Towards
REGENERATIVE DESIGN
in fragile states
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Cover Photo: Tsang, Gideon. “Afghanistan Rubble.” Wikimedia Commons 2007. Accessed November 24, 2015. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Afghanistan_rubble.jpg
REVITALIZING BAMIYAN Towards Regenerative Design in Fragile States Safira Lakhani
URBAN_ISMS Designing the Metapolis Arch 692: Thesis Research and Design Studio I Professor: Mona El-Khafif Fall 2015 University of Waterloo, School of Architecture
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ABSTRACT Crisis and trauma are today the prevalent conditions for production. Onset by natural disasters or human conflict, these conditions elicit a focus on survival, a desire for regeneration, and herein, an opportunity for speculative growth and new patterns of development. Particularly, design in these instances must draw on resilience in spatial, ecological, and infrastructural systems, both physical and social, so as to promote synergies between the natural and built environments that is able then to mitigate future disaster. This is especially relevant for developing countries; the most vulnerable populations to both natural and human threats are those whose lives are the most constrained, those with the least access to coping resources. In these fragile states, insecurity is easily exacerbated by the impacts of climate change which, in turn, heightens the risk of conflict. Accordingly, this thesis investigates the role of appropriate architecture, within a context of peacebuilding and climate adaptation, in the rehabilitation of crisis-prone and post-crisis societies. Design becomes a means of a fostering human potential, capacity building, and empowerment, capable of developing a paradigm of sustainability and self-sufficiency. Afghanistan is a largely rural society with a subsistence economy based on agriculture. The country’s resource issues have been severely compounded during multiple turbulent and wide-spread conflicts from the late twentieth century to present day. This is made evident in the city of Bamiyan, a small valley nestled in the central highlands of Afghanistan. Well known for its three colossal Buddha statues c. 6th century (destroyed by the Taliban in 2001), the valley is home to almost 40,000 people spread through twelve villages aggregated around a dense urban bazaar. Once a thriving market destination along the Silk Road, Bamiyan has suffered considerably from destruction of infrastructure by the Soviets, mass ethnic persecution by the Taliban, and prolonged drought. Despite considerable international presence following the events of September 11th 2001,
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Bamiyan is still today significantly impoverished, subject to an arid climate with a single growing season where water, acquired principally from snow melt, is not managed effectively. This has resulted in gradual desertification of the land, and insecurity in the natural resource base, further aggravated by a growing returning population. Critiquing current models of development aid and peacebuilding, this thesis argues for the intersection of architecture, infrastructure, and ecology as the premise for regenerative design in fragile states. The thesis puts forward a research and design proposal that manipulates natural resources in a networked system to revitalize the city of Bamiyan. Water becomes an agent of resolution as the proposal seeks to rebuild physical and social capital as well as community resilience through an incremental and participatory process that weaves together the peacebuilding initiative with natural resource management. By simultaneously respecting and challenging forces at play in the society, the thesis harnesses the existing and the essential to uncover the transformational potential of posttraumatic design.
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AUTHOR’S NOTE Why Afghanistan
I am asked consistently, why Afghanistan? I was not born in Afghanistan, my family is not from Afghanistan, so then why do I want to design in Afghanistan? My answer is twofold. First, the notion of giving back has been ingrained into my value system, both by my faith, as well as the examples of my family and community around me. The influx of Afghan immigrants to Canada in the 90s, and my community’s selfless and ongoing involvement to help them settle into a new lifestyle is forever ingrained in my mind. Secondly, the events of 2001 brought my life directly into the ‘us versus them’ narrative and further solidified my research interests in the country. Because of those events, the identity of Afghanistan has been significantly altered, the identity of Muslims globally has been significantly altered. In the discourse of regenerative architecture, design seeks not only to rebuild a physical landscape, but distill and understand a collective memory that is reflective of the social, economic, political, cultural, environmental and historical contexts. Therein, regenerative architecture becomes a node for empowerment, able to reconstruct a true identity of place and people.
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CONTENTS ABSTRACT AUTHOR’S NOTE 1.0 [POST] TRAUMATIC DESIGN
1.1 Post-Traumatic Design Schematic Framework 1.2 Design Questions 1.3 Thesis Cloud 1.4 Literature Review: War and Architecture 1.5 Literature Review: Architects without Frontiers
2.0 PROBLEMATIC PEACEBUILDING 2.1 Cartographies of Failure 2.2 Literature Review: New Perspectives on Liberal Peacebuilding 2.3 Literature Review: Local Ownership of Peacebuilding in Afghanistan
3.0 DEVELOPMENT TRAJECTORIES Resilient Infrastructure 3.1 Literature Review: Next Generation Infrastructure 3.2 Precedent Analysis: Water Economies Social Capital 3.3 Literature Review: The Building Ceremony 3.4 Precedent Analysis: Participation Ecological Urbanism 3.5 Literature Review: Ecological Urbanism 3.6 Precedent Analysis: Downsview Park 3.7 Precedent Analysis: Al-Azhar Park 3.8 Precedent Analysis: Jordan River Valley
4.0 WATER AS AGENT 4.1 Water, Human Security and Development: an Introduction 4.2 Water for Development: Towards Urban Resilience 4.3 Literature Review: Water and Post-Conflict Peacebuilding 4.4 Precedent Analysis: Qanat
5.0 THE PLACE OF SHINING LIGHT 5.1 The Place of Shining Light: Bamiyan, Afghanistan 5.2 Test Drive 5.3 Summary; Moving Forward
ANNEX
Afghanistan Timeline Maps of Afghanistan Glossary
Bibliography
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[POST] TRAUMATIC DESIG
An introduction to the roots of the thesis interest. A mental map of thesis content, guided by critical questions to break down the focus of the thesis research agenda; an embedding and expansion of initial thinking into a larger context, seeking first to understand the interplay of architecture and conflict.
1.1 [Post] Traumatic Design
SCHEMATIC FRAMEWORK 1.2 Design Questions 1.3 Thesis Cloud 1.4 Literature Review: War and Architecture 1.5 Literature Review: Architects without Frontiers
1.0
[POST] TRAUMATIC DESIGN
CONTENTS
1.1 [POST] TRAUMATIC DESIGN Trauma, by definition, is an exception, a collection of singularities that curate a drama in which both history and future are at stake.1 Increasingly, these singularities are multiplying; fear and insecurity permeate everyday life such that present day conditions are easily attributed traumatic or post-traumatic. That is, whether crisis stems from natural disaster or human conflict, it is no longer the exception, but the rule. In a growing desperation for survival, the resonating question becomes simply, what happens now? Developing countries, very obviously, are most at risk; the most vulnerable populations to both natural and human-induced threats are those whose lives are the most constrained and who have the least access to coping resources. Herein, the post-traumatic presents an opportunity; post-traumatic design can be considered a pattern of speculative growth following a catastrophic event, a fertile testing ground for new conceptions of design and development.2 Yet this is hardly new a new idea. Patterns of intervention can certainly be traced back to colonialism, and this is directly reflected in present practices of development.3 Despite the everincreasing flow of economic resources to developing countries, projects continue to be limited in their longevity, success, and long-term sustainability.4 Such continued failure is an urgent call for regeneration, and design can play a critical role in this process.
INFRASTRUCTURE The most immediate need following a conflict is infrastructure; “in conflictsensitive environments, the condition of infrastructure is often a barometer of whether a society will slip further into violence or make a peaceful transition out of the conflict cycle.�5 Post conflict societies need functional transportation,
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2. Ibid. 3. William Easterly, The White Man’s Burden: Why the West’s Efforts to Aid the Rest have done so Much Ill and so Little Good (New York: Penguin Press, 2007). 4. Ibid. 5. David Jensen and Stephen C. Lonergan, Assessing and Restoring Natural Resources in Post-Conflict Peacebuilding (Abingdon, Oxon; New York: Earthscan, 2012).
WATER AS AGENT
DEVELOPMENT TRAJECTORIES
PROBLEMATIC PEACEBUILDING
[POST] TRAUMATIC DESIGN 1. Adrian Lahoud, “Post‐ Traumatic Urbanism,” Architectural Design 80, no. 5 (2010), 14-23.
Climate change is both an immediate and long-term threat to sustainable development, and is an amplifier of violent conflict. In both stable and volatile regions of the world, “climate change acts as a threat multiplier for instability.”6 Impacts from climate change, particularly in fragile developing areas, add considerable stress to governance and institutional structures by increasing displacement, reducing agricultural outputs, and destroying infrastructure, among other things. Moreover, such impacts heighten risks for conflict recurrence; environmental degradation and competition over natural resources are both factors that drive conflict, and can be aggravated by climate impacts. Environmental change is thus simultaneously a cause and symptom of insecurity. This means that peacebuilding and development efforts in conflict-sensitive environments must be integrated with climate change adaptation strategies in
THE PLACE OF SHINING LIGHT
LINKING CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION AND DEVELOPMENT
ANNEX
communication, and water and energy systems. Frequently, however, proposed solutions are typically cast as ‘quick-win’ which prevents any climate analysis, and usually further exacerbates longer term issues. Moreover, the needs for functioning aid institutions on the ground further compounds resource issues. It thus becomes of great importance to look for design strategies in which infrastructure is reconstructed while ensuring that the environment is not unduly affected by these activities. Such solutions cannot simply be top-down analytical answers, but must take into account vernacular and stakeholder influences as well as a sensitivity to context. Architecture and design must engage with multiple disciplines and multiple stakeholders to successfully serve as a catalyst for change in these environments.
6. Ibid.
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order to ensure success in the rehabilitation of such environments. The role of appropriate design in these scenarios is accordingly tied intrinsically to resilient infrastructure (re)development and to the sustainable use of natural resources.
PARTICIPATION Regenerating social infrastructure is therefore crucial. Participation in design processes has been growing as a concept since the mid-twentieth century. More and more, it involves making design visible and tangible for the vulnerable community, drawing attention to the importance of understanding local cultures as mechanisms for sustaining human solidarity and creativity in the context of design and development processes.7 Pressure from returning populations must also be considered in this redevelopment process; as populations grow in areas that have not yet healed from trauma, mitigating issues of density, overcrowding, increasing poverty, food and water insecurity and lack of infrastructure becomes an increasingly daunting task. In such volatile regions, developing resilience for post-traumatic recovery of social and ecological systems is crucial towards longterm growth.
BUILDING RESILIENCE Resilience implies an ability to recover after experiencing some sort of shock, having capacity to deal with uncertainty. Resilience arises in the form of networks, both physical systems and human communities, which value diversity and distribution rather than centralized efficiency. Resilience is the pattern of development most viable for post-traumatic design; the marriage of ecology and natural resources with physical and social infrastructure enables a sensitivity to context that is entirely necessary for regenerative design in fragile states. It is this potential that this thesis aspires to uncover.
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[POST] TRAUMATIC DESIGN PROBLEMATIC PEACEBUILDING DEVELOPMENT TRAJECTORIES WATER AS AGENT THE PLACE OF SHINING LIGHT ANNEX
7. Abdelhalim Ibrahim Abdelhalim, “A Ceremonial Approach to Community Building,” in Theories and Principles of Design in the Architecture of Islamic Societies, ed. Margaret Bentley Sevcenko (Cambridge MA: Aga Khan Program for Islamic Architecture, 1988)
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1.2 DESIGN QUESTIONS Formative Process
The thesis begins with the desire to understand design models for development. In the context of fragile states, this generates a series of six questions that exist in realms of international development, community and participation, urbanisms, ecology and infrastructure, which together form the platform from which this thesis projects forward. Specifically, the thesis advocates for design that is responsive to its social, political, economic, cultural and historical contexts, capable of regenerating natural and social ecology.
WHAT ARE DESIGN MODELS FOR DEVELOPMENT? HOW CAN FOREIGN AID WORK COLLABORATIVELY WITH LOCAL COMMUNITY TO CONTRIBUTE TO SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT? WHAT IS THE ROLE OF COMMUNITY AND DESIGN IN RESURRECTING A LOCAL AND NATIONAL IDENTITY? • •
How can design become an agent for change? How does the perception of modernity or development affect bottom-up initiatives?
HOW CAN DEVELOPMENT AND DESIGN MITIGATE THE RURAL-URBAN INTERFACE OF DEVELOPING NATIONS? •
.
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Schematic Framework
Should agriculture’s hydro-economic priorities be shifted towards urban development?
• • • • •
DEVELOPMENT TRAJECTORIES
development?
PROBLEMATIC PEACEBUILDING
[POST] TRAUMATIC DESIGN
•
• • •
What new patterns of urbanism can arise from an infrastructure-based approach to development? Who are the agents of change? Can conflict be a spatial driver? What are the forces of society that govern
WATER AS AGENT
•
What is the link between human settlements and their hydrological infrastructures? How is this reflected in the built form? What role do national and territorial boundaries play when trying to prioritize ecological integrity? At what scale must the watershed be addressed? What hydrological infrastructures exist in Afghanistan or have historically been used? How can vernacular methods be regenerated towards sustainable development? How can landscape and ecology generate infrastructure? How can resilient infrastructure work cohesively with peacebuilding initiatives? How can infrastructure facilitate and support long-term growth?
•
THE PLACE OF SHINING LIGHT
•
WHAT IS THE METABOLISM OF THE SITE?
ANNEX
HOW CAN ECOLOGY GUIDE FRAMEWORKS FOR INFRASTRUCTURE, AGRICULTURE AND HUMAN SETTLEMENT?
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Balancing Water for Humans and Nature
Malin Falkenmark Johan Rockstrom
1.3
LANDSCAPE + ECOLOGY Restorative Redevelopment of devastated ecocultural landscapes Robert L. France
Initial Thinking
Asanga
Elixir
Brian
CLIMATE CHANGE
THESIS CLOUD
Water
Ecological Urbanism
Next G Infras
Hillar
Cities
Vladim
Handb Lands
Mohsen Mostafavi
Robert
RESILIENT INFRASTRUCTURE
systems design
how can landscape generate infrastructure?
Out of
Liat M Aziza
Water Economies
In pra
Houtan Park
Snow Afgha
Salton Sea_California_USA Lateral Office, 2010
Vinaya
kazakhstan
There is a growing conviction that architecture has a capacity to transform the quality of human existence.8 uzbekistan
kyrgyzstan
Shanghai_China Turenscape, 2009
china
turkmenistan
tajikistan
The cloud overlays key themes and dominant ideas onto a contextual background. Within and between various frames of thought, initial texts and precedents are called out, linked to one another by the framing questions outlined in the previous section. afghanistan
US Arm
iran
Assessing & Restoring Natural Resources in Post-Conflict Peacebuilding
pakistan
india
David Jensen
Urban Stormwater Management in Developing Countries Jonathan Parkison Ole Mark
Case S Mana Villag
Adam P
Water Mana Afgha
Asad Q
Typolo System
Bob Ro
ECOLOGICAL URBANISM how can infrastructure facilitate and support future growth?
Olympic Sculpture Park
Seattle_Washington_USA Weiss/Manfredi, 2007
design in fragile states
resilient infrastructure
water + sanitation participation + civil society agency
Infrastructure as Architecture Katrina Stoll
landscape + ecology climate change
Infrastructural Urbanism
THEMES
Thomas Hauck, Regine Keller, Volker Kleinekort
Rural Afgha
Aga Kh
relevance
The Bu
Llewel
Bamiy complete
partial
World
pending
line of inquiry 1st degree connection 2nd degree connection
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Schematic Framework
8. Aga Khan IV, Aga Khan Award for Architecture (Lisbon, 2013).
WATER + SANITATION
r Governance
a Gunawansa
mir Novotny
what are the forces of society that govern development?
HOW CAN ECOLOGY GUIDE FRAMEWORKS FOR INFRASTRUCTURE, AGRICULTURE, AND HUMAN SETTLEMENT?
book of Regenerative scape Design
can conflict be a spatial driver?
Jordan River Valley
Vernacular design
Margolis Chaouni
aise of qanats
ak Bharne
my Corps of Engineers
Studies on Water agement in Afghan ge Institutions
Pain
developing self-sufficiency
ogy of Irrigation ms in Afghanistan
out
sustainable development
Mostar Master Plan
Beirut_Lebanon Solidere, Ongoing
Mostar_Bosnia-Herzegovina AKTC, 1993
Nicosia Master Plan Nicosia_Cyprus Various, Ongoing
WHAT IS THE ROLE OF COMMUNITY AND DESIGN IN RESURRECTING A LOCAL AND NATIONAL IDENTITY?
TACTICAL URBANISM
WHAT IS THE METABOLISM OF THE SITE?
Querishi
Bamiyan Cultural Centre
HOW CAN DEVELOPMENT AND DESIGN MITIGATE THE RURAL-URBAN INTERFACE OF DEVELOPING NATIONS?
BAMIYAN AFGHANISTAN
r Resources agement in anistan
Esther Charlesworth
Beirut Master Plan
Bamiyan_Afghanistan M2R Arquitectos, 2015
how can vernacular methods be regenerated towards sustainable development?
regenerative design
Architects without Frontiers
ETH House of Science Bamiyan_Afghanistan ETH Zurich, 2007
what hydrologicalinfrastructures exist or have historically been used?
harvesting for anistan
Lebbeus Woods
should agriculture’s hydro-economic priorities be shifted towards urban development?
Jordan Fadi Masoud, 2002
t L. France
War and Architecture
Century of the City
Rockefeller Foundation
Design like you give a damn
Architecture for Humanity
Housing without Houses Nabeel Hamdi
Water and Post-Conflict Peacebuilding Erika Weinthal
how does the perception of modernity or development affect bottom-up initiatives? what new patterns of urbanism can arise from an infrastructurebased approach to development? how can resilient infrastructure work cohesively with peace-building initiatives?
IDENTITY
HOW CAN FOREIGN AID WORK COLLABORATIVELY WITH COMMUNITY TO CONTRIBUTE TO SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT?
Housing by People
John F.C. Turner
Village at New Gourna
The Building Ceremony
Handmade School
Biblioteca Espana
New Gourna_Egypt Hassan Fathy, 1952
Rudrapur_Bangladesh Anna Heringer, 2006
Cairo_Egypt Abdelhalim Ibrahim, 1978
Santo Domingo_Columbia Giancarlo Mazzanti, 2005
who are the agents for change?
Al-Azhar Park
Out of Poverty
Cairo_Egypt AKTC, 2005
Grotao Community Centre Sau Paulo_Brazil Urban Think Tank, 2014
Paul Polak
Conservation Organization for Afghan Mountain Areas Bamiyan_Afghanistan
[POST] TRAUMATIC DESIGN
at what scale must the watershed be addressed?
of the Future
Eyal Weizman
PROBLEMATIC PEACEBUILDING
ry Brown
how can design become an agent for change?
Hollow Land
DEVELOPMENT TRAJECTORIES
Generation structure
WATER AS AGENT
WHAT ARE DESIGN MODELS FOR DEVELOPMENT?
what role do national / territorial boundaries play when trying to prioritize ecological integrity?
THE PLACE OF SHINING LIGHT
Fagan
f Water
DESIGN IN FRAGILE STATES
what is the link between human settlements and their hydrological infrastructures? how is this reflected in the built form?
Rock Chapel Marine
Boston_USA Landing Studio, 2005
PARTICIPATION + CIVIL SOCIETY
Development in anistan
han Development Network
uddhas of Bamiyan
lyn Morgan
AGENCY ANNEX
yan Provincial Profile Food Programme
SITE_BAMIYAN,AFGHANISTAN 17
1.4 LITERATURE REVIEW War and Architecture = Rat I Arhitektura Lebbeus Woods 1993
ABSTRACT “The making of architecture is a major coalescing activity in society, bringing together many flaws into a single complex stream.” Woods discusses architecture as an embodiment of knowledge, and draws upon its growing role in and as a fluiddynamic structure of tissues, networks, matrices, heterarchies. Under this premise, he “identifies two predominant patterns for rebuilding cities following catastrophic destruction: restoring the city exactly to its previous ‘historical’ state or ‘erasing’ the remains of the city to construct a new utopia. These, he argues, are the twin forms of denial.” Woods proposes instead that “whenever buildings are broken…their forms must be respected as an integrity….and can suggest new forms of thought and comprehension, and suggest new conceptions of space that confirm the potential of the human to integrate itself…into a totalizing system.” This he explains through an “analogy to the process of biological and emotional healing, presenting architectural forms that act as ‘injections,’ ‘scabs,’ ‘scars,’ and ‘new tissue,’ in which architecture must learn to transform the violence, even as violence knows how to transform the architecture.” The transformation of these ‘freespaces’ will be tactical, by the people, acquiring meaning only as they are inhabited: “people assume the benefits and burdens of self-organization. Existence continuously begins again, by the reinvention of itself.”9
9. Lebbeus Woods, War and Architecture = Rat I Arhitektura (New York: Princeton Architectural Press, 1993), various. 10. Woods, War and Architecture, 36.
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Schematic Framework
[POST] TRAUMATIC DESIGN PROBLEMATIC PEACEBUILDING DEVELOPMENT TRAJECTORIES WATER AS AGENT THE PLACE OF SHINING LIGHT ANNEX
The new cities demand an architecture that rises from and sinks back into fluidity, into the turbulence of a continually changing matrix of conditions, into an eternal, ceaseless flux – architecture drawing its sinews from webbings of shifting force, from patterns of unpredictable movement, from changes of mind, alterations of position, spontaneous disintegrations and syntheses – architecture resisting change, even as it flows from it, struggling to crystallize and be eternal, even as it is broken and scattered – architecture seeking nobility of presence, yet possessed of the knowledge that only the incomplete can claim nobility in a world of the gratuitous, the packaged, the promoted, and the already sold – architecture seeking nobility of persistence in a world of the eternally perishing, itself giving way to the necessity of its moment – architecture writhing, twisting, rising, and pinioned to the unpredictable moment, but not martyred, or sentimental, or pathetic, the coldness of its surfaces resisting all comfort and warmth – architecture that moves, slowly or quickly, delicately or violently, resisting the false assurance of stability and its death – architecture that comforts, but only those who ask for no comfort – architecture of gypsies, who are hounded from place to place, because they have no home – architecture of circuses, transient and unknown, but for the day and the night of their departure...10
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1.5 LITERATURE REVIEW Architects without Frontiers Esther Ruth Charlesworth 2006
ABSTRACT
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In this book, the author ultimately posits that post-war urban planning can be a peacebuilding process in itself under the notion that rival groups, if brought together to make decisions about essential reconstruction questions (especially regarding infrastructure), can resolve differences and together reshape the physical, social and political geography of a city. “In case studies of Beirut, Nicosia, and Mostar, cities rent in two by civil strife, the author describes how the process of postwar rebuilding either ameliorated or exacerbated the division between citizens and contributed to the cities’ current social climate….The author outlines how architects might do the job better, building peace by both knitting divided communities physically and drawing citizens into the planning process to imagine a joint future….Her experience in several rebuilding efforts lends credence to her observations, particularly her insistence that professional designers truly engage the local situation and stay with a project through the circuitous process of negotiation that is necessary for consensus.”11 In this, the author distinctly notes the post-war city as an opportunity, a capacity to rethink architecture. She frames the issue by characterizing some of the roles that architects took in response to the devastation of World War II: the architect as physician, as hero, as historicist. Worldwide civil conflict is increasing just as the global economy erodes ethnic identities. The irony of these opposing forces suggests that they are linked in the complex machinations of contemporary cities, where architecture plays an important role in reinforcing power structures. The author addresses the question at several levels. The investigation thus proposes a flexible framework to allow design professional to engage in the processes of social, economic, and physical reconstruction.
Schematic Framework
11. Gray Read, “Architects without Frontiers: War, Reconstruction and Design Responsibility - Esther Charlesworth.” Journal of Architectural Education 61, no.3 (2008), 65. 12. Esther Ruth Charlesworth, Architects without Frontiers (Amsterdam: Architectural Press, 2006), 25. 13. Ibid. 66.
RELEVANT CONTENT Ch2: Architects and War examines the historical roles of architects and reconstruction during the twentieth century, and looks beyond merely historic and descriptive narratives of post-war recovery towards creating a broader and more analytic framework. Ch3: Archetypes proposes more specific ways for design professionals to contribute to mediating political deadlocks and to the resumption of social stability after the episode of conflict. Ch4: Beirut Case Study Ch5: Mostar Case Study Ch6: Nicosia Case Study Ch7: From Zones of Contention to Lines of Connection: speculates how design professionals can actively contribute to the peace building processes necessary in resolving the multiple physical and social effects of the post-war reconstruction scenario.
SUPPLEMENTARY SOURCES
PROBLEMATIC PEACEBUILDING
[POST] TRAUMATIC DESIGN Architect as Teacher, architects can teach, explicitly raising issues of social responsibility with students and introducing them to real-world situations.
DEVELOPMENT TRAJECTORIES
Architect as Mediator, architects can act as mediators within the planning process, drawing citizens together to consider a collective future.
WATER AS AGENT
Architect as Pathologist, architects can analyze the role that buildings play or could play in urban conflict, to diagnose the fractured urban condition and propose remedies.
THE PLACE OF SHINING LIGHT
ROLE OF THE ARCHITECT13
ANNEX
War and architecture have a long and often parasitical relationship; the building and unbuilding of urban centres, the making of enclaves, walls and segregated residential and city zones have been fundamental to urban form and human experience. The destruction of buildings and cities has therefore always been an integral part of winning and losing wars.12
Post Traumatic Urbanism. AD Architectural Design, 2010. City of Collision: Jerusalem and the principles of conflict urbanism. Philip Misselwitz and Tim Rieniets, 2006. 21
Bibliography
Image Bibliography
Abdelhalim, Abdelhalim Ibrahim. “A Ceremonial Approach to Community Building.” In Theories and Principles of Design in the Architecture of Islamic Societies, edited by Margaret Bentley Sevcenko. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Aga Khan Program for Islamic Architecture, 1988.
“Al-Azhar Park, Cairo and the Revitalization of D Khan Trust for Culture, 2005.
Aga Khan IV., “Award Ceremony for the 12th Cycle of the Aga Khan Award for Architecture.” Lecture, Aga Khan Award for Architecture, Lisbon, September 6, 2013.
Fathy, Hassan. Architecture for the Poor: An Experime Chicago Press, 1976.
Charlesworth, Esther Ruth. Architects without Frontiers: War, Reconstruction and Design Responsibility. Amsterdam: Architectural, 2006.
“Grotao Community Centre.” Urban-Think Tank Accessed September 20, 2015.
Easterly, William. The White Man’s Burden: Why the West’s Efforts to Aid the Rest have done so Much Ill and so Little Good. New York: Penguin Press, 2007.
“METI - Handmade School in Rudrapur, Banglad September 30, 2013.
Jensen, David and Stephen C. Lonergan. Assessing and Restoring Natural Resources in PostConflict Peacebuilding. Abingdon, Oxon ; New York: Earthscan, 2012.
“Rock Chapel Marine.” Landing Studio. Accessed
Lahoud, Adrian. “Post-Traumatic Urbanism.” Architectural Design 80, no. 5 (2010): 14-23. Read, Gray. “Architects without Frontiers: War, Reconstruction and Design Responsibility - Esther Charlesworth.” Journal of Architectural Education 61, no. 3 (2008): 65-66. Accessed October 21, 2015. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1531314X.2007.00172.x/pdf. Woods, Lebbeus. Pamphlet Architecture 15: War and Architecture = Rat I Arhitektura. New York, NY: Princeton Architectural Press, 1993.
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“España Library / Giancarlo Mazzanti.” ArchDail 20, 2015.
“Seattle Art Museum: Olympic Sculpture Park.” W 2015.
“Shanghai Houtan Park.” Turenscape: Architectur 2007. Accessed September 16, 2015.
“Water Economies.” Lateral Office. 2009. Accesse http://lateraloffice.com/WATER-ECONOMIES
September 30, 2015.
Weiss/Manfredi. Accessed September 15,
re, Landscape Architecture, Urbanism.
ed September 17, 2015. S-2009-10
[POST] TRAUMATIC DESIGN PROBLEMATIC PEACEBUILDING
desh.” Anna Heringer. Accessed
DEVELOPMENT TRAJECTORIES
- Interdisciplinary Design Studio.
WATER AS AGENT
ent in Rural Egypt. Chicago: University of
THE PLACE OF SHINING LIGHT
ly. June 16, 2008. Accessed September
ANNEX
Darb Al-Ahmar: Project Brief.” Aga
23
ROBLEMATIC PEACEBUILDIN
In order to effectively propose methods for design in fragile states, current models of development must be analyzed for their approach, success and shortcomings. Further, these must be understood within the context of the site as forces that will influence design direction. 2.1 Cartographies of Failure: mapping international engagement in Afghanistan 2.2 Literature Review: New Perspectives on Liberal Peacebuilding 2.3 Literature Review: Local Ownership of Peacebuilding in Afghanistan
2.0
PROBLEMATIC PEACEBUILDING
CONTENTS
2.1 CARTOGRAPHIES OF FAILURE Mapping international engagement in Afghanistan
Peacebuilding in conflict-prone and post-conflict societies aspires to prevent the re-emergence or escalation of violent conflict by establishing a durable and self-sustaining peace.1 The term first emerged in the 1970s through the work of Johan Galtung who advocated that a more sustainable peace could be achieved through the creation of structures that would both address the ‘root causes’ of violent conflict and support local capacities for peace management and conflict resolution. Since then, international interventions have evolved from conflict mediation to conflict resolution, and in the post-Cold War period, to the transformational promise of Liberal Peacebuilding which seeks to reform the relationship between the individual, the market and the state in the hopes of permanently eradicating sources of conflicts.2 Herein, liberal peace or ‘peaceas-governance,’ as the theoretical basis for liberal peacebuilding, suggests simply that liberally-constituted societies will likely be more peaceful than illiberal states.3 Accordingly, peacebuilding has expanded considerably to cover a range of multidimensional tasks inclusive of the disarming of warring factions as well as the rebuilding of political, economic, judicial and civil society institutions under principles of security, development, humanitarian assistance, governance and the rule of law. Liberal peacebuilding finds its premise in four tenets of neoliberal ideology, the individual, the market, the role of the state and democracy, which are used to identify problems and propose solutions to stabilise post-conflict societies.4 Societal transformation is the goal of the liberal peacebuilding project, placing the individual and individual liberty appropriately at the centre of the neoliberal discourse. The market thus becomes necessary as the primary realm in which individuals may interact for their mutual benefit. The main threat then, arises from the unregulated power of the state, which can be mitigated by democratic governance. These relationships prescribe the policies of liberal peacebuilding
26
3. Newman, Paris and Richmond, New Perspectives on Liberal Peacebuilding, 11. 4. Dodge, Intervention and Dreams of Exogenous Statebuilding: The Application of Liberal Peacebuilding in Afghanistan and Iraq, 1189. 5. Chuck Thiessen, Local Ownership of Peacebuilding in Afghanistan: Shouldering Responsibility for Sustainable Peace and Development (Lanham Maryland: Lexington Books, 2014), 13. 6. Newman, Paris and Richmond, New Perspectives on Liberal Peacebuilding, 11. 7. Ibid. 10. 8. Ibid. 30. 9. Ibid. 12. 10. Dodge, Intervention and Dreams of Exogenous Statebuilding: The Application of Liberal Peacebuilding in Afghanistan and Iraq, 1192.
…the concept of liberal peacebuilding and the manner in which it is promoted in fragile and divided societies are problematic. The tenets of liberal peacebuilding – liberal democracy, liberal human rights, market values, the integration of societies into globalization and the centralized secular state – are not necessarily universal (or universally applicable) values. Moreover, the liberal peace and its neo-liberal economic dimensions, which have displaced older liberal ideas about welfare, are not necessarily appropriate for conflicted or divided societies. Indeed, democracy and the market are arguably adversarial or even conflictual forces – taken for granted in stable western democracies, but not necessarily suitable for volatile societies that do not enjoy stable institutions.9
When applied in Afghanistan (fig.1), this so-called ‘universal’ template “recreated the state’s despotic power but singularly failed to reconstruct [the country’s] infrastructural capacity or positively change the state’s relations with its own societies,” emphasizing integral flaws in the peacebuilding project.10 Specifically, the United States-led attempt to “project strategic power with military force,” coupled with the United Nations longstanding efforts to “create a less violent world,” implemented an aid and development program intrinsically tied to the
[POST] TRAUMATIC DESIGN PROBLEMATIC PEACEBUILDING DEVELOPMENT TRAJECTORIES WATER AS AGENT
2. Toby Dodge, “Intervention and Dreams of Exogenous Statebuilding: The Application of Liberal Peacebuilding in Afghanistan and Iraq,” Review of International Studies 39, no. 5 (2013), 1193.
THE PLACE OF SHINING LIGHT
1. Edward Newman, Roland Paris and Oliver P. Richmond, New Perspectives on Liberal Peacebuilding (Tokyo; New York: United Nations University Press, 2009), 3.
Associating peacebuilding with nation-building raises fundamental controversies however, especially with regard to most empirical and theoretical definitions of the birth of a nation.8 Further, this reflects a tension between top-down approaches whose primary agenda is achieving security and stability through a system of governance, and bottom-up initiatives that seek to address the source of conflict and facilitate reconciliation between warring factions. Security-based schemes also typically remain ignorant of social and cultural practices on the ground. In this light, peacebuilding is easily correlated to colonialism or liberal imperialism:
ANNEX
and its inherent ties to the ‘human security’ doctrine as indicated in the United Nations’ publications An Agenda for Peace in 1992, the 1994 Human Development Report, Kofi Annan’s Brahimi Report of 2002, and the United States’ National Security Strategy of 2002.5 The latter, in particular, falls in line with ‘democratic peacebuilding,’ the international variant of liberal peacebuilding which posits that truly democratically governed countries do not go to war with one another.6 Weak and failing states are thus brought to the forefront of the peacebuilding discourse, demonstrating that today, “peacebuilding, as far as it involves (re) building state institutions in failed or conflict states, is viewed by powerful developed states as a strategic imperative for international action.”7
27
administrative border province center country capital (kabul) site of interest (bamyan) settlements
Figure 1: Administrative boundaries of Afghanistan, 1:1,000,000. By author.
aid access no access accompanied access full access provincial reconstruction team troop distribution (2010) 32,000-35,000 6,500-9,500 manoeuvre unit *current troop numbers stand at 13,223 regional command germany italy annual rainfall (mm, 2011) average turkey 0-100 uk 100-200 usa 200-300 300-400 Figure 2: ISAF regional command structures coordinate all regional civil-military activities conducted by Provincial insurgent groups Reconstruction Teams, 1:1,000,000. By author. 400-500 taliban 500-600 haqqani 600-700 hezbe-e 700-800 hezbe-e 800-900 islamic
28
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13. Stephen Hoadley, “The New Zealand PRT Experience in Bamyan Province: Assessing Political Legitimacy and Operational Achievements,” in Statebuilding in Afghanistan: Multinational Contributions to Reconstruction, eds. Nik Hynek and Péter Marton (Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon, England; New York: Routledge, 2012), 139156. 14. Suhrke, Waging War and Building Peace in Afghanistan, 485. 15. Jonathan Goodhand and Mark Sedra, “Who Owns the Peace? Aid, Reconstruction, and Peacebuilding in Afghanistan,” Disasters 34 (2010), s89. 16. Ibid. s94. 17. Thiessen, Local Ownership of Peacebuilding in Afghanistan: Shouldering Responsibility for Sustainable Peace and Development, 53.
Disproportionate allocation of aid has also aggravated ethnic divisions in the country. Minority ethnic groups such as the Tajiks, Uzbeks, and Hazaras, who have historically struggled with Pashtun social and political dominance and who have largely been excluded from national identity-building processes in the past, are now being ignored by the international community as well (fig. 7).17 While in part this can be explained by Afghanistan’s inhospitable geography (fig. 8), motives of the liberal peacebuilding project have ultimately served to exacerbate
[POST] TRAUMATIC DESIGN PROBLEMATIC PEACEBUILDING DEVELOPMENT TRAJECTORIES WATER AS AGENT
12. Dodge, Intervention and Dreams of Exogenous Statebuilding: The Application of Liberal Peacebuilding in Afghanistan and Iraq, 1204.
THE PLACE OF SHINING LIGHT
11. Astri Suhrke, “Waging War and Building Peace in Afghanistan,” International Peacekeeping 19, no. 4 (2012), 478.
A growing international military presence (fig. 3) only served to escalate the conflict and heighten insurgent actions throughout the country. Especially to rural Afghans, “ISAF appeared as an occupation force that supported selfserving elites and fueled a costly war that claimed civilian lives and destroyed property,” made evident by the skewed priorities of the international community in favour of winning the war.14 The Winning Hearts and Mind (WHAM) doctrine is reflective of this, with donors increasingly shifting their resources to larger ‘signature projects’ perceived as more capable of strengthening local favour and more closely linked to counter-insurgency activities.15 Quick in impact, these projects are grounded in the international community’s belief in the indivisibility of development and security. As such, the bulk of these projects are concentrated in the south of Afghanistan, fostering resentment in neglected regions of North and Central Afghanistan, arguably the areas of least insurgency (fig. 4), greatest poverty (fig. 5), and most receptive to development aid (fig. 6).16 Short term security concerns have clearly taken precedence over long term statebuilding aims, noting that the implementation of Quick Impact Projects (QIP), as the name suggests, do not take into account long-term sustainability, durability, or resilience.
ANNEX
discourse on security, forcing contradictory services of peace and violence to work together.11 Under the Accelerating Success agenda devised in 2003 which recanted the pre-invasion light-footprint policies of the United States, interventions by the International Security Assistance Force (ISAF) were designed principally to create highly-centralised state institutions in Kabul.12 Establishing this monopoly of a legitimate central force necessitated expanding ISAF beyond Kabul; by mid-decade, ISAF forces were deployed throughout the country in both combat operations and development projects (fig. 2). Provincial Reconstruction Teams (PRTs) then emerged from the amalgamation of military and aid functions as interim civil-military institutions designated to improve stability, build capacity, and reinforce the nation’s legitimacy.13
29
aid access no access accompanied access full access provincial reconstruction team troop distribution (2010) 32,000-35,000 6,500-9,500 manoeuvre unit *current troop numbers stand at 13,223 aid access Figure 3: Distribution of foreign troop numbers across Afghanistan, 1:1,000,000. By author.regional command no access germany accompanied access italy full access turkey provincial reconstruction team uk troop usadistribution (2010) 32,000-35,000 insurgent groups 6,500-9,500 taliban manoeuvre unit haqqani network *current troop numbers stand at 13,223 hezbe-e islami gulbuddin regional command hezbe-e islami khalis germany islamic movement of uzbekistan italy turkey uk usa insurgent groups taliban haqqani network hezbe-e islami gulbuddin hezbe-e islami khalis islamic movement of uzbekistan
Figure 4: Recently active insurgent groups in Afghanistan, 1:1,000,000. By author.
30
[POST] TRAUMATIC DESIGN low urban rural poverty levels (percentage of population, 2008) 58-100 42-58 30-42 20-30 0-20
Figure 5: Poverty in Afghanistan, 1:1,000,000. By author.
ethnic distribution (2009) turkmen
PROBLEMATIC PEACEBUILDING
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DEVELOPMENT TRAJECTORIES
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THE PLACE OF SHINING LIGHT
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WATER AS AGENT
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Figure 6: Areas open to aid access in Afghanistan, 1:1,000,000. By author.
troop distribution (2010) 32,000-35,000
ANNEX
provincial reconstruction team
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31
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Figure 8: Landcover of Afghanistan. By author.
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32
water bodies
19. Goodhand and Sedra, Who Owns the Peace? Aid, Reconstruction, and Peacebuilding in Afghanistan, s94. 20. Matthew Power, “The Lost Buddhas of Bamiyan,” Harper’s Magazine 310, no. 1858 (2005), 72. 21. Hoadley, The New Zealand PRT Experience in Bamyan Province: Assessing Political Legitimacy and Operational Achievements, 140. 22. Ibid. 143. 23. Ibid. 24. Ibid. 148. 25. Ibid. 145.
[POST] TRAUMATIC DESIGN PROBLEMATIC PEACEBUILDING DEVELOPMENT TRAJECTORIES WATER AS AGENT
18. Dodge, Intervention and Dreams of Exogenous Statebuilding: The Application of Liberal Peacebuilding in Afghanistan and Iraq, 1208.
The New Zealand PRT arrived in Bamiyan city in 2003. Cradled between the parallel mountain ranges of the Hindu Kush and the Koh-e-Baba, the highland valley is isolated from the rest of the country, obliging the PRT to plan for self-sufficiency.22 This was necessary also because, unlike other areas of foreign presence in Afghanistan, the PRT in Bamiyan could not associate with the Afghan National Army or ISAF forces due to these groups’ prior misbehaviour and ethnic animosities towards the largely Hazara population.23 In further contradiction to typical liberal peacebuilding strategies, the New Zealand PRT prioritized engagement with the host authorities and communities, focusing on promoting local ownership by working alongside the population and not leading development actions.24 This engendered local trust, which additionally assisted democratization processes. A decade of PRT activity in Bamiyan allowed for numerous non-governmental organizations, United Nations factions and others, to provide additional aid to Bamiyan’s impoverished population (fig. 12) such that as of 2012, Bamiyan was the “second largest recipient of development funds on a per capita basis.”25
THE PLACE OF SHINING LIGHT
There does remain however, one slight exception to these circumstances: the predominantly agrarian province of Bamiyan in the Central Highlands of Afghanistan has received considerable attention from the international community. Generating significant tourist traffic in the 19th and 20th centuries, three colossal Buddha statues (c. 6th century) carved into the sandstone cliff face that forms the northern edge of Bamiyan city, were destroyed in March of 2001 by the Taliban for both being an affront to Islam and in response to the West’s priorities of funding the statues’ preservation over aid resources to millions of starving Afghans (fig. 10).20 In the interests of conserving the remnants of the monuments, Bamiyan city has enjoyed the presence of substantial foreign aid and investment that has enabled some social and economic development in the area, notably the establishment of educational institutions and enhanced opportunities for women and girls, attributed to the sizeable presence of the New Zealand Provincial Reconstruction Team (fig. 11).21
ANNEX
the fragility of the nation: civil institutions are absent from the vast majority of the population’s everyday lives, and Afghanistan is today a rentier state where 97% of the country’s gross domestic product comes from international donor-related activity (fig. 9).18 Concentration of economic growth in urban areas, principally Kabul, has further separated rural Afghan populations from the international development agenda.19
33
Afghan Red Crescent Society
Agency for Assistance and Development of Afghanistan
Bakhtar Development Network
Save the Children Federation International
Afghan Planning Agency Danish Refugee Council
International Organization for Migration Agency for Rehabilitation and Energy Conservation in Afghanistan Danish Committee for Aid to Afghan Refugees Norwegian Refugee Council Bu Ali Rehabilitation and Aid Network Agency For Technical Cooperation and Development Care International in Afghanistan Organization of Health and Program Management Première Urgence Aide Medicale Internationale International Rescue Committee Care of Afghan Families International Committee of the Red Cross Action contre la Faim
Nangarhar
Aga Khan Foundation International Medical Corps Afghanistan Center for Training and Development Mission d’Aide au Developpement des Economies Rurales en Afghanistan
NATIONAL NGO
Badakshan
Swedish Committee for Afghanistan
EMERGENCY SHELTER + NON FOOD FOOD SECURITY + AGRICULTURE
INTERNATIONAL NGO
United Nations Childrens Fund Nutrition and Education International
Kabul
Afghanistan Strategic Resolution Afghanistan Strategic Resourse Watan Social and Technical Services Association
Kunar
Medical Refresher Courses for Afghans CONCERN Solidarity for Afghan Families
Khost
World Health Organization MOVE Welfare Organization
Balkh
Organization for Community Coordination of Development Coordination of Humanitarian Assistance Deutsche Welthungerhilfe EV German Agro Action
Baghlan
World Food Program Rural Rehabilitation Association for Afghanistan
Takhar
United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees Dutch Committee for Afghanistan Food and Agriculture Organization
Parwan
Organization for Research and Community Development Norwegian Afghanistan Committee
Ghazni
People in Need World Vision International
Faryab
Aga Khan Health Service Development and Care Group Humanitarian Assistance for Development of Afghanistan
HEALTH NUTRITION
RED CROSS AND RED CRESCENT MOVEMENT
WASH
UNITED NATIONS INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION DONORS COMMERCIAL PRIVATE
Hirat
Mission East Medical Management Research Courses Afghanistan Afghan Aid Emergency Italian Roots of Peace ZOA Refugee Care Organization of Human Welfare Focus Humanitarian Assistance Afghan Health and Development Services Welfare Association for Development of Afghanistan Afghan Development Association Johanniter International Islamic Relief Health Net Trans cultural Psychosocial Organization Afghan General Help Coordination Office SFL International Coordination Of Rehabilitation Services For Afghanistan Humanitarian Action for People of Afghanistan Afghanistan National Reconstruction Coordination Ansari Rehabilitation Association for Afghanistan Norwegian Church Aid Salam Organization for Afghanistan Rehabilitation Social and Health Development Program Terre Des Hommes Medecins Sans Frontieres Doctors Without Borders Reconstruction Service for Afghanistan Future Generations Afghanistan ActionAid New Constancy and Relief Organization MEDAIR Solidarites International Human Resource Development Agency Mediothek Afghanistan Rupani Foundation Bangladesh Rural Advancement Committee Afghanistan International Assistance Mission Tamir e Millat Catholic Relief Services Afghanistan Social Improvement Organization Japan Emergency NGO Helvetas, Swiss Association for International Cooperation Hungarian InterChurch Aid Hungary Handicap International Afghan Literacy Organization Serving Emergency Relief and Vocational Enterprises Sound Humanitarian Participatory and Organization Uplift Mosmer Development Agriculture Organization Sanayee Development Organization Organization for Relief and Development Mercy Malaysia Badakhshan Volunteers Women Organization Mehtherlam Coordination Assistance Partners for Action for Change Peshawar kai Medical Service Relief Organization for Rehabilitation of Afghanistan Afghan Womens Resource Center Rural Capacity Development Committee Japan International Volunteer Center Caritas Germany Mothers for Peace Serve Health Relief and Development Organization Coordination of Afghan Relief Social and Humanitarian Assistance Organization
AID RESPONSE BY SECTOR
Paktika Kandahar Paktya Wardak Panjsher Kapisa Logar Nuristan Kunduz Laghman Jawzjan Hilmand Zabul Ghor Badghis Sar e Pul Samangan Daykundi Uruzgan Nimroz Farah Bamyan
Stability In Key Areas International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas The Liaison Office United Nations Human Settlements Programme German International Cooperation Development oriented emergency and transitional aid Adventist Development and Relief Agency Modern Agriculture and Animal Husbandry Organization Bakhter Development Network Research and Services of Afghanistan Management Systems International, Inc National Federation of UNISCO Association in Japan Rural Rehabilitation and Development Organization Afghan Women and Kids Education and Necessities Organization for Humanitarian and Development Christian Aid Community World Services Agency for Humanitarian Development Assistance for Afghanistan Islamic Relief for Aghanistan Comprehensive Agriculture Rural Development Facility Shelter Now International
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OXFAM Banu Digital Literacy Organization International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies Afghan Public Welfare Organization Development and Change Life Women Organization Afghanistan Reconstruction And Planning Department Sustainable Agriculture and Rural Community Development Organization People in Peril Association Humanitarian Assistance Society Tearfund Development and Humanitarian Services for Afghanistan Mine Action Coordination Centre for Afghanistan Turkish International Cooperation and Development Agency Afghan Institute of Learning Hilfe zur Selbsthilfe e V
GLOBAL PLAYERS n.t.s.
Figure 9: Organizations with operational presence in Afghanistan as of September 2015. By author.
34
Marwa Cultural and Development Organization War Child UK Hemat Afghan Agriculture Livestock Organization Global Partners Women for Women Marie Stopes International Afghan Blind Management Rehabilitation Association and Agriculture Development for Afghanistan Youth Assembly for Afghanistan Rehabilitation Afghan Volunteer Doctors Association
global local
AID IN AFGHANISTAN
operational presence (2015)
[POST] TRAUMATIC DESIGN DEVELOPMENT TRAJECTORIES
PROBLEMATIC PEACEBUILDING Figure 11: New Zealand Provincial Reconstruction at the Bamiyan Orphanage School. Source: David Capie. “Peacekeeping – New Zealand’s involvement in peacekeeping.” Te Ara the Encyclopedia of New Zealand. November 16, 2012, accessed December 18, 2015. http://www.teara.govt.nz/en/ photograph/36074/reconstructing-bamyan
ANNEX
THE PLACE OF SHINING LIGHT
WATER AS AGENT
Figure 10: Salsal, the larger of the two standing Buddha statues before (1963) and after (2008) destruction by the Taliban. Source: Wikimedia Commons 2009, via UNESCO and Flickr, accessed October 20, 2013. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Taller_Buddha_of_Bamiyan_before_ and_after_destruction.jpg
35
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GOVERNANCE Japan International Cooperation Agency
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New Zealand PRT ICRC
International NGO
Central Cooperation for Afghanistan UN Habitat
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Security Force Central Government City
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UNICEF USAID
International Organization
World Food Programme Community Habitat Finance Solidarites UN Assistance Mission for Afghanistan Mayor Governor UNESCO UNHCR Norwegian Refugee Council Provincial Ministries Save the Children
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ORGANIZATION
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Figure 12: Stakeholder presence in development activity in Bamiyan as of 2006. By author.
Figure 13: Desertification in Bamiyan valley. Source: David Derrick. “Afghanistan in London.” The Toynbee Convector. March 8, 2011, accessed November 1, 2015. https://davidderrick.wordpress. com/2011/03/08/afghanistan-in-london/
36
27. Ibid. 31. 28. Thiessen, Local Ownership of Peacebuilding in Afghanistan: Shouldering Responsibility for Sustainable Peace and Development, 32. 29. Mariani, Linking Relief, Rehabilitation and Development Programme (LRRD) in Afghanistan: Is Building a City an Appropriate Response to Development Issues in Bamiyan?, 39.
[POST] TRAUMATIC DESIGN PROBLEMATIC PEACEBUILDING DEVELOPMENT TRAJECTORIES WATER AS AGENT THE PLACE OF SHINING LIGHT
26. Claire Mariani, Linking Relief, Rehabilitation and Development Programme (LRRD) in Afghanistan: Is Building a City an Appropriate Response to Development Issues in Bamiyan? Groupe Urgence Rehabilitation Developpement,(2006), 7.
Running alongside Bamiyan River parallel to the empty Buddha niches, the bazaar both links and divides the twelve villages that comprise Bamiyan city. Villages to the north, situated at the base of the mountain range, are largely impoverished, home primarily to returning populations and subject to land-rights tensions from the creation of informal and illegal settlements (fig. 14).27 Conversely, villages south of the bazaar, located on a fertile plateau, profit from available farmland and irrigation, generating economy principally through agriculture and animal husbandry (fig. 15). Those with means also have a close tie to the economy of the bazaar, choosing to invest profits from the land into what are considered more ‘modern’ activities, such as owning a shop or working for civil society institutions, acting within their desire to “engage with international development processes and modernization,” over rural activity.28 Aspirations towards urbanism are not well received by international organizations however: the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), perceives the expansion of the urban centre as a direct threat to the cultural preservation of the valley.29 This was made visible in UNESCO’s 2004 master plan for Bamiyan city which spoke to short-term immediate action for conservation and management of cultural and archaeological areas with little regard for long-term economic
ANNEX
Nevertheless, the same factors that continue to limit success of the peacebuilding agenda in the country at large have created distinct problems for the long-term growth and sustainability of Bamiyan city. Many development projects continue to be quick-impact, or are tied to governance objectives that will diminish hostilities towards the central Afghan government based in Kabul. This means that the growing population is still incredibly vulnerable because of insecurity in their natural resource base. Desertification of the land (fig. 13), caused by destruction of infrastructure and prolonged drought during the many decades of conflict in the 20th century, remains an important problem for a population that has historically engaged in a severely climatically-limited agro-pastoral livelihood. Pressures on the natural resource base, particularly availability of land and access to water, is further intensified by a growing returning population. Newcomers, comprised almost completely of internally displaced peoples (IDPs) are drawn by the safety offered by international presence but have neither land to farm, nor means to build a livelihood.26 Insecure in meeting their basic human needs, returning populations are unable to change their socio-economic conditions, reliant upon a meager income from intermittent work in the bazaar that forms the urban centre of Bamiyan city.
37
Figure 14: A northern village of Bamiyan city. Source: Sustainable Energy Services International. 2015, accessed November 1, 2015. http://www.sesinter.com/our-projects/afghanistan/bamyan-solarproject/.
Figure 15: A village on the southern plateau in Bamiyan city. Source: UN News Centre. June 23, 2015, accessed November 1, 2015. http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=51236#. VnlWPfkrLDd.
38
30. Ibid. 44. 31. Thiessen, Local Ownership of Peacebuilding in Afghanistan: Shouldering Responsibility for Sustainable Peace and Development, 83.
[POST] TRAUMATIC DESIGN PROBLEMATIC PEACEBUILDING THE PLACE OF SHINING LIGHT
WATER AS AGENT
The international conservation agenda outlined by donor policy has thus very clearly dictated peacebuilding policy and practices in Bamiyan (fig. 16).31 Failing to create a local middle-class, foster sentiments of national unity, or put into place effective local democratic leaders, “peacebuilding [in Afghanistan] has remained an extremely internationalised affair,� that has further divided the Afghan population.32 Economic power wielded by the donor community has additionally distorted the local economy and structurally increased local dependency on international aid.33 Where the peacebuilding project finds success in Bamiyan city, the model has strayed from normative development practices to work with existing realities rather than around them. Expanding upon the shortcomings of liberal peacebuilding in conjunction with the successful methods implemented by the New Zealand PRT, Bamiyan city ultimately proves a fertile testing ground for a new model of development which is more context-specific, encourages participation of local communities, rebuilds networks of infrastructure, and revitalizes the ecological base so as to truly mitigate root causes of insecurity, and therein promote long-term sustainability and self-sufficiency.
DEVELOPMENT TRAJECTORIES
development. Moreover, this plan identified real gaps between needs of villagers and choices made by local authorities, catering exclusively to the investment capacities of wealthier populations from southern villages and overlooking the infrastructural needs of more vulnerable populations in the north.30
33. Thiessen, Local Ownership of Peacebuilding in Afghanistan: Shouldering Responsibility for Sustainable Peace and Development, 92.
ANNEX
32. Goodhand and Sedra, Who Owns the Peace? Aid, Reconstruction, and Peacebuilding in Afghanistan, s83.
39
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THE PLACE OF SHINING LIGHT
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ANNEX
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41
2.2 LITERATURE REVIEW New Perspectives on Liberal Peacebuilding Edited by Edward Newman, Roland Paris, Oliver P. Richmond 2009
ABSTRACT This volume explores the nature, effectiveness, and legitimacy of peacebuilding, and critiques its ‘liberal’ premise; the promotion of democracy, market-based economic reforms, and a range of other institutions associated with ‘modern’ states, as a force for building peace.34 The authors draw on the controversial nature of the approach to peacebuilding, noting that the nature of the peace being built is not entirely inclusive or context sensitive, and therein begin to question the viability and legitimacy of the project as it engages with various case studies. The emphasis on weak and failing states on an international agenda has also resulted in the growing importance of state-building as an important corollary of peacebuilding.35 Accordingly, the authors argue that the concept of liberal peacebuilding and the manner in which it is promoted in fragile and divided societies is problematic; the tenets of liberal peacebuilding are not necessarily universally applicable values.36 Moreover, liberal peacebuilding tends to mediate conflict from a top-down approach between local power brokers, and ignoring grassroots community actors. That is, the essential mechanism of a liberal social contract is generally absent in post-conflict states, which instead are held together by external actors, thereby obstructing more progressive bottom-up forms of peacebuilding.37 This is further exacerbated by the current distinction in international peacebuilding between ‘internationals’ and ‘locals’ within which “lies a danger of romanticizing the local and validating the international without connection or communication between the two.”38
42
34. Newman, Paris and Richmond, New Perspectives on Liberal Peacebuilding, 11. 35. Ibid. 10. 36. Ibid. 12. 37. Ibid. 13 38. Ibid. 14. 39. Ibid. 13.
Ch5: Does Liberal Peacebuilding have a Future? Challenges the critiques against liberal peacebuilding, drawing on what the successes of the project are as they exist now. Ch6: Transitional Justice and the Liberal Peace explores the role of transitional justice in the peacebuilding project, and takes into account its destabilizing strategies. Ch9: Afghanistan: Justice Sector Reform considers why reform has been so problematic in Afghanistan, drawing upon the divisive relationship between Western assistance and Islamic law, and suggests that peacebuilding efforts have been insufficiently sensitive to local traditions and needs.
PROBLEMATIC PEACEBUILDING
[POST] TRAUMATIC DESIGN Ch4: Towards Life Welfare focuses on the impact on and implications for welfare in post-conflict societies, underlining the importance of welfare towards capacity building and achieving positive peace.
DEVELOPMENT TRAJECTORIES
Ch3: Beyond Liberal Peace? Responses to ‘backsliding’ calls out the flaws of liberal peacebuilding, highlighting the insertion of neo-liberal strategies into the liberalization process which undermines the idea of a social contract. The chapter thus emphasizes the importance of engagement with the ‘subjects’ of peacebuilding so as to build a stable polity that provides for everyday life.
WATER AS AGENT
Ch2: ‘Liberal’ Peacebuilding Debates explores the challenges, controversies, and debates related to peacebuilding, and presents a typology of different forms of peacebuilding: transformatory, realist, and liberal. The chapter concludes that peacebuilding in reality tends to be aimed at containing or repressing conflict in the interests of international stability.
THE PLACE OF SHINING LIGHT
RELEVANT CONTENT
SUPPLEMENTARY SOURCES Intervention and dreams of exogenous statebuilding: the application of liberal peacebuilding in Afghanistan and Iraq. Toby Dodge, 2013. Waging war and building peace in Afghanistan. Astri Suhrke, 2012.
ANNEX
…the concept of liberal peacebuilding and the manner in which it is promoted in fragile and divided societies are problematic. The tenets of liberal peacebuilding – liberal democracy, liberal human rights, market values, the integration of societies into globalization and the centralized secular state – are not necessarily universal or universally applicable values…. There is real concern that post-conflict peacebuilding programmes may sow the seeds of their own failure by exacerbating the social tensions that resulted in violent conflict in the first place.39
43
2.3 LITERATURE REVIEW
Local Ownership of Peacebuilding in Afghanistan Chuck Thiessen 2014
ABSTRACT Highly rooted in interview evidence with Afghan locals, this book explores perceptions of Afghan ownership of peacebuilding activities on the ground to advance the idea that real partnership with and empowerment of Afghan actors may be necessary to salvage failing attempts at regaining a sustainable and positive peace in Afghanistan.40 “At its core, the book is concerned with the complex and unsteady relationship between external intervention actors and domestic counterparts and populations in Afghanistan.”41 ‘Local ownership’ in this context is understand as both a personal and political activity, and in the peacebuilding process, necessitates the importance of community participation. The author surveys current shifts in peacebuilding theory and practice and their application on the ground, sets the context for a discussion of local ownership of peacebuilding, reports on the perceptions of foreign and Afghan peacebuilding, and finally suggests the creation of a locally designed and led conflict transformation system that can restructure local-foreign relations and advance the journey towards Afghan ownership of peacebuilding. Through this process, the author effectively analyzes neoconservative and emancipatory approaches to sustainable peace processes in Afghanistan and therein, addresses the lack of clarity that typically resides between the concept of local ownership and its application in post-conflict reconstruction processes.
40. Thiessen, Local Ownership of Peacebuilding in Afghanistan: Shouldering Responsibility for Sustainable Peace and Development, 2. 41. Ibid. 3.
44
Ch5: The Dilemmas of Afghan Ownership of Peacebuilding investigates the necessity of government and civil society ownership and their respective struggles. Ch6: Conflict Transformation and ‘Ownership’ Dilemmas: A Systems Approach responds to the dilemmas in the aforementioned chapters and suggests the creation of a locally designed and led conflict transformation system. This chapter attempts to move from theory to practice, exploring potential routes down which organizations might travel towards ensuring greater local ownership over their peacebuilding project work.
SUPPLEMENTARY SOURCES Democratic Peacebuilding: Aiding Afghanistan and other fragile states. Richard Ponzio, 2011. Who owns the peace? Aid, reconstruction and peacebuilding in Afghanistan. Jonathan Goodhand and Mark Sedra, 2010.
PROBLEMATIC PEACEBUILDING
[POST] TRAUMATIC DESIGN Ch4: The Dilemmas of Foreign Ownership of Peacebuilding
DEVELOPMENT TRAJECTORIES
Ch3: The Historical and Social Impetus for local ownership in Afghanistan sets the context for discussion of local ownership in the country, citing the importance of history and context towards sustainable peacebuilding.
WATER AS AGENT
Ch2: The Changing Practice of International Peacebuilding surveys a current shift in peacebuilding theory and practice, describing two competing versions of peacebuilding, neoliberal and emancipatory.
THE PLACE OF SHINING LIGHT
RELEVANT CONTENT
ANNEX
[Foreign workers] belong to a very, very superficial group, a group of people who pretend that they know about Afghanistan, who are using Afghans in the same way that people from many development agencies or companies are using Afghanistan – quick, dirty, and not a lot of understanding about the background. They adopt a competitive spirit, flaunt their knowledge, attempt to control their Afghan colleagues, and do not acknowledge their Afghan colleagues for project input in attempts to personally advance (93).
45
Bibliography
Image Bibliography
Dodge, Toby. “Intervention and Dreams of Exogenous Statebuilding: The Application of Liberal Peacebuilding in Afghanistan and Iraq.” Review of International Studies 39, no. 5 (2013): 1189-1212.
“Afghan Demographics.” Allied Media. Accessed O media.com/Afghan_American/afghan_demo
Goodhand, Jonathan and Mark Sedra. “Who Owns the Peace? Aid, Reconstruction, and Peacebuilding in Afghanistan.” Disasters 34, (2010): S78-S102. Hoadley, Stephen. “The New Zealand PRT Experience in Bamyan Province: Assessing Political Legitimacy and Operational Achievements.” Chap. 7, In Statebuilding in Afghanistan: Multinational Contributions to Reconstruction, edited by Hynek, Nik and Péter Marton, 139-156. Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon, England; New York: Routledge, 2012. Mariani, Claire. Linking Relief, Rehabilitation and Development Programme (LRRD) in Afghanistan: Is Building a City an Appropriate Response to Development Issues in Bamiyan?: Groupe Urgence Rehabilitation Developpement, 2006.
“Afghanistan DEMs.” Terrain Map. June 4, 2000. A http://www.terrainmap.com/rm16.html.
“Afghanistan Maps.” University of Texas Libraries http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/afghanistan
“Afghanistan Resource Maps and Tooklit.” Nation 2015. Accessed November 1, 2015. http://ww afghanistan.html.
AidData Beta: Open Data for International Devel 2015. http://aiddata.org/search/site/afghani
Newman, Edward, Roland Paris, and Oliver P. Richmond. New Perspectives on Liberal Peacebuilding. Tokyo; New York: United Nations University Press, 2009.
“Bamyan 1.05 MW Solar PV.” Sustainable Energy November 1, 2015. http://www.sesinter.com/ solar-project/.
Power, Matthew. “The Lost Buddhas of Bamiyan.” Harper’s Magazine 310, no. 1858 (2005): 67-75.
Brnic, Ivica, Florian Graf, Christina Lenart, and W Permanence: The ETH House of Science in Bamiya
Suhrke, Astri. “Waging War and Building Peace in Afghanistan.” International Peacekeeping 19, no. 4 (2012): 478-491.
Capie, David. “Peacekeeping - New Zealand’s Invo The Encyclopedia of New Zealand. November 16 2015. http://www.teara.govt.nz/en/photogra
Thiessen, Chuck. Local Ownership of Peacebuilding in Afghanistan: Shouldering Responsibility for Sustainable Peace and Development. Lanham Maryland: Lexington Books, 2014.
Center for Army Lessons Learned. August 7, 2015 usacac.army.mil/organizations/mccoe/call.
Derrick, David. “Afghanistan in London.” The To Accessed November 1, 2015. https://davidde afghanistan-in-london/.
“Disaster Profile.” Afghanistan Disaster Knowledg 1, 2015. http://www.saarc-sadkn.org/countri
“Earthquakes in Afghanistan.” Maps of World. 20 http://www.mapsofworld.com/thematic-map html.
“Explore Maps: Afghanistan.” WFP GeoNode. 20 http://geonode.wfp.org/maps/?limit=10&of
“Famine Early Warning System NetworK: Afghan Apr 2004 - Disappointing Levels of Rainfall.” October 30, 2015. http://reliefweb.int/report monthly-food-security-bulletin-apr-2004-disap
46
lopment. 2015. Accessed November 2, istan.
Services International. 2015. Accessed /our-projects/afghanistan/bamyan-
Wolfgang Rossbauer, eds. Venturing an. Zurich: Gta Verlag, 2012.
olvement in Peacekeeping.” Te Ara: 6, 2012. Accessed December 18, aph/36074/reconstructing-bamyan.
Raw Density Design. Accessed November 4, 2015. http://raw.densitydesign.org/. “Sustainable Soil Management Key to Curbing Climate Change and Ensuring Food Security.” UN News Centre. June 23, 2015. Accessed November 1, 2015. http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=51236#.VnlWPfkrLDd. “The Geography of Violence.” The Economist. 2015. Accessed October 30, 2015. http://www.economist.com/blogs/banyan/2010/08/mapping_afghanistan. “The Ongoing Civilian Casualty Crisis in Afghanistan.” Viable Opposition. October 7, 2015. Accessed October 30, 2015. http://viableopposition.blogspot.ca/2015/10/ the-ongoing-civilian-casualty-crisis-in.html. USGS Online Publications Directory. 2013. Accessed November 12, 2015. http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2013/1124/Downloads/.
5. Accessed November 1, 2015. http://
“War in Afghanistan Maps.” Map Cruzin. 1996. Accessed November 1, 2015. http://www.mapcruzin.com/free-war-in-afghanistan-maps.htm.
oynbee Convector. March 8, 2011. errick.wordpress.com/2011/03/08/
World Food Programme. 2015. Accessed November 1, 2015. http://www.wfp.org/.
ge Network. 2009. Accessed November ies/afganistan/disaster_profile.aspx.
015. Accessed November 1, 2015. ps/earthquake/afghanistan-earth-quake.
[POST] TRAUMATIC DESIGN PROBLEMATIC PEACEBUILDING
nal Renewal Energy Laboratory. July 17, ww.nrel.gov/international/ra_
Olson, Kathryn. “Map Predicts Where Violence Will Erupt in Afghanistan.” New Republic. November 25, 2013. Accessed November 3, 2015. https://newrepublic. com/article/115718/afghanistan-violence-map-predicts-where-it-will-erupt.
DEVELOPMENT TRAJECTORIES
s. 2015. Accessed October 30, 2015. n.html.
Institute for the Study of War. 2015. Accessed October 30, 2015. http://understandingwar.org/.
WATER AS AGENT
Accessed October 30, 2015.
“File: Taller Buddha of Bamiyan before and after Destruction.” Wikimedia Commons. October 24, 2009. Accessed October 20, 2013. https://commons.wikimedia.org/ wiki/File:Taller_Buddha_of_Bamiyan_before_and_after_destruction.jpg.
THE PLACE OF SHINING LIGHT
October 30, 2015. http://www.alliedographics.html.
nistan Monthly Food Security Bulletin ” Relief Web. April 21, 2004. Accessed t/afghanistan/fews-afghanistanppointing-levels.
ANNEX
014. Accessed November 1, 2015. ffset=0&title__icontains=afghanistan.
47
EVELOPMENT TRAJECTORIE
CONTENTS New models for development can be conceived by moving outside the traditional scope of peacebuilding, and away from global political and economic agendas. More holistic methodologies that harness physical, social and ecological infrastructures, as catalogued here through theoretical, conceptual and built case studies, have significant potential to regenerate peacebuilding processes.
3.1 Literature Review: Next Generation Infrastructure 3.2 Precedent Analysis: Water Economies
SOCIAL CAPITAL 3.3 Literature Review: The Building Ceremony 3.4 Precedent Analysis: Participation
ECOLOGICAL URBANISM 3.5 Literature Review: Ecological Urbanism 3.6 Precedent Analysis: Downsview Park 3.7 Precedent Analysis: Al-Azhar Park 3.8 Precedent Analysis: Jordan River Valley
3.0
DEVELOPMENT TRAJECTORIES
RESILIENT INFRASTRUCTURE
3.1 LITERATURE REVIEW Next Generation Infrastructure Hillary Brown 2014
ABSTRACT “This book looks at how the existing support systems of society can support an increasingly urbanizing world subject to carbon constraints and the impacts of climate change. The author explores how critical infrastructure networks can be made more efficient, less environmentally damaging, and more resilient. Examples from around the world are discussed to bring together five organizing objectives that can guide infrastructure design that is coordinated with natural and social systems. As such, the projects highlighted in the book envision infrastructure within a larger economic, environmental and social context, and to share resources across systems, reducing costs and extending benefits.�1 The author draws upon the critical role of ecology and integrated systems design for the future of resilient infrastructure, and expands the idea of industrial symbiosis.
1. Hillary Brown, Next Generation Infrastructure: Principles for Post-industrial Public Works (Washington DC: Island Press, 2014). 2. Ibid. 19.
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Resilient Infrastructure
4) infrastructure should improve social contexts and serve local constituencies 5) infrastructure should be resilient and adapt to predicted changes brought about by an unstable global climate.
RELEVANT CONTENT Ch2: Toward Infrastructural Ecologies illustrates the economies of scale, energy efficiencies, reductions in waste output, and other dividends that can be achieved when projects are designed to capture synergies and fulfill multiple functions. Ch4: Advancing Soft-Path Water Infrastructure discusses projects that rely upon natural or bioengineered systems for localized water capture, cleaning, storage, treatment and reuse. Ch5: Destigmatizing Infrastructure focuses on the social context of technical networks, suggesting how multiple services might be beneficially integrated into both the fabric of neighbourhoods and the broader cultural landscape. Ch7: Combating Water Stress and Scarcity looks at multipurpose assets specifically designed to cope with events such as water scarcity, prolonged drought and extreme heat.
SUPPLEMENTARY SOURCES
PROBLEMATIC PEACEBUILDING
[POST] TRAUMATIC DESIGN 3) infrastructure should work with natural processes
DEVELOPMENT TRAJECTORIES
2) infrastructure should contribute few or no carbon emissions
WATER AS AGENT
1) systems should be multipurpose, interconnected, and synergistic
THE PLACE OF SHINING LIGHT
ORGANIZING OBJECTIVES
ANNEX
‘Coupled’ projects are those whose spatial proximity allows one system to make use of the productive or distribution functions of another, minimizing the resources leaving the system. Coupled projects may not only cross sectors, but may also cover a range of jurisdictional scales: from a neighbourhood to a city to a region.2
Infrastructure as Architecture. Katrina Stoll and Scott Lloyd, 2010.
51
3.2 PRECEDENT ANALYSIS Water Economies Lateral Office 2010
CONTEXT Salton Sea, California, United States
As a result of the exponential increase of water scarcity in the United States, water has become an increasingly valuable and tradeable commodity. In the Imperial Valley fed by the Colorado River, water stress is particularly exacerbated as this region is one of the most important artificially-sustained agriculture generators for the country; the Valley currently consumes the vast majority of California’s Colorado water allocation. During a season of heavy rain in 1905, the Colorado breached its canal and flooded the Imperial Valley, refilling an ancient inland sea bed. The resulting water body, Salton Sea, was 72km in length and 32km wide with 177km of shoreline. As a result of its inland condition, the Salton is endorheic, or terminal (without a natural outlet) and has high evaporation rates. The sea was officially designated as an agricultural sump for the Imperial Valley, and its water levels sustained by agricultural runoff. Continuous evaporation has resulted in an extremely high saline content; the concentration of salt is currently 25% more saline than the ocean, and is rising at a rate of 1% per year. Urban development of the area began in the 1920s with boat racing, and later in the 1950s, as a fishing destination. Ecological development, spurred on by the saline conditions, also prevailed. Development peaked however in the 1950s as agri-chemical pollutants continued to enter the Sea, significantly reducing the biodiversity of the Salton ecosystem. Accordingly (and driven 52
Resilient Infrastructure
by other political factors) there has been a renewed interest in infrastructure projects to preserve the Sea’s ecological stability.
PROJECT “The Salton Sea’s extreme salinity and threatened ecosystems offer an opportunity for economic, social, and ecological innovation. The issue of water demand across the region is central to the Sea’s future. With urban areas competing for Imperial Valley’s allocated use of Colorado River water, the best strategy would be to remediate the water before it enters the Salton.”3 Lateral Office’s proposal for Salton Sea implements a series of incremental and small-scale infrastructures to establish the Salton Sea as a site for water harvesting.
ANALYSIS Lateral Office’s proposal for Salton Sea seeks to generate productive ecologies from existing conditions. By understanding the dynamics of the site (land and water), the context under which it operates, and the key drivers of regionspecific economic development, the project offers three zones of coastal development: ecology, industry, and activity. The coupling of these diverse economies provides strategies for infrastructural opportunism. These three zones are thus looked at in depth in this analysis as a means of breaking down and understanding the individual part as well as its critical role in the overall dynamics of the proposed conditions. The multiplicity of elements and their relationships are diagrammed to make visual the scalar relationships, programmatic occupations, and choreographies embedded within the work.
[POST] TRAUMATIC DESIGN PROBLEMATIC PEACEBUILDING DEVELOPMENT TRAJECTORIES THE PLACE OF SHINING LIGHT
WATER AS AGENT 3. Lola Sheppard and Mason White, “Water Farming in the American Southwest,” Alphabet City 14 (2010), 286.
ANNEX
Above: Envisioned proposal projected on existing site conditions. By author.
53
Above: Existing conditions. Source: “Water Economies.” Lateral Office. 2009. Accessed September 17, 2015. http://lateraloffice.com/ WATER-ECONOMIES-2009-10
Above: Site render of proposed intervention. Source: “Water Economies.” Lateral Office. 2009. Accessed September 17, 2015. http:// lateraloffice.com/WATER-ECONOMIES-2009-10
54
Resilient Infrastructure
The proposal populates the Sea with floating pools or water-pads of various sizes and salinities. These pools serve as salinity regulation devices as well as farm plots, habitats, and recreational destinations. Pools aggregate to establish intensified habitats or harvests. Moored in place or migrating within the territorial range of the Salton Sea, floating pool systems generate micro-ecologies that capitalize on the benefits of higher salinity (brine) water, including a rich growth of kelp and algae, a fertile environment for tilapia farming and salt crystallization. Further, freshwater harvesting converts ocean saline water into salt crystals and potable water, generating an economy of water trade for San Diego and Los Angeles.
LAND Along the east and west shoreline, the gridded landscape of the Imperial Valley is extended northward to generate a new water-efficient landscape; shifting from traditional water-intensive agriculture, the shoreline farms will integrate sea greenhouses, basins for water treatment and storage, and new wetlands fostering wildlife habitats (Sheppard and White 2010, 290). Cumulatively, the design strategy seeks to shift a current ecological liability into an economic and environmental asset.
[POST] TRAUMATIC DESIGN PROBLEMATIC PEACEBUILDING
WATER
DEVELOPMENT TRAJECTORIES
•
WATER AS AGENT
•
Identify components of site: Land, Water, People Identify key areas of recovery: Industry, Activity, Ecology to generate Economy Implement small-scale infrastructure: Create a kit of parts to tackle the problem: pools and plots Aggregate infrastructure to optimize benefits: Incremental growth, capitalizing on existing conditions
THE PLACE OF SHINING LIGHT
• •
ANNEX
PROJECT GENERATION
55
MASTER PLAN
ou te ay r flyw fic paci
er
t wa
h2o
h2o
br
in
e
salt
m
is
ur
to
sal
ine
ine
sal
sa
Above: Salton Sea master plan. By author.
56
Resilient Infrastructure
er wat
rd
bi
ry
ua
t nc
wat
er
rt
po
ex
u aq
lt
sa
e
tr
lu
u ac
rt
po
ex
water infrastructure land infrastructure / waterfront programme highway natural water body constructed water body agricultural runoff industrial development water remediation recreation ecological development
4. Ibid. 290.
PROBLEMATIC PEACEBUILDING
[POST] TRAUMATIC DESIGN infrastructural ponds
THE PLACE OF SHINING LIGHT
WATER AS AGENT
DEVELOPMENT TRAJECTORIES
waterfront programme
input
ANNEX
The Salton Sea‘s extreme salinity and threatened ecosystems offer an opportunity for economic, social, and ecological innovation....Rather than a New Deal approach of massive engineering or iconic infrastructure, this scheme employs adaptable, responsive, small-scale interventions....The ambition is to supplement landscapes at risk rather than overhaul them. The scheme combines existing landscapes with emergent systems to catalyze a network of ecologies and economies in a new public realm.4
output
57
KIT OF PARTS
6000
4000
3000
1600
800
450
SCALE (AREA IN S.M.)
200
100
60
50
QUANTITY 58
Resilient Infrastructure
Above: Water Economies Lexicon breaks down the kit of parts as a means of understanding aggregation; 1:2500. By author.
pool depth MATERIAL PALETTE
agriculture
ECOLOGY
WATER AS AGENT
wetland marshes
ACTIVITY
THE PLACE OF SHINING LIGHT
brine / salt
ANNEX
infrastructural components
ACTIVITY
water
[POST] TRAUMATIC DESIGN
frequency of occurrence on site
PROBLEMATIC PEACEBUILDING
land plot
DEVELOPMENT TRAJECTORIES
INDUSTRY
water infrastructure
59
HABITAT / PRODUCTION CLUSTER Pool Typologies FISH + FISH KELP +NURSERY KELP NURSERY
FISH + KELP FISH NURSERY + KELP NURSERY Fish + Kelp Pool 1:2500.
ALGAE ALGAE
ALGAE
fish farmfish farm
ALGAE Algae Pool 1:2500
kelp farmkelp farm platform platform
kelp drying kelp drying platform fish farm platform fish farm kelp farm kelp farm brine shrimp brine shrimp kelp drying kelp drying fish + kelp fish + kelp platform platform (aquaculture (aquaculture harvest) harvest) brine shrimp brine shrimp
salt water salt water platform platform algae
salt water salt water
fish + kelp fish + kelp (aquaculture (aquaculture harvest) harvest)
HABITATHABITAT
algae
algae
algae
BRINE BRINE
Habitat Pool 1:2500
Brine Pool 1:2500
HABITAT HABITAT
BRINE
BRINE
mesh of suspended mesh of suspended growing medium growing tomedium to support wetland support wetland vegetation vegetation brine brine +ofshrimp + mesh of shrimp suspended mesh suspended algae medium algaeto medium to growing growing support wetland support food for food birdsforwetland birds vegetation vegetation
60
Resilient Infrastructure
salt water salt + water + algae algae salt water salt + water + brine shrimp brine shrimp
brine shrimp + shrimp + brine algae algae
salt water salt + water + algae algae
food for birds food for birds
salt water salt + water + brine shrimp brine shrimp
MASTER PLAN: ECOLOGY flyw fic paci
br
in
e
DEVELOPMENT TRAJECTORIES
PROBLEMATIC PEACEBUILDING
[POST] TRAUMATIC DESIGN
oute ay r
ine
ine
sal
land infrastructure / waterfront programme
THE PLACE OF SHINING LIGHT
water infrastructure
er
er
s
wat
rd
bi
y
ar
tu
c an
wat
WATER AS AGENT
sal
natural water body agricultural runoff
ecological development input
ANNEX
water remediation
output
61
RECREATION CLUSTER Pool Typologies FISH + KELP NURSERY
RECREATION RECREATION Recreation Pool 1:2500
ALGAE
THERAPEUTIC
fish farm
THERAPEUTIC Therapeutic Pools 1:2500
kelp farm platform
kelp drying platform diving platform diving platform brine shrimp marina marina fish + kelp (aquaculture harvest)
hypersaline hypersaline pool water salt pool algae salt + fresh salt + fresh water water therapy therapy
fresh + salt water fresh + salt water recreation recreation
freshwater freshwater pool pool
tanning deck tanning deck
HABITAT
BRINE
Habitat Pool 1:2500
HABITAT HABITAT
mesh of suspended growing medium to mesh of wetland suspended support mesh of suspended growing medium to vegetation growing medium to support wetland support wetland brine shrimp + vegetation vegetation algae brinefor shrimp food birds+ brine shrimp + algae algae food for birds food for birds
62
Resilient Infrastructure
salt water + algae salt water + brine shrimp
DEVELOPMENT TRAJECTORIES
PROBLEMATIC PEACEBUILDING
[POST] TRAUMATIC DESIGN
MASTER PLAN: ACTIVITY
br
in
e
h2o
sal
ine
ine
sal
THE PLACE OF SHINING LIGHT
water infrastructure
er
sa
er
wat
rd
bi
ry
ua
t nc
wat
WATER AS AGENT
sm
ri
land infrastructure / waterfront programme highway natural water body constructed water body agricultural runoff recreation
ANNEX
u to
ecological development input output
63
HARVEST CLUSTER Pool Typologies WATER HARVESTING WATER HARVESTING
BRINE BRINE
Water Harvesting Pools 1:2500
Brine Pool 1:2500
salt water salt water fresh fresh water water
salt water + salt water + algae algae salt water + salt water + brine shrimp brine shrimp
CLUSTER PROGRAMMES
Ecology: view of ecology delta, with remediating wetlands treating the agricultural runoff of the Imperial Valley before entering the Salton Sea. Source: “Water Economies.” Lateral Office. 2009. Accessed September 17, 2015. http://lateraloffice.com/ WATER-ECONOMIES-2009-10
64
Resilient Infrastructure
Activity: view of new recreation waterfront with pools and expanded shoreline. Source: “Water Economies.” Lateral Office. 2009. Accessed September 17, 2015. http://lateraloffice.com/WATERECONOMIES-2009-10
Industry: view of industry waterfront with large water harvester brought to shore. Source: “Water Economies.” Lateral Office. 2009. Accessed September 17, 2015. http://lateraloffice.com/ WATER-ECONOMIES-2009-10
br
in
e
salt
ine
wat
er
ine
sal
WATER AS AGENT
sal
lt
sa
rt
po
ex
DEVELOPMENT TRAJECTORIES
h2o
h2o
u aq
e
tr
lu
u ac
PROBLEMATIC PEACEBUILDING
er
t wa
rt
po
ex
[POST] TRAUMATIC DESIGN
MASTER PLAN: INDUSTRY
THE PLACE OF SHINING LIGHT
er
wat
water infrastructure land infrastructure / waterfront programme highway natural water body
industrial development
ANNEX
constructed water body agricultural runoff
water remediation input output
65
SYSTEM CHOREOGRAPHY
INDUSTRY ECOLOGY ACTIVITY
3 1
2
4
5 6
7
PRODUCTION
RECREATION
LAND 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
66
WA
salt harvest (brine pool) and algae nursery feed brine shrimp brine shrimp feed fish culture fish culture waste is cleaned by kelp nursery kelp is brought onto pool platforms to dry in sun fish and kelp provide food for birds brine shrimp and algae pools provide food for birds fish and kelp are brought to shore for harvest
Resilient Infrastructure
Above: Pool adjacencies generate micro-ecologies; 1:4000. By author.
[POST] TRAUMATIC DESIGN PROBLEMATIC PEACEBUILDING
13 9
10
11
DEVELOPMENT TRAJECTORIES
12 8
WATER AS AGENT
13
LAND 8 9 10 11 12 13
boats bring people to recreation pools freshwater pools deliver to recreation pools saltwater feeds therapeutic pools water pool takes in saline sea water desalinated water delivered to shore for treatment brine pools deliver salt water for harvesting economical output
ANNEX
ATER
THE PLACE OF SHINING LIGHT
HARVEST
67
NETWORK MATRIX INDUSTRY ECOLOGY ACTIVITY
18
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
water harvest processing tank/coagulant sedimentation tank water filtration settling tanks water storage underground water storage agriculture
17
16
water harvest brine pools salt flats brine pools salt storage
14 salinated agricultural water 15 naturally remediating wetland marshes 16 salt and brine water sent to habitat + recreation pools 17 aquaculture harvest 18 tourism
water infrastructure
ECOLOGY
land infrastructure 68
Resilient Infrastructure
pool depth
brine / salt
water
wetland marshes
water treatment
agriculture
Above: Composite system aggregation; 1:2000. By author.
pe bi fr sa br
13
15
14 7
8 PROBLEMATIC PEACEBUILDING
[POST] TRAUMATIC DESIGN
6
DEVELOPMENT TRAJECTORIES
12
5 recreation
production
eople irds reshwater altwater rine shrimp + algae 11 4
WATER AS AGENT
10 3
THE PLACE OF SHINING LIGHT
9 2
ANNEX
HARVEST
1
69
3.3 LITERATURE REVIEW The Building Ceremony Abdelhalim Ibrahim Abdelhalim 1978
ABSTRACT Under the presumption that underdevelopment is often linked very distinctly in the separation of the means of production, especially of the built environment, noting that “the majority of the world’s population live in communities in which custom and tradition are the only available organizing forces.”5 He thus proposes “the ‘building ceremony’ in which the order of the community is identified, the creative energy of the people is released, and community resources and skills are regenerated,” so as to stimulate a regenerative process of vital and effective development.6 That is, “the building ceremony, regardless of the community or culture, is the mechanism that links building with the community…. [As] ceremony increases productivity, improves performance, and enhances the quality of the things that are produced.”7 The author elaborates by describing his work in the community of al-Sayyida Zaynab in Cairo, and comments on the importance of making design visible and tangible for the community, drawing “attention to the importance of understanding local cultures as mechanisms for sustaining human solidarity and creativity in the context of the design and development processes.”8 Accordingly, integrating community members in all stages of the project is crucial, and moreover, will foster a sense of ownership for the community. The author further contends that the role of the architect in underdeveloped communities should be to understand and interpret culture, and therein act as mediator and advocate between the community and authority figures.
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Social Capital
5. Abdelhalim Ibrahim Abdelhalim, “A Ceremonial Approach to Community Building,” in Theories and Principles of Design in the Architecture of Islamic Societies, ed. Margaret Bentley Sevcenko (Cambridge MA: Aga Khan Program for Islamic Architecture, 1988), 139. 6. Ibid. 7. Ibid. 140. 8. Abdelhalim Ibrahim Abdelhalim, “Culture, Environment and Sustainability: Theoretical Notes and Reflection on a Community Park Project in Cairo,” in Sustainable Landscape Design in Arid Climates, ed. William Reilly (Geneva: Aga Khan Trust for Culture, 1996), 49. 9. Abdelhalim, A Ceremonial Approach to Community Building, 139.
Part4: Two Building Ceremonies examines two archetypal cases of the building ceremony, the Trobiand Garden and the Berber House, to understand the operation of the ceremony and its underlying processes which are analyzed in reference to ethnographic and structural anthropological theories. Part5: Regeneration provides an overview of the building ceremony and its underlying process of regeneration.
SUPPLEMENTARY SOURCES Social Capital and Community Resilience. Daniel P. Aldrich and Michelle A. Meyer, 2015. Architecture for the Poor: An Experiment in Rural Egypt. Hassan Fathy, 1973.
PROBLEMATIC PEACEBUILDING
[POST] TRAUMATIC DESIGN Part3: Spontaneity and Order in Building identifies the two basic forces underlying the operation of the building ceremony; the ceremony bounds events of buildings in which the distinction between these two forces dissolves, allowing creative capacities of people to be regenerated.
DEVELOPMENT TRAJECTORIES
Part2: Ceremonies of Traditional Building describes the function of the building ceremony in terms of order, growth, creativity, collective images, and social organization.
WATER AS AGENT
Part1: The Building Ceremony establishes the fundamental problem of the separation between the production of building and the culture of the community.
THE PLACE OF SHINING LIGHT
RELEVANT CONTENT
The Timeless Way of Building. Christopher Alexander, 1979. Tactical Urbanism: Short-term Action for Long-term Change. Mike Lydon and Anthony Garcia, 2015. ANNEX
Building, more than any other productive activity, can combine economic growth with the vitality and creativity of the people and add to the accumulation of capital, knowledge, and authority, the regeneration of identity, creative energy, and community solidarity.9
71
3.4 PRECEDENT ANALYSIS Participation
72
Abdelhalim Ibrahim Abdelhalim Cultural Park for Children 1983 - 1992
Anna Heringer METI School Bangladesh 2005 - 2006
Cultural Park for Children. Source: “Aga Khan Award for Architecture.” AKDN 2007. Accessed October 1, 2015. http://www. akdn.org/architecture/project.asp?id=1140
METI School, Rudrapur. Source: Wikimedia Commons 2008 via Flickr. Accessed September 17, 2015. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ METI_Handmade_School#/media/File:Heringer_meti_school.jpg
The Cultural park for Children in Cairo exemplifies Abdelhalim’s belief in the traditional wisdom of the people and their ability to direct architecture by revealing their well established patterns and rituals through a participatory communal design process. Engaging with the community from the onset, the project involved creating a 1:1 scale model of the entire project on the site as an interactive workshop that described the intentions of the project to the local community. The park capitalized on existing informal orders including local skill-set, low-cost materials and social infrastructure. Further, design and construction were interwoven into a series of connected events that empowered the local community; the once derelict neighbourhood is today thriving considerably.
The METI School in Bangladesh follows the premise that handmade architecture can be a catalyst for development. The project, and subsequent works, have focused on building the self-confidence and skill-set of rural communities by engaging with local materials, local energy sources, and local skills. Projects include both current and future users of the project to garner a sense of ownership. A certain sense of design was relinquished to the community such that the project was not entirely planned from the beginning but grew and changed through collaborative meetings with local stakeholders. The METI school operated as a pilot project that broke the mould for future works.
Social Capital
[POST] TRAUMATIC DESIGN Render. Source: “Gheskio Cholera Treatment Centre.” Mass Design Group. 2015. Accessed October 1, 2015. http://www. massdesigngroup.org/portfolio/ctc/
Pilot Project Prototype 1.1. Source: “Empower Shack.” Urban Think Tank. 2015. Accessed October 1, 2015. http://u-tt.com/project/ empower-shack/#
The Cholera Treatment Centre is exemplar of design that supports the overall health of a population. In partnership with leading Haitian health care provider Les Centres GHESKIO, Mass has designed a treatment centre that incorporates an on-site wastewater treatment facility. This approach addresses both the symptoms and root causes of the issue. Mass employs an impact-driven model of practice in which they first immerse themselves within the local context to secondly design buildings responsive to local constraints and opportunities. The third step then is to leverage the construction process to maximize economic, educational and environmental outcomes, and finally, the design is evaluated for both quantitative and qualitative impacts.
This project addresses the millions of populations living in informal settlements in South Africa. Partnering with a local NGO, Ikhayalami Development Services, Urban Think Tank has designed a pilot phase for a cluster of 68 houses that will incrementally and sustainably be upgraded through four core components: a two-storey housing prototype, participatory spatial planning, ecological landscape management, and integrated livelihoods programming. The project employs the socio-spatial Blocking Out process alongside new digital visualization tools and micro-financing so as to create a working interface between residents, professionals and the government.
PROBLEMATIC PEACEBUILDING
Urban Think Tank Empower Shack 2014 - Present
ANNEX
THE PLACE OF SHINING LIGHT
WATER AS AGENT
DEVELOPMENT TRAJECTORIES
Mass Design Group Gheskio Cholera Treatment Centre 2013 - 2015
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3.5 LITERATURE REVIEW Ecological Urbanism
Mohsen Mostafavi and Gareth Doherty 2010
ABSTRACT Emerging as a response to the exploitation of resources, the rural to urban influx, and climate change, ecological urbanism posits a pattern of growth that includes environmental and ecological concepts in its approach to the city. It critiques both landscape urbanism and the concept of sustainability, focusing instead on the ecological, economic, and social conditions of the city. That is, the discussion of sustainability is reanimated within a political, social and cultural discourse to draw out potentials at a moment where environmental health, social justice, and cultural relevance seem to be mutually exclusive. Ecological urbanism is thus about creating a new stability that can accommodate and incorporate the inherently conflicting relationship between ecology and urbanism. There is a distinct need to view the fragility of the planet and its resources as opportunities for innovation, so as to foster a paradigm shift from the conventional understanding of a city. Accordingly, ecological urbanism is highly interdisciplinary in nature, utilizing a range of multi-disciplinary, old-new methods, tools and techniques to respond to problems, seeking a marriage between urban design and environmental planning, economics, history, public health, cultural studies, sciences and more. Cities must become fluid and adaptable, capable of evolving, reversible and provisory, and therein respond to the needs of a society that is under constant reorganization. Through a series of essays and case studies, ecological urbanism emerges as the summation of five key concepts.
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10. Ecological Urbanism, eds. Mohsen Mostafavi and Gareth Doherty (Baden: Lars Muller Publishers, 2010), 303. 11. Ibid. 531.
[POST] TRAUMATIC DESIGN 2) an understanding of scale and scopes of design 3) fluidity and flexibility of a city 4) informality and participation as a foundation for speculative design 5) conflict as a design potential.
RELEVANT CONTENT
PROBLEMATIC PEACEBUILDING
1) an interdisciplinary approach
DEVELOPMENT TRAJECTORIES
KEY CONCEPTS
Advancement versus Apocalypse Social Inequality and Climate Change Urban Ecological Practices
WATER AS AGENT
Why Ecological Urbanism? Why now?
Governing the Ecological City The Agency of Ecology User-Generated Urbanism The Political Ecology of Ecological Urbanism Five Ecological Challenges for the Contemporary City
THE PLACE OF SHINING LIGHT
Social Justice and Ecological Urbanism
Revolutionizing Architecture In Situ: Site Specificity in Sustainable Architecture
SUPPLEMENTARY SOURCES Mainstreaming the environment into post-war recovery: the case for ecological development. Richard Milburn, 2012.
ANNEX
The most critical design problem facing urban transformation is not the design of any particular building or neighbourhood. It is the design of the city governance structure‌.10 the drafting of policies promoting ecological urbanism, not to mention their implementation, requires changes in consciousness.11
Peace Parks: Conservation and Conflict Resolution. Saleem H. Ali, 2007. Challenging Post-conflict Environments: Sustainable Agriculture. Alpaslan Ozerdam and Rebecca Roberts, 2012.
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3.6 PRECEDENT ANALYSIS Emergent Ecologies James Corner and Stan Allen 1999
CONTEXT Downsview Park, Toronto, Canada
Formerly a peripheral military airbase situated outside Toronto, the proposed Downsview Park was originally slated for private development. Public demand however led to a vision for a park of natural wilderness in the heart of the city of Toronto. The 320 acres of land necessitated a complex plan in which phasing, context and ecology would become key drivers of program to offer both passive and active recreation through promotion of environmental sustainability, new ecologies, and drawing upon the rich heritage of the site. In 1999, an international competition was held to select an urban park design. The objective of the competition was to promote innovative design proposals that would respond to the social and natural histories of the site while developing its potential as a new landscape – one capable of supporting new ecologies and an evolving array of public uses and events. The proposals submitted offered an expansion of the perception of how landscapes appear and perform, their processes of becoming, the impressions they give, how they look, what they accomplish, and how they function. These perceptions stemmed from three ideologies of the original design brief: the park’s intention “to inaugurate and structure the transformation of the site while remaining open to change and growth over time,” to create “new ecologies,” and to rethink conventional disciplinary scopes and boundaries.12 Accordingly, each of the submissions propose frameworks over form as both an infrastructural and administrative tool.
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PROJECT Emergent Ecologies by James Corner and Stan Allen seeks to resolve the dichotomous issues of site and program through the “deployment of a precise series of forms and pathways that will each support the emergence of self-organizing flows and behaviours in time.”13 The framework proposed is comprised of a matrix of interacting systems that are simultaneously integrative and flexible, that “do not determine or predict outcomes [but rather] simply guide or steer flows of matter and information.”14 The park is thus a precisely engineered matrix, a living groundwork for new forms and combinations of life to emerge. This is achieved through the employment of two fully integrated systems: Circuits, which accommodate all activity programs, event spaces, and circulation, and Through-Flows which support all the hydrological and ecological dynamics of the site.
ANALYSIS James Corner and Stan Allen’s proposal for Downsview Park seeks to capitalize upon the natural evolution of human and ecological interaction. By understanding the components of the design brief, the existing conditions of the site, and the required amenities of public program, the project is able to generate new ecologies through an integrated matrix of systems. Understanding these components together and individually, and particularly, their phasing over time, will foster an understanding of the role of design in emergent ecologies.
[POST] TRAUMATIC DESIGN PROBLEMATIC PEACEBUILDING DEVELOPMENT TRAJECTORIES WATER AS AGENT THE PLACE OF SHINING LIGHT
Above: Envisioned proposal projected on existing site conditions. By author.
13. Ibid.
ANNEX
12. Julia Czerniak, CASE: Downsview Park Toronto (Munich: Presetel, 2001).
14. Ibid.
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Downsview Park (competition) Toronto, Ontario, Corner and Alan (1999) Above: Emergent ecologies over time. Source: Julia Czerniak, CASE: Downsview Park Toronto (Munich: Presetel, 2001).
Above: Proposed intervention. Source: Julia Czerniak, CASE: Downsview Park Toronto (Munich: Presetel, 2001).
Downsview Park (competition) Toronto, Ontario, Corner and Al
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natural growth
CIRCUITS (ACTIVITY) Five interlocking circuits generate broad ribbons with pathways and services that allow for the development of all active programs, event spaces and facilities. Cumulatively, the circuits are able to: • Physically link and embrace otherwise separated sectors of the site, encircling and connecting currently disparate territories • Stream and concentrate active programs along and within circulation corridors • Frame and protect large spaces of open landscape, sky and horizon
THROUGH-FLOWS (ECOLOGY) A continuous matrix of drift and gradient fields allows for the movement and organization of drainage and wildlife flows, habitat and plantings, site furnishing and lighting, and information flows. These embedded systems are designed to: • Maximize connectivity and circulation through the natural ecosystem, linking the site to the larger ravine and woodland systems • Establish a stormwater strategy that slows, stores, and improves water quality on the site, thereby replenishing groundwater levels and alleviating downstream flash flooding • Allow for the drifting of biomass, energy, services, and site elements in clouds of alternating intensity according to localized needs
[POST] TRAUMATIC DESIGN PROBLEMATIC PEACEBUILDING
•
DEVELOPMENT TRAJECTORIES
•
WATER AS AGENT
•
Identify components of development: Existing ecological conditions and proposed activities Breakdown phasing over time: Ecological phasing and physical/spatial development over time Implement integrated systems: Understand component needs and overlaps for functionality Allow for natural evolution: Incremental development shaped by users and
THE PLACE OF SHINING LIGHT
•
ANNEX
PROJECT GENERATION
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MASTER PLAN
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Ecological Urbanism
Above: Downsview Park - Emergent Ecologies master plan. By author.
[POST] TRAUMATIC DESIGN PROBLEMATIC PEACEBUILDING DEVELOPMENT TRAJECTORIES
multimedia event surface
WATER AS AGENT
circuits (activity)
activity track potential runway circuit
through-flows (ecology)
THE PLACE OF SHINING LIGHT
perimeter circuit
meadow way habitat nest-drainage basin windbreak tree lines conifer clump patches
ANNEX
stations, equip. lighting
dynamics 81
MASTER PLAN: ACTIVITY Habitat
circuits (activity) multimedia event surface perimeter circuit activity track potential runway circuit dynamics 82
Ecological Urbanism
Above: Downsview Park - Emergent Ecologies master plan: activity circuits intersect habitat nests to engage people with the rich intricacy of these continually emergent settings; 1:25,000. By author.
THE PLACE OF SHINING LIGHT
WATER AS AGENT
DEVELOPMENT TRAJECTORIES
PROBLEMATIC PEACEBUILDING
[POST] TRAUMATIC DESIGN
MASTER PLAN: ECOLOGY Hydrology
through-flows (ecology) meadow way stations, equip. lighting windbreak tree lines
ANNEX
habitat nest-drainage basin
conifer clump patches
Above: Downsview Park - Emergent Ecologies master plan: water on site drains into a series of ridge-and-furrow basins enabling a variation of soil-water conditions which allows for a wide range of habitat communities to be sustained; 1:25,000. By author.
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EVOLUTIONARY MATRIX
2001
2006
stake out and establish territory of the park as a whole. empower people to use and activate the space.
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Ecological Urbanism
diversify range of opportunities: complete circulation routes, enhance landscape planting, establish activity surfaces and equipment.
Above: Integrated systems over time; 1:50,000. By author.
2
co fu mu ap in la
2021
consolidate the territories as a fully equipped and serviced multi-functional framework. planting approaches early maturity. all infrastructural, architectural and landscape elements in place.
long term potential: natural systems will continue to mature and diversify, and the array of cultural programs will change with desire over time.
ANNEX
THE PLACE OF SHINING LIGHT
WATER AS AGENT
ACTIVITY
DEVELOPMENT TRAJECTORIES
PROBLEMATIC PEACEBUILDING
[POST] TRAUMATIC DESIGN
ECOLOGY
2011
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3.7 PRECEDENT ANALYSIS Al-Azhar Park Sites International 2005
CONTEXT Cairo, Egypt
Commissioned by His Highness the Aga Khan IV, the park is sited on a 30 hectare mound of rubble that had been a debris dump for over 500 years. Initially envisioned in the early 1980s, the project was intended to test the premise for alternative models of development that encompassed environmental rehabilitation and cultural restoration.15 Herein, regenerative landscape design, in its ability to reconcile contemporary economic systems with the underlying cultural and ecological conditions, went beyond simple rehabilitation of site, but became a catalyst for urban regeneration of an entire district of the metropolis. True to the tenets of landscape urbanism, Al-Azhar Park makes use of “infrastructural systems and the public landscapes they engender as the very ordering mechanisms of the urban field itself, shaping and shifting the organization of urban settlement and its indeterminate economic, political, and social futures.”16 The surrounding district of Darb Al Ahmar, although poor, featured one of the richest concentrations of Islamic art and architecture, and the challenge of the park as a cultural monument was thus to be a stimulus for social and economic development as opposed to further draining resources.17 As a result the approach was to encourage rehabilitation without displacing residents, accomplished by ensuring that they were given a stake in the future of the community, for example by helping create viable businesses through the provision of microcredit, and training and employment opportunities especially in the park. Sustainability in this scheme thus extends to the 86
Ecological Urbanism
human dimension of the park, wherein micro-credit services are designed to be self-sustaining and project staff, comprising largely of members from the Darb Al Ahmar community, will be technically and administratively able to carry out future activities and ultimately direct the project.18 Conceived at a series of scales, the park includes a palm colonnade, formal gardens, hilltop lookout kiosk, hilltop restaurants, children’s structured play area, children’s amphitheatre and stage, lookout plaza, water cascade and stream, and the lake. The park is held together by a formal axis or spine (the palm colonnade) which itself is tied together along its length by a water channel. Branching from the main spine are many smooth and flat areas of lawn, fountains and flowering trees and plants which reflect a variety of public spaces reminiscent of different periods and regions in Islamic history. The park is marked by walkways, pools, hills, informal picnic spaces, and amenities. Vegetation varies from dry, succulent plants on western slopes to lush grassy meadows with shade trees, to formal gardens, and orchard spaces. Terrain of the western half of the park consists predominantly of steep and continuous slopes that run from the summit to the foot of the uncovered and restored historic Ayubbid wall. Designed to be a new green lung for Cairo, the park returned open green space to a city long buried under jumbled concrete buildings, multilane freeways, and garish high-rise towers.19 More importantly, surpluses from park revenue fund the social and economic projects in the neighbouring Darb al-Ahmar district. With over two million visitors in 2009, and by establishing social reconnections to the repaired landscape, Al Azhar Park has proven to be self-sustainable, and a driver and catalyst for a whole range of associated urban regeneration projects in its surroundings.20
[POST] TRAUMATIC DESIGN PROBLEMATIC PEACEBUILDING 17. Al-Azhar Park, Cairo and the Revitalization of Darb Al-Ahmar: Project Brief, 2. 18. Ibid. 12. 19. Ashraf M. Salama, “Media Coverage and Users’ Reactions: Al Azhar Park in Cairo Reexamined,” in Architecture beyond Criticism: Expert Judgement and Performance Evaluation, eds. Wolfgang F.E. Preiser et al., (New York: Routledge, 2015), 91. 20. Al-Azhar Park, Cairo and the Revitalization of Darb Al-Ahmar: Project Brief.
WATER AS AGENT
DEVELOPMENT TRAJECTORIES 16. Charles Waldheim, The Landscape Urbanism Reader (New York: Princeton Architectural Press, 2006), 39.
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15. “Al-Azhar Park, Cairo and the Revitalization of Darb Al-Ahmar: Project Brief,” Aga Khan Trust for Culture, (2005), 2.
ANNEX
Above: Al-Azhar Park. Source: “Al-Azhar Park, Cairo and the Revitalization of Darb Al-Ahmar: Project Brief,” Aga Khan Trust for Culture, (2005).
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3.8 PRECEDENT ANALYSIS Jordan River Valley: a new border reality Fadi Masoud 2010
CONTEXT21 Jordan
This project uncovers the underplayed link between water diversion for urbanization and agriculture, and the resulting desertification in one of the world’s most disputed and symbolic border-river regions. The regional landscape planning scheme necessitates an understanding of the landscape’s limitations and potentials to create a new agro-urbanization regime for the Jordan Valley; one that is based on a more receptive, deengineered and decentralized infrastructures involving transterritories/contested border-regions and organized around a new land-use pattern. The design process scanned and mapped the region to understand how systems of abstraction, diversion and desalination for urban and agricultural uses have historically shaped processes of settlement. Findings proved relentless investment into short-sighted hard-infrastructure strategies that evaded ecological sensitivities in the region. Accordingly, the proposal takes the form of a 100km city, with a series of ‘water hubs’ that collect, treat, and store rain water and run-off, thereby becoming nodes of civic life and urbanity. These water hubs employ catchment technologies to re-vegetate and establish connective ecological corridors. The vegetation introduced is multi-functional, both productive (agricultural) and becoming soft-infrastructure by providing erosion control and water retention.
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Site topography is leveraged to embed all elements of infrastructure into the urban fabric as agents not only for the consumption but also the resuscitation of water. In this way, topography itself becomes an infrastructure, and landscape is easily made the directive for urban patterns. Moreover, thinking at the scale of the watershed necessitates a transcendence of state national boundaries, and prioritizes ecological integrity. Built form, too, is embedded into the topography so as to maximize fertile lands from development, and to latch onto the hydrological infrastructure. At the urban level, buildings are hydro-retrofitted, equipped with rain collectors and connected to the wastewater grid. Vernacular agricultural water channels also coalesce into the urban landscape, and strict crop typologies are proposed based on the precipitation gradient. This project thus proves exemplar for design as agency, in which the envisioned scheme is dependent upon and informed by its ecological and geographic systems to produce an integral network between architecture, ecology and infrastructure.
[POST] TRAUMATIC DESIGN PROBLEMATIC PEACEBUILDING DEVELOPMENT TRAJECTORIES THE PLACE OF SHINING LIGHT
WATER AS AGENT 21. Fadi Masoud, Jordan River Valley: a vision for integrated valley urbanism (University of Toronto, 2010).
ANNEX
Above: Jordan River Valley Proposal. Source: Fadi Masoud.
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Bibliography
Image Bibliography
Abdelhalim, Abdelhalim Ibrahim. “A Ceremonial Approach to Community Building.” In Theories and Principles of Design in the Architecture of Islamic Societies, edited by Margaret Bentley Sevcenko. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Aga Khan Program for Islamic Architecture, 1988.
“Aga Khan Award for Architecture.” AKDN 2007 http://www.akdn.org/architecture/project.as
Abdelhalim, Abdelhalim Ibrahim. “Culture, Environment and Sustainability: Theoretical Notes and Reflection on a Community Park Project in Cairo.” Sustainable Landscape Design in Arid Climates, 1996, 48-61. “Al-Azhar Park, Cairo and the Revitalization of Darb Al-Ahmar: Project Brief.” Aga Khan Trust for Culture, 2005. Brown, Hillary. Next Generation Infrastructure: Principles for Post-industrial Public Works. Washington, DC: Island Press, 2014. “Cultural Park for Children.” CDC Abdelhalim. Accessed October 1, 2015. http://www.cdcabdelhalim.com/cultural-park.html. Czerniak, Julia. CASE: Downsview Park Toronto. Munich: Prestel, 2001. “Empower Shack.” Urban Think Tank. 2015. Accessed October 1, 2015. http://u-tt.com/project/empower-shack/#. “Gheskio Cholera Treatment Center.” MASS Design Group. 2015. Accessed October 1, 2015. http://www.massdesigngroup.org/portfolio/ctc/. Heringer, Anna. “METI- Handmade School in Rudrapur, Bangladesh.” Anna Heringer Architecture. Accessed September 17, 2015. http://www.anna-heringer.com/index. php?id=31. Masoud, Fadi. Jordan River Valley: a vision for integrated valley urbanism. University of Toronto, 2010. Mostafavi, Mohsen, and Gareth Doherty, eds. Ecological Urbanism. Baden: Lars Müller Publishers, 2010. Salama, Ashraf M. “Media Coverage and Users’ Reactions: Al Azhar Park in Cairo Reexamined.” In Architecture beyond Criticism: Expert Judgment and Performance Evaluation, edited by Wolfgang F. E. Preiser, Aaron T. Davis, Ashraf M. Salama, and Andrea Hardy. New York, New York: Routledge, 2015. Sheppard, L., & White, M. (2010). Water Farming in the American Southwest. Alphabet City, 14. Waldheim, Charles. The Landscape Urbanism Reader. New York: Princeton Architectural Press, 2006. Water Ecologies / Economies. (2011). Pamphlet Architecture, 14-23. “Water Economies.” Lateral Office. 2009. Accessed September 17, 2015. http://lateraloffice.com/WATER-ECONOMIES-2009-10 90
“Al-Azhar Park, Cairo and the Revitalization of D Aga Khan Trust for Culture, 2005.
Czerniak, Julia. CASE: Downsview Park Toronto. Mu
“Empower Shack.” Urban Think Tank. 2015. Acc http://u-tt.com/project/empower-shack/#.
“Gheskio Cholera Treatment Center.” MASS Desi 2015. http://www.massdesigngroup.org/port Masoud, Fadi.
“METI School, Rudrapur.” Wikimedia Commons 20 2015. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/METI_H File:Heringer_meti_school.jpg
Water Ecologies / Economies. (2011). Pamphlet Ar
“Water Economies.” Lateral Office. 2009. Accesse http://lateraloffice.com/WATER-ECONOM
008 via Flickr. Accessed September 17, Handmade_School#/media/
rchitecture, 14-23.
ed September 17, 2015. MIES-2009-10
[POST] TRAUMATIC DESIGN PROBLEMATIC PEACEBUILDING
ign Group. 2015. Accessed October 1, tfolio/ctc/.
DEVELOPMENT TRAJECTORIES
cessed October 1, 2015.
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unich: Prestel, 2001.
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Darb Al-Ahmar: Project Brief.”
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7. Accessed October 1, 2015. sp?id=1140
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ATER AS AGEN
CONTENTS In seeking to uncover the embedded opportunities within existing conditions, and understanding particularly the role of ecological systems towards resilience, water is posited as an agent for change to guide and generate design. 4.1 Water, Human Security and Development: an introduction 4.2 Water for Development: Towards Urban Resilience 4.3 Literature Review: Water and Post-Conflict Peacebuilding
4.0
WATER AS AGENT
4.4 Precedent Analysis: Qanat
4.1 WATER, HUMAN SECURITY AND DEVELOPMENT An Introduction
Security within a developmental context is typically understood as a state of reduced vulnerability, of being free from danger and threat, dependant largely upon a series of contextual forces. In the realm of natural resources, security is archetypally associated with abundance; for example, the more water you have, the more water secure you are. This is far less simple however when the globalizing forces of colonialism and neocolonialism are taken into account; herein, an abundance of financial resources guarantees an abundance of natural resources. Moreover, this places security at the level of the state, and tends to overlook security of individuals within the state. In the case of underdeveloped nations with limited access to financial capital, natural resources and access to natural resources by individuals in the nation becomes considerably more vulnerable. Water, especially, is impacted in such instances. Lack of allocation of monetary resources to water provision, distribution and sanitation services is prevalent in many underdeveloped nations, and substantiates in part why over one billion people lack access to potable water and over two billion people lack access to sanitation. Simultaneously finite and ever-renewable, water is a resource whose use through human history has been directly associated with infrastructure and technological developments, both vernacular and modern. As development has ‘modernized,’ associating itself with profusion of financial capital, water security is less and less linked to the proximity or capacity of a natural water body. Innovations of the modern era have considerably distanced users from their water source. In Arizona, the Central Arizona Project diverts 1.5 million acre-feet of water annually from the Colorado River to Central and Southern Arizona, producing a landscape and lifestyle that is not natural to the region, and significantly impacts
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[POST] TRAUMATIC DESIGN PROBLEMATIC PEACEBUILDING DEVELOPMENT TRAJECTORIES WATER AS AGENT
The question of sustainability begins to twist these relationships. While residents of Arizona appear secure in regard to their water needs, the rate at which they consume water, and their reliance on such a large-scale network of physical infrastructure implies an understanding of security that is increasingly shortterm. That is, current water management practices in Arizona are extremely unsustainable. In Botswana, the lack of infrastructure, and the way in which water is valued posits a more sustainable outlook on water management practices; when every drop must count, less water goes to waste. Effectively, security as it is practiced today, or rather, our current perception of development, relates inversely to resource sustainability.
THE PLACE OF SHINING LIGHT
Conversely, in underdeveloped nations where water is scarce, there is a deep, intrinsic relation to water, highly rooted in ritual and made visible by a society’s ability to find water at its source. The Kalahari Bushmen of Botswana are a case in point. Despite a scarcity of water, they are highly in-tune with their natural surroundings and understand where and how both blue and green water can be accessed. Lack of monetary investment by the state in the area prevents availability of high-tech modern water infrastructure, increases vulnerabilities and the likelihood of threats, further perpetuated by the state’s lack of understanding of cultural values. Therein, regardless of their relation with the resource, the Bushmen are insecure in their water needs. State security thus dominates individual security, and financial resources are controlling and far outweigh natural resources.
ANNEX
the functioning of the entire watershed, often with disastrous consequences for environments and regions downstream of the project. Development of this ‘hydraulic mission’ was very distinctly a function of wealth and self-interest. The concept of water security today is clearly very directly related to development (noting particularly the association of development with abundant financial resources); the more ‘developed’ you are, the more secure you are in your water needs. Water is no longer natural, but exists as another man-made construct, child of the modern-era school of thought that nature can be dominated by man.
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4.2 WATER FOR DEVELOPMENT Towards Urban Resilience
Urbanization is an exponentially increasing movement globally which brings considerable challenges, especially in developing countries. While cities bring opportunity in terms of wealth, social development and employment, they frequently fail to coalesce planning with migration and population growth resulting in slums: degraded living environments stemming largely from deficiencies in infrastructure, especially water supply and sanitation. The enormous stress on water resources created by urbanization is further exacerbated by the increased density of artificial materials (for example, impervious pavement) which detrimentally affect local hydrology and ecological systems. Moreover, the amount of waste water that is discharged into water bodies pollute already deteriorating water sources and pose considerable hazards to human health in addition to creating serious economic and environmental consequences. This problem is most severe in developing countries where lack of funds and knowledge prevent the implementation of safe sanitation services. Adequate provision of such services can only be obtained through ‘good local governance’ that places emphasis on ‘pro-poor’ urban water management issues. This necessitates increasing the voice of the urban poor to make demands, making governments and external providers more responsive to the needs of the urban poor, and preventing corrupt practices, all distinct challenges within the political and economic climates of the Global South. Further, infrastructure is only effective in these situations where there is an understanding of local context, which entails collaboration with the communities being directly affected. The Orangi Pilot Project in Karachi demonstrates the value of a multi-scalar, multistakeholder approach, and highlights the need to economize on proximities and scale for success in such endeavours. Success is also highly dependent upon reliable empirical data of good quality, especially with regard to decision making or challenging accepted practices. Such resources can easily be made available and
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[POST] TRAUMATIC DESIGN PROBLEMATIC PEACEBUILDING DEVELOPMENT TRAJECTORIES WATER AS AGENT
Scale is once again key in the building of resilience. Where large water treatment plans may be unfeasible, community-based decentralized wastewater treatment systems can be implemented noting successful examples in Alexandria as well as projects by organizations such as Sulabh International. Integrated and multidisciplinary development that is accountable of its social, physical, economic, political and ecological contexts and therein can balance human and environmental needs with economic concerns, can thus begin to mitigate the dichotomy of development between the formal and informal components of an increasingly urban world.
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Herein, there must be a distinct shift away from inheriting the practices of developed nations. The soft path approach, which attempts to reconceptualise the purposes of water and how it is used (versus hard path techniques that tend to focus exclusively on supply management) can increase water productivity when it is incremental, employed at all scales, includes all affected stakeholders, and is responsive to the conditions of its local context. Key to this mentality is a focus on developing resilience which arises from seeking to understand and live with the physical and environmental forces of a given area through a composition of networked social communities and lifeline systems which are able to easily learn and adapt from disasters. Traditionally, hazard mitigation programs have focused on making physical systems resistant to disaster forces. Although necessary, these programs do not give enough importance to reducing risks and improving overall effective responsiveness of a city’s social communities and institutions. Conversely, the focus of creating resilient and sustainable cities lies in the creation of infrastructural systems that are simultaneously redundant, diverse, efficient, autonomous, strong, interdependent, flexible, adaptable and collaborative, with the notion that future development will not increase vulnerability.
ANNEX
accessible specifically by mobilizing the affected communities towards the cause; increasing participation of the urban poor builds social capital and serves as a direct catalyst in actualization of bottom-up initiatives, empowering individuals and increasing their freedom and security.
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4.3 LITERATURE REVIEW Water and Post-Conflict Peacebuilding Erika Wienthal, Jessica Troell and Mikiyasu Nakayama 2013
ABSTRACT “The provision of safe water is among the highest priorities during post-conflict recovery and peacebuilding. Water, sanitation, and the associated delivery infrastructure are also critical to economic development and the recovery of livelihoods. Despite predictions of ‘water wars’ shared waters have proved to be the natural resource with the greatest potential for interstate cooperation and local confidence building. Drawing on nineteen case studies, this book creates a framework for understanding how decisions governing water resources can facilitate or undermine peacebuilding. The book examines how, and under which conditions water can be harnessed to contribute to peacebuilding initiatives. Part one focuses on the challenge of providing clean water and sanitation in post-conflict settings in order to alleviate humanitarian crises, examining in particular an array of interventions to resolve conflict over access to water and sanitation in the face of weakened state capacity. Part two examines the ways in which water can be harnessed to help restore livelihoods, foster sustainable development, reduce poverty, and attain food security. Part three then explores the means by which water management can foster cooperation, build confidence, and increase trust among former adversaries.”1 The book draws on significant examples and work conducted in Afghanistan through collaborations with local stakeholders and international aid organizations.
1. Erika Weinthal et al., Water and PostConflict Peacebuilding, (Abingdon, Oxon: Earthscan from Routledge, 2013). 2. Ibid. 139.
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Ch7: Environmental management of the Iraqi marshlands in the postconflict period summarizes two types of natural resource management activities: drinking water provision and wetland rehabilitation. Ch11: Despite the best intentions? Experiences with water resource management in Northern Afghanistan highlights specific local Afghan experiences with water resource management programs and water infrastructure development that have not been characterized by effective participation and equity in decision making. Ch12: Water’s role in measuring security and stability in Helmand Province, Afghanistan highlights the fragility, instability, insecurity and violence that characterize many post-conflict areas so as to assess the role of water in peacebuilding, cooperation, and confidence building in the early phases of operations. Ch18: Water security and scarcity: Potential destabilization in western Afghanistan and Iranian Sistan and Baluchestan due to transboundary water conflicts focuses on the regional hydro-politics of Afghanistan’s transboundary water basins and outlines a five-part strategy to address these issues. Ch22: The right to water and sanitation in post-conflict legal mechanisms: an emerging regime? Argues that socioeconomic rights should be understood as an integral part of peacebuilding, focusing on legal mechanisms for and international practices in the protection of these rights. Ch23: Harnessing Water Management for more effective peacebuilding: lessons learned organizes the lessons related to water management in post-conflict peacebuilding along the timeline of peacebuilding more broadly.
PROBLEMATIC PEACEBUILDING
[POST] TRAUMATIC DESIGN Ch6: Community water management: experiences from the Democratic Republic of Congo, Afghanistan, and Liberia presents case studies from three post-conflict states that explore the ways in which effective community water resource management can contribute to peacebuilding.
DEVELOPMENT TRAJECTORIES
Ch3: A tale of two cities: restoring water services in Kabul and Monrovia reveals comparable approaches to the rehabilitation of water supply despite different contexts.
WATER AS AGENT
Ch2: The role of informal service providers in post-conflict reconstruction and state building analyses the relationship between post-conflict reconstruction and state building, using the example of service delivery as an essential aspect of state (re)legitimization.
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RELEVANT CONTENT
ANNEX
In many post-conflict countries, agriculture constitutes the largest percentage of the GDP and employs the largest percentage of the population; thus….the importance of quickly jumpstarting the agricultural sector in the wake of conflict – first to ensure food security, and second to facilitate the resettlement of refugees, displaced persons, and demobilized soldiers…. [necessitating] the crucial role of effective coordination between the land and water sectors.2
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4.4 PRECEDENT ANALYSIS Qanat
the individual wells and tanks of key public monuments as well as dwellings.4 Accordingly, Yazd’s infrastructure network had both formal and social dimensions; “the qanats guided the flow of water, and depended upon and thereby nurtured the guilds that made, monitored and maintained them.”5
CONTEXT
ANALYSIS
Yazd, Iran
Vernacular to arid countries of Central Asia and North Africa, the Qanat system (also Karez, Khattara, or Falaj) is a regenerative networked water system. Qanat, literally translating to ‘channel’ is a gently sloping underground tunnel with a series of vertical access shafts that is used to transport water from an aquifer, usually at the base of a mountain, to irrigation settlements in valleys. In this system, water drains by gravity, thus ensuring no operational costs. Water is able to travel great distances from source to destination while minimizing evaporation and retaining potability.3 The qanat system necessitates a distinct physical and social infrastructure that monitors equitable water allocation. The entire community’s participation in the network ensures value of both social and physical capital, allowing water to move from the land, into the built environment, and back again. The system is highly sustainable as the spatial use of water corresponds to grey versus blue water use thus allowing for minimal waste in the system, no excessive water extraction, and therein, natural recharge of the overall hydrological cycle. Situated at the intersection of the Dasht-e-Kavir and Dashte-Lut deserts, the city of Yazd in Central Iran can attribute its growth and settlement patterns very distinctly to its ancient, dense and still active network of qanats that stretch over 15 kilometers from the urban core. These qanats tap water from distant mountain aquifers, through peripheral fields, into subterranean reservoirs beneath the city, and eventually into 100
The qanat system proves an exemplar model for “reading infrastructure less through its performance efficiency, and more through its intersection with geography, ecology, architecture, and place....[It is the] antediluvian dendritic hydroinfrastructure that explains [Yazd’s] seemingly counterintuitive origins and sustenance away from a river, lake or stream. In this sense, the entire historic city of Yazd can be read as a natural to urban infrastructural transect of carefully calibrated architectural elements unified by the qanat.”6 The qanat system finds its success in understanding local ecology, hydrology and geology, and weaves this into urban growth such that water consistently moves through the natural and built landscape without damage to the long-term sustainability of these environments.
[POST] TRAUMATIC DESIGN PROBLEMATIC PEACEBUILDING DEVELOPMENT TRAJECTORIES WATER AS AGENT THE PLACE OF SHINING LIGHT
Above: Qanat network projected over Yazd today. By author.
4. Ibid.
ANNEX
3. Vinayak Bharne, “In Praise of Qanats: Towards an Infrastructural Urbanism in Yazd,” in Re: Building: 98th ACSA Annual Meeting, eds. Bruce Goodwing et al., (Washington DC: ACSA Press, 2010), 320.
5. Ibid. 325. 6. Ibid. 320.
101
Aerial view of qanat in Anshan, Iran. Source: Jona Lendering. “Qanat,” Accessed September 17, 2015. http://www.livius.org/articles/misc/ qanat/
Overground canal. Source: “Harvesting Rain Water,” Accessed September 17, 2015. http://www.harvestingrainwater.com/wpcontent/gallery/iran-gallery-e/
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Underground gallery. Source: “Qanat Firoun.” April 14, 2014. Accessed September 17, 2015. http://www.ancient-origins.net/ ancient-places-asia/qanat-firaun-most-spectacular-undergroundaqueduct-ancient-world-001557
Gallery The gallery is the main qanat tunnel which is very slightly sloped. This tunnel is begun at the outlet and moves back toward the mother well. Highly sloped tunnels are subject to erosion and low slopes require frequent maintenance due to sedimentation. Accordingly, the ideal slope is usually around 0.5 percent.
Shafts Shafts are a series of vertical wells built along the gallery between the mother well and outlet. These wells facilitate the removal of soil and provide ventilation and access for Muqannis during construction of the gallery. These wells are protected even following construction completion as they provide access to the qanat for cleaning and maintenance.
[POST] TRAUMATIC DESIGN PROBLEMATIC PEACEBUILDING DEVELOPMENT TRAJECTORIES
Outlet The outlet is the point at which water emerges to the surface. This location is determined with respect to the slope of the qanat, and proximity to points of water consumption.
WATER AS AGENT
Mother Well The mother well is the first step in the building process, dug deep into the water table, usually constructed on alluvial depositions at the bed of mountains and hills. This ensures that water is reached at a place and depth that is protected from outside contamination.
THE PLACE OF SHINING LIGHT
Qanats were constructed by the hand labour of skilled workers, Muqannis, who had mastered a great understanding of geology and engineering. The system is comprised of several components:
ANNEX
CONSTRUCTION
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104
Above: Yazd Site Plan; 1:250,000. By author.
+ fi el d
wa te
r
st or
mi ni
ag e
ng
MASTER PLAN
urban field
agricultural field
ANNEX
qanat
historic core
runoff
105
THE PLACE OF SHINING LIGHT
WATER AS AGENT
rt
po
ex
DEVELOPMENT TRAJECTORIES
e
ur
lt
cu
ri
ag
lk
si
PROBLEMATIC PEACEBUILDING
rt
po
ex
+
[POST] TRAUMATIC DESIGN
fa rm
ir
pu
ri g
tr y
us e
at io n
in du s
bl ic
e
PROCESS MATRIX
MOUNTAIN
SLOPING ALLUVIAL FOOTHILL
PLAIN
fresh water water mining
field + storage
publi aquifer
qanat
canal
field
ab-a
water table
ECOLOGY
AC
social infrastructure OWNER
MI MUQANNIS
106
Above: Typical section through qanat network depicting physical and social infrastructures; 1:2000. By author.
industry
farm + irrigation
ic use washing
industrial
animals
tree-lined canal
field
WATER AS AGENT
DEVELOPMENT TRAJECTORIES
public buildings
CTIVIY
THE PLACE OF SHINING LIGHT
dwellings
INDUSTRY
IRAB SHAREHOLDERS
ABYAR
ANNEX
-anbar
[POST] TRAUMATIC DESIGN
grey water
PROBLEMATIC PEACEBUILDING
NS
107
URBAN GROWTH OF YAZD
pre-islamic era
1500 a.d.
1700 a.d.
1925 a.d.
2008 a.d.
Above: Patterns of human settlement in Yazd depicting integral nature of the qanat system to the city’s development. By author.
108
1200 a.d.
water table
URBAN SPACES OF THE QANAT SYSTEM water table
plan of shaft
section at water production
section at water transportation
Ab-Anbar 1:1000
Public Jame Mosque 1:1000
PUBLIC_JAME MOSQUE_1:500
PUBLIC_JAME MOSQUE_1:500
DWELLING PRIVATE_DWELLING_1:500
Private Dwelling 1:1000
Traditional dwellings each had their own domestic ab-anbar located within enclosed courtyards, and able to hold up to 50 cubic meters of water. These would typically be refilled twice a month by the mirab, or water-master who would open up the specific channel leading to that particular dwelling.
THE PLACE OF SHINING LIGHT
WATER AS AGENT
DEVELOPMENT TRAJECTORIES
AB-ANBAR_1:500
The first contact of qanat and city occurred at the ab-anbar, a cylindrical reservoir located below ground and designed to stabilize low water temperature, withstand water pressure, and resist earthquakes. No one was given direct access to water, and water was drawn from below ground level so as to minimize contamination. Each ab-anbar provided water to a specific number of streets and houses, thereby defining a distinct community shed; at the ab-anbar, the qanat would be split into a distribution network of smaller canals.
PROBLEMATIC PEACEBUILDING
AB-ANBAR
[POST] TRAUMATIC DESIGN
QANAT_1:50
ANNEX
PRIVATE_DWELLING_1:500
109
Bibliography Beaumont, Peter. Qanat, Kariz, and Khattara: Traditional Water Systems in the Middle East and North Africa. London: Middle East Centre, School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London ;, 1989. Dzikus, Andre. “Human Settlements.” In UN World Water Development Report, 422-439. 4th ed. UNESCO, 2012. Godschalk, David R. “Urban Hazard Mitigation: Creating Resilient Cities.” Natural Hazards Review, 2003, 136-43. “In Praise of Qanats: Towards an Infrastructural Urbanism in Yazd.” In Re: Building: 98th ACSA Annual Meeting, edited by Bruce Goodwin, by Vinayak Bharne and Biayna Bogosian. Washington, DC: ACSA Press, 2010. Weinthal, Erika, Jessica Troell, and Mikiyasu Nakayama. Water and Post-conflict Peacebuilding. Abingdon, Oxon: Earthscan, from Routledge, 2013.
Image Bibliography “Harvesting Rain Water,” Accessed September 17, 2015. http://www.harvestingrainwater.com/wp-content/gallery/iran-gallery-e/ Lendering, Jona. “Qanat,” Accessed September 17, 2015. http://www.livius.org/articles/misc/qanat/ “Qanat Firoun.” April 14, 2014. Accessed September 17, 2015. http://www.ancient-origins.net/ancient-places-asia/qanat-firaun-most-spectacularunderground-aqueduct-ancient-world-001557
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ANNEX
THE PLACE OF SHINING LIGHT
WATER AS AGENT
DEVELOPMENT TRAJECTORIES
PROBLEMATIC PEACEBUILDING
[POST] TRAUMATIC DESIGN
HE PLACE OF SHINING LIGH
CONTENTS The thesis returns now to Bamiyan, narrating the conditions of the city as it exists today. A preliminary test drive is conducted that begins to unite ecology, infrastructure, and architecture as a model for regenerative design in fragile states. 5.1 The Place of Shining Light: Bamiyan, Afghanistan 5.2 Test Drive
5.0
THE PLACE OF SHINING LIGHT
5.3 Summary
5.1 THE PLACE OF SHINING LIGHT Bamiyan, Afghanistan
Around a bend of road the valley opens wide amid shining fields of wheat, and past copses of willow and poplar the cliff-face city reveals itself. There are hundreds of caves along the mile-long façade, a latticework of temples, galleries, and monastic residences eroded to resemble Swiss cheese. At the center of the complex, set half a mile apart, are the huge empty alcoves, cast in deep shadow by the dazzling mountain light, like arched doorways into the heart of the mountains.7
HISTORY Bamiyan was the site of an early Hindu-Buddhist monastery from which it takes its name (from the Sanskrit, varmayana that is, coloured). The Bamiyan valley marks the most westerly point of Buddhist expansion and was a crucial hub of trade for the second millennium CE. Accordingly, it was the meeting point of East and West, as evidenced in its archaeology which reveals a blend of Greek, Turkish, Persian, Chinese, and Indian influence. This includes the Cliff of the Buddhas, ruins of Monks’ caves, Shar-i-Gholghola (the city of sighs), Shar-iZohak (a citadel) and ruins of an acropolis. Such wealth of ruins, as well as the local scenery, makes Bamiyan of the most visited places in Afghanistan. Due to its archeological heritage, the valley has been listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
NATURAL CONDITIONS Sandwiched between two mountain ranges at an altitude of 2,500m, Bamiyan valley is the focal point of three smaller valleys, Foladi, Sokhdar and Gorwana. Characterized largely by scrub and extensive high altitude pasture lands, the excessive use of wood for fuel and fodder combined with years of drought and war has resulted in the destruction of much forestry and rangeland. Over exploitation of various shrubs is resulting in serious soil erosion; flash floods with the smallest amount of rain can cause significant damage to the ecosystem.
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[POST] TRAUMATIC DESIGN PROBLEMATIC PEACEBUILDING
Water also plays a crucial role in the largely agro-pastoral livelihoods of the Bamiyan people. The main crops grown in Bamiyan are wheat, barley, beans and potatoes. Most fields are irrigated by water from the melting snow following winter. The semi-arid climate creates cold, long winters and hot, dry summers and allows only for a single growing season. Agricultural productivity is further limited by difficult terrain and poor soil quality due to increasing desertification stemming from lack of water retention capability in the land. This then propagates annual spring flooding, and propensity to drought in the summer months, conditions which have been exacerbated considerably by decades of conflict.
DEVELOPMENT TRAJECTORIES
Water is acquired principally through snowmelt from seasonal springs, originating in the Koh-E-Baba mountain range, and Bamiyan river which runs through the centre of the valley. Access to water is a top priority in the valley. Rural villages experience considerable difficult irrigating their land, and have little or no access to drinking water. In spring and summer months, people take water from rivers and streams, however, these are heavily polluted. In the winter, access to water is more difficult because streams are dry; often a two hour walk is necessary daily to acquire sufficient water.
7. Matthew Power, “The Lost Buddhas of Bamiyan,” Harper’s Magazine 310, no. 1858 (2005), 72.
Administrative Plateau: UN Organizations, NGOs, government houses and guest houses are located on a plateau in the southern central area of the valley. Three hotels are also located on this plateau which offers the best view of the Buddha niches. The Airport and Provincial Reconstruction Team base occupies a low plateau west of Shahr-I-Gholghola.
THE PLACE OF SHINING LIGHT
Bazaar: comprises approximately 1000 small shops as of 2005. The bazaar forms a street parallel to the holes left by the Buddhas. Originally, the bazaar was located on the west side directly adjacent to the Buddha statues.
ANNEX
Capital of Bamiyan Province, Bamiyan city, located in the heart of the valley, offers a new example of rural-urban linkage. Central to its urban form is the densely packed bazaar in the heart of the valley. This, in addition to the twelve closest villages comprises the area of the city, which is rapidly growing with the return of displaced peoples (Section 2, Figure 16).
WATER AS AGENT
URBAN FORM
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feb r ua ry
january
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ber m ce
rch a m
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)
vem b
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buzkashi
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째) .7 1 (3
Afghan ski challenge
april
E
october
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flooding
sep
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july
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aug u
drought
winter
wind
vegetables
events
spring/autumn
sunshine hours
fruit
bazaar
wind
snow
cereal
rain
legume
silk road festival
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Above: Existing conditions of Bamiyan city. By author.
In the bazaar, villagers have access to drinking water thanks to a water reservoir supply system built by UN Habitat. Public taps are the main source of drinking water for 24.4% of households. Unprotected springs account for 19.4% of households. Most families, including the wealthy, have traditional latrines which are usually unsanitary single vault latrines built above ground and in open fields. There is thus an urgent need for low-cost water-borne sewage/drainage systems.
[POST] TRAUMATIC DESIGN PROBLEMATIC PEACEBUILDING
WATER AND SANITATION
DEVELOPMENT TRAJECTORIES
New Village Construction: A number of new villages have been created since 2002. Zargaran is an illegal village owing its existence to the illegal selling of land by the mayor. The village has no infrastructure, has undergone the most rapid growth, and has caused major land disputes. Mollah Ghollum (not within extents of Bamiyan city) was officially created by the former governor to provide accommodation to people living in the Buddha caves. The majority of these houses were given however to friends of the former governor. Shang Chespan, also created by the former governor was distributed more evenly to those who needed it. Lack of provision of water infrastructure in the village however has left it largely abandoned.
ECONOMY
THE PLACE OF SHINING LIGHT
Animal dung is the most common source of energy for cooking. Straws, shrubs, or grass and wood are also commonly used. Liquefied petroleum gas is also a popular fuel in the city. Solar power is the leading source of energy for lighting among households (66.4%) especially due to the recent completion of a large solar field in the province. • Electricity is used by 12.6% of households • Kerosene lamp is used by 16.3% • 4.6% use other sources such as gas lamp and candle • 0.1% do not use any fuel for lighting
WATER AS AGENT
ENERGY
Bamiyan has considerable tourist potential; people already have to pay for tickets to visit the Buddhas. Further, Bamiyan serves as a base for visiting the Band-E-Amir lakes (2.5 hours by car to the west of Bamiyan city).
ANNEX
Only big landowners have the capacity to invest profits generated from the land in new commercial activities in the bazaar. Huge herds of livestock used to be found here, but few people have chosen to reinvest in animal husbandry post-conflict.
117
118
[POST] TRAUMATIC DESIGN PROBLEMATIC PEACEBUILDING DEVELOPMENT TRAJECTORIES WATER AS AGENT THE PLACE OF SHINING LIGHT ANNEX
Left: Bamiyan Valley in the winter. The bazaar seen at bottom left runs parallel to the Buddha cliffs. Source: “Bamiyan” May 3, 2013. Accessed November 27, 2015. http://www.skyscrapercity.com/showthread. php?p=123290416
119
120
ANNEX
Left: Bamiyan Valley in the summer. View is from the southern villages. Source: UNESCO 2015.
121
THE PLACE OF SHINING LIGHT
WATER AS AGENT
DEVELOPMENT TRAJECTORIES
PROBLEMATIC PEACEBUILDING
[POST] TRAUMATIC DESIGN
122
ANNEX
Left: Bamiyan Valley as seen from the Buddha cliffs (looking south). Source: UNESCO 2015.
123
THE PLACE OF SHINING LIGHT
WATER AS AGENT
DEVELOPMENT TRAJECTORIES
PROBLEMATIC PEACEBUILDING
[POST] TRAUMATIC DESIGN
124
[POST] TRAUMATIC DESIGN PROBLEMATIC PEACEBUILDING DEVELOPMENT TRAJECTORIES WATER AS AGENT THE PLACE OF SHINING LIGHT ANNEX
Left: Villagers collecting water. Source: Alex Masi. Accessed November 27, 2015. http://alexmasi.photoshelter.com/image/ I0000EcX8VTgkQpo
125
housing typologies
built form Qala courtyard fortress compound
cave dwelling
bazaar
roads
national highway
airport
wakil primary
water infrastructure
sarband
main canal
mirab
secondary + tertiary canal
badwan
control cross-regulator
bifurcator
off-take
spillway
siphon
aqueduct
super-passage
culvert
conveyance
local stakeholders
Japan International Cooperation Agency
ICRC
Central Cooperation for Afghanistan UN Habitat UN Office for Project Services UNICEF
International NGO Foreign Country Village
International Organization Security Force
Central Government
Local NGO
City
USAID
World Food Programme Community Habitat Finance Solidarites UN Assistance Mission for Afghanistan Mayor
Governor UNESCO UNHCR Norwegian Refugee Council Provincial Ministries Save the Children
National
LEVEL OF OPERATION
AID TYPE international
ORGANIZATION
protection EDUCATION
HEALTH
embankment
nawbat
gabion wall
INFRASTRUCTURE
access
water right holders
ECONOMIC EMERGENCY RELIEF REFUGEES HERITAGE MASTER PLAN
SECTOR
water mill
bridge
access point
vernacular water infrastructure unknown prevalence
national
likely present
local
confirmed existence
permanent snow cover
cultural heritage site
alpine rock (above) rangeland (below) bamiyan valley elevation: 2,500m asl irrigated agriculture
bamiyan river flows east toward kabul
126
rotational allocation system
landowner
topography
50
sub water mastermanagement, supervision, payment collection
DEVELOPMENT
hydrology: local watershed
1 10 20
sub water mastersarband construction and maintenance
village
GOVERNANCE
New Zealand PRT
United Nations
Province
water master
elder
Shura
Aga Khan Development Network
Community
chak bashi
lawyerconflict resolution, governance
100m
Above: Axonometric drawing of Bamiyan valley with particular emphasis on the watershed, hydrology, and traditional social and physical infrastuctures of water. By author.
hashar traditional water management STAKEHOLDER SYSTEM
communual labour is supplied in proportion to water entitlements
[POST] TRAUMATIC DESIGN PROBLEMATIC PEACEBUILDING DEVELOPMENT TRAJECTORIES WATER AS AGENT THE PLACE OF SHINING LIGHT
Above: Bamiyan Topography. By author.
ANNEX
Above: Aerial view of Bamiyan Valley. Source: “Traveling Colours,” 2013. Accessed November 17, 2015. http://travelingcolors. net/tagged/afghanistan
127
5.2 TEST DRIVE Design Exploration
Water harvest and retention can play a critical role in remediating the landscape and ensuring sufficient means of livelihood. The test drive proposes that villages in the north who are located close to large quantities of snow in the winter, can capitalize upon this resource and become water farmers, the first step in a networked system that moves water equitably through the valley. The test drive suggests a program of snow capture, harvest, and farming, the latter of which supplements the introduction of trout farming and Powers, 2005 orchard growth. These are supported by two primary means of water harvest: snow fences and terracing.
128
Right: Sample Site for water harvest in Bamiyan valley. By author.
total water: 7,164,045.6 m3 WATER AS AGENT
DEVELOPMENT TRAJECTORIES
snow water equivalent: 0.25
THE PLACE OF SHINING LIGHT
snow depth: 1m (avg)
ANNEX
PROBLEMATIC PEACEBUILDING
basin area: 28,656,182.6 m2
129
[POST] TRAUMATIC DESIGN
orchard
trout farm vs.
N.T.S.
component: retention terrace
terracing couples water farming wi prevention. water movement down series of basins, berms, and plante to allow water to percolate into the nutrient and groundwater supply.
for the sample site retention basins are sized to the proportion of land plot (100m x 50m)
basin area: 28,656,182.6 m2 snow depth: 1m (avg) snow water equivalent: 0.25 total water: 7,164,045.6 m3
prevailing wind
0
water harvest
water harvest at higher altitude
130
Above: Detail of sample sites for water harvest in Bamiyan valley. By author.
0.5
1
component: snow fence
smaller terraces are placed parallel to snow fences. water is then gradually let into natural run-off paths into the valley, to be harnessed at basins closer to the valley floor.
2m
when wind passes through a porou slows causing heavy snow particle the downwind side of the fence. sn will accumulate 95m3 of water per
component: retention terrace
[POST] TRAUMATIC DESIGN
terracing couples water farming with erosion and surface runoff prevention. water movement down a slope is guided through a series of basins, berms, and planted areas. basins are unlined to allow water to percolate into the ground, replenishing soil nutrient and groundwater supply.
DEVELOPMENT TRAJECTORIES
for the sample site retention basins are sized to the proportion of land plot (100m x 50m)
fetch
WATER AS AGENT
N.T.S.
PROBLEMATIC PEACEBUILDING
vs.
snow fence
0.5
1
component: snow fence
Above: Components of water harvest system. By author.
2m
when wind passes through a porous snow fence, its velocity slows causing heavy snow particles to fall and accumulate on the downwind side of the fence. snow conditions in bamiyan will accumulate 95m3 of water per meter-width of fence.
ANNEX
0
THE PLACE OF SHINING LIGHT
prevailing wind
131
generate economy
132
Above: Envisioned elevation of a revitalized Bamiyan valley. By author.
harness ecology vernacular infrastructure
ANNEX
THE PLACE OF SHINING LIGHT
WATER AS AGENT
DEVELOPMENT TRAJECTORIES
PROBLEMATIC PEACEBUILDING
[POST] TRAUMATIC DESIGN
cultivate identity community engagement
towards regenerative design in fragile states
revitalizing bamiyan
133
5.3 SUMMARY Moving Forward
Cumulatively, this book is reflective of an endeavour to bring together relevant literature and design studies within a contextual framework of issues with international development and aid policies. Having gained an understanding of site conditions, the initial test drive is reflective of the need to go further specifically into the parameters of hydrology and urbanism. Particularly, understanding the individual factors that govern these parameters and finding opportunity for their overlap so as to develop synergies between development needs and desires. Working at multiple scales will be important also to drive design that remains contextually appropriate. The next step will additionally comprise of developing a stronger theoretical background that coalesces the thesis knowledge-base to date, thus firmly rooting future design work.
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ANNEX
THE PLACE OF SHINING LIGHT
WATER AS AGENT
DEVELOPMENT TRAJECTORIES
PROBLEMATIC PEACEBUILDING
[POST] TRAUMATIC DESIGN
Bibliography Mariani, Claire. Linking Relief, Rehabilitation and Development Programme (LRRD) in Afghanistan: Is Building a City an Appropriate Response to Development Issues in Bamiyan?: Groupe Urgence Rehabilitation Developpement, 2006. Power, Matthew. “The Lost Buddhas of Bamiyan.” Harper’s Magazine 310, no. 1858 (2005): 67-75. Thompson, Kyle J., Karen S. Henry, Janet P. Hardy, and Adam M. Chalmers. “Snow Harvesting: A Potential Water Source for Afghanistan.” US Army Corps of Engineers Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory (2009): 1-29.
Image Bibliography “Bamiyan.” May 3, 2013. Accessed November 27, 2015. http://www.skyscrapercity.com/showthread.php?p=123290416 “Bamiyan Cultural Centre.” UNESCO, 2015. Masi, Alex. “Water collection, Bamiyan,” Accessed November 27, 2015. http://alexmasi.photoshelter.com/image/I0000EcX8VTgkQpo “Traveling Colours.” 2013. Accessed November 17, 2015. http://travelingcolors.net/tagged/afghanistan
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THE PLACE OF SHINING LIGHT
WATER AS AGENT
DEVELOPMENT TRAJECTORIES
PROBLEMATIC PEACEBUILDING
[POST] TRAUMATIC DESIGN
NNEX
CONTENTS Afghanistan Timeline Maps of Afghanistan
ANNEX
Glossary
AFGHANISTAN TIMELINE Historical Trajectory bamiyan us foreign aid to afghanistan ($) afghanistan population growth refugee population
dK
an
me
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M
600 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700
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1710
1720
Above: Timeline of Afghan history inclusive of political, social, economic and environmental events. By author.
1730
1740
1750 1760 1770 1780 1790 1800
1810
1820
1830
Se
i
es arl
Ru w Ne
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Do
st
as
s
M
nc ew e G ith rea UK tG am e
lia
Th
Al
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oh
am
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ne mi pro to tor ed
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ep Ind
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IMAGE LIBRARY
NATURALDIS
MEDIA
FOREIGN
INTERNAL
GLOBAL
Ba
ad
as
are bu am ilt iya nu
ids
nd
nc
er
e
Ge
ng
his
Kh
an
social political economics
1850
1860
1870
1880
1890
1900
1910
1920
1930
1940
ANNEX
1840
1950
141
THE PLACE OF SHINING LIGHT
WATER AS AGENT
w
Ne
W ar I
ah
ull
bib
Ha
ine
an
Kh
W ar
a
ed
th
wi
n
nio
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vie
So
n
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So
ew
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th
wi
DEVELOPMENT TRAJECTORIES
ty
eT rea
Tra d
ins
eg
eb
Tra d
Th Rule ir : Tre d A Aman at ng ull Tre y of lo-A ah Kh a R f a Al ty o awa ghan n f Fir red f Fri lpin Wa st Fo en di r co uc ds ns he hip titu r v tio isit n sB So am iya Fo cial n rm + Ne a P w tio ol i R Re ul n o tic be e: M f N al Ne lli o a Re w on ham tio for Co s m na m ed l B ns Ne Na an tit w dir k Jo Rul utio Sh ins e: M n ah Le oha ag mm ue e d of Za Tre Na hir aty tio Sha Wo of S ns h rld aa d W a Af gh ar I bad an I ba nk no tes pr int Ba mi ya Co np ld an W or ar am
ld
le:
Ru
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w
Ne
an
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-A
glo
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Pe rs
dL
ran
Du
nd
th
wi
co
Se
W ar
n ig s Fir e of on v isi st He ts An ra Ba glo t mi -A ya fgh n an W ar
PROBLEMATIC PEACEBUILDING
[POST] TRAUMATIC DESIGN
142
1960
1970
1980
Above: Timeline of Afghan history inclusive of political, social, economic and environmental events. By author. w
s
ile
ss
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1990
eo fS ov iet Isl Un am ion Fu ic nd S a t Ra me ate o bb nta f A Ba ani: lists fgh mi Ch en an i Sh yan ang ter stan or alm e o Ka t L o f bu ive st Ru l d A be ler cc com ord e si Em nd ep er
ps
lla
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Ne Rule w :N Co ajib Ge nsti ullah tut ne io va Ac n c ord W ith s Ba dr ttle aw of al o Ja f U lal SS ab R ad
Ne
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ing
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: ‘u nv e th iling Lib Pa ’ e kis of w Fo ral rm Co tan om ati ns en on tit of utio Ex n tre mi 60 st ,00 Pa 0+ rti es tou ris ts co me to Ba mi Ne ya w n Ru Ba le: nd Mo -E ha -A mm mi ed r b Da ec oud om K es han Na 1s tio tN na ati l Re Ne on vo w al l Co uti Pa o n rk nis sti Sa tut ur t P Re ion art y Tre vo lu a La ty o tion n f Up d Re Frien ri fo d US sing rms ship A s M mba il s Op itary sad e S or So ratio upp Kil v n o le Ca iet U Cy rt fr d rte ni clo om r o n Ba Doc n In e USS mi tri vad R ya ne es na ch iev es Re au ag ton en om me y ets wi th M uja hid ee n
rm
lR efo
ran
ve
cia
So Se
bamiyan
us foreign aid to afghanistan ($)
afghanistan population growth
refugee population
social political economics
ANNEX
2000
2010
143
THE PLACE OF SHINING LIGHT
WATER AS AGENT
DEVELOPMENT TRAJECTORIES
pe Su rge nd p n en Ta port ce o t lib o f an f P Tal a Ne Cap kist iban tur an w Ba e mi Ka n ya n b dah az ar Os aa am r Fa a tw B Ta a: Win L lib a ad Ta an r A en lib Ca ga Ar Cr an m ptu inst rive s r a M ckd urd e Ka Ame as ow er bu ric so n N l a ns ud on aji Am H bul bu uma lah M sh n as es Ri M sC Ta ght az iv lib s US ari S ilian an M h E a US mb rif as s M Stri assy Mas acre a k s s UNssou es E Bom acre im d R xtre bin po eq mi gs se ue st c s a sts a ir H mp Al Em elp s -Q ae ba fro d rgo m Bu a B d US M dha omb as s so De s U 9- ud str SS o 1 Op 1 Kille yed Cole d e Ka rati bu on Bo l ta En nn ke du PR Ag n b ring T re y Na arri eme allie Free tio ve nt s do m na s in ; K l S B ar oli am zai Ne da iy lea w r a ity n ds Co Int Pr ns og eri titu ram m tio go De me n ve mo be rn Dr cra me gin . H tic nt s ab E iba lec Sa tion rob s ia pp Ta oin lib ted an ins fir st urg fem en cy ale gro Ta go lks w ve s Op w rn or iumith T a Do Prodliba uc n no t r Su s Co ion a i n t 4,5 cide fere rec or n 0 b M 0 m om ce P d hi ala o b i gh a 17 la re U n K ris , Y Ele 000 ous S Tr abul a o 30 ctor mor fzai ops , a e b US 000 l Fra US log m Tro o ud Tro W op re U ops i S UNkilea urg S Tr GA ks e oop s Qu rec o Bi ran gni n L Bu ze s r a n Pa de in hu r n g m Sh tner Kill in U an ri r s e Qu ine hip d S ghts to St ran and with wa rat Bu M In ter Ta egic rni osq dia lib P ng ue + sa M an art at at ala Sp ne US tac nit ati la rin rsh A k on Yo g ip irb us Of a s f afz en e ai siv as e Ta sa lib ss a ina Ele n S u tio As ctio icid na hr ns e tte Sq US af G mp ua + han t d i U NA K T e Ly O fo nd nc rm co Inf hin al mb or g ly at m Ta al of w end lib Pe o s Bo an ace man mb Ca Ta ing ptur lks of e K M und SF u z
PROBLEMATIC PEACEBUILDING
[POST] TRAUMATIC DESIGN
ADMINISTRATIVE
administrative border province center country capital (kabul) site of interest (bamyan) settlements
average annual rainfall (mm, 2011)
144
average annual temperature (C, 2011)
average evapotranspiration
0-100
0-5
70-90
100-200
5-9
90-110
200-300
9-12
110-130
300-400
12-14
130-150
400-500
14-16
150-170
500-600
16-17
600-700
17-18
700-800
18-20
800-900
20-23
Maps of Afghanistan
Above: Administrative borders of Afghanistan, 1:500,000. By author.
145
ANNEX
THE PLACE OF SHINING LIGHT
WATER AS AGENT
DEVELOPMENT TRAJECTORIES
PROBLEMATIC PEACEBUILDING
[POST] TRAUMATIC DESIGN
TEMPERATURE Bamiyan experiences a mean annual temperature of 6.9 degrees Celsius. Winters are extremely cold and very long. The coldest month is January with an average temperature of -5C. Summer daytime temperatures may exceed +30C.
average annual temperature (C, 2011)
70-90
5-9
90-110
9-12
110-130
12-14
130-150
14-16
150-170
16-17 17-18 18-20 20-23
146
average evapotranspiration rate (mm, 2011)
0-5
Maps of Afghanistan
Above: Average annual temperature in Afghanistan, 1:500,000. By author.
147
ANNEX
THE PLACE OF SHINING LIGHT
WATER AS AGENT
DEVELOPMENT TRAJECTORIES
PROBLEMATIC PEACEBUILDING
[POST] TRAUMATIC DESIGN
EVAPOTRANSPIRATION
average evapotranspiration rate (mm, 2011) 70-90 90-110 110-130 130-150 150-170
148
Maps of Afghanistan
Above: Average evapotranspiration rates in Afghanistan, 1:500,000. By author.
149
ANNEX
THE PLACE OF SHINING LIGHT
WATER AS AGENT
DEVELOPMENT TRAJECTORIES
PROBLEMATIC PEACEBUILDING
[POST] TRAUMATIC DESIGN
administrative border province center country capital (kabul) site of interest (bamyan) settlements
PRECIPITATION Precipitation in Bamiyan province falls principally as snow, with most storms coming from late February into March and April, often with dramatic thunderstorms continuing into May. March is typically the wettest month, with snow depths reaching up to 1.5 meters in certain areas. The best approximation for annual precipitation in Bamiyan valley is about 133mm.
average annual rainfall (mm, 2011)
150
average annual temperature (C, 2011)
average evapotranspiration
0-100
0-5
70-90
100-200
5-9
90-110
200-300
9-12
110-130
300-400
12-14
130-150
400-500
14-16
150-170
500-600
16-17
600-700
17-18
700-800
18-20
800-900
20-23
Maps of Afghanistan
Above: Average annual rainfall in Afghanistan, 1:500,000. By author.
151
ANNEX
THE PLACE OF SHINING LIGHT
WATER AS AGENT
DEVELOPMENT TRAJECTORIES
PROBLEMATIC PEACEBUILDING
[POST] TRAUMATIC DESIGN
LANDCOVER Bamiyan district is situated in the Amu Darya river basin, comprised of rangeland with irrigated agriculture in the mountain valleys. Natural hazard exposure varies; the area is prone to earthquakes, avalanches and landslides, as well as flooding due to degraded retention capacity of the landcover.
harirod-murghab basin
natural hazard exposure (2013) low high landcover (2015) degenerate forest / high shrubs fruit trees / gardens irrigated areas marshland natural forest closed cover natural forest open cover permanent snow pistachio forest rainfed crops rangeland rock outcrop / bare soil sand covered areas sand dunes vineyards water bodies
152
Maps of Afghanistan
hilmand basin
ANNEX
THE PLACE OF SHINING LIGHT
WATER AS AGENT
PROBLEMATIC PEACEBUILDING
kabul (indus) basin
Above: Landcover of Afghanistan, 1:500,000. By author. [POST] TRAUMATIC DESIGN
northern basin
DEVELOPMENT TRAJECTORIES
amu darya basin
153
LIVELIHOOD opium cultivation (2005) 1,000-2,500ha 2,500-5,000ha 10,000ha + opium cultivation (2005) food insecurity (percentage of population, 2008) 0-10
1,000-2,500ha
10-20
2,500-5,000ha
Bamiyan economy from an 10,000ha + 20-35 generates the majority of its agro-pastoral livelihood supported by rainfed and small-scale 35-50 food insecurity (percentage 50-60 irrigation. Difficult environmental conditions, exacerbated by 0-10 60-75 ongoing drought conditions from 1995 to present day however 10-20 75-95 20-35 have increased levels of food insecurity (and thereby poverty) 35-50 water use (2015) in the region. Despite these issues, opium cultivation is not an 50-60 intensive irrigation issue Bamiyan. deepinwell irrigation small scale irrigation rainfed
livelihood (2015) agro pastoral agriculture wheat, cash crops wheat, dried fruit, livestock high cereal production cereals, oilseed vineyard, cereal, horticulture cereals, orchard orchard orchard, agriculture cross border trade + labour
60-75 75-95
water use (2015) intensive irrigation deep well irrigation small scale irrigation rainfed livelihood (2015)
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Above: Range of livelihoods in Afghanistan, 1:500,000. By author.
155
POPULATION The province of Bamiyan is largely mono-ethnic, home to the Hazara population, one of the few Shia Muslim groups in the country. This difference is central to their political and socioeconomic marginalization and accordingly contributes to the current poverty level of the district.
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urban rural poverty levels (percentage of population, 2008)
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58-100 42-58 30-42 20-30 0-20 ethnic distribution (2009) turkmen uzbek nuristani baluch hazara tajik pashtun
156
Maps of Afghanistan
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Above: Population density, ethnicity and poverty levels in Afghanistan, 1:500,000. By author.
157
SECURITY Bamiyan province is one of the safest regions in Afghanistan. Supported for over a decade by the New Zealand Provincial Reconstruction Team under the Regional Command of the aid access United States, the province is open and receptive to foreign no access aid presence which quickly drove the Taliban from the area in accompanied access November 2001. full access
provincial reconstruction team troop distribution (2010) 32,000-35,000 6,500-9,500 manoeuvre unit *current troop numbers stand at 13,223 regional command
aid access
germany
no access
italy
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turkey
full access
uk
provincial reconstruction team
usa insurgent groups
troop distribution (2010) 32,000-35,000
taliban
6,500-9,500
haqqani network
manoeuvre unit
hezbe-e islami gulbuddin *current troop numbers stand at 13,223 hezbe-e islami khalis regional command islamic movement of uzbekistan germany italy turkey 158
Maps of Afghanistan
uk
Above: Security Map of Afghanistan, 1:500,000. By author.
159
ANNEX
THE PLACE OF SHINING LIGHT
WATER AS AGENT
DEVELOPMENT TRAJECTORIES
PROBLEMATIC PEACEBUILDING
[POST] TRAUMATIC DESIGN
PROJECTS Bamiyan province has been witness to numerous aid projects. While the majority of these projects have been successful, the region has also seen several failed projects. Increased security levels and the distance from attack and support zones reveals decreased operational presence and operational capacity levels in Bamiyan district today.
project evaluation (world bank,2007) success failure projects (2015) operational presence operational capacity militant zones (2015) attack support
160
Maps of Afghanistan
Above: Operational Presence and Capacity in Afghanistan, 1:500,000. By author.
161
ANNEX
THE PLACE OF SHINING LIGHT
WATER AS AGENT
DEVELOPMENT TRAJECTORIES
PROBLEMATIC PEACEBUILDING
[POST] TRAUMATIC DESIGN
GLOSSARY BUILDING CEREMONY (n)
A ritual. “…in which the order of the community is identified, the creative energy of the people is released, and community resources and skills are regenerated,” to foster a mechanism capable of linking the construction of buildings to the culture of community (Abdelhalim 1978, 139).
DEVELOPMENT (n)
A change or improvement. The concrete result of a process of change, usually from less to more complex. The reduction of vulnerability or threat because of increased capacity and access to resources with focus on human development noting quality of life, human dignity, and human security.
INFRASTRUCTURE (n)
A network. The basic physical and organizational structures and facilities needed for the operation of a society; the underlying framework of a system needed for the day-to-day vital functions of society.
ECOLOGY (n)
A relationship. Dealing with the relations of and between organisms and between organisms and their physical surroundings. The interdependence of players within spatial systems.
METABOLISM (n)
A complex. The network of physical and chemical processes occurring within a system, that maintain, govern and are governed by life on a given site. The sum of forces at play within a region/locale/denoted area, comprised of the economic, social, physical, political, spatial, temporal, ecological, historical and cultural contexts of place, and their essential exchange towards renewal and organic growth. 162
PARTICIPATION (n)
An action. Taking part in an activity. A practical, grounded, and inclusive process that engages all levels of stakeholders, with particular emphasis on those directly impacted by an event or activity. The active involvement of potential or current endusers of a system in the design and decision-making processes, taking into account cultural, social, economic, and political contexts to facilitate ownership and empowerment.
PEACEBUILDING (n)
An aspiration. Peacebuilding in conflict-prone and post-conflict countries aims to prevent the re-emergence or escalation of violent conflict, and establish a durable and self-sustaining peace. The term first emerged in the 1970s through the work of Johan Galtung who called for the creation of peacebuilding structures to promote sustainable peace by addressing the ‘root causes’ of violent conflict and supporting indigenous capacities for peace management and conflict resolution. Since then, the term has expanded to cover a multidimensional tasks ranging from the disarming of warring factions to the rebuilding of political, economic, judicial, and civil society institutions under the principles of ‘security,’ ‘development,’ ‘humanitarian assistance,’ and ‘governance and the rule of law.’
POST-TRAUMATIC URBANISM (n)
An opportunity. Where urbanism is systematic, trauma is an exception, a collection of singularities, the drama in which both history and future are at stake. Trauma stages the point at which the system must reimagine itself, or perish. ‘Posttraumatic’ refers to the evidence of the aftermath – the remains of an event that are missing. The spaces around this ‘blind spot’ record the impression of the event like a scar. “The traumatic event is thus excessively new…. [it is that] moment after our image of the future is destroyed, but before it has been replaced.” Post-Traumatic Urbanism, then, is a pattern of speculative growth following a catastrophic event, trauma. It is a fertile testing ground for political ideologies about the city and a site for radical architectural speculations. It draws on resilience in spatial, economic, social and infrastructural systems to imagine new patterns of inhabitation that can understand and begin to mitigate blind spots (Lahoud, 2010).
RECONSTRUCT
SITE
An impression. To (re)build after a damage or shock; to model or re-enact or reorganize; to make once more as a hybrid of what was, and what potential it now holds.
A material ground for action in design practice. The ground chosen for something and to the location of some set of activities or practices. Site is comprised of three distinct areas, the first is the area of control, the second encompasses forces that act upon a plot without being confined to it, that is, the area of influence, and third the area of effect – the domains impacted following design action (Burns and Kahn 2004, xii).
RESILIENCE (n)
A lingering connection. The ability of a (social or ecological) system to recover after it has absorbed some shock; the ability to move between discontinuity/trauma and continuity/repetition. After absorbing a shock, the resilient system creatively explores and trials new forms of stability. Resilience is never a return, but it is never quite a full break either; though it leaps over interruption, it carries with it the continuity of a historical charge that lends it adaptive strength. A resilient [system], then, is one that has evolved in an unstable environment and developed adaptations to deal with uncertainty. In these systems, diversity and distribution will be valued more highly than centralised efficiency.
SOCIAL CONTRACT (n)
An agreement. Originating in the 16th-18th centuries among theorists including Hobbes, Locke, and Rousseau, the concept refers to the voluntary agreement among members of a society to cooperate for social benefits. In 1916, the term was expanded by Louis Hanifan to ‘social capital,’ understood as good will, fellowship, mutual sympathy, and social intercourse among a group of individuals and families who make up a social unit. The concept identifies how involvement and participation in groups can have positive consequences for the individual and the community in that the social structures of relationships can be actualized into concrete resources for use by individuals.
[POST] TRAUMATIC DESIGN PROBLEMATIC PEACEBUILDING
An integration. To regrow, replacing lost or injured ‘tissue.’ A rebirth, to arise and come about once more, encompassing processes that restore or renew their own sources of energy and materials so as to allow for coevolution of humans and ecology, inclusive of “the social, the physical, and….the tectonic conditions [as] a precondition for experience. Where “everything acquires meaning in relation to an environment,” following a trauma, the marriage of disciplines that encompass all (social, political, economic, cultural, historical and environmental) contextual forces, in situational living and natural systems, to promote synergy in the built environment . (Bouman and van Toorn 1994)
DEVELOPMENT TRAJECTORIES
(v)
WATER AS AGENT
REGENERATE
(n)
THE PLACE OF SHINING LIGHT
(v)
REVITALIZE An exhilaration. To work with an existing condition and imbue it with new life and vitality, fostering strength and energy to refresh and animate, bring back to life. To unearth or recover an identity. To capitalize on the existing and the essential so as to uncover a transformational potential. See Regenerate.
ANNEX
(v)
163