Keys to achieve Growth and yield Sonar silic increases:
1
Resistance to disease and pest
4
2 1
Photosynthetic activity
5
Post-harvest life
3
Uptake of nutrients
6
Increase yield
Resistance to environmental stresses
01
Keys to achieve Growth and yield Sonar silic increases: The role of silicon on plants-pathogen interactions*
1
Resistance to disease and pest
Physical mechanisms
- Cuticle-Si double layer formation. - Cell wall rigidity and reinforcement. - Papillae formation.
+Si Cuticle
Silica layer Fungi Cell wall
Epidermis cells
Biochemical mechanisms
- Defense-related enzymes activation. - Antimicrobial compounds production. - Systemic signaling regulation.
Molecular mechanisms
- Defense-related enzymes activation. - Antimicrobial compounds production. - Systemic signaling regulation.
With silicon
-Si Cuticle
Fungi
Cell wall
Epidermis cells
Without silicon
*Wang et al. 2017
02
Keys to achieve Growth and yield Sonar silic increases:
2
Photosynthetic activity
The improved structure produces stronger stems with more erect leaves, increasing its ability to capture light.
3
4
Resistance to environmental stresses
· Reduced drought and heat stress. The deposition of Si in the plant tissues reduces transpiration rates. · Reduce salt stress by inhibiting Sodium uptake.
Uptake of nutrients
· Alleviate toxicity of heavy metals: Iron, Manganese, Cadmiun, Aluminium, and Zinc by regulating plant uptake
Particularly Nitrogen, Phosphorous, Potassium and Micronutrients.
03
Keys to achieve Growth and yield Sonar silic increases:
5
Post-harvest life
Si can associate with cell wall proteins where it might exert an active production of defence compounds.
6
Increase yield
Effects of silicon on maize ears and grain yield.
04
Groups of Crops in which Sonar Silic works
Fruit trees
Avocado Pomegrenade Date Palm etc
Potato
Cereals
Wheat Barley Rice Maize, etc
Turf
Sugar cane
Banana
Vegetables Chili
Cucurbit Onion Tomato
Grapes
Strawberry etc
Cotton
Ornamental
05
Silicon products
Composition
%w/w 22 9
Silicon (SiO2) Potassium (K2O)
Composition Silicon (SiO2) Calcium (Ca) Density pH
1,40 7-8
%w/v 24,0 15,0
Composition Silicon (SiO2) Calcium Oxide (CaO) Fulvic acids
%w/w 7,0 7,0 14,5
Silicon and Calcium fertilizer with Fulvic acids
Silicon and Potassium fertilizer
soil
foliar
soil
foliar
soil
foliar
05
Plants and diseases Sonar silic increases the resistance of some plant species against diseases: Rice
Sheat blight Leaf blast brown spot leaf scald
Wheat
Stem rot
Cowpea
Rust
Powdery mildew leaf spot (septoria)
Grape
Powdery mildew
Cucumber
Root diseases (pythium) Stem roting Stem lesions
Grass
Leaf spot
Sugarcane
SUgarcane ring spot Leaf freackle Sugarcane rust
Rose
Podosphaera pannosa
Barley
Powdery mildew Leaf spot
05
Effects of silicon on some-borne and seed-borne diseases Hosts
Diseases
Avocado
Phytophthora Phytophthora root rot cinnamomi
Banana
Root rot Panama disease Root-knot nematode Root-knot nematode
Patogens
Cylindrocladium spathiphylli Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense Meloidogyne javanica Meloidogyne javanica
Effects
References
Hosts
Diseases
Patogens
Effects
References
-----
Bekker et al. (2005)
Lettuce
Fusarium wilt
Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lactucae
------
Chitarra et al. (2013)
-----
Vermeire et al. (2011)
Melon
Fusarium root rot
Fusarium spp.
------
Liu et al. (2009)
-----
Fortunato et al. (2012)
Oil palm
Basal stem rot
Ganoderma boninense
------
Najihah et al. (2015)
-----
Perennial ryegrass
Fusarium patch
Microdochim nivale
------
Oliveira et al. (2012)
MacDonagh and Hunter (2010)
-----
Oliveira et al. (2012)
Rice
Root knot nematodes
Meloidogyne spp.
------
Swain and Prasad (1988)
Grain discoloration
Many fungal species
------
Winslow (1992), Korndörfer et al. (1999), Prabhu et al. (2012), Dallagnol et al. (2013, 2014)
Bell pepper
Phytophthora Phytophthora blight capsici
-----
Lee et al. (2004), French-Monar et al. (2010)
Bitter gourd
Pythium root rot
Pythium aphanidermatum
-----
Heine et al. (2007)
Soybean
Phytophthora root rot
Phytophthora sojae
------
Guérin et al. (2014)
Coffee
Root-knot nematode Pythium root rot
Meloidogyne exigua Pythium aphanidermatum
-----
Silva et al. (2010)
Tomato
Fusarium crown and root rot
Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. radices-lycopersici
------
Guérin et al. (2014)
-----
Sun et al. (1994)
Pythium root rot
Pythium aphanidermatum
------
Heine et al. (2007)
Corn
Stalk rot
Fusarium moniliforme -----
Bacterial wilt
------
Creeping betgrass
Pythium root rot
Pythium aphanidermatum
-----
Ralstonia solanacearum
Dannon and Wydra (2004), Kiirika et al. (2013)
Watermelon
Didymella bryoniae
------
Santos et al. (2010)
Dollar spot
Sclerotinia homoeocarpa
-----
Gummy stem blight
Wheat
Foot rot
Fusarium spp.
------
Rodgers-Gray and Shaw (2000; 2004)
Brown patch Crown and root Crown and root
Rhizoctonia solani Pythium ultimum
-----
Zoysiagrass
Brown patch
Rhizoctonia solani
------
Saigusa et al. (2000)
Pythium aphanidermatum
-----
Fusarium wilt
Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cucumerinum
-----
Corn
Cucumber
-----
North Carolina State University (1997), Schmidt et al. (1999) Rondeau (2001), Uriarte et al. (2004), Zhang et al. (2006) Chérif and Bélanger (1992) Chérif et al. (1994) Miyaki and Takahashi (1983)
06
Mechanisms for Si-mediated alleviation of drought and salt stress in plants Rizwan M. et al (2015) Decrease in Na uptake and increase in K. Physiological and biochemical
Inc.rease in nutrients and uptakes.
Modification of gase exchange attibutes.
Increase in antioxidant defense system
Mechanisms for Si-mediated alleviation of drought and salt stress.
Reduces Na ion toxicity.
Modification of osmolytes and phytohoromes.
Increase in photosyntesis.
Improves plant growth and biomass.
Decrease in oxidative stress. Proline, ABA, JA, SA, IAA, GB, ETC.
Decrease in transpiration.
Physical (mechanical)
Si deposition on leaf apoplast.
Decrease in transpiration.
*
Si effects related to only salinity stress.
07
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