Kingdom of bahrain University of bahrain College of engineering Department of architecture and interior design
INTD326 DESIGN, CULTURE AND ENVIRONMENT SECTION 1 & 2 DR HANAA ALJOWDER DR FATMA QAED
ROME
CULTURAL RESEARCH ABOUT ITALY’S RICHEST CITY Fatima Al Husseini 20193871 Sara Nabeel 20195185 Nasreen Haidari 20194353 Amna Mahmood 20195835 Fatima Alsari 20196171
TABLE OF CONTENTS 1 3
HISTORY
City’s location and general development over the years
ART AND CRAFTS Including types of art such as pottery, callliagraphy and music.
5
2
ARCHITECTURE
4
SOCIAL LIFE
Back from Ancient Roman Empire until today, building construcion, design elements and color scheme
Life of busy rome today in the 21st century in terms of people, tourism and food.
FASHION History and traditional clothes
1
ROMA, ITALIA
HISTORY MIDETERRENEAN SEA
History of Italy, Rome At the beginning of the eighth century B.C.,
Ancient Rome started as a small town and then grew into one of the greatest empires on the central Italy’s Tiber River, surrounded most of continental Europe, Britain, much of western Asia, northern Africa and the Mediterranean islands. Among the many legacies of Roman dominance, they use the languages (Italian, French, Spanish, Portuguese and Romanian) derived from Latin. The modern Western alphabet and calendar and the emergence of Christianity as a major world religion. After 450 years as a republic, by the wake of Julius Caesar’s Rome became an empire rise and fall in the first century B.C. The long and triumphant reign of its first emperor, Augustus, began a golden age of peace and prosperity; on the other hand, the Roman Empire’s decline and fall by the fifth century A.D. was one of the most dramatic implosions in the history of human civilization.
Origins of Italy, Rome According to the legend, Rome was founded in 753 B.C. by Romulus and Remus, twin sons of Mars, known as the god of war. They were left to drown in a basket on the Tiber by a king of nearby Alba Longa and rescued by a shewolf, the twins lived to defeat that king and found their own city on the river’s banks in 753 B.C. After killing his brother, Romulus became the first king of Rome, which is named after him. There are seven legendary kings of Rome: Romulus, Numa Pompilius, Tullus Hostilius, Ancus Martius, Lucius Tarquinius Priscus (Tarquin the Elder), Servius Tullius and Tarquinius Superbus, or Tarquin the Proud. While they were referred to as “Rex,” or “King” in Latin, all the kings after Romulus were elected by the senate. Rome’s era as a monarchy ended in 509 B.C. with the overthrow of its seventh king, Lucius Tarquinius Superbus, and turned into a republic, a world derived from res publica, or “property of the people.” In fact ! Rome was built on seven hills, known as “the seven hills of Rome”—Esquiline Hill, Palatine Hill, Aventine Hill, Capitoline Hill, Quirinal Hill, Viminal Hill and Caelian Hill.
Roman Empire The Forum of Augustus
The Forum of Augustus, included the Temple of Mars Ultor
The great fire of Rome
The end came after 450 years as a republic, the city of Rome achieved a splendour move by dominating the whole of the Mediterranean. By that time, Rome was the largest city in the world. Augustus completed Caesar’s projects and added many of his own, such as the Forum of Augustus and the Ara Pacis, which increased the grandeur and glory of Rome. Augustus said :” he found Rome a city of brick and left it a city of marble”. In 64 AD, the great fire of Rome left most of the city destroyed, the fire was brought under control after six days, but before the damage could be assessed.
2 Architecture
“The Eternal City” From 2000 years ago until today…
Ancient Rome Inspired by the defeated greeks, ancient roman architecture still followed “Post and Lintel” construction method yet developed it further and considered Insula grid planning such as considering privacy, ventilation and sunlight orientation. All due to roman thinkers such as socrates who developed building architecture and created what is called as etruscan architecture.
Post and Lintel “Column and Beam”
Insula city planning
What helped ancient buildings outstanding to all types of people until today are the construction methods and materials used of concrete, bricks, gravels, stones and marble, which were sculptured and made into busts, column capitals and together created beautiful city as a whole.
Column capital orders
Marble flooring remains unchanged
*This technique was also used in Christian basilicas and churches later
Imagine all the detailing process that ‘Di Roma Capitale’ went through ! How much hard work over the centuries to create the beauty of the city ! How they used and are still using unique expensive arts, paintings and materials to create and elevate interior spaces.
Architectural Elements *Most Famous buildings of Rome have a combination of these features.
Axial Planning Arches Vaults Mosaic Skylights Symmetry High Ceiling Multiple levels Repetitive Columns Lots Of Decoration Courtyard And Gardens Interior Water Feature
Rome’s Architectural Wonders Colosselum 70AD – One of the new 7 wonders of the world. he first amphitheter to watch gladiator games and shows. It is the face of Italy and an architectural wonder.
Pantheon 120 AD - Temple dedicated to the gods of rome built by Empror Hadrian. 43 Meters high and the rennovated version has the architects inscription in front.
Ponte Sant'Angelo 134 AD –The castle of Emperor Hadrian connect to Aelius bridge that directly sets into the city of Rome. The bridge stands 11m heigh and 135m in length. It is designed using arches and decorated with ancient sculptures making it one of top tourist attractions.
dentials
ard, 2bc
Roman Forum 500BC– The rectuangulare shaped outdoor multipurpose law court of ancient times, where trials, public meetings and elections were held, is the tourism of todays world standing between the two main hills of the ciry. Because of its huge size it contains a senate house, the first century arch and a circular shaped temple of Vesta
Insula Romana of the Capitoline Hill In terms of residential buildings, Insula Romana is a multi-story apartment building under a church. The only standing building constructed back in 2BC ! It has literally seen the entire growth of italy. Because it sorrounded the streets it had shops on the ground floor with mezzanines. Using a ladder for upstairs which were accommodations. As you go farther in the third and fourth floors the apartments become larger and separated by corridors. The building can host 380 persons and Romans today use this planning in their apartment complexes!
St Peter Basilica
4th century - Located in the Vatican, it was built in the renaissance era and is the largest catholic church of the world. It was reconstructed with the largest dome in Rome’s sky which is 42 meters high. One of the four major basilicas in Rome. And Is in a patriarchal style.
Color Scheme
*The Roman color scheme is very similar to Greek due similarity in location and resources. Scheme Manually done.
3 Arts and Crafts
Roman art Architecture, painting, sculpture, and mosaic work are examples of Ancient Rome's art, as well as its Republic and later Empire. Although they were not considered minor forms of Roman art at the time, luxury products in metalwork, gem engraving, ivory carvings, and glass are sometimes regarded to be minor forms of Roman art. The highest form of art for the Romans was probably sculpture, but figure painting was also highly esteemed. From around the 1st century BC onwards, a substantial body of sculpture has remained, though very little from before that, but very little painting has survived, and possibly nothing that a contemporaneous would regard to be of the finest quality. Ancient Roman pottery was not a super high product, but a great number of "fine goods" in terra sigillata were decorated with reliefs that represented current tastes and provided a large group in society with stylish objects at a reasonable cost. Coins were an essential tool of propaganda for the Romans, and they have survived in large numbers.
Types of Arts 1- Mosaic
2- Sculpture
4- Pottery
5- Music
3- Paintings 6- Calligraphy
Mosaic Roman mosaic was a minor art, though often on a very large scale, until the very end of the period, when late 4th century Christians began to use it for large real images on walls in their new large churches; in earlier Roman art mosaic was mainly used for floors, curved ceilings, and inside and outside walls that were going wet. Mosaic is Natural shapes, fruits and vegetation, geometries and sometimes they tell stories. They even used it in the latest Dubai Expo 2020 Italy Pavilion too because it showcases not only Rome but entire Italian culture !
Dubai Expo 2020 Italian mosaic
Sculpture The study of Roman sculpture is complicated by its relation to Greek sculpture. The strengths of Roman sculpture are in portraiture, and produced very characterful works, While a great deal of Roman sculpture, especially in stone, survives more or less intact, it is often damaged or fragmentary; lifesize bronze statues are much rarer as most have been recycled for their metal. Most statues were actually far more lifelike and often brightly colored when originally created; the raw stone surfaces found today is due to the pigment being lost over the centuries.
Paintings Ancients used Frescoes, stucco paintings and they were unproportioned. But today Modern art in Rome might not spring to mind when you visit the Eternal City. However, Rome has plenty to offer in this department. It has galleries focusing on Roman culture and artists in particular, as well as more international galleries exhibiting world-renowned artists. Lovers of all types of contemporary and modern art will find something to their taste. Below is a selection of our favorite collections of modern art in Rome, ready for whenever you feel like a break from the city’s equally beautiful historical art!
Pottery Roman pottery called (terra sigillata ware), bright red, polished pottery used throughout the Roman Empire from the 1st century bc to the 3rd century ad. The term means literally ware made of clay impressed with designs. The pottery factories made their pottery in the new way. Instead of being black like earlier pottery, these cups and bowls were red. And the pottery made the decoration by pushing the clay into plaster molds, instead of by painting it on. Molding the decoration was much faster and cheaper than painting it.
Music
The Romans may have borrowed the Greek method of "enchiridia notation" to record their music, if they used any notation at all. Four letters (in English notation 'A', 'G', 'F' and 'C') indicated a series of four successive tones. Rhythm signs, written above the letters, indicated the duration of each note. In spite of the purported lack of musical originality on the part of the Romans, they did enjoy music greatly and used it for many activities. Music was also used in religious ceremonies. The Romans cultivated music as a sign of education.
Music in Rome Nowadays Rome is intensely active in the music category, where Rome is also considered as the jazz capital of Italy, with an average of 350 jazz concerts scheduled each month. Some of the most famous jazz concerts and festivals in Rome includes the Rome Jazz Festival, Casa Del Jazz Festival, and the Villa Celimontana Jazz Festival. Roman music is monophonic consists of single melodies, and their art presents different wind instruments, percussion and stringed instruments, such as tuba, flute and more.
Wind instruments • • • • •
The Roman tuba The cornu (Latin "horn") The tibia The askaules Versions of the modern flute and panpipes. Tuba
Flute
Calligraphy The Roman alphabet, also called the Latin alphabet, is the most widely used alphabet in the world. The Roman alphabet has two different forms of each letter: the minuscule or lower-case form ... abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz and also, the majuscule or upper-case form.. ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ The Roman alphabet is also the basic alphabet used to write Western calligraphy in many languages. So, it is quite important. A calligraphic Roman alphabet This Roman alphabet was used for the equivalent of posters on walls, written public announcements, etc. It could also be written quite rapidly on paper using a square-ended pen. Quite a lot of fine manuscripts have survived written entirely in this excellent script.
4 SOCIAL LIFE
Streets of Rome The streets of Rome are always lively and full of spirit. You can walk around the city and appreciate the beautiful architecture, art, and music. If you ever get hungry, prepare yourself for a treat, as the streets are full of cafes & restaurants that serve the most delicious authentic Rome cuisine. There are many famous streets in Rome where you can explore on foot, for example: 1. Via della conciliazione - It is considered one of the most photographed streets in Europe, which connects many famous buildings in one street. 2. Via del Corso - It is a major shopping street that is located in the center of Rome. 3. Compo de Fiori - It is considered a centuries old gathering spot. This street is always full of energy and it fun to explore. 4. Via margutta - This street is short but rich of history & gorgeous scenery. It is also known for the art galleries & vegetarian restaurants. 5. Via condotti - If you are looking for upscale fashion brands, this is the street for you. It holds big brand names like Louis Vuitton, Hermes, dolce & Gabbana, etc.
People of Rome The people in Rome are all about being passionate in every aspect of life. It is evident in their devotion to life. They find happiness and give meaning to the simplest things around them. The people there enjoy art, music, fashion, and food. But most of all, they prioritize spending time with their family and friends, by having a simple meal at home, going to a restaurant, or enjoying a drink or two together. They entertain a slower pace of life while maintaining a productive & healthy routine.
Religon Rome is primarily a Catholic Christian city. It is home to the Vatican City and St. Peter's Basilica, but the Basilica of St. John Lateran, located to the southeast of the city center, is Rome's cathedral. Apart from the cathedral, the Basilica di Santa Maria Maggiore, the Basilica of Saint Paul Outside the Walls, the Basilica di San Clemente, San Carlo Alle Quattro Fontane, and the Church of the Gesu are just a few of the 900 churches in Rome. Although the majority of people in Rome are Catholic, there are other notable religions in Rome, for example, eastern orthodoxy, Protestantism, Judaism, and Islam.
Tourism Rome is considered one of the most popular tourists' attractions in the world. It is most likely due to its vast historical treasures, architecture, art and elite cuisine. Rome had an outstanding influence over many aspects of life, which helped it become one of the most famous cities in the world. From shopping to dining, to galleries, and museums, everything a traveler is looking for will be there. SOME OF THE MOST VISITED ATTRACTIONS ARE: 1. The Colosseum and Arch of Constantine
6. Centro Storico & the Spanish Steps
2. Vatican City
7. Palatine Hill
3. The Pantheon
8. Castel Sant'Angelo
4. Trevi Fountain
9. Palazzo Doria Pamphilj
5. Vittorio Emanuele II Monument
10. Church of San Clemente
Food of Rome Food and fine cuisine is a part of the culture in Rome as it is highly influenced by ancient times by Jews and Greeks which is also why a lot of the famous cuisines are traditional. The people there enjoy drinking and eating as and consider it a source of entertainment. That resulted in Rome becoming home to some of the top tier fine-dining chefs in the world, who learned and created many of the recipes of our favorite dishes. The food usually includes a sort of vegetable, cheese or pasta, and the ingredients are always fresh and of the best quality. Some of the famous Roman food and drinks are: 1. Filetti di baccalà fritta (salt cod)
2. Carbonara
5. Crostata di ricotta Tart made with ricotta cheese
3. Coda alla vaccinara Oxtail stew
6. Carciofi alla Romana Roman style artichokes
4. Bruschetta (Toasted bread, garlic paste & olive oil, some include toppings like tomato)
7. Scaloppine alla Romana Veal sautéed with fresh baby artichokes.
White wine
Espresso
Famous people There are many famous personalities from Rome, from fashion designers, chefs, athletes, movie stars, singers, etc. these are some of the most known celebrities of Rome Joel McHale Actor / comedian
Alessandro Michele Fashion designer
Sofia Loren Actress
Francesco Totti Football player
Isabella Rossellini model / author
Michael Collins NASA astronaut
Giada de Laurentiis Chef
Sergio Leone Film director
Allison Miller Actress
Carolina Marin Badminton player
5 FASHION
History of Roman clothing The history of Roman clothing is linked to the history of Roman arts and building. o Many concepts were passed down from the Greeks, but as the empire grew and absorbed peoples with diverse cultures, climates, and beliefs, concerns of style became more complicated.
o Wider trading became feasible with the empire's growth, The wealthy could purchase cotton from India and silks from East Asia, which were adorned with finely embroidered border and fringe.
o Fashion, like art, tended to become more ornate, highly colored, diverse, and, especially in the latter days of the empire, extraordinarily opulent. o Roman clothing also reflected a strong social class difference, with certain colors, materials, and styles allocated for citizens and notable persons.
ELAGABALUS
• •
was the first Emperor of Rome to wear silk. Later, looms were built to weave silk, but China maintained control over sericulture, exporting only silk thread or cloth, both of which were costly.
Traditional clothing Ancient Romans wore two types of basic garments, tunics and togas
THE TOGA o
They were inspired by Greek fashion.
o
togas were official and outdoor costumes
o
It was a significant garment and a symbol of Roman citizenship.
o
Even if a person lived in Italy or Rome, no foreigner was allowed to wear a toga.
o
The toga was Rome's official dress for both men and women. Later on, the tendency shifted, and togas were only worn by male Roman citizens.
o
The toga was a symbol of a person's class status.
o
The togas of consuls and senators were bordered with purple. The Emperors' togas were all purple. During the morning, black ones were worn.
THE TUNIC o
Tunics were informal and indoor costumes.
o
comfy to wear while working and moving around indoors.
o
a knee-length, short-sleeved
o
To separate themselves from the slaves, the higher class wore tunics with ornamentation.
o
Mostly white in color, the tunic was often undyed, and uncomplicated
o
Patricians dressed in white tunics made of wool or linen. Magistrates wore the tunic known as angusticlavia, senators wore it with broad strips known as tunica laticlave, and military personnel wore shorter tunics.
o
The tunics were different from one class to another. The ordinary people's, herdsmen's, and slaves' tunics were constructed of coarse cloth and were generally black in color.
o
On important occasions, they wore a white wool garment called a toga over their tunic.
CLOAK o
It was used to protect the togas from dust and rain.
o
It was usually made of wool, had open sides, and was tied on the shoulder by a buckle or pin.
o
Due to the garment's practicality, it was initially worn by soldiers, then by lower-class individuals, and was eventually embraced by the upper classes as well.
o
Later, males discovered the cloaks to be so comfortable that they began wearing them without a toga underneath.
o
Dark-colored cloaks were worn by the poor, bright colors were worn for happy occasions, and white cloaks were considered formal clothes.
WOMENS CLOTHING o
Women's clothes was relatively plain, lacking in grandeur and elegant grace.
o
To balance, women focused more on hairstyles and jewelry.
o
They lacked the clothing differences that men possessed that indicated their social status. The stolas, which were only worn by married females, were their most distinctive characteristic.
o
The stola is a long dress from neck to ankle, with a belt around the waist, white, grey, or brown in color
o
Women wore a pallium, a shawl that wrapped over their shoulders and arms and also covered their heads.
o
Togas were worn by a certain kind of women, Roman prostitutes, to symbolize their lower social standing.
jewelry
Pallium
WORK DIVISION Fatima Al Husseini Architecture & Presentation Sara Nabeel Fashion & Referencing Nasreen Haideri Social life Amna Mahmood History & Music Fatima Taher Al Sari Art & Music
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