Urbanism beyond Dubai by Nina Ilieva

HISTORICAL OVERVIEW 010

DUBAILAND: The giant leisure and entertainment zone currently developed in Dubai , called Dubailand is initially inspired by Disney’s theme parks, according to the Dubai officials, who studies the idea for more than two years. Dubailand, though, takes themepark scale several steps further. The design contains 45 “main projects” and 200 “subprojects,” government officials said. Describing Dubailand as “Disneyland on steroids,” chief executive officer Salem Bin Dasmal said that Dubai’s project would offer more attractions than Disneyland and will compete with it for the top world tourist market. It the most ambitious tourist destination ever created.

DISNEYLAND:Disneyland opens in 1955. Walt Dis-

ney’s longtime dream was to create new models for urban living (EPCOT Center was originally planned as a prototype city, but ended up as a theme park).The new entertainment destination targets middle class suburban market. It is a simulated “paradise” , idealized vision of the world. This blatantly commercialized “land” offers prepackaged entertainment from the big name corporations, fusing popular culture, entertainment and big corporate interests. Weather in California, Tokyo or Florida, these seductive paradises often has little or nothing to do with the contemporary local content. They offer commodification of the experience, showing how the power of big corporations can influence people behavior and city life, totally manipulating public experience. They also have adopted the Panopticon model of a large scale urban control zones, where the prepackaged entertainment experience is scripted and directed by a Disney Corporations, leaving the visitors as passive consumers with little or no active engagements.

LAS VEGAS:Although, Disneyland provides obvious

inspiration for the Strip in Las Vegas, at the same time Disney launches its theme entertainment destinations, Las Vegas already offered “theme environments with themes coming from another places” . It is called Disney land for adults, or fantasy city for adults, fostering pleasure and illusion worlds, with heavy emphasis on spectacular entertainment and high consumerism. It is internationally known resort, shopping and gambling, destination, established in 1905 and officially became a city in 1911.

1911 LAS VEGAS

1955 DISNEYLAND

FRONTIERLAND with the last Frontier Village an Amusement park and

Is divided into several different “world” or theme parks. Magic Kingdom Epcot Center

2007 DUBAILAND “Disneyland on steroids”

Dinosaur World Snow World Mountain Water amusement park Aviation World Motor Racing World Pharachs Theme Park Animal World

011 HISTORICAL OVERVIEW

HISTORICAL OVERVIEW

In market contrast to the traditional suburban

defined by six cenrtal features.

shopping mall which shuts down by nine or ten o’clock

First, it is theme-o-centric….

at night, the developers of urban entertainment

Everything from the individual

centers (UECs) actively encouraged after-dark

entertainment venues to

activities which range from themed night clubs

the image of the city itself

(Billboard Live, Dave & Bursters) to late night

confronts to the scripted

entertainment “destinations” in tourist areas… Fourth,

theme, normally drawn from

Fantasy city is modular, mixing and matching an

sports, history or popular

increasingly standart array of components in various

entertainment…. Second, not

configuraions. Typically, a Urban Entertainment

only is Fantasy City themed

development project will contain one or more themed

but it is also agressivelly

restaurants ( the Hard Rock Café, Planet Hollywood,

branded… Sometimes branded

the Rainforest Café) , a megaplex cinema, an IMAX

identities derive from the

theater, record (HMV, Virgin Tower) and book ( Barnes

success of a location-based

and Noble, Borders) megastore, and some form of

entertainment (LBE) project,

interactive, high tech arcade… Fifth, Fantasy City, is

but in other instances they

solipsistic; isolated from surrounding neighbourhoods

represent the imposition of

physically, economically and culturally. As such, it

preexisting consumer and

is an epitome of of what Christine Boyer (1993) has

show business brand (such as

termed “ the city of illusion” – a metropolis, which

Nike, Universal, Coca-Cola,

ignores the reality of homelessness, unemployment,

ViaCom) on leisure sites in

social unjustice and crime, while eagerly

the expectation of creating a

transforming sites and channels of public expression

profitable “synergy”. Third,

into “promotional spaces”… Finally, Fantasy City is

Fantasy City, operates day and

postmodern insomuch as it is constructed around

night, in the same spirit as the

technologies of simulations, virtual reality and thrill of

Nevada casinos…

the spectacular…”

JHON HANNINGTON

FANTASY CITY

Fantasy City is bounded and

013

FANTASY CITY

018

019

CONTENT

Europa, Bawadi, Dubailand copyrights and courtesy : Brian McMorrow

America Hotel and Resort, Bawadi, Dubailand copyrights and courtesy : Brian McMorrow

Attraction/ Components - 60,000 Spectacors Capacity Multipurpose Stadium -30,000 Spectators Capacity Cricket Stadium -25, 000 capacity cricket Stadium -10, 000 capacity indoor stadium - Two midsize Multipurpose Stadiums -Butch Harmon School of Golf -David Lloyd Tennis Academy -Erni Els Championship Golf Course -ICC Global Cricket Academy

023

The regionâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s premier sporting venue featuring 4 giantsized staduims designed for international events including soccer, hockey, cricket and rugby. The projectwill also feature world renowned sporting academies.

SPORT CITY

Land size (sqf) 50 million

024

SPORT CITY 025

CONTENT

Dubai sports city model, Dubailand, image: @ Brian McMorrow

image:@ Dubai Motor City

image: @ Brian McMorrow

027

Description: The regionâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s premier sporting venue featuring 4 giantsized staduims designed for international events including soccer, hockey, cricket and rugby. The projectwill also feature world renowned sporting academies.

MOTOR CITY

Land size (sqf) 50 million

MOTOR CITY 029

Dubai motor city, autodrome: image: @ Brian McMorrow

DUBAI INTERNET CITY

Dubai Internet City (DIC) is an information technology park created by the Government of Dubai as a free economic zone and a strategic base for companies targeting emerging markets. Here companies can operate without restrictions, such as a 100% foreign ownership, similar to those prevailing in other provincial economic zones in the United Arab Emirates. This freedom has led many global information technology firms to move their regional base and resources to premises in the DIC. DIC is located right next to other industry clusters such as Dubai Media City and Dubai Knowledge Village. The economic rules of DIC allow companies to avail themselves of a number of ownership, taxation and custom related benefits which are guaranteed by law for a period of 50 years. Major companies which have established operations at DIC include Microsoft, IBM, Oracle Corporation, Sun Microsystems, Cisco, HP, Nokia and Siemens, as well as UAE based companies such as i-mate, Acette and many others.

DIC presently has over one and half million square feet of prime commercial office space, and there are over 850 companies with over 10,000 workers based in it. Land size (sqf) 8 million

Dubai internet city Image:@ Brian McMorrow

DUBAI GOLF CITY

Land size (sqf) 55 million

Attraction/ Components - 5 themed golf courses - Golf Academy - Hotel , Convention Center, Retail

033

The project will house five themed signature courses, a golf academy, a six-star resort hotel & spa, golf communities, golf villages and retail souks. The city is envisioned to have courses that will be challenging and can be used by international golfing leagues for competitions.

GOLF CITY

Description:

GOLF CITY 035

Al Badia Golf resort, Dubai: @Brian McMorrow

Description: The latest project to be announced by Dubailand is Beautyland, “premier location for the most exclusive and comprehensive range of beauty, natural treatments, luxury spa facilities, and products.” Some of Beautyland’s main attractions and components include a Beauty Museum and a Beauty Academy as well as Designer and Branded Beauty commodities, managed by international designers. “There will also be office space and conference facilities for associated businesses and beauty consultants, production facilities for tailor-made fragrances as well as a Boutique Hotel,” Mohammed Abdulrahim said.

There will also be office space and conference facilities for associated businesses and beauty consultants, production facilities for tailor-made fragrances as well as a Boutique Hotel,” Mohammed Abdulrahim said. “Beautyland will also become recognised as a centre of excellence for educational training and beauty innovation, thus providing a major attraction for residents and international visitors,” eautyland is envisaged as a unique and total lifestyle experience Again there seems to be viability for the niche, and again, there is nothing like it in the world. But, the name? - it sounds somewhat discriminatory. Me - I’m looking forward to the beauty museum, but I don’t think I’ll be good looking enough to get in. Maybe, there will be Beastland for me. Mohammed Abdulrahim Al Fahim

037

Land size (sqf) 3.48 million square feet

BEAUTY LAND

DUBAI BEAUTY LAND

AQUA DUNYA

DUBAI AQUA DUNYA

Land size (sqf) 8 million

A gigantic water theme park with thrilling wet/dry rides, water shows, aquariums and resorts. Attraction/ Components - Water theme park with more than different unique rides -Manmade beach and reef with thousands of tropical fish, dolphins and sharks - Desert Pearl Water show and theater -Cruise ship shaped resort with 400 rooms -Port District Souk

039

Description: image: @ Brian McMorrow

042

043

DUBAILAND DUBAILAND

THEOTHER land

CONTENT

0118

0119

WAR CITY SLUM CITY ECOMAFIA CITY LABOURCAMPS CITY GLOBALMIGRATIONCITY

Slumcities from around the world are represented in diffrent themed parks. There are West Indies shanty towns, Brazilians favelas, ghettos, South African squatter parks and shacks , Serbian cardoard settlements and Argentinian poverty towns. Every year the biggest international events and conferences promoting comprehensive debate among goverments, international organizations and mass media on all aspect related to the slums issues are hosted in the Slum land. The international formal and inforrmal organizations such as Slum Dwellers International, Homeless International, Habitat International Coalition, Cities Alliance â&#x20AC;&#x153;cities without slumsâ&#x20AC;?, CLIFF have a big research instutes and centers in the Slumland. The public spaces and events are organized around formal and informal events connected to THE SLUMS.

125

SLUMLAND

SLUMland

STATISTCS AND FACTS

ASIAN SLUMS

< 10% < 10-20% < 20-30% < 30-40% < 40-50% < 50-60% < 60-70% < 70-80% < 80-90% >90% N/A

PERCENTAGE OF EACH COUNTRY’S URBAN POPULATION LIVING IN SLUMS (according to UN-Habitat definition)

AFRICAN SLUMS

PERCENTAGE OF EACH COUNTRY’S URBAN POPULATION LIVING IN SLUMS (according to UN-Habitat definition)

0127

LATINNAMERICA FAVELLAS

< 10% < 10-20% < 20-30% < 30-40% < 40-50% < 50-60% < 60-70% < 70-80% < 80-90% >90% N/A

DIAGRAMS

CONTENT

0128

0129

ECOMAFIAland

Description: Description:

Themed giantsized giantsized conferences conferencesand andmeeting meetinghalls hallsfor forformal formal and and informal informal meetings, meetings, conferences and discussions conferences andabout discussions the world about migration the world issues, migration designed issues, for international designed forevents, international promoting comprehensive events, promoting debate comprehensive among governments, debate among international governments, organizations, international academia, organizations, migrant (legal and migrant academia, illegal) society, (legal and mass illegal) media society, on all aspects mass media related on all to aspects migration related private to sector migration and mass media. private sector World and reknowned mass media. academic World reknowned institutions academic and research institutions centers and dedicate research to research centers and take actions dedicate to research aboutand thetake world actions toxicabout waste and the ecomafia world toxic around wastethe and world. ecomafia The city around featured the and temporary world. The city featured and permanent and temporary residency. and The permanent public spaces residency. and events The public are organized spaces and around events formal and connected to ecomafia and toxic formal are andorganized informal around events connected toinformal ecomafiaevents and toxic waste around the world. waste around the world.

ECOMAFIAland

RUSSIAN ECOMAFIA PARK ITALIAN ECOMAFIA PARK

130

131

LATINNAMERICA MAFIA PARK

EUROPE ITALIAN ECOMAFIA

ITALYâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;S 4000 plus illegal dumps include 705 highly poisonous sites.

EASTERN EUROPEAN ECOMAFIA

AFRICA

Republic of Ivory Coast

ITALIAN ECOMAFIA

At least 10 people died and thousands were sickened after chemical waste pumped from a tanker chartered by Trafigura, a huge petroleum trading company based in the Netherlands, was dumped across Abidjan, the capital of Ivory Coast, in the main landfill and near poor neighborhoods.

ASIA LATIN AMERICA MEXICO AND ARGENTINA

ECOMAFIAland

EUROPEAN ECOMAFIA PARK

Mexican authorities have located 80 illegal toxic waste dumps in the Nuevo Leon and Tamaulipas states, both of which border Texas: AUSTRALIAN ECOMAFIA PARK

GLOBALMIGRATIONland

CONTENT

EUROPEAN MIGRATION LAND

NORTH AMERICA MIGRATION LAND

0132

0133

CONTENT

3 AUSTRALIAN MIGRATION LAND

Themed giantsized giantsized conferences conferencesand andmeeting meeting halls halls forfor formal formal andand informal informal meetings, meetings, conferences and discussions discussions about about the theworld worldmigration migrationissues, issues,designed designedfor for international events, promoting international events, promoting comprehensive comprehensive debate debate among among governments, governments, international organizations,organizations, international academia, migrant academia, (legalmigrant and illegal) (legalsociety, and illegal) mass society, media mass on allmedia aspects related on all aspects to migration related private to migration sector private and mass sector media. and World massreknowned media. World research reknowned institute and colleges research institute dedicate andto colleges place international dedicate to place migration international on the global migration agenda, on theanalyzing global current policy agenda, analyzing approaches current policy and issues approaches to migration. and issues Biggest to migration. school and Biggest college school in the world and college dedicated in the to world the migrant dedicated (legal toand theillegal) migrant kids (legal and young and illegal) people.The kids and cityyoung featured and temporary people.The city featured and permanent and temporary residency. and The permanent public spaces residency. and events The public are organized spaces around and events formal are organized and informal around events formal related andtoinformal the migration eventsissues. related to the migration issues.

BLOCK DIAGRAMS

DENSITY DIAGRAMS

LOWER DENSITY DIAGRAM Residential Commercial Enterteinment Amenities Parking Green

BUILDING TYPOLOGY LOWER DENSITY

20% 5% 25% 5% 10% 35%

DENSITY DIAGRAM

LOS ANGELES DENSITY DIAGRAM

MEDIUM DENSITY DIAGRAM

134

Residential Commercial Enterteinment Amenities Parking Green

SLUMLAND DENSITY DIAGRAM

30% 15% 15% 5% 10% 15%

HIGH DENSITY DIAGRAM A

LOW TO MEDIUM DENSITY

HIGH DENSITY

Residential Commercial Enterteinment Amenities Parking Green

BUILDING TYPOLOGY MEDIUM DENSITY

60% 15% 5% 3% 5% 2%

BUILDING TYPOLOGY HIGH DENSITY

0137

136 CONTENT

STATISTCS AND FACTS PUSH PUSH FACTORS FACTORS

- ECONOMICAL,POLITICAL, - ECONOMICAL,POLITICAL, FACTORS FACTORS RELIGIOUS,NATURAL RELIGIOUS,NATURAL ,PUSH,PUSH ECONOMICAL,POLITICAL,RELIGIOUS,NATURAL ECONOMICAL,POLITICAL,RELIGIOUS,NATURAL , ,

PUSH PUSH FACTORS FACTORS - ECONOMICAL,POLITICAL, - ECONOMICAL,POLITICAL, RELIGIOUS,NATURAL RELIGIOUS,NATURAL PUSHPUSH ECONOMICAL,POLITICAL, ECONOMICAL,POLITICAL, FACTORS FACTORS RELIGIOUS,NATURAL RELIGIOUS,NATURAL ,PUSH,PUSH FACTORS FACTORS -

PULL PULL FACTORS FACTORS - ECONOMICAL,POLITICAL, - ECONOMICAL,POLITICAL, RELIGIOUS, RELIGIOUS, FAMILY/FRIENDS, FAMILY/FRIENDS, PULL PULL FACTORS FACTORS - ECONOMICAL,POLITICAL, - ECONOMICAL,POLITICAL, RELIGIOUS, RELIGIOUS, FAMILY/FRIENDS, FAMILY/FRIENDS, PULL PULL FACTORS FACTORS ECONOMICAL,POLITICAL, ECONOMICAL,POLITICAL, RELIGIOUS, RELIGIOUS, FAMILY/FRIENDS, FAMILY/FRIENDS, PULL PULL FACTORS FACTORS - ECONOMICAL,POLITICAL, - ECONOMICAL,POLITICAL, RELIGIOUS, RELIGIOUS, FAMILY/FRIENDS, FAMILY/FRIENDS,

ECONOMICAL,POLITICAL, ECONOMICAL,POLITICAL, RELIGIOUS,NATURAL RELIGIOUS,NATURAL , , PULL FACTORS PULL FACTORS - ECONOMICAL,POLITICAL, - ECONOMICAL,POLITICAL, RELIGIOUS, RELIGIOUS, FAMILY/FRIENDS, FAMILY/FRIENDS, PULL FACTORS PULL FACTORS - ECONOMICAL,POLITICAL, - ECONOMICAL,POLITICAL,

RELIGIOUS, RELIGIOUS, FAMILY/FRIENDS, FAMILY/FRIENDS, PULL FACTORS PULL FACTORS family or family friends or friends links, family links, or family friends or friends links, family links, or family friends or friends ECONOMICAL,POLITICAL, ECONOMICAL,POLITICAL, RELIGIOUS, RELIGIOUS, FAMILY/FRIENDS, FAMILY/FRIENDS, PULL PULL links, family links, or family friends or friends links, family links, or family friends or friends links, family links, or family FACTORS or FACTORS - ECONOMICAL,POLITICAL, - ECONOMICAL,POLITICAL, RELIGIOUS, RELIGIOUS, FAMILY/FRIENDS, FAMILY/FRIENDS, friends friends links, family links, or family friends or friends links, family links, or family friends or friends links, links,PULL FACTORS PULL FACTORS - ECONOMICAL,POLITICAL, - ECONOMICAL,POLITICAL, RELIGIOUS, RELIGIOUS,

PUSH FACTORS PUSH FACTORS ECONOMICAL,POLITICAL, ECONOMICAL,POLITICAL, RELIGIOUS,NATURAL RELIGIOUS,NATURAL ,PUSH FACTORS ,PUSH FACTORS PUSH FACTORS PUSH FACTORS - ECONOMICAL,POLITICAL, - ECONOMICAL,POLITICAL, ECONOMICAL,POLITICAL,R ECONOMICAL,POLITICAL,R natural natural disaster,natural disaster,natural disaster,natural disaster,natural disaster, disaster, RELIGIOUS,NATURAL RELIGIOUS,NATURAL ,PUSH FACTORS ,PUSH FACTORS - ECONOMICAL,POLITICAL,RELIGIOUS,NATURAL - ECONOMICAL,POLITICAL,RELIGIOUS,NATURAL , , ELIGIOUS,NATURAL ELIGIOUS,NATURAL , , natural natural disaster, disaster, natural natural disaster, disaster, natural natural disaster, disaster, PUSH FACTORS PUSH FACTORS - ECONOMICAL,POLITICAL, - ECONOMICAL,POLITICAL, PUSH FACTORS PUSH FACTORS RELIGIOUS,NATURAL RELIGIOUS,NATURAL PUSH FACTORS PUSH FACTORS ECONOMICAL,POLITICAL, ECONOMICAL,POLITICAL, ECONOMICAL,POLITICAL, ECONOMICAL,POLITICAL, natural natural disaster, disaster, natural natural disaster, disaster, natural natural disaster, disaster, RELIGIOUS,NATURAL RELIGIOUS,NATURAL - ECONOMICAL,POLITICAL, - ECONOMICAL,POLITICAL, RELIGIOUS,NATURAL RELIGIOUS,NATURAL ,PUSH FACTORS ,PUSH FACTORS PUSH FACTORS - ECONOMICAL,POLITICAL, - ECONOMICAL,POLITICAL, RELIGIOUS,NATURAL RELIGIOUS,NATURAL , PUSH ,FACTORS - natural - natural disaster, disaster, natural natural disaster, disaster, RELIGIOUS,NATURAL RELIGIOUS,NATURAL ,PUSH FACTORS ,PUSH FACTORS - ECONOMICAL,POLITICAL,RELIGIOUS,NATURAL - ECONOMICAL,POLITICAL,RELIGIOUS,NATURAL , , NATURAL NATURAL - natural - natural disaster, disaster, natural natural disaster,natural disaster,natural PUSH FACTORS PUSH FACTORS - ECONOMICAL,POLITICAL, - ECONOMICAL,POLITICAL, PUSH FACTORS PUSH FACTORS - ECONOMICAL,POLITICAL, - ECONOMICAL,POLITICAL, disaster,natural disaster,natural disaster,natural disaster,natural disaster,natural disaster,natural disaster, disaster, RELIGIOUS,NATURAL RELIGIOUS,NATURAL PUSH FACTORS PUSH FACTORS ECONOMICAL,POLITICAL, ECONOMICAL,POLITICAL, RELIGIOUS,NATURAL RELIGIOUS,NATURAL ,PUSH FACTORS ,PUSH FACTORS NATURAL NATURAL - natural - natural disaster, disaster, natural natural disaster, disaster, - ECONOMICAL,POLITICAL, - ECONOMICAL,POLITICAL, ,PUSH FACTORS ,PUSH FACTORS ECONOMICAL,POLITICAL,RELIGIOUS,NATURAL ECONOMICAL,POLITICAL,RELIGIOUS,NATURAL , RELIGIOUS,NATURAL , RELIGIOUS,NATURAL RELIGIOUS,NATURAL RELIGIOUS,NATURAL ,, USH FACTORS ,, USH FACTORS - ECONOMICAL,POLITICAL, - ECONOMICAL,POLITICAL, NATURAL NATURAL - natural - natural disaster, disaster, natural natural disaster, disaster, PUSH FACTORS PUSH FACTORS - ECONOMICAL,POLITICAL, - ECONOMICAL,POLITICAL, - ECONOMICAL,POLITICAL,RELIGIOUS,NATURAL - ECONOMICAL,POLITICAL,RELIGIOUS,NATURAL , , RELIGIOUS,NATURAL RELIGIOUS,NATURAL ,PUSH FACTORS ,PUSH FACTORS PUSH FACTORS PUSH FACTORS ECONOMICAL,POLITICAL, ECONOMICAL,POLITICAL, RELIGIOUS,NATURAL RELIGIOUS,NATURAL natural natural disaster, disaster, natural natural disaster, disaster, natural natural disaster, disaster, natural natural PUSH FACTORS PUSH FACTORS - ECONOMICAL,POLITICAL, - ECONOMICAL,POLITICAL, RELIGIOUS,NATURAL RELIGIOUS,NATURAL ,PUSH FACTORS ,PUSH FACTORS - ECONOMICAL,POLITICAL, - ECONOMICAL,POLITICAL, PUSH PUSH FACTORS FACTORS disaster disaster PUSH FACTORS PUSH FACTORS ECONOMICAL,POLITICAL, ECONOMICAL,POLITICAL, RELIGIOUS,NATURAL RELIGIOUS,NATURAL PUSH FACTORS - ECONOMICAL,POLITICAL, - ECONOMICAL,POLITICAL, RELIGIOUS,NATURAL RELIGIOUS,NATURAL , PUSH ,FACTORS ,PUSH FACTORS ,PUSH FACTORS - ECONOMICAL,POLITICAL, - ECONOMICAL,POLITICAL, RELIGIOUS,NATURAL RELIGIOUS,NATURAL ,PUSH FACTORS ,PUSH FACTORS - RELIGIOUS,NATURAL - RELIGIOUS,NATURAL

NATURAL NATURAL

PUSH FACTORS PUSH FACTORS - ECONOMICAL,POLITICAL, - ECONOMICAL,POLITICAL, RELIGIOUS,NATURAL RELIGIOUS,NATURAL ,PUSH FACTORS ,PUSH FACTORS -

ECONOMICAL,POLITICAL,RELIGIOUS,NATURAL ECONOMICAL,POLITICAL,RELIGIOUS,NATURAL , , PUSH FACTORS PUSH FACTORS - ECONOMICAL,POLITICAL, - ECONOMICAL,POLITICAL, PUSH PUSH RELIGIOUS,NATURAL RELIGIOUS,NATURAL FACTORS FACTORS ECONOMICAL,POLITICAL, ECONOMICAL,POLITICAL, RELIGIOUS,NATURAL RELIGIOUS,NATURAL ,PUSH FACTORS ,PUSH FACTORS ECONOMICAL,POLITICAL,RELIGIOUS,NATURAL ECONOMICAL,POLITICAL,RELIGIOUS,NATURAL , , ECONOMICAL,POLITICAL, ECONOMICAL,POLITICAL, PUSH FACTORS PUSH FACTORS - ECONOMICAL,POLITICAL, - ECONOMICAL,POLITICAL, PUSH FACTORS - ECONOMICAL,POLITICAL, - ECONOMICAL,POLITICAL, RELIGIOUS,NATURAL RELIGIOUS,NATURAL , PUSH , FACTORS RELIGIOUS,NATURAL RELIGIOUS,NATURAL PUSH FACTORS PUSH FACTORS ECONOMICAL,POLITICAL, ECONOMICAL,POLITICAL, RELIGIOUS,NATURAL RELIGIOUS,NATURAL ,PUSH FACTORS ,PUSH FACTORS - ECONOMICAL,POLITICAL, - ECONOMICAL,POLITICAL, RELIGIOUS,NATURAL RELIGIOUS,NATURAL ,PUSH FACTORS ,PUSH FACTORS ECONOMICAL,POLITICAL,RELIGIOUS,NATURAL ECONOMICAL,POLITICAL,RELIGIOUS,NATURAL , , RELIGIOUS,NATURAL RELIGIOUS,NATURAL ,, USH FACTORS ,, USH FACTORS - ECONOMICAL,POLITICAL, - ECONOMICAL,POLITICAL, PUSH FACTORS PUSH FACTORS - ECONOMICAL,POLITICAL, - ECONOMICAL,POLITICAL, RELIGIOUS,NATURAL RELIGIOUS,NATURAL ,PUSH FACTORS ,PUSH FACTORS PUSH FACTORS PUSH FACTORS ECONOMICAL,POLITICAL, ECONOMICAL,POLITICAL, RELIGIOUS,NATURAL RELIGIOUS,NATURAL ECONOMICAL,POLITICAL,RELIGIOUS,NATURAL ECONOMICAL,POLITICAL,RELIGIOUS,NATURAL , , RELIGIOUS,NATURAL RELIGIOUS,NATURAL ,PUSH FACTORS ,PUSH FACTORS - ECONOMICAL,POLITICAL, - ECONOMICAL,POLITICAL, PUSH FACTORS PUSH FACTORS - ECONOMICAL,POLITICAL, - ECONOMICAL,POLITICAL, PUSH FACTORS - ECONOMICAL,POLITICAL, - ECONOMICAL,POLITICAL, RELIGIOUS,NATURAL RELIGIOUS,NATURAL , PUSH ,FACTORS RELIGIOUS,NATURAL RELIGIOUS,NATURAL PUSH FACTORS PUSH FACTORS ECONOMICAL,POLITICAL, ECONOMICAL,POLITICAL, RELIGIOUS,NATURAL RELIGIOUS,NATURAL ,PUSH FACTORS ,PUSH FACTORS - ECONOMICAL,POLITICAL, - ECONOMICAL,POLITICAL, RELIGIOUS,NATURAL RELIGIOUS,NATURAL ,PUSH FACTORS ,PUSH FACTORS ECONOMICAL,POLITICAL,RELIGIOUS,NATURAL ECONOMICAL,POLITICAL,RELIGIOUS,NATURAL , , RELIGIOUS,NATURAL RELIGIOUS,NATURAL , PUSH ,FACTORS PUSH FACTORS - ECONOMICAL,POLITICAL, - ECONOMICAL,POLITICAL, PUSH FACTORS PUSH FACTORS - ECONOMICAL,POLITICAL, - ECONOMICAL,POLITICAL, RELIGIOUS,NATURAL RELIGIOUS,NATURAL ,PUSH FACTORS ,PUSH FACTORS RELIGIOUS,NATURAL RELIGIOUS,NATURAL PUSH FACTORS PUSH FACTORS ECONOMICAL,POLITICAL, ECONOMICAL,POLITICAL, ECONOMICAL,POLITICAL,RELIGIOUS,NATURAL ECONOMICAL,POLITICAL,RELIGIOUS,NATURAL , , - ECONOMICAL,POLITICAL, - ECONOMICAL,POLITICAL, RELIGIOUS,NATURAL RELIGIOUS,NATURAL ,PUSH FACTORS ,PUSH FACTORS PUSH FACTORS PUSH FACTORS - ECONOMICAL,POLITICAL, - ECONOMICAL,POLITICAL, RELIGIOUS,NATURAL RELIGIOUS,NATURAL , , PUSH FACTORS PUSH FACTORS ECONOMICAL,POLITICAL, ECONOMICAL,POLITICAL, RELIGIOUS,NATURAL RELIGIOUS,NATURAL RELIGIOUS,NATURAL RELIGIOUS,NATURAL ,PUSH FACTORS ,PUSH FACTORS - ECONOMICAL,POLITICAL, - ECONOMICAL,POLITICAL, RELIGIOUS,NATURAL RELIGIOUS,NATURAL

PUSH FACTORS PUSH FACTORS -

ECONOMICAL-not ECONOMICAL-not enoughenough jobs, few jobs, opportunities, few opportunities, low living lowstandart, living standart, unsecurity, unsecurity, ECONOMICAL-not ECONOMICAL-not enoughenough jobs, few jobs, opportunities, few opportunities, low living lowstandart, living standart,

, ECONOMICAL , ECONOMICAL -not enough -not enough jobs, jobs, few opportunities, few opportunities, low living lowstandart, living standart, unsecurity, unsecurity,

ECONOMICAL,POLITICAL, ECONOMICAL,POLITICAL, unsecurity unsecurity RELIGIOUS,NATURAL RELIGIOUS,NATURAL ,PUSH FACTORS ,PUSH FACTORS

ECONOMICAL,POLITICAL,RELIGIOUS,NATUR ECONOMICAL,POLITICAL,RELIGIOUS,NATUR ECONOMICAL-not ECONOMICAL-not enoughenough jobs, few jobs, opportunities, few opportunities, AL , AL ,

PUSH FACTORS PUSH FACTORS -

ECONOMICAL,POLITICAL, ECONOMICAL,POLITICAL, RELIGIOUS,NATURAL RELIGIOUS,NATURAL PUSH PUSH

low living lowstandart, living standart, unsecurity, unsecurity, NOMICAL-not NOMICAL-not enoughenough PUSH PUSH FACTORS FACTORS jobs, few jobs, opportunities, few opportunities, low living lowstandart, living standart, unsecurity, unsecurity, ECONOMICAL-not ECONOMICAL-not enoughenough jobs, few jobs, opportunities, few opportunities, POLITICALPOLITICALpoliticalpolitical fear, wars, fear,unsecurity, wars, unsecurity, fear of fear torture of or torture or mistreatment, mistreatment, POLITICALPOLITICALpolitical political fear, wars, fear, unsecurity, wars, unsecurity, fearofoffear fearofof POLITICALPOLITICALpolitical political fear, wars, fear, unsecurity, wars, unsecurity, fear torture or torture mistreatment, or torture mistreatment, POLITICALPOLITICALpoliticalpolitical fear, wars, fear, wars, torture or mistreatment or mistreatment unsecurity, unsecurity, fear ofRELIGIOUSfear torture of not or torture mistreatment or mistreatment ,POLITICAL,POLITICALpolitical political RELIGIOUSbeing not able beingto able practice to practice a religion a religion fear, wars, fear,unsecurity, wars, unsecurity, fear of fear torture of or torture mistreatment, or mistreatment, POLITICALPOLITICALpoliticalpolitical fear, wars, fear,unsecurity, wars, unsecurity, fear of fear torture of or torture or mistreatmentPOLITICALmistreatmentPOLITICALpoliticalpolitical fear, wars, fear,unsecurity, wars, unsecurity, fear of fear of torture or torture mistreatment, or mistreatment, POLITICALPOLITICALpoliticalpolitical fear, wars, fear, wars, unsecurity, unsecurity, fear of fear torture of or torture mistreatment, or mistreatment, POLITICALPOLITICALpoliticalpolitical fear, wars, fear,unsecurity, wars, unsecurity, fear of fear torture of or torture mistreatment or mistreatment ,POLITICAL,POLITICALpoliticalpolitical fear, wars, fear,unsecurity, wars, unsecurity, fear of fear torture of or torture or mistreatment, mistreatment, RELIGIOUSRELIGIOUSnotwars, being not able being to able practice to fear practice a religion, a religion, POLITICALPOLITICALpolitical political fear, fear, unsecurity, wars, unsecurity, fear of torture of or torture or RELIGIOUSRELIGIOUSnot being not able beingto able practice to practice a religion a religion RELIGIOUSRELIGIOUSnot being not able beingto able practice to practice a religion a religion RELIGIOUSRELIGIOUSnot being not able beingto able practice to practice a religion a religion - not being - not able beingto able practice to practice a religion a religion

RELIGIOUS RELIGIOUS - not being - not able beingto able practice to practice a a

religionreligion RELIGIOUSRELIGIOUSnot being not able beingto able practice to practice a religion a religion RELIGIOUSRELIGIOUSnot being not able beingto able practice to practice a religion a religion RELIGIOUSRELIGIOUSnot being not able beingto able practice to practice a religion a religion

FAMILY/FRIENDS FAMILY/FRIENDS

FAMILY/FRIENDS, FAMILY/FRIENDS, PULL FACTORS PULL FACTORS - ECONOMICAL,POLITICAL, - ECONOMICAL,POLITICAL, RELIGIOUS, RELIGIOUS, FAMILY/FRIENDS, FAMILY/FRIENDS, PULL FACTORS PULL FACTORS - family- or family friends or friends links, family links, family ECONOMICAL,POLITICAL, ECONOMICAL,POLITICAL, RELIGIOUS, RELIGIOUS, FAMILY/FRIENDS, FAMILY/FRIENDS, PULL PULL or friends or friends links, family links, or family friends or friends links, family links, or family friends or friends links, links, PULL FACTORS PULL FACTORS - ECONOMICAL,POLITICAL, - ECONOMICAL,POLITICAL, RELIGIOUS, RELIGIOUS, FAMILY/FRIENDS, FAMILY/FRIENDS, PULL FACTORS PULL FACTORS - ECONOMICAL,POLITICAL, - ECONOMICAL,POLITICAL, family or family friends or friends links, family links, or family friends or friends links, family links, or family friends or friends RELIGIOUS, RELIGIOUS, FAMILY/FRIENDS, FAMILY/FRIENDS, PULL FACTORS PULL FACTORS links, links, ECONOMICAL,POLITICAL, ECONOMICAL,POLITICAL, RELIGIOUS, RELIGIOUS, FAMILY/FRIENDS, FAMILY/FRIENDS, PULL PULL FACTORSFACTORS - ECONOMICAL,POLITICAL, - ECONOMICAL,POLITICAL, RELIGIOUS, RELIGIOUS, FAMILY/FRIENDS, FAMILY/FRIENDS, family or family friends or friends links, family links, or family friends or friends links, family links, or family friends or friends

PULL FACTORS PULL FACTORS - ECONOMICAL,POLITICAL, - ECONOMICAL,POLITICAL, RELIGIOUS, RELIGIOUS, links, family links, or family friends or friends links, family links, or family friends or friends links, family links, or family or FAMILY/FRIENDS, FAMILY/FRIENDS, PULL FACTORS PULL FACTORS - ECONOMICAL,POLITICAL, - ECONOMICAL,POLITICAL,

RELIGIOUS, RELIGIOUS, FAMILY/FRIENDS, FAMILY/FRIENDS, PULL FACTORS PULL FACTORS ECONOMICAL,POLITICAL, ECONOMICAL,POLITICAL, RELIGIOUS, RELIGIOUS, FAMILY/FRIENDS, FAMILY/FRIENDS, PULL PULL PULL FACTORS PULL FACTORS ECONOMICAL,POLITICAL, ECONOMICAL,POLITICAL, RELIGIOUS, RELIGIOUS, FAMILY/FRIENDS, FAMILY/FRIENDS, PULL FACTORS PULL FACTORS ECONOMICAL,POLITICAL, ECONOMICAL,POLITICAL, RELIGIOUS, RELIGIOUS, ECONOMICAL ECONOMICAL - chances - chances of getting of getting better jobs, betterbetter jobs, better FAMILY/FRIENDS, FAMILY/FRIENDS, PULL FACTORS PULL FACTORS ECONOMICAL,POLITICAL, ECONOMICAL,POLITICAL, RELIGIOUS, RELIGIOUS, paid and paid better andliving betterstandarts, living standarts, economic economic security, security, better better FAMILY/FRIENDS, FAMILY/FRIENDS, PULL FACTORS PULL FACTORS education, education, ECONOMICAL ECONOMICAL - chances - chances of getting of getting better jobs, better jobs, ECONOMICAL,POLITICAL, ECONOMICAL,POLITICAL, RELIGIOUS, RELIGIOUS,

better paid betterand paid better andliving betterstandarts, living standarts, economic economic security, security,

better education, better education, ECONOMICAL ECONOMICAL - chances - chances of of getting getting better jobs, betterbetter jobs, paid betterand paid better andliving betterstandarts, living standarts, economic economic security, security, better education, better education, ECONOMICAL ECONOMICAL chances chances of getting of getting better jobs, betterbetter jobs, paid betterand paid better andliving better living standarts, standarts, economic economic security, security, better education, better education, better paid better paid and better andliving betterstandarts, living standarts, economic economic security, security, better better education education POLITICALPOLITICALpoliticalpolitical securitysecurity , freedom , freedom of expression, of expression, politicalpolitical securiy,securiy, POLITICALPOLITICALpoliticalpolitical securitysecurity , freedom , freedom of of expression, expression, politicalpolitical securiysecuriy , POLITICAL, POLITICALpoliticalpolitical securitysecurity , , freedom freedom of expression, of expression, politicalpolitical securiysecuriy , POLITICAL, POLITICALpoliticalpolitical securitysecurity , freedom , freedom of expression, of expression, politicalpolitical securiysecuriy

POLITICAL POLITICAL - political - political securitysecurity , freedom , freedom of expression, of expression, politicalpolitical securiysecuriy , POLITICAL, POLITICALpoliticalpolitical securitysecurity , freedom , freedom of of expression, expression, politicalpolitical securiysecuriy , POLITICAL, POLITICALpoliticalpolitical securitysecurity , , freedom freedom of expression, of expression, politicalpolitical securiysecuriy , POLITICAL, POLITICALpoliticalpolitical securitysecurity , freedom , freedom of expression, of expression, politicalpolitical securiysecuriy , , POLITICALPOLITICALpoliticalpolitical securitysecurity , freedom , freedom of expression, of expression, able to able practice to practice a religion, a religion, able to able practice to practice a religion, a religion, able to able to practicepractice a religion,able a religion,able to practice to practice a religion,able a religion,able to practice to practice a a religion,able religion,able to practice to practice a religion,able a religion,able to practice to practice a religion, a religion,

RELIGIOUS RELIGIOUS - able to- able practice to practice a religion, a religion, able to able to

practicepractice a religion,able a religion,able to practice to practice a religion,able a religion,able to practice to practice a a religion,able religion,able to practice to practice a religion,able a religion,able to practice to practice a a religion,able religion,able to practice to practice a religion,able a religion,able to practice to practice a a religion,able religion,able to practice to practice a religion,able a religion,able to practice to practice a religion, a religion, RELIGIOUSRELIGIOUSable to able practice to practice a religion, a religion, able to able practice to practice a a religion,able religion,able to practice to practice a religion,able a religion,able to practice to practice a a religion,able religion,able to practice to practice a religion,able a religion,able to practice to practice a a religion,able religion,able to practice to practice a religion, a religion,

FAMILY/FRIENDS, FAMILY/FRIENDS, PULL PULL

PULL FACTORS PULL FACTORS - ECONOMICAL,POLITICAL, - ECONOMICAL,POLITICAL, RELIGIOUS, RELIGIOUS, PULL FACTORS PULL FACTORS - ECONOMICAL,POLITICAL, - ECONOMICAL,POLITICAL, RELIGIOUS, RELIGIOUS, FAMILY/FRIENDS, FAMILY/FRIENDS, PULL FACTORS PULL FACTORS - ECONOMICAL,POLITICAL, - ECONOMICAL,POLITICAL, FAMILY/FRIENDS, FAMILY/FRIENDS, PULL FACTORS PULL FACTORS - ECONOMICAL,POLITICAL, - ECONOMICAL,POLITICAL, RELIGIOUS, FAMILY/FRIENDS, FAMILY/FRIENDS, PULL FACTORS PULL FACTORS RELIGIOUS, RELIGIOUS, FAMILY/FRIENDS, FAMILY/FRIENDS, PULL FACTORS PULL FACTORS - RELIGIOUS, ECONOMICAL,POLITICAL, ECONOMICAL,POLITICAL, RELIGIOUS, RELIGIOUS, FAMILY/FRIENDS, FAMILY/FRIENDS, PULL PULL ECONOMICAL,POLITICAL, ECONOMICAL,POLITICAL, RELIGIOUS, RELIGIOUS, FAMILY/FRIENDS, FAMILY/FRIENDS, PULL PULL PULL FACTORS PULL FACTORS - ECONOMICAL,POLITICAL, - ECONOMICAL,POLITICAL, RELIGIOUS, RELIGIOUS, PULL FACTORS PULL FACTORS - ECONOMICAL,POLITICAL, - ECONOMICAL,POLITICAL, FAMILY/FRIENDS, FAMILY/FRIENDS, PULL FACTORS PULL FACTORS - ECONOMICAL,POLITICAL, - ECONOMICAL,POLITICAL, RELIGIOUS, RELIGIOUS, FAMILY/FRIENDS, FAMILY/FRIENDS, PULL FACTORS PULL FACTORS RELIGIOUS, RELIGIOUS, FAMILY/FRIENDS, FAMILY/FRIENDS, PULL FACTORS PULL FACTORS ECONOMICAL,POLITICAL, ECONOMICAL,POLITICAL, RELIGIOUS, RELIGIOUS, ECONOMICAL,POLITICAL, ECONOMICAL,POLITICAL, RELIGIOUS, RELIGIOUS, FAMILY/FRIENDS, FAMILY/FRIENDS, PULL PULL FAMILY/FRIENDS, FAMILY/FRIENDS, PULL FACTORS PULL FACTORS FACTORSFACTORS - ECONOMICAL,POLITICAL, - ECONOMICAL,POLITICAL, RELIGIOUS, RELIGIOUS, FAMILY/FRIENDS, FAMILY/FRIENDS, ECONOMICAL,POLITICAL, ECONOMICAL,POLITICAL, RELIGIOUS, RELIGIOUS, FAMILY/FRIENDS, FAMILY/FRIENDS, PULL FACTORS PULL FACTORS PULL FACTORS PULL FACTORS - ECONOMICAL,POLITICAL, - ECONOMICAL,POLITICAL, RELIGIOUS, RELIGIOUS, ECONOMICAL,POLITICAL, ECONOMICAL,POLITICAL, RELIGIOUS, RELIGIOUS, FAMILY/FRIENDS, FAMILY/FRIENDS, PULL FACTORS PULL FACTORS - ECONOMICAL,POLITICAL, - ECONOMICAL,POLITICAL, RELIGIOUS, RELIGIOUS, FAMILY/FRIENDS, FAMILY/FRIENDS, PULL FACTORS PULL FACTORS FAMILY/FRIENDS, FAMILY/FRIENDS, PULL FACTORS PULL FACTORS ECONOMICAL,POLITICAL, ECONOMICAL,POLITICAL, RELIGIOUS, RELIGIOUS, FAMILY/FRIENDS, FAMILY/FRIENDS, PULL PULL ECONOMICAL,POLITICAL, ECONOMICAL,POLITICAL, RELIGIOUS, PULLRELIGIOUS, FACTORS PULL FACTORS FACTORSFACTORS - ECONOMICAL,POLITICAL, - ECONOMICAL,POLITICAL, RELIGIOUS, RELIGIOUS, FAMILY/FRIENDS FAMILY/FRIENDS ECONOMICAL,POLI ECONOMICAL,POLI TICAL, RELIGIOUS, TICAL, RELIGIOUS, FAMILY/FRIENDS, FAMILY/FRIENDS, PULL FACTORS PULL FACTORS ECONOMICAL,POLI ECONOMICAL,POLI TICAL, RELIGIOUS, TICAL, RELIGIOUS, FAMILY/FRIENDS, FAMILY/FRIENDS, PULL FACTORS PULL FACTORS ECONOMICAL,POLI ECONOMICAL,POLI

PULL FACTORS PULL FACTORS - ECONOMICAL,POLITICAL, - ECONOMICAL,POLITICAL, RELIGIOUS, RELIGIOUS, FAMILY/FRIENDS, FAMILY/FRIENDS, PULL FACTORS PULL FACTORS - ECONOMICAL,POLITICAL, - ECONOMICAL,POLITICAL, RELIGIOUS, RELIGIOUS, FAMILY/FRIENDS, FAMILY/FRIENDS, PULL FACTORS PULL FACTORS ECONOMICAL,POLITICAL, ECONOMICAL,POLITICAL, RELIGIOUS, RELIGIOUS, FAMILY/FRIENDS, FAMILY/FRIENDS, PULL PULL FACTORSFACTORS - ECONOMICAL,POLITICAL, - ECONOMICAL,POLITICAL, RELIGIOUS, RELIGIOUS, FAMILY/FRIENDS, FAMILY/FRIENDS,

STATISTCS AND FACTS

Countries of origin with high emigration rates are in Africa, Eastern Europe, Central Asia, South and Central America: STATISTICS AND FACTS 140

EMIGRATIONplaces with high rates are Africa, Eastern Europe, Central Asia, South and Central America

IMMIGRATIONCountries currently with high immigration rates are North America, Western Europe, Central places with high rates Australia. are North America, Western Europe, Central Europe, Southern Europe, Europe, Southern Europe, Australia PULL FACTORS - ECONOMICAL,POLITICAL, RELIGIOUS, FAMILY/FRIENDS, PULL FACTORS - ECONOMICAL,POLITICAL, RELIGIOUS, FAMILY/FRIENDS, PULL FACTORS ECONOMICAL,POLITICAL, RELIGIOUS, FAMILY/FRIENDS, PULL FACTORS - ECONOMICAL,POLITICAL, RELIGIOUS, FAMILY/FRIENDS,

PULL FACTORS - ECONOMICAL,POLITICAL,PULL FACTORS - ECONOMICAL,POLITICAL, RELIGIOUS, FAMILY/FRIENDS, PULL FACTORS - ECONOMICAL,POLITICAL, RELIGIOUS, FAMILY/FRIENDS, PULL FACTORS RELIGIOUS, FAMILY/FRIENDS, PULL FACTORS ECONOMICAL,POLITICAL, RELIGIOUS, ECONOMICAL,POLITICAL, RELIGIOUS, FAMILY/FRIENDS, PULL FAMILY/FRIENDS, PULL FACTORS FACTORS - ECONOMICAL,POLITICAL, RELIGIOUS, FAMILY/FRIENDS, ECONOMICAL,POLITICAL, RELIGIOUS, FAMILY/FRIENDS, PULL FACTORS PULL FACTORS - ECONOMICAL,POLITICAL, RELIGIOUS, ECONOMICAL,POLITICAL, RELIGIOUS, FAMILY/FRIENDS, PULL FACTORS - ECONOMICAL,POLITICAL,

PULL FACTORS - ECONOMICAL,POLITICAL, RELIGIOUS,

FAMILY/FRIENDS, PULL FACTORS - ECONOMICAL,POLITICAL, RELIGIOUS, FAMILY/FRIENDS, PULL FACTORS ECONOMICAL,POLITICAL, RELIGIOUS, FAMILY/FRIENDS, PULL PULL FACTORS - ECONOMICAL,POLITICAL, RELIGIOUS, FAMILY/FRIENDS, PULL FACTORS - ECONOMICAL,POLITICAL, RELIGIOUS, FAMILY/FRIENDS, PULL FACTORS ECONOMICAL,POLITICAL, RELIGIOUS, FAMILY/FRIENDS, PULL FACTORS - ECONOMICAL,POLITICAL, RELIGIOUS, FAMILY/FRIENDS,

PULL FACTORS - ECONOMICAL,POLITICAL, RELIGIOUS,

per year:

FAMILY/FRIENDS, PULL FACTORS - ECONOMICAL,POLITICAL, RELIGIOUS, FAMILY/FRIENDS, PULL FACTORS ECONOMICAL,POLITICAL, RELIGIOUS, FAMILY/FRIENDS, PULL PULL FACTORS ECONOMICAL,POLITICAL, RELIGIOUS, FAMILY/FRIENDS, PULL FACTORS ECONOMICAL,POLITICAL, RELIGIOUS, FAMILY/FRIENDS, PULL FACTORS ECONOMICAL,POLITICAL, RELIGIOUS, FAMILY/FRIENDS, PULL FACTORS ECONOMICAL,POLITICAL, RELIGIOUS, FAMILY/FRIENDS,

FAMILY/FRIENDS, PULL FACTORS FAMILY/FRIENDS, PULL FACTORSRELIGIOUS, ECONOMICAL,POLITICAL, RELIGIOUS, FAMILY/FRIENDS, PULL ECONOMICAL,POLITICAL, RELIGIOUS, PULL FACTORS - ECONOMICAL,POLITICAL, RELIGIOUS, PULL FACTORS - ECONOMICAL,POLITICAL, RELIGIOUS, FAMILY/FRIENDS, PULL FACTORS - ECONOMICAL,POLITICAL, FAMILY/FRIENDS, PULL FACTORS - ECONOMICAL,POLITICAL, RELIGIOUS, FAMILY/FRIENDS, PULL FACTORS RELIGIOUS, FAMILY/FRIENDS, PULL FACTORS ECONOMICAL,POLITICAL, RELIGIOUS, FAMILY/FRIENDS, PULL ECONOMICAL,POLITICAL, RELIGIOUS, FAMILY/FRIENDS, PULL FACTORS - ECONOMICAL,POLITICAL, RELIGIOUS, FAMILY/FRIENDS, FACTORS - ECONOMICAL,POLITICAL, RELIGIOUS, FAMILY/FRIENDS,

PULL FACTORS - ECONOMICAL,POLITICAL, RELIGIOUS, PULL FACTORS - ECONOMICAL,POLITICAL, RELIGIOUS, FAMILY/FRIENDS, PULL FACTORS - ECONOMICAL,POLITICAL, RELIGIOUS, FAMILY/FRIENDS, PULL FACTORS ECONOMICAL,POLITICAL, RELIGIOUS, FAMILY/FRIENDS, PULL

PULL

Bosnia and Herzegovina: 1.3% Burundi: 0.8% Jordan: 0.63% -0.6%: -0.5%: -0.4%: -0.3%: -0.2%:

Mali Saudi Arabia, Albania, Georgia; Armenia, Bulgaria, Azerbaijan, Mexico, Republic of Congo, El Salvador, Estonia; Ecuador, Kazakhstan, Tanzania Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Tajikistan, Guatemala

Small countries like island states can have extremely high migration rates that fluctuate over short times due to their low overall population: Micronesia -2% per year, Grenada -1.6%, Samoa -1.2%, Dominica -0.93%, Suriname and Virgin Islands -0.87%, Greenland -0.83%, Guyana and Saint Vincent and the Grenadines -0.75%; Liberia 2.7%, Kuwait 1.6%, Turks and Caicos Islands 1.1%, San Marino 1.1%.

Canada: 0.58% Ireland: 0.48% Australia: 0.38% New Zealand: 0.36% Angola: 0.35% Portugal: 0.34% USA: 0.32% Switzerland: 0.31% Netherlands: 0.27% Denmark: 0.25% Belarus: 0.23% Greece: 0.23% Germany: 0.22% United Kingdom: 0.22% Italy: 0.2%

PULL FACTORS - ECONOMICAL,POLITICAL, RELIGIOUS, FAMILY/FRIENDS, PULL FACTORS - ECONOMICAL,POLITICAL, RELIGIOUS, FAMILY/FRIENDS, PULL FACTORS ECONOMICAL,POLITICAL, RELIGIOUS, FAMILY/FRIENDS, PULL FACTORS - ECONOMICAL,POLITICAL, RELIGIOUS, FAMILY/FRIENDS,

PULL FACTORS - ECONOMICAL,POLITICAL, RELIGIOUS,

FAMILY/FRIENDS, PULL FACTORS - ECONOMICAL,POLITICAL, RELIGIOUS, FAMILY/FRIENDS, PULL FACTORS ECONOMICAL,POLITICAL, RELIGIOUS, FAMILY/FRIENDS, PULL FACTORS - ECONOMICAL,POLITICAL, RELIGIOUS, FAMILY/FRIENDS

0144

WARCITY is organized around themed war parks. There are are historical historical war warparks parkssuch suchasas WORLS WORLS WAR WAR I and I and WORLD WORLD WAR WAR II Hystorical II Hystorical parks. There are are also also different different countries countrieswar warparks, parks,such suchas asAphgasnistan AphgasnistanWar Warark, ark,Iraq Iraq War Park, Park, European European WAR WARparks parks, ,African AfricanWars Wars park park , America , America War War parks. parks. TheThe highest highest density of the city is achieved achieved where where the the most most wars wars are are represented represented such such as asAmerican American War parks . One can enjoy enjoy the the experience experience to to be be in in aa war war participating participating or or just just passively watching. There passively watching. are also There gigantius are alsostadiums gigantiuswhere stadiums constantly where are constantly playing are different playingwars.

0145

CONTENT

WARcity

WARcity 146

image: @invisibleamerica.com

THE WAR-GAME ARENA

courtesy Work Achitecture Company

THEOTHERland

THEOTHERland 148

149

152

153

BIBLIOGRAPHY BIBLIOGRAPHY

BIBLIOGRAPHY:

1. “Agassi’s vision extends from tennis to real estate”by Carol Lloyd, SF Gate, September, 29,2006 BIBLIOGRAPHY

2. “ Palm Springs Babylon- The Sizzling Stories from the Desert Playground of the Stars” by Ray Mungo, St. MArtin ‘s Press, February 1993 3. http://www.chinati.org/english2/collection/images/holzerr_aluminum.jpg

15. Colombo, Francesca. “Environment-Italy: Mafia Dominates Garbage Industry.” Inter Press Service Online. 24 June 2003 <http://ipsnews.net/print.asp?idnews=18952> 16. Dubailand vs. Disneyland.” UAEPropertyTrends Online. 21May2006 <http://www.uaepropertytrends.com/ptrends/mvnforum/viewthread?thread=1430> 17. Dubailand” TENReal Esatate. 2007. < http://realestate.theemiratesnetwork.com/developments/dubai/dubailand.php>

4. “Artillery Sheds,” in Donald Judd--Architektur, Munster, Cantz, 1989, pp. 72-73.

154

5. “City branding-buiding image and image building” , voen Van Singel, Michael Speaks, Berci Florian, Hans Mommaas, NAi Publishers, Rotterdam, 2002.

18. Speaks, Michael, Florian Berci, Hans Mommaas, and voen Van ,Siegel. City branding-building image and image building., Rotterdam, NAI Publisher, 2002

6. “Urbanism without urbanist,-s” Archis-3, 2003, author: Jeffrey Inaba, Peter Zellner, Danielle Levitt

19. “Economic Impact of tourism.” UNEP Tourism. 9 October 2001 < http://www.uneptie.org/pc/tourism/sust-tourism/economic.html>

7. Brian Mcmorrow images www.pbase.com/bmcmorrow/dubaiprojects 8. Davis, Mike, and Daniel Bertrand. Evil Paradises: The Dreamworlds of Neoliberalism. New Press, 2007. 9. Klingmann, Anna. Brandscapes: Architecture in the experience economy.MIT Press, 2007 10. AMO, Archis, Moutamart. Al Manack. Archis Foundation, 2007 11. Hannington, Jhon. Fantasy City: Pleasure and Profit in the Postmodern Metropolis. Routledge, 1998 12. Williamson, Lucy. “Migrants woes in Dubai worker camps.” BBC News Online: Dubai. 10 February 2005 <http:// www.news.bbc.co.uk/2/south_asia/4249223.stm> “ 13. Dubai’s labour force goes on strike.”International. The News Online.17January 2008 Waterfront, Mike. “Fantasy land.” Las Vegas Review-Journal Online. 26 February 1998 <http://www.reviewjournal.com/ lvrj_home/1998/Feb-26-Thu-1998/lifestyles/6948669> 14. Darlington, Shasta. “Italian “Eco-Mafia”, Outstrips Economy - Study.” Planetark Online. 1 June 2005 < http://www. planetark.com/dailynewsstory.cfm/newsid/31052/story.htm>