MYCO TECTONICS A STUDY ON MYCELIUM AS AN ADHESIVE
SIMRAN RAVINDAN
MYCO TECTONICS A STUDY ON MYCELIUM AS AN ADHESIVE
ARCHITECTURE DISSERTATION PROJECT NEWCASTLE UNIVERSITY SIMRAN RAVINDAN
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank my dissertation tutor, Martyn Dade-Robertson for introducing me to the fascinating world of Mycelium and for his moral support and encouragement over the course of my dissertation. Special thanks to Dilan Ozkan and the members of the Architecture, Planning and Landscape Workshop for their guidance through my project.
7
GLOSSARY Bamboo
a giant woody grass
Cells
the smallest structural and functional unit of an organism
Colonisation
mycelium establishing itself in an area or substrate
Contamination
making the mycelium growth composite impure by foreign organisms and particles
Culm
the hollow stem of the bamboo
Culture
the cultivation of mycelium cells in a substrate
Decomposer
to break down into smaller compounds
Hyphae
filaments that make up the mycelium of a fungus
Incubation
the period before the mycelium has fully colonised the substrate
Mould
a hollow container that you place the mycelium growth substrate material into (or) a fungi type
Mycology
the branch of biology concerned with the study of fungi
8
Myco
related to fungi and mycelium
Photosynthesis
the process by which green plants use sunlight to produce their own food
Source
(of a mushroom) to assist in mycelium cultivation
Spawn
the mycelium of cultivated mushroom
Sterilisation
the process of making something free from bacteria or other unwanted living microorganisms
Substrate
the substance on which an fungal enzyme act to extract nutrients and develop
Tectonics
relating to building or construction
9
ABSTRACT Mycelium is an emerging biomaterial with a fascinating range of applications in design. Its capacity to adapt to new environments added to its rapid growth and ability to act as a natural decomposer has made it gain popularity amongst architects and designers. Bamboo, another material known for its sustainable properties and high strength, is also gaining popularity in research into how the material could be used in today’s architecture rather than being deemed a vernacular material. Although the two materials pose exceptional qualities, the lack of research on construction with the materials to its highest potential obstructs its use in architecture. ‘Myco-Tectonics’ deals with identifying the possibilities of Mycelium as an adhesive in wood construction, specifically in relation to Bamboo. Demonstrated through experimentation, this dissertation project focuses on the natural binding capacity of the fungi, to help support my original line of inquiry of formulating a connection between the two materials. This study provides the basis for using mycelium as a adhesive through a small scale testing to help contribute towards its research in biotechnology and identify the extents of the unexplored tectonic properties of mushroom Mycelium.
10
CONTENTS Acknowledgements
7
Glossary
8-9
Abstract
10
CHAPTER 01: INTRODUCTION
14 - 19
CHAPTER 02: BACKGROUND
20 - 35
2.1. Background on Mycelium 2.1.1. Mycelium as a Organism 2.1.2. Mycelium as a Design Material 2.1.3. Mycelium in Construction 2.1.4. Mycelium as an Adhesive 2.2. Background on Bamboo 2.2.1. Bamboo as a Natural Resource 2.2.2. Applications of Bamboo 2.2.3. Disadvantages of Bamboo 2.2.4. Bamboo, Towards my Dissertation CHAPTER 03: EXPERIMENTATION 3.1. Priliminary Experiments 3.1.1. Methodologies Method I: Material Composite Method II: Dehydrated Mycelium 3.2. Main Experiments 3.2.1. Experiment One: Growing the Mycelium Aim Process Results
36 - 61
3.2.2. Experiment Two: Formulating a Connection Aim Process Test I, Dehydrated Mycelium Test I Results Test II, Material Composite Test II Results 3.2.2. Experiment Three: Quantifying the Strength Aim Process Results CHAPTER 04: CONCLUSION
62 - 65
Appendices
66 - 69
Bibliography
70 - 75
12
01 CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION
“Nature alone is antique, and the oldest art a mushroom.”
sourced from the living environment providing both structural and nonstructural functions in the building fabric.1 There are some technology
- Thomas Carlyle
trends that are paving the way for a Interdisciplinary connections between
futuristic built environment which
the artistic and scientific worlds allow
have lead to a novel ideology of using
for a combined exploration between
naturally sourced materials while they
the two realms. New technological
are still alive and growing, rather than
developments in the rapidly changing
using them once they are dead (like
construction
timber).
industry
comes
with
devising new ways of design. While this innovation is imperative, it is also
Biobased materials are considered
important they contribute towards
a promising resource for buildings
sustaining
and
in the twenty first century due to
addressing the concerns of climate
their sustainability and versatility as
change. There therefore exists an
they can be produced locally, with
urgency in creating new materials for
minimum transportation costs and in
which we go back to our roots, looking
an ecological manner.2 A biobased
to nature for inspiration to help us in
material or biomaterial could thus be
the innovation of new and sustainable
defined as a material intentionally made
elements of construction.
from substances derived from living
the
environment
(or once living organisms). Polymers, A recent interest in this field has
bacterial
brought
plasma are some examples.
us
to
the
invention
of
cellulose,
bioluminescent
Biomaterials which are classified as a type of material that are naturally
Myers William and Paola Antonelli, Bio Design: Nature, Science, Creativity, (London: Thames and Hudson, 2014), p. 18 Anna Sandak and others, Bio-based Building Skin, Environmental Footprints and Eco-design of Products and Processes (Singapore: Springer, 2019), p. 27. 1 2
16
This dissertation will explore the
and optimising its growth protocol. An
use of one such biomaterial, namely,
indication that mycelium can be used as
mycelium, not as a design material
an adhesive in this pilot study will spark
in its own right but as an adhesive in
the genesis of further investigations
wood construction, with particular
where it could be magnified up into
focus on bamboo. Whilst mycelium is
a larger scaled system. Ultimately
an emerging material and shows great
this will lead to new opportunities for
potential in design, there is almost no
design experimentation in architecture.
research on its tectonic qualities in an architectural application. The broad
The structure of this paper will be
focus is to achieve an understanding of
as follows. In conjunction with a
the mycology of mycelium tectonics,
literary review of mycelium and
which could potentially resolve the
bamboo case studies individually,
tectonic
the fungi will further be analysed as
limitations
encounters
by
that
bamboo
investigating
its
a living organism able to serve as a
properties through an unprecedented
binding material, adding context to
and original line of inquiry and
it as an emerging design medium,
experimental setup. This has never
by
been done before.
potential. Simultaneously, studying
investigating
mycelium’s
its responsiveness and behaviours The core aim of this study is to
supported by experimentation and
establish a baseline for mycelium as an
personal experience with working
adhesive in wood construction. A clear
with the material will add to the basic
understanding of the role of mycelium
knowledge base of using mycelium
and bamboo in design through literary
in this manner. With the hope of
reviews which would help devise a
producing and demonstrating a novel
method for binding the two materials
innovation for construction, this project
17
will test the performance of mycelium as a low carbon emitting, concretefree cement connecting two pieces of bamboo with meaningful levels of strength. Studying its potential structural
characteristics
alongside
tensile tests through a series of experiments
will
help
contribute
towards its research in biotechnology and
identify
unexplored
the
extents
tectonic
of
properties
the of
mushroom mycelium.
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02 CHAPTER TWO BACKGROUND
2.1. Background on Mycelium
Fungi are heterotrophs, which means, unlike their autotrophic counterparts,
2.1.1. Mycelium as an Orgasm:
they
A
Fungi,
process by which green plants use
Phylum: Basidiomycota), often found
sunlight to synthesise nutrients from
sprouted on the earth’s surface, is the
carbon dioxide and water. However,
fleshy, spore-bearing, fruiting body
fungi do not require sunlight- on
of mycelium. Modestly hidden from
the contrary, they have a very low
view beneath the exposed earth or
affinity to light and their growth
layered within the bark of a tree, its
process thrives in darkness. In order
structure
as
to sustain themselves, the fungal cells
inter woven fibres called mycelium.3
excrete enzymes to break down and
Mycelium is the vegetative part of the
absorb nutrients from organic and non-
fungus consisting of a network of long,
organic substrates as an energy source
microscopic threadlike filaments called
for development.5 In a natural setting,
hyphae.
mycelium colonise organic matter
mushroom,
runs
(Kingdom:
inconspicuously
cannot
photosynthesise,
the
(living or dead), by breaking it down Mycelium can be imagined as a
into simpler nutritional sources for other
bundle of hyphae in one single place
organisms of the living environment to
branching out repeatedly to give
consume, enabling the continuity of
rise to a network called (mycelium)
the circle of life, thereby building the
which can take on different forms
ever-thickening strata of soil that
and consistencies,4 depending on how
drives
nutritious its breeding environment is.
evolutionary path.6
the
ecosystem
onto
its
Paul Stamets, Mycelium Running: How Mushrooms Can Help Save the World (Berkeley: Ten Speed Press, 2005), p. 1. Phil Ross, ‘Fungal Mycelium Bio-materials’, in Cultivated Building Materials: Industrialised Natural Resource for Architecture and Construction, by Dirk E. Hebel and Felix Heisel (Basel: Birkhäuser, 2017), p. 134. 5 Marcelo B. Bellettini and others, ‘Factors Affecting Mushroom Pleurotus’, Journal of Biological Sciences, 26,4 (2019), 635 -36 (p. 636). 6 Paul Stamets, Mycelium Running: How Mushrooms Can Help Save the World (Berkeley: Ten Speed Press, 2005), p. 1. 3 4
22
Having first appeared on the earth’s surface around 700 million years ago,7 fungi have adapted and sustained itself since by means of this decomposing feat which deems the organism as important entity in the ecosystem. Its transformation through the centuries as the entangled network revolutionised itself over the earth’s surface and the ocean below or as mycologist Paul Stamens describes mycelium, “the Earth’s natural internet”.8 2.1.2. Mycelium as a Design Material: Mycelium has been experimented with over a range of scales and has a wide spectrum of useful properties. MycoWorks, a San Francisco based startup, have created a new kind of leather grown from mushroom mycelium.9 From mycelium packaging as a replacement to plastics by Ecovative Design to Dutch textile engineer, Aniela Hoitink’s take on re-thinking fashion and textile to
Ibid. p. 22. Ibid. p. 7. 9 Phil Ross, The Fungi in Your Future, online video recording, YouTube, 16 November 2016, <https://youtu.be/jBXGFOk5_Rs> [accessed 18 December 2019]. 7 8
23
create
sustainable
fabric
from
mycelium,10 onto a much larger scale, The Living, Hy-Fi Tower designed by
New
York
architect
David
Benjamin which is the first large scale structure to use this mushroom brick technology.11 To put simply, there are many uses of the material, many of which are still unexplored. The reason such a wide range of mycelium
products
and
systems
could be made possible is primarily because of its unique capability to adapt and respond to the environment it is subjected
to, which has given
researchers the chance to manipulate its growth within the constraints of the designer. Depending on the type of substrate and species of mushroom used for cultivation, mycelium can be produced in a number of combinations. “..Soft or hard, light or heavy, strong and durable or weak and fracturing.”12 Fig. 1. Hy-Fi Mycelium Brick Tower by The Living
Aniela Hoitink, Why and How to Rethink the Fashion Industry, online video recording, YouTube, 18 December 2018, <https:youtube/h3waJr56FlE> [accessed 18 December 2019]. 11 Amy Frearson, ‘Tower of “Grown” Bio-bricks by The Living’, Dezeen, 2014 <https://www.dezeen.com/2014/07/01/tower-ofgrown-bio-bricks-by-the-living-opens-at-moma-ps1-gallery/> [accessed 18 December 2019]. 12 Phil Ross, ‘Fungal Mycelium Bio-materials’, in Cultivated Building Materials: Industrialised Natural Resource for Architecture and Construction, by Dirk E. Hebel and Felix Heisel (Basel: Birkhäuser, 2017), p. 139. 10
24
Rebecca Maloney, Hy-Fi Reinvents the Brick, digital photograph, Arup, 25 June 2014, <https://www.arup.com/news-andevents/hyfi-reinvents-the-brick> [accessed 18 January 2020]. Fig.1
25
2.1.3. Mycelium in Construction:
Inferences
With a more direct focus on mycelium
structural geometry for “low strength”
and construction in architecture with
materials could maximise its load
reference to the scope of this paper,
bearing capacity. The fungal building
The MycoTree Project by architect
blocks were able to withstand pressure
Dirk Hebel and engineer Philippe
and stabilise each other and was further
Block, and Mycelium Tectonics by
inferred that mycelium shows potential
Gianluca Tabellini act as the two
of bearing higher loads than steel.14
main precedents for this dissertation.
devising
Tectonics, led at the University of Bologna,
bamboo grid as a supporting framework,
investigates
the
fungi’s
potential to make structures utilising
MycoTree demonstrates the possibility
mycelia infused with hemp strands
to hold up a building, or part of
supported by plywood and threaded
one, with mycelium construction.
rods. When mycelium development
This sustainability project was a between
that
A theory venture titled Mycelium
At 3 meters high, with a 4x4 meter
collaboration
showed
is seen through the hemp filaments,
researchers
the hanging strands become structural
at Karlsruhe Institute of Technology
and the supporting rods are removed
and the Block Research Group at the
to make a self upheld structure
Swiss Federal Institute of Technology,
with
Zürich.13 The two established designers
variable
material
densities.15
It is important to note that although
created a self-supporting structure
neither of the two projects test the
made entirely out of waste materials,
use of mycelium as an adhesive in
bound with mycelium.
construction, their results show that the
Felix Heisel and others, ‘Design of a Load-bearing Mycelium Structure through Informed Structural Engineering: The MycoTree at the 2017 Seoul Biennale of Architecture and Urbanism’, (2016), <https://www.researchgate.net/publication/320443920_Design_of_a_load-bearing_mycelium_structure_through_informed_structural_engineering_The_MycoTree_at_the_2017_Seoul_Biennale_of_Architecture_and_Urbanism> [accessed 5 May 2019]. 14 Amy Frearson, ‘Tree-shaped Structure Shows how Mushroom Roots could be used to Create Buildings’ Dezeen, (2017), <https://www.dezeen.com/2017/09/04/mycotree-dirk-hebel-philippe-block-mushroom-mycelium-building-structure-seoul-biennale/> [accessed 18 December 2019]. 15 Gianluca Tabellini, ‘Mycelium Tectonics’ (unpublished doctoral thesis, University of Bologna, 2015), in Database of UniBO Institutional Theses Repository <https://amslaurea.unibo.it/8539/> [accessed 25 September 2019]. 13
26
material has meaningful levels of
2.1.4. Mycelium as an Adhesive:
compressive and tensile strengths,
P. ostreatus is widely found grown on
which can be experimented with in
hardwood trees due to its high affiliation
further studies and supports the inquiry
to wood, this is probably why this
of this intended project.
species also goes by the name of Oystertree mushroom making it all the more
Identifying what species of mushroom
a suitable choice for inoculation with
would be most appropriate to my
bamboo wood for this project.
project was a straightforward ignition towards my research. On carrying
Recent studies have experimentally
out literary reviews on a wide range
demonstrated the heterotrophic, nutrient-
of
Oyster
absorbing property of mycelium where
Mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus), was
the fungal hyphae when cultured in
decided upon. Its mycelia are one
timber not only used the material as a
among the fastest growing species of
nutritional substrate but also formed
mushroom and is also considered to
a strong bond between two pieces of
be the safest for indoor cultivation as
timber, once dried and baked. This bond
it has been previously experimented
formation is a result of the mycelium
with.
eating away a significant layer of the
species
of
mycelium,
substrate on which it seeks its nutrients
“The fungus is renewable; using it involves growing a resource rather than depleting one”
from, before it begins to grow into and engulf the material substrate wholly, thereby creating a firm attachment. This ‘eating away’ property of the mycelium
- Sabastian Cox
27
due to a possible chemical reaction
break down cellulose to simpler
set out by the enzymes unfolds an
glucose
interesting possibility of an adhesive
choosing a cellulose-rich substrate
property of the fungi.
would make a practical choice18 and
molecules.
Therefore,
be beneficial to the mycelial growth. Owing to its innate instinct of serving
Plants generally have an antifungal
as a natural decomposer. mycelium
compound to prevent foreign growth
will grow on any substrate it is
within its cells. Hemp plants however,
subjected to. However, as seen in the
do not have this compound and use
literary works by Phil Ross, “there
a waxy layer as a measure against
are many ways to alter the quality of
infection, which can be easily worn
fungus-based materials as they are
out by sterilisation,19 thus making
growing, and many variables that can
hemp fibres a viable substrate. Added
be used to push/pull the organism
to this, hemp fibres are cellulose-rich
towards
outcome”.16
and research shows that fungi adhere
Different morphological results can
well to it. Ecovative Design, a biotech
be obtained by growing the mycelium
company that manufactures mycelium
in varied substrates, some common
byproducts, have successfully been
examples are cardboard, sawdust,
using dehydrated hemp fibres as their
paper, coffee grain. Key factors to bear
main mycelium substrate since 2007.20
a
desired
in mind while choosing an appropriate substrate for the mycelium composite are as follows. Fungi gets its nutrients from glucose17 and has the ability to Phil Ross, ‘Fungal Mycelium Bio-materials’, in Cultivated Building Materials: Industrialised Natural Resource for Architecture and Construction, by Dirk E. Hebel and Felix Heisel (Basel: Birkhäuser, 2017), p. 139. 16
R.J.J. Lelivelt, ‘The Mechanical Possibilities of Mycelium Materials’ (unpublished doctoral thesis, Eindhoven University of Technology, 2015), p. 74. 18 Tradd Cotter, interviewed by Tracy Frisch on ‘Mycoremediation’ (2014). 19 R.J.J. Lelivelt, ‘The Mechanical Possibilities of Mycelium Materials’ (unpublished doctoral thesis, Eindhoven University of Technology, 2015), p. 74. 20 GROW.bio, ‘Grow It Yourself Material’, 2016 <https://grow.bio/collections/shop> [accessed 18 October 2019]. 21 Maxim Lobovikov and others, Non-Wood Forest Products: World Bamboo Resources, 18th end (Rome: FOA of The United States, 2007), p. 1. 17
28
2.2. Background on Bamboo
Bamboo is found grown in clusters throughout
the
world’s
tropical,
2.2.1. Bamboo as a Natural Resource:
subtropical and mild temperate regions
The bamboos are evergreen perennial
and like mycelium, has the capacity
flowering plants in the subfamily
to adapt to its surroundings26 and can
Bambusoideae of the grass family
be harvested anywhere in the world,
Poaceae.21 In its natural form, bamboo
including extreme climatic conditions.
is a cylindrical pole or culm with over 1200 species worldwide. As a rhizome
Enhanced by the densely concentrated
(grass), with a rapid material growth,
fibres within the culm, increasing from
reaching unto a maximum height of 30
the centre outwards, the bamboo cylinder
meters within a year22 it takes between
is made stronger due to this high fibre
3-5 years, depending on the species, to
deposition at the nodal sections, enabling
reach its optimal structural properties.
it to withstand higher levels of stress. The efficiency of the cross section is the result
Holding a world record for being the
of millions of years of evolution and is
fastest growing plant, with a Japanese
an indication that bamboo is naturally a
species growing approximately 1.2
structural form.27
meters in a span of 24 hours23 the potential
This is a result of bamboo putting in all
to emerge as a suitable sustainable
its energy to in its height rather than girth.
substitute to timber24 whose increasing
To account for this lack of secondary
worldwide
growth (thickness of the stem), the grass
renewable
material
demand
has
is
inversely
deposits sclerenchymatous fibres along
exponential to its depletion rate.25
Walter Liese and Arthur Weiner, ‘Ageing of Bamboo Culms’, Wood Science and Technology, 30.2 (1996), 77-89 (p. 77). Dhenesh Raj and Bindu Agarwal, ‘Bamboo as a Building Material’, Journal of Civil Engineering and Environmental Technology, 1.3 (2014), 56-61 (p. 57). 24 Bhavna Sharma and others, ‘Engineered Bamboo: State of the Art’, Construction Materials, 168.CM2 (2015), 57-67 (p. 59). 25 Lloyd C. Ireland, ‘Is Timber Scarce?’, Yale School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, 83.1 (2016), (1-97) p. 12. 26 Hossain M.F and others, ‘Multipurpose Uses of Bamboo Plants: A Review’, International Research Journal of Biological Sciences, 4.12 (2015), 57-60 (p. 57). 27 David Trujillo, Michael Ramage and Wen-Shao Chang, ‘Lightly Modified Bamboo for Structural Applications’, Construction Materials, 166.CM4 (2013), 238-47 (p. 238). 22 23
29
its culm to maximise its mechanical
Recently, a new generation of bamboo
support. This is what gives the bamboo
construction byproducts are being
stalk its high strength. This gives
developed and tested to be used in
bamboo superior tensile properties
different ways. However, it can be
over wood.28
argued that it is counterproductive to transform an already sustainable
2.2.2. Applications of Bamboo:
material though a series of energy
Every part of the bamboo plant, at
and resource intensive processes into
every stage of its growth cycle can be
creating these such byproducts in
used for human needs. No other plant is
construction.29 The aim is therefore to
more versatile than the bamboo when it
employ bamboo at its highest structural
comes to uses. Its pulp is used to make
performance in its natural form.
paper and handicrafts, young culms can
2.2.3. Disadvantages of Bamboo:
be used for gardening purposes while
Although
older ones are used in scaffolding.
examples
of
bamboo
construction continue to increase,
In the east, where bamboo is grown
the use of the material in the design
abundantly, the people believe it to be
and engineering is limited by several
sacred. The applications are endless,
factors. First, the natural material
ranging from being a nutritious food
itself varies in geometry and material
source to being used as a weapon in ancient times.
properties, between species, within
“Bamboo is a symbol of the harmony between nature and human.”
culm.30 Additionally, the material is
- Michael Ramage
connections a challenge31 and in most
a species itself, and within a single round or elliptical in form, which makes joints and connections difficult. The stem is (generally) hollow, making
Michael Ramage, interviewed by Chris Smith on ‘Building with Bamboo’ (2014). David Trujillo, Michael Ramage and Wen-Shao Chang, ‘Lightly Modified Bamboo for Structural Applications’, Construction Materials, 166.CM4 (2013), 238-47 (p. 238). 30 Ibid. p. 241. 31 Tiejun Wang and others, ‘Encoding Bamboo’s Nature for Freeform Structural Design’, International Journal of Architectural Computing, 15.2 (2017), 168-182 (p. 170). 28 29
30
bamboo
architecture,
the
strength
of the culm is lost due to weak joint design. Traditional joinery techniques, although
practical,
suffer
from
weakness or deformation.32 Moreover, unlike other material construction, bamboo cannot be nailed down as easily as timber as that causes splitting, therefore weakening the culm. Successful bamboo design relies on the acknowledgement of its physical and mechanical properties to influence its joint detailing which can increase the efficiency of its overall architecture. Bamboo in its natural form is a light material that is comparable in strength to steel in tension and concrete in compression, yet acceptance is limited by the variance in cross-section and mechanical properties.33 As an
anisotropic material which
means a material having varied values of a property in all directions,34 it should be noted that its strength depends on the species and the direction of growth Jules J.A. Janssen, Designing and Building with Bamboo, (Netherlands: International Network for Bamboo and Rattan, 2000), p.90. 33 Adrian Beukers and Otto Bergsma, ‘Lightness: Light, Lighter, Bamboo?’, 2004), JSME International Journal, 47.4 (2004), 533-40 (p. 535). 34 Bhavna Sharma and others, ‘Engineered Bamboo for Structural Applications’, Construction and Building Materials, 81.1 (2015), 66-73 (p. 70). 32
31
32
that is considered. Bamboo’s strength is found in the longitudinal direction through lignin fibres, which makes it strong in tension and compression but weaker transverse to the fibre direction. In short, not all species of bamboo are suitable for construction, the ones that can be are difficult to use in connections. In a direct dialogue with architectural design, bamboo limitations include large overhangs, and congested clusters (figure 2) at the point of joint detailing, also that best results require skilled workmanship, which is expensive. It cannot be used in extreme climatic conditions as it will deteriorate faster. 2.2.4. Bamboo, Towards my Dissertation: Similar to mycelium, although the properties of bamboo list the material as a sustainable choice in building Fig. 2. Bamboo Pavillion at Shanghai Expo 2010 joint detail
construction, the lack of reliable research on its resources and utilisation limits their potential as a biomaterial.35 Bamboo contains starch and therefore
Ibid. Cathrine Warmann, Shanghai Expo 2010 Pavilions, digital photograph, Dezeen, 18 January 2020].
35
Fig.2
33
makes it delicious to insects, the material should thus be treated. Some species are sweeter than others and will therefore be more prone to insect attacks. Treatment can lower the starch content in the bamboo and make it durable for construction.36 It is also known that like any other organic material, bamboo is affected by fungi which means it requires to be treated before used. However, for the hypothesis of this dissertation, if manipulated well and with the correct species of mycelium subject to the bamboo, the bamboo-mycelium aim of this paper may be achieved.
36
Gernot Minke, Building with Bamboo, (Basel: Birkhäuser, 2012), p. 43.
34
35
03 CHAPTER THREE EXPERIMENTATION
3.1. Priliminary Experiments 3.1.1. Methodologies: One of the main advantages of mycelium as a material is that is easy to grow, therefore can be made available locally. As a first-time, home-grown
mushroom
mycelium
cultivator, however, it is important to realise that although easy to grow, mycelium cultivation requires practice and patience to familiarise oneself with the material and add to the theoretical growth protocol. My first experiment was to simply culture oyster mushroom mycelium in different substrates to add another layer of knowledge to the theory studied. Advancing from this, I will test what combination of the mycelium and substrate would yield positive results of mycelium growth. This exploration was carried forward in two methods: Material Composite and Dehydrated Mycelium.
38
• Method I, Material Composite:
• Method II, Dehydrated Mycelium:
A patent on culturing mycelium by the
Another methodology, is a process by
material composite method involves
which hydrated mycelium composite
growing the mushroom (source) in an
containing a minimum of one substrate,
admixture of other materials (substrate)
mostly made of fibres, are enriched with
that the mycelium can feed off and
nutrients to encourage the initial tissue
develop from. The source and the
growth of mycelium. The composite is
substrate(s) eventually bond together
then dehydrated and weighed down to
to form a single material.37 The chosen
a moisture content <50% of its original
substrate is disinfected and later
weight and stored. This stops the growth
combined with the source, after which
of mycelium until the composite is
it is set aside for incubation. This is a
rehydrated. Once re-hydrated using a
straightforward method of mimicking
mixture of water and flour to activate
the natural growth cycle of mushroom
the mycelium, the composite may
in a controlled environment, with an
be cast into a desired form. This is a
ideal temperature range of 24-27°C,
method devised specially for mycelium
away from direct sunlight and with
product fabrication and can also be
adequate moisture content. Depending
easily
on the species of mycelium and external
The entire substrate may be expected
conditions, mycelium growth may be
to be colonised within 2 weeks post
observed within 3-4 days and may take
rehydration. This dry composite is
up to 5 weeks before the substrate is
manufactured on a large sale by the
thoroughly colonised. This method
American company, Ecovative Design,
is generally practiced by small scale
who hold the patent to this product.38
farmers, fungi and garden enthusiasts for mushroom cultivation as gourmet food produce.
39
recycled
and
decomposed.
3.2. Main Experiments 3.2.1. Experiment One: Growing the Mycelium Irrespective of the method followed in mycelium cultivation, once the fungal network has wholly digested the substrate, the mycelium will sprout mushrooms if left beyond a 6 week period, continuing onto the next stage of its growth cycle. Therefore, when the mycelium has grown into a thick layer of densely interwoven fibrous network, it can either be used as a mycelium source for further cultivation, or it can be baked at a low temperature of 40-50°C to kill the mycelium, ceases further development and result in an end product. As part of my project, the material composite method was first carried out using oyster mushrooms as a source of mycelium cultured in a variety of
substrates,
namely,
cardboard,
shredded paper, straw and coffee grain.
Fig. 3. Images showing mycelium growth on a range of substrates, from top left to bottom right: cardboard, coffee grain, paper and straw
40
41
This method was also then carried out using oyster mushroom spawns as a source of mycelium. The latter produced mycelium at a faster rate when comparisons were drawn. Note: the experiments were done in a home environment. • Aim: The aim is firstly to grow mycelium in
different
substrates
to
get
a
deeper understanding of how the material responds to its surroundings and then establish a relationship between bamboo and mycelium by testing bamboo as a viable substrate. • Process: The
substrates
first
need
to
be
autoclaved or sterilised. Since I did not have access to an autoclaving machine, I placed the substrate on a sieve, pouring hot water through it, to help kill any microbes, spores, or viruses that could contaminate the composite. Additionally, this provides the substrate with moisture required
Fig. 4. Mycelium growth observed as a thick cloud of hyphae,
42
for mycelium growth. Sterilisation
oyster mushroom spawns. Mycelium
is an essential step that further
growth was observed in each of the
gives mycelium the advantage over
samples at different growth rates and
competing organisms to germinate
at varying consistencies. Using this
a
was
method of cultivation was an effective
then left to cool down. Using 70%
way of understanding the morphology
Ethanol to sterilise any equipment,
and physiology of the fungus which
containers, gloves used, and ensuring
further helped in developing the next
that the environment is kept as sterile
phase in my experiment.
substrate.
The
composite
as possible, alternate layers of the substrate and mycelium source were
To support my intention of using
arranged into a sterile container. The
mycelium as a bonding agent in bamboo
container was then bound by cling
construction, the next step involved
film with punctured holes to allow the
examining bamboo as a suitable
sample to breathe.
substrate to culture mycelium. This was done by the material composite
In the tests that used oyster mushroom
method, using bamboo as the substrate
as the source, there were very sparse
to determine whether the mycelium
mycelium growth observed along
would show an affiliation with bamboo
with visible levels of contamination
as it does with wood. Inference from
in
this test would help identify whether
the
substrates
independently.
Due to contamination, the
first
further experiments to study bamboo-
batch of mycelium cultivation was
mycelium adhesion and if it would be
unsuccessful. The experiment was then
viable.
repeated using the same four substrates • Results:
individually, changing the source to
When subject to bamboo, mycelium
43
mycelium growth was observed as a
The experiment involves growing
thick white layer with thorough densely
the mycelium in a similar manner,
woven
completely
by designing a setup where the steel
engulfing the stem. When gently pulled
node and bamboo end reinforcement
apart, it was noticed that separation
are replaced with mycelium. This type
of the bamboo-mycelium bond was
of joint is one of the most common
difficult.
types
fibres
almost
of
connection
in
bamboo-
steel architecture. It is important to 3.2.2. Experiment Two: Formulating
emphasise here that the connection
a Connection:
(if any) between the mycelium and
The approach towards this experiment
bamboo would not be as strong as in
setup was straightforward. In order
the steel joint system, but could lead to
to test bamboo and mycelium in
the investigation of using mycelium as
combination, a method was developed
a binder.
to allow for the mycelium to grow around bamboo, by which it would
• Aim:
also also attach itself onto the stem,
The main objective of this pilot
thereby creating a connection. For
experiment is to investigate whether
this, I studied traditional and modern
the crucial components of a main
bamboo joinery techniques.37 Drawing
study will be feasible. To formulate
inspiration from the simple single
a connection between two pieces of
planar joint design, which offers the
bamboo using mycelium.
bamboo pieces to be arranged on a single plane, using steel nodes and a
• Process:
bamboo end reinforcement system, an
To do this, parts of 40x40 mm boxes
arrangement connecting mycelium and
were laser cut from 4mm acrylic
bamboo is formalised.
sheets to create a mould (container) to
Wang, Tiejun and others, ‘Encoding Bamboo’s Nature for Freeform Structural Design’, International Journal of Architectural Computing, 15.2 (2017), 168-182 (p. 173) 37
44
culture the mycelium in. Two opposite surfaces of the cube were cut with a 15mm diameter circle at its centre, to allow the bamboo stems ranging in diameter from approximately 8-10mm, 35mm in length
to be fed into the
container from either end, thus creating a linear junction. The dimensions of the acrylic mould was based on the size of the bamboo that was used, so as to maintain an appropriate proportion between the two materials. The individual acrylic surfaces were then taped together in place to create a top-open box, rather than gluing the pieces together using a plastic weld so the box could be easily detached by peeling off the tape once mycelium colonisation is achieved. Supported by Appendix I, in order to test any difference in the quality of adherence between the two surfaces and investigate factors that may increase or decrease this adhesion, a variable in the experiment directed
Fig. 5 & 6. Approximately 5cm long bamboo stem with flat end shape (type 1) and angled (type 2) shape, done using band saw and then sanded down
45
46
• Test I, Dehydrated Mycelium:
at identifying the factors influencing the adhesion was to use two different end cuts of the bamboo specimen,
Source:
where one bamboo end shape was cut
Mycelium.
Ecovative
Dehydrated
experiment,
it
flat (type 1) and the other end shape was with a bevel edge (type 2). The
For
bamboo used in these experiments
appropriate to follow the cultivating
is garden bamboo with an average
method by Ecovative- with a faster and
diameter of 9mm. The bevel cut would
more consistent growth rate of stiff
maximise the internal cell structure
mycelium compared to the material
cross section exposed, thus increasing
composite technique. Reiterating the
the
the
intention to challenge mycelium as
exposed bamboo and the mycelium,
an binder, it is imperative to follow
which could possibly result in a strong
a cultivating method by which the
bond formation at the surface.
mycelium growth remained consistent
surface
friction
between
this
seemed
throughout the sample, which would The experiment was done twice as
then make it easier to quantify the
there was no success in mycelium
strength of the bond through further
growth at the first attempt. In the first
testing. After sterilising the acrylics
test, dehydrated mycelium method
with 70% Ethanol, the hemp fibre
was used, the second test followed the
composite was rehydrated by adding a
material composite method using the
mixture of water and flour to activate
dehydrated fibres as its source, thus
the mycelium and filled into the boxes
using a combination of the knowledge
with the two bamboo pieces separated
of both the methods studied in chapter
by a 5mm gap between them. Six
3.2.1. Growing the Mycelium.
samples of both types were repeated.
47
TYPE 1
TYPE 2
40x40mm acrylic mould
mycelium substrate
type 1 and type two bamboo Fig. 7. Illustrations showing the experiment steps using the two types of bamboo cuts
Bamboo
Acrylic
Mycelium
48
TYPE 1
TYPE 2
mycelium and bamboo set up
acrylic removed post colinisation
mycelium growth in the desired shape Fig. 8. Illustrations showing the experiment steps using the two types of bamboo cuts
Bamboo
Acrylic
Mycelium
49
Without distorting the bamboo, the sample was then carefully wrapped in cling film, concealing the box around its six surfaces with punctured holes on the top to allow gas exchange. The samples were stored away from direct sunlight, in the boiler room at a temperature range of 19-21°C. • Test I Results: Although Ecovative GIY pack was used, the desired and expected outcome was not retrieved. The batch was possibly faulty and the temperature may have been lower than desired for mycelium growth. There was no sign of mycelium growth observed even two weeks after set up. There was no indication of contamination. When the parts of the acrylic box were removed, the sample was found not to have taken the shape of the container and crumbled.
Fig. 8. Unsuccessful at mycelium cultivation, substrate disintigrated on removal of the acrylis mould
50
• Test II, Material Composite: Source: Oyster Mushroom Spawns. Substrate:
Ecovative
Dehydrated
Mycelium. With the hope of achieving mycelium growth, the same experiment procedure was repeated. The material composite protocol was followed, using the Ecovative fibres as a substrate and oyster mushroom spawns were added into the composite as a mycelium source. After
sterilisation,
the
composite
was fed into the boxes with two bamboo
specimen
respectively.
Six samples each of both bamboo end shapes were used. Wrapped in clingfilm, with holes to allow for gas exchange, they were stored away from direct sunlight, increasing the temperature range to 22-24°C. On full colinisation, once the acrylics were off, the samples were baked at 40°C.
Fig. 9. Repeating the experiment with extra mycelium spores to encourage growth
53
• Test II Results: Mycelium growth was observed within three days of setup and complete colonisation was seen after 25 days. When the acrylic box was removed, the material was found to have taken the form of the box, creating a mycelium cube, holding the bamboo stems in place. Although the mycelium growth was
consistent,
differences
were
found in the adhesion between the two different bamboo end cuts. All 12 samples showed some sign of bamboomycelium connection initially- when placed on a surface. When each sample was suspended by holding one end of the stem, all type 1 bamboo sticks detached itself from the mycelium and the connection was broken. Type 2 samples however, remained connected after being held by one end. The increase in cross sectional surface area of the bamboo possibly helped in creating a more intact connection. To check how strong or weak the connection of the type 2 samples were, tests were done to quantify their strength.
Fig. 10. Successful mycelium cultivation, in combination with bamboo to create a joint
54
3.2.3. Experiment Three: Quantifying the Strength: Appendix 4 demonstrates the next phase
involved
with
preliminary
strength tests on the samples that showed positive results of mycelium adhesion.
By
suspending
weights
incrementally from the two ends of the bamboo, taking into consideration the weight of the bamboo and mycelium itself, the point at which the join breaks would help calculate the strength of the bamboo-mycelium joint. The samples were then put through a tensile pull test using the machine at Advanced Metallurgy Laboratory in Bangalore, India to accurately quantify the strength of the mycelium-bamboo bond. • Aim: To test the tensile strength of the mycelium and bamboo joint on a Tensile Test Machine. • Process: The test process involves placing the
Fig. 11. Images showing the ‘before’ and ‘after’ stages of mycelium colonisation
57
specimen in the testing machine and
y (N)
slowly extending it until it fractures. The two opposite ends of the bamboo are gripped on machine as shown in
48
the figures. At the rate of speed of 1
36
mm per minute, the force stretching the
24
specimen is incremental increased. The
12
force acting on the specimen to cause the rupture corresponds to the force the
0
specimen can withstand. The value of
2
6
10
6
10
6
10
x (mm)
Fig. 12. Graph sample A
the force acting on the specimen, at the point just before its rupture, quantifies
y (N)
its tensile strength. The test was repeated on three bevel cut end type 2
48
specimen to find an average reading of the tensile strength. Due to laboratory
36
restrictions, I was not allowed to take
24
photographs of the test on the machine.
12
• Results: Inferences from the experiment in
0
2
x (mm)
Fig. 13. Graph sample B
Appendix II showed that the type 2
y (N)
samples were able to bear a load up to 95g, much higher than what was expected. For the Tensile pull test,
48
the results, as seen in the graphs,
36 24 12 0
2
Fig. 14. Graph sample C
58
x (mm)
on average was equal to 49N. X-axis: displacement (meters), Y-axis: load (newtons). Where N = newtons and 1N is the force to accelerate one kilogram of mass at the rate of one metre per second squared in the direction of the force applied. This experiment showed that there was some level of strength in the connection in using mycelium as a binder for bamboo however it is difficult to draw comparisons in terms of the strength of this bond in relation to other materials, for example, steel. A study comparing the tensile strengths of steel and bamboo, stated that the tensile strength per unit weight of bamboo was three to four times higher than that of steel. For the purpose of my experiment however, there was clear evidence of adhesion seen in the bamboo-mycelium joint, with some levels of strength which is a promising start for further investigation.
59
Fig. 15. Series of photograph showing the bamboo-mycelium connection
04 CHAPTER CHAPTER FOUR TWO BACKGROUND CONCLUSION
The
methodologies
developed
by
Now that I have a clearer understanding
cultivating mycelium through this
of mycelium as a material and how
project allowed an understanding of
it grows, if I were to take this project
the tectonic properties of material. The
further, I would repeat similar versions
successes and failures in this paper
of
is the starting point of a new aspect
experiment using a slightly bigger
of mycelium that can encourage new
diameter of bamboo in order to be able
research on its material properties.
to shape the ends and length of the
Although there were parts of the
bamboo to maximise surface area for
experiment that could have been done
the mycelium to attach itself onto. The
differently, now that I know how things
10mm diameter bamboo used in the
work, the exploration showed that
experiments was too small to carry out
mycelium does have potential to be used
different techniques to test new ways
as an adhesive in wood construction
that lead to stronger joint connections.
the
bamboo-mycelium
joinery
with success. Overall, my experiments have shown that using mycelium as
Following that, it would be useful
an adhesive allowed the bamboo-
to conduct larger scale experiments,
mycelium joint to resist an average load
using the species of bamboo used
of 49 newtons. However, in terms of
in construction, for example, Moso
the strength of the bond formed, it was
bamboo (Phyllostachys edulis) rather
difficult to understand it with respect
than garden bamboo, to see if the load
to appropriate comparisons as the
bearing capacity and tensile force
number of variables and possibilities
properties remain or are changed in
of the findings of papers published are
anyway, and if this adhesion system
relative to their own context, due to
works, it would be tested for real-size
research lacking on this specific topic.
structures in architecture.
64
Reflecting on my experiment results,
the
in terms of the strength of the bamboo-
potentially useful levels of strength- a
mycelium connection, the strength of
promising start for further investigation
the connection in the experiments may
of the tectonic properties of mycelium
have been due to the high cellulose
in architecture.
content in the mycelium composite, which comes from its cellulose rich substrate. Cellulose is a polysaccharide of glucose
molecules. Due to the
arrangement of its molecules, cellulose itself is a very strong and rigid material. The strength of the mycelium therefore relies on its cellulose content (the binder) to make it stronger, allowing for a successful bamboo-mycelium connection. It is therefore fair to say that the high strength of mycelium to withstand forces and having the potential to act as an adhesive possibly comes from the high binding capacity of the cellulose. For the first time, this project has demonstrated that there is a clear evidence of positive adhesion seen in
65
bamboo-mycelium
joint,
with
APPENDIX I Supporting Experiment 2 Aim: To check if exposing the internal structure of the bamboo stem would result in a more dense mycelium growth. Process: There are four samples set up as shown in the diagrams and photographs. Two samples use bamboo that has been skinned down and the remaining two use bamboo with the outer skin intact. Skinning down the bamboo exposes its internal layer and increases friction. Both samples look similar but the bamboo that has been skinned down is slightly lighter in colour. 8-10mm garden bamboo was used for this test. Step 1: Remove the cling film without disturbing the bamboo pieces. Step 2: Please samples on a sterile surface and remove acrylic box by first peeling off the tape from all its surfaces, the acrylic was then easily detach itself easily.
Fig. 16.Illustrations of diagram set up
Bamboo
Acrylic
Mycelium
66
Step 3: Cut a section through the centre of the
bamboo culm to increase adhesion and
bamboo along the length of the samples
friction.
as shown in diagrams. Step 4: Note the observations. Was there any difference between the myceliumbamboo connection in the two samples? Step 5: Ideally, there should be four cross sections along the length (two cross sections from each sample) unless the sample was damaged/ mycelium was not grown throughout. Step 6: If at least one cross section in each sample type is retrieved, the test can be repeated on the remaining samples for comparative purposes. Results: There was a higher deposition and density of mycelium network on the surface with the outer skin of the bamboo peeled off. This was possibly because of the frictional increase between the two materials. If used in a bigger scale, it may also be worth drilling holes into the
Bamboo
Acrylic
Mycelium
67
APPENDIX II Supporting Experiment 2 Aim: To check if bamboo-mycelium connection can resist a force. Process: The idea here was to suspend loads from the ends of the bamboomycelium sample by inceasing equal loads on both sides incrementally. Using an electronic weighing scale, I first noted the weight of the sample which was equal to 15g on average. Thus needed to support weights lower than 15g as a starting point. ‘Jenga’ blocks were used
L1
as the load, which were equal to 5g.
L2
Step 1: After complete colonisation, bake the mycelium sample at a low temperature till moisture level is down. Allow to airdry. Step 2: Please sample on a sturdy object as shown in the figure.
Fig. 17. .Illustrations of diagram set up
Bamboo
Acrylic
Mycelium
68
Step 3: Place sample on a sturdy object, higher than the surface level a as shown in the figure. Step 4: Tie a thread on either end of the sample on the bamboo ends equidistant from the end of the mycelium cube. Refer figure. Step 5: Tie the block to the free end of the string and adjust the distance of the string in the bamboo so the sample remains stable. Step 6: Add multiple blocks by the same process till myclium-bamboo connection breaks to find out its strength. Results: On adding the blocks as loads on either end incrementally, I found that the sample was able to withstand a load of 95g. This was higher than expected.
Bamboo
Acrylic
Mycelium
69
Books
BIBLIOGRAPHY
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