CURRICULUM VITAE March 01, 2007 Abdu F. Azad Professor of Microbiology and Immunology Department of Microbiology and Immunology University of Maryland School of Medicine 665 West Baltimore Street Baltimore, Maryland 21201 Telephone: Office (410) 706-3335/7066(Lab)/3337; Fax 410/706-0282 e-mail: aazad@umaryland.edu; aazad@som.umaryland.edu Citizenship: USA EDUCATION: 1960-1966 Dr. Pharmacy, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran. 1969-1970 M.P.H., University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran. 1972-1976 Ph.D., The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 1976-1978 Post-Doctoral Fellow, Department of Microbiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD. PROFESSIONAL EXPERIENCE: 1990 Professor, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine (with tenure). 1990 Professor, International Health, Program, University of Maryland School of Medicine. 1983 Associate Professor, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine (with tenure). 1978 Assistant Professor, Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine. 1976 Post-doctoral Fellow, University of Maryland School of Medicine. 1970 Assistant Professor, University of Tehran School of Public Health 1971 Visiting Scientist, USSR Academy of Sciences (October-December, invited by the USSR Academy of Sciences). 1968 Visiting Fellow, University of Georgia & University of North Carolina (WHO sponsored Short-term postdoctoral training in Ecology and Parasitology) (August-December 1968) ADVISORY AND CONSULTING COMMITTEES (National and International): NIH/NIAID , member, Blue Ribbon Panel on Bioterrorism and its Implications for Biomedical Research, February 4-5, 2002. NIH/NIAID , member, Blue Ribbon Panel on the Biodefense Research Agenda of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases for NIAID Category B and C Agents. October 16-18, 2002. NIH/NIAID, member, Reorganization of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology Study Sections, July 2002. MIDRP/AIBS, member, Review of the Military Infectious Disease Research Program, 1999-2006
NIH/NIAID, member of Vector Biology study section, 2005 - 2008. NIH/NIAID, ad hoc member of Bacteriology Study Section (BM-I), 1994 - 2006. NIH/NIAID, ad hoc member Tropical Medicine & Parasitology study section, 1992-2005 NIH/NIAID, ad hoc member of Bacteriology Study Section (BM-I), 1994-2003. NIH/NIGM, ad hoc reviewer, Minority Biomedical Molecular Biology and Genetics Study Section (Panel and subcommittee member), 1990-1998, 2003. NIH/NIAID, member tenure committee, 2002, 2006 NIH/NIAID, member Scientific Working Group of the Proteomic Resource Centers since 2004 NIH/NIAID, member Scientific Working Group of the Genomic Resource Centers since 2004 NIH/NIAID, chair Microbial and Immunological Special Emphasis Panel, April 1995 Member, Special Study Section SS K (03), Jan. 2000, BM-1 (ZRG2), 2003, MDIRP 2003, NIH, ad hoc reviewer, SBIR, 1997-99. NIH/DEA, ad hoc reviewer, SEP: International Training and Research in Emerging Infectious Diseases, 1997. NIH Scientific Workshop on Bacterial Zoonoses and Vector-borne Diseases, May 8-9, 1995 Galveston, Texas (participant/consultant). NIH/NIAID, Consultant, Egypt-Israel mammalian-borne pathogens Project, 1986-1993 NIH/NIAMS, ad hoc reviewer, Lyme Disease Study section 1991 NIH/NIAID, member of site visit team to Egypt and Israel, 1986, 1991 Consultant, United States Armed Forces research Institute of medical Sciences, 2001 (Thailand/Kenya) and 2003 (Kenya). USDA, ad hoc reviewer for Lyme Disease Program, 1996, 2002 National Geographic Society, ad hoc reviewer (grants) 1985-2003 NSF, ad hoc reviewer (Eukaryotic Genetics & Cell Biology),1987, 1996-97, 2007 CDC/Viral & Rickettsial Zoonoses Branch, external peer review member, 1994 CDC/Division of Vector-borne Infectious Diseases, external peer review member, 1994. Kate Miller Jeffers Memorial Trust, ad hoc reviewer, 1987, 1998, 2000. International Science Foundation, ad hoc reviewer, 1993. Medical Service Consulting Agency, Consultant, 1980-93 Naval Medical Research Unit #3, Egypt, Consultant, 1977 The Wellcome Trust (England), ad hoc reviewer (Infection and Immunity), 1996, 1998-99, 20022005 USAID, ad hoc member, Malaria Immunity and Vaccination Research Study Section, 1990; Immunoparasitology study section, 1991. USAID, ad hoc Technical Advisory Group for Vector Biology and Control since 1985 USDA, ad hoc reviewer for Livestock Insect Laboratory, 1985-1994 U.S.-Mexico-Foundation for Science, ad hoc reviewer for research grants, 1994 U.S.-Department of Veteran Affairs, ad hoc reviewer for research grants, 1994, 1997 WHO/Vector Biology & Control, Temporary Advisor and Consultant, 1971, 1976-78, 1985 WHO/VBC, member of the Expert Committee on Ecology and Control of Rodents of Public Health Importance, 1973-75 (Geneva, Switzerland). Walter Reed Army Institute of Research (Nairobi), consultant 2001-03 OTHER PROFESSIONAL ACTIVITIES: Campus-wide : Institutional Biosafety Committee: Chair since 2004; Institutional Inquiry ad hoc Committee: Chair 2005; Campus-wide Select Agent Committee; 2003; School of Medicine HSFII/BSL3 Committee, 2003; Judge, Graduate School Research Day, 1997-1999; 2
School of Medicine Course Master, Host Defenses and Infectious Diseases, 1997-99; Year 2 Curriculum Coordinating Committee, 1997-99; Oversight Committee (Year 1-2) 1997-99; Advancement Committee, 1997-99; Admission Committee, 1986- 94; Institutional Animal Use and Care committee, 1992-98; Institutional Biosafety Committee, 2001-present; Ad hoc member, Appointment and Promotion Committee,1991; Graduate School Research Award Committee, 2002; Member, Task Force on Research Space, 1996; Member: Faculty Council, 1982 & 1995; Medical School Accreditation subcommittee; 1996; Committee Responding to Bioterrorism Funding Initiatives, 2002; University of Maryland Graduate School, Full member, 1980-present. Department of Microbiology and Immunology: Member and Chair Departmental Promotion & Appointment Committee, 1983-97, Chair (2000-2006).; Departmental Graduate Program Committee 1986-1990, 1995; Reviewer for DRIFT; Chair, Departmental Curriculum Committee, 1997-2001; EDITORIAL ACTIVITIES: Editorial Board, Infection and Immunity (1997-2008); Emerging Infectious Diseases (19982002); Editorial Board, Current Immunology Review 2007-; Open Microbiology, 2007-; Editor, Frontiers in Biomedicine (since 1997) Associate Editor of Am. J. Trop, Med. & Hyg. (1986) Ad hoc reviewer: Am. J. Epidemiology, Am. J. Trop. Med. & Hy; Applied Microbiology; Biomedica; BMC Microbiology; Cellular Immunology; Cellular Microbiology; Clinical & Diagnostic Laboratory Immunology; DNA and Cell Biology; Emerging Infectious Diseases; Environmental and Applied Microbiology; European Journal of Epidemiology; Experimental Parasitology; Gene; Infection and Immunity; Insect Molecular Biology;Insect Biochemistry and molecular Biology; International Journal of Parasitology; Parasitology Research; JAMA; Johns Hopkins Press; Journal of Eukaroytic Microbiology; Journal of Bacteriology; J. Clinical Microbiology; Journal of Immunology; Journal of Infectious Diseases; Journal of Insect Physiology; Journal of Medical Entomology; Journal of Parasitology; Microbes and Infection, Microbial pathogenesis, Microbiology; Microbes and Infection; Molecular Microbiology; New England Journal of Medicine; Occasional papers, PLoS Biology; PLoS Pathogens; The University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas Pub.; Trends in Genetics; Oxford University Press.; Proc. Natl. Acad. Sciences;Vaccine. FIELD WORK NIH-sponsored Viral Hemorrhagic Fever Project: Alaska, 1981 US Military-sponsored Vector-borne diseases: Ethiopia, Egypt, Burma and Pakistan, 1976-1978 Rickettsial Disease Project: Kenya and Thailand, 2001, 2002 Tick-borne pathogens: U.S.A. 1988-1992; 1998 HONORS Elected to Fellowship in the American Academy of Microbiology in 2008 Charter Member, NIH Vector Biology Study Section (2004-2008) MERIT AWARD, NIAID, NIH 1997 Distinguished Scientist Speaker, University of South Alabama, Mobil, AL.,1997. President, American Society of Rickettsiology and Rickettsial Diseases, 1992-94 3
Vice-president, American Society of Rickettsiology and Rickettsial Diseases, 1990-1992 Am Soc. Trop. Med. & Hyg. Executive Council Member (ACME), 1992-96 W.H.O. Scholarship, 1968 (4 months). W.H.O. Scholarship, Johns Hopkins University, 1973-74 NIH Post-doctoral fellowship award, University of Maryland, 1976-78 Who's Who in the East, since 1985 American Men and Women of Science, since1986 Sigma XI, Johns Hopkins University, 1973 Phi Kappa Phi, University of Maryland, 1978 Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, Fellow, 1977 The Linnean Society of London, Fellow, 1972 MEMBERSHIP IN PROFESSIONAL SOCIETIES (PRESENT): American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene American Association for Advancement of Science American Society of Microbiology American Society of Rickettsiology and Rickettsial Diseases EXTRAMURAL FUNDING: CURRENT Principal Investigator: NIH/NIAID, R37 AI 17828 (MERIT AWARD, Murine Typhus: Vector Biology and Transmission, 09/01/1982 through 11/30/08.
The aims of this project are the following: (1) Determine the degree of interplay between the Rickettsia typhi in fleas and mammalian hosts. These experiments aim at elucidating the mechanism of rickettsial entry and growth in the flea gut epithelial lining and mammalian cell lines; (2) Identification, cloning and characterization of the genes encoding R. typhi virulenceassociated proteins and their use in immunoprotection against typhus group rickettsiae. NIH/NIAID, R01 AI 43006, Interspecific Competition Between Rickettsiae in Ticks, 03/01/98 through 06/30/09. This proposal specifically addresses transovarial interference of the human pathogen, Rickettsia rickettsii, in the tick vector transovarially infected with nonpathogenic rickettsiae. The aims of this project are the following: (1) To investigate the prevalence and relative efficiency of transovarial interference of R. rickettsii as mediated by other indigenous species of nonpathogenic spotted fever group rickettsiae within D. andersoni and D. variabilis. (2) To initiate studies to examine the molecular mechanism(s) of transovarial interference of R. rickettsii by R. peacockii and other nonpathogenic spotted fever group rickettsiae. NIH/NIAID, R01 AI 47445, The Biology and Immunology of Malaria Parasite Liver-Stages, 12/01/00 to 11/30/07 (no cost extention). The major objectives of our research are to identify Plasmodium yoelii genes in the infected mouse liver, the expression of which is induced early after infection, and shut off during the 4
blood-stage cycle. The research involves the isolation of human and rodent Plasmodium liver stage schizonts by Laser-capture microdissection for the generation of parasite cDNA library and microarray analysis. Although parasite antigen discovery is our main focus, in collaboration with the CDC we have been pursuing novel strategies of disease control by identifying mosquito gut proteins that could be selected as transmission-blocking vaccines. NIH/NIAID, R01AI059118 . Generation of Genetically Attenuated Rickettsiae 04/15/05 to 01/31/10 This proposal focuses on generation of Rickettsia prowazekii, R. typhi, and R. rickettsii mutants lacking functional virulence genes. These attenuated non-virulent mutants then would be used to develop broad-based protective rickettsial vaccines. NIH/NIAID, R56 AI063534-01A1. Rickettsia felis & other emerging rickettsial pathogens 08/01/06 to 07/31/07 The overall goal of this grant is to delineate the various aspects of the R. felis life cycle to identify biological events critical to rickettsial survival and to determine the role of R. felis genes in infectivity and pathogenesis. OTHER SUPPORT: NIH, U54 AI 57168 (PI: Levine) NIH – Regional Center of Excellence (Administrative Core: 2% salary support only) Defense against biowarfare and emerging infection agents (9/4/2003-2/29/2008) As the lead institution of the Middle Atlantic RCE, the University of Maryland heads a consortium of 16 biomedical research institutions to carry out the NIAID’s strategic plan for biodefense research. The purpose of the RCE is to develop new and improved vaccines, diagnostic tools and treatments to help protect the country and world from the threat of bioterrorism and naturally occurring infectious disease. NIH, 19112-431426 (PI: Sobral) 6/30/04-6/29/06 (Subaward from VA Polytechnic Inst and State Univ) Bioinformatic Resource Centers for Biodefense and Emerging/Re-Emerging Diseases The scope of work for this subcontract to University of Maryland includes curation of rickettsial data bases to include Rickettsia prowazekii, R. conori, R. typhi genomic data and related rickettsial data types as they become available. Past research Support: ILIR, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, A model for thr evaluation of emrging zoonotic pathogens: Rickettsia africae and R. conori in the masai Mara, Kenya. 200204. NIH, R01AI50557 (Co-Principal Investigator), Molecularly Altered Rickettsiae and Vaccine 5
Development, 05/01/01-08/31/02. Heska Corporation, Vaccination of cats against fleas: endocrine disruption, 7/1/1996 to 12/31/96. WHO/IMMAL, 880068.Development and field evaluation of sporozoite in mosquitoes and anti-sporozoite antibody in human. 10% effort. 07/01/92 to 11/30/99. WHO/IMMAL, 880068.Development and field evaluation of sporozoite in mosquitoes and anti-sporozoite antibody in human. 1988-1992. WHO/IMMAL, 910490.Identification of protective EE-stage antigens of human malaria parasites. 1992-1993. WHO/IMMAL, 880392.Immunological pressure and antigenic variation in falciparum malaria parasites. 1988-1992. Naval Medical Research Institute, Development of Rickettsial Rapid diagnostic test. P. I.; 1989-90. SmithKline Beecham, SCID-Hu-hep as a model for hepatitis C virus infection. P. I.; 1992-1993. TEACHING ACTIVITIES 1978-2005 MMIC 520, Host Defences & Infectious Diseases (lectures, small groups, and laboratory) Responsible for Lyme Lecture & Mycology/ Parasitology Section. 1989 - 2004 MMIC 716, Advanced Parasitology (Course Director) 1991 - 2004 MMIC 719 Parasitology: Core course (Course Director) 1989-1998 International Health Course (Johns Hopkins School of Medicine). STUDENTS AND POST-DOCTORAL ASSOCIATES Graduate Students: Silvio Arango-Jaramillo**; Libia Scheller; Laura Kubiak, Kyle McKenna**, Audrey Lau**, Jariyanart Gaywee $, Rhoel Dinglassan, Uzma Alam, Calvin Williams, Sheila Dreher-Lesnick, Nicole Ammerman, Khandra Sears. Post-doctoral Associates:
Rita Rijenjes, Ph.D. (1985-86); Jefferson A. Vaughan, Ph.D. (1986-89)**; John Sacci, Jr., Ph.D. (1989-1992)**; Martin E. Schriefer, Ph.D. (1989-1993) $; Esther Manor, Ph.D.(1991-1992)**; James A. Higgins, Ph. D. (1993-1996) $; Debra Jaworski, Ph.D. (1994-95)**; Suzana Radulovic, M. D., Ph. D. (1994-98)**; Mohamad Nayeem, Ph. D. (1994); Bruce Noden, Ph. D. (1995-97); Jill Troyer, Ph. D. (1995-1998); 6
Kevin R. Macaluso,Ph.D. (2000-04)*/**; Eba Ongele, Ph.D. (2000-02)*; Christopher Coker, Ph.D. (2000-2003); Albert Mulenga, Ph.D. (2001-2003)** M. Sayeedur Rahman, ph. D. (2001-2005)**; Jason Simser, Ph.D. (2001-2003) $; George Ndeta Ph.D. (2002-05)* Johanna M. Porter-Kelley Ph.D. (2002-05)* /**; Steven Holmes (2004-2006) $ Shane Ceraul, Ph.D. (2004-present) Joseph J. Gillespie, Ph.D. (2005-Present) Joyce Sakamoto, Ph.D. (2006-2007) Micah Worley, Ph.D. (2006-2007)** Rebecca Maag, Ph.D. (2006-Present) (Excluding short term trainees, high school, college, and medical students) * F32 recipients while in my lab. ** Holding faculty positions.$ Principal Investigator @ CDC/USDA/Armed Forces/State.
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PUBLICATIONS 1977-2006* JOURNAL ARTICLES (REFEREED) Henrya, K.M., J Jianga, J., Rozmajzla, P.J., Azad, A. F., Macaluso, K.R. and Richards, A.L. 2007. Development of quantitative real-time PCR assays to detect Rickettsia typhi and Rickettsia felis, the causative agents of murine typhus and fleaborne spotted fever. Molecular and Cellular Probes 21: 17-23. Rahman, M.S., Ceraul, S. M., Dreher-Lesnick, S. M., Beier, M. S. and Azad, A.F. 2007. The lspA gene, encoding the type II signal peptidase of Rickettsia typhi: transcriptional and functional analysis. J. Bacteriol. 189:336-341. Ceraul, S. M. , S. M. Dreher-Lesnick, J. J. Gillespie, M. S. Rahman, and A. F. Azad.2007. A New Tick defensin isoform and antimicrobial gene expression in response to Rickettsia montanensis challenge. Infect. Immun.75:1973-1983. Sakamoto, J. M. and Azad, A. F. 2007. Propagation of arthropod-borne Rickettsia spp. in two mosquito cell lines. Appl Environ Microbiol (doi:10.1128/AEM.00923-07).
Snyder. E.E., et al. (33 authors).2007. PATRIC: The VBI PathoSystems Resource Integration Center. Nucleic Acids Res. (Database Issue)35:D401-406. Gillespie, J.J. , Beier, M.S., Rahman, M.S., Ammerman, N.C. , Shallom, J.M., Purkayastha, A., Sobral, B.S. and Azad, A.F. 2007. Horizontal inheritance of plasmid genes in Rickettsia felis. PLoS One 3:1-17 (e266). Porter-Kelley, J.M., Dinglasan, R. R., Alam, U., Ndeta, G.A., U. Sacci, J. B. and Azad, A.F. 2006. Plasmodium yoelii: Axenic development of parasite mosquito stages. Exp. Parasitol. 112:99108. Sacci Jr. J.B., Alam, A., Douglas, D., Lewis, J., Tyrrell, D. L. J., Azad, A.F. and Kneteman, N.M. 2006. Sequential liver and blood stage infection with Plasmodium falciparum in mice containing chimeric human livers. Int. J. Parasitol. 36:353-360. Dreher-Lesnick, S. M., Mulenga, A., Simser, J. A. and Azad, A. F. 2006. Differential expression of two novel glutathione S-transferases identified from the American Dog tick, Dermacentor variabilis. Insect Molecul. Biol. 15:445-453. Macaluso, K. R., Mulenga, A., Simser, J.A., and Azad, A.F. 2006. Characterization of Dermacentor variabilis molecules associated with rickettsial infection. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 1078: 384–388. Mulenga, A., Simser, J.A., Macaluso, K.R. and Azad, A.F. 2004. Stress and transcriptional regulation of tick ferritin HC. Insect Molecul. Biol. 13:423-433. Rutherford, J.S., Macaluso M.R., Smith, N., Zaki, S.R., Paddock, C.D., Davis, J.M., Peterson, N., Azad, A. F. and Rosenberg, R. 2004. A case of fatal spotted fever rickettsiosis in Kenya. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 10:910-913. Simser, J.A., Mulenga, A., Macaluso, K.R., and Azad, A. F. 2004. An immune responsive 8
factor D-like serine proteinase homolog identified from the American dog tick, Dermacentor variabilis. Insect Molecul. Biol. 13:25-35. Simser, J.A., Mulenga, A., Macaluso, K. R., and Azad, A. F. 2004. Immune-responsive lysozymes from hemocytes of the American dog tick, Dermacentor variabilis and an embryonic cell line of the Rocky Mountain wood tick, D. andersoni. Insect Biochem. Molecul Biol., 34:1235-1246. Dinglasan, R. R., Valenzuela, J. G. and Azad. A. F. 2005. Conserved carbohydrate epitopes as universal transmission blocking targets. Insect Biochem. Molecul Biol., 35:110. Dinglasan, R. R., Porter-Kelley, J.M., Alam, U. and Azad, A.F. 2005. Peptide mimics as surrogate immunogens of mosquito midgut carbohydrate malaria transmission blocking targets. Vaccine, 23:2717-2724. Rahman, M.S., J. A. Simser, K. R. Macaluso & Azad, A. F.. 2005. Functional analysis of secA homolog from rickettsiae. Microbiology 151:589-596 Sacci Jr. J.B., Ribeiro, J. M.C., Huangc, B.F., Alama, U, Russell, J. A., Peter, E., Blair, Witney, A. D., Carucci, D.J., Azad, A. F. and Aguiar, J.C. 2005. Transcriptional analysis of in vivo Plasmodium yoelii liver stage gene expression. Molecul. Biochem. Parasitol 142:177-183. Simser, J. A., Rahman, M.S., Dreher-Lesnick, S. M. and Azad, A. F. 2005. A novel and naturally occurring transposon, ISRpe1 in the Rickettsia peacockii genome disrupting the rickA gene involved in actin-based motility. Molecular Microbial 58:71-79. Mulenga, A. and Azad, A.F. 2005. The molecular and biological analysis of ixodid ticks histamine release factors. Exp. Appl. Acarology 37: 215-229. Hance, M.E., Czar, M.J., Azad,A.F., Purkaystha, A., Snyder, E.E., Crasta, O.R., Setubal, J.C. and Sobral, B.W. 2005. The Pathogen Resource Integration Center: Implications for Rickettsial Research. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 1063: 459–465. Mulenga, A., Simser, J.A., Macaluso, K.R. and Azad, A.F. 2004. Stress and transcriptional regulation of tick ferritin HC. Insect Molecular Biology 13:423-433. Rutherford, J.S., Macaluso M., Smith, N., Zaki, S.R., Paddock, C.D., Davis, J.M., Peterson, N., Azad, A. F. and Rosenberg, R. 2004. A case of fatal spotted fever rickettsiosis in Kenya. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 10:910-913. Azad, A. F. 2004. Prairie Dog: Cuddly Pet or Trojan Horse? Emerging Infectious Diseases 10: 542-543. Simser, J.A., Mulenga, A., Macaluso, K.R., and Azad, A. F. 2004. An immune responsive factor D-like serine proteinase homolog identified from the American dog tick, Dermacentor variabilis. Insect Molecular Biology. 13:25-35. Simser, J.A., Mulenga, A., Macaluso, K. R., and Azad, A. F. 2004. Immune-responsive lysozymes from
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hemocytes of the American dog tick, Dermacentor variabilis and an embryonic cell line of the Rocky Mountain wood tick, D. andersoni. Insect Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 34:1235-1246. Gaywee, J, J. B. Sacci, Jr., S. Radulovic, M. S. Beier and Azad, A. F. 2003. Subcellular localization of rickettsial invasion protein, InvA. Am. J. Trop. Med. 68:92-96 Dinglasan, R. R., Field, I., Shahabuddin, M., Azad, A. F. and Sacci, J. B. Jr. 2003. Monoclonal antibody MG96 completely blocks Plasmodium yoelii development In Anopheles stephensi mosquitoes. Infection & Immunity 71:6995-7001. Macaluso, K. R., A. Mulenga, J. A. Simser and Azad, A. F. 2003. Differential expression of genes in uninfected and Rickettsia-infected Dermacentor variabilis as assessed by differential display PCR. Infection & Immunity 71: 6165-6170. Rahman, M.S., J. A. Simser, K. R. Macaluso & Azad, A. F. 2003. Molecular and Functional Analysis of lepB Gene Encoding a Type I Signal Peptidase from Rickettsia rickettsii and Rickettsia typhi. J. Bacteriol 185:4578-4584. Macaluso, K. R., J. Davis, U. Alma, A. Korman, J. Rutherford, R. Rosenberg, and Azad, A. F. 2003. Spotted fever group rickettsiae in ticks from the Masai Mara region of Kenya. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 68:551-553. Mulenga, A., K., R. Macaluso, J., A. Simser & Azad, A. F. 2003. The ixodid tick, Dermacentor variabilis encodes a functional histamine release factor that is transcriptionally and translationally up-regulated in rickettsia infected ticks. Insect Biochemistry & Molecular Biology 33:911-919. Mulenga, A., K., R. Macaluso, J., A. Simser & Azad, A. F. 2003. Dynamics of Rickettsia tick interactions: identification and characterization of differentially expressed mRNAs in uninfected and infected Demancetor variabilis. Insect Molecular biology 12:185-93.
Gaywee, J., S. Radulovic, J. A. Higgins and A. F. Azad. 2002. Transcriptional analysis of Rickettsia prowazekii invasion gene homolog (invA) during host cell invation. Infect. Immune. 70: 6346-6354. Radulovic, S., M. S. Rahman, M. S. Beier and A. F. Azad. 2002. Molecular functional analysis of the Rickettsia typhi gro ESL operon. Gene: 298: 41-48. Sacci, J. B. and A. F. Azad. 2002. Gene expression analysis during liver stage development of Plasmodium. Int. J. Parasitol: 32:1551-1557. Macaluso, K. R., D. E. Sonenshine, S. M. Ceraul, A. F. Azad. 2002. Rickettsial infection in Dermacentor variabilis (Acari: Ixodidae) inhibits transovarial transmission of a second Rickettsia. J. Med. Entomol. 39: 809-813. Vaughan, J. A., D. E. Sonenshine, and A. F. Azad. 2002. Kinetics of ingested host immunoglobulin G in hemolymph and whole body homogenates during nymphal development of Dermacentor variabilis and Ixodes scapularis ticks (Acari: Ixodidae). Experimental and Applied Acarology 27: 329-340. Gaywee, J, Xu, W. L., Radulovic, S., Bessman, M. J. and Azad, A. F. 2002. The Rickettsia 10
prowazekii Invasion Gene Homolog (invA) Encodes a Nudix Hydrolase Active on Adenosine (5')pentaphospho-(5')-adenosine (Ap5A). Molecular and Cellular Proteomics 1.3: 179-185. Radulovic, S., P. W. Price, M. S. Beier, J. Gaywee, J. A. Macaluso, and A. F. Azad. 2002. Rickettsia and macrophage infection: intracellular growth and host cell responses. IAI 70: 25762582. Boostrom, A., M., S. Beier, J. A. Macaluso, K. R. Macaluso, D. Sprenger, J. Hayes, S., Radulovic and A. F. Azad. 2002. Opossums, Cat fleas and Rickettsial Diseases in Texas. Emerging Infectious Diseases 8: 543-548. Macaluso, K. R., D. E. Sonenshine, S. M. Ceraul and A. F. Azad. 2001. Infection and transovarial transmission of rickettsiae in Dermacentor variabilis acquired by artificial feeding. Vector Borne and Zoonotic Diseases 1: 45-53. Lal, M. A., P. S. Patterson, J. B. Sacci, Jr C., J. A. Vaughan, Paul, W. E. Collins , R. A. Wirtz, A. F. Azad. 2001. Anti-mosquito midgut antibodies block development of Plasmodium falciparum and plasmodium vivax in mosquitoes and reduce vector fecundity and survivorship. PNAS 98:5228-5233. Lau, A. O. T., J. B. Sacci, Jr. & A. F. Azad. 2001. Host responses to Plasmodium yoelii hepatic stages: a paradigm in host-parasite interaction. J. Immunol. 166: 1945-1950. Bouyer, D. H., J. Stenos, P. Croecquet-Valdes, C. G. Moron, V. L. Popov, J. E. Zavala, L. D. Foil, D. R. Stothard, A. F. Azad & D. H. Walker. 2001. Rickettsia felis: the molecular characterization of a new member of the spotted fever group. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 51: 339347. Lau, A. O. T., J. B. Sacci, Jr. & A. F. Azad. 2001. Optimization of Plasmodium yoelii mRNA in BALB/c livers..J. Parasitol. 87: 19-23. Lau, A. O. T., J. B. Sacci, Jr. & A. F. Azad. 2001. Retrieving parasite specific liver stage gene products in Plasmodium yoelii infected liver using differential display. Mol. Bioch. Parasitol. 111:143-151. Silbergeld, E. K., J. B. Sacci, Jr. & A. F. Azad. 2000. Mercury exposure and murine response to Plasmodium yoelii infection and immunization. Immunopharmacol. Immunotoxicol 22:685-95. Wood, David O. and A. F. Azad. 2000. Genetic manipulation of rickettsiae: a preview. Infect. Immun. 68:6091-93. McKenna, K., M. Tsuji, M. Sarzoti, J. B. Sacci, Jr. & A. F. Azad. 2000. gd T-cells are a component of innate immunity against malaria pre-erythrocytic parasites in C57B1/6 mice. Infect & Immun. 68: 2224-2230. Radulovic, S., J. M. Troyer, M. S. Beier, A. O. T. Lau & A. F. Azad. 1999. Identification and molecular analysis of the gene encoding Rickettsia typhi hemolysin . Infect & Immun 67:61046108. 11
Troyer, J. M., S. Radulovic, and A. F. Azad. 1999. Green fluorescent protein as a marker in Rickettsia typhi transformation. Infect & Immun. 67: 3308-3311. Vaughan, J. A. , L. F. Scheller & A. F. Azad. 1999. Infectivity of Plasmodium berghei sporozoites delivered by intravenous inoculation versus mosquito bite: implications for sporozoite vaccine trials. Infect & Immun. 67: 4285-4289. Troyer, J. M., S. Radulovic, S. G. E. Andersson, and A. F. Azad. 1998. Rifampin resistance due to point mutations in the rpoB gene of Rickettsia typhi, the causative agent of murine typhus. Antimicrobial Agents & Chemotherapy. 42: 1845-1846. Higgins, J. A., S. Radulovic, B. H. Noden, M. J. Troyer, and A. F. Azad. 1998. RT-PCR amplification of Rickettsia typhi from infected mammalian cells and insect vectors. J. Clin. Microbiol 36: 1793-94. Noden, B. H., S. Radulovic, J. A. Higgins, and A. F. Azad. 1998. Molecular identification of two closely related rickettsial species, Rickettsia typhi and R. felis, in individual cat fleas, Ctenocephalides felis (Siphonaptera: Pulicidae). J. Med. Entomol 35: 410-414. Vaughan, J. A., R. E. Thomas, G. A. Silver, N. Wisnewski and A. F. Azad. 1998. Quantitation of cat immunoglobulines in the hemolymph of cat fleas after bloodfeeding. J. Med. Entomol. 35: 404-409. Azad, A. F. and C. B. Beard. 1998. Interactions of rickettsial pathogens with arthropod vectors. Emerging Infectious Diseases 4: 179-186. Lau, A. O. T., J. B. Sacci, Jr. and A. F. Azad. 1998. Differential Expression of Plasmodium yoelii genes. Proceeding of the International Congress on Malaria and Parasitology, Japan, August, 1998. Azad, A. F., S. Radulovic, J. A. Higgins, B. H. Noden and M. J. Troyer. 1997. Flea-borne rickettsioses: some ecological considerations. Emerging Infectious Diseases 3: 319-328. Scheller, L. F., S. Green and A. F. Azad. 1997. Inhibition of nitric oxide interrupts the accumulation of CD8+T cells surrounding malaria-infected hepatocytes. Infect. & Immun. 65: 3882-3888. Walker, D. H., A. Barbour, J. H. Oliver, J. S. Dumler, D. T. Dennis, A. F. Azad, and E. McSweegan. 1996. Emerging bacterial zoonotic and vector-borne diseases: Prospects for the effects on the public health. JAMA 275: 463-469. Higgins, J. A., Radulovic, S., M. E. Schriefer, and A. F. Azad. 1996. Rickettsia felis: a new species of pathogenic rickettsia isolated from cat fleas. J. Clin. Microbiol. 34: 671-674. Jaworski, D.C., J. A.Higgins, S. Radulovic, J. A. Vaughan, and A. F. Azad. 1996. Molecular characterization of calreticulin in vector fleas. J. Med. Entomol 33: 482-489. 12
Higgins, J. A., S. Radulovic, D. C. Jaworski, and A. F. Azad.1996. Acquisition of the Cat Scratch Disease agent Bartonella henselae by cat fleas. J. Med. Entomol. 33:490-495. Scheller, L. F., K. C. Stump and A. F. Azad. 1995. Plasmodium berghei: production and quantitation of hepatic stages derived from irradiated sporozoites in rats and mice. J. Parasitol. 81: 58-62. Scheller, L. F. and A. F. Azad. 1995. Maintenance of protective immunity against malaria by persistent hepatic parasites derived from irradiated sporozoites. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. (USA).92: 4066-4068. Higgins, J. A. and A. F. Azad. 1995. Use of polymerase chain reaction assay to detect bacteria in arthropods: a review. J. Med. Entomol. 32: 213-222. Klotz, F. W, L. F. Scheller, M. C. Seguin, N. Kumar, M. Marletta, S. Green, and A. F. Azad. 1995. Co-localization of inducible-nitric oxide synthase in livers and Plasmodium berghei in hepatocytes from rats immunized with irradiated sporozoites. J. Immunol. 154: 3391-3395. Scheller, L. F, R. A. Wirtz and A. F. Azad. 1994. Suceptibility of different strains of mice to hepatic infection with Plasmodium berghei. Infect. Immun. 62:4844-4847. Radulovic, S., D.C. Jaworski, J. A. Higgins, G. A. Dasch, and A. F. Azad. 1995. Isolation, cultivation and partial characterization of ELB agent associated with cat fleas. Infect. Immun.63:4826-4829. Radulovic, S., J. A. Higgins, D.C. Jaworski, and A. F. Azad. 1995. In vitro and in vivo antibiotic susceptibility of ELB agent. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 39: 2564-2566. Lal, A. A., M. E. Schriefer, J. B. Sacci, Jr., , I. F. Goldman, V. Louis-Wileman, W. E. Collins, and A. F. Azad. 1994. Inhibition of malaria parasite development in mosquitoes by anti-mosquito midgut antibodies. Infect. Immun. 62: 316-318. Schriefer, M. E., J. B. Sacci, Jr., J. S. Dumler, M. G. Bullen and A. F. Azad. 1994. Identification of a novel rickettsial infection in a patient diagnosed with murine typhus. J. Clin. Microbiol. 32: 949-954. Higgins, J. A., J. B. Sacci, Jr., M. E. Schriefer, R. G. Endris and A. F. Azad. 1994. Molecular identification of rickettsia-like microorganisms associated with colonized cat fleas (Ctenocephalides felis). Insect Molecul. Biol. 3: 27-33. Schriefer, M. E., J. B. Sacci, Jr., J. A. Higgins, J. P. Taylor and A. F. Azad. 1994. Murine typhus: updated role of multiple urban components and a second typhus-like rickettsiae. J. Med. Entomol. 31: 681-685. Scheller, L. F., R. A. Wirtz and A. F. Azad. 1994. Susceptibility of different strains of mice to hepatic infection with Plasmodium berghei. Infect. Immun. 62: 62: 4844-4847. Vaughan, J. A. and A. F. Azad. 1993. Patterns of erythrocyte digestion by bloodsucking insectsconstraints on pathogen acquisition. J. Med. Entomol. 30: 214-216. 13
Kumar, N., H. Nagasawa, J. B. Sacci, Jr., B. J. Sina, M. Aikawa, P. Uparanukraw, L. B. Kubiak, A. F. Azad, and M. R. Hollingdale. 1993. Expression of heat shock proteins (members of the hsp70 family) in the exoerythrocytic stages of Plasmodium berghei and Plasmodium falciparum. Parasitol. Res. 79: 109-113. Schriefer, M. E., A. A. Lal, I. F. Goldman, J. B. Sacci, Jr., W. E. Collins, and A. F. Azad. 1993. The effect of anti-midgut antibodies on the establishment of Plasmodium berghei infections in Anopheles stephensi. 3: 263-270. In: Host regulated developmental mechanisms in vector arthropods (Borovsky and Spielman eds)., University of Florida Press. Azad, A. F., J. B. Sacci, Jr., W. M. Nelson, G. A. Dasch, E. T. Schmidtman, and M. Carl. 1992. Genetic characterization and transovarial transmission of a novel typhus-like Rickettsia found in cat fleas. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. (USA) 89: 43-46. Sacci,Jr., J. B., M. E. Schriefer, J. H. Resau, R. A. Wirtz, L. J. Detolla, Jr., R. B. Markham, and A. F. Azad.1992. Mouse model for exoerythrocytic stages of falciparum malaria parasite. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. (USA) 89: 3701-3705. Lange, J.,V. A. G. Dessouky, A. I. Merdan, E. Manor, and A. F. Azad. 1992. Spotted fever rickettsiae in ticks from north Sinai Governate, Egypt. Am. J. Trop. Med. & Hyg.46: 546-551. Amerasinghe, F. P., N. L. Breisch, A. F. Azad, W. F. Gimpel, M. Greco, K. Neidhart, B. Pagac, J. Piesman, J. Sandt, T. W. Scott, and K. Sweeney. 1992. Distribution, density and Lyme disease spirochet infection in Ixodes damini (Acari: Ixodidae) on white-tailed deer in Maryland. J. Med. Entomol. 29: 54-61. Anderson, B. E., J. W. Sumner, J. E. Dawson, T. Tzianabos, C. R. Greene, J. G. Olson, D. B. Fishbein, M. Olson Rasmussen, B. P. Holloway, E. H. George, and A. F. Azad. 1992. Detection of etiologic agent of human ehrlichiosis using polymerase chain reaction. J. Clin. Microbiol. 30: 775-780. Kardatzke, J. T., K. Neidhardt, D. P. Dzuban, J. L. Sanchez, and A. F. Azad. 1992. A cluster of tick-borne infections at Fort Chaffee, Arkansas: rickettsiae and Borrelia burgdorferi in Ixodid ticks . J. Med. Entomol. 29: 669-672. Williams, S. G., J. B. Sacci, Jr., M. E. Schriefer, E. M. Anderson, K. K. Fujioka, F. J. Sorvilo, A. R. Barr, and A. F. Azad. 1992. Typhus and typhus-like rickettsiae associated with opossums and their fleas in Los Angeles county, California.J. Clin. Microbiol 30: 1758-1762. Vaughan, J. A., D.Narum, and A. F. Azad. 1991. Plasmodium berghei ookinete densities in three anopheline species. J. Parasitol 77: 758-761. Schriefer, M. E., J. B. Sacci, Jr., R. A. Wirtz, and A. F. Azad. 1991. Detection of plymerase chain reaction amplified malaria DNA in infected blood and individual mosquitoes. Exp. Parasitol. 73:311-316. Azad, A.F. 1991. Maternal infant transfer of murine typhus-specific immunity in the aboratory 14
rat. Immun. & Infect. Dis. 1:171-177. Ribeiro, J. M.C., J.A. Vaughan, and A.F. Azad. 1990. Characterization of the salivary apyrase activity of three rodent flea species. Comp. Biochemist. Physiol. 95: 215-218. Azad,A.F. 1990. Epidemiology of murine typhus. Ann. Rev. Entomol.35: 553-69. Dumler, J.S., W.R. Gage, G.R. Pettis, A.F. Azad, and F.P. Kuhajda. 1990. Rapid immunoperoxidase demonstration of Rickettsia rickettsii in fixed cutaneous specimens from patients with Rocky Mountain spotted fever. Am.J.Pathology 93:410-414. Vaughan,J.A., R.A.Wirtz, V.E.do Rosario, and A.F.Azad. 1990. Quantitation of antibodies to sporozoite in the hemolymph of Anopheles stephensi after blood feeding. Am.J.Trop.Med.Hyg.42: 10-16. Webb, L., Carl, M., Malloy, D.C., Dasch,G.A.,and A.F. Azad. 1990. Detection of murine typhus infection in fleas using the polymerase chain reaction. J. Clin. Microbiol.28: 530-534. Adams,J. R., E.T. Schmidtmann, and A.F. Azad. 1990. Infection of colonized cat fleas, Ctenocephalides felis. with a rickettsia-like microorganism. Am.J.Trop.Med.Hyg. 43:400-409. Dobson, M. E., A. F. Azad, G.A. Dasch, L. Webb, and J.G. Olson. 1989. Detection of murine typhus infected fleas with an Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 40: 521-528. Vaughan, J. A., A.M. Jerse and A.F. Azad. 1989. Rat leucocyte response to the bites of the oriental rat flea, Xenopsylla cheopis (siphonaptera: pulicidae). J. Med. Entomol.26(6):449-453. Azad, A. F. and R.Traub. 1989. Experimental transmission of murine typhus by Xenopsylla cheopis flea bites. Med.Vet. Entomol.3: 429-433. Arango-Jarramillo,S., Wisseman,C.L.Jr., and Azad, A. F. 1988. Newborn rats in the murine typhus enzootic infection cycle: studies on transplacental infection and passively acquired maternal antirickettsial antibodies. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 39:391-397. Vaughan, J.A. and Azad, A. F., 1988 Passage of host immunoglobulin G form blood meal into hemolymph of selected mosquito species (Diptera:Culicidae). J. Med. Entomol.25: 472-474. Vaughan, J.A., V. do Rosario, P. Leland, A. Adjepong, J. Light, G.R. Woollett, M.R. Hollingdale and A.F. Azad, 1988. Plasmodium falciparum: ingested anti-sporozoite antibodies affect sporogony in Anopheles stephensi mosquitoes. Exp. Parasit. 66:171-182. Pickens, C.L., J.F. Carroll and A.F. Azad, 1987. Electrophysiological studies of the spectoral sensitivities of cat flea, Ctenocephalides felis, and oriental rat flea, Xenopsylla cheopis to monochromatic light. Entomol. Exp. & Appl. 45: 193-195. Azad, A.F. and M. Emala, 1987. Suppression of Rickettsia typhi transmission in fleas maintained on murine typhus-immune rats. Am. J. Trop. Med. & Hyg.37: 629-635. 15
Azad, A.F. and Traub, 1987. Transmission of murine typhus rickettsiae by Leptopsylla segnis fleas (Siphonaptera: Leptopsyllidae). J. Med. Entomol. 24: 689-693. Azad, A. F., R. Traub and S. Baqar, 1985. Transovarial transmission of murine typhus rickettsiae in Xenopsylla cheopis fleas. Science 227:543-545. Azad, A. F. and R. Traub, 1985. Transmission of murine typhus rickettsiae by Xenopsylla cheopis , with notes on experimental infection and effects of temperature. Am. J. Trop. Med. & Hyg. 34: 555-563. Arango-Jaramillo, S., A. F. Azad, & C. L. Wisseman, Jr. 1984. Experimental infection with Rickettsia mooseri and antibody response of adult and newborn laboratory rats. Am. J. Trop. Med. & Hyg. 33: 1017-1025. Azad, A. F., R. Traub, M. Sofi and D. L. Wisseman, Jr. 1984. Experimental murine typhus infection in the cat flea, Ctenocephalides felis (Siphonaptera: Pulicidae). J. Med. Entmol. 21: 675-680. Azad, A. F., R. Traub & C. L. Wisseman, Jr. 1983. Rickettsia mooseri infection in the fleas Leptopsylla segnis and Xenopsylla cheopis. Am. J. Trop. Med. & Hyg. 32:1392-1400. Zemskaya, A. A., V. M. Neronov & A. F. Azad. 1981. "New data on gamasid mites of small mammals from Iran. Zool Zh. (in Russian) IX(6):848-854. Azad, A. F. & C. H. Southwick. 1979. Population ecology of Norway rats in Baltimore, Zoo, Baltimore, Maryland. Ann. Zool. 15(1): 1-42. Azad, A. F. & D. Schlitter. 1978. Capillaria hepatica (Bancroft, 1893) in small mammals collected from Shoa province, Ethiopia, J. Wildl. Dis.14: 358-361. Kudryashova, N. E., Neronov & A. F. Azad. 1978. Trombiculidae of Iran. Trans. Zool. Museum. 16:92-180. Traub, R., C.L. Wisseman, Jr. & A. F. Azad. 1978. The ecology of murine typhus - a critical review. Trop. Dis. Bull. 75:237-317. Azad, A. F. 1977. Ecology of Capillaira hepatica (Bancroft, 1983 (Nematoda). I. Dynamics of infection among Norway rat populations of the Baltimore Zoo, Baltimore, Maryland. J. Parasit. 63:117-122. Azad, A. F. 1977. Ecology of Capillaria hepatica (Bancroft, 1893) (Nematoda). II. Eggreleasing mechanisms and transmission ecology. J. Parasitol. 63:701-706. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------* Not listed are over 20 peer-reviewed papers published between 1966-1976 dealing with insect taxonomy, mammalogy, mammalian-borne infections and zoogeography.
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NOT UPDATED RESEARCH ARTICLES IN BOOKS AND IN SYMPOSIUM PROCEEDINGS (Reverse chronological order) Macaluso, K.R., Mulenga, A., Simser, J.A., and Azad, A.F. 2005. Characterization of Dermacentor variabilis molecules associated with rickettsial infection. Ann. N. Y. Acad Sci. (In Press) Hance, M.E., , Czar, M.J., Azad, A. F., Purkayastha, A., Snyder, E.E., Crasta ยง, O.R., Setubal, and Sobral, B.W. 2005. The Pathogen Resource Integration Center: Implications for Rickettsial Research. Ann. N. Y. Acad Sci. (In Press). Macaluso, K. R. and A. Azad. pp. 292 - 301. In: Tick-borne diseases of humans. Eds (Goodman, J.L., D.T.Dennisand D.E. Sonenshine.). 2005. ASM Press, Washington, D.C. Macaluso, K. R., A. Mulenga, Simser, J.A. and A.F. Azad. 2003. Interactions between rickettsiae and Dermacentor variabilis ticks: analysis of gene expression. Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 990: 568-572. Azad, A. F. & S. Radulovic. 2003. Pathogenic rickettsiae and bioterrorism. Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 990: 734-738. Sonenshine, D.E., Ceraul S.M., Hynes, W. E., Macaluso K. R., and Azad A. F. 2003. Expression of defensin-like peptides in tick hemolymph and midgut in response to challenge with Borrelia burgdorferi, Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis. Proc Fourth Int Cong Ticks and Tickborne Path. July 21-26, 2002. Banff, Canada. Radulovic, S. and A. F. Azad. 2002. Pathogenic rickettsiae and bioterrorism. BTR 2002. 2: 5863. Higgins, J. A. and A. F. Azad. 1999. Injurious arthropods. Hunter's Tropical Medicine (G.T. Strickland, ed).Philadelphia: Saunders.7th ed. Sonenshine,D. and A.F. Azad. 1999. Ticks and Mites chapter. In: Hunter's Tropical Medicine (G.T. Strickland, ed). Philadelphia: Saunders.7th ed. Wirtz, R. A. and A. F. Azad. 1999. Injurious arthropods. Hunter's Tropical Medicine (G.T. Strickland, ed).Philadelphia: Saunders.7th ed. Higgins, J. A. and A. F. Azad. 1996. Typhus Fevers. Conn's Current Therapy (R. E. Rakel, ed). W.B. Saunders Company. Schriefer, M. E. and A. F. Azad. 1994. Ecology and Natural History of Rickettsia rickettsii. In: Ecological Dynamics of Tick-Borne Zoonoses (D. E. Sonenshine and T. N. Mather, eds). Oxford University Press. Schriefer, M. E. and A. F. Azad. 1994. Arthropod-Borne Diseases. pp47-51. In: Consultations in Feline Internal Medicine (J. R. August, ed). W. B. Saunders Company. 17
Azad, A. F. 1991. Changing epidemiology of murine typhus. Proceed. IV Int. Symposium on Rickettsiae and Rickettsial Dis. 435-439. Dessouky, A. E. A. Manor, J. V. Lange, and A.F. Azad. 1991.Detection of spotted fever rickettsiae in ticks from the North Sinai, Egypt. Proceed. IV Int. Symposium on Rickettsiae and Rickettsial Dis. 383-388. Vaughan, J.A. and A.F. Azad. 1990. Acquisition of murine typhus rickettsiae by fleas. Ann.New York Acad. Sciences 590:70-75. Azad, A., L. Webb, M. Carl, and G.A. Dasch. 1990. Detection of rickettsiae in arthropod vectors by DNA amplification using the polymerase chain reaction. Ann.New York Acad. Sciences 590:557-563. Sonenshine,D. and A.F.Azad. 1990. Ticks and Mites chapter (p971-981). In: Hunter's Tropical Medicine (G.T. Strickland, ed).Philadelphia: Saunders.7th ed. Wirtz, R. A. and A. F. Azad. 1990. Injurious arthropods (p893-910). Hunter's Tropical Medicine (G.T. Strickland, ed).Philadelphia: Saunders.7th ed. Azad,A., L. Webb, M. Carl, and G.A. Dasch. 1990. Detection of rickettsiae in arthropod vectors by DNA amplification using the polymerase chain reaction. Ann.New York Acad.Sciences 590:557-563. Azad, A.F., J.A. Vaughan, and R.A. Wirtz, 1989. Host anti-parasite IgG: transport across the gut epithelial lining, and its influence on the infectivity of arthropod vectors. pp.163-170. In: Host regulated developmental mechanisms in vector arthrods (Borovsky and Spielman eds)., University of Florida Press. Azad, A.F. 1988. Relationship to vector biology and epidemiology of louse and flea-borne rickettsioses. In: Biology of Rickettsial Diseases (D. H. Walker, ed). CRC Press Vol. 1. 52-62. Schmidtmann, E.T., R.M. Rice, M.G. Roble and A.F. Azad .1987.Search for an arthropod vector of Ehrlichia risticii . pp 9-16 Proc. Potomac Horse Fever.Schering Animal Hlth. pub. Azad, A.F. 1986. Passage of host serum components, including specific antibodies to Rickettsia typhi across the digestive tract of fleas. pp 158-62. In: Host regulated developmental mechanisms in vector arthropods (Borovsky & Spielman). U. of Florida Pub. Azad, A.F., C.L. Wisseman, Jr. and R. Traub 1981. Studies on murine typhus rickettsiae and Xenopsylla cheopis. pp 363-73. In: Rickettsiae and Rickettsial Diseases. (Burgdorfer and Anacker). Academic Press. Fiset, P., C.L. Wisseman, Jr., A. F. Azad, H.R. Fischman, D. Sorley and J. Horman, 1981. Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever in Maryland. pp 569-73. Ibidem. Traub, R., C.L. Wisseman, Jr. and A. F. Azad. 1980. The ecology of murine typhus. pp 848-54. 18
In: Fleas (Traub and Starcke), Academic Press.
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