GROUP FIVE (TEAM GALLEY) GROUP PRESENTATION TOPIC:
CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY GROUP MEMBERS:
ESINAM GALLEY (LEADER) DANIEL ETU MANTEY SOLOMON HASFORD ROSEMARY KOUFIE IRENE ESTHER ASIBUO LINDA TACHIE-MENSON PRESENTED TO KOJO KUTIN
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OBJECTIVES AFTER THIS PRESENTATION The presentation seeks to cover the following themes: •
Introduction
•
The Stakeholder, Stakeholder Groups and Stakeholder Interest
•
Stakeholder Theory
•
Social Responsibility Debate
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Basis, Perspective and Issues of CSR
•
CSR and Definition
•
Classification of CSR
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Views of CSR
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Motivations of CSR
•
Components or Examples of CSR
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Levels and Principles of CSR
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Relationship or Role between CSR and Ethics
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Benefits and Challenges of CSR
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CSR Initiatives and Strategies
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Myths Surrounding CSR
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Arguments for and Against CSR
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Practical Application of CSR
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Legal framework and Sector laws
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Recommendation and Conclusion
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INTRODUCTION There is a growing interest in the ethical behaviour of corporations, or corporate social responsibility (CSR), in both the academic and non-academic worlds:"...there is an increasing focus both by business on CSR and also by society on the actions of business." (Moir, 2001) CSR has become multi-disciplinary. Discussion on the subject is increasingly evident in the business world (FTSE, 2001; Ross, 2000), politicians (Hewitt, 2001) and the media (Macalister, 2001; Roberts and Hunt, 2001; BBC Radio 4, 2001). Scholars discuss the subject in a variety of subject areas: accountancy; law (Whitehouse 2001); marketing (Adkins 1999a, b); economics (Kell and Ruggie, 2001; McWilliams and Siegel, 2001); political theory (Held, 2002; Moon, 2001) and by those concerned with business ethics (Maclagan, 1998).
THE STAKEHOLDER Stakeholders are all those who are affected by or can affect the activities of the firm. They can be from within or outside of the organization. Each Stakeholder has a different criterion of social responsiveness based on their specific interest (or stake) in the organization. (Professor Schoenfeld, Social Responsibility and Ethics Contemporary Management Concepts) STAKEHOLDER GROUPS The Stakeholder group may be primary or secondary; Primary Stakeholders: Those who have a formal, official, or contractual relationship with the organization, For example: Owners, Customers, Suppliers, And Employees etc Secondary Stakeholders: They are other societal groups who are affected by the activities of the firm. For example: society or local community, media, consumer groups, social and civil society groups, environmental groups, government etc. (Professor Schoenfeld, Social Responsibility and Ethics Contemporary Management Concepts) 3
STAKEHOLDERS INTEREST Employees are interested in work satisfaction, job security, etc Investors/ owners are interested in managerial efficiency and profit Customers are interested in product quality and availability Government are interested in law compliance, operating in a safe environment (Professor Schoenfeld, Social Responsibility and Ethics Contemporary Management Concepts) Special Interest Stakeholders Environmental groups e.g. EPA, WILDLIFE Political action groups e.g. AFAG, TUC Groups interested in quality of life in community e.g. Social Welfare (Professor Schoenfeld, Social Responsibility and Ethics Contemporary Management Concepts) Stakeholder Theory According to Maclagan, CSR is “…a distinct label attached to theories of the business-society relationship” (Maclagan, 1998: 147) and he continues that: "Corporate social responsibility may be viewed as a process in which managers take responsibility for identifying and accommodating the interests of those affected by the organization’s actions.” (Maclagan, 1998: 147). Maclagan supports Carroll’s stakeholder view of CSR, arguing that all stakeholders are claimants on the moral direction of the company (Maclagan, 1999). According to sources cited in Carroll: "A socially responsible firm is one whose managerial staffs balance a multiplicity of interests. Instead of striving only for larger profits for its stockholders, a responsible enterprise also takes 4
into account employees, suppliers, dealers, local communities and the nation." (Johnson 1971 in Carroll 1999: 273) Therefore, it seems that CSR cannot be interpreted solely as corporate activity confined to the local community, as much of the literature seems to suggest and would include such issues as the bonuses given to the bosses of poorly performing companies. A further contradiction associated with the literature centres upon whether CSR should be voluntary, or not. For example, Wood refers to “…how society grants and takes away corporate legitimacy” and cites this as one of three underlying principles of CSR, which includes fines from governments given to those considered to be irresponsible (Wood, 1991: 697). According to Carroll, “The CSR firm should strive to make a profit, obey the law, be ethical and be a good corporate citizen.” (Carroll, 1999) In Carroll’s view, being a good corporate citizen includes voluntary socially responsible actions. He identifies four components that need to be present in order for a business to claim it is socially responsible. These are economic, legal, ethical and philanthropic responsibilities (Carroll, 1996). Philanthropic responsibilities are described as “purely voluntary.” Therefore, exceeding the requirements of the law is also a feature of the CSR literature: “Corporate social responsibility refers to managements’ obligation to set policies, make decisions and follow courses of action beyond the requirements of the law that are desirable in terms of the values and objectives of society.” (Mosley et al., 1996) This view is supported by Baker who declares that: “CSR is not philanthropy and it must be more than just obeying the law.” (Baker, 2001) The question arises as to which actions involving which stakeholders ought to be voluntary and which should be enforced by law. Furthermore, definitions of the scope of CSR appear to vary in terms of differing levels of corporate commitment to CSR; that is, in terms of the level of stakeholder involvement.
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THE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY DEBATE Does it mean the corporation’s actions must not harm society OR Does it mean a corporation’s actions should benefit society? (Professor Schoenfeld, Social Responsibility and Ethics Contemporary Management Concepts) BASIS OF THE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY The Premises of the Social Responsibility Debate can be seen as a Social Contract or Moral Agent. Social contract: It may be an implied set of rights and obligations that are inherent in social policy and assumed by business. A business must comply with these guidelines established by society. Moral agent: The obligation of a business to act honorably and to reflect and enforce values that is consistent with those of society. (Professor Schoenfeld, Social Responsibility and Ethics Contemporary Management Concepts) PERSPECTIVES OF SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY Economic Perspective: The responsibility of business is to make a profit within the “rules of the game.” Organizations cannot be moral agents. Only individuals can serve as moral agents. Public Responsibility: Businesses should act in a way that is consistent with society’s view of responsible behavior, as well as with established laws and policies.
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Social Responsiveness: Business should proactively seek to contribute to and improve society in a positive way. Organizations should develop an internal environment that encourages and supports ethical behavior at an individual level. (Professor Schoenfeld, Social Responsibility and Ethics Contemporary Management Concepts) CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY There is no universal definition of CSR. The concept is always being redefined to serve changing needs and times. While the fundamentals of CSR remain the same everywhere, different emphases are found in different parts of the world because CSR issues vary in nature and importance from industry to industry and from location to location. (Bjรถrn Stigson, 2003) Definitions of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) range from business ethics, to sustainability, to corporate citizenship. Some companies simply see CSR as "the right thing to do"; while others see it as a strategic differentiator for their company and a means to achieving greater business value. (Canadian Business for Social Responsibility) The dominant research perspective on why corporations engage in social and environmental reporting is legitimacy theory. Legitimacy theory relies upon the notion of a social contract between corporations and society or a community, and on the maintained assumption that corporations will adopt strategies, including disclosure strategies, that show society that the organisation is attempting to comply with their expectations. (Heledd Jenkins, 2004)
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DEFINITION OF CSR ‘Corporate Social Responsibility is the continuing commitment by business to behave ethically and contribute to economic development while improving the quality of life of the workforce and their families as well as of the local community and society at large’. (World Business Council for Sustainable Development)
CLASSIFICATION OF CSR CSR
A. Legal functioning
Socially Responsible
B. Illegal Functioning
Socially Irresponsible
Socially Responsible
Socially Irresponsible
A. Legal Functioning: By legal functioning we mean the corporate is following all the rules, employee care, customer care, and environmental care are well attended. The product and services is of benefit to society. a. Socially Responsible can become possible due to high level of profits and social concern of promoters. They take up lot of social related reforms, facilities and services and this helps to improve the living conditions of the people b. Socially Irresponsible occurs due to loss making or poor profits margins. Previous losses, penalty payments, lack of orders and demoralising factors. This situation does not enable them to take initiative in voluntary social service. B. Illegal Functioning: These are companies who indulge in one or more illegal or unfair activities. Some of these are unsafe and bad work environment, ill treatment to
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workers avoiding payments of P.F, Income Tax, bonuses, timely salaries etc. They may be producing non-ethical products like alcohols, cigarettes, tobacco products etc. a. Socially responsible: is possible due to religious inclinations and to create goodwill to amass more and more wealth. For example McDowell’s sponsor sports events for publicity on the guise of social service. b. Socially irresponsible: Such companies become irresponsible in a case of double fault. Negligence to workers safety causes ill-health, loss of limbs, and sometimes death. Hence this category is dangerous and needs to be seriously death by the various government authorities. Bari and Bari ( 2007) Business Ethics VIEWS OF CSR Limited View: The best known proponent of the limited view of social responsibility is Milton Friedman the Noble prize winner economist. He argues that making managers responsible go to business owners for reaching profits objectives and also to society for enhancing the general welfare represents a conflict of interest that has the potential of causing the death of business as it is known today. According to Friedman this will almost certainly happen if business is continually forced to perform act that are in direct conflicts with primary organisational objectives. Primarily, He argues that management is employees of the owners not the public and should act for the owners. Moreover, the costs of social responsibility are passed on to consumers as high prices. Extensive View: The argument for the extensive view or unlimited view begins with the premise that business is a major segment of society and exerts significant impacts on the way society exist. Moreover, since business is so influential, its responsibility for helping to maintain it includes the overall welfare of society.
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Some authorities argue that business should perform social responsibility activities because profitability and growth go hand in hand with responsibility and should have good treatment of groups such as employees, customer and the community. In essence this argument implies that being socially responsible is a mean of earning greater organisational credibility at profit. Amofa F. R & Mensah J.G (2014) Business Ethics, Centre for Continuing Education, University of Cape Coast. ISSUES OF CSR There are number of issues bear on CSR, namely: • •
Environmental stewardship Proper treatment of workers:
• • • • •
benefit/Health Insurance Sustainable development Ethical business practices Observation of human rights standards Discriminatory practices /anti discrimination policies Community relations/engagement
Safety and good working conditions, Retirement
MOTIVATIONS FOR CSR •
It could be argued that the motivation for engaging in CSR is always driven by some kind of self-interest (Moon, 2001; Moseley, 2001), regardless of whether the activity is strategically driven for commercial purposes alone, or whether it is also partly driven by
an individual’s personal altruistic concern for CSR (Maclagan, 1998: 29-30). Corporate Image Management: Doing Well, by Doing Good
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The theory of the firm perspective argues that the concern of management is to maximise shareholder value. From this viewpoint, CSR is a response to the competitive environment and the demands on managers from various stakeholder groups (McWilliams and Siegel, 2001). Consequently, corporate image management has evolved as a strategic marketing activity. Creating or Maintaining a Good Corporate Image It has traditionally been the role of marketing to manage the image of the company in order to produce a positive effect on the organisation’s business. Marketing communications, notably public relations activity, is used in order to improve the competitive position, by delivering the messages designed to create or maintain a good image (Adkins, 1999a, b; Darby, 1999a, b). Consequently, ‘doing good deeds’ (CSR) produces a positive public relations story. In addition to this criticism, it has also been argued that corporations adopt CSR as a cover-up to shade the impact of corporate misdemeanour. Sceptics have accused companies of taking a public ethical stance in order to project a ‘good’ image, regardless of their unpublicised unethical practices (Caulkin, 2002). The Corporate Cover Up Some view the corporate communication of CSR as a cover up: "...the meaning of CSR has changed dramatically over the past decade. As recently as 1990, the interaction between business and society remained largely confined to local or national scenes, and the conventional view that the major responsibility of business is to produce goods and services and to sell them for a profit was not seriously questioned…effective use of communication technology and the willingness of the international media to carry stories about corporate misdeeds have greatly increased public focus on corporations" (Kell and Ruggie, 2001: 326). Other Corporate Motives for CSR Other corporate motives for the adoption of CSR stem from labour management issues and issues involving the integration or acceptance of the business into the local community.
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For example, Kell and Ruggie attribute "the corporate interest in business ethics and good citizenship" to the necessity for corporations to be able to integrate "the increasing number of diverse cultures of their officers and employees" as a result of their global operations (Kell and Ruggie, 2001:326). In a similar way, Moon attributes business community involvement to issues of recruitment; the economic development of the area and business’ anticipation of threats of social upheaval. Personal Desires and Interests This introduces another possible motivation for CSR, which is the notion of egoism, or self-interest, whereby one’s actions are motivated by a concern for one’s own happiness (Raphael, 1994: 37). An example of a manager finding personal satisfaction from CSR is Gary Wainwright, a Regional Manager for Zurich (a Swiss financial services conglomerate) who said recently: "We are involved in a range of local charities, going into local schools and helping with literacy programmes. It's good for business, but I personally like to give something back." (Macalister, 2001)
COMPONENTS OR EXAMPLES OF CSR
Philanthropic Be a good corporate citizen Contribute resources to the community
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Improve quality of life Ethical Be ethical, Obligation to do what is right, just and fair, avoid harm Legal Obey the law, law is society’s codification of right and wrong, Play by the rules of the game Economic Be profitable, the foundation upon which others rest.
The Pyramid of Corporate Social Responsibility (Amofa, F.R. & Mensah J.G. (2014) Business Ethics (Centre for Continuing Education, University of Cape Coast) LEVELS OF CSR Social Obligation – Meet minimum regulations, do what is required by law, no more Social Responsibility – Go beyond what is required by law, mitigate negative effects Social Responsiveness – Proactive approach, promote positive change Alex Valls, (April 2007), Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) MRH Congress LEVELS OF CSR IN THE LABOUR MARKETS Social Obligation: Comply with wage and working time laws, minimum working benefits etc Social Responsibility: Provision of additional labour benefits Social Responsiveness: Improving quality of work life
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(Alex Valls, April 2007 Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) MRH Congress) PRINCIPLES OF SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY The principles of Social Responsibility are Ethical behaviour, Respect for rule of law, Respect for international norms of behaviour, Respect for and considering of stakeholder interests Respect for human rights, Precautionary approach, Transparency and Accountability. (Dr. Anthony Miller United Nations Conference on Trade and Development) RELATIONSHIP OR ROLE OF CSR AND ETHICS Corporate social responsibility (CSR) is the responsibility of business towards the society In the business world, Ethics is the study of morally appropriate behaviours and decisions, examining what "should be done� CSR is about tangible corporate practices while business ethics is more about the values driving business decisions. Although the two are linked in most firms, CSR activities are no guarantee of ethical behaviour. Companies can engage in CSR activities even while they are acting in unethical ways.
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CHALLENGES OF CSR IN GHANA • • •
Awareness of corporate governance in general and CSR in particular, is low. Enforcement and compliance with what policies and laws exist is also below par. The Companies Code (1963) provides the main corporate governance framework for registered companies. Though robust and very detailed, it is out of touch with current
•
corporate governance developments and is in need of updating. The institutions that are active in the promotion of good corporate governance and CSR are weak in finance, human and institutional terms.
Organizations that contribute to the CSR agenda in Ghana include: Commission on Human Rights and Administrative Justice (CHRAJ), Ghana Anti-Corruption Coalition, Transparency International, the media and a number of NGOs that deal with social and environmental issues (This section draws heavily from the African Peer Review Mechanism Report, June 2005.) CSR Initiatives Guiding Principles for CSR Projects •
CSR is about corporate citizenship
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It is about giving back to the society
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It is about business sustainability
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It is about thriving in a competitive business environment
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CSR Projects for Businesses
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CSR Projects for Businesses may include;
Market focused initiative, Product focused initiative, Employee focused initiative, Society focused initiative and Environment focused initiative
www.fasset.org.za Facilitated by Goldengate Consulting July 2012 SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY STRATEGIES Reaction: An organization that assumes a reaction stance simply fails to act in a socially responsible manner. Defense: Organizations that pursue a defense strategy respond to social challenges only when it is necessary to defend their current position. Accommodation: Corporations with an accommodation strategy readily adapt behaviors to comply with public policy and regulation where necessary and, more importantly, attempt to be responsive to public expectations. Proaction: Organizations that assume a Proaction strategy subscribe to the notion of social responsiveness. (Professor Schoenfeld, Social Responsibility and Ethics Contemporary Management Concepts)
MYTHS SORROUNDING CSR
CSR is not for small businesses It is too complicated and technical It is too expensive It is a market gimmick 17
It is a separate corporate initiative
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ARGUMENTS FOR AND AGAINST CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY (CSR) ARGUMENTS FOR CORPORATE SOCIAL
ARGUMENTS
RESPONSIBILITY (CSR)
SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY (CSR)
Balances
responsibility Discourages government regulation Promotes long-term profits for
business Responds to changing stakeholders’
Corporate
Power
with
demands Corrects social problems caused by
AGAINST
CORPORATE
Lowers
profit Imposes
competitors Requires social skills business may
lack Places responsibility on business
economic unequal
efficiency and costs
among
rather than individual business Amofa, F.R. & Mensah J.G. (2014) Business Ethics (Centre for Continuing Education, University of Cape Coast) PRACTICAL APPLICATION OF CSR (Guidelines) •
You need to evaluate various aspects of your business and operations
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You need to evaluate the impact your business is having on your stakeholders.
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Then set realistic targets on how to improve your business operations and processes.
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Draw up a result- driven CSR Policy.
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Embed your CSR into your business strategy. 18
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Appoint a driver for your CSR initiative
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Communicate your CSR efforts to all your stakeholders clearly and boldly.
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Make your CSR initiative part of your business culture
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Set up CSR measuring indicators to monitor progress and possible deviations.
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Be enthusiastic about your CSR initiative; be committed to it.
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Report on your initiatives and measure progress/ impact made.
www.fasset.org.za Facilitated by Goldengate Consulting July 2012 LEGAL FRAMEWORK ON CSR There is no comprehensive CSR policy or law in Ghana. Yet, there are a variety of policies, laws, practices and initiatives that together provide the CSR framework in Ghana. There are a variety of ways to view government‘s responses to CSR issues in Ghana. These include: mandating; facilitating; partnering; and endorsing practices that are CSR friendly. In Ghana, the government seeks to promote CSR by putting in place legislation that defines minimum standards for business performance. Examples include constitutional provisions, local government laws and requirements for environmental impact assessments contained in an Act of Parliament. The Environmental Protection Agency is primarily responsible for regulating the environment and ensuring the implementation of Government policies on the environment. The Environmental Protection Agency Act 1994, Act 490 and the Environmental Assessment Regulations 1999, LI 1652 provides the legal and regulatory mechanisms for ensuring adequate safeguards are incorporated into planning and development of any activity that has the potential to cause significant environmental impacts.
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The Chapter 5 of the Ghanaian Constitution provides for a long list of fundamental human rights. It provides for a quick and automatic means of redress in the High Court for any rights violations and corporations may thus be liable for any rights violations that are proven in the High Court by an applicant. THE VARIOUS SECTOR LAWS ON CSR ď‚— MINING SECTOR Minerals and Mining Act, 2006, (Act 703) which came into force on 31st March 2006, revised and repealed many of the laws on mining in Ghana. Of particular relevance to CSR, the object of the law is to take cognizance of environmental protection as well as community interests with a view to providing a firm basis for the development and sustainability of mining in Ghana. (Memorandum to the Minerals and Mining Act, 2006, (Act 703) A Great concern is the proliferation of surface mining companies has resulting in the pollution of some of these rivers and streams through cyanide spillages, acid mine drainage, tailings leakages, mine waste disposals, and mine pits. These have tended to deprive communities of access to water, a basic need for human survival (Owusu-Koranteng Hannah 2004.) ď‚— FORESTRY SECTOR A new legislation in 1998 requires logging companies operating on customary land to negotiate SRAs with local communities and not just the chiefs. These SRAs are unique because they are legally enforced and overseen by the national government. (http://www.fcghana.com/publications/laws/index.htm) These regulations were made to provide details to the Timber Resource management Act. A good deal of the Regulations relate to CSR. Under Regulation 11, the criteria for qualification 20
to apply for timber rights include: An undertaking to provide specific social amenities for the benefit of the local communities that live in the proposed contract area (Timber Resource Management Act, 1997 (Act 547), Section 2.) ď‚— ENERGY AND WATER SECTORS CSR issues in the Energy and Water Sectors in Ghana relate to the environmental effects of the exploitation of energy and water resources; the inherent hazards associated with the exploitation and sale of energy and water products and related safety precautions. The Energy and Water Sectors in Ghana are mainly regulated by the Energy Commission (EC), the Public Utilities Regulatory Commission (PURC), the National Petroleum Authority (NPA) and the Water Resources Commission (WRC) laws. ď‚— TELECOMMUNICATIONS SECTOR CSR issues in the Telecommunications Sector are similar to those in the Energy and Water Sectors in Ghana. These include consumer protection and satisfaction (such as connectivity problems, and resultant disruption and loss of business-corporate and personal) the need to regulate hazardous emissions from telecommunications equipment (for example radiation); rates and measures; and billing irregularities. A National Communication Authority has also been established as an independent body to regulate the activities of the players in the telecommunications sector especially as regards licensing. (1992 Constitution of Ghana, Article 162) RECOMMENDATIONS CLARIFYING THE CONCEPT OF CSR
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In Ghana, issues of CSR are not well understood, and are regarded as philanthropic add-on. Some see CSR as a concept whereby companies integrate social and environmental concerns in their business operations and in their interaction with their stakeholders on a voluntary basis. It is recommended to clarify the concept of CSR in Ghana and make efforts to bring the full import of the concept to all stakeholders especially government, corporations, communities and Civil society organisations. LEGAL REGULATION OF CSR There are hardly any laws that directly require businesses to be socially responsible. Government, however, encourages CSR by providing tax deductions for corporate sponsorship of charities, sports development and promotion, educational scholarships, and rural and urban community development projects. CSR reporting is not a requirement for listed companies. The existing policies in Ghana on CSR vary from one sector to the other. It is recommended that a CSR policy be developed for Ghana and that the laws that regulate the various sectors of the economy (and aspects of social life) in Ghana be amended to include specific CSR provisions. It is particularly important that a detailed and enforceable CSR policy for Ghana be prepared by stakeholders and adopted by Cabinet. Ghana already has such Policy documents in various key sectors. Examples are the National Land Policy, the National Youth Policy and the National Aids Policy. ENFORCEMENT OF BUSINESS AND PROFESSIONAL CODES OF ETHICS ON CSR Flowing from the above, many business and professional associations (like the Ghana Chamber of Mines, the Ghana Medical Association and the Ghana Bar Association) have adopted codes of conduct and codes of business ethics that are very CSR friendly. These are,
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however, purely voluntary and hardly enforceable by external stakeholders. Thus, where such codes exist, enforcement mechanisms are not well laid out. Disciplinary actions where they are taken are not publicized, giving the impression that there are no sanctions. ENFORCEMENT OF CSR It is recommended that legislative reforms and the development of a CSR Policy for Ghana be speeded up so that regulatory bodies will have a framework to guide them in their effort to keep corporations socially responsible. It is further recommended that innovative mechanisms for providing resources human and material to ensure effective CSR policing be developed in the context of the CSR policy CONCLUSION Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) is a helpful conceptual framework for exploring the corporate attitude of companies towards stakeholders. (www.brass.cf.ac.uk/projects/Corporate Social Responsibility and Corporate Governance). It is about balancing the corporate need to
make profit with the diverse demands of communities and nations to engage in sustainable development. For a long-time, corporations had free reign and very limited commitments to external stakeholders. Today, corporations must recognise the needs and demands of many stakeholders, they must identify the interests, concerns and objectives of all these stakeholders and decide whether and how to address them. (Guerra, 2002) Apparently also, many corporate bodies have over the years spent valuable sum of money on community projects, the endowment of scholarships and the establishment of foundations. However, CSR goes beyond charity and requires responsible companies to fully recognise the impact of their activities on all stakeholders and the environment.
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REFERENCES Adkins, S. (1999 a) Cause related marketing: who cares wins, London: Heinemann Butterworth. Adkins, S. (1999 b) The wider benefits of backing a good cause, Marketing, 2 September: 20-21. AFRICAN PEER REVIEW MECHANISM (APRM) REPORT, JUNE 2005, P.83.
Alex Valls, April 2007 Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) MRH Congress Amofa F. R & Mensah J.G (2014) Business Ethics, Centre for Continuing Education, University of Cape Coast Atuguba, R., Dowuona-Hammond, C. (2006), Corporate Social responsibility in Ghana, A report to (FES-foundation), Ghana 24
Baker, J. (2001) OECD conference on corporate social responsibility , "Freedom of association and CSR": http://www.oecd.org/pdf/M00003000/M00003662.pdf [Accessed 23 November 2001].
Bari and Bari ( 2007) Business Ethics Bjรถrn Stigson, Corporate Social Responsibility: A New Business Paradigm (2003). Available at Http://Www.Responsiblepractice.Com/English/Issues/Wbcsd-Paradigm Canadian Business for Social Responsibility; http://www.cbsr.bc.ca/about/whatis.htm Carroll, A.B. (1996) Business and society: ethics and stakeholder management. 3rd edn, Cincinatti: Southwestern Publishing. Carroll, A.B. (1999) Corporate social responsibility, Business and Society 38 (3):268-295. Caulkin, S. (2002) Good thinking, bad practice, The Observer, 7 April: 11. Darby, I. (1999a) P&G unveils plan to link products to good causes. Marketing, 19 August: 1. Darby, I. (1999b) Why P&G is linking brands to good causes. Marketing, 11.
Dr.
Anthony
Miller
United
Nations
Conference
on
Trade
and
Development
anthony.miller@unctad.org FTSE (2001) FTSE4Good: Global investment, global improvement: http://www.ftse4good.com [Accessed 12 July 2001].
Guerra, 2002 (WWW.doi.wiley.com/10.1002/csr.50) Held, D. (2002) Globalization, corporate practice and cosmopolitan social standards, Contemporary Political Theory 1 (1):59-78.
Heledd Jenkins, Corporate social responsibility and the mining industry: conflicts and constructs, (John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. and ERP Environment, 2004) Vol. 11 page 23-34. Hewitt, P. Rt. H. (2001) The Guardian and The Observer Conference: Business and Society - Roles and Responsibilities: http://www.dti.gov.uk/ministers/speeches/hewitt090701.htm [Accessed 11 September 2001].
http://www.fcghana.com/publications/laws/index.htm http://www.slideshare.net/parags06/csr 25
http://www.slideshare.net/sk_prince/corporate-social-responsibility?next_slideshow=1 Kell, G. and Ruggie, J. (2001) Global markets and social legitimacy: the case of the 'global compact'. In: Drache, D., (Ed) The market or the public domain? Global governance and the assymetry of power, 321-334. London: Routledge Macalister, T. (2001) Charity survey a wake up call, says CBI chief. The Guardian, 6 November: 2. Maclagan, P.W. (1998) Management and morality, London: Sage Publications. McWilliams A. and Siegel, D. (2001) Corporate social responsibility: a theory of the firm perspective, Academy of Management Review 26 (1):117-127. Moir, L. (2001) What do we mean by corporate social responsibility?, Corporate Governance Moon, J. (2001) Business Social Responsibility: a source of social capital?, Reason in Practice 1 (3):35-45. Moon, J. (2002) The social responsibility of business and new governance, Government and Opposition 37 (3):385-408. Moseley, A.(2001) The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy: http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/e/egoism.htm [Accessed 7 June 2002]. Mosley, D., Pietri, P.H. and Megginson, L.C. (1996) Management: leadership in action, New York: Harper Collins.
Owusu-Koranteng Hannah : “Environment, water and health impacts on women due to mining: The Case of Wassa West and Adansi West Districts Of Ghana” A Paper Delivered at The Third International Women And Mining Conference In India – 1st To 9th October 2004. Available at www.mmpindia.org/ghana.PDF Professor Schoenfeld, Social Responsibility and Ethics Contemporary Management Concepts Roberts, D. and Hunt, B. (2001) C&W faces revolt over bonus scheme: telecommunications options plan angers investors, Financial Times, 21 July/22 July: 14. Whitehouse, L. (2001) Research proposal: corporate social responsibility - a comparative study, Law School, The University of Hull.
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Wood, D.J. (1991) Corporate social performance revisited, Academy of Management Review 16 (4):691-718.
(World Business Council for Sustainable Development) www.fasset.org.za Facilitated by Goldengate Consulting July 2012 www.brass.cf.ac.uk/projects/Corporate Social Responsibility and Corporate Governance CSR and Mining.html.
CONSTITUTIONS
1. 1992 Constitution of the Republic of Ghana. ACTS OF PARLIAMENT, DECREES, LAWS
Timber Resource Management Act, 1997 (Act 547) Minerals and Mining Act, 2006, (Act 703) Water Resources Commission (WRC) laws
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