A Case for the Extended Urban by Snehanjali Sumanth

A CASE FOR THE EXTENDED URBAN Ecological Symbiosis in California‘s Offshore Infrastructure by Sneha Sumanth

TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT

pg 3

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

pg 4

CHAPTER ONE | The Age of Capital & The Human Niche

pg 8

SOCIETY VS. NATURE

pg 8

AN ACCELERATED STATE OF DOMINANCE

pg 10

CALIFORNIA GETS INTO TROUBLE

pg 13

CHAPTER TWO | California‘s Extended Urban THERE IS EVIDENCE OF A STORY

pg 16

CONTEMPORARY NOTIONS OF THE ‘URBAN’

pg 20

A PRAXIS OF TIME

pg 24

A SERIES OF UNFORTUNATE EVENTS

pg 26

CHAPTER THREE | A Proposal for Ecological Symbiosis

pg 16

pg 32

WHOSE HOME IS IT ANYWAY?

pg 32

INHABITING THE SUBNATURAL

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FUTURE ENERGIES

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THESIS INTENTIONS

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BIBLIOGRAPHY

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PRECEDENT STUDIES

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GLOSSARY

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PROLOGUE

ABSTRACT In my thesis, I am exploring a set of conditions that depict a contemporary ecological crisis. It is the Age of Capital, where humans thrive in a state of accelerated dominance. Society has CHAPTER ONE

detached from Natureâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s womb, a force outside of it, with a self imposed structures of certain doom. The boundaries of the site capture a 120 year story of a relationship between human beings and Oil. The story is marked with political conflict, economical greed, and environmental disturbance.

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The site was rich in fossil fuels. And so it was abused and dominated by human greed. In the aftermath, twenty-three offshore platforms remain standing, distant industrial monuments to our revered black gold. Engaging with the domain of crisis requires a fundamental shift of our understanding of urban. Let us extend the boundaries of urban focus to the distant, the offshore, the sub-natural and the

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sublime. Built with the grandeur of industrial scale, their presence has instigated death and catastrophe along with life and sustenance. Their life extends that of their intended need - Oil - and stirs

EPILOGUE

speculations on continuing ecologies, industries and their symbiotic relations. The thesis will depict through narrative and design, a set of theoria, poiesis and praxis that will delve into these speculations.

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS IMAGES Cover Image | Bullwinkle Oil Platform, Texas USA, Ethel Baraona [photo]

pg 0

Image 1 | The Deepwater Horizon Spill from shore, Steve McCurry [photo]

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Image 2 | Hollow Pursuits, Michael Kerbow [painting]

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Image 3 | Copernicus, Conversations with God, Jan Matejko [painting]

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Image 4 | Twin platforms Elly & Ellen in the California OCS, Emily Callahan [photo]

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Image 5 | Removed, a photo series, Erik Pickersgill [photo]

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Image 6 | The San Andreas Fault, Dave Lynch [photo]

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Image 7 | President Nixon’s visit to the oiled beaches on Santa Barbara in 1969, David Lewis [photo]

pg 16

Image 8 | Platform A in the Santa Barbara Channel, Emily Callahan [photo]

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Image 9 | Lounging on Huntington Beach, Charles O’Rear [photo]

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Image 10 | Union Oil Platforms B, C, A & Hillhouse, EDC [photo]

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Image 11 | Piers of the Summerland Oil field, the first offshore oil field in the world, G. H. Eldridge [photo]

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Image 12 | An aerial photo of the spill on Feb 4th, LA Times [photo]

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Image 13 | An aerial photo of the spill on Jan 29th, LA Times [photo]

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Image 14 | A female Sheephead on Platform Eureka’s crossbeam, Emily Callahan [photo]

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Image 15 | Network of on land pipelines, Jim Blecha [photo]

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Image 16 | New Religion, Michael Kerbow [painting]

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All images are credited to the artist

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Drawing 2 | Network of production

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Drawing 3 | A sectional inventory of the 23 offshore platforms

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Drawing 4 | Site Plan

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Drawing 5 | A timeline of economical, political and ecological events

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Drawing 6 | A timeline of economical, political and ecological events

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Drawing 7 | Spread of the 1969 Oil Spill

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Drawing 8 | Section through the stratigraphy of Platform A

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Drawing 9 | Section through Platform A

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Drawing 10 | Ecologies of a platform - water & air

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Drawing 11 | Ecologies of a platform - water & earth [casing detail]

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Drawing 12 | Subnatures of a platform

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Drawing 13 | Wind Map

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Drawing 14 | Existing fossil fuel networks

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Drawing 15 | Implied transmission networks with wind energy

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Drawing 16 | Speculations on wind platforms

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CHAPTER TWO

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CHAPTER THREE

Drawing 1 | Southern California fault lines

CHAPTER ONE

DRAWINGS

EPILOGUE

All drawings are courtesy of the author

what they did yesterday afternoon they set my aunts house on fire i cried the way women on tv do folding at the middle like a five pound note. i called the boy who use to love me tried to ‘okay’ my voice i said hello he said warsan, what’s wrong, what’s happened? i’ve been praying, and these are what my prayers look like; dear god i come from two countries one is thirsty the other is on fire both need water. later that night i held an atlas in my lap ran my fingers across the whole world and whispered where does it hurt? it answered everywhere everywhere everywhere. - Warsan Shire

PROLOGUE CHAPTER ONE CHAPTER TWO CHAPTER THREE EPILOGUE [Image 1] The Deepwater Horizon Spill from shore, Steve McCurry

[Image 2] Hollow Pursuits, Michael Kerbow

CHAPTER ONE | The Age of Capital & The Human Niche SOCIETY VS. NATURE “The buildings of the Ancients are in Architecture, what the works of Nature are with respect to the other Arts; they serve as models which we should imitate, and as standards by which we ought to judge.”1

Nature used to be our muse, our semblance of intricate perfection. Its vast terrain was

the inspiration for our creations. Society strived to embody nature’s perfection and architecture imitated its beautiful rules, forms and compositions. Nature was society’s law - it was the greater

whole - society was but another force of nature. However, society’s relationship with nature is one of exchange: as we grew and spread, we left permanent footprints of alteration that redefined

nature’s composition.2 The changes came in waves, a series of exciting revolutions through which we evolved our lifestyles.

Adam, Robert, 1728-1792 Ruins of the palace of the Emperor Diocletian at Spalatro in Dalmatia, 01-04, Printed for the author, 1764 iv, [7], 33 p., [54] leaves of plates : ill. ; 53 cm. 2 “Ecologies of the Anthropocene: Global Upscaling of Social- Ecological Infrastructures.” In New Geographies, edited by Daniel Ibañez and Nikos Katsikis, by Erle C. Ellis, 021 - 027. 06th ed. Vol. Grounding Metabolism. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 2014.

PROLOGUE CHAPTER ONE [Image 3] Copernicus, Conversations with God, Jan Matejko

The first Agricultural Revolution came like a slow tide and in its wake altered the physical

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composition of our earth, introducing anthropogenic soils from the use of chemicals and fertilizers.3

The Scientific Revolution rode in to form a standing wave, lifting reason and knowledge to great

heights and stirring us to question our relationship to nature and our fellow species. And finally, the first Industrial revolution washed over us as coal, oil and gas entered the scene as major sources

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of energy enabling transitions to new manufacturing processes, severing our devotion to nature. The Industrial Revolutions left behind a fundamental aspect of our lifestyle today: capital. In this

way, society moved from being a force within nature to a force greater than, and outside of, nature.4

Today, this switch - our identity as a capital society that exists outside of nature - places before us a fundamental contemporary ecological crisis.

Unfortunately, the tendency to exchange and alter is inherent in society, as Erle C. Ellis

EPILOGUE

points out: “rather than simply adapting to environments as they are, our species, like some others, alters environments to sustain its populations, a process known to ecologists and archeologists as 3 Ruddiman, William F. “The Anthropogenic Greenhouse Era Began Thousands of Years Ago.” In Climate Change, 261-293. 3rd ed. Vol. 61. Virginia: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2003. 4 W.Moore, Jason. “Part 1: On the Nature & Origins of Our Ecological Crisis.” In The Capitalocene, 01-02. Binghamton, NY: Binghamton University, 2014.

niche construction.”5 The Human niche has expanded and grown through the waves of revolutions

discussed to reach a stage that unaltered nature alone cannot provide for. A majority of the earth can now be identified at ‘anthromes’ or human biomes, ecosystems that have been created as

a result of sustained human interaction. These cover more than three-quarters of Earth’s ice free lands and what remain as natural lands are remote with too extreme conditions for life.6

AN ACCELERATED STATE OF DOMINANCE Sarcastic Science, she would like to know, In her complacent ministry of fear, How we propose to get away from here When she has made things so we have to go Or be wiped out. Will she be asked to show Us how by rocket we may hope to steer To some star off there, say, a half light-year Through temperature of absolute zero? Why wait for Science to supply the how When any amateur can tell it now? The way to go away should be the same As fifty million years ago we cameIf anyone remembers how that was. I have a theory, but it hardly does. - Robert Frost

The world has just been witness to a set of united, legally binding and universal

agreements on Climate Change action as a 195 countries banded together on November 30th in the much awaited 2015 Paris Climate Conference, also known as COP21. The conference

concluded with an aim to limit global temperature rise to below 2 degrees Celsius compared to the pre-industrial period by 21007. This conference marked a world-wide acknowledgment of the

current environmental crisis, where effects of our anthropocentric actions are causing man-made

natural disasters, large scale infrastructural collapse, and excessive pollution and contamination of our natural environments. In the sociopolitical discourse around these topics, “this profound

5 “Ecologies of the Anthropocene: Global Upscaling of Social- Ecological Infrastructures.” In New Geographies, edited by Daniel Ibañez and Nikos Katsikis, by Erle C. Ellis, 022. 06th ed. Vol. Grounding Metabolism. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 2014. 6 “Ecologies of the Anthropocene: Global Upscaling of Social- Ecological Infrastructures.” In New Geographies, edited by Daniel Ibañez and Nikos Katsikis, by Erle C. Ellis, 023. 06th ed. Vol. Grounding Metabolism. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 2014. 7 UNFCCC COP 21 Paris France. Accessed December 13, 2015. http://www.cop21paris.org/about/cop21.

PROLOGUE CHAPTER ONE [Image 4] Twin platforms Elly & Ellen in the California OCS, Emily Callahan

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and permanent transformation of Earth’s ecology together with anthropogenic global changes in

climate, hydrology, element cycling, biodiversity, and other environmental processes has recently led scientists to recognize the emergence of human systems as a global force transforming the

Earth system and the beginning of a new epoch of geological time, the Anthropocene.”8 The act of building that has stemmed from the anthropocentric mentality expresses its sense of power

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and dominance with the aid of scale. This is especially conveyed in today’s capital driven industrial architecture, as we build larger to better withstand weather, sustain growing populations and

facilitate resource extraction. Enhanced methods of fossil fuel recovery have paired with gigantic, resilient industrial infrastructure to sustain energy production for our consumer driven world.

The infrastructural giants that provide for our consumption are evidence of the built EPILOGUE

human niche - constructed landscapes and mechanizations that have evolved into their own

ecosystems. Over time society has separated itself from these mechanizations, moving to more dense ‘urban’ areas and leaving the constructed niche to function in favorable foreign anthromes. 8 “Ecologies of the Anthropocene: Global Upscaling of Social- Ecological Infrastructures.” In New Geographies, edited by Daniel Ibañez and Nikos Katsikis, by Erle C. Ellis, 021. 06th ed. Vol. Grounding Metabolism. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 2014.

[Image 5] Removed, a photo series, Erik Pickersgill

Today, society functions in an accelerated pace of the Anthropocene. This is the

Age of Capital, where industrial, technological and social advancements have expedited, its anthropocentric origins tracing back to the rise of 16th century Mercantilism.9 In 2010, Hartmut

Rosa defined Social Acceleration as waves of change in technology, social change and the pace of

life.10 Rosa identifies capitalism - the fundamental equation ‘time equals money’ - as the primary driver of Social Acceleration, a phenomenon that leads to detached and de synchronized societies

as the speed at which we produce and consume increases.11 In architecture, this accelerated pace

of life has entered the realms of contemporary architecture to establish a sense of impermanence

in our building. Contemporary architecture services late modernity’s secular ‘intra-generational’

pace, where the globalized notion of the individual seeks temporality in ideas of shelter and inhabitation so as to be better equipped for change; to be forever on the move. Advancements in

virtual scapes have inverted our conceptions of the space-time relationship. Space - that allows for

the immediate comprehension of our built surroundings [enunciated by the force of gravity] has been compressed, even eradicated by the prevalence of time in virtual realms. The acceleration 9 W.Moore, Jason. “Part 1: On the Nature & Origins of Our Ecological Crisis.” In The Capitalocene, 01-02. Binghamton, NY: Binghamton University, 2014. 10 Rosa, Hartmut, and Jonathan Mathys. Social Acceleration a New Theory of Modernity, 06-10. New York: Columbia UP, 2013. Print. 11 Rosa, Hartmut, and Jonathan Mathys. Social Acceleration a New Theory of Modernity, 11. New York: Columbia UP, 2013. Print.

in production results in the duration for which society’s expectations align with their experience to shrink, compressing what is perceived as the present. This compressed present leaves us looking

for the imagined future. Following the Marxian idea of standing still is as good as falling behind, we seek the future faster, heading down a slippery slope.12

CALIFORNIA GETS INTO TROUBLE Oh the world is a beautiful place PROLOGUE

to be born into if you don’t much mind a few dead minds in the higher places or a bomb or two

CHAPTER ONE

now and then in your upturned faces or such other improprieties as our Name Brand society is prey to with its men of distinction

CHAPTER TWO

and its men of extinction and its priests and other patrolmen - Lawrence Ferlinghetti The contemporary ecological crisis exists alongside a more obvious environmental crisis,

CHAPTER THREE

where the anthropocentric tendencies of consumption have led to an adverse alterations in our

cycles of weather, widely identified as climate change. Actions by capital driven societies cause, and are combined with, effects of the environmental and ecological crises in a deadly accelerating

cycle. This is seen to disastrous extents in the state of California, the 7th largest economy in the world.13 In January 2014, California’s Governor Brown proclaimed a State of Emergency.14

EPILOGUE

California is experiencing record dry conditions, with 2014 being the worst year to date. Surface and groundwater levels have dropped to 20 percent of the average placing many California communities at risk for drinking water supplies. Meanwhile, millions of gallons of freshwater 12

Rosa, Hartmut, and Jonathan Mathys. Social Acceleration a New Theory of Modernity, 11. New York: Columbia UP, 2013. Print. “As U.S. Congress Lags, California Leads Push to Divest From Fossil Fuels Linked to Climate Change.” In Democracy Now. Amy Goodman. December 2, 2015. 14 “Water Conditions: Declaration.” California Department of Water Resources. Accessed December 5, 2015. http://www.water.ca.gov/waterconditions/declaration.cfm. 13

LEGEND Offshore Platforms Drilling well Drilling well on fault line Fault line

[Drawing 1 at 1:2 000 000] Souther California fault lines. Wells that intersect fault lines are marked in red

are used for hydraulic fracturing15 [commonly known as ‘fracking’] operations on and offshore

California. In an investigative report by the Environmental Defense Centre in 2014, five offshore

platforms along the southern coast of the California Outer Continental Shelf were confirmed as sites of unregulated offshore hydraulic fracturing, with the high possibility of all other platforms

in federal waters also using aggressive enhanced oil recovery methods. The relationship between

California’s severe drought and the abuse of freshwater resources for hydraulic fracturing operations is not immediately evident to the average north American consumer.

However, the image of the San Andreas fault [pictured on the right], popularized in

media as the inevitable cause of the largest earthquake to date - ‘the Big One’ - is capable of

striking fear into everyone’s hearts. The report states that “although fracking has been conducted

off of California’s shores for at least two decades, the practice was until recently largely unknown to state and federal regulators, as well as the general public.”16 The worst case, but probable scenario of fracking occurring on all offshore platforms [refer to Drawing 1] presents three major risks for

California: a high potential of aggravating intersecting fault lines, the continuous use of much

needed freshwater, and unregulated pollution due to compromises in fracking operations that catalyze oil spills and leaked fracking fluid [a mixture of water, chemicals and aggregate].17

15 Defined by the Geological Society of America, Hydraulic fracturing is the injection of a mixture of water, sand, and chemical additives through a well drilled into an oil- or gas-bearing rock formation, under high but controlled pressure. 16 Segee, Brian P., and Elise O. Dea. Dirty Water - Fracking Offshore California, 04. Report. Santa Barbara: Environmental Defence Center, 2013. 17 Segee, Brian P., and Elise O. Dea. Dirty Water - Fracking Offshore California, 13-16. Report. Santa Barbara: Environmental Defence Center, 2013.

[Image 6] The San Andreas Fault, Dave Lynch

EPILOGUE

CHAPTER THREE

CHAPTER TWO

CHAPTER ONE

PROLOGUE

[Image 7] President Nixon’s visit to the oiled beaches on Santa Barbara in 1969, David Lewis

CHAPTER TWO | California‘s Extended Urban THERE IS EVIDENCE OF A STORY “The surface of the sea, which was perfectly smooth and tranquil, was covered with a thick, slimy substance, which when separated or disturbed by a little agitation, became very luminous, whilst the light breeze, which came principally from the shore, brought with it a strong smell of tar, or some such resinous substance. The next morning the sea had the appearance of dissolved tar floating on its surface, which covered the sea in all directions within the limits of our view.” - Captain Cook, 1792, in observing a natural oil seep in the Santa Barbara Channel18 The Pacific Outer Continental Shelf along the coast of California has borne witness to the story of energy from its very beginnings. It‘s origins date back two million years where, in the

Steinhart, Carol, and John Steinhart. Blowout, 25. Belmont, California: Duxbury Press, 1972.

middle of the Pleistocene epoch, the sedimentary rock floor of the Santa Barbara Channel [a portion of the Pacific Ocean that separates the California mainland from the Channel Islands] deformed to produce a series of folds that accumulated oil. Along these fold trends are California‘s prosperous oil reservoirs; Summerland, San Miguelito, Rincon, Ventura, Carpinteria and Dos Cuadros. 19

The story began to pick up after the discovery of oil in the Summerland district in 1895.

Humans had found black gold and the search was on. As the turn of the century approached, oil

companies such as Union Oil led exciting days of exploration, speculation and development. However, not everyone was enamored by the wondrous liquid flowing from the earth. A series

PROLOGUE

of oil spills, federal and state disagreements and disregard for provoking California‘s daunting fault lines mark the story with dark memories of danger and anger. The relationship of oil with the people of California - not unlike oil’s relationship with the rest of the world - maintains a perpetual

state of complication. Immersed in the politics of production and disaster, the offshore platforms

sit at a distance from the onshore consumers. The lives of oil workers hold mysteries of monotony

CHAPTER ONE

and hardship, partially due to the distance from which they are perceived, and partially due to the

BASIN

FIELD PRIMARY PLATFORM

SECONDARY PLATFORM

TERTIARY PLATFORM

ONSHORE FACILITY

CHAPTER TWO

walls of privacy constructed around offshore operations.

PRIVATE OWNER

[Drawing 2] Network of production

Today there are twentry three offshore platforms that occupy the California Pacific Outer CHAPTER THREE

Continental Shelf. They are owned by six oil companies and occupy eight oil fields. Starting

from the source of the geological basins that have accumulated oil, the resource travels through geopolitically established field boundaries of ownership, through deep drilled wells to the offshore platforms that service their production, processing and storage. It is then transported to

shore through ships and networks of underground pipelines to onshore processing, refining and

storage facilities [refer to Drawing 2]. The story no longer has characters with starry eyes for oil; now the topic of oil brings heated debate and disdain as we face the truth of our dependance on this

EPILOGUE

diminishing resource and the implied disasters that come with it. Built with a sense of sustenance, the offshore infrastructure lives past its intended use. What will the story hold for their future?

Steinhart, Carol, and John Steinhart. Blowout, 19. Belmont, California: Duxbury Press, 1972.

[Image 8] Platform A in the Santa Barbara Channel, Emily Callahan

PROLOGUE CHAPTER ONE CHAPTER TWO CHAPTER THREE EPILOGUE [Drawing 3 at 1:20 000] A sectional inventory of the 23 offshore platforms

[Image 9] Lounging on Huntington Beach, Charles O’Rear

CONTEMPORARY NOTIONS OF THE ‘URBAN’ “Look beyond what you see” - Rafiki, The Lion King 1 1/220

The epistemology of urban studies that originated in the early 20th century established

the city as integral in defining what is ‘urban’.21 Thus, the urban was defined as a bounded

area or unit of settlement, controlled by empiricist identifications of population density, capital

outputs measured by comparative GDP and notions of proximity in production, consumption and movement. In a key text challenging this epistemology, Neil Brenner and Christian Schmidt introduce a new, multidimensional notion of the urban process that “explodes inherited assumptions regarding the geographies of this process: they are no longer expressed simply

20 21

The Lion King 1 1/2. Directed by Bradley Raymond. United States: Walt Disney Home Entertainment ;, 2004. VHS.

Neil Brenner & Christian Schmid (2015) Towards a new epistemology of the urban?, City, 19:2-3, 154, DOI: 10.1080/13604813.2015.1014712

through the city, the metropolitan region or inter-urban networks, and nor are they bounded neatly and distinguished from a putatively non-urban ‘outside”.22 These preconceived ‘outsides’, anthromes

that are separated from the bounded urban through borders of rural and urban, industry and (sub) urban, and nature and inhabitation, need to be challenged when addressing the contemporary ecological and environmental crises. In order to do so, Brenner and Schmidt propose new ways of

addressing the constantly changing urban condition with a sense of epistemological reflexivity: “This entails an insistence on the situatedness of all forms of knowledge, and a relentless drive

to reinvent key categories of analysis in relation to the ongoing processes of historical change”23

Essentially, we need to broaden our frame of the urban by understanding it through the perspective PROLOGUE

of various fields of knowledge, and with adaptability to the constant change and flux of various accelerations that affect contemporary urban society.

The site of study is the offshore infrastructure of the southern California outer continental

shelf [OCS] where twenty three offshore platforms stand perched like distant artifacts, evidence of a

distant source to fuel the consumptive life of the state [refer to Drawing 3&4]. The boundaries of the CHAPTER ONE

site capture a 120 year story of a relationship between human beings and Oil. The story is marked with political conflict, economical greed, environmental and ecological disturbance. This vast

network of energy production and infrastructural fabric should enter the contemporary discussion of the urban as the ‘extended urban’ and will be addressed as so in this thesis. In Brenner and

Schmidt’s new epistemology, ‘extended urbanization’ is “understood as fundamental conditions

CHAPTER TWO

of possibility for the production of historically and geographically specific forms of ‘cityness” and “must be analyzed and theorized centrally within any updated epistemology of the urban for the

EPILOGUE

CHAPTER THREE

21st century.”24

[Image 10] Union Oil Platforms B, C, A & Hillhouse, EDC

22 23 24

Neil Brenner & Christian Schmid (2015) Towards a new epistemology of the urban?, City, 19:2-3, 169, DOI: 10.1080/13604813.2015.1014712 Neil Brenner & Christian Schmid (2015) Towards a new epistemology of the urban?, City, 19:2-3, 159, DOI: 10.1080/13604813.2015.1014712 Neil Brenner & Christian Schmid (2015) Towards a new epistemology of the urban?, City, 19:2-3, 162, DOI: 10.1080/13604813.2015.1014712

2 3

5 8 910 11

13 12 14

[Drawing 4 at 1:750 000] Site Plan

LEGEND Oil ReďŹ neries Power Plants Storage Facilities Pump stations Onshore drilling Offshore platforms

Federal leases

Shipping lanes Pipelines

Federal boundary 8g line

Heli - ports Crew support

20 21 22 23

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[Drawing 5] A timeline of economical, political and ecological events

A PRAXIS OF TIME “Oh yes, the past can hurt. But from the way I see it, you can either run from it, or... learn from it.” - Rafiki, The Lion King25

Georgio Agamben defines the contemporary as “he who firmly holds his gaze on his own

time so as to perceive not its light, but rather its darkness.”26 This over arching definition, rather than the more limited one of the Contemporary as the ‘now’ or the ‘up-to-date’ is the stance that

will be taken when addressing the topics in this thesis. It calls for a step outside the immediate boundaries of our present, where our movement through time adopts its own rules of force and

direction. In this way, the Contemporary has a better grasp of his time, a peek at the present condition with a cone of vision that stretches outside of it.

As always, the ancient Greeks had the right idea. There were two notions of time, the

‘Chronos‘ and the ‘Kairos’. Kairos is a qualitative understanding of time; a serendipitous time, a right time to act. Chronos is a quantitative understanding of time. It has order and a logical sequence of function. It is the understanding of time we rely upon for the structure of our daily lives and is very often the understanding we impose on conditions of crisis. In observing Heidegger’s

theories of Chronos and Kairos, Felix O. Murchadha observes, “In the context of human action, we experience chronos as continuity and kairos as a moment of vision - Augenblick - that breaks with

the continuity, as an other time, as a time which is opportune for action in the emphatic sense.

25 26

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CHAPTER ONE

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[Image 11] Piers of the Summerland Oil field, the first offshore oil field in the world, G. H. Eldridge

In kairos, the discontinuity if time appears.”27 Following Agamben’s using the past and future to

better understand the present can serve as an exercise to reflexively approach the crises of our time.

CHAPTER THREE

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In order to gain a qualitative and chronological perspective of time in relation to the

context, a timeline [refer to Drawing 5] was constructed to understand the economical, political

and ecological conditions of the site. It begins in the past from the establishment of California’s

statehood to the predicted future decommissioning of all the federal platforms in the site, extending instead into a proposed phase of ‘recommissioning’, or a future use for the existing

EPILOGUE

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offshore infrastructure. Graphically, the timeline depicts a density of activity in the combined events

of the three categories allowing one to understand the implications of each major event on the site. 27

Murchadha, Felix. „Introduction.“ In The Time of Revolution: Kairos and Chronos in Heidegger. New York: Continuum, 2012.

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[Drawing 6] A timeline of economical, political and ecological events

A SERIES OF UNFORTUNATE EVENTS The very deep did rot: O Christ! That ever this should be! Yet, slimy things did crawl with legs Upon the slimy sea. About, about, in reel and rout The death-fires danced at night: The water, like a witch’s oils Burnt green, and blue, and white - Samuel Taylor Coleridge

A key historical occurrence on the site is the 1969 Oil Spill in the Santa Barbara Channel.

The spill occurred off of Platform A, a Union Oil Company owned offshore platform in the Dos Cadres Oil Field. The spill lasted for weeks while retention and clean up efforts tried in vain to

quell the spread in varying directions and intensities to the will of the wind and weather. The international reaction to the disastrous consequences of pollution, ecological disturbance and infrastructural instability caused a rush of world-wide awareness that impacted the sociopolitical frameworks of energy extraction and gave birth to the modern environmental movement.

On the morning of January 28th 1969, five month old Platform A was being prepared

2000

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PROLOGUE

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deep [refer to Drawing 8]. An hour after the drilling started, while workers were retrieving the drill

pipe, the casing around the well gave way and drilling mud started pouring out into the floor of the CHAPTER ONE

platform. We often forget the earth is one unanimous body - the disturbance in deep earth pressure caused a rutpure in the seabed 200 yards north-east of the platform. The drilling engineer on call

noticed slight bubbles which suddenly turned into dark waves of poisonous oil that rolled toward the platform.

The following days were a frenzy of clean up attempts and cover ups. Santa Barabarans

CHAPTER TWO

were furious, Union Oil Company was trying to act calm and anybody who was somebody spouted various versions of ‘I told you so’. Meanwhile, the oil spread, each day a gamble to the tumultuous

winds and waves [refer to Drawing 7]. This time, nature made the statistics: over three million

gallons of oil was leaked in an 800 square mile radius. 35 miles of shore was contaminated, killing

CHAPTER THREE

close to 15 000 seabirds and poisoning dolphins, seals and sea lions.

The spill left its aftermath of death and destruction along with a little apprehension.

Hickel Secretary of the Interior suspended drilling and federal leasing for a few months to reassess

that inadequate safeguards by oil companies. But this soul searching did not last long and within a month Hickel lifted the ban on offshore drilling. Platform A was the third platform to be constructed

on the site. In twenty years, twenty platforms would be added to the site to account for many more EPILOGUE

mistakes, clean up attempts and cover ups.

- This narration is a summary from ‘Blowout’,28 a case study of the 1969 Oil Spill 28 29

Steinhart, Carol, and John Steinhart. Blowout. Belmont, California: Duxbury Press, 1972. Steinhart, Carol, and John Steinhart. Blowout, 21-23. Belmont, California: Duxbury Press, 1972.

[Drawing 7] Spread of the 1969 Oil Spill

PROLOGUE

[Image 12] An aerial photo of the spill on Feb 4th, LA Times

Jan 28 | 11am : Drilling engineer observes oil bubbles 200 yards northeast of platform. Following this, waves of poisonous gas roll towards the platform Jan 30 | am : Oil is spotted one mile away from Carpinteria

CHAPTER ONE

Jan 30 | pm : Oil is reported at Rincon Beach Feb 3 | am : Heavy oil buildup around Ancapa island & oil within 100 yeards of beach at Carpinteria Feb 4 | pm : Oil reaches Santa Barbara Harbour Feb 5 | am : A ship rams through booms in Santa Barbara Harbour, spreading oil west

EPILOGUE

CHAPTER THREE

CHAPTER TWO

[Image 13] An aerial photo of the spill on Jan 29th, LA Times

[Drawing 8 at 1:8 000] Section through the stratigraphy of Platform A

A sectional understanding of the platforms demystify the distant, artifact like image

so often perceived from shore. Documenting and observing the platforms sectionally reveals their relationship with three stratigraphies: air, water and earth. A vertical timeline can be seen

in Drawing 8 with a comparison of its corresponding geological scale in the depth of extraction occurring from Platform A. The deepest bed Platform A extracts from is 3500 feet deep29, and 2

million years old. This 2 million year old resource will be entirely extracted in a mere 50 years - a comparative geological depth of 1.05 inches. The section also reveals the components of these stratigraphies: the layering nature of oil and natural gas rich shale beds, the varying spread and

EPILOGUE

CHAPTER THREE

CHAPTER TWO

CHAPTER ONE

PROLOGUE

depths of the wells that extract for them and the intersecting fault lines that cut through.

[Drawing 9 at 1:2 000] Close up of Section through Platform A

[Image 14] A female Sheephead on Platform Eurekaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s crossbeam, Emily Callahan

CHAPTER THREE | A Proposal for Ecological Symbiosis WHOSE HOME IS IT ANYWAY? The sea was wet as wet could be, The sands were dry as dry. You could not see a cloud, because No cloud was in the sky: No birds were flying overhead There were no birds to fly. - Lewis Carroll

Observing the site at the scale of a platform, various notions of ecological inhabitation

enter the discussion. A crucial argument can be made for the extended urban when relations of

ecology and industry are discovered to thrive and rely upon the built infrastructure of the site.

Along with human beings, the southern California Outer Continental Shelf is home to thousands of species of marine, mammal, bird and other multi-cellular populations. While these populations

have been negatively affected by the actions of oil and gas extraction - numerous oil spills and pollution from hydraulic fracturing actions - the built structure of the platforms are a necessity to their inhabitation. Oil workers occupy the deck of the platform on 12 hour, week long shifts. Sea

lions rest on the base beams of the deck while seabirds regularly roam the skies. Tourists tour the waters to catch sight of the dolphin populations and a dive under the water will find breathtaking

artificial reefs that have formed because of the existence of the vertical substructure [refer to

Drawing 10 & 11] â&#x20AC;&#x153;Cool, subarctic waters converge with warmer, equatorial waters in the Channel, PROLOGUE

fostering a richness of marine and other wildlife, including blue, fin, humpback, minke, and killer

whales, porpoises, dolphins, pinnipeds (seals and sea lions), the southern sea otter, and hundreds

EPILOGUE

CHAPTER THREE

CHAPTER TWO

CHAPTER ONE

of species of birds, fishes, and invertebrates.â&#x20AC;?30

[Drawing 10] Ecologies of a platform - water & air 30 ECOLOGY OF THE SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA BIGHT: A SYNTHESIS AND INTERPRETATION. University of California Press, edited by Murray D. Dailey, Donald J. Reish, and Jack W. Anderson (1993).

[Drawing 11] Ecologies of a platform - water & earth [casing detail]

A unique case of life cycles can be seen on Platform Evaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s substructure. The platform

substructure is overgrown with clumps of sea mussels. At the bottom of the sea floor around the

platform live large densities of sea stars. Approximately one cubic meter of sea mussels falls of the vertical substructure to the ocean floor where they are fed on by the sea stars. The sea stars are prevented from climbing up the structure to feed on the mussels by a band of stinging sea anemones along the platformâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s base. This way, they only feed on the mussels that fall off the

platform to the sea floor (sufficient food) and the majority of mussels continue to thrive on the structure. This particular set of relationships in the food cycle is unusual to platform Eva, due to the conditions of its vertical structure and relationship to the sea floor. However growth of marine

lives such as these are common to offshore platforms as most offshore platforms are placed on soft-sediment bottoms, forming artificial reefs which provide attachment sites for marine life and vertical relief attractive to fish.31

A biennial decommissioning report for the twenty three offshore platforms is released

to keep track of the rising cost implications of complete removal once the platforms have finished 31 Wolfson, A, and Parr, T. (1975) The marine life of offshore oil drilling platform EVA. Marine Ecological Consultants of southern California. Tech. Rep. No. 75-11

extracting all fossil fuel resources. The 2014 Decommissioning Report gave a total estimate of

$1,460,800,165.00 USD. Of this astounding amount, $25,624,000.00 USD is budgeted for ‘site clearance’, including the removal of all marine growth on the platforms.32

The intention of this thesis is to propose a set of narratives and designs as a

recommissioning alternative to the otherwise obviously ludicrous option of decommissioning. In doing so, the lives of these species and many other inhabitants will be a primary concern in the continued existence of California’s offshore infrastructure. The relationship of these species with

the built structures can shape better cycles in the anthrome as we rediscover cohabitation in the PROLOGUE

extended urban. This solution can reintroduce notions of a horizontal ontology in ecology and challenge our current anthropocentric ways of designing and organizing industrial landscapes.

CHAPTER ONE

INHABITING THE SUBNATURAL Now fallen, slain, cast for rebirth, the core of you sublime, an earthly stump, at forest skirt reminds me of grand times.

CHAPTER TWO

- Debbie Guzzi The platforms have braved half a century of contact with abrasive environments of wind,

water, fire and oil. They wore on the platforms’ skins, leaving behind an array of rust, debirs and dirt. To accompany this, everyday the platforms are consumed in fumes of smoke, gas, mist and

other airborne particles of oil extraction’s industrial process [refer to Drawing 12] . Conditions such CHAPTER THREE

as these are common to the anthrome, and can be perceived as alternative natural conditions:

elements of the environment that exist as a result of the industrial setting, identified by architectural

historian David Gissen as ‘subnatures’. “Subnatures are those forms of nature deemed primitive (mud and dankness), filthy (smoke, dust, and exhaust), fearsome (gas or debris), or uncontrollable (weeds, insects, and pigeons). We can contrast these subnatures to those seemingly central and

EPILOGUE

desirable forms of nature—e.g., the sun, clouds, trees, and wind.”32

It is easy to embrace the more desirable forms of nature, they appeal to us with their

purity and romance, suggesting utopian ideologies of inhabitation. Engaging with these central 31 Wolfson, A, and Parr, T. (1975) The marine life of offshore oil drilling platform EVA. Marine Ecological Consultants of southern California. Tech. Rep. No. 75-11 32 Gissen, David. Subnature Architecture‘s Other Environments, Introduction. New York: Princeton Architectural, 2009. Print.

[Drawing 12] Subnatures of a platform

natures may also be habitual, passed down through generations as our earth’s key elements. It

is then perhaps more difficult to accept the less ancient natures; to greet the sublime with open

arms. But it is amongst these subnatures that the existing ecologies of the site thrive and it is with these subnatures that any future design should be considered. As we bridge our proximities to the extended urban, we will come closer to interacting with the rust, dust, smoke, fog, mist and

dirt on the platforms. Inhabiting the subnatural, often a reality that is overlooked, is an essential component of designing for the extended urban.

PROLOGUE

FUTURE ENERGIES And both that morning equally lay In leaves no step had trodden black. Oh, I kept the first for another day!

CHAPTER ONE

Yet knowing how way leads on to way I doubted if I should ever come back. I shall be telling this with a sigh Somewhere ages and ages hence: Two roads diverged in a wood, and I,

CHAPTER TWO

I took the one less traveled by, And that has made all the difference. -Robert Frost

Each platform plays a role in providing for consumers of southern California and beyond. CHAPTER THREE

The network of oil previously identified extends into the state, each barrel produced playing a vital

part in a Californian’s daily life. Addressing the elephant in the room - that Oil is a decidedly non

renewable resource - brings forward the question of energy production in a post-oil California and a post-oil world. Luckily, the terrain of crises also contains the terrain of redemption. The California

outer continental shelf contains a large potential for renewable energy resource extraction including wind33, geothermal34 and resulting tidal energy. Studying the subnatural and ecological

EPILOGUE

conditions of the site as an anthrome due to oil can aid in understanding what possible future energy anthromes could be. Will inhabiting industrial settings of these so called ‘clean energies’

J. Dvorak, Michael, Cristina L. Archer, and Mark Z. Jacobson. “California Offshore Wind Energy Potential.” In Renewable Energy - an International Journal, 1244–1254. Vol. 35. Stanford, California: Elsevier, 2009. 34 Matek, Benjamin, and Karl Gawell. “REPORT ON THE STATE OF GEOTHERMAL ENERGY IN CALIFORNIA.” In Geothermal Energy in California Status Report. Washington, D.C: United States. Dept. of Energy. Geothermal Division ;, 2014.

[Image15] Network of on land pipelines, Jim Blecha

be so drastically different? The built industry of future energies could harvest similar subnatures and could support similar ecologies as the current condition - without the hassle of unnecessary disasters or the fear of resources running out. The thesis will look at a continuous industrial life of

these platforms; one that can sustain a horizontal ontology of ecology amongst the anthromes of

future energies. Contrary to the utopian, â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;greenâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; approach to designing with renewable energy, this thesis proposes to engage with the realities of industrial settings: the destined complexities of energy production in the Age of Capital, the subnatural setting of renewable energies and the ecological inhabitation of the resulting extended urban anthrome. It calls for an Ecological

Symbiosis, where industry and ecology - the built and living components of the anthrome can prosper in the inevitable state of material and energy exchange.

A speculation was explored to understand the implications of renewable energy entering

the network of production and consumption on the site. Platforms Hidalgo, Harvest and Hermosa

Platform Hidalgo Platform Harvest Platform Hermosa

[Drawing 13] Wind map Buellton [pop: 4964]

Solvang [pop: 5385]

Platform Hidalgo

PROLOGUE

Gaviota proccessing and storage plant

Platform Harvest

Santa Barbara [pop: 90 412]

Platform Hermosa

[Drawing 14] Existing fossil fuel networks Buellton [pop: 4964]

CHAPTER ONE

Solvang [pop: 5385]

Platform Hidalgo

Platform Harvest Platform Hermosa

Santa Barbara [pop: 90 412]

CHAPTER TWO

[Drawing 14] Implied transmission networks with wind energy

of the Pt. Arguello unit, owned by DCOR lie in a high wind speed zone [8m/s at 90m - refer to Drawing 13]. Taking precedent from SeaEnergy Renewables, a Scottish company founded by oil industry veterans, a centaur like proposal is proposed: the body of an oil platform with the head of

a wind turbine. The three platforms service three immeadiate centres - Buelton, Solvang and Santa CHAPTER THREE

Barbara through an existing network of onshore and offshore pipelines as well as road transport

of processed and refined oil [refer to Drawing 14]. If these platforms were to instead produce

electricity through wind turbines, the resulting required infrastructure would suggest adding to an existing set of transmission cables onshore and offshore [refer to Drawing 15].

The first of many speculations on future energy inhabitations [refer to Drawing 16], EPILOGUE

this speculation begins to exhibit the concerns and conditions that will be addressed in the recommissioning of the site, a continuous goal for ecological symbiosis in the extended urban of Californiaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s offshore infrastructure.

[Drawing 16] Speculations on wind platforms

PROLOGUE CHAPTER ONE

THESIS INTENTIONS TRD2 | Jan 2015 - Apr 2015 Continued documentation of 23 platforms

CHAPTER TWO

Continued research on existing ecologies and their related life cycles Continued research on potential renewable energy systems and their implementations Continued investigation of natural/subnatural conditions-for current and future energy infrastructures Development of theories and relationships between the extended urban, ecological symbiosis & subnature Preliminary site proposal

CHAPTER THREE

TRD3 | May 2015 - Aug 2015 Site Visit - May & Jun 2015 Refine site proposal Design & narrate different recommissioning ideas Propose sets of ecological symbiosis within the context of the extended urban & subnatural conditions

EPILOGUE

TRD4 | Sep 2015 - Dec 2015 Final thesis book - aim for defence in December

BIBLIOGRAPHY

A Brief History of Offshore Oil Drilling. Draft. ed. Washington, D.C.: National Commission on the BP Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill and Offshore Drilling, 2010. Adam, Robert, 1728-1792 Ruins of the palace of the Emperor Diocletian at Spalatro in Dalmatia, 01-04, Printed for the author, 1764 iv, [7], 33 p., [54] leaves of plates : ill. ; 53 cm. “As U.S. Congress Lags, California Leads Push to Divest From Fossil Fuels Linked to Climate Change.” In Democracy Now. Amy Goodman. December 2, 2015. Bhatia, Neeraj. The Petropolis of Tomorrow. Actar, 2013. Print. Campbell, Colin. „Oil Depletion - The Heart of the Matter.“ The Association for the Study of Peak Oil and Gas (n.d.): n. pag. Web. 19 May 2015. Crutzen, Paul J. „Human Impact On Climate Has Made This The „Anthropocene Age““ New Perspectives Quarterly: 1416. Wiley Online Library. Web. 28 Sept. 2015. “Decommissioning Cost Update for Pacific OCS Region Facilities.“ 1 (2015). Print. “Ecologies of the Anthropocene: Global Upscaling of Social- Ecological Infrastructures.” In New Geographies, edited by Daniel Ibañez and Nikos Katsikis, by Erle C. Ellis. 06th ed. Vol. Grounding Metabolism. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 2014. ECOLOGY OF THE SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA BIGHT: A SYNTHESIS AND INTERPRETATION. University of California Press, edited by Murray D. Dailey, Donald J. Reish, and Jack W. Anderson (1993). Giorgio Agamben, Che cos’è il contemporaneo? (Rome: Nottotempo, 2008) Gissen, David. Subnature Architecture‘s Other Environments. New York: Princeton Architectural, 2009. Print. Harvey, David. The Condition of Postmodernity: An Enquiry into the Origins of Cultural Change. Oxford [England: Blackwell, 1990. Print.

Hydraulic Fracking Update - Correspondence Package. Report. San Francisco: Environmental Protection Agency, 2014. J. Dvorak, Michael, Cristina L. Archer, and Mark Z. Jacobson. “California Offshore Wind Energy Potential.” In Renewable Energy - an International Journal, 1244–1254. Vol. 35. Stanford, California: Elsevier, 2009. „Kalundborg Symbiosis.“ Kalundborg Symbiosis. Web. 20 Sept. 2015. Molotch, Harvey. „Oil in Santa Barbara and Power in America.“ Sociological Inquiry: 131-44. Print. Matek, Benjamin, and Karl Gawell. “REPORT ON THE STATE OF GEOTHERMAL ENERGY IN CALIFORNIA.” In Geothermal Energy in California Status Report. Washington, D.C: United States. Dept. of Energy. Geothermal Division ;, 2014.

PROLOGUE

Mostafavi, Mohsen. Ecological Urbanism. Baden, Switzerland: Lars Müller, 2010. Print. Murchadha, Felix. „Introduction.“ In The Time of Revolution: Kairos and Chronos in Heidegger. New York: Continuum, 2012. Neil Brenner & Christian Schmid (2015) Towards a new epistemology of the urban?, City, 19:2-3, 154, DOI: 10.1080/13604813.2015.1014712

CHAPTER ONE

Rosa, Hartmut, and Jonathan Mathys. Social Acceleration a New Theory of Modernity. New York: Columbia UP, 2013. Print. Ruddiman, William F. “The Anthropogenic Greenhouse Era Began Thousands of Years Ago.” In Climate Change, 261293. 3rd ed. Vol. 61. Virginia: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2003.

CHAPTER TWO

Scott, Geoffrey. The Architecture of Humanism; a Study in the History of Taste. [2d ed. Gloucester, Mass.: P. Smith, 1965. Print. Segee, Brian P., and Elise O. Dea. Dirty Water - Fracking Offshore California. Report. Santa Barbara: Environmental Defence Center, 2013. Steinhart, Carol, and John Steinhart. Blowout. Belmont, California: Duxbury Press, 1972. Ulisse, Alberto. Energy City: An Experimental Process of New Energy Scenarios. Barcelona: LIStLab. Print.

CHAPTER THREE

Ungers, O. M. The City in the City: Berlin : A Green Archipelago. Zürich: Lars Müller, 2013. Print. UNFCCC COP 21 Paris France. Accessed December 13, 2015. http://www.cop21paris.org/about/cop21. W.Moore, Jason. “Part 1: On the Nature & Origins of Our Ecological Crisis.” In The Capitalocene. Binghamton, NY: Binghamton University, 2014. “Water Conditions: Declaration.” California Department of Water Resources. Accessed December 5, 2015. http://www. water.ca.gov/waterconditions/declaration.cfm.

EPILOGUE

Wolfson, A, and Parr, T. (1975) The marine life of offshore oil drilling platform EVA. Marine Ecological Consultants of southern California. Tech. Rep. No. 75-11 Wolfson, A., G. Van Blaricom, N. Davis, and G.S. Lewbel. „The Marine Life of an Offshore Oil Platform.“ Marine Ecology -

PRECEDENT STUDIES BERLIN: A GREEN ARCHIPELAGO Berlin: A Green Archipelago is a manifesto by Rem Koolhaas and Mathias Ungers (along with Peter Reimann, Hans Kollhoff and Arthur Ovaska). Published in 1977, it contained an â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;urban design concept for the future development of Berlinâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;. Since then, this piece has inspired various ideas of the Archipelago, outlining the conditions under which urban areas function and those under which they should be conceived. The idea of the Archipelago ties into notions of Polycentric Urbanism, where the city is decentralized in terms of industry. A polycentric urban condition removes industry from the central focus and encourages an archipelago - like system for production and consumption; allowing the surrounding architecture to not be compromised.

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Norwigian company owning Denmark’s largest oil refinery. Annual production of 5.5 million tonnes of oil products

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Industrial Symbiosis is a sub field of industrial ecology where a set of industries is organized along the model of an ecosystem. The relationships between these sets of industries draw on concepts from biological symbiotics in ecosystems, where there is a physical exchange of energy, water, materials and by-products.

STATOIL

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is the world’s first system of Industrial Symbiosis. Over the course of a few decades, Kalundborg

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CHAPTER ONE

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PROLOGUE

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CHAPTER TWO

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CHAPTER THREE

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EPILOGUE

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er wat ste wgaas obmio

waste gwyapsstue gyps u

sl u d g e

waste gas

waste gwyapasstue gypsu

was te g

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as waste waste gas gas

waste waste gas gas

waste wa gas ste g as

gas bio

waste gas

sl u d g e s

waste gas

sl u d g e sl u d g e

waste hea t

g water olin

waste hea t

waste w heaaste h t eat

waste waste hea hea t t

gas bio

sl u d g e

waste wa gas ste g as

was te g was te g

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sl u d g e

waste gypsu

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waste gas

old

waste heat for district heating

r r s u r f a cseu w r f aatcee wate

slud ge fr

st e a

s te

sl u d g e sl u d g e sl u d g e

surf a c e

efﬂue nt c o

sl u d g e sl u d g e

as fer

waste heat for district heating

straw

ethanol

recovered sulfur crude oil recovered sulfur

surface water surface water

coa

ﬂy ash and clinker

e wateer water ed wasetd wast treat treat

waste gas

gas bio

waste gas

er wat ste wa

was te g

waste gas

waste gypsu

waste waste hea hea t t waste hea t

waste waste gas gas

waste waste g gas as

waste waste gas gas

waste gas

was te g

te g

waste gas

er wat ste wa

s was

sl u d g e s

waste gypsu

sl u d g e

waste gas

waste gas waste gypsu

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gas bio

waste gas

gas bio

sl u d g e sl u d g e

er wat ste wa

s te

sl u d g e s

g water olin

s te

sl u d g e

g water ling water o olin

ﬂy ash and clinker

gas bio

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waste wa gas ste g as

waste hea t

gas bio gas bio

sl u d g e

was te g

s te

sl u d g e sl u d g e

waste gas

was te g

waste gas

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waste gas

sl u d g e

s te

g water olin

waste gas

s te

sl u d g e

waste waste gas gas

s te

sl u d g e

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waste gas

g water ling water o olin g water olin

waste gas

g water olin

g wateg water olin olin r

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sl u d g e

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p gp water olin p

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p p

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sl u d g e

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sl u d g e old

slud ge fr

g water olin

s te

old a s f e r tiliz er manufactured pharmaceuticals and enzymes

natural gypsum

plasterboard

waste gas

s te

g water olin

waste hea t

surf a c e

efﬂue nt c o waer wat ste g ste wa

g wate olin olinrg water

efﬂue nt c o efﬂue nt c o

gas bio

surf a c e

g wateg water olin olinr

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was te g

surf a c e

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surf a c e

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surf a c e

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surf a c e

sl u d g e sl u d g e

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500

old

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250

ethanol straw

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surface water

sludge given away as fertilizer

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s u r f a c e w a t er

surface water

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w at w at plasterboard er er

s u r f a c e w a t er

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coal

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ethanol

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waste heat for district heating

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1990 - PRESENT

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s u r f a c e w a t er

ﬂy ash and clinker

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m gypsu rial ust ind

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old

surface water

surface water recovered sulfur

slud ge fr

crude oil

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recovered sulfur

r r s u r f a cseu w r f aatcee wate

st e a

s u r f a cse water ater u rf ace w

old

waste heat for district heating

old

a s f e r tiliz er

crude oil surface water

surface watercrude oil

s u r f a c e w a t er

coal

sludge given away as fertilizer

1981 - 1989

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a s f e r tiliz er

old

m gypsu rial ust ind

natural gypsum w at er plasterboard

ethanol

sludge given away as fertilizer manufactured pharmaceuticals and enzymes yeast used for pig feedstock

sludge given away as fertilizer

yeast used for pig feedstock

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manufactured pharmaceuticals and enzymes

manufactured pharmaceuticals and enzymes sludge given away as fertilizer

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old

old old a s f e r tiliz er

100

recovered sulfur

coal

sludge given away as fertilizer

yeast used for pig feedstock

st e a

ethanol

straw

ﬂy ash and clinker

st e a

s u r f a c e w a t er

e water ed wast treat

st e a

m surface water ﬂy ash andeclinker surfac water

st e a

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st e a

WATER MOVEMENT

s u r f a c e w a t er

recovered sulfur

s u r f a c e w a t er

Global Markets

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yeast used for pig feedstock

sludge given away as fertilizer

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crude oil

Inbicon

crude oil

m gypsu rial ust ind

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Cement Factories

ﬂy ash and clinker

m stea

1969 - 1980

Greenhouses

ﬂy ash and clinker

manufactured pharmaceuticals and enzymes

a s f e r tiliz er

m stea

yeast used for pig feedstock Kalundborg Municipality waste heat for district heating eam

straw

p2: KALUNDBORG INDUSTRIAL COMPLEX

yeast used for pig feedstock

waste heat heat for district heating waste waste heat for district heating waste heat

waste heat waste heat

waste heat ﬂy ash and clinker

a s f e r tiliz er

yeast used for pig feedstock sludge given away as fertilizer

old

m stea

m stea sludge given away as fertilizer

waste heat for district heating

Rgs 90

yeast used for pig feedstock

ﬂy ash and clinker

INDUSTRIAL SYMBIOSIS IN KALUNDBORG, DENMARK

waste heat

yeast used for pig feedstock

a s f e r tiliz er

waste heat

o o a s felrdtilaizsefrertilizer l d a s fertilizer

heat for district heating

yeast used for pig feedstock sludge given away as fertilizer

Kara/Novoren

sludge given away as fertilizer

yeast usedsludge for piggiven feedstock away as fertilizer

crude oil

m stea

sludge given away asand fertilizer manufactured pharmaceuticals enzymes

old

waste heat

old

m stea

istrict heating

old

s u r f a c e w a t er

waste heat

surface water

sludge given away as fertilizer

Fish Farms

waste heat

a s f e r tiliz er

e water ed wast treat

w at

ﬂy ash and clinker

waste heat for district heating

Lake Tullis

sludge given away as fertilizer

yeast used for pig feedstock

old

s u r f a c e w a t er

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w at

waste heat

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surface water

w at er s u r f a c e w a t er

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ﬂy ash and clinker

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INDUSTRIAL SYMBIOSIS BREAKDOWN: TIME & RESOURCES

istrict heating

trict heating

7 8

waste heat for district heating

e water ed wast treat

w at

s u r f a c e w a t er

w at er s u r f a c e w a t er

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waste heat

st e a

- Eco Industrial Park Handbookm

OFFSHORE BRAZIL: SAO PAULO, RIO DE JENERO & MACAE

sludge given away as fertilizer

waste heat waste heat

e water ed wast treat

w at

s u r f a c e w a t er

sludge given away as fertilizer

yeast used for pig feedstock

Kalundborg Fosyning A/S

crude

sludge given away as fertilizer manufactured pharmaceuticals and enzymes yeast used for pig feedstock

yeast usedsludge for piggiven feedstock away as fertilizer yeast used for pig feedstock

“an Eco Industrial Park (EIP) is a community of manufacturing surface water eam and service businesses located together on sta common property. Members seek enhanced environmental, economic, and social performance through collaboration in managing r wate ﬁed environmental and resource issues. uri ater ed w st e a

surface water

waste heat

s u r f a c e w a t er

surface water

Gyproc

Nova Nordisk & Novozymes

sludge given away as fertilizer

yeast used for pig feedstock

coal

st e a

Statoil

crude

ethanol

st e a

Asneas Power Station (Dong Energy)

2 3

waste heat for district heating

Kalundborg is an waste Eco-industrial park located in the heat municipality of Kalundborg, Denmark. The park is the world’s waste heat for district heating waste heat first system of Industrial Symbiosis. Over the course m of a few stea decades, Kalundborg has grown to become a center of energy r m wate production in a Closed-loop system. stea ﬁed waste heat uri

er st e a

surface water

waste heat for district heating

st e a

r wate ﬁed r uri wate ﬁed uri

w at

s u r f a ce wsautrefra ce water

Demonstration plant by DONG Energy to produce a m biomass refinery surface water sustainable

r wate ﬁed uri

-Yale Industrial Symbiosis Symposium waste heatResearch for district heating

w at

e water Danish soil remediation and recovery company.surfac Manages over 3 million tonnes of water and soil annually

Industrial Symbiosis is a sub field of industrial ecology where a set of industries is organized along the model of an ecosystem. The relationships between these sets of industries ﬂy ash and clinker draw on concepts from biological symbiotics in ecosystems, where there is a physical exchange of energy, water, materials and by-products.

e water ed wast treat

INBICON

RGS 90

w at

st e a

s u r f a ce wsater u r f a c e w a t er

surface water r wate ﬁed r uri wate ﬁed uri

r wate ﬁed uri r wate ﬁed uri surface water m stea

Danish waste management company

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supplier; waste disposer for the Kalundborg Municipality m stea

m KARA/NOVOREN stea

surface water

s u r f a c e w a t er

KALUNDBORG FOSYNING A/S

waste heat for districtand heating Local water heat

Danish pharmaceutical company and enzyme manufacturer, respectively. One of the largest produces of insullin & penicillin

GYPROC

r wate ﬁed uri

w at

NOVA NORDISK & NOVOZYMES waste heat for district heating

surface water

s u r f a c e w a t er

5 waste heat r wate ﬁed uri r wate ﬁed uri surface water

Norwigian company owning Denmark’s largest oil refinery. Annual production of 5.5 million tonnes of oil products

French plasterboard manufacturer of gypsum-based waste heat for district heating wallboard systems for the construction industry

m stea

s u r f a c e w a t er

A 1500 MW coal-fired power plant with three active units and is Denmark’s largest power plant

r wate ﬁed uri

surface water

w at

s u r f a c e w a t er

STATOIL

a s fertilizesurrface water

s u r f a c e w a t er

w at

s u r f a c e w a t er

surface water

ASNEAS POWER STATION (DONG ENERGY)

old

surface water r wate ﬁed uri

r wate ﬁed uri

m stea

ﬂy ash and clinker

recovered sulfur

m stea

ﬂy ash and clinker

st e a

ﬂy ash and clinkerstr aw

waste heatwaste heat

st e a

sludge given away as fertilizer

yeast used for pig feedstock

efﬂue nt c o

waste gas

surf a c e

efﬂue nt c o efﬂue nt c o

efﬂue nt c o

waste gas

surf a c e

efﬂue nt c oe fﬂue nt c o

Global Markets

waste heat

waste heat crude oil

st e a

ﬂy ash and clinker

sludg

yeast

st e a

Local & Global mFarms

m stea

yeast used for pig feedstock

surface water

s u r f a c e w a t er

m stea

st e a

recovered sulfur

manufactured manufactured pharmaceuticals pharmaceuticals and enzymes and enzymes

recovered sulfur slud slud ge ge fr fr

crude oil

plasterboard plasterboard

crude oil

waste heat

Cement Factories

ﬂy ash and clinker

naturalnatural gypsum gypsum

slud s ge ludg fr e f r

slud slud ge g fr e fr

plasterboard manufactured manufactured pharmaceuticals pharmaceuticals and enzymes and enzymes

m gypsu rial ust m ind gypsu rial ust ind

ethanol coal crude oil ethanol recovered sulfur coal crude oil recovered sulfur slud ge fr

ethanol coal crude oil ethanolrecovered sulfur coal crude oil recovered sulfur

manufactured pharmaceuticals and enzymes manufactured pharmaceuticals and enzymes

natural gypsum manufactured pharmaceuticals and enzymes

ﬂy ash and clinker crude oil recovered sulfur recovered sulfur plasterboard plasterboard slud ge fr

coal

plasterboard

coal

ethanol

recovered sulfur

natural gypsum

ethanol

recovered sulfur

natural gypsum

crude oil

Greenhouses

waste heat waste heat

waste heat ﬂy ash and clinker

m stea

waste heat heat for district heating waste waste heat for district heating waste heat

waste heat

yeast used for pig feedstock

naturalnatural gypsum gypsum manufactured pharmaceuticals andplasterboard enzymes plasterboard

plasterboard manufactured pharmaceuticals andnatural enzymes natural gypsum gypsum

o l d o l d zer zer a s fertaisli fertili

crude oil

ethanol coal coal ﬂyoilash and clinker crude crude oil recovered sulfur

ethanol

slud ge fr

recovered sulfur

ﬂyethanol ash and clinker coal

m stea sludge given away as fertilizer

surface water

w at er s u r f a c e w a t er

st e a

yeast used for pig feedstock

m m gypsu gypsu rial rial ust m m dust straw straw straw ind m in m sum gypsu l gyp fly ash and clinker fly ash and clinkerfly ash and clinker rial tria ust m straw straw indus straw ind sum psum l gyp al gy tria stri m ash and clinker straw straw indus fly ash and clinker fly ash andsclinker traw indu fly

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crude oil

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m stea

yeast used for pig feedstock

m gypsu rial ust ind

st e a

crude oil

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st e a

ﬂy ash and clinker

ﬂy ash and clinker crude oil recovered sulfur recovered sulfur

old o a s fledrtailsizerrtilizer fe

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ﬂy ash and clinker crude oil crude oil recovered sulfur

old

ﬂy ash and clinker

yeast used for pig feedstock

a s f e r tiliz er

st e a

ﬂy ash and clinkerﬂy ash and clinker

ﬂy ash and clinker

yeast used foraway pig feedstock sludge given as fertilizer

a s f e r tiliz er

o l d o l d zer zer a s fertaisli fertili

o a s fledrtailsizfeerrtilizer

old o a s fledrtailsizerrtilizer fe

old

a s f e r tiliz er

yeast used for pig feedstock

r wate ﬁed uri

old

a s f e r tiliz er

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yeast used for pigclinker feedstock ﬂy ash and

m stea

yeast

yeast used for pig feedstock Kalundborg Municipality waste heat for district heating eam

waste heat for district heating

given away as fertilizer sludge given away as fertilizer sludge given awaysludge as fertilizer manufactured pharmaceuticals and enzymesmanufactured pharmaceuticals and enzymes manufactured pharmaceuticals and enzymes used for pig feedstock yeast used for pig feedstock yeast used for pigyeast feedstock manufactured pharmaceuticals and enzymes manufactured pharmaceuticals manufactured pharmaceuticals and enzymes sludge given away as fertilizer sludge given and awayenzymes as fertilizer sludge given away as fertilizer yeast used for pig feedstock yeast used for pig feedstock yeast used foraway pig feedstock sludge given away as fertilizer sludge given away as fertilizer sludge given as fertilizer

sludge given away as fertilizer

old

yeast used for pig feedstock

ﬂy ash and clinker

sludge given away as fertilizer

yeast used for pig feedstock sludge given away as fertilizer

old

yeast used foraway pig feedstock sludge given as fertilizer

yeast used for pig feedstock

o l d o l d zer zer a s fertaisli fertili

old

a s f e r tiliz er

ﬂy ash and clinker

sludge given away as fertilizer

yeast used for pig feedstock sludge given away as fertilizer

crude oil

r wate ﬁed uri

s u r f a c e w a t er

w at

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sludg manufactured ph

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old a s f e r tiliz er old old a s f e r tiliz er a s f e r tiliz er

o o a s felrdtilaizsefrertilizer l d a s fertilizer

waste heat for district heating

waste heat

m stea

waste heat for district heating

sludge given away as fertilizer

yeast used for pig feedstock sludge given away as fertilizer

Fish Farms

waste heat

old

waste heat for district heating

Lake Tullis

waste heat for district heating

st e a st e a

waste heat

crude oil

r wate ﬁed uri

st e a

sludge given away as fertilizer

yeast mused for pig feedstock

waste heat for district heating

m stea m stea

waste heat

st e a

m stea

waste heat m stea waste heat

waste heat

st e a

waste heat

given away as fertilizer sludge given away as fertilizer sludge given awaysludge as fertilizer

sludge given away as fertilizer

old

a s f e r tiliz er

mﬂy ash and clinker

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r wate ﬁed uri

waste heat

waste heat for district heating

waste heat

m stea

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sludge given away as fertilizer

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ﬂy ash and clinkerﬂy ash and clinker

ﬂy ash and clinker

w at

waste heat for district heating

st e a st e a

a s f e r tiliz er

slud ge fr

sludge given away as fertilizer

yeast used for pig feedstock sludge given away as fertilizer

old

ﬂy ash and clinker

st e a

waste heat waste heat m stea waste heat m stea wasteheat heat waste

manufactured and pharmaceuticals manufactured pharmaceuticals and enzymes manufactured pharmaceuticals enzymes and enzymes given away as fertilizer sludge given away as fertilizer sludge given awaysludge as fertilizer

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RAW MATERIAL MOVEMENT

surfa

waste heat for district heating

m stea waste heat

waste heat m stea waste heat heat waste

m stea

slud

o l dge fr

m stea

plasterboard

m recovered sulfur crude oil recovered sulfur

waste waste heat heat

waste heat waste district heating mwaste waste heatheatteafor heat s

m stea

st e a st e a

coal

natural gypsum

crude oil

st e a st e a

coal m ethanol

m stea

natural gypsum st e a plasterboard

ethanol

st e a st e a

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straw

ﬂy ash and clinker

st e a st e a

st e a st e a m

recovered msulfur gypsu rial ust mm gypsu ind rial ust ind m m

waste heat for district heating waste heat waste heat

waste heat

waste heat for district heating

waste heat

m stea

manufactured pharmaceuticals and enzymes

straw

ﬂy ash and clinker

crude oil

st e a

slud ge fr

crude oil

recovered sulfur

coal

natural gypsum

crude oil

m stea

ethanol

slud ge fr

coal

ﬂy ash and clinker

m stea

straw m stea ﬂy ash and clinker m stea

waste heat for district heating

waste heat for district heating waste heat for district heating

yeast usedsludge for piggiven feedstock away as fertilizer waste heat waste heat m m eam stea gypsu st yeast rialused for pig feedstock waste heat ust m waste heat ind m m stea stea plasterboard

st e a

ﬂy ash and clinker ENERGY MOVEMENT

recovered sulfur

st e a

ﬂy ash and clinker

surface wat

wasteheating heat for district heating waste heat for district heating waste heat for district

waste heat for district heating

manufactured and enzymes waste pharmaceuticals heat for district heating waste heat for district heating waste heat waste heat waste heat manufactured pharmaceuticals and enzymes sludge given away as fertilizer

m stea

a s f e r tiliz er

recovered sulfur

ethanol

plasterboard

waste heat crudefor oil district heating

m stea natural gypsum

a s f e r tiliz er

crude oil ﬂy ash and clinker

waste heat for district heating

old

a s f e r tiliz er

straw

ﬂy ash and clinker

m stea

old a s f e r tiliz er manufactured pharmaceuticals and enzymes st e a

old

ﬂy ash and clinker

m gypsu rial ust ind

s u r f a c e w a t er

w at er s u r f a c e w a t er

m stea

yeast used for pig feedstock

e water ed wast treat

a ter st e a

waste heat for district heating

sludge given away as fertilizer

yeast usedsludge for piggiven feedstock away as fertilizer

waste heat for district heating

manufactured pharmaceuticals and manufactured enzymes pharmaceuticals and enzymes st e a

a s f e r tiliz er

old

a s f e r tiliz er

ﬂy ash and clinker

waste heat for district heating

old

ﬂy ash and clinker

wasteheating heat for district heating waste heat for district heating waste heat for district

waste heat for district heating

a s f e r tiliz er

yeast used for pig feedstock

waste heat for district heating

old

ﬂy ash and clinker

yeast usedsludge for piggiven feedstock away as fertilizer

surface wat

r wate ﬁed r uri wate ﬁed uri

yeast used for pig feedstock

sludge given as fertilizer waste heat for district heating waste heat for district heating waste heat foraway district heating yeast used for pig feedstock

sludge given away as fertilizer

sludge given away as fertilizer manufactured pharmaceuticals and enzymes yeast used for pig feedstock

sludge given away as fertilizer

yeast used for pig feedstock

r wate ﬁed r uri wate ﬁed uri

st e a

Time & Resources

e wateer water ed wasetd wast treat treat

s u r f a c e w a t er

slud ge fr

s u r f a c e w a t er

e watseter water ed wast treat treated wa

surface water

surface wat

m stea

Breakdown ofm Industrial Symbiosis:surface water

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w ﬁed uri water surfacesurface water

manufactured pharmaceuticals and enzymes sludge given away as fertilizer

yeast used for pig feedstock sludge given away as fertilizer

yeast used for pig feedstock

s u r f a ce wsautrefra ce water

a ter st e a m

surface wat

surface water

r r s u r f a cseu w r f aatcee wate

s u r f a c e w a t er

surface water

w at w at er er e water ed wast treat

surface water

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recovered sulfur

s u r f a c e w a t er

w at w at plasterboard er er

sl s u r f aucdegewater fr

s u r f a cseuwr faatceer water er natural gypsum

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w at

coal

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s u r f a cse water ater u rf ace w w at w er a ter

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WATER MOVEMENT

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1981 - 1989

old

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Cement Factories

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manufactured pharmaceuticals and enzymes

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waste heat 1969 - 1980 waste heat for district heating waste heat

Greenhouses

waste heat ﬂy ash and clinker

m stea

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COMPLEX- Eco Industrial Park Handbook

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Fish Farms

1000m

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OFFSHORE BRAZIL: SAO PAULO, RIO DE JENERO & MACAE

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INBICON

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common property. Members seek enhanced environmental, economic,

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GYPROC

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NOVA NORDISK & NOVOZYMES

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SITE PLAN

Brazilian Offshore Industry Hub Island Agricultural Island Energy Island Offshore Platform Onshore Plant Onshore Refinery Drift Route Mobile Oil Route Pipeline Lease Boundary

DRIFT & DRIVE Currently, the Brazilian coast houses a vast network of offshore industry that is driven by oil production. Drift and Drive is a master plan proposal that proposes the continuing use and networking of the offshore industry. Designed around the cycle of oil workers lives (two week on - two week off shift), there are opposite movements of oil resources and workers travelling south to north and energy and agricultural resources travelling north to south. The oil route is accomplished through a Mobile Oil boat. These boats service the three Hub Islands and their surrounding platforms in a 1 day cycle. The energy and agriculture route is made through a Drift boat, that follows the current south harbouring along islands and collecting their harvest. This boat completes a 14 day cycle. Both boats transport resources and people to and from the Hub islands. There is a larger 1 year cycle of production focused around harvesting crops. Time cycles and production are choreographed for a sustainable and efficient system of offshore infrastructure. Taking into account inhabitation and livelihood, this proposal looks to continue life and energy in the offshore infrastructure of Brazil.

DRIFT & DRIVE Currently, the Brazilian coast houses a vast network of offshore industry that is driven by oil production. Drift and Drive is a master plan proposal that proposes the continuing use and networking of the offshore industry. Designed around the cycle of oil workers lives (two week on two week off shift), there are opposite movements of oil resources and workers travelling south to north and energy and agricultural resources travelling north to south. The oil route is accomplished through a Mobile Oil boat. These boats service the three Hub Islands and their surrounding platforms in a 1 day cycle. The energy and agriculture route is made through a Drift boat, that follows the current south harbouring along islands and collecting their harvest. This boat completes a 14 day cycle. Both boats transport resources and people to and from the Hub islands. There is a larger 1 year cycle of production focused around harvesting crops. Time cycles and production are choreographed for a sustainable and efficient system of offshore infrastructure. Taking into account inhabitation and livelihood, this proposal looks to continue life and energy in the offshore infrastructure of Brazil.

1 day MOBILE OIL BOAT CYCLE

HUB ISLAND

OIL RIG MOBILE OIL ROUTE

21 20

04 05

1 DAY CYCLE

18 17

07 16

WORKERS DROPPED OFF AT PLATFORMS

WORKER & DRILLING MUD PICK UP

OIL TRANSPORTED FROM PLATFROM TO HUB

WORKER REST & DRILLING MUD CONVERSION

08 15

09 14

10 13

DAY 12 DAY 11

OCT

DAY 10

5: H ARV EST

NOV 03

EN ER GY

DAY 8

HUB ISLAND 1 15

AGRICULTURE ISLAND ENERGY ISLAND DRIFT ROUTE

DAY 2

ISLAN D 12: H ARVEST ENER GY

DAY 1

RNEY

AUG

D 1: SLAN HUB I

AND

IS L A

H A R V E ST R I C E & S H R

JUL

IMP

MAY

JUN

D 5: HARVEST SEAWEED

A :H 14

ST RVE HA 11: ND ISLA

ISLAND 10: HARVEST FRUIT

HUB ISL AND 2: UNLOAD CROPS

SEP

05 06

18 17

14 DAY CYCLE

AUG

MAR

07 16

08 15

09 14

APR

12 D RIF T RO U TE

JUL

APR

T ES RV HA

MAY JUN

The Drift boat completes a cycle in 14 days, interacting with two hub islands, 10 agricultural islands and 5 energy islands. All together, 21 Drift boats complete this route everyday. They harbour to harvest at agriculture and energy islands, dropping off the harvest at Hub islands.

09 10

FEB

GY ER EN

14 13

The Drift boat also houses family members of oil workers who interact with the islands through it.

ISLAND 7: HARVEST VEGETABLES ISLAND 8: HARVEST VEGETABLES

ISLAND 9 : HARVEST VEGETABLES

14-day CYCLE

12 DRIFT ROUTE

ISLAND 6: HARVEST FISH

RV ES TE NE RG Y

10 13

11 HUB ISLAND 2

MAR

ISLAND TYPE

Floating

Submerged

Energy

Enclosed

DRIFT BOAT INTERFACE

Bridge

Peripheral

Plug-in

Slice

CHAPTER TWO

N D AN UR ISL JO ND Y/E ERG EN OAD UNL

A R V E ST W H E A

HARVEST W HEAT

3 : H A R V E ST R I C E & S H R

N D 4:

IS L A N

D 1 : S TA RT

1: H

D 2:

ISL LA

ISL

HU B

18 17

GY ENER VEST 3: HAR ISLAND 1

DAY 3

PLANT WHE AT

JAN

SEP

DAY 4

OCT

DAY 6 DAY 5

CE RI P ST RIM H

T RICE PLAN

DAY 7

FEB

HUB ISLAND

DAY 9

DEC

SOY EST RV HA

JAN

PLANT SOY

CHAPTER ONE

ISLA ND 1

SH RIM P

DAY 13

HA GR RVE OW S

WHEAT VEST HAR

NOV

DAY 14

PROLOGUE

DEC

OCT 02

ISLA ND 5

ISLAND 2

ND 3 ISLA

ISL

IS L A

SEP

FEB

03 04 05 06

SEP

MAR

08 15

AUG

MAR

PLANT

FEB

JAN

07 16

HARVEST DEC

20 05

JAN

20 19

OCT

FRUITS VEGETABLES 3 VEGETABLES 2 VEGETABLES 1 SEAWEED FISH SHRIMP NOV RICE SOY WHEAT 22

CHAPTER THREE

NOV

09 14

JUL

APR

MAY JUN

AUG

APR

JUL

MAY

ISLAND 11-15: ENERGY ISLAND

NOV

OCT

FRUITS VEGETABLES 3 VEGETABLES 2 VEGETABLES 1 SEAWEED FISH SHRIMP RICE SOY WHEAT

EPILOGUE

JUN

DEC

1 year CROP CYCLE

JAN

HARVEST PLANT

FEB

MAR

SEP

AUG

APR

JUL

MAY JUN

GLOSSARY Age of Capital | The contemporary age of mass consumerism in which the source of our crises can be traced back to capitalism. Anthromes | Landscapes and biomes whose composition has been altered or caused by human intervention. Anthropocene | The unofficial, but widely accepted current epoch. Following the Holocene, it is an epoch of human domination. Archipelago | A set of autonomous but distinct islands that function together, Archipelagos present a polycentric urban condition. Climate Change | A contemporary environmental condition in which global temperature changes are causing extreme weather conditions and natural disasters. Contemporary | A Contemporary is one who step outside the boundaries of the present so as to better understand the lightness and darkenesses of his time. Ecological Symbiosis | Derived from Industrial Symbiosis, it is a closed loop exchange of matter and energy between cohabiting industries and ecologies. Epistemological Reflexivity | Theories of knowledge that can adapt to change by being responsive to the altering conditions of the object it is studying. Hydraulic Fracturing | The injection of a mixture of water, sand, and chemical additives through a well drilled into an oil- or gasbearing rock formation, under high but controlled pressure. Industrial Symbiosis | A sub field of industrial ecology where a set of industries is organized along the model of an ecosystem. The relationships between these sets of industries draw on concepts from biological symbiotics in ecosystems, where there is a physical exchange of energy, water, materials and by-products. Mercantilism | An economic belief in the benefits of commercialism and profitable trading. Niche Construction | The characteristic of human species to alter environments through exchanges that are neccessary for their survival. Pacific Outer Continental Shelf | Part of the internationally recognized outer continental shelf; it does not fall under the jurisdictions of the United States. Recommissioning | A proposal for the continuous use [commissioning] of infrastructure. Social Acceleration | The acceleration of society due to technological advancements, social change and a faster pace of life. Subnature | Natures produced by anthromes: dust, debris, rust, smoke, fog, mist, etc.

[Image 16] New Religion, Michael Kerbow