Aspra Spitia 2015

Aspra Spitia 2015: intentions and transformations Constantinos A. Doxiadis' industrial settlement and its development 1

S. Yiannoudes1*, N. Patsavos2,4, V. Tsesmetzis3,4

School of Architecture, Technical University of Crete, K4 Kounoupidiana Campus, 73000, Chania, Greece 2 Department of Architecture, University of Thessaly, Pedion Areos, 38334, Volos, Greece 3 School of Architecture, National Technical University of Athens, 10682, Patission Campus, Greece 4 Ctrl_Space Lab, Architecture & Research, 30-32 Eirinis Ave., 16345, Helioupolis, Attiki, Greece *Corresponding author: E-mail: sgiannoudis@arch.tuc.gr Tel +30 28210 37115

Abstract Aspra Spitia, Constantinos A. Doxiadis' only European example of a complete realisation of his ekistic theory, was originally planned and constructed between 1961 and 1964 for the French aluminium company Pechiney and its Greek subsidiary Aluminium of Greece at Distomitika, in the Southern shore of Mount Parnassos in Voiotia, Greece. As a whole, Aspra Spitia was presented by Doxiadis as a paradigmatic application of Doxiadis' anthropocentric attempt to revive the ancient Greek city in the context of both a radical critique to modern planning and architecture, and the urgent challenges of the future. It is in this very same theoretical framework, as defined by C. A. Doxiadis, that one may today look for a new recodification of the settlement's programmatic and spatial logic in order to enhance its future social, economic and environmental sustainability, in the light of contemporary values and methods while being based on a substantial analysis of the current condition of the settlement and its historical continuous dynamics. This has been the object of a continuing preliminary research project followed by the School of Architecture of the Technical University of Crete, Aluminium of Greece and Ctrl_Space Lab since October 2014.

Keywords: Doxiadis; Aspra Spitia; Aluminium of Greece; industrial settlement; ekistics.

1. INTRODUCTION Aspra Spitia, Constantinos A. Doxiadis' only European example of a complete realisation of his ekistic theory, usually illustrated with other exemplary large scale projects in the developing world such as Islamabadh, was originally planned and constructed between 1961 and 1964 for the French aluminium company Pechiney and its Greek subsidiary Aluminium of Greece at Distomitika, nearby Antikyra and the historical settlement of Distomo in the Southern shore of Mount Parnassos in Voiotia, Greece. In a text originally published by Doxiadis at the Greek review ΑΡΧΙΤΕΚΤΟΝΙΚΗ/ ARCHITEKTONIKI in 1965 [1], the planner and his team had the opportunity not just to present the facts related to the project, but also the principles underlying its concept and the tools they had applied in order to achieve the relative goals, as well as the criteria of its possible success. As a whole, Aspra Spitia were presented as a paradigmatic application of Doxiadis' anthropocentric attempt to revive the ancient Greek city in the context of both a radical critique to modern planning and architecture, and the urgent challenges of the future, culminating in the ideas featured in Doxiadis’ books Anthropopolis and Actions for Human Settlements [2]. In that sense, Aspra Spitia, while being an applied project negotiated by all the practical, technologicaleconomical and social, concerns governing it, was claiming at the same time, the character of a theoretical statement and a case study able to demonstrate the validity of the hypotheses, the methods and the tools defining its epistemological identity.

It is in this very same theoretical framework, as defined by C. A. Doxiadis, that one may today look for a new recodification of the settlement's programmatic and spatial logic in order to enhance its future social, economic and environmental sustainability. In other words, how could we assess Doxiadis' original intentions and their realisation at place? How could we define retrospectively the fifty years ongoing evolution of the settlement? What's the current situation and how could an Proceedings of the International Conference on Changing Cities II: Spatial, Design, Landscape & Socio-economic Dimensions ISBN: 978-960-6865-88-6, Porto Heli, Greece , June 22-26, 2015

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analysis of the above allow the generation of a new proposal for the future of Aspra Spitia? Beyond that, what kind of more general observations on Doxiadis' ekistic vision and method could such a study allow in the light of contemporary research and values? All these questions have been the object of a continuing preliminary research project followed by the School of Architecture of the Technical University of Crete, Aluminium of Greece and Ctrl_Space Lab since October 2014. The project has already dealt with a fundamental set of historical and theoretical data and concerns, a detailed analysis of a representative part of the settlement and a pilot strategic investigation on the future of Aspra Spitia, by means of both archival research and direct collaboration with the company as well as two collective research intensive workshops in Aspra Spitia and Athens on January 2015 and April 2015. There are still two more research workshops remaining, one regarding the parametric and spatial modelling of the settlement's diagnosed dynamics and the applied test trial of a small aluminium knowledge cluster (to be further publicly announced and conducted throughout 2015).

2. HISTORY AND THEORETICAL CONTEXT We cannot build new cities based only on the influence of the ancient city's standard because, in that case, we would not be resolving the problems of the present [3].

Figure 1. A comparison of a street in Hellenistic Priene and Islamabad.

Presenting his Janus-like research on the past and the future of the city of the present, Doxiadis demonstrated an analysis structured along the following axes: comparison of ancient Greek cities in macro and micro scale, comparison of the average ancient Greek city (especially Athens and Priene, as in Figure 1) with cities of other ages and a general, essentially an-historical, overview of the human factor as a generator of a city's development by means of the human dimensions and scale as projected in physical space together with the relevant spatial conditions of human communities' rise and expression in public civic space. As clearly stated in his concluding "synthesis in two scales" chapter: "The city of the present must express the synthesis of the human and the mechanic scale [of the automobile", the latter being the greatest challenge for the continuity of human settlements. This paper, firstly discussed at the VI International Conference of the European Cultural Foundation (Athens, May 1964), could be read as the theoretical manifesto of the principles underlying such projects as the masterplan of Islamabad and Aspra Spitia, even if, these two projects are clearly distinct in many perspectives, that of their relative size and scale being the least important one, at least from a methodological perspective [4]. As stated in the registration and documentation fiche edited by Panagiotis Tournikiotis and the greek do.co.mo.mo working party, Aspra Spitia "is the synopsis of his Greek community model in his global architecture and urbanism (ecumenopolis)" [5]. Doxiadis "conscientiously differentiated Aspra Spitia from the Modern idea and the aesthetics of internationalism, in the direction of a global modern community equipped with the characteristics of local societies" while, even on the technical level, as also in most of his urban projects worldwide, " there is a conscious rejection of any advanced constructional technology or mechanical equipment" [5, 6] and Figure 2.

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Figure 2. Aspra Spitia in the do.co.mo.mo Minimum Documentation Fiche 2003.

In the article published in the same journal, ΑΡΧΙΤΕΚΤΟΝΙΚΗ, one year after, Doxiadis, speaking now on behalf of the whole design team, came to define the project's objectives and criteria of evaluation together with a demonstration of the design tools applied on site. Doxiadis starts by stating (in person) his belief in the primacy of 'naturality'. A new settlement should not look 'planned', but organic, though, "in our days", it is impossible to leave things in chance. Shifting to plural, the text comes to speak of “a Greek city where people would be able to easily recognise all the cultural values they were nurtured in". [1] The new settlement should not look alike any other modern standardised industrial settlement. It should promote, through the implementation of an "invisible geometry" a sense of the public sphere as its main generator, while suggesting the possible investment of space with a secondary level of complexity produced by the expression of personal familiarisation tactics on the micro scale (e.g. ephemeral structures on the facade of the housing units). A contemporary urban settlement should allow the freedom of human movement, according to its various needs following his/ her track of life, and the automobile should be kept outside the distinct residential areas. Each one of the four planned neighborhoods corresponds to one of the standard Doxiadic semi-autonomous urban cells and contained its own public spaces and networks while houses were designed following the specifications given by the company's hierarchical chart. A full 'toolkit' of urban infrastructure (Social Security Building-IKA, Post Office, Police Station, Church-one of the three ones in Aspra Spitia together with a spectacular modern fountain, among other facilities including a vast cinema-theater to be constructed later on) situated on the heart of the L shaped settlement at the meeting of its southern coastal and its northern mountains facing sides.

Doxiadis and his associates, planned Aspra Spitia based on the prediction that a new East to West National Road would connect the existing settlements on the southern shore of Mount Parnassus (Aspra Spitia, Itea, Galaxidi, Nafpaktos etc.). In that sense, though in contrast to the legal framework defining the new settlement as strictly bounded to the adjacent factories of Pechiney and 1009

its needs, he had advocated its future development as a second city challenging the role of Livadia, and, thus, wished for its enrichment with a more open and multiple urban programme. In that sense, he had propagated its possibility to develop by means of his dynapolis model, allowing for its linear expansion without losing its necessary centrality (as in the case of Islamabad and its rival pole Rawapindi).

It is not true that Aspra Spitia have not been developed at all throughout the fifty years following their construction. As also mentioned in the following section of this paper, architects Lebessis, Fotiades and Massourides have worked on two extensions-modifications of part of the settlement's ekistic units as well as its public space. Their work, symbolised by the emblematic residences Tower (hardly enjoying any relevance with Doxiadis' argument against high rise buildings though) have been emphatic in their attempt to provide Aspra Spitia residents, especially those in the higher ranks of the company, with a more appealing architectural profile clearly displaying their status in the public sphere in accordance to the latest housing complexes of the fashionable Athenian suburbs (Figure 3). Other minor interventions have been the field of the company's and the residents' continuous care for the settlement, including an open competition among the residents for the redesigning of the park adjacent to the central square and the development of the coastal frontline as a leisure space open to the wider public. Throughout the first decades of their 'life' especially, Aspra Spitia have been the conflictual ground expressing the local antagonisms between the western like and ultra-modern workers, engineers and administrative stuff of Pechiney, originating from many other places apart from Voiotia, including France and Egyptiot Greeks fleeing Cairo and Alexandria after Nasher's nationalisations. On the other hand, the late developments in the global market of aluminium and the technology applied, the fact that many of the company's staff in our days come from second or third generation people who have constructed their own private houses around Aspra Spitia and the general rise on the aluminium industry know-how of the locals, a far smaller fraction of their original size is now being used. What is currently needed is an urgent new concept relying on the inherent dynamics of the settlement which, in line with the contemporary context -the challenges and the opportunities it presents us with- will allow the further positive evolution of what now seems to exist more as managerial burden and less as a key asset for a new development strategy. Aspra Spitia, a modern monument of a creative active speculation on the future of our mechanised society, calls for a new codification of its logical structure custom-built on its intrinsic anthropocentric model and in direct contact with "the problems of the present".

Figure 3. Aspra Spitia in the 1966, 1978 and 2004 with the two future developments by Fotiades, Massourides and Lebessis clearly presenting their distinct spatial logic.

3. RESEARCH AND OUTCOME Fifty years after the celebrated inauguration of the adjacent aluminium factory, the settlement Aspra Spitia is still functioning. But there is no detailed analysis of its development so far and an exegesis of its current condition taking into account its status as a property of the Mytilineos Group that currently owns the factory (http://www.mytilineos.gr). Although there have already been 1010

axiological critiques taking sides on the debate regarding its success or failure [5, 7], our study is based on both a detailed research of its present status and the history of the dynamic processes inherent to that 'ongoing ekistic experiment'. Therefore, we organised a workshop in order to study the relationship between the spatial, social and functional aspects of the settlement on the basis of Doxiadis’ initial principles and design intentions, and subsequently explore possible strategies for its sustainable (social, economic and environmental) development and regeneration. A group of 18-25 students from all architecture schools in Greece visited Aspra Spitia in two sessions and engaged in an in-situ research to explore the current socio-spatial conditions. 1 The final aim was to trace the possibilities for the settlement's possible futures following a documented critique of the original intentions, a systematic interpretation of its development so far and a parallel investigation of the wider current social, economic and environmental context. At the same time, Aspra Spitia provide a clear case for fruitful theoretical speculation on the future of ekistics.

Figure 4. Master plan of the settlement. Grey areas are the neighborhoods that were analyzed.

3.1.

Analysis and proposals for sustainable development

A large area at the south of the settlement, as well some areas at the north and west part belong to the initial masterplan (1961-64) designed by Doxiadis associates, while the apartment buildings of 162 residences, a 12-storey tower, a cinema and a shopping center at the northern part of the settlement were later (1970s and 80s) built on a plan by architects Lebesis, Fotiades and Masouridies. The blocks at the Doxiadis part are organized on a network of horizontal (west-east) and vertical (north-south) walkways and streets, which are interrupted by a town square at the center of the settlement. Each block consists of two linear rows of mostly two-story houses. As a general rule, each row is located on the outer edge of the block along the walkways, although the distance of each house from the street axis varies. The inner part of the block is an open space divided according to the width of each house into a series of backyards. In several cases, an additional room occupies this space extending the house for extra domestic usage (usually an additional bedroom or dinner room).

The workshop participants started by analyzing the estate on the basis of 7 housing neighborhoods and 3 public areas including public buildings and the coastal zone (Figure 4). These areas were selected according to whether they consisted of houses or public buildings, the degree of variation of the housing types, their relation to the town square and their orientation. Research showed that not all houses are occupied. For instance, area Γ1 at the north part of the estate bounded by Zalokosta and Odysseos streets consists of 16 vacated houses, 49 permanent residences, and 4 seasonal residence houses. Most type K houses, which have a relatively spacious plan, are distributed along Palama and part of Zalokosta street, while G and E types are smaller houses 1011

distributed in rows along the other streets. In Γ1 area most vacated houses are distributed along the southern Papadiamanti street. Area Γ5 belongs to the southern part of the estate and is bounded by Dimokritou and Apollonos streets. It consists of 5 vacated houses, around 32 permanent residences and 9 seasonal residences. Also 5 of them house commercial or service functions. E and D type houses are smaller type houses and some of them have been modified by an added room at the backyard that extends the house to suit the increased needs of the residents (Figure 5). But while the backyard is left for secondary uses (usually storage and kitchen utilities), in most cases, a narrow front yard along the main facade of the houses and the walkways defines a transitional space, a threshold, between the private and the public. Its rail functions as a light fence that discreetly separates and connects the house to the street (Figure 6). This buffer zone, which is further defined by plants, awnings, and changes in the floor material or color, enhances the potential for social contact and interaction in the horizontal (west-east) walkways in between the blocks. By contrast, the vertical (north-south) streets are urban axes with no contact with the life of the houses. They are long streets spanning almost the entirety of the estate able to take the flows of the city rather than functioning as extensions of domestic life.

Figure 5. E4 type with added room at the backyard

Figure 6. Front yard as transitional space between the house and the horizontal walkways Figure 7. Walkways turned into parking places The workshop participants had to explore the relation between space and everyday life –how the residents of the settlement occupy, appropriate and use public, semi-public and private space. They figured out that despite Doxidis persistent intention to recreate the scale and spatial qualities of traditional settlements and ancient Greek towns, Aspra Spitia seem to convey those qualities only marginally. On the one hand because Doxiadis’ organic principle is not registered in his very rational masterplan; on the other, because of the pervasive sense of desertion. Although the network of walkways and streets, as well as the central plaza, were imagined as grounds for playful social and collective activities, this sense of desertion is striking. And it is intensified by the tendency of the residents to turn walkways into motorways, and public spaces made for social interaction and childrens’ play into vacated parking areas (Figure 7).

Although the rent is very low –the houses are almost conceded to the employees–, the sense of being in a gated community totally controlled by the company’s planning department as well as the fact that residents have to live close to their co-workers and colleagues, have led many of them to flee the settlement and find a more appropriate residence in nearby towns (Antikyra, Leivadeia). In addition, houses are vacated mostly because of inappropriate living conditions. High maintenance costs have prevented the company from investing to a strategy for sustainable development of the houses. On the basis of these findings, the workshop participants decided to suggest two broad strategies: 1012

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To activate and reconnect the existing network of public spaces and walkways on a local and global level.

To connect the coastal zone with the rest of the settlement as well as the nearby town of Antikyra.

To respond to the first strategy, students proposed the intensification of the pedestrian flows in inactive public spaces and in the vertical streets. Therefore, they redistributed and diffused private and public functions along those streets by placing commercial uses in the houses on the corners of the vertical and horizontal crossings. They also opened up these crossing points to include a green area for the local market (Figure 8). To activate the town square and enhance its existing accesses they decided to enhance freedom of movement by redesigning its layout and redistributing the uses of the surrounding buildings (Figure 9). To regenerate the coastal zone they decided to intensify the transverse (north-south) connections between the coastal zone and the settlement (Figure 10). They also redesigned and organized places for activities along the coastal zone using natural materials (Figure 11).

Figure 8. Enhancing the public character of the vertical streets and pedestrian flow by introducing commercial uses in the corner houses and opening up the crossing points.

Figure 9. Tactics to free movement in the central square and enable accesses

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Figure 10. Enable accesses to the coastal zone

Figure 11. Regeneration of the walkway along the coastal zone leading to the nearby town of Antikyra.

As a necessary precondition for the efficiency of these strategies the group suggested that the settlement had to disengage from the institutional control of the company and reconfigure its population mixture. Autonomy was another challenge; residents had to be conceptualized as productive self-sufficient agents. This led the participants to propose a new management and property ownership protocol. Additional tactics were also proposed: public cultivation initiatives at the eastern margin of the estate where an empty area was created by the demolition of the existing houses (Figure 12). Cultivation in the domestic domain was also proposed. The students reorganized the plan of G4 and E4 housing types so that the backyard would be more accessible and connected to the house more directly. Thus the backyards in the blocks could be used for domestic cultivation (Figure 13).

Figure 12. Proposed cultivation area at the demolished eastern part of the settlement

Figure 13. Reorganizing the layout of type E4 for better access to the backyard. Existing and proposed ground and first-floor plan.

The outcome of this research suggested the possibility to re-consider the institutional and socioeconomic dimensions that determine the current state of affairs of the settlement alongside proposals to regenerate the productive, participatory and social dynamics of its community.

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3.2.

Spatial strategies in the knowledge society

Reflecting on the outcome of the first workshop we came to the conclusion that planning for regeneration should include strategic initiatives to enhance the sense of self-reliance and sufficiency of the settlement on the basis of a new agenda for sustainable (social, economic and environmental) development. A good start would be to re-program the settlement to acquire a global significance by taking advantage of its aluminum brand as well as its symbolic value as a monument of modernism in Greece. We thought that a knowledge cluster, i.e. a collaborative assembly of aluminum related organizations and companies, located at Aspra Spitia, sharing innovative knowledge and resources, would be a viable idea for a sustainable regeneration of the settlement.

According to cluster theorist Michael Porter, “Clusters are geographic concentrations of interconnected companies and institutions in a particular field. Clusters encompass an array of linked industries and other entities important to competition.” [8] Today’s economic map of the world is dominated by clusters, namely critical agglomerations – in one place – of unusual competitive success in particular fields. Thus, despite the emphasis on networks and global economies and flows, an idea shared among Doxiadis and other network theorists of the ‘60s, 2 clusters insist on local relations and informality. It is a paradox that “… the enduring competitive advantages in a global economy lie increasingly in local things – knowledge, relationships, and motivation – that distant rivals cannot match.” [8]. According to cluster theorists, the more the world economy becomes complex, knowledge based, and dynamic, the more this is true.

Clusters are configured by a trilateral hybrid organization including industry, state and academia, in mutually beneficial networks able to contribute to competitive success and promote economic development and prosperity. In this robust schema of relations, industries can supply specialized input, such as components, machinery, and services, the state can provide specialized infrastructure, and universities can provide specialized training (education, information, research, and technical support). Besides proximity, clusters must always be on the flow in order to have beneficial output in efficiency, effectiveness, and flexibility. Clusters are networks of competitive participants, who share resources and have equal access to specialized information. It is the links between their nodes that keep clusters running. In the end it is human agency that binds clusters together and provides the social glue that facilitates their competitive benefits. Face to face contact, personal informal relationships, and, most importantly, a sense of common interest, complementarity, coordination and trust, should pervade the operation of clusters. 3 After introducing this theoretical model on clusters in the workshop we asked the participants to propose a strategic plan that would enable a cluster to develop gradually at the settlement given its proximity to the aluminum factory (that could provide infrastructural and technical support) and the touristic town of Antikyra, as well as its symbolic aspects and history. Therefore, the workshop participants examined possible functional, spatial and institutional interventions to propose a research knowledge-cluster [9] as part of a wider European and global network for the development and dissemination of knowledge about aluminum products and applications. Besides interaction between people, organizations, companies and research centers, this agglomeration should be linked to the existing social, environmental and economical state of the settlement.

Students proposed a 3-stage knowledge cluster with research centers and supporting infrastructure of athletic and touristic activities able to attract young entrepreneurs and businesses as well enhance the working possibilities of the existing residents. This agglomeration of young people, new businesses and local residents will be able to enhance the economic and social sustainability of the settlement. The participants focused on three key elements which configure the trilateral structuring of the proposed cluster: education and research, industry and entrepreneurship, and existing condition.

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Figure 14. Trilateral structuring of the cluster To introduce the education and research sector, students redistributed the functions and networks of the settlement in order to merge existing knowledge from the factory with the new educational perspective. Therefore, the proximity with the factory remains important and critical for the new function of the settlement, but, as the first workshop participants proposed, there is a need for an institutional change of the settlement’s connection to the company. Research and education sector in the settlement would include: methods to process aluminum raw products produced by the factory; methods to recycle aluminum and its leftover scrap material; materials technology; applications of aluminum and its derivatives in art. They would be facilitated by university branches (engineering and economics departments as well as fine art and architecture) working along with staff and the factory’s research department.

To enhance and promote Industry and Entrepreneurship, participants proposed the use of aluminum as a raw material for secondary processes. The factory scrap material will be transferred and used by smaller facilities in areas near the boundaries of the settlement for further processing to produce small objects. In this way, instead of being wasted, scrap material will be exploited within the settlement, allowing smaller aluminum production units to develop. The scrap material produced by these facilities will then be recycled by smaller businesses also within the settlement. To boost the development of these businesses, the students proposed the introduction of thematic tourism interested in the industry and the architectural history of the settlement. To respond to the requirement to link the cluster agglomeration to the existing condition for social sustainability, the workshop participants defined the existing condition in terms of the spatial organization of the settlement, its existing uses and activities such as schools, recreation and sports, the landscape, the existing networks, residents, and vacated shells.

The strategy would unfold in three stages that would gradually develop the cluster along the trilateral structure of ‘entrepreneurship-education-existing condition’. In the first stage the three sectors are organized around the existing axis that connects Antikyra with the settlement and the street leading to the factory. Functions relevant to education and research, as well as industry and entrepreneurship are placed along this axis to activate the coastal zone and communicate and project those activities beyond the boundaries of the settlement.

In a second stage (in a relatively short time lapse) these proposed facilities and activities will enhance mobility inside and outside the settlement, bringing young people in and stimulating the existing residents. The existing walkway on the coastal zone will acquire intensities and localities, periodical exhibitions of the produced artworks, and will project information about research taking place in the settlement. To further promote and disseminate activities in the cluster a media sector will be located in the existing tower to transmit and communicate information to the wider area.

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Also, the coastal axis leading to Antikyra will be further enhanced by extending the existing athletic facilities (tennis court) with new ones like water sports (ski courses and sailing). Thus, the coastal axis will become a global attraction point, for human visitors and tourists as well as capital investment. At the same time activities relevant to research and entrepreneurship will accumulate around the main vertical axis of the settlement activating the cluster agglomeration along.

In the third stage (in the long run) industry and education, as well as the existing athletic and touristic activities, will start to pervade the whole settlement activating its secondary network of streets and walkways. In this stage the existing empty shells of the settlement will be reused to house the new activities to respond to the developing needs of the cluster. In this case the settlement will be able to engage in a wider network of interaction with other cities and settlements in the area, such as Itea, Galaxidi, Delphi, and Arachova. This will boost attraction of new population, tourists, activities, and businesses, and hence capital.

4. CONCLUSIONS Our research manifested the need to re-consider the institutional and socio-economic dimensions that determine the current state of affairs of the settlement. This state was investigated in the framework of Doxiadis’ initial intentions and theory taking into account the evolutionary dynamic of settlements that Doxiadis advocated. Our team considered proposals for the settlement’s future not only because of its architectural and historic value but also because of its inherent potential to develop a new global center for the area on the basis of its expanding aluminum brand. Spatial, functional and social aspects were examined through in-situ research and further provoked speculation on the possibility to re-program the future of the settlement for development following the terms of Doxiadis’ theory. Doxiadis’ 5 elements for cities, a star structure comprising Man, Shells, Networks, Nature, and Society [2] were revisited in the context of the current condition of Aspra Spitia, to present the possibility to re-assemble its organization in a trilateral development cluster, including new educational, entrepreneurial, and existing facilities. In a three-stage unfolding of its potential future, its shells are reused for new businesses, visitors and tourists are attracted to boost this development, the landscape is re-planned to include new areas of recreation, while networks connecting nearby cities and settlements are generated for a sustainable future of its extended and repopulated society.

References 1. Δοξιάδη, Γραφείο, 1965. Άσπρα Σπίτια. ΑΡΧΙΤΕΚΤΟΝΙΚΗ, Vol. 53-54, 54-57.

2. Doxiadis, C., 1975. Specifications for the City of Anthropos (Man), Anthropopolis, City for Human Development. Norton, New York, 101-190.

3. Δοξιάδης, Κ., 1964. Η αρχαία ελληνική και η σημερινή πόλη / The ancient Greek and the city of the present. ΑΡΧΙΤΕΚΤΟΝΙΚΗ, vol. 46, 46-69.

4. Kyrtsis, A., Constantinos A. Doxiadis. Texts, Design Drawings, Settlements. Ikaros, Athens.

5. Tournikiotis, P., 2003. Aspra Spitia do.co.mo.mo Minimum Documentation Fiche, composed by national/ regional working party of Greece, http://rlicc.asro.kuleuven.ac.be/rlicc/docomomo/Registers/Post%20War%202004/Greece/Web/ Aspra%20Spitia.pdf/ visited on 10.10.2015.

6. Τουρνικιώτης, Π., 2000. Η Αρχαία και η Μοντέρνα Πόλη στο έργο του Κωνσταντίνου Δοξιάδη. Η Πολεοδομία στην Ελλάδα από το 1949 έως το 1974. Πρακτικά 2ου Συνεδρίου Εταιρείας Ιστορίας της Πόλης και της Πολεοδομίας. Πανεπιστήμιο Θεσσαλίας, Βόλος, 85-98.

Revised text in: Τουρνικιώτης, Π., 2009. Aspra Spitia or the Legacy of C. A. Doxiadis. Ο Κωνσταντίνος Δοξιάδης και το Έργο του (ed. Καζάζη, Γ.) Vol. 2, ΤΕΕ, Αθήνα, 210-228.

7. Καλαφάτη, E., 2012. Άσπρα Σπίτια Βοιωτίας: Ζήτημα σχεδιασμού μιας νέας πόλης. Εργάζομαι άρα κατοικώ. Η περίπτωση του συγκροτήματος κατοικιών των μεταλλείων Μπάρλου στο Δίστομο 1017

Βοιωτίας, των Δ. & Σ. Αντωνακάκη (eds. Β. Πετρίδου, Π. Πάγκαλος, N. Κυρκίτσου). Πανεπιστήμιο Πατρών, Πάτρα, 17-25.

8. Porter E. M., November-December 1998. Clusters and the New Economics of Competition.

Harvard Business Review, 76 (6), 78-90.

9. Evers, H., 2008. Knowledge hubs and knowledge clusters: Designing a knowledge architecture for development. ZEF Working paper Series, Vol. 27, 1-21.

10. Κωστής, Κ., 2013. Κράτος και Επιχειρήσεις στην Ελλάδα. Η Ιστορία του Αλουμινίου της Ελλάδος. Πόλις, Αθήνα.

11. Θεοχάρης, Γ., 2012. Μισός Αιώνας Αλουμίνιο. Αθήνα, Realpress.

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The workshop was split into two parts. Part 1 was titled “The industrial settlement Aspra Spitia by K. Doxiadis: Intentions and Changes” and took place at Aspra Spitia and Athens between the 3rd and the 8th of January 2015. Part 2 was titled “The industrial settlement Aspra Spitia by K. Doxiadis: Spatial strategies in the Knowledge Society” and took place at Aspra Spitia and Athens between the 14th and 19th of April 2015. Both were organized and supported by the Technical University of Crete and Aluminium of Greece. They were funded by Aluminium of Greece. In Athens the workshop took place at the premises of Ctrl_Space Lab. 2 This network thinking in Doxiadis’ ekistic theory was informed by Marshall McLuhan and Buckminster Fuller who attended Doxiadis’ Delos symposia. See Mark Wigley, M., 2001. Network Fever, Grey Room 4, 82-122.

3 For more information on clusters see the introductory videos at the Cluster Observatory website at http://www.clusterobservatory.eu/index.html#!view=classroom;url=/classroom/OnClusters/ClusterDynamics.

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