ARC 4010
HISTORY OF MODERN ARCHITECTURE BALPREET SINGH S18152318
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CONTENTS WHAT IS MODERNISM............................................PAG.4 PRE-RAPHAELITES...................................................PAG.5 ST. PHILIP CATHEDRAL..........................................PAG.6-7 BAUHAUS.............................................................PAG.8-9 UNITE D’HABITATION...................................... PAG.10-13 ITALIAN MODERNISM......................................PAG.14-17 AVANT GARDE..................................................PAG.18-19 HOT MODERNISM CRITICAL REGIONALISM ...PAG. 20-21 BIRMINGHAM CENTRAL LIBRARY....................PAG. 22-23 FRANK LYOD WRIGHT......................................PAG. 24-25 TRANSCULTURAL SPACES................................PAG. 26-27
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WHAT IS MODERNISM? Modernism, includes the activities and creations of those who felt the traditional forms of art, architecture, literature, religious faith, philosophy, social organization, activities of daily life, and sciences, were becoming ill-fitted to their tasks and outdated in the new economic, social, and political environment of an emerging fully industrialized world. MAIN ASPECTS:
1.Development of Industry: technological growth, following the discovery of electricity, 2.Spread of Health: greater well-being for all and the creation of a nation-state able to care for its population allows the opening of hospitals. 3.Education for all: the new industrial era requires workers with a minimum of literacy; moreover through the school now is possible to transmit its values. 4.Origin of raw materials from all over the world. 5.Increase of power of the bourgeois class. Asserting of Science as the only discipline able to explain reality (the legacy of Positivism).
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PRE-RAPHAELITES They were a group of painters, art poets of the arts in English, with the first ones starting in 1848. It consisted of 7 works and then reached a wider public. The main objective of these artists was to oppose those artists who succeeded Raffaello and Micehlangelo. They thought that these artists had properly educated future artists. They refused classical poses and classic paintings of these artists but wanted a return to detail intense colors and very complex compositions. This is why the name was first of Raffaello. To spread their ideas they also published a periodical called The Germ.
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ST. PHILIP CATHEDRAL The Cathedral Church of St Philip is in Birmingham and the element that attracts any Faithful or a visitor is the large windows. They depict three scenes from the life and death of Christ, the Nativity, Crucifixion and Ascension and the Last Judgement.They were designed by Edward Burne-Jones between 1885 and 1891.
THE ASCENSION
The window of ascension, as can be seen in the figure, is horizontally divided by a band of clouds. Above them is depicted Christ who rises to heaven and is surrounded by angels The lower part of the window contains twelve people. The scene includes Mary and two disciples dressed in white and two wearing blue.
THE NATIVITY
The window of the Nativity side of a triptych of three s glass windows. The windo into two parts. The lower part includes th sus, Mary his mother, Jose and angels. The upper secti other hand, includes a sce gels, shepherds, sheep and the upper part of the wind a number of angels with re
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y is the left stained ow is divided
he child Jeeph tion, on the ene of and trees. dow depicts ed wings.
Edward Coley Burne-Jones was born in 1833 in Birmingham. His father was a carver, framer and gilder. Burne-Jones developed his artistic sensibility observing his father's trade. He attended King Edward's Grammar School on New Street and went to Oxford University to study for the church. Here he developed a lasting friendship with William Morris and both they have become artists. Burne-Jones was a painter, but soon he also created colored glass.
THE CROCEFISSION
Jesus is nailed to a large cross that attracts the observer from the image foot to the head and arms of Christ. He wears a crown of thorns and a lanyard with a leaf motif. Clouds are represented as circles and visually connect with the turbans of the people below.
LAST JUDDGMENT
The Last Window portrays the Last Judgment at the end of the world. The Archangel Michael, dressed in red with powerful red wings, is depicted in movement through the window blowing a long golden horn. Above him, dressed in white, Christ wears a crown of green thorns and an intense red halo. Sitting on a rainbow throne, look down. Both his hands showed her wounds caused by the nails that were stuck7 in 7 his palms.
BAUHAUS
Bauhaus, originally Staatlitch Bauhaus, was a school of architecture, art and sau from 1925 to 1932 and in Berlin from 1932 to 1933 . iCreated by Walter indicating the lodge of masons. It is a school, but it is also the fundamental reference point for all the factor alism, which are part of the so-called modern movement . His teachers, who culture and the educational experience of the school will influence artistic a creating a new human being. But also, to create buildings of the future.
WASSILY CHAIR This product got my attention because only two materials were used to create a product of maximum comfort. The metal, which is subsequently polished, reflects the light. Moreover it gives a sense of continuity as if it was a single piece. Then the black color of the leather contrasts with the color of the metal. creating a perfect combination of the two materials. A very simple and linear product without excessive decorations and without the use of expensive materials, giving a revolution for future products.
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d design in Germany operating in Weimar from 1919 to 1925, in Desr Gropius, the term Bauhaus recalled the medieval word Bauhütte,
rs of innovation in the field of design and architecture and functiono belong to different nationalities, are prominent figures in European and technical teaching to date. The aim was to change the society by
BRAUN CALCULATOR AND IPHONE CALCULATOR We all know how big is Apple’s empire, but how did they reach such a big success? As we look closer to some simple apps on the IPhone, we discovered that the calculator on the device is very similar to the Braun ET44 calculator. Apple designer Jonathan Ive used the product as it is very simple to use, very clear it and a small detail is that all buttons are black expect for the equal which is yellow. This is because the yellow color gives us a sense of orientation, as a solution to our problems. That’s why the Apple’s designer was inspired by ET44.
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UNITE D’HABITATION
LOCATION The Unit, designed as a “vertical garden-city”, contrary to the construction of chalets, was planned on four different sites before finding its place on the Boulevard Michelet, Cité radieuse Le Corbusier 280, in the “elegant neighbourhoods” of Marseille, France.
HISTORY Unite D'habitation was built in 1951. Followed the structure of Le Corbusiers ‘Five Points of Architecture’, which he applied to his other projects. Planning for Unite D'habitation took place after the end of WW2. Due to financial limitations, the construction took five years to complete instead of 12 months. The Unite D’habitation includes 337 apartments within it, which can accommodate 1,600 residents, it also conducts two shopping street, hotel and a rooftop
This buildings main elevation contains a chain of balconies and integrated windows which disclose the spacing of the internal floor plates. Le Corbusier used a proportional measuring system which preceded the “Modular Man” concept. Le Corbusier stated, “a machine, a piece of furniture or a newspaper are extensions of man. And architecture, and as a result every object created for man, must not only impact on a mental or emotional level but also on a more physical or bodily level”. This is a universal system of proportions designed to merge maths, human form and architecture into a solitary structure. 11
INTERIOR The building contains multiple styles of apartments, catering for singles, to family with four children. There are 23 different styles of apartments with individual apartments. Altogether there are twelve stories excluding the undercroft and the roof terrace, with interlocking sections whihc has a central access corridor, this grid designed also provided sound proof walls. Each apartment is of the duplex type, that is arranged on two different levels connected by an internal scale; the entrances are arranged along wide internal corridors with the colorful walls located on every two floors which, in the design logic of Le Corbusier, represent the streets of the residential complex. The apartments are designed with a double height living, terrace and a small balcony on the opposite side.
EXTERIOR This buildings main elevation contains a chain of balconies and integrated windows which disclose the spacing of the internal floor
MATERIALITY The materials used are reinforced concrete with a visible coating and glass, without decoration and without any elegance, indoors as well as out. The faรงade, protected by canopies, was prefabricated with elements of the same material 12
LE CORBUSIER’S PRINCIPLES FOUND IN THIS BUILDING PILOTIS: it is an replacement of supporting walls
ROOF GARDENS
RIBBON WINDOWS
OPEN GROUND FLOOR
THE FREE DESIGN FACADE
separating the exterior of the building from its structural function. 13
ITALIAN MODERNISM Giorgio De Chirico and the founder of metaphysical painting. By this Chirico intends to use technical tools of painting, for example perspective, shades to represent something that’s beyond our sensory capacities. In the paintings of giorgio de chierico every single object assumes a precise role. Chirico loved the classical past, especially for German romanticism. But he believes as well that Greek and Roman Classics remained valid in the modern world. Later, he became interested in the technical methods of Italian classical tradition. So, he started painting Italian elements like the Piazza, which in Italian means an open public space, and traditional style of Italian buildings.
GIORGIO DE CHIRICO
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PIAZZA D’ITALIA 1913 The immense squares are key elements of metaphysical painting. First, the observer notes the absence of human figures that leads us to think of solitude. Moreover, with the chiaroscuro the disquiet was represented, like a feeling of mystery. All this leads us to think as if we were in a dream, that all these objects derive from our unconscious.
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THE ENIGMA OF THE HOUR 1910 Another famous painting by De chierico is "The Enigma of The Hour As you can see, it can be interpreted in different ways. The building could be a train station or a common building in Turin. It is a two-story construction with arches on the ground floor, rectangular windows on the second and tiled roof. Then we have the “Piazza�, which means a public place. In the painting there are 3 people but isolated from each other, the first one is in the piazza wrapped in white, the second one is mixed with the shadow space and the third one is barely visible is on the second floor left of the clock. Talking about the clock we can clearly see the time, 2.55. We can guess it is an Autumn sunset by different factors: the size of shadows and as well as from the quality of the light. The architectural structure that fills the composition of the pictorial plane symbolizes the present. The light lies in the area of the composition that represents the future, the time beyond the present, whilst the shadow represents the place where time has already passed. The line that cuts the edge of the fountain, also represents the eternal moment in which man participates simultaneously in the past and the future.
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L’ARCHITETTURA DELLA CITTA’ The architecture of the city is a fundamental book of urban design theory by the Italian architect Aldo Rossi published in Padua in 1966. The book discusses the rediscovery of the traditional European city instead of continuing on the path of modernism. In particular, Rossi criticizes the lack of understanding of the current city. According to Rossi, the city must be studied as a symbol built over time. The second attention places on those artifacts those that give structure to the city together with others. The city reminds us of its past and of the moments that people lived.
ORIGINAL BOOK’S COVER
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AVANT GARDE The avant-gardes are people or experimental works, radical or unorthodox. It is characterized by spructural and radical approaches and by initial unacceptability. The name derives from the French which means avanguarida or advanced guard that is people who push the boundaries of this and accepted as a norm and from society. It is not to confusie with modernism. Modernism integrates aspects of society, instead avant garde tries to overcome these boundaries. Moreover they tried to face political isssue using art. They created like manifesros expressing ther opinion. This can be very powerful if it is done very accuretely. Some examples are in music, where artists no longer follow tradition, but they vilify the boundaries in classical structures. Some 20th-century avant-garde composers include Arnold Schoenberg, Charles Ives, Igor Stravinsky.
VIDEO LINK: https://youtu.be/8h1vWyDfHGw
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HOT MODERNISM CRITICAL REGIONALISM
-Critical regionalism is an approach to architecture that contrasts international style. It aims to encourage the designer to review his project in a way that connects to the physical and cultural context. It must also focus on the climate on the light, on the form rather than on the visual design.
BARCELONA PAVILLION The German pavilion, designed by Mies Van Der Rohe, represented Germany during the 1929 Universal Exhibition. Originally called the German pavilion, it was renamed as Barcelona Pavilion. It is located at the top of Montjuic, a hill overlooking the port of Barcelona. The impression you have at the entrance is a welcome in the luxurious open space, composed from perpendicular planes in three dimensions. Very expensive materials were used, 4 different types of marble. The external walls are decorated with large blocks of marble, accompanied by glass and steel windows. The structure is composed by 8 cruciform pillars and they are covered in chrome. Then the roof is made of reinforced concrete. For the interior, Van Der Rohe projected the furniture as well, one of these is the famous Barcelona chair, created specifically for the pavilion. Then in the back of the courtyard there is a bronze reproduction of Georg Kolbe Dawn.
COMPARISON
Both artists have used a minimalist style w Barragan used solid-colored walls and W mogeneous pattern. Another element in common and the use with its reflexes, Pavilion Barcelona, the s with the sunlight it is reflected on the wal Both artists aimed to create a luminous e person inside them. As for the use of Barragan materials, use other hand, Wan Der Rohe uses luxurious The difference between these architects i ing atmosphere but they reached it by diff 20
-Regional modernism It is an architecture that uses common regional forms and materials in a specific place and time. Many times the ethnic influences of the immigrant populations are mixed, consequently a mixture of cultures. More often buildings are built by the owners who are familiar with the local materials and the climate of the area.
FUENTE DES LAMENTES Luis Barragรกn was born on 9 March 1902 in Guadalajara, Mexico. He received training in engineering and started traveling architecture. He worked personally as an architect for almost 50 years, and in that period he moved from obscurity to celebrity very early,. His style was to use solid color walls and a unique union of Gardens. Barragรกn used pools and fountains as a personal interpretation of water as a design element. Not only beauty is added to its design, but it is approached to the nature that surrounds it, the blue of the sky reflected on the water; a natural touch of color, The Club divider is formed by the Cuadra San Cristobal (stable), the Egerstrom house and the Fountain of the Lovers. The outer space between the house and the street is divided by a long wall with a garden on one side and the service wing The side garden, the flat-roofed porch offers a place for the pool. The source is not decorative, it is actually a pool for horses. Barragan as he mentioned in this regard: "... the depth of the pond is calculated to pass the horse to reach the water up to the belly ...".
without trope decorations, as we can see Wan Der Rohe used travertine with a ho-
e of water and the strategy of playing sculpture is positioned in such a way that lls behind it. effect and a serene atmosphere for the
e common materials, of the place. On the s and fairly expensive material, is that their goal was to create a welcomfferent ways. 21
BIRMINGHAM CENTRAL LIBRARY Birmingham Central Library was the main public library in Birmingham, from 1974 to 2013. It was designed by Jhon Madin, in a brutalist style. The goal was to create a symbolic image of the city. The most used material and the cement But for economic reasons some parts have remained incomplete and consequently also the quality. It has a very strange shape, a reversed ziqqurat. Then in 2011 the Council started thinking about demolishing the library for several reasons: • The bus interchange has been built but never used • The central atrium was windy, cold and wet. A first solution was to close it with glass but soon it was replaced by fast food. • In addition, the initial project involved the construction of 7 aquatic gardens but was only built 1 and incomplete.
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ATTEMPTS TO SAVE In front of these problems, the council proposed a renewal of paradise circus, including the demolition of the library. After this decision people begun to appreciate the library as if it was a historical symbol of the city. Many attempts were made to cancel the demolition: •. Books were published that celebrated brutalism and television shows with brutalist buildings began to appear more regularly. • Friends of Central Library presented an alternative plan where the library could be used for a number of alternative uses to the Council. • Then it was argued that the library could be used for a number of alternative uses and the demolition after 40 years was against all the principles of sustainability. So after all the research, I think the demolition of the library was the right decision because the Council proposed a multi-million scheme with new shops and activity. This will be very useful for the future generation and it will give a new
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F. LYOD WRIGHT’S ARCHITECTURE WITH NATURE Wright began using the term organic architecture as early as 1908 to describe his architectural philosophy. It’s based on the relationship between human and the nature, trying to unify the building into the landscape by the setting of the building upon the site, the form and layout, interior space, furnishings and decorations. The belief that human life is part of nature is the main philosophy of Wright’s architecture. This idea is so strong that he wants to blend the building completely into the landscape that they appear as a unique thing. This is confirmed by himself as he stated, “A building should appear to grow easily from its site and be shaped to harmonize with its surroundings if Nature is manifest there.” This is also achieved through using natural material from the site and repeating patterns based on nature.
FRANK LLYOD WRIGHT
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SOME EXAMPLES
An example can be find at Fallingwater. The driveway trellis (reverse angle) being built with a semi-circular cutaway around a tree symbolizes the philosophy of Frank Lloyd Wright house that harmonizes with it rather than cutting the it.
Another example is Taliesin. For this building local materials were employed to help the structure blend in with its landscape. Walls are formed by using stones found on site large stones found on site and they are set within concrete, with smaller rocks providing buffers between landscaped element. This shows again how Wright gave so much attention to the landscape.
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TRANSCULTURAL SPACES Today we live in a multicultural world, with people coming from different countries and with different customs, one different from the other. The coexistence of these cultures is very important for mutual respect. For this purpose a new term was born: transcultural spaces. They are spaces that host cultures that are different if we compare them, but manage to coexist without hindering each other. An example that nobody would think is the library. It contains books from all over the world. It is accessible to all without distinctions of gender, age or ethnicity and it is precisely this that makes it a transcultural space. In addition, the library and a place that is divulged from other beacuse it can also hold many different social activities. For example in the libraries of universities, there are people who attend different courses so there is the possibility of socializing with new people. In addition there are areas with a small stage where you can do theater and show off your talents and skills.
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BIBLIOGRAPHY WHAT IS MODERNISM PRE-RAPHAELITES -PRE RAPHAELITES. (2019). . [online] Available at: WWW.TATE. ORG.UK. [Accessed 15 Jan. 2019]. -The British Library. (2019). The Pre-Raphaelites. [online] Available at: https://www.bl.uk/romantics-and-victorians/articles/ the-pre-raphaelites [Accessed 15 Jan. 2019]. -Revolutionaryplayers.org.uk. (2019). The Burne-Jones Windows at St Philip’s, Birmingham | Revolutionary Players. [online] Available at: https://www.revolutionaryplayers.org.uk/ the-burne-jones-windows-at-st-philips-birmingham/ [Accessed 15 Jan. 2019]. BAUHAUS -Bauhaus.de. (2019). Idea - Bauhaus-Archiv | Museum für Gestaltung, Berlin. [online] Available at: https://www.bauhaus. de/en/das_bauhaus/44_idee/ [Accessed 15 Jan. 2019]. -En.wikipedia.org. (2019). Bauhaus. [online] Available at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bauhaus [Accessed 15 Jan. 2019]. -Google.it. (2019). WASSILY CHAIR - Google Search. [online] Available at: https://www.google.it/search?q=WASSILY+CHAIR&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=0a28
-Google.it. (2019). bauhaus CALCULATOR AND IPHONE Google Search. [online] Available at: https://www.google. it/search?biw=1366&bih=657&tbm=isch&sa=1&ei=U1Y9XNfOFOiM1fAPmPSz6Ag&q=bauhaus+CALCULATOR+AND+IPHONE&oq=bauhaus+CALCULATOR+AND+IPHONE&gs_l=im g.3...106865.117247..117422...1.0..0.143.706.9j2......0....1.. gws-wiz-img.......0i67j0j0i30j0i19j0i30i19j0i8i30i19.tWP8yRotH0Q [Accessed 15 Jan. 2019]. -Trydesignlab.com. (2019). Learning in the Bauhaus School: five lessons for today’s designers (and five ways the web still is Bauhaus) | Designlab blog. [online] Available at: https:// trydesignlab.com/blog/bauhaus-school-five-lessons-for-todays-designers/ [Accessed 15 Jan. 2019]. UNITE D’HABITATION -WikiArquitectura. (2019). Unite d’habitation of Marseille Data, Photos & Plans - WikiArquitectura. [online] Available at: https://en.wikiarquitectura.com/building/unite-dhabitation-of-marseille/ [Accessed 15 Jan. 2019]. -UNITE D’HABITATION. (2019). pp.Frearson, A. (2018). Brutalist buildings: Unité d’Habitation by Le Corbusier. [online] Dezeen. Available at: https://www.dezeen.com/2014/09/15/le-corbusier-unite-d-habitation-cite-radieuse-marseille-brutalist-architecture/ [Accessed 15 Gen. 2019].
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HOT MODERNISM CRITICAL REGIONALISM - WikiArquitectura. (2019). German Pavilion in Barcelona Data, Photos & Plans - WikiArquitectura. [online] Available at: https://en.wikiarquitectura.com/building/german-pavilion-in-barcelona/ [Accessed 15 Jan. 2019]. Barcelona Pavilion. (2019). Context. [online] Available at: https://barcelonapavilion.weebly.com/context.html [Accessed 15 Jan. 2019]. -Artefacts.co.za. (2019). Critical Regionalism. [online] Available at: https://www.artefacts.co.za/main/Buildings/style_det. php?styleid=193 [Accessed 15 Jan. 2019]. TheFreeDictionary.com. (2019). Regional modernism. [online] Available at: https://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Regional+modernism [Accessed 15 Jan. 2019]. -Moma.org. (2019). [online] Available at: https://www.moma. org/documents/moma_catalogue_2461_300298680.pdf [Accessed 15 Jan. 2019]. -Blogs.lt.vt.edu. (2019). Luis Barragán on Color – A Beginning Designer’s Inspiration. [online] Available at: https://blogs. lt.vt.edu/charldesign/design-thinking/barragan-on-color/ [Accessed 15 Jan. 2019].
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BIRMINGHAM CENTRAL LIBRARY -GOOGLE.IT. (2019). demolitionofbirminghamlibrary. [online] Available at: https://www.ice.org.uk/news-and-insight/ the-civil-engineer/august-2016/deconstructing-a-landmark-bham-central-library [Accessed 15 Jan. 2019]. -Designingbuildings.co.uk. (2019). Birmingham Central Library demolition - Designing Buildings Wiki. [online] Available at: https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Birmingham_Central_Library_demolition [Accessed 15 Jan. 2019]. -En.wikipedia.org. (2019). Birmingham Central Library. [online] Available at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham_Central_Library [Accessed 15 Jan. 2019]. FRANK LYOD WRIGHT -My Modern Met. (2019). Art History: The Iconic Architecture of Frank Lloyd Wright. [online] Available at: https://mymodernmet.com/frank-lloyd-wright-architecture/ [Accessed 15 Jan. 2019].
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-Wright-house.com. (2019). Fallingwater pictures: Trellis built to accommodate tree (Frank Lloyd Wright house above waterfall). [online] Available at: http://www.wright-house.com/ frank-lloyd-wright/fallingwater-pictures/15-tree-in-trellis-fallingwater.html [Accessed 15 Jan. 2019]. -Gibson, E. (2019). Frank Lloyd Wright designed Taliesin West as desert retreat for himself and his students. [online] Dezeen. Available at: https://www.dezeen.com/2017/06/08/taliesinwest-frank-lloyd-wright-desert-home-studio-arizona-150thbirthday/ [Accessed 15 Jan. 2019].
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