the Newport Canal used to branch off the main line. All that remains is a short mooring arm. Norbury Junction is a good place to moor up for a while. You can visit the excellent chandlery and cafe with wi fi, or sit and watch the world go by with a pint at the Junction Inn. There is also a boatyard, at the wharf, telehone 01785 284292. Boat services are by the Junction Bridge. Get your camera out as you approach bridge 39!
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39 High Bridge
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38 Norbury Bridge
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Junction Inn
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PUBS
After bridge 32 you enter the very deep and narrow Cowley cutting. In places, especially in summer when the vegatation on the off side has grown, passing a boat coming in the opposite direction is difficult. It helps if south bound boats come to a halt with a crew member on the towpath holding the boat in with the centre line.
Norbury Junction
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SHELMORE EMBANKMENT
•CANAL•
PUBS Navigation 01785 840232 In Gnosall by bridge 35. The pubs cosy atmosphere and friendly staff makes this pub a wonderful place for friends and family to drop in for a quiet drink and children are very welcome.
37 Machins Barn Bridge
•CANAL•
PUBS
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Navigation
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GNOSALL
34 Boat Inn Bridge
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Cowley Tunnel
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Cowley cutting in summer... and in winter Cruising in winter has many advantages, the canals are quiet and cabins are vey snug when the stove is roaring. You can not go as far with shorter days though and remember to check for stoppages on your route before you set out.
32 Cowley Bridge
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31 Cowley Double Road Bridge
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36 Plardiwick Bridge
Junction Inn 01785 840232 Overlooking Norbury Junction. The pubs cosy atmosphere and friendly staff makes this pub a wonderful place for friends and family to drop in for a quiet drink and children are very welcome. They offer a wide selection of draught beer, wine and spirits for your enjoyment along with a range of real ale and soft drinks for all the non-drinkers and drivers. Customers will never go hungry, as they offer a selection of delicious home cooked.
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30 Castle Cutting Bridge
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29 Wood Eaton Bridge
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TYRLEY LOCKS 60 d X X
Tyrley Locks The five Tyrley locks are very photogenic the bottom two locks are completely overhung with trees. There is a water point, rubbish bins, toilets, elsan disposal and visitor moorings above the top lock. You can wind here too if you fancy going back through Woodseaves cutting. Take care between locks 4 and 5, the pound is shallow and there is a rock shelf at water level on the towpath side. The advice here is to prepare lock 5 while your boat is still in lock 4 and go straight across the pound and into the lock.
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Anchor to Tyrley Locks
59 Tyrley Farm Bridge
58 Holling’s Bridge
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WOODSEAVES CUTTING 57 High Bridge
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The canal between the Anchor pub at High Offley and the five locks at Tyrley is one of the prettiest stretches in the country. The Anchor is a wonderful unspoilt country pub where you can have a drink in the old fashioned bar or in the cottage garden. North of the Anchor you pass Shebdon Wharf with the now closed Wharf Inn below the embankment. At the end of the mile long Sebdon Embankment there is an old Cadburys factory which used to make chocolate which was shipped to Bournville via the canal. The Wharf Tavern is by the winding hole by bridge 55, there are good moorings here. There are a lot of moored boats along this section which are interesting to look at while you go past on tickover. Above bridge 55 is the engineering wonder of Woodseaves cutting then you arrive at Tyrley Looks which mark the end of the pound from Wheaton Aston.
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56 Cheswardine Bridge
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Anchor Inn 01785 284569 www.caravancampingsites. co.uk/staffordshire/ anchorinn.htm
Wharf Tavern
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54 Westcottmill Bridge
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55 Goldstone Bridge
53 Hallemans Bridge
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Moor by bridge 42. This pub is a real time capsule and not to be missed with its tiled floors and high backed settles. It has been run by the same family for 100 years. Wadworths 6X is served and there is a campsite in the field.
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47 Black Flat Bridge 46 Knighton Bridge 45 Newport Bridge SHEBDON EMBANKMENT
44 Shebdon Bridge
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Anchor
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Shebdon Embankment In 2009 the 200 year old Shebdon Embankment breached and the canal was closed to through traffic for many months while repairs were carried out to the canal bed.
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49 Hazeldines Bridge
Canalside at at bridge bridge 55. Canalside WellThe keptpubs realcosy Ale, Cider 55. and generous portions atmosphere and friendly of food are served staff makes this pubin this pubplace at Goldstone aisolated wonderful for Wharf. and Therefamily are good friends to moorings the drop in foropposite a quiet drink pub but don’t moor and children are veryin the winding hole! Outside welcome. They offer a seating and a caravan site wide selection of draught next door. beer, wine and.
PUBS
48 Park Heath Bridge
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50 Soudley Bridge
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51 New Brighton Bridge
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Wharf Tavern Tavern Wharf 01630 661226 661226 01630
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52 Fox Bridge Woodseaves Cutting A few minutes north of Goldstone Wharf you plunge into the deep dark Woodseaves Cutting. In places this has been carved out of bare rock it is hard not to think about the hundreds of navies labouring with picks and shovels. Telford prefered to use cuttings rather than tunnels as he felt it was easier. The best time to go through the cutting is first thing in the morning when it is at its most atmospheric, also you are less likely to meet another boat coming the other way as it is very narrow!
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Green Design d is not he fashion worl d with usually associate s (with al right respect for anim on houses fashi many luxury for its concern using fur), nor a Stell ent. for the environm ever, wants McCartney, how Brought up to change this. deep a with n a vegetaria welfare of concern for the ent, the environm animals and to use fur or Stella refuses of her designs. leather in any
CAPTION
FIFTY MILLION ANIMALS ARE KILLED EVERY YEAR FOR BAGS AND SHOES. EVEN IF YOU’RE NOT INTEREST ED IN THE CRUELTY ASPECT, THERE’S A HUGE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT. VAST WATER RESOURCES, AND GRAIN THAT COULD OTHERWISE BE GOING INTO PEOPLE’S MOUTHS, ARE GOING THROUGH AN ANIMAL IN ORDER TO BECOME AN ACCESSORY.’
S CREATING PIECE ‘I BELIEVE IN BURNT, GOING TO GET THAT AREN’T FILLS, GOING TO LAND THAT AREN’T GE GOING TO DAMA THAT AREN’T NT.’ THE ENVIRONME
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KATE HUDSON
Along with dad Paul and sister Mary, Stella developed the idea of a ‘Meat-Free Monday’. The aim of this campaign was to encourage people to eat less meat and to raise awareness of the environmental effect of raising livestock for meat production. A United Nations report in 2009 stated 18 per cent of the world’s greenhouse gases are caused by the livestock industry. These gases are having a dramatic and negative effect on the world’s climate.
renewable energy. The wood Stella’s stores are powered by -managed forests. All of floors are made from sustainably made of vinyl or plastic, the shoes produced by Stella are from raffia and fabric. and all belts and bags are made Stella’s shoes are Fabrics are organic wherever possible. for vegetarians.’ ‘suitable even stamped with the words 20
AROUND THE WORLD
All European countries
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Starring Design
Stella’s apprenticeship with Edward Sexton had given her invaluable tailoring skills, for which her clothes are well known.
Indon esia
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CAPTION
ES TO BE ‘I WANT THE CLOTH …. AND AT COOL MODERN AND THEY HAVE GOT THE SAME TIME, CONSTRUCTED TO BE PERFECTLY TIFUL FABRIC, BEAU IN THE MOST THEM TO LAST BECAUSE I WANT LIFETIME BUT NOT JUST YOUR LIFETIME AND S HTER’ DAUG YOUR S LIFETIME.’ HER DAUGHTER’
‘I DON’T JUST WANT FOOTAGE OF ORANGUTANS IN AN AREA WHERE WE ALL KNOW THEY LIVE, I WANT TO GO SOMEWHERE TOTALLY UNCHARTED, WITHOUT KNOWING WHAT IS GOING TO HAPPEN NEXT. IT MEANS THERE ARE OFTEN GREATER RISKS, BUT THE RESULT IS A FAR MORE HONEST AND EXCITING FILM.’
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Walliams’
One of David’s most famous successful work and ing partnerships has been with comedian and Matt Lucas. actor The NYT when Matt two met at the joine d the group in the summ er of 1990. Thei r meeting was not a success, first and two men did not get on. How the within a year the young acto ever, working toge rs were ther again in an NYT production of Shakespeare’s The Tempest . This proved to be the beginning of a long and successfu l partnership. Words
David kept himself busy while at college and had numerous jobs to earn money. During his summer holidays he worked in theatres, selling programmes and ice creams, and showing people to their seats.
‘WHAT BONDED MATT AND I WAS OUR LOVE OF COMEDY. WE WERE BOTH FANS.’
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espite the rocky start, Stella’s own label soon became a respected and successful brand. Under her own brand name, Stella opened with a store in New York in 2002. She now has more than n 30 of her own stores in key fashion cities throughout the world, including London, Milan, New York, Paris and Tokyo and sells her collections in over 600 other stores. Stella’s collections include lingerie, accessories, fragrances and children’s clothing.
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USA
DAVID AND HIS COM PARTNE EDY R, MATT LUCAS.
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Alaska Canad
d hard enough David had worke the grades he at school to get l University, needed for Bristo to study drama where he went delighted to be in 1989. He was role of Bottom given the comic Shakespeare’s of ction in a produ ’s Dream. A Midsummer Night
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‘I LOVE SOUTH AND CENTRAL AMERICA. COSTA RICA, FOR ONE, IS JUST SO DENSE IN WILDLIFE. I ALSO WROTE ABOUT INDONESIA FOR ROUGH GUIDES, AND SO, SUBSEQUENTLY, I KNOW IT VERY VERY WELL: THE WILDLIFE THERE IS JUST AMAZING, TOO. BUT, ACTUALLY, IF I WAS TO HAVE A WEEK OFF, I’D ALMOST CERTAINLY GO STRAIGHT TO THE ALPS.’
Artic
STEVE IS AS FASCINATED BY THE WILDLIFE IN HIS OWN GARDEN AS HE IS BY THE CREATURES IN EXOTIC PLACES: ‘THERE ARE SO MANY EXCITING THINGS IN YOUR OWN BACK GARDEN, IF YOU LOOK. I COULD WATCH A SPARROW HAWK HUNTING OR LISTEN TO THE UNFOLDING DRAMA OF BIRD SONG FOR HOURS.’
HAD LEFT ‘FINALLY I BRUTAL SOMETIMES AND WAS BEHIND THE OF SCHOOL, E ATMOSPHERE LE WHO HAD THE SAM PEOP I HAD.’ NOW WITH TO THEM THAT SIDE PLAYFUL
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Steve’s WORLD
REALLY WILD
Tathke ing to Stage
avid’s experience acting at school left him wanting to do more. After three attempts, in 1989, David was finally successful in joining the prestigious National Youth Theatre (NYT). This theatre group met during the summer holidays. During these times, David would move to London to devise and act in plays with other NYT members. He felt comfortable and at ease with his fellow students.
Design Success
g, At the time of writin lled to Steve has trave ries about 105 count ’s and to all the world there continents, and ries are still many count re. he has yet to explo
Early Career
CAMPAIGNS AND CLOTHES
Stella does reluctantly use the materials wool and silk. Although sheep are not killed in the process of getting wool, Stella believes that it can still cause them harm. Her company works only with wool suppliers that can prove their sheep are treated in the most humane way possible. Stella admits that she has not yet found an alternative to silk, a material that she uses extensively in her designs.
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Real Lives series design and layout on an existing template
BRANCHING OUT
In 2005, Stella designed a range of more affordable clothes for high street fashion stores H&M – the collection sold out in record time!
‘I WANT THE WOMA N WHO COMES MY STORE TO INTO FEEL AT EASE, TO SEE A DRESS AND TRY IT ON AND TO LOVE HOW IT MAKES HER FEEL.’
CAPTION
Design Success Stella set up a scholarship to fund places at Central St Martin’s School of Art on the basis of ‘academic excellence and financial need’. The students who win the scholarship places are also offered a one-year paid placement at Stella McCartney, but the designer asks that they agree not to use fur, leather or products that harm animals as part of their work, in line with her firm beliefs.
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CHANGING DIRECTION
Moving On
d the e fronte ll utchenc At six feet ta H l e a h ic S. ies, nd INX ild part w r rock ba fo r utation nlikely partne h a rep u and wit e seemed an uch to the m nc Hutche lie. However, nd iends a for Ky f their fr m, Kylie o se ri e th surp d n u aro people Michael fell and in love. deeply
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aving left Neighbours, the young actress also left Australia and moved to London, where she still lives today. She also began to shed the girl-next-door image that her fans were used to.
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n a brave move, Kylie took on a gritty role playing a 15-yearold girl battling drink and drugs in the film The Delinquents. Critics didn’t like the film and were very critical of Kylie’s acting, but Kylie herself remained positive and confident about her decision.
Caption
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Kylie was a rising star in the music world. However, some people felt she had been disloyal to the people and programme that started her career. Kylie had made some comments about Neighbours that upset and annoyed her fellow actors. They felt she should have more respe ct for the Australian soap.
KYLIE ON HER GRITTY ROLE IN THE DELINQUENTS: ‘…I STILL FEEL I HAVE DONE THE RIGHT THING… AT LEAST I FEEL LIKE I HAVE GROWN UP. I DON’T THINK I’LL LOSE ANY FANS. I MAY GAIN WIDER ACCEPTANCE.’
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heir work commitments meant that Kylie and Jason spent a lot of time apart, often on opposite sides of the world. Their relationship as boyfriend and girlfriend broke down, but they remained good friends. And for Kylie, there was a new and hugely influential man in her life – Michael Hutchence. Kylie had met Hutchence briefly in 1987, but it was a couple of years before they became a couple.
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n about speculatio From early hip with Jason to ns her relatio r relationship with he surprise at , Kylie’s love life is ce ng Hutchen e had a lo e news. Sh tor often in th with the French ac p hi sh m e ho w relations ith w artinez, nt to Olivier M Kylie lear ris. There, lived in Pa French fluently. speak
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WHAT HAPPENS IF WE OVERFISH THE
WHAT HAPPENS IF THE
OZONE DISAPPEARS?
OCEANS?
WHAT HAPPENS IF THE
RAINFORESTS DISAPPEAR?
Unstable Earth series design and layout
WHAT HAPPENS WHEN AN
ICE CAP MELTS?
Have you ever wondered what is up there in our atmosphere? On a hot day, do you think about the Sun’s rays and protect your skin from burning by using Sun Protection Factor (SPF) lotion? How is it that we don’t get burned at other times? Did you know that there’s a natural sunblock up there, in the sky, that’s under threat?
Global protection
Fragile layer
It is not just human skin that needs protecting from the Sun, but every living thing on Earth. From fish in the ocean and coral reefs to farmland and crops, and even the ice caps at the North and South Poles, everything depends on the ozone layer. But the ozone layer is under threat. It is at risk of disappearing, but why? What is causing this? And can it be reversed?
Natural processes on Earth are often interlinked. When something happens, such as the ozone layer thinning or even disappearing, it can trigger a series of actions that can have devastating effects. This book looks at the chain of links between the causes and effects of ozone damage. What will happen if the ozone layer disappears?
Can Fishing be Sustainable? Overfishing can be stopped and fishing grounds can be protected. The fishing industry could become sustainable, but only if fishing companies and governments work together. Fishing boats could continue to catch fish for people to eat, provided they do not catch too many fish.
The fishing industry can protect fish stocks by abandoning large factory ships and using smaller boats. It can stop using huge nets with a small mesh. Increasing the size of the mesh allows young fish to escape. To catch large fish, long lines with hooks instead of nets can be used. This reduces the amount of accidental by-catch.
A commercial fishing line is thick, strong and very long. It is lined with hooks, which are stored around the edge of the container, to stop them becoming entangled.
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The Big Freeze: North-West Europe 2075
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Antarctica - the Big One
Blizzards are sweeping across Europe into North Africa. Last winter, nearly a million old and vulnerable people died of cold because they could not afford to heat their homes.
Antarctica is as large as the United States and Mexico combined and contains about nine-tenths of the world’s ice. The ice shelves around Antarctica have been losing millions of tonnes of ice every year since 2002. However, there is so much ice locked up on Antarctica it would take hundreds or even thousands of years to melt completely. If it did all melt, sea levels would rise by an overwhelming 60 metres, drowning cities and land on coasts around the world.
Electricity companies in Britain and France are struggling to provide enough electricity. They warn that there will be electricity blackouts again this winter.
flowing, so, while most of the world swelters, people in Western Europe are shivering. The climate there is like that of Canada or Siberia was in 2013 - more than 60 years ago. Scientists say that this mini ice age could last 100 years.
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Until the 1980s whaling boats were allowed to catch as many whales as they liked. Then environmentalists argued that many species of whale had been overfished and were in danger of becoming extinct. The campaign was successful and commercial whaling became illegal. By 2010 the numbers of some species of whales had recovered, but others had not.
NEWS HEADLINES
It is 2075. The Gulf Stream has stopped
Summers are hot but very short. Winters are long and freezing. Farming continues, but farmers grow fewer types of crop and concentrate on those, such as oats, barley and turnips, which grow in colder conditions. More energy than ever before is being used to heat homes, offices and other buildings. Much of this energy still comes from the burning of fossil fuels. The continued burning of fossil fuel, means that global warming is now out of control.
In what was known as the Cod Wars of the 1970s, British trawlers refused to recognise Iceland’s extended zone, and the Icelandic Coast Guard cut the British ships’ nets. Britain sent armed Royal Navy ships to protect their trawlers and there were several clashes between the British and Icelandic ships before agreement was reached.
Ice floes - lumps of sea ice –have been seen in the North Sea. They are much farther south than ever before and are a hazard to shipping.
In this new ice age, cities such as Madrid, London (shown here) and Rome are deep in snow for most of the winter. People find it hard to keep warm.
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Our planet comes with an in-built SPF called the ozone layer. It was formed millions of years ago and without it, life on Earth as we know it would not exist. The ozone layer is an invisible layer of gas high in the upper atmosphere, on the edge of space. It keeps the climate under control and acts as a filter against the most harmful of the Sun’s rays.
Europe and North Africa are blanketed in snow in winter.
Cod Wars
Changing the way fish are caught
Without the ozone layer to protect us, sunny beach holidays could be under threat in the future.
Climate control
Consequences
Governments have the right to stop other countries’ fishing boats from fishing within a certain distance of their coasts. That distance has increased over the last 70 years and has led to several disagreements between countries, particularly between Iceland and Britain.
How can fishing become sustainable?
You cannot see the ozone layer but it is there and it is a vital protective layer for Earth against the Sun’s harmful rays.
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International agreements
Many types of whales were almost hunted to extinction, until hunting was banned. Will we be able to save current species of fish before it is too late?
ON THE EDGE
Protecting Planet Earth
Villagers in Wales claim that a polar bear was seen raiding a dustbin. Has it come from a zoo or from the wild? Some people argue that hungry polar bears are dangerous and should be shot. Other people say that we should protect all Arctic animals.
Where is the Antarctic ice cap melting? An ice shelf is an area of thick ice at the end of a glacier. There are ice shelves up to 1,000 metres thick around nearly half of the Antarctic coast. In summer, chunks of ice from the edge of an ice shelf break off and float away as large, flat icebergs and this is now happening much faster. Some ice shelves have completely collapsed. This worries environmentalists because, once the ice shelf has gone, there is nothing to stop the glacier sliding into the Southern Ocean.
Melting ice shelves threaten the lives of animals such as penguins, who will struggle to find food for themselves and their young.
What happens next?
As ice shelves are lost, Antarctica’s many glaciers will slip into the sea, adding freshwater to ever-rising sea levels.
WHERE WILL YOU BE IN 2075? IT’S YOUR FUTURE!
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Ice shelves are thick areas of ice that float in the sea at the end of glaciers. In 2002, the Larsen B ice shelf collapsed and 500 billion tonnes of ice broke up to become icebergs.
The melting of the ice shelves will damage sea life, particularly the tiny krill, which live under the ice. Blue whales, seals and penguins and other Antarctic wildlife feed mainly on krill. The number of krill has already dropped by 80 per cent, which scientists think is linked to the melting ice shelves. Further losses will endanger animals that feed on them, such as penguins.
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The Nave and the Scissor Arches
The Chapter House Left: Detail of the supporting scissor arches at the east end of the nave.
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he nave gives visitors their first impression of the cathedral interior. The two most striking features here are the triforium arches and the great ‘scissor’ arches at the east end. The triforium is that long row of identical arches just above the pillars on either side of the nave. The three sets of scissor arches were inserted well over a hundred years after the cathedral was begun, to support the tower when its foundations began to sink. In 1313 Dean John Godelee had added another more elaborate stage to the tower. The result was near disaster. In 1338 the tower began to lean and crack. The spectacular solution of William Joy, master mason, was to construct, during the ten years 1338–48, a scissor arch on each of three sides of the crossing under the tower. Supplemented by hidden buttresses, these arches redistributed the stresses and braced the tower. This dramatic feat of engineering proved a triumphant success. The central tower remains stable to this day. The arches facing the nave are surmounted by the figures of Christ on the Cross with St Mary and St John on either side (known as the ‘rood’). These are modern but there were similar figures in the 15th century. During the building of the cathedral work on the nave ceased for a time. When work resumed, the overall design continued unaltered, but a sharp eye will detect the ‘break’. This can be seen from the change in size of the stone blocks between the columns in the fourth bay from the west end. By the time work resumed bigger blocks could be lifted by more advanced lifting tackle. The decoration of the ceiling, though restored in 1844 and again in 1985, follows the medieval pattern. The nave was designed as a great space to accommodate processions. Stone benches around the walls for the infirm were the only seating in medieval times. Today the nave is a place of worship, as it never was in the Middle Ages. The principal Sunday service is held here and it is frequently the setting for great services and events drawing hundreds of people.
Right: The scissor arches at the crossing, looking towards the north transept.
Left: This head-stop in the nave shows Adam Lock, the master mason at the time the nave was built. He died in 1229.
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Wells Cathedral Guidebook
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he building of this splendid Chapter House resulted from the restoration of Wells to cathedral status. It also marked a new stage in the organisation and independence of the Dean and Canons, known collectively as the Chapter. As the quire was their principal place of worship so the Chapter House, completed in 1306, was built to be their place of business. The Chapter House in Wells is unique. As you climb the ancient worn steps and turn to the right you enter one of the most glorious rooms in European architecture. It is octagonal in shape and has a central pillar which divides into 32 shafts that soar into the ceiling like a fountain rising from the floor. The staircase windows contain the oldest stained glass in the cathedral, dating from about 1290. The huge windows of the Chapter House have lost This 1991 carving of a most of their original glass, but a few Resurrection scenes survive high up in the bull’s head, by Robert tracery lights. Around the walls are the seats for the members of the Chapter. Aldridge, is found on Today, the full Chapter only meets here on ceremonial occasions. Daythe exterior of the to-day affairs are in the hands of the executive body known as the Administrative Chapter House. Chapter. From the time of Bishop Robert in the 12th century this comprised five priests – the Dean and four Canons: the Precentor, the Archdeacon of Wells, the Chancellor and the Treasurer. The Dean is Chairman of the Chapter, vigilant in every aspect of cathedral life. The Precentor has charge of the music; the Organist and the choir are directly responsible to him. The Archdeacon of Wells is an important link between cathedral and the work of the Bishop in the diocese. The Chancellor, originally Chapter secretary, is responsible still for the cathedral’s archives and library and promotes theological study. The Treasurer is the guardian of the cathedral’s furnishings, vestments and plate, responsible with his team of virgers for ensuring that the cathedral remains a place fit for worship. In recent years these five priests have been supplemented by three lay members, who are known as This boss from the prebendaries, each of whom is a full and Chapter House equal member of the Chapter. ceiling depicts a This great octagonal room, with its The spectacular 32-ribbed roof strong central shaft rising from the floor, ‘green lady’, vault of the Chapter House is surrounded by reminds the Chapter of the biblical foliage. supported by a central pillar. command to ‘dwell together in unity’.
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book design, layout and illustration
This graceful stairway worn by many feet turns into the Chapter House.
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G U I D E
11 Chain Gate 12 Vicars’ Hall
5 South transept
13 Vicars’ Close
6 Quire
14 Cloisters
7 Bekynton tomb
15 Shop
8 High altar
16 Restaurant
completed 12th–13th century completed 14th century completed 15th century
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completed 16th century
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AU T H O R I S E D BY T H E C H A P T E R O F W E L L S C AT H E D R A L
1 West door 2 Nave 4 North transept
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Right: Virgin and Child statue by A.G. Walker on the east wall of the Lady Chapel.
Right: The Lady Chapel looking towards the east window.
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M
ary, the mother of Jesus, has been revered by Christians from the beginning of the life of the Church, but this devotion increased in intensity during the first 200 years of the life of this cathedral. Wells seems to have been particularly fervent in its devotion to Our Lady and for a very long time had two Lady Chapels, one at the east end of the cathedral and one adjoining the cloister. The Lady Chapel which adjoined the cloister is now lost, but at the furthest and deepest point in the cathedral the present chapel remains, a profound devotional point in the cathedral’s life. It was completed in 1326, and was originally separate but precisely aligned with the quire. It is important as evidence of the medieval fascination with sacred geometry – it is an elongated octagon when seen from above, but within it encompasses a circle, the sign of completion. The upper parts of the Lady Chapel windows and the tracery contain the original glass of c. 1320–6, but much of the rest is a brilliant jumble of fragments salvaged from this and other parts of the cathedral. These windows serve to remind us of the vandalism involved in much English church history and how much medieval beauty was destroyed, notably in the Civil War (1642–7) and during Monmouth’s Rebellion (1685). Within the brokenness can be seen signs of hope, especially the beautiful fragment on the north side showing an angel with a trumpet who calls us to live the risen life with Christ. Today the Lady Chapel is an oasis of peace in a busy cathedral. The furnishings have been simplified and a sense of space created so that the visitor can rest here in prayer and reflection.
Broad
CATHEDRAL
The Lady Chapel
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WELLS
oa
P I T K I N
Pri ory R
T H E
Bishop’s Palace
John Lubbock was familiar with Silbury Hill, having dug there with Wilkinson in 1867, and so when the estate around Silbury was put up for auction in 1873, Lubbock, then the Wiltshire Archaeological and Natural History Society’s President, and acting on information supplied by the vicar of Avebury, the Reverend Bryan King, persuaded the landowners ‘to apportion Silbury and a small plot immediately around it as a separate lot’.51 He purchased this lot himself and placed it within the guardianship of the then recently created Ancient Monuments Board; Silbury Hill was thus generously preserved for the nation. In 1900 Lubbock was awarded a peerage for his political work and chose the title Lord Avebury – a testimony to his love of the archaeology of the area.
The Story of Silbury Hill
also a political man, and played a significant role in providing legal protection for ancient monuments (another of his great political achievements was the introduction of bank holidays). He published Pre-Historic Times in 1865, a hugely influential book that has been described as ‘the archaeological equivalent of Darwin’s On the Origin of Species’.50 Indeed, Charles Darwin and Lubbock were
Kings, Druids and investigations
Sir John Lubbock, the first Lord Avebury, who purchased Silbury Hill and placed it within the guardianship of the state; collotype 1896. (© National Portrait Gallery, London)
friends and neighbours. 44
The Story of Silbury Hill
45
book design and layout
8 From Small Town to Sele-burh Huddled around a laptop in the Castle and Ball at Marlborough in October 2006, the geophysics team (brothers Paul and Neil Linford, Louise Martin and Andy Payne) watched as their day’s work was downloaded. All day they iously dragging their caesium magnetometer magnet ter cart (a strange stran had been laboriously obinson contraption on giant wheels that looks look more like an entry ry in Heath Robinson an a piece of high-tech equipment) eq field a village soap box derby than across the fi eld magn directly south of Silbury. The caesium magnetometer is used to measure subtle
Silbury Hill is an iconic monument within the Stonehenge and Avebury World Heritage Site, and the largest prehistoric mound in Europe. Written by two authors with unrivalled information and knowledge of the Hill and combining scholarly research and readable narrative, the book tells the story of the early recognition of its importance and of the later antiquarian and archaeological investigations. Each is described and set within its own historical and political context alongside the extraordinary characters of the time. For the first time, the results of the recent work – the collapse of the summit in 2000 leading to the re-opening of the famous tunnel in 2007 – are set out from firsthand knowledge, and the origins of the monument and the construction techniques fully outlined.The book also describes how the mound was seen and used by later communities and considers what Silbury means to people today
incidentall a common piece of through the soil, and is non-destructivee (it is, incidentally,
£14.99
Jim Leary and David Field
eology of planets). plane kit on spacecraft used to explore the geology They had hoped to
d
‘This is the best book on Silbury to date, incorporating the results of all the recent investigations. It manages wonderfully to bring out both why the Hill matters to archaeologists and why it matters to everybody else.’ Professor Ronald Hutton University of Bristol
The Story of Silbury Hill
he ground surface, a little like an X-ray variations in the magnetic field beneath the
he route of which is broadly followed followed by follo establish the line of the Roman road (the
Foreword by David Attenborough
activity Using a grid that ran parallel the modern A4) along with anyy roadside activity. ve a narrow strip alongside the A4. vey to the road, the team had managed to survey y; mainly because they felt that surveying this But morale had been low all day; lar steel pipeline most northerly strip of the field was a pointless task since a large fect their results. The team were further is laid across it and was likely to affect he steepest, and their cart car is a heavy piece dispirited as this bit of the field is the par ly in claggy claggy, cultivate d of equipment and not easy to pull up a slope, particularly cultivated soil – even with its giant comedy wheels. But still they trudged on, and by the ip of land immediately south of the t road had been end of the day a small strip
Jim Leary and David Field
‘A superb and authoritative work which communicates all the excitement of the quest to understand the mysteries of Silbury. Essential reading for all interested in British prehistory.’ Professor Sir Barry Cunliffe University of Oxford
The Story of Silbury Hill
The Story of Silbury Hill
magn All that surveyed. Results are nott immediate with a caesium magnetometer. ies of numbers representing the t raw data. It is can be seen at the time is a series puter and processed that an image ima of not until this is downloaded on to a computer the surveyed area appears.
153
Dark Past
series cover and spread designs DARK PAST
VAMPIRES
Vampires
GHOSTS AND POLTERGEISTS
DARK PAST
DARK PAST
DARK PAST
A HISTORY OF HAUNTINGS
A BLOODTHIRSTY HISTORY
DARK PAST
DARK PAST
ALIENS AND UFOs
WERE THEY OUT THERE?
DARK PAST
DARK PAST
A BLOODTHIRSTY HISTORY
One THE HOUSES BY THE RIVER ARE QUIET. THE WHOLE VILLAGE IS ASLEEP. THE ONLY SOUND IS A DOG, BARKING AT THE FOG. THEN A LONG, DARK SHAPE APPEARS ON THE WATER. IT’S A LONGBOAT, WITH A FEARSOME DRAGON ON THE BOWS. VIKING RAIDERS!
I hope we find the priest’s gold. Olaf! If the priest won’t show you the gold, cut his throat!
WHO WERE THE VIKINGS? DARK PAST
DARK PAST
LONGBOAT long, narrow boat with an open deck, which could be rowed or sailed PRIEST a religious leader
WITCHES
PLUNDER valuable goods to steal SCANDINAVIA Denmark, Norway, and Sweden
SPELLWEAVERS OR VICTIMS?
4
The Vikings were warriors from Scandinavia. In the 700s, Vikings began attacking villages on the coasts of the North Sea, looking for plunder. Their army was one of the mightiest in Europe, and would eventually conquer the British Isles.
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Shhhhhhhh…
TOUR: OVERVIEW AND SETTING
CO NT E NT S Overview and Setting Entrance Gun Tower Bastions Wing Batteries West Wing East Wing
Tour
3 3 4 4 11 14 16 21
History
23
Special Features
Garrisons at Hurst Lighthouses on the Spit Firepower Life on Hurst Spit Prisoners at the Castle Water, Water Everywhere The Enemy at Sea The Garrison Theatre
Plans
Site plans
7 13 18 27 29 30 34 38
Tour of the Castle
Inside back cover
OVERVIEW AND SETTING The heart of Hurst Castle is the Tudor fortress completed in 1544, its guns covering the adjacent Needles Passage. The fort retains much of its original 16th century appearance, despite alterations made in the 19th century. It consists of a two-storey keep, surrounded by an outer wall with three bold semicircular bastions and a gatehouse protected with a portcullis. Originally it was surrounded by a shallow moat, but this was largely infilled when the massive granite, brick and iron east and west wings were constructed in the 1860s to house the huge new guns then coming into service. On the roof of the west wing can be seen the brick and concrete gun emplacements and a surviving Director Tower (from where the range and bearing of enemy ships was passed to the guns’ crews) and associated works that were operational in the world wars. The layout of this powerful fortress is best understood as a whole from the roof of the Tudor keep, which allows a clear view of the entire castle, as well as its wider surroundings. The Isle of Wight lies across the Needles Passage. On its shore diagonally opposite Hurst, to the south-east, are two 19th-century defences: Fort Albert, and on the cliff top above the remains of Cliff End Battery. 2
Hurst Castle English Heritage Red Guide
Above: Aerial view of Hurst Castle from the south-east. The narrow shingle spit that connects the castle to the coast of Hampshire shifts constantly with the action of the sea Facing page: Looking over the roof of the north-east bastion, with the Tudor gun tower on the left, towards Hurst lighthouse built in 1867
3
TOUR: WING BATTERIES:
TOUR: THE WING BATTERIES: THE WEST WING: ENTRANCE
book layout to an existing template Wing Batteries The confidence of Victorian military engineers is seldom more evident than in these tremendous armoured batteries built between 1860 and 1873 (the date over the entrances). Apart from differences in length – the east wing has 24 casemates and the west 37 – the layouts originally were virtually identical. Top: The great squat west wing of the 1860s, seen from the south-west. On the roof to the right is one of the Director’s Towers of 1941, and built against the wing on the shore one of the searchlight housings of the 1890s Above: The plaque above the entrance to the east wing. It was added, together with its fellow on the west wing, after the completion of the batteries, and bears the arms of Queen Victoria
Thanks Simon - sorry this project has gone from totally meandering to full on you’ve been wonderfully adaptive. Thank you.
Opposite: Aerial view of Hurst Castle, showing the full extent of the great Victorian wing batteries of the 1860s. The small scale of the 1890s quick-firing (QF) gun positions outside the end of the east wing stands in marked contrast to these earlier fortifications
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An Impervious Front With Cornish granite and iron fronts and thick roofing the casemates were planned to be impervious to hostile fire, able to protect their new 10-inch 18-ton and 12.5-inch 38-ton RML guns. These weapons were ponderous to operate and their slow rate of fire meant many were needed to have a chance of hitting moving targets, such as ships. Not all the casemates had guns: a maximum number of 41 were here in the early 1870s with a further five of the older 64-pounder guns on the Tudor gun tower. As well as housing the guns, the casemates were used as garrison accommodation (small rooms behind the gun positions could each house four men, workshops and stores). Behind the Casemates Serious attack was not expected from the north, towards Hampshire, so the rear of the new wings was simply protected by substantial walls linked to the Tudor castle. Gun ports allowed for enfilading fire along the outside of the walls. Inside, at both ends of each wing, well-protected magazines were built; these were supplemented by smaller magazines immediately to the rear of the casemates to hold ready-use ammunition for the guns. Shells were stored at ground level with the cartridges kept separately in basements and raised by manual hoists. The small railway from the military jetty was laid principally to transport ammunition to these magazines. Various garrison buildings were gradually added against the rear walls. Excepting the first battery for quick-firing (QF) guns outside the end of the east wing, new weapons from the 15
TOUR: WING BATTERIES: WEST WING
1890s onwards were almost without exception mounted on the Tudor castle or the west wing, facing potential seaward attack. In the 20th century the latter became the centre of garrison activity and the east wing was largely disused.
TOUR: WING BATTERIES: CASEMATES OF THE VICTORIAN ERA
H
One of the two 12.5-inch rifled
I
muzzle-loading (RML) guns of the
G
1860s, salvaged from Cliff End Battery opposite Hurst, and now on
11
display in the west wing. These huge
WEST WING The scale of the 1860 west wing can be appreciated from the entrance to the Tudor castle. The casemates face the Needles Passage with their brick expense magazines projecting into the courtyard behind. Immediately on the right is one of the two main magazines for the west wing; these are all built to a similar design, with double-skinned walls to ensure cool, dry storage, lighting passages for safety and thick concrete protective roofs. 11
Below: Lieutenant-Colonel Sir William Jervois in about 1862, at the time of the building of the wing batteries,
guns fired shells that weighed over 360kg each A Shell B Traversing gun carriage C Rails for the gun carriage
F
D 12.5-inch RML gun
D
E Mantlet (of woven rope, to absorb E
G Wadhook (to remove any debris
which he designed with the assistance of fellow Royal Engineer Captain Edwards Bottom: The 1860s west wing, seen from the roof of the Tudor gun tower
splinters and keep out smoke) F Cast iron casemate shield
Entrance Just beyond this magazine is the present main entrance to castle, with its stout double doors. What is now the ticket office was originally the guardroom, with firing loops covering the gateway, a winch for the lifting bridge and a small cell and prisoners’ room to the rear.
H Sponge (to clean barrel) I Rammer (to press home charge) C
A
of the granite casemates if the casemate received a direct hit, and to help keep out the large quantities of smoke produced by firing the guns. In the rear of the casemates, small fireplaces and timber and glass partitions, dismantled before action, defined the living quarters of the gunners. A number of these partitions survive in both wings.
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Casemates of the Victorian Era The two casemates on the left, closest to the Tudor castle, contain 12.5-inch RMLs of the 1860s, salvaged from Cliff End Battery opposite Hurst on the Isle of Wight and mounted on simplified replica carriages. A crew of twelve was needed to work each of these huge guns – the cast-iron shells alone weighed 800lb (about 363kg) each. The shells had a range of about 5.5km and were propelled by 43.5lb (nearly 20kg) of cordite, which replaced gunpowder early in the 1890s as the first smokeless propellant. The woven rope mantlets which hang on the inside of the iron shields of the casemates, are modern replicas. They were designed to absorb lethal splinters
left in barrel after firing gun) B
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Survival skills Special Forces soldiers must be able to survive behind enemy lines with little or no support.They are trained to find and build shelters and to locate food and water.
N ACTIOTS STA
AF S FACT
During the 1950s, one SAS patrol in Malaya (now Malaysia) spent 103 days in a row in the jungle.
The French Foreign
“My patrol commander was bitten
Legion is famous
on the arm by a scorpion and within
for its bushcraft and
Shelters can range from a snow cave to a ditch covered in branches. Soldiers are also trained to light fires without matches. They must be able to find clean drinking water, and to live on fruit, nuts, roots and wild animals. The US Green Berets’ nickname, ‘Snakeeaters’, comes from their survival course.
a few hours you would swear that
tracking skills. It has
someone had slipped a football
soldiers from over 100 different countries.
A soldier catches a snake as part of a survival challenge.
under his skin. It was huge!”
Ian Conaghan, SAS trooper in the jungles of Borneo Keeping weapons ready to use is another important survival skill.
Making a warm fire in a frozen environment is just one of the key survival skills.
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21
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Action Force series design and layout
“Simon’s design concept for the EDGE Action Force series was perfect for our market, and his willingness to take on comments quickly and to go that extra mile undoubtly helped us to stick to the impossibly tight schedule.”
tle Newcas
Most Visited areas
London
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Self promotion information graphics
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8% 9% nd gla En of 6% st 8% Ea ds lan 5% Mid st %1 12 Ea 14% n do 18% Lon ast 7% th E s 9% Sou land t Mid Wes
Rural
17
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Leeds 1.548m
population 9,625,000
Urban
1.5
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North East 4% 4%
North West 14% 13%
Visits in millions
m
19% of total population
Most visited towns
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87% of total land area
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13% of total land area
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98m
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Urban greater than 10,000 population 81% of total population population 42,18,5000 +5.5% change since 2001
Spend: % of ÂŁ18,710 millions
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by Rural/Urban DeďŹ nition area type, 2009
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Population figures for England
m
12.152
103m
£2,883
Special shopping
99m
£7,599
Outdoor activities
90m
£1,646
Going out for entertainment
89m
£3,204
Visiting attractions
74m
£3,130
Watching live sports events
50m
£1,889
Other hobbies
42m
£1,018
Special public events
39m
£1,459
Special personal events
36m
£1,192
Other days out
29m
£946
Participating in sport
22m
£609
Health beauty spas
6m
£246
£5 9
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North East 14.3m +.5%
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West Midlands 74.1m +2.5% Wales 28.4m +1.1%
East Midlands 30.5m +1.3% East 159.3m +4%
London 787.5m +4.7% South West 46.3m +1.4%
South East 281.9m +1.8%
ze r la nd nc £462 e3 m .19 0£ 1,181m Ital y1 .528 £777m Sp ain 1.56 7 £831m
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Going on a night out
Number of journeys in millions Increase or decrease in journeys
1m
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£6,294
Compared to 2011–12 the total number of journeys has increased by 3.3%. Journeys between different regions increased by 2.7% and the number of journeys within each region increased by 3.6%
4
£6,355
144m
Visits in millions Spend in millions US A 2.5 4
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Total spend 331m
Going out for a meal
Scotland 89.6m +9%
Source Markets
B
Number of trips Visiting friends and family
Rail journeys in Great Britain
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Days out in Great Britain
Simon Borrough
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Book Design Lower Burscott Farm Higher Clovelly Bideford Devon EX39 5RR
01237 431278 or 07482 245082 simonborrough@mac.com