Black Li ves Matter
so cial j ustice protests i n 2020 Susa n S. Lee
2020 Ahmed Arbery, Breonna Taylor, George Floyd. BLM demonstrations across US and world. COVID19 exposes health inequities for black, native, and Latino people
CIVIL
- Nikole Hannah-Jones
STRUCTURAL RACISM:
Nearly five black people, on average, have been killed a week by law enforcement since 2015.
BLM
6,500 black people are lynched from the end of the Civil War to 1950, an average of nearly two a week for nine decades.
Late 1600s Social construct of ”race” created to justify slavery and ensure economic profits of slaveholders. 1831 Nat Turner’s Revolt, growth of abolitionism, Underground Railroad. 1857 Dred Scott Case: US Supreme Court decrees slaves are not citizens. 1861 The value of the enslaved people held as property > all US railroads and factories combined. 1865 General Sherman’s Special Field Order 15: 40-acre tracts of land to newly freed people. Abraham Lincoln assassinated. Andrew Johnson reneges on Sherman’s order. 1867-77 Radical Reconstruction: blacks gain a voice in government with 14th and 15th, and win election to southern state legislatures and the US Congress. 1873-77 Redemption: reverses Reconstruction with return of white supremacy, mob/paramilitary/KKK violence, assassinations of Reconstruction politicians, and removal of rights for blacks. 1909 NAACP founded to abolish forced segregation and enforce 14th and 15th amendments and equal education. 1934-62 Redlining: maps mark black neighborhoods in red ink as uninsurable. 98% of Federal Housing Admin. loans from 1934 to 1962 went to whites, locking blacks out of the modern middle class. 1941-45 3 million African Americans register for WW2 service. Tuskegee Airmen fly over 3,000 missions 1955 Emmett Till’s murder. Montgomery bus boycott, Rosa Parks. Claudette Colvin. 1964 Civil Rights Act 1968 Fair Housing Act. Martin Luther King Jr. assassinated. 1970-94 Rise of Mass Incarceration: Nixon’s War on Drugs, Reagan’s Prison Bills, Clinton’s Crime Bill 1992 Rodney King. Los Angeles riots. 1995 Million Man March
E M A N C I PAT I O N
BLACK AMERICAN H
BLM
STRUCTURAL RACISM: Justice, Education, Health, Work
CIVIL RIGHTS
REDLINING
JIM CROW
E M A N C I PAT I O N
SLAVERY
N HISTORY TIMELINE 1619 Rise of tobacco industry brings slavery to North America. 1793 Rise of cotton industry leads to increased demand for slaves. Fugitive Slave Act makes it a federal crime to help a slave escape. 1700s Birth of American police: slave patrols deputizing every white citizen to stop, question and subdue any black person. 1861-1865 Civil War: 186,000 black soldiers join the Union Army, and 38,000 lose their lives. Emancipation 1963. Juneteenth June 19, 1865. 1865-1964 Black codes in Southern states require blacks to sign yearly labor contracts; or risk being arrested and forced into unpaid labor. Black codes become Jim Crow laws, continuing for a century until the Civil Rights Act of 1964. 1868-1934 The Homestead Act bestows 246 million acres in 160-acre tracts in the West, 10% of all US land, to 1.5 million white families, native-born and foreign. 1896 US Supreme Court establishes �separate but equal� doctrine. 1920 Harlem Renaissance 1921 Tulsa Race Massacre 1945 Black GIs face discrimination upon return from WW2. The GI Bill is only for white service members. 1954 Brown v. Board of Education: Took court orders and federal troops to see any integration. Today, public schools still remain segregated. 1963 Birmingham church bombed. Birmingham, Washington Civil Rights marches. 1965 Bloody Sunday in Selma, John Lewis. Malcom X assassinated. 1969-1970 Fred Hampton assassinated by police. Peak of Black Panther Party. 2008 Barack Obama is 44th US President. 2013 Police/White Brutality on tape: Trayvon Martin murdered by George Zimmerman. BLM begins. 2014 Eric Garner, Tamir Rice, Michael Brown. 2016 Alton Sterling, Philando Castille. 2018 Stephon Clark.
Today, 46 million American white adults, or 20% of American adults, descend from those homesteaders.
- Nikole Hannah-Jones
The black codes were struck down, then altered and over the course of decades eventually transmuted into stop-and-frisk, broken windows and, of course, qualified immunity.
- Nikole Hannah-Jones