Low Carbon Lab by SJC82

Research Report for

Manchester Corridor Partnership

Creating a Low Carbon Laboratory in the Corridor

Prepared for Manchester Corridor Partnership By Wood Holmes Ref: 4180

December 2010

82 King Street | Manchester | M2 4WQ +44 (0) 161 870 2441 | www.woodholmes.co.uk

Client:

Manchester Corridor Partnership

Project Title:

Creating a Low Carbon Laboratory in the Corridor

Reference Number:

4180

Version:

Confidentiality, copyright and reproduction:

This report is submitted by Wood Holmes in response to the specification issued by Manchester Corridor Partnership dated 16/7/10. It may not be used for any other purposes, reproduced in whole or in part, nor passed to any organisation or person without the specific permission in writing of Wood Holmes.

PREPARED BY Name:

Position:

Senior Consultant

Signature: Date:

December 2010

AUTHORISED FOR ISSUE Name:

Paul Connell

Position:

Director

Signature: Date:

December 2010

Manchester Corridor Partnership Creating a Low Carbon Laboratory in the Corridor

Contents

Executive Summary

Consultations

Introduction

Urban Observatories

Manchester Corridor

Observatory Working Model

Institutional Research Agenda

Authority and Agency Programmes

Carbon Management Activities

Commercial Innovation Strategies

Associated Civic Agendas

Open Data Resources

Potential Mapping Resources

Example Monitoring Technologies

Summary of Key Messages

Executive Summary Introduction

1.1

This review works to develop the Observatory component of the Low Carbon Laboratory concept put forward by the Manchester Corridor Partnership.

1.2

Within the Strategic Vision of Corridor Manchester and Greater Manchester’s Low Carbon Economic Area for the Built Environment Delivery Plan, the Low Carbon Laboratory is presented as a research infrastructure supporting scientific inquiry, policy development, and technology assessment.

1.3

Adjacent benefits in terms of driving step changes in behaviour, branding & profile, engagement in low-carbon initiative, efficient use of established and new infrastructure, the knowledge capital within the corridor, Public/Private collaboration and multi-disciplinary working are also referenced.

1.4

1.5

The Observatory is proposed to integrate real-time data streams from newly installed wireless monitoring capabilities, together with published datasets spanning climatic, meteorological, environmental, carbon, socio-technical, and socioeconomic variables in Corridor geography and estate.

Outline 1.6

This review assembles resources and insights regarding features and factors impacting the form, function, value, and potential of the Observatory:

1.7

Mapping of existing datasets relevant to the Observatory concept Exploration of strategic fit and value propositions with academic, civic, and commercial agendas Exploration of learning outcomes from existing Urban Observatory projects in other cities Identification of existing monitoring capability in the Corridor Identification of outstanding equipment requirements corresponding to monitoring gaps and needs Exploration of potential new equipment and infrastructure solutions corresponding to demands of the Observatory

The resulting resource will be applied to inform development of the concept and investment proposition underpinning the Observatory and Laboratory.

Urban Observatories 1.8

A series of current, innovative Urban Observatory programmes lead by Institution-IndustryAuthority partnerships illustrate aspects of associated opportunity and practicality. CitySense – Harvard, BBN Technologies, Microsoft – an urban scale wireless climate sensor network testbed in Cambridge, MA Copenhagen Wheel – MIT, Kobenhavns Kommune, Ducati Energia – development of novel mobile environmental sensor package for urban monitoring in Copenhagen

4180 – Manchester Corridor Partnership – 20/12/2010 © Wood Holmes

CurrentCity – MIT, Politie Amsterdam, KPN Mobile – real-time urban data visualisation based on tracking of mobile phones in Amsterdam

Strategic Fit 1.9

Potential alignment with academic research agendas, authority/agency programmes, stakeholder carbon management programmes, and commercial strategy has been explored with key representatives. Aspect

Academic Research Strategy

Authority/Agency Programmes

Stakeholder Carbon Management Programmes

Commercial Strategy

1.10

Opportunity Leverage of research funding Integration of existing data capability Business development Collaboration platform Brand and identity support Intervention pilot infrastructure Programme development platform Intervention de-risking Inward investment attractor Public engagement instrument Carbon footprinting tool Leverage of low carbon investment Support for GM citywide programmes Verification of modelled estimates Performance benchmarking Knowledge sharing Brand and identity Demonstrator of ‘Smart City’ technology R&D, Proof of Concept, platform University collaboration portal Leverage of R&D funding

Revenue and value potential associated with opportunities is considered to include;

Access to data Use of monitoring capability Use of prototype platform Project hosting Verification and Audit Network Membership and Association Advertising

1.11

In addition, an array of existing datasets and monitoring capabilities representing a potential resource for the Observatory in delivering data services are reviewed across institutional and authority domains. In part fuelled by the Open Data movement, an array of data resources may be mapped to the variables proposed for Observatory focus.

1.12

At this stage, it must be acknowledged that use of restricted data, both pre-existing and that resulting from Observatory function, will be subject to specific IPR negotiation and subsequent terms.

1.13

Key deficits are apparent in the existing data landscape in terms of spatial density, regularity of update, and proliferation of modelled estimation. Reflecting on the proliferation of modelled climate data, the Observatory presents potential opportunities in terms of validating estimates and providing accurate, appropriate data to the policymaker.

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Potential Technologies 1.14

Focal themes in the data requirements encoded within stakeholder strategy emerge:

GHG monitoring Urban climate monitoring Socio-technical monitoring Wireless sensor network (platform) Building information monitoring Traffic monitoring

1.15

Variables of specific relevance to academic programmes include: surface/air temperature, relative humidity, automatic weather station variables, Whitworth Observatory variables, wind speed, wind direction, air quality suite, ultrafine particles, energy consumption, traffic, and pedestrian flows.

1.16

Enhancement of the spatial density of monitoring emerges as an issue of particular focus in future monitoring needs in combination with the spatial extent of monitoring efforts (Corridor and its surroundings).

1.17

In reflection, a technology profile for the Observatory based on opportunity apparent in stakeholder strategy includes the following components:

1.18

Digital data repository – with collaborative and public access Targeted enhancements of existing capabilities Wireless sensor network array platform Existing monitoring capabilities

Example technologies are explored within the report.

Next Steps 1.19

Key issues for the development of the Observatory are as follows:

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Consultations

2.1

This review benefits from the input of key stakeholders and representatives:

Chris Oglesby – CEO Bruntwood TBC

Dave Carter – Manchester Digital Development Agency TBC

David Hytch – Information Systems Director, GMPTE

Dr Andrew Karvonen – MARC, SED, University of Manchester

Dr Joanne Tippett – SED, University of Manchester

Dr John Hindley – Head of Environmental Strategy, Manchester Metropolitan University

Dr Roland Ennos – Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester

Dr Sarah Lindley – Geography, SED, University of Manchester

Dr. James Evans – Geography, SED, University of Manchester

Ian Kennedy – Senior Director, CISCO

Jackie Potter – Chief Executive, Corridor Manchester

Jonathan Sadler – Green City Team, Manchester City Council

Mark Hilditch – Manager Solutions Process Industries, Siemens

Mary Heaney – Director of Services, Manchester Metropolitan University

Michael O'Doherty – Manchester City Council

Mike Reardon – Strategic Director, Greater Manchester Environment Commission

Neil Jones – Green City Team, Manchester City Council

Peter Fell – Director of Regional & Economic Affairs, University of Manchester

Professor Geoff Levermore – MACE, University of Manchester

Professor Martin Gallagher – CAS, SEAES, University of Manchester

Professor Phillip Wheater – Head of School Associate Dean, Manchester Metropolitan University

Professor Rod Coombs – Deputy President and Deputy Vice-Chancellor, University of Manchester

Richard Sharland – Environment Strategy Director, Manchester City Council

Roger Milburn – Director, Ove Arup & Partners

Steve Turner – Head of Carbon Economy, Commission for the New Economy

Steven Green – Business Development Public Sector IBM TBC

Tony Walker – University of Manchester Incubator Company

Vin Sumner – Managing Director of Clicks and Links Ltd

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Introduction

3.1

This review works to develop the Observatory component of the Low Carbon Laboratory concept put forward by the Manchester Corridor Partnership.

Low Carbon Laboratory 3.2

Within the Strategic Vision of Corridor Manchester, the Low Carbon Laboratory is presented as a research infrastructure supporting scientific inquiry, policy development, and technology assessment under the core theme of ‘Environment and Infrastructure’1.

3.3

The Low Carbon Laboratory concept is developed in Greater Manchester’s Low Carbon Economic Area for the Built Environment (LCEA) Joint delivery Plan (JDP) in the form of Work Programme 5 (WP5)2. Within the JDP, the Laboratory form and function is characterised as follows: The Manchester Low Carbon Laboratory (MLCL) is a unique concept which has been designed to ensure that investment in low carbon technologies and practices delivers the envisaged outcomes. The central principle of the MLCL is that a series of scientific and other research interventions, broadly comprising a wide array of sensors, instruments and monitors will be linked to low carbon infrastructure and behaviour-changing investments. These will be used to create real-time, longitudinal data sets, which could include robust information on:

Air temperatures GHG concentrations Particulates Water demand Natural light levels Cycle movement

Crime

Precipitation Transpiration rates Energy consumption Drainage flows Wind strength & direction Pedestrian movement patterns

Run-off rates Humidity Heat demand Solar gain Vehicular traffic flows Public realm lighting levels

Datasets will be made available to academic researchers and stakeholders at the Greater Manchester level, and to the wider low-carbon research and practice communities in the UK. Such high-resolution, credible data will enable other LCEAs throughout the country to develop interventions that resolve multi-themed issues. Real-time information, acquired in a functioning urban environment, will enable peer reviewed academic research to be conducted, in partnership with civic and private-sector organisations in a real, rather than simulated, environment.

Corridor Manchester – Strategic Vision to 2020: www.corridormanchester.com/downloads/COR_strategic_vision.pdf LCEA Joint Delivery Plan: http://ne.stardotserver.co.uk/downloads/733-LCEA-Joint-Delivery-Plan-Final-Version-2doc 2

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Observatory Component 3.4

The Observatory Component of the Low Carbon Laboratory is presented as the ‘data-centre’; integrating new and existing data capabilities at a single point of access, in service of Laboratory programmes. An initial vision for the Observatory is presented by the Manchester Corridor Partnership: With careful planning and good institutional coordination it will be possible to install, as part of the initial design, sensors and monitors that can measure or otherwise allow the estimation of a range of climatic/meteorological, environmental, carbon usage, and socio-technical variables, across the Corridor area and in individual buildings. Were the sensors and monitors to be digitally enabled, through wireless technology it will be possible to have real time data streams – the Corridor’s Digitisation pilot currently being implemented will deliver an NGA broadband infrastructure to facilitate such an approach. Other data sets would also be collected from published and other sources and integrated with the real time data. The intention is that the data will be received at a ’central location‘, for onward transmission as raw data if appropriate to stakeholders and for processing on high end computing facilities for research purposes.

Purpose 3.5

This review will collate and consider key resources and opinions in order to develop the vision of the Observatory component of the Low Carbon Laboratory.

3.6

The following are included:

Mapping of existing datasets relevant to the Observatory concept Exploration of strategic fit and value propositions with academic, civic, and commercial agendas Exploration of learning outcomes from Urban Observatory projects Identification of existing monitoring capability in the Corridor Identification of outstanding equipment requirements corresponding to monitoring gaps and needs Exploration of potential new equipment and infrastructure solutions corresponding to demands of the Observatory

3.7

Input from Corridor and Greater Manchester stakeholders is core to the development process; discussions are documented throughout this review.

3.8

Ultimately, the information contained within this review will be applied to form an Investment Prospectus for the Observatory for use in stakeholder engagement and promotion of the broader Laboratory project.

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Urban Observatories

4.1

In order to provide context and background to the concept we have researched a series of projects paralleling aspects of the Observatory concept put forward for the Corridor. They support consideration of potential components, operation, and application of the observatory. These parallel projects are

CitySense The Copenhagen Wheel and: CurrentCity

CitySense 4.2

The CitySense project is an open, urban scale wireless sensor network testbed being 3 developed by researchers at Harvard University and BBN Technologies in Cambridge, MA : CitySense will consist of 100 wireless sensors deployed across a city, such as on light poles and private or public buildings; our current target is to deploy the network in Cambridge, MA. Each node will consist of an embedded PC, 802.11a/b/g interface4, and various sensors for monitoring weather conditions and air pollutants. Most importantly, CitySense is intended to be an open testbed that researchers from all over the world can use to evaluate wireless networking and sensor network applications in a large-scale urban setting.

CitySense monitoring nodes interface on Google Maps embedded widget

3 4

www.citysense.net The 802.11a/b/g interface is a Wi-Fi network enabling component

4180 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Manchester Corridor Partnership â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 20/12/2010 ÂŠ Wood Holmes

A CitySense node mounted on a streetlight in Cambridge, MA.

4.3

CitySense data presents 31m data-points spanning Pressure, Temperature, Humidity, Wind, Precipitation, CO2, and Noise variables for open access in database (MySQL) or map 5 visualisations .

Copenhagen Wheel 4.4

The Copenhagen Wheel project emerges from MIT’s influential sensory-tech focussed SENSEable7 City Lab. In the project, MIT introduce a novel sensor package into a bicyclewheel; applying generated information within an open access GIS interface: As you ride, the sensing unit in the Copenhagen Wheel is capturing information about your personal riding habits how much effort you are putting in, calories you are burning etc as well as information about your surroundings, including carbon monoxide, NOx, noise, ambient temperature and relative humidity. You can access this data through your phone, or on the web and use it to plan healthier bike routes, to achieve your exercise goals, or to meet up with friends on the go. You own all the data that your Copenhagen Wheel collects. However, you might also like to share it with friends -through online social networks gaining access to an even larger pool of information.

Copenhagen Wheel housing GPRS and a sensor kit that monitors CO, NOx, noise (db), relative humidity and temperature8

http://citysense.bbn.com/DataQuery/ http://senseable.mit.edu/copenhagenwheel/ 7 http://senseable.mit.edu 8 http://senseable.mit.edu/copenhagenwheel/wheel.html 6

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Copenhagen Wheel Urban Data interface overlaying Wheel’s monitoring data upon geographic outline and landuse map-layers9

4.5

The project was conceived and developed by the SENSEable City Lab for the Kobenhavns Kommune. The prototype bikes were realized with technical partner Ducati Energia and funding from the Ministry for the Environment. The wheel is set for commercial release in June 2011, accompanied by data-apps.

Current City 4.6

The Current City programme presents real-time urban data visualisation based on tracking of 10 mobile phones : Whereas most sensors deployed in cities are aimed at monitoring traffic and pollution levels, positions and activities of mobile phones can be used to ‘sense’ people presence. When aggregated at the highest level possible mobile location data don’t impinge upon privacy of individuals, but can return important information on concentration and relative weights of human activities in the urban environment, as well as flows and patterns of city use. Thanks to our algorithms and data management system, visualizations and analyses can be obtained 11 as close as real-time.

A vision of Amsterdam during the national festivity of Queen's Day 08: the analysis of mobile phone traffic reveals people's presence and movements

4.7

Again, the CurrentCity project is foucned on a public-private-institution partnership between the Dutch Ministry of Transport, Public Works and Water Management, Politie Amsterdam (police), and KPN Mobile. The Citysense (not related to the ‘CitySense’ above) technology

http://senseable.mit.edu/copenhagenwheel/urbanData.html http://senseable.mit.edu/currentcity/ www.currentcity.org

10 11

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from Sense Networks offers a commercial package utilising mobile phone tracking technology12.

Commonalities 4.8

This study is not focussed on matching existing initiatives. However, exploration of urban observatory examples of this kind supports consideration of ambition for the Corridor Observatory. The following common dimensions are apparent in the three examples:

4.9

Prototyping of novel sensory technology Public-private-institution partnerships Generation of datasets serving urban management Utilisation of novel wireless, distributed, and mobile platforms Introduction of ‘open-data’ dimensions for public engagement 3D visualisation of datasets Regard for branding, web-presence, and communications Application and combination of existing data-layers Open access data

Such insight can be carried into thinking surrounding the Corridor Observatory.

www.sensenetworks.com

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Manchester Corridor

5.1

At the outset of this review, it is important to establish principal features of the Manchester Corridor.

5.2

The main spine of the Corridor is Oxford Road. The Corridor Manchester area covers 243 hectares of Manchester city centre, stretching south from St Peter’s Square to Whitworth Park and Art Gallery. The area stretches from Upper Brook Street in the east to Cambridge Street in the West13.

5.3

The Corridor currently generates £2.8 billion, 22.5% of the city’s GVA, employing 18% of Manchester’s workforce (55,000). Key stakeholders represented on the Corridor Partnership Board include:

5.4

University of Manchester Manchester City Council Manchester Metropolitan University Central Manchester University Hospitals Foundation NHS Trust North West Development Agency

Representatives from the private sector include Cornerhouse, Bruntwood, Manchester Science Park Ltd, and Ove Arup & Partners.

www.corridormanchester.com

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Observatory Working Model

6.1

An initial specification for the Observatory is provided within the objective of Phase 1.i) outlined in the Low Carbon Laboratory project brief issued by the Manchester Corridor Partnership14: Phase1.i): identify the environmental, transport and socio economic variables that require measurement that an observatory centred on the Corridor should investigate. The provisional list is set out below – although it is not at this stage known how difficult it will be to collect some of this data.

6.2

Initial Specification:

Urban Atmosphere and Climate

Environment

Carbon

Socio Technical

Economic

Solar gain and natural light levels Temperature – air, surface, globe Precipitation Water run off volume and speed Water evaporation Air quality – including particulates, greenhouse gases, hydrocarbons and other non-GHG pollutants Wind strength & direction Water quality – turbidity, oxygen content, pollutant load, etc Tree sap flow Noise levels Biodiversity – including flora and fauna, patterns and trends Extent, type and use of green space, including ecosystem services Waste management Water consumption Energy, heat and cooling demand Building energy consumption – volume and time distribution Traffic composition and movement, including fuel use and pollutant emissions Public realm lighting levels IT usage Water cycle use Embodied and operational carbon Sustainable procurement Traffic movement – public transport, taxis, cars and goods vehicles Cycle movement Road traffic accident/incidents People movements including footfall into premises, along pavements, crossing carriageways, boarding/alighting public transport/taxis, etc. Commuting and business travel patterns (employees, students, patients) Attitudinal change of employees, students and visitors to climate change issues Behavioural change in use of carbon Crime Health Data Building types and ownership Building use patterns (room occupancy, voids, etc)

Manchester Corridor Partnership. 2010. ‘ITT: Creating a Low Carbon Laboratory in the Corridor’.

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6.3

Rents Property prices Business takings / footfall Jobs Skill demand Skill development and training provision at HE and FE Institutions

This working model may be developed through consideration of stakeholder requirements and potential application of an Observatory operation. The following sections explore aspects of strategic fit and implications for the Observatory form and function.

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Institutional Research Agenda

7.1

Aspects of strategic fit between the Observatory and the institutional research agenda in place at the University of Manchester and Manchester Metropolitan University are explored with key representatives of research centres and academic departments. Issues covered include:

7.2

Overview of current research themes relevant to Observatory Mapping of existing research facilities and capabilities Drivers of research trajectories

With preliminary understanding of the research landscape, potential relationships between Observatory and research are considered; guided by institutional representatives.

Research Themes 7.3

An illustration of research themes and agendas is provided by statements from key research centres identified as potentially relevant to the Observatory concept by consulted representatives. 16

Research Projects and Themes :

University of Manchester, Centre for Atmospheric Science (CAS)15

University of Manchester, Centre for Urban Policy 17 (CUPS)

University of Manchester, Manchester Architectural 18 Research Centre (MARC)

15 16 17

Aerosol research Atmospheric chemistry Dynamics and remote sensing Surface exchange Cloud physics Radiation Urban pollution and meteorology

Urban pollution and meteorology: We conduct fieldwork projects investigating air flow and turbulence above and within urban streets, and how these determine the dispersion of airborne pollutants. As well as well-known gaseous pollutants, such as CO2 and NOx, we are especially interested in particles. We use sophisticated instruments to characterise physical and chemical nature of particles present in city air, providing data on what citizens breathe in and what the city emits into the atmosphere. Research Themes: Evaluating the impacts of area-based urban policy initiatives Territorial spatial planning Analysis of neighbourhood dynamics

Recent projects include: ‘Skills and knowledge for sustainable communities (2008)’ Research overview: ‘Research in MARC is intrinsically inter-disciplinary and is

www.cas.manchester.ac.uk www.cas.manchester.ac.uk/resprojects/ www.sed.manchester.ac.uk/research/cups/

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broadly conceived, encompassing, urban design, urban development, ecological and landscape design and the conservation and management of historic environments.’ ‘Unpacking Design’ theme: ‘The research theme unpacking design is inspired by the frequently cited metaphor that the technical, social, economic, institutional, psychological come as a package. This is to say that these factors can never be understood in isolation because they are intricately linked, they constantly react to each other or, in other words, they coevolve. Much of our research is therefore trying to untie these bundles of factors that influence the final design of buildings, public spaces, infrastructures and cities. The results highlight the multiple and often competing demands on design by a wide range of stakeholders’ Research Themes include;

University of Manchester, Centre for Urban Regional Ecology (CURE)19

The Sustainable City-Region Adaptive Landscapes Environmental Assessment and Management

Example projects include: INTELCITIES Development of intelligent cities through a citywide ICT information system. Adaptation Strategies for Climate Change in the Urban Environment (ASCCUE). Role of monitoring and post-auditing in EIA Research themes:

University of Manchester, Sustainable Consumption Institute (SCI)20

Tyndall Centre Manchester

Sustainable Consumer Behaviours and Lifestyles Sustainable Production and Distribution Systems Climate change and carbon Making development more sustainable

Climate change and carbon: ‘Tackling and adapting to climate change is a fundamental element of sustainability. By understanding the true scale of the challenge, the SCI can help to inform business and policymakers in their development of sustainable strategies for delivering lowcarbon futures. The theme will couple together practical carbon accounting and emission pathway work with detailed process-based modelling to better understand the impacts of reducing emissions and higher temperatures on the urban atmospheric environment.’ The current main research areas are:

Avoiding carbon lock-in by industrialising nations Effective energy and emissions accounting Driving low carbon freight Studying carbon reduction instruments for individuals Reducing the demand for aviation City scale emissions accounting

www.sed.manchester.ac.uk/research/marc/ www.sed.manchester.ac.uk/research/cure/ www.sci.manchester.ac.uk/research/ 21 www.tyndall.manchester.ac.uk/about.php 19 20

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Severe and Extreme Weather and its Impact on the UK Fire Service Investigating the potential of using a biomass gasifier to power small-scale fuel cell combined heat and power systems Regional scale emissions Understanding public and stakeholder opposition and support of new and emerging renewable energy technologies Investigating greenhouse gas offsets for the UK aviation industry Domestic Tradable Quotas Research projects include:

University of Manchester, Centre for Occupational and 22 Environmental Health

University of Manchester, School of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Science (CEAS), Sustainable Industrial Systems Group24

Manchester Metropolitan University Centre for Earth and Ecosystem Responses to Environmental Change (CEEREC)

European Urban Health Indicators (EURO-URHIS) : ‘EUROURHIS 2 is developing, testing and validating a set of comparable urban health indicators (building upon the work already completed by the ECHI project) in 30 cities across the European Union, using newly developed health interview surveys, mortality statistics and other routinely available data.’ Specialise in the following areas:

Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) Carbon Footprinting Sustainability Assessment Sustainable Technologies Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) Multicriteria Decision Analysis (MCDA)

Current projects include: Pollutants in the Urban Environment (PUrE) is a consortium research project that has developed an integrated decisionsupport framework that enables more sustainable management of urban pollution. Intrawise: An Integrated Framework for Improving Sustainability of the Indoor Environment – a consortium seeking to develop an integrated decision-support framework for more sustainable management of indoor pollution associated with the provision, conservation and use of energy in buildings Research themes include:

Sedimentology and geochemistry Urban geoscience Biogeochemistry Environmental microbiology Applied Ecology Water and soil pollution Biodiversity of urban green space Urban green space for the promotion of public health

Example projects include:

22 23 24

www.medicine.manchester.ac.uk/oeh/ www.urhis.eu www.sustainable-systems.org.uk

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Sediment and water interactions in urban systems Urban soil geochemical mapping PEATBOG: Pollution, Precipitation and Temperature Impacts on Peatland Biodiversity and Biogeochemistry Research themes include:

Manchester Metropolitan University Human Geography and GIS research (HUGGIS)

Manchester Metropolitan University Centre for Mathematical Modelling and Flow Analysis (CMMFA)

Health, embodiment and sexualised space Cosmopolitan urbanism and urban image-making The politics and practices of mobility including tourist practices Transnational and national identity with particular reference to the mundane and popular culture Materialities including industrial ruins and wasteland The contested politics of creativity and play within urban regeneration Modelling spatial patterns of urban growth and inequality within urban areas Research themes include:

The CMMFA undertakes research in the area of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and specialises in the development and application of computational hydraulics. Research projects and applications include shallow water flows, wave overtopping, renewable energy and street canyons. Research themes include: Air quality – monitoring and modeling. Characterization of exhaust plumes Noise – monitoring and modeling and human perception of noise Distribution of urban aerosol Climate impacts of mass transport systems CO2 foot prints and formulating reduction strategies

Manchester Metropolitan University Centre for Aviation, Transport and the Environment

Projects include: ECATS – Environmentally Compatible Air Transport System TEAM_Play - Tool Suite for Environmental and Economic Aviation Modeling for Policy Analysis React4C - Reducing Emissions from Aviation by Changing Trajectories for the benefit of Climate X-Noise4 Research themes include:

Manchester Metropolitan University Rail Technology Unit

Undertaking computer simulation of the interaction between railway vehicles and track with the aim of improving vehicle safety and reducing maintenance requirements. This will help encourage modal shift from road to rail giving an overall reduction in CO2 per passenger km. Projects include:

Freight 2035 – funded by EPSRC and aimed at reducing CO2 emissions from freight transport through modal shift onto high speed rail.

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SUSTRAIL – funded under EU framework 7 – aiming to develop innovative high speed and low cost freight vehicles SPECTURUM – funded under EU Framework 7 – aiming to increase rail freight market share through improved logistics and engineering design of rail freight systems Research themes include:

Production and testing of photocatalytic coatings and surfaces (paints, building materials) which incorporate photocatalytic materials which are capable of breaking down volatile organic materials and NOx. A new research thread is doping these materials to extend their activity into the visible range to increase their effectiveness. Solar energy-generating diodes (which are cheaper and more robust than current PV devices) Antibacterial nanostructures and their application to water purification Molecular microbial community analysis for next generation wastewater treatment Research themes include:

Manchester Metropolitan University Materials Centre

Manchester Metropolitan University Computer Science Centre

Algorithms and techniques to assist provider organisations in managing energy (AI agents) Pedestrian movement/flow, and simulation studies (eg. the effect of architectural/ environmental modifications on foot traffic Research themes include

Manchester Metropolitan University Health Science Research Institute (HSRI)

Funding provided by:

7.4

Studies concerning the impact of exercise and nutrition on muscle and tendon and hence function with age. Roles of muscle and tendon in maintaining balance, with main applications concerning stair negotiation, level walking, tripping and falls prevention in older adults.

MOVE-AGE - Erasmus Mundus EU funded MYOAGE – EU framework 7 New Dynamics of Ageing - EPSRC Bridging the Gap – EPSRC/Wellcome Trust

Such information provides an insight into several key issues pertinent to the Observatory development process: Potential research questions emerging from the research complex (informing required research infrastructure) Potential research outputs for negotiated integration within the Observatory data resource Potential research capability available for Observatory/Laboratory research commissions

7.5

A schedule of usage cannot be established without deeper engagement with the research community; however, this simple mapping appears to confirm the relevance of an Observatory bringing capabilities illustrated by the Working model.

7.6

Feedback on this matter from key representatives is included in later sections.

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Specific Current Projects 7.7

There are a number of projects undertaking monitoring in the corridor, of which the following are illustrations:

SCORCHIO Outcomes

– Sustainable Cities: Options for Responding to Climate cHange Impacts and

Research is to develop tools for analysis of climate change adaptation options in urban areas, with a particular emphasis on heat and human comfort in the built environment. Objectives include:

To develop a statistical climate simulator for urban areas that can be used for impact and adaptation studies, taking account of both “greenhouse” climate change and the additional influence of the urban landscape and direct heating. To model typical buildings and their surroundings in order to develop a new, readily usable heat and human comfort vulnerability index that accounts for the effects of building construction, form and layout. To estimate heat emissions from buildings, together with a set of energy-related air pollutant and greenhouse gas end user emission budgets in order to understand the implications of different building adaptation options. To develop GIS-based decision support tools for exploration of adaptation options for urban planning and design. To demonstrate the methods and tools developed in each work package through in depth case studies, working in partnership with practicing planners and designers.

SCORCHIO is a collaboration between Manchester (MACE, SEAES, and SED), East Anglia, Newcastle, and Sheffield Universities together with the Hadley Centre & Met Office, funded by the EPSRC (EP/E017398/1).

Co-incident probabilistic climate change weather data for a sustainable built environment 26 (COPSE) Funded by the EPSRC, the COPSE project aims to develop a methodology for deriving future climate change data for building designers to use for new buildings and refurbishments. The project is based on the recognition that current building design for urban areas is often based on outdated and inappropriate weather data sets. For example, the current data sets are based on semi-rural locations, which do not transfer well to urban locations. Also, the current design summer year statistic (which is used for estimating the number of hours that the interior of a building will be above a defined comfort temperature e.g. 25 or 28°C in summer) does not work effectively. COPSE will therefore address deficiencies in current weather data so that more realistic urban weather data is provided.

EcoCities

EcoCities is an initiative led by the University of Manchester and funded by Bruntwood, drawing on the expertise of the Manchester Architecture Research Centre (MARC), Centre for Urban and Regional Ecology and Brooks World Poverty Institute. EcoCities seeks to provide Manchester, by the end of 2011, with its first blueprint for an integrated climate change

25 26 27

www.sed.manchester.ac.uk/research/cure/research/scorchio/ www.sed.manchester.ac.uk/architecture/research/ecocities/projects/relatedresearch/related_projects_COPSE.pdf www.sed.manchester.ac.uk/architecture/research/ecocities/index.htm

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adaptation strategy. This will be based on leading scientific research, extensive stakeholder engagement, and best practice examples of new programmes successfully piloted during a three-year period. The initiative incorporates a series of core and associated University research projects: Core Research

Associated Research

Climate Change Adaptation Blueprint: climate change adaptation blueprint for Greater Manchester based on the analysis of climate change scenarios and the proposal of appropriate adaptation responses MPlan Project: analysis and support of preparedness of AGMA local authorities for climate change adaptation NI 188: support to Manchester City Council in reaching level 1 of NI 188 Development of network of GM/NW stakeholders with an interest in climate change adaptation Greater Manchester Local Climate Impacts Profile (GM LCLIP: analysis of past weather incident impacts and prediction of potential impacts as a result of climate change Sustainable energy and thermal services: Exploring heating, ventilation and air conditioning in Bruntwood buildings (SETS) The distribution of trees in high density housing areas (PhD Studentship): Making places greener: psychological aspects of urban transformation (PhD Studentship) Carbon reduction in buildings (CaRB): A socio-technical, longitudinal study of carbon use in buildings Supermarket adaptation for future environments (SAFE) Green and blue space adaptation for urban areas and eco towns (GRaBS) i-trees

7.8

Such activity blends with the past-project landscape which includes examples such as CityFlux28 and ASCCUE (Adaptation Strategies for Climate Change in the Urban Environment) 29.

7.9

Further specific project examples highlighted during discussions of the opportunity for the Observatory to utilise and extend research expertise include the NERC-funded ‘High density sensor network system for air quality studies at Heathrow airport’ programme: The overall scientific objective of the proposal is to demonstrate the potential of low cost sensor network systems for characterising air quality in the urban environment at an

28 29

www.cas.manchester.ac.uk/resprojects/cityflux/ www.sed.manchester.ac.uk/research/cure/research/asccue/

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appropriate granularity in order to understand the factors which influence pollutant distributions on local scales. The ultimate aim is to develop and demonstrate the sensor network system* methodology which, when appropriately deployed, can contribute to scientific, economic, public policy and regulatory issues, crossing climate change, human (health) responses, as well as air quality on local and regional scales.

7.10

The project landscape reveals potential opportunities for the Observatory in terms of strategic linkage, complementary programmes, extension/commercialisation, and utilisation of research outputs.

Strategic Forces 7.11

Conversations with key University representatives (UoM and MMU) reveal further drivers with relevance to the Observatory concept:

7.12

Future Research Council funding strategies were considered an important determinant of Observatory orientation; examples from NERC and the FP7 programme illustrate potential support in the landscape: NERC Strategy – Next Generation Science for Planet Earth 2007-201230 Themes: Climate system, Biodiversity, Sustainable use of natural resources, Natural hazards, Environment, pollution and human health, Earth system science, Technologies Environment, pollution and human health: Develop high-resolution monitoring techniques, for example, to analyse air quality in the urban environment, and to monitor sediment and water quality in real time. FP7 2011 Work Programme31 ‘Area 6.2.1.5 Urban development: ENV.2011.2.1.5-1 Sustainable and Resilient Green Cities ‘the research should develop novel methods to enable adaptive governance, collaborative decision-making, and behavioural change to assist local authorities and citizens implement the transition from today largely unsuitable reality to tomorrow's resilient and sustainable European cities. The research will integrate expertise from the following disciplines: architecture, urban planning and design, bio-physical sciences, public health, socio economics, decision-making and governance, technology, and art.’

7.13

In this context, the Local Authorities & Research Councils’ Initiative (LARCI) seeks to establish academic-local authority research programmes32: ‘Strategically positioned at the interface between local authorities and the Research Councils, LARCI provides a response to the growing demand on local authorities for evidence-based policy making. LARCI brings local authorities and Research Councils into closer partnership, leading to better informed research, policy and practice, and facilitating knowledge exchange at a strategic and operational level. Input from local authorities helps the Research Councils ensure the projects they fund have practical applications; using Research Council-funded research helps local authorities ensure their policies are based on reliable information.’

30 31 32

www.nerc.ac.uk/publications/strategicplan/documents/strategy07.pdf ftp://ftp.cordis.europa.eu/pub/fp7/docs/wp/cooperation/environment/f-wp-201101_en.pdf www.rcuk.ac.uk/innovation/partnership/larci/default.htm

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7.14

On the theme of ‘Environment’, LARCI notes key project examples relevant to the Observatory concept33: NERC's Centre for Ecology and Hydrology compared the effectiveness of various varieties of trees in improving air quality in cities. Using this information, researchers developed an Urban Tree Air Quality Score for different trees. This allowed local authorities to make an informed decision as to the most suitable species of tree for their needs, based on factors such as tree size, land availability and carbon absorption. The British Geological Survey (BGS), one of the Natural Environment Research Council's research centres, has worked with 50 authorities providing digital geoscience data, GIS customisation, training and advice. BGS has also been assisting a number of local authorities meet their responsibilities related to legislation (Part IIA: Contaminated Land, Environment Protection Act 1990). The Engineering & Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC) funded APRIL consortium (Air Pollution Research in London) brings together representatives from local government - in the form of local authorities and the GLA and ALG, Defra, the Environment Agency and academics from London universities, to plan research and share findings on a range of air pollution activities. The Natural Environment Research Council's (NERC) major research programme Urban Regeneration and the Environment (URGENT) is entering its last year. Over seven years the programme, which NERC has funded with £9.7 million, has studied ways to reshape the structure and use of urban land in a more sustainable way. Scientists have been working with local authorities on projects covering air, water, ecology and soil aspects in cities.

7.15

Parallel industrial-leaning funding opportunities such as grants from the TSB are considered in later sections.

7.16

The HEFCE ‘impact agenda’ expressed in the Research Excellence Framework (REF) is considered to support mechanisms whereby the impact of research proposals may be demonstrated ex-post and/or ex-ante34: With regards to assessment of research excellence and the allocation of grants for research: Impact – Significant additional recognition will be given where researchers have built on excellent research to deliver demonstrable benefits to the economy, society, public policy, culture or quality of life.

7.17

The ‘impact agenda’ is reinforced by NERC : It is important that we can show the benefits of this investment by demonstrating the impact NERC-funded research has on government policy, the economy and society, on top of its use to academics. An action or activity has an economic impact when it affects the welfare of consumers, the profits of firms and/or the revenue of government. Economic impacts range from those that are readily quantifiable, in terms of greater wealth, cheaper prices and more revenue, to those

33 34 35

www.rcuk.ac.uk/innovation/partnership/larci/working.htm www.hefce.ac.uk/research/ref/resources/REFguide.pdf www.nerc.ac.uk/using/impact/

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less easily quantifiable, such as effects on the environment, public health and quality of life.

7.18

Again, capacity to demonstrate and articulate ‘impact’ through measured results rather than a modelled estimate presents potential value to Institutions seeking to leverage Research Council funding and other investments.

Long Term Monitoring Facilities 7.19

The Whitworth Meteorological Observatory , currently in development, presents a particular focus of equipment generating real-time datasets of relevance to the Observatory concept: The observatory is located on the roof of the George Kenyon Building on the University of Manchester South Campus (N53.467374, W2.232006, Alt 43m). At a height of 49m the George Kenyon Building is the tallest building in the immediate vicinity so the observatory is not overshadowed by surrounding structures. The measurement volume of the sonic anemometer is at a height of 5m above the roof surface, temperature, humidity and pressure sensors are at a height of 3.2m above the roof surface, minimizing the effects of the building on the measurements made. The roof itself is constructed of concrete with a light grey membrane, surrounded by a 1.5m parapet. The remaining instruments are mounted at approximately the height of the parapet. Cloud base heights are corrected for the height of the building.

7.20

The Whitworth Meteorological Observatory’s specification is as follows : Parameter Wind Speed Wind Direction

Temperature

Instrument Gill Windmaster Pro Sonic Anemometer Gill Windmaster Pro Sonic Anemometer Rotronics MP100-H and Hygroclip S3 both mounted in Rotronics aspirated radiation shield (RS12T)

Relative Humidity

Rotronics Hygroclip

Barometric Pressure

Vaisala PTB10 Digital Barometer with Vaisala SPH10 Static Pressure Head

Direct Solar Radiation

Kipp & Zonen CMP11 Pyranometer

Diffuse Solar Radiation Downwelling Longwave

36 37

Kipp & Zonen CMP11 Pyranometer with shade ring Kipp & Zonen CGR-3 Pyrgeometer

Range

Resolution

Accuracy

Rate

0-65m/s

0.01m/s

1.5%@12m/s

20Hz

0-359deg

0.1deg

2%@12m/s

20Hz

-40 - +60C

0.1C

0.1C (MP100-H) 0.3C (S3)

1Hz

0-100%RH

0.1%

1.5%

1Hz

5001100hPa

0.01hPa

0.3hPa

1Hz

18s

0-4000 W/m2 (3102800nm) 0-4000 W/m2 (3102800nm) -250 – 250 W/m2 (4.5-

www.cas.manchester.ac.uk/restools/whitworth/ www.cas.manchester.ac.uk/restools/whitworth/specs/

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Radiation Meteorological Visibility

VPF-730 Present Weather Sensor

Precipitation Type

VPF-730 Present Weather Sensor

Precipitation Rate

VPF-730 Present Weather Sensor

Precipitation Type

Theis Laser Precipitation Monitor

Precipitation Rate Precipitation size distribution Precipitation velocity distribution

Theis Laser Precipitation Monitor Theis Laser Precipitation Monitor

Cloud Height 7.21

42um) 10m – 75Km Rain / Snow / Hail / Drizzle 0.015 – 250mm/hr drizzle (also freezing) rain (also freezing) hail snow snow grains / ice needles soft hail / ice grains 0.005 – 250mm/hr

60s 60s 60s

60s

0.001mm/hr

<10%

60s

0.16 – 8mm

22 bins

60s

Theis Laser Precipitation Monitor

0.2 – 20m/s

20 bins

60s

MTech 8200-CHS Laser Ceilometer

10 – 8200m

7.5m

60s

Although still in a construction phase, the Whitworth Meteorological Observatory presents 38 running time-series datasets :

Barometer – Last 24 Hours, 1 minute average data Ceilometer – Last 24 Hours, 2 minute average data

7.22

Datasets and summary plots for 2010 are currently accessible on the Whitworth Meteorological Observatory site39.

7.23

The Whitworth facility is complemented by a series of rooftop labs operated by the Centre of Atmospheric Science which include40:

7.24

The Pariser Rooftop Measurement Facility at the Mason Centre – focussing on long term measurements of particles and gases in the urban environment. A number of instruments are continuously deployed measuring meteorological parameters and UV radiation, including a sonic anemometer, SODAR, temperature sensors, radiometers, and the FGAM Brewer Spectrophotometer.

Sackville Street Building Meteorological Monitoring Station – monitoring UV radiation, ozone, aerosol and urban meteorology

In complement to the Whitworth Meteorological Observatory, Manchester Metropolitan University Dept. of Environmental and Geographic Sciences are currently installing a rooftop climate monitoring station within the Corridor (details to be confirmed)41.

www.cas.manchester.ac.uk/restools/whitworth/data/ www.cas.manchester.ac.uk/restools/whitworth/plots/ www.cas.manchester.ac.uk/restools/labs/roof/ 41 www.egs.mmu.ac.uk/staff/staffbiog/default.asp?StaffID=352 39 40

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7.25

The Newly established University of Manchester (SED) Met Station, located on the Oxford Rd Precinct Centre presents a further long term monitoring capability for consideration.

7.26

Additionally, the planned establishment of a new Met Office weather station at the University of Manchester Botanical Gardens (The Firs) as part of the OPAL initiative demonstrates scheduled monitoring capability.

7.27

In each case, real-time data streams present great potential in terms of the Observatory data baseline. In order to realise this potential, agreements and terms must be considered with representatives of each facility.

Ad Hoc Monitoring Facilities 7.28

A series of monitoring facilities are applied within project cycles that, despite not representing ‘long-term’ deployments, may be considered in terms of ‘potential’ monitoring facilities in the Corridor.

7.29

Illustrating the potential resource, the Centre of Atmospheric Science42 at the University of 43 Manchester outlines a suite of research tools with relevance to the Observatory concept . Category

Instruments

Sub-Group

In-Situ Meteorology 46 Instruments

In-Situ Aerosol Instruments47

In-Situ Cloud 48 Instruments

Equipment Sonic Anemometers Temperature, Humidity, Pressure, Rain sensors/monitors Automatic Weather Stations Present Weather Sensor Portable Radiosonde System Aerodynamic Particle Sizer Aerodyne Aerosol Time of Flight Mass Spectrometer (TOF-AMS) Cloud Condensation Nucleus Counter Condensation Particle Counter Differential Mobility Particle Sizer Hygroscopic Tandem Differential Mobility Analyser Ice Nucleus Counter Impactors and Filters Optical Particle Counters Particulate Soot Absorption Photometer Multi-Angle Absorption Photometer Photo Acoustic Soot Spectrometer Scanning Mobility Particle Sizer Single Particle Soot Photometer Soot Particle Aerosol Mass Spectrometer WIBS3 (primary biological aerosol particles counter) Cloud Particle Imager Airborne Droplet Analyser Forward Scattering Spectrometer Probe Particulate Volume Monitor

www.cas.manchester.ac.uk www.cas.manchester.ac.uk/restools/ Noted here as labelled on the website 45 www.cas.manchester.ac.uk/restools/instruments/ 46 www.cas.manchester.ac.uk/restools/instruments/meteorology 47 www.cas.manchester.ac.uk/restools/instruments/aerosol 48 www.cas.manchester.ac.uk/restools/instruments/cloud 43 44

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Cloud Aerosol and Precipitation Spectrometer 2d Cloud Probes Minature Counterflow Virtual Impactor SO2, NOx, CO, O3 Monitoring Kit NOx and O3 Fast Response Instruments Quantum Cascade Laser Absorption Spectrometer (Aerodyne QCLAS systems for fast response measurements of NH4, NO, NO2, HNO3, Formaldehyde, HONO) Turbulent Flow Technique Chemical Ionisation Mass Spectrometer (able to monitor stable and radical species such as HO2NO2, ClONO2, O3, HNO3, C2H5O2, C3H7O2, CH3O2 and HO2 at the ppt level) Water Vapour Tunable Diode Laser Brewer MkIII Spectrophotometer

Trace Gas 49 Instruments

Radiation 50 Instruments Remote Sensing 51 Instruments

Labs

Ozone and Aerosol LiDAR Radar Wind Profiler SAOZ Instrument zenith sky UV-visible spectrometer SODAR The laboratory suite in the Simon Engineering Building includes a small rooftop platform accessed from the second floor of the building. This platform is used primarily for instrument testing. Its location is such that it is not ideally suited for measurement use, being somewhat sheltered in certain wind directions by other parts of the building.

The Mason Center includes a new rooftop measurement facility on the Pariser Building, for long term measurements of particles and gases in the urban environment. A number of instruments are continuously deployed at the Mason Centre measuring meteorological parameters and UV radiation, including a sonic anemometer, SODAR, temperature sensors, radiometers, and the FGAM Brewer Spectrophotometer. The Mason Centre roof has also been used for additional equipment during the Cityflux series of projects.

Rooftop Labs53

The Centre for Atmospheric Science operates a meteorological monitoring station on the Sackville Street Building which has been operating for a number of years. Data from this station has been made available to external organisations for assessing the viability of small and medium scale wind generation projects; it has also been used in support of urban air quality studies. Monitoring of UV radiation, ozone, aerosol and urban meteorology Lab setups: Aerosol and trace gas lab

General Laboratories54

www.cas.manchester.ac.uk/restools/instruments/tracegas www.cas.manchester.ac.uk/restools/instruments/radiation 51 www.cas.manchester.ac.uk/restools/instruments/remotesensing 52 www.cas.manchester.ac.uk/restools/labs/ 53 www.cas.manchester.ac.uk/restools/labs/roof/ 54 www.cas.manchester.ac.uk/restools/labs/general/ 50

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7.30

Cloud microphysics lab LiDAR lab UV lab

An example of such project based deployments is provided by the CityFlux project. In 2005 and 2006, the Centre for Atmospheric Science hosted the CityFlux project focused on particles in the urban environment55: Most air pollution in European cities comes from traffic. Emissions include greenhouse gases, like CO2, which affect the climate globally. Other emissions have negative impacts (like acid rain) on the surrounding countryside. But other emissions are harmful to human health and directly impact those of us who live and work in cities. These toxic emissions include gases, like nitrogen dioxide (NO2), but also microscopic particles. These particles include things like fine oily mists from vehicle exhausts, but also flecks of dust from tyre, brake and road wear. Numerous studies have shown that particles have the greatest effect on our health. The effect of particles on our climate, both locally and globally, is poorly understood compared to the effect of greenhouse gases. Two key issues about which we need to know more are. 1. What levels of particles, and what kind, are we exposed to in the city, and what do the levels depend on? 2. At what rate are particles exported from the city on the wind, and what does this rate depend upon? The essence of CityFlux is to investigate both of these issues simultaneously by measuring the rate at which turbulent gusts of wind remove particles from the network of street 'canyons' in a city centre where we live and breathe, into the air above, from where they can blow away on the wind. What exactly is being done in this study? This project is all about making measurements. We measure the number, size and chemical composition of particles in the air on busy streets, on nearby rooftops and on the top of tall buildings. To understand how the air is moving particles around we also measure the wind speed very rapidly using ultrasonic anemometers. This allows us to measure every gust as well as the average wind. We use state-of-the-art instrumentation that gives us huge amounts of information about the particles, which helps us understand any chemical and physical reactions that happen in the atmosphere, affecting the particles' toxicity and the way they influence climate. When and Where? These kind of experiments make very intensive use of instruments and personnel. As a result we conduct them as campaigns - usually around a month long. So far there have been measurement campaigns in Gothenburg (2005), Manchester (June-July 2005) and Edinburgh (Dec 2005). The largest campaign will be in May 2006 in Manchester, with a further campaign in London late in 2006.

www.cas.manchester.ac.uk/resprojects/cityflux/

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7.31

CityFlux Manchester 2005 campaign map56:

7.32

If an Observatory structure were able to accommodate the fluidity of project-based deployments, whilst providing sufficient ‘payback’ to project leads, such facilities may be regarded as a potential monitoring capability.

Potential Relationships 7.33

The potential for the Observatory to contribute valuable research infrastructure assets to the institutions of the Corridor was endorsed by consulted representatives.

7.34

This potential is reflected in the specific interest expressed by the developing University of Manchester Urban Adaptation and Sustainability Network; a network with representation from Biological Sciences, Medicine, SEAES, MACE, SED centres and expertise in air quality; meteorology and climate, hydrology, water quality, energy and buildings; urban green-space.

7.35

Networks such as Transforming Cities potentially provide points of engagement.

7.36

A number of consultees ventured specific suggestions for Observatory capability based on current research interests and perceived gaps in the research infrastructure. To illustrate, the following priorities for additional monitoring and data capabilities from the perspective of University of Manchester CAS:

Greenhouse gas monitoring – CO2, CH4, N2O LiDAR measurements of vertical aerosol distribution, wind, and turbulence.

www.cas.manchester.ac.uk/resprojects/cityflux/cityfluxsites2005/citycentercityfluxsites/index.html

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Considered critical for initialising and validating chemical weather forecasting and monitoring cityscale pollution Surface aerosol size distribution assessment Considered critical for air quality and health calculations and personal exposure metrics, as well as useful for input to dispersion models. Analysis of chemical composition of aerosols (especially Organic/Black carbon components of aerosols) Biogenic trace gas precursors monitoring Considered important for assessing urban contribution to air quality as well as climate relevant aerosols for direct and indirect climate effects Measurement of reactive trace gases (e.g. Ammonia, Nitric Acid, PAN, HONO, isoprene, monoterpenes) Considered important for controlling the evolution of chemical compounds in the urban atmosphere

7.37

Proposals for the nature of relationships with the Observatory include: Provision of grant for maintenance and data archival of University equipment/facilities E.g. grant for the Whitworth Atmospheric Observatory: ‘facilitating a greater range of data products for climate, environmental, sustainability and human health projects in Manchester over the long term’ Investment support for enhancement of University facilities: E.g. Support for extension of the Whitworth Atmospheric Observatory portfolio (including Doppler LiDAR for long term monitoring of wind and turbulence alongside particulate and greenhouse gas monitoring) Commission of University equipment and expertise Collaborative research bids (cross-disciplinary, cross-department, institution-industry, etc)

7.38

Further consideration of monitoring capabilities highlighted variables echoing the initial working model, including; surface/air temperature, relative humidity, automatic weather station variables, Whitworth Observatory variables, wind speed, wind direction, air quality suite, ultrafine particles, energy consumption, traffic, and pedestrian flows.

7.39

Beyond specific research relationships, broader feedback on the potential for an Observatory to support academic programmes includes the following thoughts:

7.40

Opportunities and ambitions associated with the Observatory include:

7.41

Emphasis on need for baseline (before/after data) in order to answer questions of impact Need for spatial and temporal coverage in order to provide micro-climate insight Potential need for extension of study area to include an area around the corridor as well as the corridor zone itself in order to allow considerations of context and wider impact

Provision of a platform upon which integrative research networks can be formed spanning discipline, department, sector, stakeholder Focal point capable of maximising collaboration and value derived from funding, infrastructure, monitoring/sensing equipment, and the knowledge/data assets Platform for partner demonstration of innovative technologies from spin-outs and established business Platform for development of research-industry engagement and connectivity Platform supporting institutional business development and revenue streams Activity supporting branding and profile opportunities for all Corridor partners

Feedback from consultees is collated in the final section ‘Summary of key Messages’.

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Authority and Agency Programmes

8.1

The Observatory’s capacity to align and connect with key policy agendas and associated programmes is fundamental to its establishment and sustainability. The landscape of policies, programmes, and initiatives has been discussed with key representatives in order to resolve:

Potential applications of the Observatory Necessary Observatory capabilities and function Potential relationships in the data landscape

Principal Strategy Components 8.2

Conversations with representatives of civic and governmental initiatives reveal programmes of relevance to the Low Carbon Laboratory and Observatory concept. Key programmes include:

8.3

Manchester: A Certain Future57: The Climate Change Action Plan for the City of Manchester in the period 2010/20 encodes vision and associated action for Council and stakeholders to reduce City CO2 emissions by 41% of 2005 levels by 2020. The Action Plan incorporates climate change adaptation strategies alongside the mitigation headline target.

8.4

The Action Plan structure may be summarised as follows: Area Living

Working

Moving

Growing

Adapting

8.5

Element Energy efficient residential retrofitting Climate change education and awareness Green Infrastructure development Enhancement of local food consumption Development of low carbon construction sector Universal CO2 accounting across sectors, organisations, and projects Behaviour change and flexible working Extension of the ‘low carbon jobs’ sector Reduction in car journeys Enhancement of intra and inter city public transport infrastructure connectivity Travel behaviour change Introduction of new fuels Distributed energy networks Extension of local micro to macro energy generation capability Accessible 3-scope Carbon footprinting and tracking in real time Enhanced sustainable procurement Green Infrastructure in the City Centre Increased biodiversity assets/platforms Enhanced urban agriculture

Low Carbon Economic Area for the Built Environment58: a five year programme to reduce carbon across construction and operation of the built environment. The LCEA seeks to deliver:

Economic development and investment returns based on filed-expertise in based on research, development, and implementation focussed on the low carbon built environment Enhanced competitiveness, business development, and inward investment

www.manchesterclimate.com LCEA Joint Delivery Plan: http://ne.stardotserver.co.uk/downloads/733-LCEA-Joint-Delivery-Plan-Final-Version-2doc 58

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An additional 34,800 jobs in the built environment sector Additional GVA generated by the programme by 2015 would be £1.4 billion Emissions reduction from the built environment: ‘Between 2010 and 2015 the high intervention programme if successful would reduce Greater Manchester’s CO2 emissions from existing buildings by an additional 1.8 tonnes over and above what would be achieved through business as usual’

8.6

The LCEA plan in development outlines delivery based on a coordinating Centre of Excellence driving work programmes in a hub and spoke format: Group Capital Delivery work programmes: ‘demand’

Intervention & Support work programmes: ‘supply’

Cross-Cutting work programme 8.7

Work Programme WP1 Residential Retrofit WP2 Non-residential Retrofit WP3 New developments and Infrastructure WP4 Skills and Employment WP6 Supply Chain WP7 Funding and Finance WP8 Enabling Delivery, (Co-ordination, Corporate Services and Legal) WP9 Communications and Branding WP5 Low Carbon Laboratory

A further set of key programmes receive particular attention in conversation:

Manchester Regional Centre Heat Network: a programme in development focussed on the phased installation of heat networks across City Centre building clusters over 2011/20 GMPTE Cross City Bus Works: a city-wide public transport infrastructure programme incorporating the remodelling of Oxford Road into a bus and cycle corridor during late 2011 Corridor Next Generation Broadband Pilot: programme to connect 500 businesses and 1000 homes in the Oxford Road area with 100 MBps fibre optic digital infrastructure over 59 2010/11 Smart Grid Trial: potential programme to deliver early learning on construction, operation, and maintenance on a Smart Grid pilot in the Corridor in partnership with Electricity NW Plugged in Places Bid – potential programme to deliver electric vehicle infrastructure in the City Centre; specifically EV charging points

Carbon Metric Activities 8.8

Alignment with emerging civic and governmental initiatives to collect carbon metrics is an important consideration when seeking to deliver a complementary and additional capability through the Observatory.

8.9

Review of carbon metric collection initiatives reveals the following aspects, strategic alignment has been considered with key representatives in later sections.

8.10

At the regional and sub-regional level, a series of estimates and models with ‘carbon metric’ outputs at have been identified in the section mapping open datasets:

8.11

Manchester Emissions Inventory (EMIGMA) National Atmospheric Emissions Inventory (NAEI) North West Greenhouse Gas Inventory

The Manchester Mini-Stern further seeks to quantify carbon output of the city region with high level estimation60.

www.corridormanchester.com/downloads/cor_digit_broadband.pdf

4180 – Manchester Corridor Partnership – 20/12/2010 © Wood Holmes

8.12

At Local Authority level, National Indicators 185 (Percentage CO2 reduction from local authority operations) and 186 (Per capita reduction in CO2 emissions in the Local Authority 61 area) present an annual calculation of carbon metrics . The NI data follows footprinting methods in the application of activity data and emissions factor to deliver a carbon quantity measure62.

8.13

The Manchester Climate Change Action Plan (A Certain Future) presents actions that directly 63 concern the collection of carbon ‘accounts’ and ‘quotas’ : Develop digital connectivity in Manchester, maximising the sharing of ideas, information and develop the use of digital technology to share and promote common ‘carbon accounting’ data throughout the city. Run a pilot programme of tradable personal carbon quotas to help encourage changes in lifestyle and behaviour, and to ensure that the need to take action is distributed fairly across all sections of society.

8.14

On ‘carbon accounting;, conversations with key representatives revealed plans to develop and implement a ‘3-Scope’ carbon database for the city. The Carbon Metrics group of the Climate Change Action Plan met in Manchester on 17th August 2009 in order to develop a 64 GHG metrics hierarchy which : Can be adopted as an agreed shared hierarchy for all organisations in the city Anticipates changes or additions to existing climate change reporting policy Communicates to and engages Mancunians in taking action and in provides a mandate for others to also take action Provides cohesion for and builds on for existing carbon metrics across the community e.g. work on regional energy efficiency (NI 186), local government corporate carbon reporting (NI 185), business (DEFRA reporting guidelines), Facilitate scenario planning and budgeting in addition to being compatible with existing reporting frameworks

8.15

The group concluded: It was generally agreed that a cohesive metrics framework for carbon and greenhouse emissions in the City will be essential in underpinning the Climate change Action Plan, particularly in securing the engagement of all stakeholders across the city. It became clear that there is already considerable work being undertaken on GHG measurement and recording but that at present there is no overarching framework into which all the initiatives can fit.’ ‘There is already a considerable body of work on emissions and climate change going on within the Greater Manchester area. The Council itself has recently completed work on emissions from its own operations (in accordance with NI 185) (sections C, E &G), Manchester Knowledge has been collating and reporting on emissions from the local area in accordance with NI 186 (all sections except B, C ad I). The EMIGMA project has been collating data on emission from the Greater Manchester area and has assessed the difference between this data and that required for NI 186. The Housing Services Group

www.deloitte.com/assets/Dcom-UnitedKingdom/Local%20Assets/Documents/UK_GPS_MiniStern.pdf www.decc.gov.uk/en/content/cms/statistics/indicators/indicators.aspx 62 www.decc.gov.uk/assets/decc/Statistics/nationalindicators/39-ni185-methodology.pdf 63 http://static.manchesterclimate.com/misc/pdf/1/ManchesterClimateChangeActionPlan.pdf 64 www.agma.gov.uk/.../manchester_metric_discussion_paper_for_wiki_1_.doc 61

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collates data and statistics on emissions from public and private sector housing in accordance with the SAP rating system and in order to fulfil existing central government requirements (sections A and possibly C) . Enworks has been working with businesses to quantify their corporate emissions in accordance with the DEFRA reporting guidelines (sections A, F and H). MMU has measured its own footprint (sections A and F), local waste disposal contractors have pledged to deliver quantified carbon savings from waste and materials management actions (sections dependent on accounting rules!).

Existing Monitoring Capabilities 8.16

An indication of the equipment specification of the AURN65 facility is outlined by Great Air 66 Manchester : Manchester Piccadilly Pollutants CO, NO2, O3, PM10, SO2, PM2.5, NOx, NO monitored: Site type: Urban Description: Also monitored at this site, (but data not available online), Pumped benzene unit, PM10 (partisol), PM2.5 (partisol), particle numbers (CPC), NO2 diffusion tube, benzene diffusion tube, lead on filter.

8.17

The Piccadilly site integrates TEOM PM10 + CPC equipment engaged in the Black Smoke Network operated by the National Physical Laboratory67.

8.18

The AURN network indicates operational equipment through listing of available datasets :

Pollutant Carbon monoxide Nitric oxide Nitrogen dioxide Ozone PM10 particulate matter (Hourly measured) PM2.5 particulate matter (Hourly measured) Sulphur dioxide Nitrogen oxides as nitrogen dioxide Non-volatile PM10 (Hourly measured) Volatile PM10 (Hourly measured) Non-volatile PM2.5 (Hourly measured) Volatile PM2.5 (Hourly measured) Daily measured PM10 (uncorrected) Daily measured PM2.5 (uncorrected) 8.19

Start Date 18/12/1995 18/12/1995 18/12/1995 18/12/1995 18/12/1995 15/01/2009 18/12/1995 18/12/1995 15/03/2007 15/03/2007 15/01/2009 15/01/2009 21/03/2002 28/02/2002

End Date 30/09/2007 15/01/2009 15/01/2009 15/01/2009 04/10/2007 04/10/2007

In addition, a series of Council-maintained air quality monitoring facilities are located within, or close to, the Corridor. As of 2007, the Manchester Monitoring Network includes the 69 following : Site Manchester Royal Infirmary

Monitored Variables Smoke & SO2

Instrumentation 8 Port Sampler

http://aurn.defra.gov.uk/ www.greatairmanchester.org.uk/GreatAir/default.aspx 67 www.npl.co.uk/environmental-measurement/products-and-services/black-smoke-network 68 www.airquality.co.uk/autoinfo.php?zone_id=10 69 www.manchester.gov.uk/site/scripts/download_info.php?downloadID=1404 66

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Newton Street Oxford Street

Piccadilly Gardens

Princess Street Rusholme Clinic

Town Hall

Manchester South (Whythenshawe)

NO2 NO2 NO, NO2, NOX CO SO2 O3 NO2 PM10 PM10 PM2.5 Total Suspended Particulates Total Suspended Particulates Total Suspended Particulates Lead Benzene Benzene NO2 Heavy Metals NO, NO2, NOX CO NO2 Smoke & SO2 Acid Rain NO, NO2, NOX SO2 O3 NO2 PM10 Total Suspended Particulates Smoke & SO2

Diffusion Tube Diffusion Tube Chemiluminescent Analyser Infra Red Analyser UV Fluorescent Analyser UV Absorption Analyser Diffusion Tube TEOM Analyser Partisol Analyser Partisol Analyser M Type Turnkey Instrument CPC Instrument M Type Diffusion Tube NPL Sampler (UK Hydrocarbon Network) Diffusion Tube Aerosol Sampling Head Chemiluminescent Analyser Infra Red Analyser Diffusion Tube - 8 Port Sampler Deposit Gauge Chemiluminescent Analyser UV Fluorescent Analyser UV Absorption Analyser Diffusion Tube Partisol Analyser M Type 8 Port Sampler

8.20

Subject to update and confirmation, the network reveals a further monitoring infrastructure for consideration when seeking to develop a complementary and additional Observatory.

8.21

Beyond monitoring equipment, City stakeholders contribute to an array of datasets based on socio-economic reporting and monitoring activities published in government releases. These wider data-sources are reviewed in sections to follow.

Potential Relationships 8.22

Exploration of potential value propositions and relationships of mutual benefit between the Observatory and programme leads covered the following issues.

8.23

Integration of existing datasets into the Observatory data resource was seen as a clear opportunity; the majority of datasets subject to open publication. Utilisation of monitoring facilities for/by the Observatory was considered a possibility subject to provisions for resourcing.

8.24

Discussion of potential application of the Observatory in service of development programmes included the following thoughts from consultees:

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Application as a pilot testbed serving assessment and development of interventions; delivering real insights into long-short, direct-indirect impacts and practicalities of specific project formats Providing an environment for proofing and ‘de-risking’ programmes in a manner capable of speeding the progress and removing obstacles to ‘pioneering’ concepts Demonstrating programmes and their outcomes for the benefit of public and investor engagement

8.25

Specific attention was paid to the potential for the Observatory to develop understanding in the pre-implementation appraisal of programme impacts; supporting policy-maker and officer in the development of effective strategies. The capacity to utilise Observatory outputs in leverage of funding and investment was considered in this vein.

8.26

A series of specific programmes were identified for potential consideration of this development model, including Smart Grid and Res/Com-Retrofits. Integration of energy usage and built environment monitoring technologies appear to be key requirements, based on the current programme pipeline.

8.27

In addition, application of Observatory datasets in the development and verification of citywide Carbon Footprinting initiatives was put forward; signalling potential requirements for GHGmonitoring capabilities.

8.28

Summaries of key development themes routinely cited the following areas of focus; impacting thinking on the Observatory monitoring capability:

Buildings Energy Transport Green Infrastructure Sustainable consumption

8.29

The relationship between the Observatory, Corridor, and Greater Manchester stakeholders emerged as a point of emphasis. Utilisation of the Observatory to leverage outputs for other GM centres outside the Corridor appears as a necessity for full buy-in.

8.30

Wider consideration of potential benefits to be brought by an Observatory include;

A ‘measured’ complement to modelled GM emissions An inward investment attractor Support for GM brand and identity Utilisation for public engagement

8.31

A focus on demonstration, trial, and finesse of low carbon interventions emerged as a key focus throughout. In this vein, the application of Observatory monitoring and trial capabilities to develop a ‘Manchester Index’ for certification of products, technologies, and interventions was considered a key opportunity.

8.32

Feedback from consultees is collated in the final section ‘Summary of key Messages’.

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Carbon Management Activities

9.1

Potential for strategic alignment between the Observatory and operational/organisational Carbon management activities pursued by Corridor stakeholders has been explored with key representatives of estates/facilities management.

9.2

Key issues were explored:

Datasets relevant to the Observatory concept Potential for application of such datasets within the Observatory Potential supporting capabilities brought by the Observatory

Current Activity 9.3

A number of Corridor stakeholders are engaged in organisation and operation Carbon measurement-management cycles on their estates.

9.4

Registered participants in the UK CRC Energy Efficiency Scheme include (as of Oct 2010)70:

The University Of Manchester The University Of Manchester Incubator Company Urban Splash Group Limited Bruntwood Group Limited Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust Manchester City Council Manchester Technopark Limited The Manchester Metropolitan University

The Carbon measurement and management calculations of key Corridor stakeholders were reviewed by Ove Arup & Partners in 201071:

9.5

Manchester City Council – a carbon footprint operation incorporating CO2-conversions of Electricity, Gas, Water, Waste, Transport for the Council estate, informing an internal Carbon Reduction Plan Manchester Metropolitan University – a carbon footprint operation incorporating CO2conversions of Electricity, Gas, Transport activity for the MMU estate, serving HEFCE, CRC, and internal Carbon Management Plan driven reduction strategies University of Manchester – a carbon footprint operation incorporating CO2-conversions of Electricity, Gas, Water, Waste, Transport for the University estate, serving HEFCE, CRC, and internal Carbon Management Plan driven reduction strategies With particular relevance to the Observatory concept, MMU are currently driving an intelligent building strategy in partnership with Cylon72 Central Manchester Foundation Trust – a carbon footprint operation incorporating CO2conversions of Electricity, Gas, Water, Waste for the Trust estate, serving CRC, ETS, and internal Carbon Management Implementation Plan commitments Bruntwood – a CRC-driven Electricity and Gas CO2-conversion 73

Other key Corridor stakeholders such as Manchester Science Parks , Royal Northern College of Music74, and the Cornerhouse75 demonstrate environmental management policies with Carbon measurement-management strategies.

www.environment-agency.gov.uk/static/documents/Business/Registered_Participants.xls Arup. 2010. ‘Corridor Manchester: Energy and Carbon – Reduction Strategies’. 14th June 2010 72 www.cylon.com 73 www.mspl.co.uk 74 www.rncm.ac.uk/images/media/docs/RNCMEnergyWasteWaterPolicy08.pdf 71

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9.6

Registration requires submission of energy usage information and the preparation and disclosure of Carbon Footprint reports76.

9.7

The voluntary 10:10 campaign presents a further Carbon Footprinting exercise requiring participants to collect carbon metrics. Corridor signatories to the 10:10 campaign include Manchester Metropolitan University and Manchester City Council77.

9.8

A future mandatory Carbon Reporting framework is signalled in the UK Climate Change Act (2008), which includes78: A requirement for the Government to issue guidance by 1 October 2009 on the way companies should report their greenhouse gas emissions, and to review the contribution reporting could make to emissions reductions by 1 December 2010. A requirement also for the Government to use powers under the Companies Act 2008 to make reporting mandatory, or explain to Parliament why it has not done so, by 6 April 2012. Defra published the guidance for UK businesses and organisations on how to measure and report their greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions on 30 September 2009.

9.9

The pledge has been re-emphasised in recent months; the influential Aldersgate Group issuing an open letter to the Coalition Government in July79.

Potential Relationships 9.10

Potential relationships between the Corridor stakeholder Carbon measurement activities and the Observatory were discussed.

9.11

The potential for datasets to be integrated within Observatory data-repository and associated visualisations/manipulations were considered; key issues arise: Data carries a degree of sensitivity impacting on the open publication of datasets. This caution was not considered a barrier to data release; acceptable terms of release and benefits returned would be a factor to resolve case by case Mechanisms such as delayed and restricted access to datasets were initially explored in terms of de-sensitising data and ensuring value was maximised for the contributor prior to publication Preparation of data for publication carries a time burden that focuses attention on the cost benefit analysis of a relationship with the Observatory

9.12

Conversations extended to consider what the Observatory might bring in support of current Carbon measurement activities. A current issue amongst representatives focussed on enhancement of the granularity of building monitoring; including:

9.13

Internal climate of buildings/rooms Energy performance of buildings/rooms Usage and traffic of building/rooms

Potential for the Observatory to leverage investment in the form of funding or novel monitoring systems was considered a key value proposition in support of these needs.

www.cornerhouse.org/about/?page=52799 www.environment-agency.gov.uk/business/topics/pollution/98263.aspx 77 www.1010uk.org 78 www.decc.gov.uk/en/content/cms/legislation/cc_act_08/cc_act_08.aspx 79 www.businessgreen.com/business-green/news/2267212/mps-business-call-mandatory 76

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9.14

Building information management systems and smart meter networks emerge as potential investment directions; supporting stakeholder inquiry into potential structural and behavioural efficiencies.

9.15

Additional applications of the Observatory were considered to hold value by stakeholders: Performance benchmarking and knowledge sharing potential with common-context facilities Support for communication and demonstration of Carbon management strategies and commitments to key audiences such as the public and regulators (HEFCE, EA, etc)

9.16

Feedback from consultees is collated in the final section ‘Summary of key Messages’.

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10 Commercial Innovation Strategies 10.1

Potential opportunities associated with the Observatory were considered in conversation with Siemens, CISCO, Clicks & Links, and IBM..

10.2

The Observatory concept chimes with current ‘Smart City’ agendas focussed on instrumentation, monitoring systems, and network connectivity:

Siemens – ‘City of the Future’ programme’80 CISCO – Incheon Smart City development programme81 IBM – Smarter Planet Programme,

10.3

Such programmes echo movement in the market that includes IBM’s Smarter Planet agenda for ‘systems of systems’ approaches to urban management82.

10.4

In addition initiatives such as Microsoft ‘Codename Dallas’ demonstrate moves towards distribution and recombination of data in a manner that strengthens the ‘data’ proposition of the Observatory, as well as presenting solutions for its implementation83.

10.5

Such data aggregators can be linked with collaborative tools such as the SharpCloud software to drive and enable collaborative use of Data84.

10.6

Priorities for the Observatory were discussed, common issues marked as priorities;

Clear governance structure Strong commercial/entrepreneurial culture Open knowledge sharing environment Strong collaboration and partnership proposition

10.7

In addition, confidence in the long-term nature of the Observatory as an iterative programme as opposed to short-lived pilot emerges as a key determinant of commercial buy-in.

10.8

Such conversations and associated material reveal a market appetite and commercial opportunity for public-private ‘smart city’ initiatives into which the Observatory can be played. Specific regard is paid to the current gap in smart city initiatives within developed cities of the West; signalling potential leadership opportunities for the Corridor.

10.9

Revenue opportunities emerge:

10.10

Prototyping, R&D, demonstration platform Leverage of institutional expertise and capability Badging, verification, and certification of new products/services Sponsorship and brand association Sweat equity investment Advertising Project hosting

In addition, funding opportunities targeting private sector R&D illustrates opportunity and direction of travel of relevance to the Observatory. An example is the Technology Strategy 85 Board: Low Impact Buildings Innovation Platform :

www.it-solutions.siemens.com/country/cee/en/Documents/Publications/city-of-the-future_PDF_e.pdf www.fastcompany.com/1601528/cisco-smart-city-korea-incheon-future-living-networks-nes 82 www.ibm.com/smarterplanet/us/en/government/ideas/index.html?re=ussph3.1.1 83 www.microsoft.com/windowsazure/dallas/ 84 www.sharpcloud.com 85 www.innovateuk.org/ourstrategy/innovationplatforms/lowimpactbuilding.ashx 81

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The Technology Strategy Board identified the priority areas for the Innovation Platform following a review of published roadmaps, consultations with other organisations, and workshops. We will provide funding to support businesses to innovate in the following six areas:

design for future climate change: designing buildings that meet the targets set by CLG, are resilient to climate change, and that users want to live and work in design and decision tools: developing integrated, interoperable systems that enable the holistic design of buildings better materials and components: filling in the gaps in what is commercially available with improved buildability, performance and cost build process: adapting the supply chain and build process to deliver low-impact buildings quickly, economically, at scale, and with low levels of defects management and operation of buildings: ensuring that low-impact buildings perform as they were designed to low-carbon energy sources: integrating them into low-impact buildings and the supply grid.

Three additional overarching principles for selecting areas for investment are:

promoting systems integration methods to encourage holistic thinking encouraging industry to account for the interactions between buildings and their users realising designed-for energy savings and improved performance in practice.

10.11

As such, opportunities potentially focus on the Observatory function as an R&D platform serving prototyping, verification, and commercialisation of technological developments. However, the competitive landscape is established; demanding a robust initiation programme.

10.12

Feedback from consultees is collated in the final section ‘Summary of key Messages’.

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11 Associated Civic Agendas 11.1

In conjunction with the views explored above, relationships between the Observatory and key current agendas in Greater Manchester may be considered.

Greater Manchester Strategy 11.2

The Greater Manchester strategy articulates strategic objectives for sustainable economic growth, Objectives include the following86: Establish Manchester city region as an internationally recognised research and consultancy centre in low carbon technologies and services and position firms as pioneers of low carbon business diversification. We can become an international hub of activity in this sector. Low carbon built environment expertise, emergent technologies and specific engineering elements are the largest contributors. Encouraging diversification of strong performers into low carbon fields is equally as important as innovation and home-grown start-ups. To move forward with the low carbon agenda and grow sectors such as environmental engineering, planning and consulting will require a sufficient supply of highly skilled workers. Without an adequate talent base UK and international firms will look elsewhere for lowcarbon-related investments, just as they would in any other industry.

11.3

Such strategic ambition may be reflected in the Observatory form and function in key ways: Providing an accessible platform for research amongst and between public, private, and institutional players from inside and outside the City Region Supporting cutting edge low-carbon collaborative research programmes Actively demonstrating innovation and its impact to varied audiences Communicating tangible expertise as a research and development infrastructure

11.4

The inward investment and skills components of the Observatory are given particular emphasis by those consulted; emphasising the need for the Observatory to be open and inclusive to external audiences.

Greater Manchester Open Data Movement 11.5

A number of initiatives seek to fuel the Open Data movement; highlighting the trend in data aggregation potentially relevant to aspects of activity or capability maintained by the Corridor Observatory.

11.6

Nationally, data.gov.uk provides a platform for access to and manipulation of increasingly accessible government datasets; driven by strategies seeking to deliver customised public 87 services and local democracy .

11.7

The open data trend is echoed by Open Data Manchester in their mission to88:

86 87 88

www.agma.gov.uk/cms_media/files/final_gms_august_2009.pdf http://data.gov.uk/ http://opendatamanchester.wordpress.com/

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Help developers and designers become more familiar with tools, datasets and other projects around the World Identify datasets of use to local data users and of interest to us generally To provide a catalyst for local authorities in Manchester and the North so that they might make data available for exploration, knowing there are established groups who wish to use it

11.8

Proposals to make Manchester the first ‘Open Data City’ amplify the agenda . An example of the trend in Manchester is provided by the release of GMPTE bus timetable data to the developer community in 201090 and NTCC data application by AGMA91.

11.9

The Observatory presents capability to extend progress in this area, providing terms accompanying stakeholder datasets are effectively accommodated. Development of datahierarchies and permissions appears as a necessity in structuring of Observatory data.

Manchester: Original Modern 11.10

The Observatory’s alignment with Original Modern may be considered in terms of the six 92 values associated with the Original Modern designation :

Make a contribution to the City Introduce a new idea Be progressive Challenge convention Think global Be ambitious

11.11

The Original Modern value set challenges a coherent Observatory identity to embody and communicate such values to stakeholders and audiences.

11.12

Those consulted attached particular aspiration to the Observatory brand and identity in service of:

Public engagement and understanding in low carbon concepts Facilitation of awareness and behaviour change National/international profile building (supporting programmes stemming from LCEA, etc)

11.13

Such aspirations encode requirements for the experience and portrayal of the Observatory and Laboratory in terms of a unified and coherent point of access and identity.

11.14

Feedback from consultees is collated in the final section ‘Summary of key Messages’.

http://blogs.ukoln.ac.uk/adrianstevenson/2010/02/08/the-case-for-manchester-open-data-city/ www.guardian.co.uk/news/datablog/2010/jul/30/manchester-gmpte-open-data-odm-bus-transport www.tih.org.uk/index.php/Directory 92 http://issuu.com/manchestermagazine/docs/original_modern?viewMode=presentation&mode=embed 90 91

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12 Open Data Resources 12.1

An understanding of open datasets relevant to the Observatory component of the Low Carbon Laboratory provides an insight into two key aspects of the Observatory:

12.2

Priorities for new data generation capabilities to be brought by the Observatory Existing data resources to be integrated within the Observatory operation

The following sections review datasets relevant to the families of variables and measures identified within the Working Model of the Observatory.

Urban Atmosphere and Climate UK Air Quality Archive93 Automatic Networks, incorporating the Automatic Urban and Rural Network (AURN), produce hourly pollutant concentrations available for download in csv format. Key monitoring sites include94:

Manchester Piccadilly (currently monitoring: CO, NOX, O3, PM10, PM2.5, SO2) Manchester South (currently monitoring: NOx, O3)96 Salford Eccles (currently monitoring: CO, NOX, O3, PM10, PM2.5, SO2)97

Non-Automatic Networks overlay this structure with lower frequency datasets. Key components of the local Non-Automatic Network include: Black Smoke and Non-Automatic Hydrocarbon monitoring at the Manchester Piccadilly site Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) and Toxic Organic Micropollutants (TOMP) monitoring at Salford Eccles and Manchester Law Court Sites Urban Heavy Metals monitoring at Manchester (operated by NPL)

Manchester City Council The Council maintains a Manchester Monitoring Network composed of the following in 200798:

Manchester Royal Infirmary – Smoke and SO2 Newton Street – NO2 Oxford Street – NO2 Piccadilly Gardens – NO, NO2, NOx, CO, SO2. PM10, PM2.5, Pb, Benzene Princess Street – NO2 Rusholme Clinic – Heavy Metals Town Hall – NO, NO2, NOx, CO, Smoke, SO2, Acid Rain Manchester South (Whthenshawe) – NO, NO2, NOx, SO2, PM10, Smoke

Datasets are provided, albeit with limited update beyond 2007 for those sets outside the AURN99.

www.airquality.co.uk www.airquality.co.uk/autoinfo.php?zone_id=10 95 www.airquality.co.uk/flat_files.php?site_id=MAN3&zone_id=10 96 www.airquality.co.uk/flat_files.php?site_id=MAN4&zone_id=10 97 www.airquality.co.uk/flat_files.php?site_id=ECCL&zone_id=10 94

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GreatAir Manchester100 Collates and presents datasets from the Greater Manchester air quality monitoring networks (incorporating the AURN alongside non-automatic and LA sites). Datasets include those of the AURN Manchester Piccadilly and Salford Eccles sites together with Stretford (NO, NO2, NOx, PM10) and Trafford Centre (NO2, PM10, SO2, NOx, NO) sites 101 within a radius of the Corridor .

Greater Manchester Transport Unit (GMTU)102 GMTU presents the Greater Manchester Emissions Inventory (EMIGMA). The inventory contains information on the emissions of pollutants identified in the UK's Air Quality Strategy from all identifiable sources in the area. The emissions sources are grouped into three broad 103 categories :

Stationary point sources – predominantly industrial processes Mobile line sources – road, rail and air transportation Area sources – other influential sources, such as domestic emissions, for which it is not practical to resolve to point or line representations but which are nevertheless collectively significant. These sources are essentially population based and include, for example, combustion and solvent usage related emissions from domestic houses

The database allows the magnitude and spatial distribution of emissions across Greater Manchester to be investigated and enables the relative importance of different sources of air pollution to be examined. The emissions data has a further role in providing the basis for dispersion modelling exercises and air quality management planning. In conjunction with transport models it also provides the basis for forecasting air quality and determining the effects of changes in land use planning and transportation policies. EMIGMA is predominantly a model, with limited empirical inputs, focussed on conveying the structure of emissions104. Originally compiled in 2005, an update is available for 2006 (prepared in July 2009)105.

www.manchester.gov.uk/site/scripts/download_info.php?downloadID=1404 www.manchester.gov.uk/info/413/pollution_control-air_quality/2942/pollution_control-air_quality/6 www.greatairmanchester.org.uk 101 www.greatairmanchester.org.uk/GreatAir/default.aspx 102 www.gmtu.gov.uk 103 www.greatairmanchester.org.uk/WhatAreWeDoing/emigma.aspx 104 www.gmtu.gov.uk/gam_maps/ 105 www.gmtu.gov.uk/reports/emigma/GMTUReport1530.pdf 99

100

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Met Office

106

Gridded data sets based on surface observations have been generated for a range of climatic 107 variables under the UKCP09 programme . The data sets cover the UK at 5×5 km resolution and span the period 1914-2006 at daily, monthly, and annual timescales. Changes in the landscape of monitoring stations during this 108 period are subject to regression and interpolation . Climate Variables available within the UKCP09 dataset include109:

Maximum air temperature Minimum air temperature Mean air temperature Days of air frost Days of ground frost Sunshine duration Total precipitation Days of rain >= 1mm Days of rain >= 10mm Days of sleet or snow falling Days of snow lying Mean wind speed Mean sea-level pressure Mean relative humidity

Mean vapour pressure Mean cloud cover Heating degree days Cooling degree days Growing degree days Extreme temperature range Growing season length Summer heat wave duration Winter heat wave duration Summer cold wave duration Winter cold wave duration Consecutive dry days Greatest 5-day precipitation Rainfall intensity

The subsequent modelled climate projections are accessible at the UK Climate Projections 110 data interface . A map of Synoptic and Climate Stations in May 2010 reveals a station at Manchester Hulme Library and Rochdale111. Associated commercial data services are reviewed in the Provider 112 catalogue . UK datasets outside the UKCP09 recorded by the Met Office Hadley Centre monitoring network are accessible113; such as HadCET (temperature) and HadUKP (precipitation)114. In addition, the Climate Impacts LINK Project (known just as LINK) provides climate simulations 115 from the Met Office Hadley Centre .

106 107 108 109

www.metoffice.gov.uk www.metoffice.gov.uk/climatechange/science/monitoring/ukcp09/ www.metoffice.gov.uk/climatechange/science/monitoring/ukcp09/methods.html

www.metoffice.gov.uk/climatechange/science/monitoring/ukcp09/available/summary_gridded_dataset_availability_v2 .pdf 110 http://ukclimateprojections-ui.defra.gov.uk 111 www.metoffice.gov.uk/climate/uk/networks/images/map4.gif 112 www.metoffice.gov.uk/services/industry/data/provider.pdf 113 www.metoffice.gov.uk/climatechange/science/monitoring/ 114 http://hadobs.metoffice.com/ 115 http://badc.nerc.ac.uk/data/link/index.html

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Environment Environment Agency Waste datasets for the North West region featuring the ‘Greater Manchester’ sub-region

116

North West - Waste Inputs & Capacity 2008 North West - Waste Input & Capacity Trends 2000-2008 North West - Hazardous waste 2008

The EA’s HiFlows-UK database tracks flood peak data at river flow gauging stations in the UK117. Gauges for the Irwell, Mersey, and Irk are listed118. Other datasets appear as collations of already covered data

119

Defra Defra compile a series of attitudinal datasets featuring classifications by Government Region120:

2010 Omnibus Survey on Public attitudes and behaviours towards the environment 2010 Wellbeing update 2009 Survey of Public Attitudes and Behaviours towards the Environment

Regional datasets are listed as follows

121

Inland Water Quality and Use:

116 117 118 119 120 121

Phosphate concentrations in rivers UK Environment Regions: 1990-2005 Nitrate concentrations in rivers, UK Environment Regions: 1995-2005 Amounts of annual rainfall and as a percentage of the 1961-1990 rainfall average: 19902005, Great Britain, NRA Region Chemical quality of rivers and canals: 1990, 1995, 2000 to 2005, England, Environment Agency Region, Wales & Northern Ireland Biological water quality of rivers and canals : 1990, 1995, 2000 to 2005, England, Environment Agency Region, Wales & Northern Ireland Compliance with the Freshwater Fish Directive (78/659/EEC) for rivers: 1995-2004, Environment Agency Regions, England & Wales Compliance with the Freshwater Fish Directive (78/659/EEC) for lakes and still waters: 1995-2004, England and Wales, Environment Agency Region Annual average, highest and lowest mean concentrations of water quality determinands by Environment Agency Region: 1980-2005 (Dissolved oxygen), Great Britain Annual average, highest and lowest mean concentrations of water quality determinands by Environment Agency Region: 1980-2005 (Biochemical Oxygen Demand), Great Britain Annual average, highest and lowest mean concentrations of water quality determinands by Environment Agency Region: 1980-2005 (Ammoniacal nitrogen), Great Britain Annual average, highest and lowest mean concentrations of nitrates by Environment Agency Region: 1980-2005, Great Britain

www.environment-agency.gov.uk/research/library/data/111318.aspx#North_West www.environment-agency.gov.uk/hiflows/91727.aspx www.environment-agency.gov.uk/static/documents/Research/List_of_stations_v3.01_new.xls www.environment-agency.gov.uk/research/library/data/34331.aspx www.defra.gov.uk/evidence/statistics/environment/pubatt/index.htm www.defra.gov.uk/evidence/statistics/environment/disagg.htm

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Annual average, highest and lowest mean concentrations of orthophosphates by Environment Agency Region: 1980, 1990-2005, Great Britain Nitrate and phosphate concentrations in rivers: 1990-2005, Environment Agency Regions, England, Wales, Northern Ireland, Scotland Annual average concentrations of selected determinands of river water quality, by river location: 1980, 1990 and 1995-2005, Great Britain, Environment Agency Region Compliance with numeric discharge consents: 1995-2004, Environment Agency Regions, United Kingdom Water pollution, substantiated incidents: 1990-2005, Environment Agency Regions, United Kingdom Abstraction licences in force and new licences determined: 1995/6 - 2004/5, Environment Agency Regions, Great Britain Number of abstraction licences in force by purpose: 2004/5, Environment Agency Regions, Great Britain Estimated abstractions from all surface and groundwaters by purpose and Environment Agency region: 1995-2004, England & Wales Estimated abstractions from tidal waters by purpose and Environment Agency region: 1995-2004 England & Wales Estimated abstractions from non-tidal surface waters by purpose and Environment Agency region: 1995-2004, Environment Agency Regions, England & Wales Estimated abstractions from groundwaters by purpose and Environment Agency region: 1995-2004, Environment Agency Regions, England & Wales Number of drought orders by Environment Agency Region: 1976-2004, Environment Agency Regions, United Kingdom

Land Use and Land Cover: Previous use of land changing to developed uses: 1997-2002: average by county in England Projections of urban growth, by county: 1991-2016, England Designated areas by Environment Agency Region at March 2005

Radioactivity

Radon results by county or metropolitan area: 2001, England Radon results by unitary authority: to early 1998, Wales Radon results by county or metropolitan area: to early 1999, Northern Ireland Average gamma radiation dose rate for Phase 2 RIMNET monitoring sites: 2003

Municipal Waste:

122

Municipal Waste Statistics - tables for November 2007 Statistics Release, Environment Agency Regions Municipal waste arisings from 2000/01 to 2005/06, England Environment Agency Regions Municipal Waste Statistics - Local Authority data: 2005/06 Methods of municipal waste disposal by Disposal Authority 2001/02 to 2003/04, England Audited Best Value Performance Indicators for Waste, Local Authority: 2005/6 Municipal Waste by Environment Agency Regions and sub-regions of England, 2003/04 Amounts of different materials from household sources sent for recycling and composting by local authorities from 2000/01 to 2005/06 Household recycling and municipal recovery rates, Government Office Regions, England: 2006/07 Municipal waste management, regional: 2006/07 (Key Facts) Estimated re-use, recycling and disposal of hard construction & demolition and excavation waste by Government Office Region: 2005

www.defra.gov.uk/evidence/statistics/environment/airqual/alltables.htm

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Abandoned Vehicles, England Local Authorities and Government Regional Offices

Wildlife:

Changes in farmland bird populations, by Government Office Region Changes in woodland bird populations, by Government Office Region Summary descriptions of ECN terrestrial sites, Great Britain Bat and bird monitoring at ECN terrestrial sites: 1993-2004, Great Britain Insect monitoring at ECN terrestrial sites: 1993-2004, Great Britain Summary environmental measurements at ECN terrestrial sites: 1993-2004, Great Britain

Compilations of Air Quality data derived from the AURN and associated networks are also 122 available .

Carbon DECC DECC maintains Climate Change datasets providing CO2 emissions estimates by sector, for each local authority 2005-08123:

2008 Local Authority Carbon Dioxide figures

124

National Indicators are considered in the form of Carbon estimates applying an activity conversion framework (in the form of a Carbon Management Spreadsheet tool): NI 186: Per capita reduction in CO2 emissions in the Local Authority area125 NI 185: Percentage CO2 reduction from local authority operations126 (including PM10 and 127 NOx estimates for NI194: Air Quality ) NI 187: Tackling fuel poverty: Percentage of people receiving income based benefits living in homes with a low and high energy efficiency rating128

4NW 4NW present the North West Greenhouse Gas Inventory in the form of report129 and spatial plot130 applying 2005 data and publishing in 2006. The North West Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventory estimates emissions from the six greenhouse gases (carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, hydrofluorocarbons, perfluorocarbons and sulphur hexafluoride) for 1990, 2005, 2010 and 2020. Estimates for the Greater Manchester subregion are prepared.

123 124

www.decc.gov.uk/en/content/cms/statistics/climate_change/data/data.aspx

www.decc.gov.uk/en/content/cms/statistics/climate_change/gg_emissions/uk_emissions/2008_local/2008_local.aspx www.decc.gov.uk/Media/viewfile.ashx?FilePath=Statistics/climate_change/localAuthorityCO2/460-ni186-percapita-co2-emissions.xls&filetype=4&minwidth=true 126 www.decc.gov.uk/Media/viewfile.ashx?FilePath=Statistics/nationalindicators/41-CO2-NOX-PM10-emissions-LAoperations-200809.xls&filetype=4&minwidth=true 127 www.defra.gov.uk/environment/quality/air/airquality/local/indicator.htm 128 www.decc.gov.uk/en/content/cms/statistics/indicators/ni187/ni187.aspx 129 www.climatechangenorthwest.co.uk/assets/_files/documents/oct_09/cli__1256232878_4NW_Final__Issue3.2.pdf 125

4180 – Manchester Corridor Partnership – 20/12/2010 © Wood Holmes

Energy Saving Trust The Energy Saving Trust North West Dashboard has been published covering all carbon emissions for the Northwest by individual Local Authorities; applying DECC, ONS, and DfT statistics131.

132

National Atmospheric Emissions Inventory

1km resolution emission maps for the whole of the UK are produced as part of the NAEI for 25 pollutants including the GHGs CO2, CH4 and N2O. As such, spatial maps for the GHGs 133 CO2, CH4 and N2O are available for the North West region within the NAEI . Emissions are compiled using a top-down methodology and lack the finer spatial resolution that a local inventory based on local data can provide. Emission maps for 2008 provide 1x1km estimate data for the North West134. The NAEI is closely associated with the UK Greenhouse Gas Inventory (GHGI). The GHGI contains GHG emissions estimates for the constituent countries of the UK for the period 1990 to 2005. The GHGs reported are CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs, and SF6. Emissions are calculated from a ‘top-down’ approach whereby estimated emissions for the UK are distributed using indicators such as population and road vehicle kilometers135.

Socio-Technical Greater Manchester Transport Unit (GMTU) GMTU present Greater Manchester Area Transportation Surveys (GMATS); data derived from 2002/03 survey of private vehicles crossing screenlines and cordons around the city to identify travel patterns136. Reports include:

GMATS Manchester Key Centre Report (2004) GMATS Higher Education Precinct Report (2005)

Further data is provided in the form of Traffic Statistics Reports (2005-2009) the Manchester report include:

137

. Datasets for

Traffic Flows on Major Roads Traffic Flows on Major Roads Automatic Traffic and Cycle Counts ATC Data from Sites on Key Centre Cordon Traffic Flow Road Accident and Congestion Plots

130

www.climatechangenorthwest.co.uk/assets/_files/documents/oct_09/cli__1256233099_GWP_Spatialplots.zip

131

www.climatechangenorthwest.co.uk/assets/_files/documents/jan_10/cli__1263821120_EST_North_West_Regional_ Dashbo.xls 132 www.naei.org.uk 133 www.naei.org.uk/emissions/emissions.php 134 www.naei.org.uk/mapping/mapping_2008.php 135 www.ghgi.org.uk

Other datasets less clearly accessible concern data derived from Trafficmaster GPS and CJAMS systems, as well as the SATURN traffic model.

DECC DECC maintains a sub-national energy consumption statistics dataset composed of the following up to ~2008138:

Gas consumption data at regional and local authority level Electricity consumption data at regional and local authority level Electricity and gas consumption data at middle layer super output area and intermediate geography zone (MLSOA/IGZ) and selected data at lower layer super output area (LLSOA) Road transport energy consumption at regional and local authority level Other fuels at regional and local authority level Total final energy consumption at regional and local authority level High level indicators of energy use at regional and local authority level Quality indicators of energy data at regional and local authority level

DfT The DfT Regional Transport Statistics: Live Tables include the following datasets

139

Regional tables on Personal Travel (National Travel Survey) Regional tables on Road Freight Regional tables on Personal Travel Regional tables on Roads and Traffic Regional tables on Roads and Traffic Regional tables on Aviation Regional tables on Rail Regional tables on Vehicles Regional tables on Reported Road Accidents and Casualties Regional tables on Maritime Regional tables on Environment and Climate Change Regional tables on Public Transport Regional tables on Road Conditions

Datasets concerning the North West region and Greater Manchester component are accessible. Component data features in Transport Statistics Great Britain (TSGB) 2009140. Wider datasets concerning national/regional aspects of transport, including perceptions and attitudes registered by the National Transport Survey, are provided by the DfT141. Annual Average Daily Traffic Flow data is accessible by Local Authority and A-Road for 1999142 2009 . The site enables the user to view and download estimated traffic flows on every link of the 'A' road and motorway network in Great Britain (and excludes minor roads). The data are for the years 1999 to 2009. The user can Search on geographic area, road class name or the unique traffic count point number. In addition, the Interactive Map provides a mapped background to identify traffic flows in specific areas of the country.

136 137 138

www.gmtu.gov.uk/reports/gmats.htm www.gmtu.gov.uk/reports/transport2009.htm www.decc.gov.uk/en/content/cms/statistics/regional/regional.aspx

National Traffic Control Centre (NTCC)/Traffic England As the hub of the English motorway network, the NTCC provides a real time Motorway Traffic Flow dataset (including disruption and incident components)143.

Highways Agency Access to Highways Agency traffic camera images and streams is available through a series of services including144:

Traffic England 145 HANET Video Client Edge Client Media Still Images Service Media Streaming Service

Economic Neighbourhood Statistics

146

Presents socio-economic datasets at Upper to Lower Super Output Area. Geographically, the Corridor appears to cover the following Super Output Areas:

Manchester 016 Manchester 018 Manchester 019 Manchester 014 Manchester 022 Manchester 026 Manchester 025

Neighbourhood Statistics147 presents datasets at the resolution of Lower Super Output Area (LSOA) spanning ONS data and Census (the next due 2011). Taking the LSOA example of Manchester 018B, in which the M139PL postcode is located, the following datasets are 148 accessible :

139

www.dft.gov.uk/pgr/statistics/datatablespublications/regionaldata/rtslivetables www.dft.gov.uk/pgr/statistics/datatablespublications/tsgb/2009edition/ www.dft.gov.uk/pgr/statistics/datatablespublications/ 142 www.dft.gov.uk/matrix/Default.aspx 143 www.trafficengland.com/map.aspx?long0=403.4613960041688&lat0=3276.6173111324606&long1=173.3223076995351&lat1=3027.4688365561897&navbar=t rue 144 www.highways.gov.uk/traffic/26949.aspx#still 145 www.hanet.org.uk 146 www.neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk 147 http://www.neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk/dissemination/ 140 141

148

http://neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk/dissemination/LeadAreaSearch.do?a=7&r=1&i=1001&m=0&s=1286282841439 &enc=1&areaSearchText=m139pl&areaSearchType=141&extendedList=false&searchAreas=

2001 Census: Census Area Statistics (55 datasets) A selection of tables from the Census Area Statistics giving detailed information on specific census variables.

Key figures for 2001 Census: Census Area Statistics Accommodation Type - Household Spaces (UV56) (2001) Accommodation Type - People (UV42) (2001) Age (UV04) (2001) Amenities (UV60) (2001) Approximated Social Grade (UV50) (2001) Cars or Vans (UV62) (2001) Communal Establishment Residents (UV71) (2001) Communal Establishments (UV70) (2001) Communal Establishments - People (UV73) (2001) Country of Birth (UV08) (2001) Dependent Children (UV06) (2001) Distance Travelled to Work (UV35) (2001) Dwellings (UV55) (2001) Economic Activity (UV28) (2001) Economic Activity - Full-time Students (UV29) (2001) Ethnic Group (UV09) (2001) General Health (UV20) (2001) Hours Worked (UV41) (2001) Household Composition - Households (UV65) (2001) Household Composition - Households Alternative Classification (UV66) (2001) Household Composition - People (UV46) (2001) Household Composition - People - Alternative Classification (UV47) (2001) Household Type (UV68) (2001) Households by Selected Household Characteristics (UV67) (2001) Housing Stock (UV53) (2001) Industry of Employment (UV34) (2001) Limiting Long-term Illness (UV22) (2001) Living Arrangements (UV82) (2001) Lowest Floor Level (UV61) (2001) Marital Status (UV07) (2001) Method of Travel to Work - Daytime Population (UV37) (2001) Method of Travel to Work - Resident Population (UV39) (2001) Multiple Ethnic Groups (UV69) (2001) National Statistics Socio-economic Classification (UV31) (2001) NS-SeC of Household Reference Person (UV33) (2001) NS-SeC of Household Reference Person People Under Pensionable Age (UV32) (2001) Number of People Living in Households (UV51) (2001) Number of Rooms (UV57) (2001) Occupancy Rating (UV59) (2001) Occupation Groups (UV30) (2001) People Aged 18 to 64 in Single Adult

2001 Census: Key Statistics (31 datasets) Key Statistics cover all main census topics, presented as counts and percentages in a limited number of simple tables.

Households (UV48) (2001) Persons per Room - Household Residents (UV83) (2001) Persons per Room - Households (UV58) (2001) Population (UV01) (2001) Population Density (UV02) (2001) Provision of Unpaid Care (UV21) (2001) Qualifications (UV24) (2001) Religion (UV15) (2001) Residents in Households by NS-SeC of Household Reference Person Under Pensionable Age (UV85) (2001) Schoolchildren and Students in Full-time Education Living Away From Home During Term-time (UV05) (2001) Sex (UV03) (2001) Tenure - Households (UV63) (2001) Tenure - Pensioners (UV45) (2001) Tenure - People (UV43) (2001) Time Since Last Worked (UV27) (2001) Key figures for 2001 Census: Key Statistics Age Structure (KS02) (2001) Cars or Vans (KS17) (2001) Communal Establishment Residents (KS23) (2001) Country of Birth (KS05) (2001) Economic Activity - All People (KS09A) (2001) Economic Activity - Females (KS09C) (2001) Economic Activity - Males (KS09B) (2001) Ethnic Group (KS06) (2001) Health and Provision of Unpaid Care (KS08) (2001) Hours Worked (KS10) (2001) Household Composition (KS20) (2001) Household Spaces and Accommodation Type (KS16) (2001) Households with Limiting Long-term Illness and Dependent Children (KS21) (2001) Industry of Employment - All People (KS11A) (2001) Industry of Employment - Females (KS11C) (2001) Industry of Employment - Males (KS11B) (2001) Living Arrangements (KS03) (2001) Lone Parent Households with Dependent Children (KS22) (2001) Marital Status (KS04) (2001) National Statistics Socio-economic Classification - All People (KS14A) (2001) National Statistics Socio-economic Classification - Females (KS14C) (2001) National Statistics Socio-economic Classification - Males (KS14B) (2001) Occupation Groups - All People (KS12A) (2001) Occupation Groups - Females (KS12C)

Access to Services (8 datasets)

All aspects of service provision, including access to specific health, education and legal facilities.

Community Well-being/Social Environment (10 datasets)

Information to support work on community involvement, social inclusion and improving overall standards, including those relating to street cleanliness.

Crime and Safety (1 datasets)

(2001) Occupation Groups - Males (KS12B) (2001) Qualifications and Students (KS13) (2001) Religion (KS07) (2001) Rooms, Amenities, Central Heating and Lowest Floor Level (KS19) (2001) Tenure (KS18) (2001) Travel to Work (KS15) (2001) Usual Resident Population (KS01) (2001) Cars or Vans (KS17) (2001) Cars or Vans (UV62) (2001) Distance Travelled to Work (UV35) (2001) Indices of Deprivation 2004 Underlying Indicators: Barriers to Housing and Services (2004) Indices of Deprivation 2007 Underlying Indicators: Barriers to Housing and Services (2007) Method of Travel to Work - Daytime Population (UV37) (2001) Method of Travel to Work - Resident Population (UV39) (2001) Travel to Work (KS15) (2001) Communal Establishment Residents (KS23) (2001) Communal Establishment Residents (UV71) (2001) Communal Establishments (UV70) (2001) Communal Establishments - People (UV73) (2001) Health and Provision of Unpaid Care (KS08) (2001) Indices of Deprivation 2004 Underlying Indicators: Living Environment (2004) Indices of Deprivation 2007 Underlying Indicators: Living Environment (2007) Provision of Unpaid Care (UV21) (2001) Religion (KS07) (2001) Religion (UV15) (2001) Fire and Rescue Service: Fires Attended (2002 - 2006)

Data on crime, fire statistics and road accidents.

Economic Deprivation (13 datasets) Data relating to economic activity, poverty and the provision of selected welfare benefits.

Key figures for Economic Deprivation Benefits Data Indicators: Working Age Client Group (2001 - 2007) (To be revised) Benefits Data: Summary Statistics (2005 2009) Benefits Data: Working Age Client Group (2001 - 2009) Child Benefit Statistics (2004 - 2006) Housing Benefit/Council Tax Benefit Claimants (2005) Income Support Claimants (2001 - 2009) Indices of Deprivation 2004 Underlying Indicators: Employment (2004) Indices of Deprivation 2007 Underlying Indicators: Employment (2007)

Education, Skills and Training (13 datasets) Includes information on educational attainment, school absence, enrolment to higher education and numbers of students.

Health and Care (17 datasets)

Data includes health, life expectancy, hospital episodes, healthy lifestyle behaviours and provision of unpaid care.

Jobseeker's Allowance Claimants (2001 2009) Pension Credit Claimants (2004 - 2009) Tax Credit Claimants (2005 - 2006) Worklessness: Key Out of Work Benefits (2005 - 2007) Worklessness: Summary Statistics (2007) Key figures for Education, Skills and Training Early Years Foundation Stage Profile by Gender, Referenced by Location of Pupil Residence (2008 - 2009) Economic Activity - Full-time Students (UV29) (2001) GCE/Applied GCE A/AS and Equivalent Examination Results (Level 3) for Young People by Gender, Referenced by Location of Student Residence (2006 - 2009) GCSE and Equivalent Results for Young People by Gender, Referenced by Location of Pupil Residence (2002 - 2009) Indices of Deprivation 2004 Underlying Indicators: Education, Skills and Training (2004) Indices of Deprivation 2007 Underlying Indicators: Education, Skills and Training (2007) National Curriculum Assessments at Key Stage 1 by Gender, Referenced by Location of Pupil Residence (2004 - 2009) National Curriculum Assessments at Key Stage 2 by Gender, Referenced by Location of Pupil Residence (2002 - 2009) National Curriculum Assessments at Key Stage 3, Referenced by Location of Pupil Residence (2002 - 2007) Pupil Absence in Schools by Gender, Referenced by Location of Pupil Residence (2006 - 2009) Qualifications (UV24) (2001) Qualifications and Students (KS13) (2001) Schoolchildren and Students in Full-time Education Living Away From Home During Term-time (UV05) (2001) Key figures for Health and Care Benefits Data Indicators: Working Age Client Group (2001 - 2007) (To be revised) Benefits Data: Summary Statistics (2005 2009) Benefits Data: Working Age Client Group (2001 - 2009) Communal Establishment Residents (KS23) (2001) Communal Establishment Residents (UV71) (2001) Communal Establishments (UV70) (2001) Communal Establishments - People (UV73) (2001) Disability Living Allowance Claimants (2002 2009)

Housing (25 datasets) Information on housing demand and supply, tenure and condition, overcrowding and homelessness.

Indicators (23 datasets)

Summary statistics and indicators

General Health (UV20) (2001) Health and Provision of Unpaid Care (KS08) (2001) Households with Limiting Long-term Illness and Dependent Children (KS21) (2001) Incapacity Benefit/Severe Disablement Allowance Claimants (2001 - 2009) Indices of Deprivation 2004 Underlying Indicators: Health Deprivation and Disability (2004) Indices of Deprivation 2007 Underlying Indicators: Health Deprivation and Disability (2007) Limiting Long-term Illness (UV22) (2001) Provision of Unpaid Care (UV21) (2001) Worklessness: Key Out of Work Benefits (2005 - 2007) Key figures for Housing Accommodation Type - Household Spaces (UV56) (2001) Accommodation Type - People (UV42) (2001) Amenities (UV60) (2001) Communal Establishment Residents (KS23) (2001) Communal Establishment Residents (UV71) (2001) Communal Establishments (UV70) (2001) Communal Establishments - People (UV73) (2001) Dwelling Stock by Council Tax Band (2001 2008) Dwellings (UV55) (2001) Household Spaces and Accommodation Type (KS16) (2001) Housing Stock (UV53) (2001) Indices of Deprivation 2004 Underlying Indicators: Living Environment (2004) Indices of Deprivation 2007 Underlying Indicators: Living Environment (2007) Lowest Floor Level (UV61) (2001) Number of People Living in Households (UV51) (2001) Number of Rooms (UV57) (2001) Occupancy Rating (UV59) (2001) Persons per Room - Household Residents (UV83) (2001) Persons per Room - Households (UV58) (2001) Rooms, Amenities, Central Heating and Lowest Floor Level (KS19) (2001) Tenure (KS18) (2001) Tenure - Households (UV63) (2001) Tenure - Pensioners (UV45) (2001) Tenure - People (UV43) (2001) Vacant Dwellings (2007 - 2008) Age Structure (KS02) (2001) Benefits Data Indicators: Working Age Client Group (2001 - 2007) (To be revised) Communal Establishment Residents (KS23)

representing themes across all topics.

Indices of Deprivation and Classification (22 datasets) Includes the Indices of Deprivation, SocioEconomic Classification and Area Classifications.

(2001) Dwelling Stock by Council Tax Band (2001 2008) Household Composition (KS20) (2001) Indices of Deprivation 2004 for Super Output Areas (2004) Indices of Deprivation 2004 Underlying Indicators: Barriers to Housing and Services (2004) Indices of Deprivation 2004 Underlying Indicators: Education, Skills and Training (2004) Indices of Deprivation 2004 Underlying Indicators: Employment (2004) Indices of Deprivation 2004 Underlying Indicators: Health Deprivation and Disability (2004) Indices of Deprivation 2004 Underlying Indicators: Living Environment (2004) Indices of Deprivation 2004: Income Deprivation Affecting Children and Income Deprivation Affecting Older People (2004) Indices of Deprivation 2007 for Super Output Areas (2007) Indices of Deprivation 2007 Underlying Indicators: Barriers to Housing and Services (2007) Indices of Deprivation 2007 Underlying Indicators: Education, Skills and Training (2007) Indices of Deprivation 2007 Underlying Indicators: Employment (2007) Indices of Deprivation 2007 Underlying Indicators: Health Deprivation and Disability (2007) Indices of Deprivation 2007 Underlying Indicators: Living Environment (2007) Indices of Deprivation 2007: Income Deprivation Affecting Children and Income Deprivation Affecting Older People (2007) Qualifications and Students (KS13) (2001) Travel to Work (KS15) (2001) Worklessness: Key Out of Work Benefits (2005 - 2007) Worklessness: Summary Statistics (2007) Key figures for Indices of Deprivation and Classification Approximated Social Grade (UV50) (2001) Households by Selected Household Characteristics (UV67) (2001) Indices of Deprivation 2004 for Super Output Areas (2004) Indices of Deprivation 2004 Underlying Indicators: Barriers to Housing and Services (2004) Indices of Deprivation 2004 Underlying Indicators: Education, Skills and Training (2004) Indices of Deprivation 2004 Underlying

People and Society: Income and Lifestyles (20 datasets) Information on income, including direct measures and indirect indicators, as well as lifestyles of families and households.

Indicators: Employment (2004) Indices of Deprivation 2004 Underlying Indicators: Health Deprivation and Disability (2004) Indices of Deprivation 2004 Underlying Indicators: Living Environment (2004) Indices of Deprivation 2004: Income Deprivation Affecting Children and Income Deprivation Affecting Older People (2004) Indices of Deprivation 2007 for Super Output Areas (2007) Indices of Deprivation 2007 Underlying Indicators: Barriers to Housing and Services (2007) Indices of Deprivation 2007 Underlying Indicators: Education, Skills and Training (2007) Indices of Deprivation 2007 Underlying Indicators: Employment (2007) Indices of Deprivation 2007 Underlying Indicators: Health Deprivation and Disability (2007) Indices of Deprivation 2007 Underlying Indicators: Living Environment (2007) Indices of Deprivation 2007: Income Deprivation Affecting Children and Income Deprivation Affecting Older People (2007) National Statistics 2001 Area Classification of Super Output Areas and Data Zones (2001) National Statistics Socio-economic Classification (UV31) (2001) NS-SeC of Household Reference Person (UV33) (2001) NS-SeC of Household Reference Person People Under Pensionable Age (UV32) (2001) Residents in Households by NS-SeC of Household Reference Person Under Pensionable Age (UV85) (2001) Rural and Urban Area Classification for Super Output Areas (2004) Benefits Data: Summary Statistics (2005 2009) Cars or Vans (KS17) (2001) Cars or Vans (UV62) (2001) Child Benefit Statistics (2004 - 2006) Dependent Children (UV06) (2001) Household Composition (KS20) (2001) Household Composition - Households (UV65) (2001) Household Composition - Households Alternative Classification (UV66) (2001) Household Composition - People (UV46) (2001) Household Composition - People - Alternative Classification (UV47) (2001) Household Type (UV68) (2001) Housing Benefit/Council Tax Benefit Claimants (2005)

People and Society: Population and Migration (18 datasets) Overall size and structure of the population as well as individual components of demographic change, such as births, deaths and migration.

Physical Environment (5 datasets) Information relating to land management, regeneration and economic planning. This topic also includes data relating to air quality.

Work Deprivation (29 datasets)

Business and economic activity data, work-related benefits claimants, and participation on government training programmes.

Income Support Claimants (2001 - 2009) Living Arrangements (KS03) (2001) Living Arrangements (UV82) (2001) Lone Parent Households with Dependent Children (KS22) (2001) Pension Credit Claimants (2004 - 2009) People Aged 18 to 64 in Single Adult Households (UV48) (2001) Religion (KS07) (2001) Religion (UV15) (2001) Key figures for People and Society: Population and Migration Age (UV04) (2001) Age Structure (KS02) (2001) Country of Birth (KS05) (2001) Country of Birth (UV08) (2001) Ethnic Group (KS06) (2001) Ethnic Group (UV09) (2001) Marital Status (KS04) (2001) Marital Status (UV07) (2001) Multiple Ethnic Groups (UV69) (2001) National Statistics Socio-economic Classification - All People (KS14A) (2001) National Statistics Socio-economic Classification - Females (KS14C) (2001) National Statistics Socio-economic Classification - Males (KS14B) (2001) Population (UV01) (2001) Population Density (UV02) (2001) Resident Population Estimates by Broad Age Band (2001 - 2008) (Revised) Schoolchildren and Students in Full-time Education Living Away From Home During Term-time (UV05) (2001) Sex (UV03) (2001) Usual Resident Population (KS01) (2001) Key figures for Physical Environment Domestic Energy Consumption (2008) Indices of Deprivation 2004 Underlying Indicators: Living Environment (2004) Indices of Deprivation 2007 Underlying Indicators: Living Environment (2007) Land Use Statistics (Generalised Land Use Database) (2001 - 2005) Land Use Statistics (Previously-Developed Land) (2004 - 2007) Key figures for Work Deprivation Benefits Data Indicators: Working Age Client Group (2001 - 2007) (To be revised) Benefits Data: Summary Statistics (2005 2009) Benefits Data: Working Age Client Group (2001 - 2009) Distance Travelled to Work (UV35) (2001) Economic Activity (UV28) (2001) Economic Activity - All People (KS09A) (2001) Economic Activity - Females (KS09C) (2001) Economic Activity - Full-time Students (UV29)

(2001) Economic Activity - Males (KS09B) (2001) Hours Worked (KS10) (2001) Hours Worked (UV41) (2001) Incapacity Benefit/Severe Disablement Allowance Claimants (2001 - 2009) Indices of Deprivation 2004 Underlying Indicators: Employment (2004) Indices of Deprivation 2007 Underlying Indicators: Employment (2007) Industry of Employment (UV34) (2001) Industry of Employment - All People (KS11A) (2001) Industry of Employment - Females (KS11C) (2001) Industry of Employment - Males (KS11B) (2001) Jobseeker's Allowance Claimants (2001 2009) Method of Travel to Work - Daytime Population (UV37) (2001) Method of Travel to Work - Resident Population (UV39) (2001) Occupation Groups (UV30) (2001) Occupation Groups - All People (KS12A) (2001) Occupation Groups - Females (KS12C) (2001) Occupation Groups - Males (KS12B) (2001) Time Since Last Worked (UV27) (2001) Travel to Work (KS15) (2001) Worklessness: Key Out of Work Benefits (2005 - 2007) Worklessness: Summary Statistics (2007)

Manchester Independent Economic Review (MIER) The Manchester Independent Economic Review applies ONS in the context of articulating the 149 Economic Baseline of Manchester . Datasets represented within the baseline are outlined below:

Unit 1: Economic Context

This provides a summary of the world, national and regional economic context, exploring previous economic trends as well as providing forecasts for growth over the next decade.

149

GDP Percent Change Per Annum 1990 to 2008 Overview of World Economic Outlook (GDP) Projections GDP Percent Change Per Annum (all countries), 2006 to 2009 GDP - Chained Volume Measure, UK, 2001 to 2008 Inflation - Consumer Price Index and Retail Price Index, Jan-2005 to Sep-2008 Consumer Spending and Investment Forecasts, 2008 to 2009 ILO Unemployment, 2000 to 2007

www.manchester-review.org.uk/economicbaseline/

Unit 2: Business, Enterprise and Innovation

This report identifies and analyses the current strengths and weaknesses of the Manchester City Region's business base and the factors determining business competitiveness in the conurbation.

Unit 3: People This report examines issues that contribute to the labour market competitiveness of the Manchester City Region, including a review and analysis of the supply and demand for labour and skills.

Business Distribution (workplaces) by Size of Business, 1998 to 2006 Business Distribution (employees) by Size of Business, 1998 to 2006 Key Sector Employment, by Numbers of Employees, 1998 to 2006 Key Sector Businesses, by Numbers of Workplaces, 1998 to 2006 Key Sector Employee Data and Location Quotients, 1998 to 2006 Key Sector Employee Data and Location Quotients, 1998 and 2006 VAT Stock Statistics, ONS, 1996 to 2006 VAT Registrations and De-registrations, 1996 to 2006 Survival rates of VAT registered enterprises, by Region, 1995 to 2005 Estimated GOR breakdown of expenditure on Intramural R&D within Business, Government Establishments and Higher Education Institutions Working Age Population Estimates, by Area, 1996 to 2006 Mid-Year Population Estimates, by Age, 2000 to 2006 National Insurance Number Registrations in respect of non-UK Nationals in 2006/2007 by Area and country of origin, 2007 Working Age Employment Rate by Broad Ethnic Group, 2006/2007 Economic Activity Rates, by Area, 2000 to 2006 Economic Activity Rates and Employment Rates, by Occupation, for working age employees, 2007 Economic Activity Rates by Age Group, Apr 2006-Mar 2007 Employment Rates, 2000 to 2006 Unemployment Rates, 2000 to 2006 Benefit Claimant Rates, percentage of the working age population, 1999 to 2007 Benefits data, proportion of resident working age population, May 2007, JSA Jan 2008 Total Benefit Claimants, 1999 to 2007 Occupations of residents in employment, 2006/2007 Qualification levels by age and sex, 2001 to 2006 Qualification levels by Industry Sector, 2007 Qualification levels by Occupation, 2007 Qualification Levels of the Economically Active and Employed Working Age Population, by Area, 2006 Qualification levels of resident working age population, January 2006 to December 2006

Unit 4: Critical Infrastructure and Place This report examines the MCR's offer in terms of the key infrastructure assets including cultural and tourism assets, the property market offer and communications and transport infrastructure.

Vacancies, Hard to fill Vacancies and Skills Shortages, 2005 House sales (four quarter averages) 2000 to 2006, by type and area Average house prices (monthly), by district and type, 2000 to 2008 Greater Manchester households, by tenure, 1991 to 2017 UK city centre office prices 2001 to 2008 UK retail rents data 2001 to 2007 UK industrial rents and warehousing data 1987 to 2007 Retail rents in major NW cities, 1987 to 2007 FDI data by Key Sector, GM and NW Usual method of travel to work by region of residence: GO Region, FMC and Country: October to December 2006 Travel to work data, by area of residence to area of workplace, 2001

Manchester Monitor150 The Manchester Monitor is a dashboard of Greater Manchester specific data and indicators designed to provide a monthly analytical snapshot of the economic wellbeing of the city region.

Worklessness Monitor Business Monitor Economic Monitor Opinion Monitor Manchester Monitor Archive

The Monitor applies data from central sources such as ONS and Land Registry (for example, 151 a Manchester search of the Land Registry House Price Index ).

Vision of Britain152 Vision of Britain presents a statistical atlas to Local Authority area, applying ONS and associated datasets in map format:

Population Industry Social structure Language & learning Agriculture & Land Use Births & deaths Employment & poverty Housing Roots & religion

150

http://neweconomymanchester.com/stories/1181-manchester_monitor

151

www1.landregistry.gov.uk/houseprices/housepriceindex/report/default.asp?step=4&locationType=0&area=Greater+M anchester&reporttype=3&datetype=1&from1=01%2F1995&from2=08%2F2010&image2.x=19&image2.y=5

Politics

Summary 12.3

The landscape of open data presents a number of opportunities for data-aggregation activity before new data generation capabilities are introduced to the Observatory.

12.4

An example of portals to aggregated data is presented by the DEFRA-led MAGIC programme presents an interactive map service drawing together datasets from across government departments and associated stakeholders; focussing on environmental information for rural populations153.

12.5

However, the low spatial density of data and the limitations of estimations derived from topdown models highlight the need for a Corridor-specific research infrastructure. Gaps and weakness in the landscape inform the targeting of additional Observatory monitoring capability

152 153

www.visionofbritain.org.uk www.magic.gov.uk/projectsummary.htm

4180 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Manchester Corridor Partnership â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 20/12/2010 ÂŠ Wood Holmes

13 Potential Mapping Resources 13.1

A core capability of the Observatory is proposed to be the visualisation and interrogation of data in the form of data-layers mapped to Corridor geography within a Geographic Information System (GIS).

13.2

Open and closed coordinate, topography, and morphology mapping resources may be considered with potential in terms of the Observatory concept. Again, no rights to closed resources are assumed at this time.

Open GIS Resources 13.3

Selected Ordnance Survey GIS resources are available through a data.gov.uk open license154.

13.4

Area Maps

13.5

Miniscale® (bitmap) – a 1:1 000 000 representation of the whole of Great Britain 1:250 000 Scale Colour Raster (bitmap) – a small scale map which features cities, towns, many villages, motorways, A and B class roads, railways, rivers and some woodlands Strategi® (vector/shapefiles) – a vector set derived from the 1:250 000 scale mapping which contains a range of geographical features including railways, airports, ferries, cities, towns and villages, woods and land use, and geographic names Meridian™ 2 (vector/shapefiles) – a mid-scale vector map of Great Britain which is designed to be use as a basis for customisation Land-Form PANORAMA® (vector) – a mid-scale map which is the only one of the set which is never updated. It provides contours, spot heights and information on coastlines and lakes, among other geographical features OS Street View® (bitmap) – 1:10 000 designed to emphasise road names, Department for Transport identifiers, generalised buildings and areas of vegetation OS VectorMap™ District156 – a cartographic vector product that enables overlay of information against a map backdrop (available in vector and raster formats)

Administrative Boundaries157:

13.6

155

Boundary-Line™ – a set of layers giving the shapes of electoral and administrative boundaries. It contains the boundaries for local authority administrative areas (county, unitary and district councils), ward, civil parish, 2010 parliamentary, assembly and European constituencies

Reference Data: 158

Code-Point® Open – a set of geographical reference points which relate to each of the unique postcodes. The dataset is provided as Eastings and Northings and already the developer community has converted it into other geographical descriptors 159 OS Locator® – a fully searchable national gazetteer of road names which complements products such as OS Street View 160 DEFRA Land use statistics (Generalised Land Use Database) – categorises use of land into nine simple categories. These are: domestic buildings, non-domestic buildings, roads,

154

www.guardian.co.uk/news/datablog/2010/apr/02/ordnance-survey-open-data www.ordnancesurvey.co.uk/opendatadownload/products.html 156 www.ordnancesurvey.co.uk/oswebsite/products/vectormap/district/index.html 157 http://data.gov.uk/dataset/os-boundary-line 158 http://data.gov.uk/dataset/os-code-point-open 159 http://data.gov.uk/dataset/os-locator 155

paths, rail, gardens (domestic), green space, water, other land uses (largely hardstanding), and unclassified 161 DfT National Public Transport Access Nodes (NaPTAN) – dataset which provides a unique identifier for every point of access to public transport which can then be used in schedule and timetable data. It contains every station, bus stop, ferry terminal and airport in Great Britain 162 DfT National Public Transport Gazetteer (NPTG) – provides a frame of reference for NaPTAN, giving names and geospatial references for towns and points of interest which are used within the NaPTAN dataset. This dataset can be used in conjunction with NaPTAN to provide starting and ending points for journey planners 163 1:50 000 Scale Gazetteer – a mid-scale gazetteer which contains entries for airports, farms, hills, woodlands, commons and other places. It has a resolution down to 1km and contains over 42,000 towns 13.7

In complement to the OS OpenData release, the UKCP09 data is available in GIS-shapefile 164 format .

13.8

Finally, resources such as Google Maps165, Google Earth166, and Bing Maps167 present a relevant resource for 2D/3D GIS manipulations through the API. An example is presented by 168 the Manchester 3D map in Google Earth .

Stakeholder GIS Resources 13.9

A series of mapping programmes reveal further potential assets for the Observatory project.

13.10

CURE (Centre for Urban Research in Ecology) have mapped the City Region into Urban Morphology Types (UMTs). The typology broadly follows the National Land Use Database (NLUD) classification. Mapping was carried out by aerial photographic analysis with 169 compilation in MAPInfo GIS .

13.11

The UMT Dataset has been used by CURE to identify which areas of the City Region are potentially most vulnerable to heat island and warming effects.

13.12

The UMT dataset was subsequently applied in the Greater Manchester Green Infrastructure Strategy170: The study found that sufficient datasets exist (or are readily created) to enable a working analysis of Green Infrastructure to be undertaken. In particular the County is fortunate to have an existing land use dataset, the Urban Morphology Types (UMTs) developed by the Centre for Regional and Urban Ecology (CURE), University of Manchester. UMTs were developed based on visual interpretation of AGMA aerial photography. By combining academically rigorous studies on the attributes of UMTs with more subjective but transparent assessments, useful mapping of Green Infrastructure functions at the County level can be carried out.

160

http://data.gov.uk/dataset/land_use_statistics_generalised_land_use_database http://data.gov.uk/dataset/naptan 162 http://data.gov.uk/dataset/nptg 163 http://data.gov.uk/dataset/os-50k-gazetteer 164 http://ukclimateprojections.defra.gov.uk/content/view/2304/500/ 165 http://code.google.com/apis/maps/index.html 166 http://code.google.com/apis/earth/ 167 www.microsoft.com/maps/ 168 www.maplandia.com/united-kingdom/england/north-west/manchester/manchester/manchester-google-earth.html 169 www.greeninfrastructurenw.co.uk/resources/1547.058_Final_Report_September_2008.pdf 170 www.wigan.gov.uk/NR/rdonlyres/13F42D64-4479-4596-9A3BC09DCE95F2A4/0/GIGMPhase1FinalReport211kb.pdf 161

13.13

The UMT thus presents a potentially valuable resource to integrate within thinking on the compilation of geographic information elements of the Low Carbon Laboratory.

13.14

Further potential for visualisation and access to Observatory outputs is apparent in the Manchester 3D model in development by Ove Arup and Partners171. This potential is based on current initiatives such as NearLondon which seeks to establish a 3D ‘virtual world’ model 172 of London upon which stakeholders are able to layer data for public or commercial access :

NearLondon screenshot featuring user traffic and commercial plots

13.15

Adjacent work in the field of ICT and mapping has been completed by Clicks & Links within a European context and delivered as the City 2020, Eco-Cities and GreenShift173 programme. These are at early stage reporting and development and provide models and learning 174 opportunities for the communication and hosting of Data .

13.16

Further mapping resources are apparent in research programmes such as SCORCHIO at University of Manchester which presents a series of mapping assets based on ground 175 transects, air transects, and GIS plots. 3D mapping of the Corridor utilising Cities Revealed 176 and Edina Digimap data:

Sources: EPSRC SCORCHIO; Crown Copyright OSMM (Edina, Digimap); Cities Revealed (Landmap)

13.17

The MIMAS hosted Landmap service provides spatial data collections spanning the themes of 177 Optical, Thermal, Radar, Elevation, and Feature .

171

www.theengineer.co.uk/news/model-prize-for-manchester/304597.article http://london.nearglobal.com/Features/Discover.aspx www.greenshifteurope.eu/opencms/opencms/city2020/ 174 http://manchester.eco-city.eu/ 175 www.citiesrevealed.com 176 http://edina.ac.uk/digimap/ 177 http://landmap.mimas.ac.uk 172 173

14 Example Monitoring Technologies 14.1

Observatory monitoring capabilities have been explored with key stakeholders; key technology groups emerge with particular focus:

14.2

GHG monitoring sensors Building information systems Traffic monitoring systems Wireless sensor platforms Climate monitoring systems

Review of each supports consideration of potential Observatory systems.

Climate Monitoring Systems – i-trees Specification 14.3

The i-trees project proposes a ‘living laboratory’ in the Corridor incorporating a research infrastructure proposed to ‘enable the University to stay at the forefront of research into climate change adaptation and aid the development of innovative climate change adaptation strategies’.

14.4

An array of University of Manchester stakeholders were engaged in the specification of the itrees research infrastructure. The outcomes thus present an valuable resource when considering technologies to be introduced by the Observatory.

14.5

The research infrastructure includes Observatory Monitoring Stations (OMS) and Satellite Monitoring Stations (SMS): OMS: Matching observatory monitoring stations are proposed at either end of St. Peter’s Square. State of the art scientific monitoring equipment is proposed to be located in these areas to enable detailed profiling of two contrasting urban environments, the shaded tree canopy of the Peace Gardens, and the bustling hard space that serves the bus and tram interchange.’ SMS: Three further satellite monitoring stations are proposed within the Whitworth Park/Oxford Road area, to explore the effects of tree density on measured variables.

14.6

The proposed OMS and SMS specifications provide insight into the structure and costs of such facilities: OMS: Environmental Variables Trace Gases Aerosol Variables VOCs (isoprenes PM10 and terpenes) PM2.5 VOC & oxidative Fine and ultrafine aerosol products distribution CO2, CO2 fluxes & Coarse aerosol distribution H2O vapour fluxes Speciated inorganic and organic aerosol mass size CO NO, NO2, & NOx distribution Associated light scattering and light adsorption Directive radiative forcing by aerosol

Other Variables CH4 Ration of biogenic carbon isotopes and anthropogenic carbon isotopes Black carbon mass Elemental carbon to organic mass ration Visibility Wind profile Aerosol profile

14.7

The implicated OMS equipment specification was outlined as follows:

14.8

Equipment costs excluding installation and wireless connection costs amount to £64,500 (estimate of June 2008)

14.9

OMS Equipment – Trace Gases: GC-Mass Spectrometer (£?) Standard PTR-MS (£?) OPEC CO2/Water Vapour Eddy Covariance Flux System (£?) Licor CO2 UIGA Model 7000 @ £14,500 Aerolaser AL-5000 @ £40,000 TECO Trace Level NOx @ £10,000

OMS Equipment – Aerosol Variables: 2xTEOM R&P @ £15,000 each TSI Inc. Model 330 @ £40,000 GRIMM 1.109 @ £16,000 Aerodyne Q-AMS @ £100,000 DTM Inc. @ £40,000

Equipment costs excluding installation and wireless connection costs amount to £226,000 (estimate of June 2008)

OMS Equipment – Other Variables: Sunset Labs @ £40,000 TECO-MAAP @ £8,000 TSI Wavelength Nephelometer (model 3563) @ £48,000 2xCRD-TDLAS Los Gatos continuous carbon isotope monitor @ £30,000 each CRD-TDLAS Los Gatos high precision gas analyser for methane emission fluxes @ £30,000 BIRAL VPS-730 @ £14,000 HALO photonic lidar @ £80,000 Met PAK Vaisala Weather Station @ £1,200

14.10

Equipment costs excluding installation and wireless connection costs amount to £305,650 (estimate of June 2008)

14.11

The initial cost estimate, made June 2008, for 1 OMS was estimated at £596,150 with annual maintenance and consumable costs of £17,500. Staff resources required for effective operation of 2 OMS stations was estimated to be £56,000 per annum (again, a June 2008 estimate).

14.12

SMS: Environmental Variables: CO2 & Water Vapour (trace gases) Coarse, fine, and ultrafine aerosol distribution to include PM10, PM2.5, PM1.0 measurements UV radiation Temperature, relative humidity, rainfall, pressure, wind speed, and wind direction (climate variables) Noise

14.13

SMS Equipment:

Met PAK Vaisala to include 2D sonic anemometer @ £1,200 GRIMM Dust Monitor 1.109 @ £16,000 AQCS System @ £30,000 UV Triple detector dosimeter @ £600 CO2 Licor 7000 @ £15,000

SoundEarPro Wireless Monitoring System with 5 samplers @ £2,150

14.14

The initial cost estimate for 1 satellite station excluding installation and wireless connection costs was placed, in June 2008, at £79,950. Maintenance and consumable costs were placed at £5,000 per annum per station, with associated staff costs estimated at £11,000 per annum per station.

14.15

The vision of equipment specification related to the i-trees project is extended by formulation of the meteorological monitoring specification amongst academic staff. Variable Air Temperature Relative Humidity Wind Speed Wind Direction Pressure Precipitation

Instrument Weather transmitter/automatic weather station

Equipment Vaisala Weather Transmitter WXT520 Campbell Scientific Automatic Weather Stations

Direct/Diffuse Radiation 3D Wind Speed

Radiometer

BIRAL Present Weather Sensor (HSS/VPF-730) BIRAL laser precipitation disdrometer Kipp and Zonen Radiometer

Sonic Anemometer

Surface Temperature

IR Temperature Sensor

UVA/UVB Cloud Height Humidity

UVA/UVB sensor Ceilometer Hygrometer

Soil moisture

Heat Flux 14.16

Scintillometer

Campbell Scientific Sonic Anemometer Gill Windmaster Pro 3D Sonic Anemometer-Thermometer Campbell Scientific Combined Temperature & Relative Humidity Sensors Skye Instruments UV Sensors Vaisala Ceilometer Campbell Scientific KH20 Krypton Hygrometer Campbell Scientific Soil Moisture, Surface Wetness & Heat Flux Sensor Scintec Scintillometer

Additionally, the Campbell Scientific Open Path Eddy Covariance (OPEC) System178 is proposed as a system of particular relevance to the development of a ‘scientific grade measurement system’: The OPEC system measures CO2, water vapour, and sensible heat fluxes using the eddy covariance technique. Measurements for CO2 flux, latent heat flux, sonic sensible heat, momentum flux, computed sensible heat flux, temperature, humidity, horizontal wind speed and direction are all possible using this system. A standard system might typically include:

CSAT 3 Sonic Anemometer Campbell Scientific Data logger EC150 Open Path Gas Analyser KH20 Krypton Hygrometer FW05 Fine Wire Thermocouple

Additional energy balance sensors such as soil heat flux, soil moisture or net radiation can be added to the system to extend the measurement capabilities. In many circumstances a

178

www.campbellsci.co.uk/index.cfm?id=2068

system can be solar powered, ideal for remote field studies (64 watt solar panel minimum).

GHG Monitoring Sensors 14.17

A series of Greenhouse Gas (GHG) packages are available in the monitoring landscape; responding to regulatory and policy provisions for the reduction of specified GHGs.

14.18

Under the Kyoto Protocol, 39 industrialized countries and the European Union (‘Annex I’ countries) commit themselves to a reduction of four GHGs (CO2, CH4, N2O, and SF6) and two groups of gases (HFC and PFC) charged with direct Global Warming Potential (GWP)179.

14.19

Further elements routinely feature in consideration of the focal GHGs. Water vapour is proposed to account for the largest percentage of the greenhouse effect, between 36% and 66% for clear sky conditions and between 66% and 85% when including clouds180. In addition, NOx and CO are routinely cited due to their action as ‘indirect’ GHGs181.

14.20

In August 2010, Chemical and Engineering News report the upturn in demand for innovative high-precision GHG monitors and analysers by government, academic, and commercial organisations thought to be responding to GHG-reporting regulation182.

14.21

A variety of technologies and branded packages are available, including:

14.22

SRI GHG (CH4, CO2, N2O) Gas Chromatography System183 184 Picarro CRDS Analyzer for CO2/CH4/H2O in air – Model G2301 185 Picarro CRDS Analyzer for CO/CO2/H2O in air – Model G1302 Picarro Analyzer for Fast CO2/CH4/H2O Measurements in air – Model G2301-f186 Picarro N2O Analyzer – Model G5101-i187 Licor GHG-1 package (LI-7700 Open Path CH4 Analyzer, LI-7500A Open Path CO2/H2O 188 Analyzer, LI-7550 Analyzer Interface Unit, 7550-101 Auxiliary Sensor Interface) Licor GHG-2 package (LI-7700 Open Path CH4 Analyzer, LI-7200 CO2/H2O Analyzer, LI7550 Analyzer Interface Unit, 7200-101 Flow Module, 7550-101 Auxiliary Sensor 189 Interface) 190 Los Gatos Research Fast Greenhouse Gas Analyzer (CH4, CO2, H2O) Agilent Technologies CH4, CO2, N2O, and SF6 in air gas chromatograph191 Tiger Optics Prismatic (CW-CRDS) CO2, CO, CH4, and H2O192 193 Varian Inc Micro-GC

The Picarro GHG Analyser package receives particular attention in media due to the acquisition of analysers by California Air Resources Board (CARB) as part of a project to 194 develop a network of GHG emission quantification and tracking stations around the state :

179

http://unfccc.int/kyoto_protocol/items/2830.php www.realclimate.org/index.php/archives/2005/04/water-vapour-feedback-or-forcing/ www.ghgonline.org/others.htm 182 http://pubs.acs.org/cen/coverstory/88/8832cover.html 183 www.srigc.com/2005catalog/cat07.htm 184 www.picarro.com/gas_analyzers/co2_ch4_h2o 185 www.picarro.com/gas_analyzers/co_co2_h2o 186 www.picarro.com/gas_analyzers/fast_co2_ch4_h2o_for_eddy_covariance_flux 187 www.picarro.com/gas_analyzers/n2o 188 www.licor.com/env/2010/products/gas_analyzers/GHG/GHG1.jsp 189 www.licor.com/env/2010/products/gas_analyzers/GHG/GHG2.jsp 190 www.lgrinc.com/analyzers/overview.php?prodid=23 191 www.chem.agilent.com/en-US/Products/Instruments/gc/greenhousegasesanalyzers/Pages/default.aspx 192 www.tigeroptics.com/app/tigeroptics/products/?id=132 193 www.varianinc.com/cgi-bin/nav?products/chrom/gc/microgc/index&cid=LOMKKHLNFIH 194 www.picarro.com/about_picarro/press_releases/20100203 180 181

The CARB GHG measurement network will help the state determine the effectiveness of programs designed to achieve methane reductions as required under California State Law AB 32. CARB's deployment of the Picarro devices will not only be the first state-level monitoring network but also one of the largest GHG monitoring networks, of any type, in the world today. This network will likely be the first of a number of state and regional GHG measurement networks set up in conjunction with the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) and other government and scientific organizations. ‘It has become clear that in order to create an effective climate policy we need measurement networks made up of extremely precise and reliable instruments,’ says Pieter Tans a senior scientist at NOAA's Earth System Research Laboratory in Boulder, Colo. ‘The growing size and value of greenhouse gas emissions trading markets make instrument-based measurement of emissions even more important.

14.23

The New York Times adds detail

195

The air resources board has bought seven portable analyzers made by Picarro, a company in Silicon Valley that also supplies the machines to the federal government and academic scientists. By this summer, the analyzers will be deployed on towers in the San Joaquin and Sacramento Valleys, home to large agricultural operations and oil fields, and on Mount Wilson, outside Los Angeles. Data will also be collected from Picarro machines maintained by the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory on the coast and from several monitoring stations operated by other agencies. Depending on local topography and weather conditions, one Picarro analyzer can cover as much as several hundred miles, the scientists said. For instance, a machine installed on a mountain peak can collect data from most of the Los Angeles basin.’

14.24

CARB’s action is echoed by the use of Picarro systems by the China Meteorological Administration; an insight into costs is provided by reports of the deal196. Picarro’s 58-pound system costs $50,000, amounting to $10,000 for each year of operation. Woelk said the pricetag is higher than some competitors’ but ends up being lower thanks to the operating costs. Picarro says its turn-key systems have an advantage against competitors because they offer extremely precise measurements without requiring much maintenance. Conditions such as temperature changes and atmospheric pressure can cause drift in the lasers, requiring re-calibration of the instruments several times a day. That maintenance can be expensive—Woelk estimated that one competing system’s annual operating cost was $56,000. Picarro says its customers have reported the ability to wait anywhere from 60 days to six months between calibrations, resulting in an estimated annual operation cost of about $2,000 per system.

195 196

www.nytimes.com/2010/02/03/business/energy-environment/03emit.html http://cleantech.com/news/5409/chinese-ghg-emissions-agency-picarro

14.25

Alongside applications in remote monitoring of ambient air and point source emissions, the application of Picarro systems to form area grids is outlined; based on the integration of measured and modelled data inputs to deliver GHG inventories197.

Building Information Systems 14.26

With retrofitting in the built environment forming a core component of policy, commercial, and academic strategy, monitoring systems focussed on the internal atmosphere and performance of buildings must be considered with regards to the Observatory specification.

14.27

A series of monitoring technologies may be considered.

14.28

Smart metering technologies from leaders such as Itron , Elster , Landis + Gyr , and GE201 are a key feature of the DECC ambition to implement universal smart metering for homes in the UK202.

14.29

Established smart meter and energy dashboard technologies include a wide array of sensorcontroller technologies, including brands with a focus on domestic applications including203:

198

199

200

EnergyHub Tendril Onzo Agilewaves Google PowerMeter GreenBox The Energy Detective PowerMand Green Energy Options Energy Aware

14.30

An illustration of current application is provided by Green Energy Options (GEO); currently supplying energy monitor devices that attach to the electricity mains input to npower and 204 Scottish Power . The GEO Trio device extends the energy monitor to provide monitoring and control of mains, circuit, and item consumption components205.

14.31

Products such as the Building Optimisation System from Agile Waves extend the smart meter 206 concept beyond energy to integrate an array of internal climate sensor-control systems :

197

http://sanjose.bizjournals.com/sanjose/stories/2010/03/08/focus3.html www.itron.com 199 www.elster.com 200 www.landisgyr.com 201 www.ge.com 202 www.decc.gov.uk/assets/decc/Consultations/smart-meter-imp-prospectus/220-smart-metering-prospectuscondoc.pdf 203 http://gigaom.com/cleantech/10-energy-dashboards-for-your-home/ 204 www.greenenergyoptions.co.uk 205 www.greenenergyoptions.co.uk/our-products/energy-monitors/trio 206 www.agilewaves.com/resource-monitor-commercial/ 198

14.32

Such approaches echo the established commercial application of Building Control and Management Systems (BCMS); example BCMS technologies include:

14.33

Siemens Desigo building monitoring and management system207 Trend integrated monitoring and control HVAC system208 209 Schneider Electric energy management software 210 BuildingIQ automated supervisory control system for HVAC systems 211 IBM live data building management portfolio

Application of such sensor-control arrays focussed on internal environments and performance of buildings may be considered as potentially relevant to the Observatory concept, and the LCEA beyond.

Traffic Monitoring Systems 14.34

A number of data approaches are apparent in traffic monitoring programmes. Reviews of traffic count methodologies outlines employable equipment types212: Major intrusive methods: Bending plate: embedded in the road to measure axel weight and speed Pneumatic road tube: a rubber tube that is placed across the lanes that uses pressure changes to record the number of axle movements in a counter placed on the side of the road Piezo-electric sensor: an electronic counter device that is placed in a groove cut into the roadbed of the lane(s) being counted; used to measure weight and speed Inductive loop: a wire embedded in the road in a square formation that creates a magnetic

207

www.siemens.com/press/en/pressrelease/?press=/en/pressrelease/2010/building_technologies/ibt201002009.htm www.trend-controls.com www.schneider-electric.co.uk/sites/uk/en/solutions/energy_efficiency/energy-services/monitor-maintainimprove.page 210 www.buildingiq.com 211 www.businessgreen.com/business-green/news/2270917/ibm-produces-energy-management 212 http://people.hofstra.edu/geotrans/eng/ch9en/meth9en/ch9m2en.html 208 209

4180 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Manchester Corridor Partnership â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 20/12/2010 ÂŠ Wood Holmes

field that relays the information to a counting device at the side of the road Major non-intrusive methods:

Manual observation to record vehicle or pedestrian movements; recording traffic numbers, type and directions of travel Passive and active infra-red: a sensor detecting the presence, speed and type of vehicles by measuring infra-red energy radiating from the detection area Passive magnetic: magnetic sensors that count vehicle numbers, speed, and type are placed under or on top of the roadbed Microwave-Doppler/Radar: mounted overhead the devices record moving vehicles and speed Ultrasonic and passive acoustic: devices that sound waves or sound energy to detect vehicle number and type Video image detection: use of overhead video cameras to record vehicle numbers, type and speed, applied with specialist to analyze the video images

14.35

Induction loop, pneumatic tube, piezo-electric, and radar systems are offered by Peek 213 214 215 Traffic , Applied Traffic , and TDC Systems ; each presenting an array of survey applications spanning volumetric, speed, class, type, weight in motion, length, group speed/class, headway, and gap analyses.

14.36

Video image detection includes the Automatic Number Plate Recognition (ANPR) camera technology, such as the CA Traffic Evo8 product, presenting journey time, enforcement, intelligence, tolling, and access control capabilities216.

14.37

Products such as the Black CAT Outstation Platform from CA Traffic present sensor network infrastructures supporting combination of inductive loops, piezo electric sensors, and other Switch I/O sensor inputs.217.

14.38

Such technology may be combined with Fleet telematics based on GPS/GPRS nodes 218 installed across the fleet or utilising automatic vehicle identification through long range 219 RFID .

14.39

Application of equipment tailored to pedestrian traffic is apparent in IR threshold footfall 220 sensors . Extension of pedestrian traffic monitoring is apparent in the increasingly accessible facial recognition systems applied to real-time crowd scenarios. Facial recognition systems, such as those developed by OmniPerception221 and L-1 Identity Solutions222, are 223 increasingly apprarent in real time crowd analysis applications .

14.40

The range of survey types and variables in traffic analysis is outlined by those offering research and analytical services, two examples being:

213 214 215 216 217 218 219 220 221 222 223

www.peek-traffic.co.uk www.appliedtraffic.co.uk www.tdcsystems.co.uk www.ca-traffic.com/Categories.aspx?id=1 www.ca-traffic.com www.trakm8.com/technical-solutions/on-board-units www.tagmaster.com www.loyaltylogistix.com/products-footfall.html www.omniperception.com www.l1id.com www.networkworld.com/community/blog/facial-recognition-identifying-faces-crowd-re

224

Traffic Watch UK ANPR Surveys Origin and Destination Surveys Travel Surveys Video Surveys Automatic Traffic Counts (ATC) Speed Surveys Manual Classified Count (MCC) Pedestrian Counts Queue Length Surveys Journey Time Surveys Car Park Monitoring Parking Beat Surveys Vehicle Occupancy Surveys Roadside Interview Surveys Questionnaire Surveys 14.41

225

Sky High Traffic Turning Counts at junctions and major intersections Link Flow Traffic Counts Vehicle, Pedestrian and Cyclist Origin-Destination Surveys Vehicle Registration Number Plate Surveys / ANPR Road Side Interview Surveys On and Off Street Parking Surveys Journey Time Surveys by Bus, Car, Walk, Cycle Congestion Monitoring (vehicle speeds, flow and occupancy) Temporary Automatic Traffic Counter (ATC) Speed Surveys Permanent ATC installation, maintenance and operation ATC Traffic Light Violation Surveys Pedestrian and Cyclist Surveys Rail and Bus Punctuality, Ticketing and Patronage Surveys

Such portfolios illustrate the significant manual component of traditional survey activities.

Wireless Sensor Network Platforms 14.42

A wireless sensor network (WSN) consists of spatially distributed wirelessly enabled embedded devices capable of employing a variety of electronic sensors are increasingly 226 prevalent in environmental monitoring activities .

14.43

The fundamental unit of a WSN is the senor node (or ‘mote’) incorporating a wireless communication facility, microprocessor, power system, and sensors at small scale. Network hardware such as gateway devices and wireless base units complete the physical network, 227 228 with application software and operating system platforms (such as TinyOS or Contiki ) conferring functionality.

14.44

A mote network thus presents a platform for deployment of sensors in long-term monitoring and sensor-prototyping scenarios; the aforementioned CitySense project presents a prime example of this application229.

14.45

The Reading Environmental Sensor Network (RESN) programme at the University of Reading Centre for Advanced Computing and Emerging Technologies (ACET) presents a vision of a bespoke WSN architecture. Incorporating at its core230:

TinyOS operating system Bespoke application software written by ACET researchers Crossbow Technologies mote and associated hardware231 Third party sensors and sensor boards

224

www.trafficwatchuk.co.uk www.skyhightraffic.co.uk http://eprints.ecs.soton.ac.uk/13093/ 227 www.tinyos.net/ 228 www.sics.se/contiki/ 229 www.citysense.net/ 230 www.acet.reading.ac.uk/projects/resn/index.php 231 www.xbow.com/ 225 226

14.46

An array of mote systems is available to those seeking to construct bespoke systems; with Motiev (now Sentilla) TMotes232 and Sun Microsystems ‘SunSPOTs’233 systems receiving regular citation.

14.47

Fuller turnkey systems are available, the ēKo System from MEMSIC (incorporating Crossbow Technologies) providing urban234 and environment235 monitoring platform. The eKo Node is a fully integrated, rugged, outdoor, solar-powered wireless sensing device that allows users to quickly and easily deploy a multi-point monitoring solution that provides real-time data from their environment. The eKo Node uses an energy-efficient radio and sensors for extended battery-life and performance. The node is capable of an outdoor range up to 2 miles depending on the deployment environment and node hardware configuration chosen. Each node can accommodate up to 4 different sensor types. The simple ESB interface allows users to not only choose from MEMSIC’s vast portfolio of sensors, but integrate their own 3rd party sensors as well. The eKo Node integrates MEMSIC’s IRIS processor/radio board and antenna that are powered by rechargeable batteries and a solar cell. The nodes themselves form a wireless mesh network that can be used to extend the range of coverage.

14.48

As demonstrated by the Citysense technology (not related to the ‘CitySense’ project) from Sense Networks, mobile phones increasingly represent a viable monitoring technology within the WSN concept236.

Summary 14.49

Exploration of the Observatory concept with stakeholders develops a vision of deployed technologies as the product of iterative research projects undertaken by the Laboratory. In this manner, the Observatory technology portfolio may be seen as a product of assets brought by collaborating partners:

14.50

Novel network systems such as WSNs Sensor prototypes such as those introduced by CitySense and Copenhagen Wheel Novel data applications such as the CurrentCity project’s application of mobile phone data Innovative data manipulations such as the NearGlobal 3D visualisations

As such, the Observatory may be cast as a platform upon which stakeholders deliver collaborative technology research and development projects eliciting datasets serving academic and policy objectives.

232

http://sentilla.com/files/pdf/eol/tmote-sky-brochure.pdf www.sunspotworld.com/vision.html 234 www.memsic.com/solutions/environmental.html#urban_monitoring 235 www.memsic.com/products/wireless-sensor-networks/environmental-systems.html 236 www.sensenetworks.com 233

15 Summary of Key Messages 15.1

Review of features and factors impacting the form, function, and potential of the Observatory component of the Low Carbon Laboratory in the Manchester Corridor is summarised in the Wood Holmes Visualisation overleaf:

Key Issues Graphic: