J
Bulletin June 2014
Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR)
Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR) 2014 Global Situation
A
ntimicrobial resistance (AMR) is currently increasingly becoming a serious global public health threat that requires a prompt action across all governmental and societal sectors. The AMR threatens the effective prevention and treatment of an ever increasing range of bacterial, parasitical , viral and fungal infections. The World Health Organization (WHO) has responded in 2014 to this challenging situation by publishing its first global report surveillance of antimicrobial resistance, with data provided by 114 countries. The report concluded that;
219 million people of whom 660.000 died. Resistance of malaria to the earlier antimalrial drugs in malaria endemic areas has led to replacement of these drugs by artemisinin based regimen. However, resistant starins to artemisinin is now spreading or emerging in other new regions jeopardizing the new beneficial protocol as well.
• Multidrug resistant tuberculosis (MDR)
cases are increasing, rated at 6% of newly diagnosed cases and 20% of previously treated cases with substantial variations in frequencies among different countries.
• There is an indication of increasing level
of resistance to non-nucleoside reverse ROBIAL ANTIMIC transcriptase (NNRTI) class of drug used to treat HIV; this is particularly noticeable • The third generation cephalosporine, which in Africa, the prevalence of CEwhere RESISTAN was the last resort drug for Gonnorhea resistance has reached 3.4% in 2009. has been associated with treatment failure Report Global in 10 of the developed countries, while • Patients who develop infections caused 36 countries have reported decreased by multidrug resistant bacteria such as ce susceptibility to the drug. on Surveillan MRSA tend to stay in hospital longer,
• Resistant E coli urinary tract infections
to oral fluroquinolones is now very widly spread.
• Resistance of infections caused by
Staphylococcus aureus, both community or hospital acquired to first line drugs are now very common. The methicillin resistant Staph. aureus (MRSA) now exceeds 20% rates in all of the WHO regions.
• Resistance to Carbapenam antibiotics-
which were considered the last resort for life threatening intestinal infections has exceeded the rate of 50% in all regions of the world.
• Malaria
is a public health problem, reported by the WHO in 2010 to affect
using more resources than other patients.
• Key tools to tackle antibiotic resistance;
like basic systems to track and monitor the problem, do not seem to exist in many countries.
• Coordinated and prompt actions are
urgently required to minimize emergence and spread of AMR.
Extracted from: Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) global report on surveillance. World Health Organization. ISBN 978 92 4 156474 8, 2014.
2014
General Guidance on Preparation of Injectable Medicines 1.
Ensure that your preparation area is clean, uncluttered and free from distraction.
2.
Check that you have the correct medicine and diluents (look at the name and strength). Check the packaging of your medicine and diluents, it should be undamaged and within the expiry date.
3.
Clean your hands with alcohol gel for (30 seconds) Or with water and soap for (60 Seconds) Then put on disposable protective gloves.
4.
Peel open wrappers carefully and arrange all ampoules, vials, syringes and needles neatly in the tray.
5. Always use 'non-touch' technique when preparing the antibiotics. Never touch the ends of needles, nozzle of syringes, necks of ampoules or rubber bungs. Never re-sheath a needle and always use a sharps bin. If you think you may have contaminated the needle, syringe or vial during the procedure (by touching or dropping) then discards it and start again. 6.
7.
Prepare your injectable medicine by the relevant method a) Drawing up a diluent (withdrawing solution from an ampoule into a syringe). b) Drawing up an antibiotic (withdrawing solution/suspension from a vial into a syringe). c) Adding diluent to a powdered medicine vial and then drawing into a syringe (reconstituting powder in a vial and drawing the resulting solution/suspension into a syringe). d) Adding a medicine to an infusion bag.
a
b
c
Discard the ampoule and syringe with needle as whole in the sharps bin. Federal Ministry of Health-Directorate General of Pharmacy National Medicines Information Centre and Reference Library, Algama Street Tel. 0183749255, 0183772843-Fax: 0183749256 Website: www.nmicrl.sd - www.sjrum.sd Email: sjrum@khmic.org Â
Federal Ministry of Health
Directorate General of Pharmacy