Index
Chapter One The Passive
-
Peter painted our house Our house was painted by Peter.
Active Passive
Exercise 1.
Decide if the sentence are active (A) or passive (B). 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19.
___ Jhon prepared the rice. ___ The salad was prepared by George. ___ Kate was preparing the dinner. ___ Carl has prepared the tea. ___ New species of insects are discovered by scientist every year. ___ Our paper will be collected by the teacher next week. ___ Dinosaurs existed millions of years ago. ___ James’s car was stopped by the police. ___ Mr. Jacobs painted our house. ___ Anna came to our apartment for dinner last night.
Active Simple present Present Progressive
Passive
Victoria helps the old woman. Victoria woman.
is
helping
the
The old woman is helped by Victoria.
old The old woman is being helped by Victoria
Present Perfect
Victoria has helped the old The old woman has been woman. helped by Victoria
Simple past
Victoria helped the old woman.
Past Progressive
The old woman was helped by Victoria
Victoria was helping the old The old woman was being woman. helped by Victoria.
Past perfect
Victoria had helped woman.
the old The old woman has being helped by Victoria.
Simple future
Victoria will woman.
the old The old woman will be helped by Victoria
help
Be going to
Victoria is going to be help the The old woman is going to be old woman. helped by Victoria.
Future perfect
Victoria will have helped the old The old woman will have woman. been helped by Victoria.
Was the old woman helped by Victoria? Has the old woman helped by Victoria
In the question form of passive verbs, an auxiliary verb precedes the subject.
Passive - Use We only use the passive when we are interested in the object or when we do not know who caused the action. Example: Appointments are required in such cases. We can only form a passive sentence from an active sentence when there is an object in the active sentence.
Exercise 2. Read the paragraph. Underline the passive verbs. Discuss why the writer chose to use passive rather tan active. Answer the question in complete sentences.
Early Writing Materials The chief writing material of ancient times was papyrus. It was used in Egypt, Greece, and other. Mediterranean lands. Parchment, another writing material that was widely used in ancient times, was made from the skins of animals, such as sheep and goats. After the hair had been removed, the skins were stretched and rubbed smooth to make a writing surface. Paper, the main writing material today, was invented by the Chinese. Ink has been used for writing and drawing throughout history. No one knows when the first ink was developed. 1. Who first used paper? 2. When was ink first used? 3. What was parchment made from?
Exercise 3. Complete the sentences with the words in parentheses. Use the appropriate form, active or passive.
1. Karl (should + tell) should be told the news as soon as possible. 2. Meat (must + keep) __________________ in a refrigerator or it will spoil. 3. You (must + keep) __________________ meat in a refrigerator or it will spoil.
4. I tried, but I (couldn’t + open) ____________________ the window. 5. Paola (have to + return) ______________________ these books by next Friday. If she doesn’t return them, she (will + have to + pay) __________________ a fine to the library.
Exercise 4
Complete the sentences with the correct prepositions. 1. She is excited ______ creating toys children enjoy. 2. She is known________ creating high-quality toys. 3. She is interested_____ how children play with one another.
4. She is pleased____ the response to her toys. 5. Her toys are made ___ Wood. 6. She worries ___________ toys that don’t encourage children to use their imagination.
Exercise 5 Complete the sentences with words that make sense. More than one answer may be correct for each sentence.
1. The meeting starts in 30 minutes. I need to get ___ for it. a. Prepare
b, prepared
c. ready
d. readying
2. I think I’ll stop working for the day. I am getting_____ . a. Tire
b. tired
c. dark
d. late
3. Ingrid stopped working because it was getting _______. a. Late
b. dark
c. tired
d.sleepy
c. packed
d. finished
4. We can leave as soon as you get ________a. Pack
b. finish
Chapter TWO Noun clauses
Exercise 1 Underline the noun clause in each sentence. Some sentences do not have one.
1. I couldn’t hear what the teacher say. 2. What did the teacher say? (no noun clause) 3. No one known where Tom went. 4. Where Tom went is a secret.
Exercise 2 Change each question in parentheses to a noun clause. 1. (How old is he?) I don’t know ___how old is he .
2. (What was he talking about?) ___________________ was interesting.
3. (Where do you live?) Please tell me __________________. 4. (Where did she go?) __________________ is none of your business. 5. (Where are they coming?) Do you know ___________________________________?
Exercise 3. Complete the sentences by changing the questions to noun clauses.
Let me know if.. 1. Is the financial report ready? 2. Will it be ready tomorrow? 3. Does the copy machine need paper? 4. Is someone waiting for the meeting? 5. Are you going to be there?
Please check whether.. 6. Did they got my message? 7. Is the copy machine working? 8. Is there any paper left? 9. Is this information correct?
Whether
Exercise 4:
Make noun clauses using IT and any appropriate Word from the list. Make an equivalent sentence by using THATclause as the subject. Apparent a pity Clear a shame unfortunate a fact a well-known fact
surprising too bad strange
unfair tue
1.__________________________________________________ 2.__________________________________________________ 3.__________________________________________________ 4.__________________________________________________
Exercise 5:
Reading comprehension:
Do you avoid eating canned fruits and vegetables because you think they may be less nutritious than fresh fruits and vegetables? Do you think the might be less healthy? For many people, the idea of eating canned fruits or vegetables is really not very appealing, and they would rather buy fresh produce. Let´s take a look at the two. Many people are surprised to hear that canned food can have as many nutrients a fresh. This is true because the fruits and vegetables are put into the cans shortly after being picked. Because the food is canned so quickly, the nutritional content is locked in. Food in a can will stay stable for two years. Fresh produce, on the other hand, may need to be transported. This can can take up to two weeks. Fresh produce will continue to lose important nutrients until it is eaten. The sooner you eat fresh produce, the more nutritious it will be. There are also advantages to some fruits when they are first cooked and then canned. Tomatoes, for instance, have a substance called lycopene. This is a cabcer-fighting ingredient that found in cooked tomatoes. Fresh tomatoes do not have a significant amount of lycopene. It is better toe at tomato sauce from a can rather than fresh tomato sauce if you want to have lycopene in your diet.
Of course, there are disadvantages to canned foods. They tend to have a higher salt and sugar content. People who need to watch their salt or sugar intake should try to find cans low in salt or sugar. Finally, there is the issue of taste. For many, there is no comparison between the taste of fresh fruits and vegetables versus canned. No matter what the benefits of canning, some people refuse to eat anything that isn´t fresh. How about you? Which do you prefer? Part II Read the statements. Circle T for true and F for false. 1. According to the article, it is surprising to many people that canned produce can be as nutritious as fresh produce. T F 2. It’s a fact that food in a can will last for two years.
T
F
3. It’s a well-known fact that canned produce taste the same is undeniable. T F 4. It´s obvious that the writer believes canned food is better than fresh. T F
Exercise 6.
Complete the sentences with ďƒ EVER words. 1. Mustafa is free to go any place he wishes. He can go wherever he wants. 2. Mustafa is free to go anytime he wishes. He can go____ he wants. 3. I don´t know what you should do about that problem. Do ___________ seems best to you. 4. I want you to be honest. I hope you feel free to say _______ is on your mind. 5. I have a car. I can take you __________ you want to go.
Chapter three Adjective Clauses