Sheffield's businesses are green strategy by Simon Niall Cording

SIMON CORDING 150180432 LSC236: LANDSCAPE PLANNING FOR A CHANGING

SHEFFIELD'S BUSINESSES ARE GREEN

CONTENTS

SECTION 1- SITE CONTEXT

1.1- HISTORICAL CONTEXT 1 1.2-SITE BOUNDARY AND CONTEXT 2 1.3-LAND USE INFORMATION 3

SECTION 2- WHAT INFLUENCES HAVE SHAPED THE LANDSCAPE?

2.1- SOCIAL ANALYSIS 2.2- ECONOMIC ANALYSIS 2.3- ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYSIS 2.4- TRANSPORT ANALYSIS SITE ANALYSIS SUMMARY

4 5 6 7 8

SECTION 3- MAKING IT HAPPEN: STRATEGIES

AND OUTCOMES

3.1- POLICY DOCUMENT REVIEW 3.2- CASE STUDIES 3.3- VISION -Creating the environment for investment -GREEN SPACE STRATEGY -The economic landscape -BUSINESS STRATEGY 3.4- PHASES OF DEVELOPMENT 3.5- CONSULTATION

9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17

REFERENCES

SECTION 1 SITE CONTEXT

(Google Earth, 2017)

1.1- HISTORICAL CONTEXT Victoria Quays, formerly known as the Sheffield Canal Basin and the surrounding areas were historically, a thriving hub of economic activity. Victoria Quays opened in the early 1800s as a significant means of connecting Sheffield to the sea through the River Humber and Trent. However after the Sheffield, Ashton-under-Lyne and Manchester Railway was created in 1845, the Canal Basin began to, effectively serve the rail line. Figs 3&4 illustrate the integration and importance of the connections between the rail line and the Basin as a way of importing goods into the city.

Fig 3- A photo of Sheffield Victoria rail line adjacent to Victoria Quays (Sheffield History, 2014)

Fig 4- A photo of the Sheffield Canal Basin heavy in imports (Sheffield History, 2009)

Fig 1- A map of 1950s Sheffield (Digimap, 2017)

The area saw significant change in the 1950s when the rail line became electrified. This allowed for more movement of goods and people which systematically helped boost the economy. This allowed some commercial industries to occupy the area until the 1970s when the rail line closed in January 1970. (Disused Stations, 2016, Sheffield History, 2007). Figs. 1&2 illustrate the change between the 1950s and 1990s was drastic, as the resulting loss of the train station caused many businesses in the area to disappear and as a result the area has mostly been forgotten about by the public. Fig. 5 show the result of the site being forgotten

Fig 5- A photo of Sheffield Victoria rail line in the modern day (Sheffield History, 2007)

Is Victoria Quays doomed to be forgotten? The area is currently under proposed development with a new HS2 train station that will stand in the place of the old Victoria Station. If the proposal goes ahead, there is the chance that the area will gain new economic vitality and attract many new businesses to the area as well as new levels of employment through new commuters. Fig 2- A map of 1900s Sheffield (Digimap, 2017)

1.2- LAND USE INFORMATION Figure 6 is an exploded plan from a 2015 aerial view base map, showing the layers of land use in the area. The main land uses are fragmented into three main sections: commercial, residential and industrial. Housing is concentrated to the immediate surroundings of Skye Edge, in the housing estates of Park Hill, Skye Edge and Manor Top/ Manor Estate. These housing estates lack immediate connections to the city centre.

Fig 6- an exploded plan view illustrating the different layers of land use in the study area Basemap (Google Earth, 2017)

TRANSPORT

The north of the area is solely industrial with buildings such as old steel factories. This demonstrates a lack of variety in land use. The commercial area forms the city centre. This commercial hub which has effectively left a complete absence of economically valuable outlets in the Park Hill and Skye Edge area. There is also currently a large amount of vacant land and office blocks across the edge of the city centre that has the potential for redevelopment which could be useful in implementing strategies to help develop the economy in the area.

WATERWAYS

MAIN ROAD

Green spaces appear common with major parks such as Skye Edge Park and South Street Park taking up a substantial amount of the land use. However Skye Edge Park is often perceived as being unsafe with it being host to anti-social behaviour and considerable amounts of fly-tipping. The rest of the green spaces are mostly overgrown woodland edge planting adjacent to roads and streetscape planting and trees. There is also a minimal amount of green space within the city centre itself. There are a number of viable connections between each of the land uses, either via public transportation or the A and pedestrianised B roads, however there is an inherent feeling of disconnection that could be improved.

GREEN SPACE NETWORK

COMMER-

RESIDENTIAL

INDUSRTRIAL

Fig 7- An panoramic photo of Sheffield City Centre, demonstrating typical office blocks with little vegetated spaces

S.W.O.T ANALYSIS Strengths Strong foundation of green space Large amounts of retail and business opportunities in both the city centre and its outskirts Weaknesses Inherent felling of disconnection Minimal green space in the city centre

Opportunities Alleviate anti-social behaviour through green space development Merging the fragmented land uses can create more variety Better connections through improved green networks, transport and walking routes Attracting and retaining more business through green space development Threats The continuation of anti-social behaviour and other crimes

1.3- SITE BOUNDARY AND CONTEXT

Fig 9 KELHAM ISLAND (Sheffield Culture Guide., 2017) Fig 10- ROYAL VICTORIA AND THE ABANDONED TRAIN LINE (Noakes, J., 2017)

Fig 11- VICTORIA QUAYS (Noakes, J., 2017)

Fig 12- PARK HILL

Fig 8- A map of Sheffield highlighting the significant amenties within and around the study area (Digimap, 2017)

Fig 13- SKYE EDGE PARK

The boundary line designates the study area that the strategy will focus on. Due to the need for large scale planning, the strategies and practices provided in this document may be required to cross the boundary line. A number of factors can cause this as the strategy might need to merge with existing features outside the boundary line, i.e. connections with transport links. Figs. 8-17 demonstrate the site context with the different amenities that lie both in and outside the boundary line. Fig 17- THE MOOR MARKET AND RETAIL QUARTER (Sheffield Markets, 2017)

Fig 16- SHEFFIELD MIDLAND STATION (University of Sheffield, 2017)

Fig 15- SHEFFIELD PEACE GARDENS AND TOWN HALL

Fig 14-MANOR FIELDS PARK

SECTION 2 WHAT FACTORS HAVE SHAPED THE LANDSCAPE?

2.1- SOCIAL ANALYSIS Chart Title

y Activities Limited a Lot

Method of Travel Statistics

Health Statistics

14.7

y Activities Limited a

Day-to-Day Activities Limited a Lot 14.7

Day-to-Day y Activities Not Activities LimitedLimited a

1.8 10.3

34.6

Little

Day-to-Day Activities Not Limited

1.8 10.3

home Underground, metro,

9.5

80.2

moped Motorcycle, or moped Driving ascooter car or van

4,081

Passenger a car or Driving a car orin van

2,118

Passenger in a car or van

On foot

Bicycle 5.6

Other method of travel

On foot to work

5.7

57.5

Not in employment

5.6

Bad Health Very Bad Health

van Bicycle

Good Health Fair Health

35 12

Taxi

Little; Age 16 to 64

Health

1,014

Bus, minibus or coach

Day-to-Day Activities Limited a y Activities Limited a

1,014

Bus, minibus or coach

Taxi Motorcycle, scooter or

Age 16 to 64

150

tramTrain Train

Lot; Age 16 to 64

y Activities Not Limited; Very Good Health

213

Underground, metro, light rail, light rail, tram

Day-to-Day Activities Limited a

16 to 64Day-to-Day Activities Not Limited;

172

Work mainly at or from home

34.6

y Activities Limited a

6 to 64

Method of travel to work

Work mainly at or from

57.5

5.7

Not in employment

Out of

44834

people studied

940

34.6% 80.2%

stating they were in very good health, and activities

Health

114

940

114

280

Fig 19- A data chart showing the statistics for method of travekl in the study area (Nomis, 2011)

Fig 18- A data chart of the health statistics in the study area (Nomis, 2011)

Health Deprivation

280

Other method of travel to work

said that they were in good health, with

43%

said that they were not limited in day to day

22.5%

of people stated that they were in fair health or worse, which could be a representation of the lack of quality green space in the area. Giving the residents access to high quality green spaces will help to improve their mental wellbeing and promote physical activity in the urban environment, which could then have a reduced effect on obesity for future generations (Lee, A.C., Jordan, H.C. and Horsley, J., 2015) Fig. 20 is a deprivation that map that illustrates the levels of health deprivation in the study area. The Park Hill Fig 20- A deprivation map showing the poor health levels in the study area (Open Data Communities, 2010)

Will development impact upon the current land use and how might it work to better connections? The current land use consists of plenty of residential housing and commercial areas. Any development may intervene with the regular routine of both user groups, which must be taken into consideration. However, developing the land will help some landscapes feel safer, as is the case with the Skye Edge Area. Even the addition of street trees and small parks could help people to create new walking and cycle routes which could impact upon people's heath as well as improve connections, outwardly creating a more valued landscape.

10%

area is in the most deprived neighbourhoods in the country which again could be a direct result of lack of quality green space. The lack of walking connection to the city could also mean that people are taking cars or public transport and as a result are not getting the physical exercise they could be.

4081

940

people studied drive to work as opposed to a meagre people walking and people cycling to work. This could be attributed to the limited connections to the city centre.

114

2.2- ECONOMIC ANALYSIS

Chart Title

2.6 2

Employment Statistics

0.8

1.4

Chart Title 3.1

Economically Active; Employee; Part-Time

0.8

6.3

3.1

Economically Active; Employee; Full-Time

Out of

2.6

1.4

14.2

6.3

Economically Active; Self-Employed

6.8%

Economically Active; Self-Employed

5.2

Economically Active; Full-Time Student

were in some form of employment,

5.7%

of people are unemployed and only are self-employed. This could be a result of the city predominantly containing large scale companies instead of more independently run businesses.

Economically Active; Unemployed

Economically Active; Full-Time Student

50.2% 60%

people studied

whether it be full or part time. of people were considered to be economically active, meaning they are both unemployed and not looking for work.

Economically Active; Employee; Part-Time Economically Active; Employee; Full-Time

9772

14.2

5.2

Economically Inactive; Retired

Economically Inactive; Student (Including Full-Time Students) Economically Inactive; Looking After

Economically Inactive; Student (Including

Home or Family EconomicallyFull-Time Inactive; Long-Term Sick or Students) Disabled Economically Economically Inactive; Other

Inactive; Looking After Home

11.9

or Family Unemployed; Age 16 to 24 Economically Inactive; Long-Term Sick or

30.3

Unemployed;Disabled Age 50 to 74

In a study conducted by Sheffield City Region (2015) it was discovered that the Sheffield City Region was ranked penultimate in Local Enterprise Partnerships, demonstrating the workforce productivity is in fact less than 50% of that of London. There is also evidence that there is an increasing absence of employment in high skill and value sectors, but instead most employment comes from the lowers skilled sectors such as retail. This implies that the percentage of the labour with higher skills is below average.

11.9

Economically Inactive; Other

Unemployed; Never Worked

Does the immediate lack of high skilled workers directly correlate to the declining economy 30.3 in the subject area?

Long-Term Unemployed

Unemployed; Age 16 to 24 Unemployed; Age 50 to 74 10.1

The availability of below average numbers of high skilled workers could be a concern for companies. If there is not a sufficient workforce to man the company then the likelihood of businesses investing in relocation or expansion is slim. This ultimately falls on education as in 2011, only 12.4% of people in the subject area had a level 2 qualification, with only 19.2% having a level 4 or higher qualification.(Nomis, 2011) Investing in partnerships with educational institutions in the area could systematically impact upon the future of the economy by creating skilled workforces.

Unemployed; Never Worked Long-Term Unemployed

6.9

5.7 6.3

Fig 21- A data chart showing the employment statistics in the study area (Nomis, 2011)

Economic Deprivation

10.1

What opportunities are there to improve the economic situation? -The Victoria area provides a great opportunity for economic development due to its proximity to the city centre and connections to other possible development sites. (Sheffield City Region, 5.7 2015)

6.9 6.3

-There is a significant demand for more independent retailers and businesses due to the larger corporations occupying the city centre. (Sheffield Economic Strategy, 2015) There is also a need for an increased level of start-up businesses to help develop independent businesses. -Evidence suggests that a HS2 Victoria Station would provide three times the amount of jobs across South Yorkshire as opposed to a station at Meadowhall, meaning that there is a chance for positive impact on the regionâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s economy not just the local economy. (Sheffield City Region, 2015)

Fig 21- A deprivation map showing the economic deprivation in the study area (Open Data Communities, 2010)

2.3- GREEN SPACE ANALYSIS

Park Square Whilst it is part of the city it provides a transition into a more natural environment. Having a pleasant green space whilst moving from Park Hill to the city centre, can help to relive the stress of people moving through. It improves pedestrian and cycle connections by elevating the routes over the A61. It helps to absorb the carbon emissions of the major road adjacent to it. However the raised banks and trees enclose the large seating area which can lead to anti-social behaviour because views in are blocked so it there is limited visual security

Skye Edge Park The woodland edge provides a dynamic habitat that has some ecological value. The location of the park, in the centre of the residential area, provides the opportunity to bring different communities together to create social cohesion. However the large expanse of open grass lead to people using it for quad biking which destroys the grass and ruins the quality of the green space. The anti-social behaviour is a current deterrent from different communities using the green space. The woodland edge cuts the park from its surroundings which can result in it being ignored and is often used for fly tipping

South Street Park The new amphitheatre provides a social hotspot in warmer months. It provides exciting views over the city. Provides a large flexible space that can hold events or large social gatherings. However it lacks ecological value and there is a limited amount of shelter which results in the site being open to the elements, meaning it is empty during the colder months Fig 22- A map and illustrations showing the different green spaces in the area (Digimap, 2017)

Cholera Monument and Clay Wood

Valued Greenspace

Main River

Limited Value Greenspaces

Socially Valued Greenspace

Ecologically Valued Greenspace

Poor Quality Greenspaces

Site Boundary

The Grade II listed monument (Historic England, 2012) provides a cultural attraction to the parkThe park provides a panoramic view of the city. The newly redeveloped area is a Green Flag Award winner (Green Flag, 2017) which means the park will be maintained to a high standard and provide a pleasant green space for people to use. Although the park is fairly isolated and does not get a lot of footfall which can result in it being host to anti-social behaviour

Green spaces can bring a lot of benefits to the environment as well as people. Green spaces can also have a profound effect on mental health and relieving stress which can in turn make a workforce more productive, as studies have shown that access to quality green spaces can improve cognitive functions by 61% (Allen, J. G., et al. 2015). The health of a workforce can bring additional economic benefits as employers do not have to pay as much in health benefits. Green spaces have additional economic advantages, as they can improve the image of an area which can subsequently attract and retain high value industries and skilled workers. (ECOTEC, 2008) Green spaces can also provide essential environmental services such as storm water management as a means of alleviating flood risks. (Ahern, J. 2007) The presence of greenery can also act as a means of visual connectivity which can then result in people becoming more physically active. (Pretty et al. 2005) Furthermore green infrastructure can also help recover the links between people and place and create social cohesion. (Selman, 2012)

2.4- TRANSPORT ANALYSIS Fig 23. shows the main public transportation links in the study area. Basemap (Digimap, 2017)

Challenges facing transportation methods As fig 23 shows, there is a significant lack of main line buses that connect with the city centre. This restricts the amount of access to businesses in the city centre, resulting in people travelling by car- as seen in Section 2.1

As seen in Section 2.1, most people tend to drive to work. The large amounts of congestion created during rush hour can cause a lot of inconvenience for drivers. Given the topographical changes and undulating nature of Sheffield's landscape, people will have a tendency not to walk to places. If they do, most sidewalks are adjacent to roads and have very limited amounts of green infrastructure, which makes them unappealingto use. As seen in fig 24 many of the cycle routes in the study area do not have an infrastructure of their own and are within busy city roads, which can be dangerous for cyclists. In 2011, 10 people in the City Centre and Hallam areas were either killed or seriously injured in collisions with cars. (Keep, M, 2013)

7, 7a, 8, 8a 120 56

50, 50a, 50b 30, 30a, X30 72

10, 10a Site Boundary

Tram line Train line

Problem Zone

Is there a possibility of changing the transportation issues and how might it impact the other modes of transportation? Due to many of the transportation links within the study area running through the city, it would take time to change them. There is however an apparent need for change as there many areas lack direct connections. Pedestrianizing some roads could help to create some valuable walking and cycling routes but this could impact car traffic as it means the loss of secondary vehicular routes. It is, however, more important to reduce the overall number of cars used in the city centre as this would help create a more sustainable city. Increasing the level of green infrastructure on roads could also help increase the amount of people that walk to work. The change of transportation links could lead to the reconnection and rediscovery of major areas such as Victoria Quays and Skye Edge.

Fig 24. shows the cycle routes in the study area. There are only two main cycle routes in the Park Hill area and the majority of routes lie in heavy urbanised city areas. (Sheffield City Council, 2017)

Site Analysis Summary

ng o

r cy clin

Green space encourages people to be outside and physically exercise

ugh thro rcis e l exe

Green spaces improve the image of the area which is more likely to attract and retain business Companies make a higher profit

en r oute

Connections

to le w op llo in pe a a k to g in s ic s l se m lp es ono He sin ec bu ore m

s of

ten e

nco

urag

Economics

Gre

Quality Greenspace

em ore

phy

sica

nt pe s y s er ne ork mo t w ss en Le abs on

walk i

Health

Results in workforces being less stressed and more healthy, meaning they are more productive

Helps to visually link places together as well as providing pleasant new cycle and foot paths

SECTION 3 MAKING IT HAPPEN: STRATEGIES AND OUTCOMES

'Sustainable development is the pathway to the future we want for all. It offers a framework to generate economic growth' -Ban Ki Moon (2013)

3.1- POLICY DOCUMENT REVIEW

The National Planning Policy Framework provides comprehensive guidance for local planning authorities and decision makers, to help create strategy documents, planning applications and masterplans.

'for all current and future generations to use and enjoy' The Sheffield's Great Outdoors Green & Open Space Strategy 2010-2030 promotes six main actions for the betterment of people in the landscape.

'2. Ensuring the vitality of town centres 23. Planning policies should be positive, promote competitive town centre environments and set out policies for the management and growth of centres over the plan period. In drawing up Local Plans, local planning authorities should: • • promote competitive town centres that provide customer choice and a • diverse retail offer and which reﬂect the individuality of town centres; • • where town centres are in decline, local planning authorities should plan • positively for their future to encourage economic activity' (National Planning Policy Framework, 2012)

'Our six priorities for action: • Promoting health and activity • Supporting education and learning • Encouraging diversity and inclusion • Ensuring safety and security • Greater community involvement • Promoting fun and enjoyment' (Sheffield City Council, 2017)

Strengths

Weaknesses

The policies allow for the preservation of a towns individual character

The planning policies make limited efforts to help support smaller companies

Investment in transport and highways supports economic growth through the creation of commuter and business linkages between key places in an efficient and cost effective way. Connectivity essentially allows the economy to function, enabling people to access employment and leisure opportunities and providing businesses with bigger markets for labour, supply chains and customers. We will encourage a much greater proportion of travel via walking, cycling and public transport, to reduce carbon emissions and air pollution, release road space and provide for those without access to a car. (Sheffield Economic Strategy, 2015)

The policies provide an ambiguity that allows planners the freedom to make their own choices in how to encourage economic activity Encourages economic development through competition

This competitive behaviour in retail can often lead smaller independent businesses to come under threat from large conglomerates. To prevent this situation from happening the 'Sheffield's Businesses Are Green' strategy envisions a new area on the edge of the Retail Quarter that allows independent businesses to thrive.

The 'Sheffield's Businesses Are Green' strategy sets out to achieve promoting health and activity through the improved cycling and walking routes to better connect the city. By creating new green spaces and networks the strategy will bring a new sense of safety and security to an otherwise unsafe area. The community will be heavily involved in the consultation process to bring about a better end result that benefits Sheffield and its citizens.

The 'Sheffield's Businesses are Green' Strategy intends to follow the guidelines set out in Sheffield's Economic Strategy as the study area currently suffer from both poor connections and socio-economic status. Creating additional public transport routes through the study area will ensure connectivity to the proposed business district and city, which will allow more people access to employment in the hopes that it improves the economic situation in the area. Developing cycle routes through the Park Hill/ Manor Castle area will also help to develop connections between housing estates and get Skye Edge Park used more. Adding more street trees and pedestrianizing less important secondary or tertiary roads, with the addition of street planting, will help to develop a new system of sustainable cycle and walking routes through the city centre, that help to reduce pollution levels.

Manchester's Northern Quarter The Northern Quarter has historical roots in the textile industry, but is now revitalised with an array of independent retailers that have regenerated the area with culture. The independent businesses in the area have put people first and have helped to create a vibrant hub of social activity.

Fig 25 (Creative Tourist, 2017) Brighton Lanes Set in the City's Historic Quarter, The Lanes are a network of narrow streets that host an eclectic range of independent retailers that have become one of the major tourist destinations in Brighton, second to only the pavilion (VisitBrighton, 2014). These small retail units allow people to start their own businesses and contribute to the wider economy. This strategy will provide a setting that allows the people of Sheffield to similarly invest in their own future start-up businesses. Fig 26 (Best of England, 2014)

3.2- CASE STUDIES The New Road Project saw the regeneration of a rundown street that had an unfavourable reputation because it was home to a lot of anti-social behaviour. The regeneration project pedestrianised the road by removing all kerbs, which allowed people to move freely across the site. It was designed to give the road back to the public in an effort to put sustainable transport ahead of cars. The project proved to be highly successful as traffic levels on the site dropped by 93%, with the level of pedestrians rising by 62% and the lingering activities rose by 600%, (Gehl, 2010) demonstrating the social impact of the project. The 'Sheffield Businesses are Green' strategy has similar ideals as there are many expendable roads that could be pedestrianised in order to help develop more sustainable transport methods and create more social hubs that the public can enjoy.

Fig 27 (Landezine, 2011)

3.3 VISION The new business developments and green infrastructure networks will seek to attract independent businesses from across the country, especially those from London through the newly proposed HS2 station. The aim is to regenerate the local economy which has been diminishing over the last few years, and provide a setting for which employment levels can rise. Economic investment is reliant on a number of factors: such as quality green space, proximity to markets, access to skilled labour and sufficient transport links. (Creating a setting for investment, 2008) From the site analysis, most of these issues are missing in the study area. Therefore, the 'Sheffield's Businesses Are Green' Strategy will focus on three main elements: Economic regeneration through business development, green space and connectivity.

Fig 28- Visualisation of independent businesses at Victoria Quays. Base image (Flickr, 2017)

Fig 29- Visualisation of independent businesses at Victoria Quays and pedestrianized street. Base image (Google Earth , 2017)

Creating the Environment for Investment Reconnect the commercial and residential areas The site analysis demonstrated that there is a decided disconnection between the residential and commercial areas which can limit access to employment. Adding more street trees and pedestrianizing less important secondary or tertiary roads and integrating them with multifunctional green infrastructure will help to develop a new system of sustainable cycle and walking linking the city centre with the residential areas. Developing cycle routes through the Park Hill/ Manor Castle area will also help to develop connections between housing estates and get Skye Edge Park used more, allowing it to become a place of social cohesion. All cycle and walking routes will connect with wider strategies such as the Gold Route and Steel Route to help create a cohesive city wide development. Improving the quality of life for peopel Investing in active transport links such as cycle and walking routes, integrated with multifunctional green infrastructure, will result in a high quality user experience that will encourage a healthier standard of living by promoting physical exercise and mental health in both residents and workers. The addition of green spaces near and within the business districts will develop a healthier workforce which will improve their productivity which equates to stronger business profits. Creating the right environment for investment People will be attracted from all over the country so improving the landscape quality will assuredly be an economic asset. The creation of high quality green space will help to improve the identity of the area, and with the additional health benefits, there is the opportunity to attract and retain a higher calibre of workers and knowledge based industries, (ECOTOEC, 2008), especially with the proposed HS2 station that will bring new workers from the South to the North. By attracting these businesses, it will help to promote a competitive environment for investment that will allow the economy in the area to thrive.

GREEN SPACE STRATEGY

Fig 30- Map showing the various green spaces and connections proposed in the area.

Proposed new street trees Connections with wider green spaces Waterways New cycle and walking routes Propoesed green spaces Existing green spaces Developing green space Proposed HS2 Station Pedestrianized roads

The economic landscape Connecting economies Wider transport links such as the proposed HS2 station will provide multiple economic benefits. It will help connect Sheffield to England's southern economic hubs such as London which will help expand Sheffield's economic reach and markets. There is also the opportunity to bring in new commuters and of highly skilled workers which as explained in section 2.2, is well needed in developing the local economy. The HS1 development helped bring 22,100 jobs to King's Cross and increased household spending per annum to ÂŁ50 million (LCR, 2009). This evidence demonstrates the positive contribution the wider connection of HS2 can possibly have in the area. The introduction of new regularly running bus routes will build upon the sustainable cycle and walking routes in the hope of limiting the amount of carbon emissions in the area. Moreover, it provides extensive transportation links to give people better access to employment in the business districts. Building relationships with schools As mentioned in Section 2.2, there is a substantial lack of highly skilled workers, due to limited academic achievements in schools. In order to combat this, the 'Sheffield's Businesses Are Green' strategy plans to work in partnership with the University of Sheffield in helping their plans to expand their campus (University of Sheffield, 2017) as well as Sheffield Hallam into the subject area (See Fig.32). The resulting partnership will help get children in the area interested in progressing their education to become highly skilled workers and subsequently contribute to the economy. This will happen in two major places: Skye Edge and Sheffield's old town hall. The proposal for Skye Edge will help bring more visual security to the area by getting it used more, which will help to reduce anti-social behaviour. It will also help develop a relationship between the Universities and younger age schools and solidify the connection between the city centre and the Park Hill/ Manor Castle area. The movement of lecture halls to the old town hall will help regenerate the Castle gate area and support connections to the business districts. Expanding businesses Developing two main business districts: The Riverside Business District and the CIQ. The Riverside business district will redevelop the Castle gate area and Victoria Quays area with a series of independent retailers, office blocks and green spaces (See figs 28, 29, 31, 32) to create an economic and social hub that will regenerate the area. The CIQ district proposal will expand the current independent business markets to fulfil the areas potential as a cultural hub, much like Manchester's Northern Quarter. Fig 31- Visualisation of castle gate business district park

BUSINESS STRATEGY

Fig 32- Map showing the proposed business districts and new bus routes

Proposed new bus routes Existing Retail Quarter Proposed business district developments Proposed University expansion sites Proposed HS2 Station

3.4 Phases of Development Phase 1- 0-5 Years

Phase 3- 10-15 Years

-Inform locals and stakeholders of vision and strategies -Earmark possible independent business that could become part of the proposed business district. -Attend business conferences to advertise the strategy and proposed developments -Begin consultation process at the City Centre, Meadowhall and Victoria Quays -Identify areas in need of green infrastructure and perform necessary evaluation -Clean and maintain Skye Edge park of fly tipping -Begin outfitting Victoria for retail outlets -Clean up unwanted graffiti to improve the image of the area

-Start phase two of construction- construction of 20 more office blocks and 20 retail units Start and complete construction of Skye Edge University building -Start and complete construction and joining of HS2 line and station -Create additional sustainable transport links to the other towns in the city region -Set up friends of groups to ensure quality of green space is maintained

Phase 2- 5-10 Years -Begin phase one of construction- Removal of unwanted or desolate buildings and begin construction of 10 office blocks and 20 retail units across the two business districts -Begin implementing green infrastructure, i.e. street planting and street trees to connect the business districts to the residential areas -Create green cycle and pedestrian walkways -Start rerouting existing bus routes as well as create new ones -University of Sheffield and Sheffield Hallam expanding their lecture halls into the old town hall

Fig 33- Background map is the overall startegic masterplan for the 'Sheffield's Businesses are Green' Strategy

Phase 4- 15-20+ Years -Begin final phase of construction- build 10 additional office blocks and retail units

3.5 CONSULTATION

In order for the vision to be successful, it must go through a consultation procedure that gets the opinions and input from stakeholders and the people that may be effected by the strategy. Getting feedback is an important stage in the strategy process as it helps to build a rapport with the stakeholders and so should any issues arise they can be dealt with effectively. Who? -Local Residents (Park Hill, Upper and Lower Wybourn, Manor Park and Skye Edge) -Existing Businesses within the study area -Potential Independent Businesses -Local Schools -Universities- Staff and students -Sheffield City Council -Friends of Sheffield Castle -Wildlife Trust -Sheffield Transport -University of Sheffield and Sheffield Hallam University Where? -Stands will run in the city centre and retail quarter to attract the public at random -Stands will run at Meadowhall Shopping Centre, covering the peak times to get the best random sample of feedback responses -Victoria Quays. These events will be invitation events and will be predominantly serving the local businesses When? The stands in the city centre will run during the week for 4 weeks whilst the stands in Meadowhall will run bi weekly for 4 weeks during peak shopping times in the evenings and weekends to get the most amount of feedback. The Victoria Quays invitation will run one per week for 6 weeks to allow most businesses an opportunity to input comments. All events will be held 6 months prior to the first day of construction in order to assimilate the feedback and make any necessary changes. How? All events will be advertised through the standard outlets such as social media and posters/flyers but will also be advertised using pop up exhibition boards. In the city centre and Meadowhall, there will be stands with virtual reality headsets displaying a digital model of the proposed development to provide a realistic experience of the finished site. All feedback will be taken by anonymous surveys and emotional reaction observations in relation to what the people are seeing in the headset display. The events held at Victoria Quays will have much the same principal but will also have exhibition boards to display relevant information. To ensure full coverage postal surveys will be sent out asking for feedback. When the feedback has been received the results will be put into a report that will be sent to the necessary bodies for changes, such as the landscape architects and engineers.

17 (The Hospitality Training Company, 2017)

REFERENCES

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JOURNALS Allen, J. G., et al. (2015) Associations of Cognitive Function Scores with Carbon Dioxide, Ventilation, and Volatile Organic Compound Exposures in Office Workers: A Controlled Exposure Study of Green and Conventional Office Environments. Environmental Health Perspectives. 124(6). Pp. 805-812. Lee, A.C. , Jordan, H.C. and Horsley, J. (2015) Value of urban green spaces in promoting healthy living and wellbeing: prospects for planning. Risk Management and Healthcare Policy, 8. pp. 131-137. ISSN 1179-1594 Pretty, J., Peacock, J., Sellens, M. & Griffin, M. (2005) The mental and physical health outcomes of green exercise. International Journal of Environmental Health Research, 15(5), pp.319–337.

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BOOKS Ahern, J. (2007). Green infrastructure for cities: the spatial dimension. In: V. Novotny and P. Brown, eds. Cities of the future: towards integrated sustainable water and landscape management. London, IWA Publishing, pp. 267–283. ECOTEC (2008). The economic benefits of green infrastructure: the public and business case for investing in Green Infrastructure and a review of the underpinning evidence. Natural Economy Northwest Selman, P. (2012) Sustainable Landscape Planning. Routledge, Abingdon.