Sopan 133 Issue by Sopan Monthly

;"rgf ljefu

d"No ?= !)).–

;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ dGqfno g]kfn ;/sf/ s'g} klg axfgfdf afa', cfdf, kl/jf/sf ;b:o, ;+/Ifs lzIfs jf hf]s;}n] klg afnaflnsfnfO{ qm"/ jf oftgfk"0f{ Jojxf/ ug'{ x'Fb}g . o:tf] Jojxf/ ul/Pdf kfFr xhf/ ?k}ofF;Dd hl/jfgf jf Ps jif{;Dd s}b jf b'j} ;hfo x'G5 / dgfl;j Ifltk"lt{ klg e/fOG5 . ctM o:t} Jojxf/ u/fPsf] kfOPdf hf]sf]xLn] klg glhssf] k|x/L sfof{no, lhNnf k|zf;g sfof{no tyf lhNnf afnsNof0f ;ldltdf va/ u/f}+ .

@)&@ c;f/ k"0f{ ;kmntfsf nflu===

‘s’ ju{sf] klxnf] k|zf;lgs klqsf

d=If]=x=b=g+= %@÷)^&÷)^*

b'O{ jif{d} kmNof] sf7df08f}df nfvf+} cfDbfgL lbg] jf]lwlrQ s]=kL b+ufn -uf]s'n_ ;f/f+z ev{/} 3f]if0ff ePsf] gfufh'{g g=kf= j8f g+= & /fdsf]6, km:s' -tTsflng /fdsf]6 uf=lj= ;=–$_ sf /fdxl/ /fpt n] @)&) ;fn c;f/ !* ut] s[lifljb\ sdnk|;fb e§/fO{ dfkm{t @ j6f ;fgf -sl/j ^ OGr prfOsf_ la¿jf x¿ kfPsf lyP . s[liflj1n] pkxf/:j¿k lbPsf la¿jfx¿ kSs}klg pkof]uL g} xf]nfg\ eGg]7fgL 3/ 5]pdf /f]k] . l5d]sLx¿n] hËn e/L oqtq kfOg] of] xf8]jo/ /f]k]/ s]hfqf b]vfPsf] elg pNofP . cfkm'n] /fd|/L glrg]sf] jg:klt ePsf]n] vf;} k|ltjfb u/]gg\ . @)&! ;fn r}qsf] klxnf] xKtf b]lv b'j} af]6df k|;:t km'n km'Ng yfNof] / tL b'j} af]6 jf]lwlrQs} x'g eGg] olsg eof] . Toltj]nf ;Dddf ljleGg kq klqsfx¿df jf]lwlrQsf] dxTj, pRr d'No / w]/} dfu ePsf ;dfr/x¿ k|sflzt eO/x]sf lyP . Pp6} ¿vsf] kmn !) nfv, @) nfv #), nfv %) nfv df ljlqm ePsf] ;dfrf/ k|sflzt ePsf] b]Vbf cfkm\gf] klg ;'lbg cfPsf] dxz'; u/] /fpt kl/jf/n] . o; af/]df ;f]kfg dfl;ssf k|ltlglw s]=kL b+ufn -uf]s'n_ n] @)&@ c;f/ # ut] /fdx/L /fpt;+u u/]sf] s'/fsfgL oxfF k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 M–

¿v wlg /fdx/L /fpt ;+u s'/fsfgL ub}{ uf]s'n b+ufn kmf]6f] M – x]d/fh e08f/L, kmf]6f] kqsf/ jf]lwlrQ /f]Kg] k|]/0ff s;/L kfpg' eof] < of] o:tf] jx'd'No kmn kmNg] ¿vxf] eg]/ slxn] yfxf kfpg' eof] < d]/f] l5d]sL s[lifljb\ sdnk|;fb e§/fO{n] cfkm\gf] au}+rfdf ljleGg af]6, jg:klt nufpg' ePsf] 5 . d}n] tL af]6, la¿jfx¿ /f]Kg ;/–;xof]u ug]{ s|ddf dnfO{ ^ OGr hlt cUnf] @ j6f la¿jf lbg' eof] . oL la¿jfx¿ kSs}klg pkof]uL x'g' k5{ elg 3/ 5]pdf @)&) c;f/ !* ut] /f]k]sf] lyP, /f]k]sf] @ jif{ gk'uL @)&! r}qsf] klxnf] xKtf b]lv km'n km'Ng yfNof] . j}zvsf] z'¿b]lv lrlrnf nfUof] . /f]kL;s]kl5 of] w]/} d'Nojfg af]6 ePsf] yfxf kfPF . w]/} kq klqsf x¿n] o:sf] dxTj / d'Nosf jf/] df n]v]sf n]v x? k9] . b'O{ jif{df g} kmNof] eGbf dfG5] x¿n] kTofPgg\ / x]g{ cfpgyfn] . clxn] o:sf] dxTj a'em]/ afFsL /x]sf] hUufdf klg /f]Kg nfu]sf] 5' . sdn ;/ / sflnsf:yfgdf /x]sf] jf]lwlrQ g;{/Lsf] k|]/0fn] dnfO o;sf] v]tLdf yk xf};nf ldNof] .

/f]Kbfsf lbg ;Dd t o:sf] gfd klg yfxf lyPg . g;{/Ldf la¿jfx¿ lsGg hfFbf sflnsf:ygfdf /x]sf] jf]lwlrQ g;{/Ldf 7'nf] jf]8{df o;;DaGwL 5flkPsf ;dfrf/x¿ hDdf u/]/ 6fFluPsf] /x]5 . To;df Ps} ¿vaf6 #^ nfv, ;+;f/df st} gkfOg] ag:ktL g]kfndf, ;+;f/s} d+x+uf] ag:klt g]kfndf cflb, OToflb Û g;{/Ln] o:tf laleGg dxTjk"0f{ ag:klt x¿sf] kl/ro, dxTj, v]ltk|0ffnL / Aofkf/sf af/]df pNn]v u/]sf k'l:tsfx¿ lgMz'Ns ljt/0f ug]{ u/]sf] /x]5, Tof] NofP/ k9]kl5 cfkm'n] d'Nojfg lrh x'sf{Psf] cg'ej u/]+ . r}qdf km"n km"n] kl5 jf]lwlrQ g;{/Ldf ;Dks{ u/]/ km"n km'n]sf] hgfsf/L u/fP t/ @ jif{ gk'uL km"n km"n]sf] s'/f jxfFx¿n] kTofpg' ePg . afFsL clGtd k[i7sf] leqkl§ @)&@ c;f/, jif{–!@÷c°–!, k"0ff{°–!##

;f]kfg b=g+= -lh=k|=sf= sf7=_ !*!÷)^)÷)^!

d}n] w]/} k6s cg'/f]w u/]kl5 jxfx¿ cfP/ x]g'{ eof] / kTofpg' eof] . To; kl5 w]/} dflg;x¿ cfpg yfn] . j}zfv nfUbf ;Dddf jf]6n] yfDg g;Sg]u/L lrlrnf nfu]sf lyP t/ e'sDkn] w]/} emf/\of] klxnf] jif{ ePsf]n] xf]nf w]/} cl8Pg . clxn] yf]/} dfq kmn cl8Psf] 5 . c;f/sf] cGTodf l6Kg] of]hgf 5 . clxn] w]/} dflg;x¿ x]g{ cfpFg'x'G5 / of] t ltd|f] efUo kmn]sf] xf] eGg'x'G5 .

o:tf] dxTjk"0f{ kmn kmNbf s:tf] dxz'; ug'{ ePsf] 5 < w]/} v';L nfu]sf] 5 . j}zfvsf] e'sDkn] 3/ w]/} rls{Psf] 5 gofF 3/ agfpg k};f 5}g . k'/fgf]df a:g vt/f 5, . d]/L ;fgL gfltgL klg 3/ km'6\of] Û 3/ km'6\ of] Û Û eGb} rs]{sf] 7fpFdf b]vfpl5g\ . kq klqsfdf n]v]sf] / dflg;x¿n] eg]sf] cg';f/ d'No cfof] eg] !÷@ jif{sf] cfDbfgLn] 3/ jgfpg ;lsPnfsL eGg] cfzf u/]sf] 5' . dnfO t eujfgn] g} oL ¿v h'/fO lbPsf] h:tf] nfu]sf] 5 . Tof] eGbf klg v'l; t cfh} dfq ltdfnsf Ps Aoj;foL d]/f]df jf]lwlrQ kmn]sf] ;'g]/ x]g{ cfpg' eof] . jxfFn] of] t sfe|]sf] ltdfn >]qdf afx]s cGoq st} kmNb}g eGg] ;'g]sf] lyP oxfF t kmn]5 . ltdfnsf] df6f] xfn]sf] xf] < eg]/ ;f]Wg'eof] . d}n] ltdfn t b]v]sf] 5}g sxFfjf6 df6f] xfNg' . o;/L cGoq kmNb}g eGg] ul/Psf] la¿jf d]/f]df kmn]sf]n] w]/} v'l;nfu]sf] 5 .

o:sf] ahf/sf] af/]df s] yfxf5 < tkfOsf]df sf]xL o:sf] kmn lsGg cfP ls < xh'/ o:sf] ahf/sf] af/]df t TotL yfxf5}g . e/v/ dfq kmNg yfn]sf]n] csf]{ jif{ b]vL cln j9L kmNof] eg] lals| ug]{ 7fpF jf JolQm vf]Hg] ljrf/5 . csf]{ jif{ d lslglbG5', c?nfO ga]Rg'x} eGg] s]xL JolQmx¿n] eGg'ePsf] 5 . klxn] t kmNg lbpm To;kl5 ahf/ vf]hf}+nf lgÛ .

cGTodf c¿ ls;fgx¿nfO{ o:sf] v]ltsf] nflu s:tf] ;Nnfx lbg' x'G5 < o;sf] v]tL yf]/} hUuf x'g]n] ;fgf] 7fpFdf / w]/} hUuf x'g]n] 7'nf] 7fpFdf klg ug{ ;lsg], c¿ ¿v / kmn km"n eGbf l5§} kmn kmNg] -jif{df b'O k6s_ / d"No klg w]/} kfOg] xF'bf ;j}n] o:sf] v]tL u/]df /fd|f] cfDbfgL lng ;lsG5 . o:sf] v]tL ubf{ kft em/]sf] j]nf cyf{tf df3 / jiff{ ofd -h]i7 clGtd b]lv c;f/ _ e/ nufpg pko'Qm x'G5 . /fd|/L dn hn, / ;x\of/ ubf{ h''g;'s} dlxgf klg /f]Kg ;lsg] /x]5 . o:sf] af]6df km"n km'Nb} ubf{ gofF xFufx? knfpg] / j9g] ub}{ hfG5 . tL gofF xfFufx?df klg csf]{ kN6 km"n k'Ng] kmn nfUg] x'G5 . k|t]s jif{ ?vsf] cfsf/, ;fOh / xfFufx? j9\b} hfG5g\ To;} cg';f/ kmnklg j9\t} kmN5 . d}n] /f]k]sf] jf]6 km"n km'Nbf tLg lkm6 hlt cNnf lyP, clxn] kmn kfSg nfUbf ;f9]5 lkm6 cUnf ePsf 5g\, tL gofF xfFufx¿df km'nsf sf]kLnf nfUg yfn]sf5g\ . vf; u/L ufpF3/sf ls;fg x¿n] / xfn}sf] e'sDkjf6 3/ elQmPsf, Iflt ePsf dflg;x¿n] o:tf] d'Nojfg la¿jf /f]k]df rfF8} /fd|f] cfDbfdL lnO ;xh ¿kdf 3/ Aojxf/ rnfpg ;lsG5 . sd cfo >f]t ePsf ;j} ls;fg x¿nfO{ slDtdf b'O{ tLg jf]6f jf]lwlrQ, ¿b|fIf h:tf la¿jf nufPdf l56f] / /fd|f] cfDbfgL lng ;lsG5 . o:tf la¿jf lsGbf ljZjf;gLo 7fpFaf6 :jf:o, lg/f]uL, jo:s / ;xL lj¿jf lng' kb{5 . jf]lwlrQ h:t} b]lvg] xf8] josf la¿jf x¿ a]r]/ pkef]Qmf 7Ug] u/]sf] klg ;'g]sf]5' . To;}n] la¿jfx¿ lsGbf ;lx7fpjf6 lsGg ;Nnfx lbG5' . tkfOsf kf7s x¿n] olb d]/f] cg'ej af/] j'em\g rfxfg' x'G5 eg] d]/f] df]jOn (*$!$!@((( df kmf]g ug{ ;Sg' x'g]5 .

jf]lwlrQ / ¿b|fIffsf] la¿jfx¿sf nflu ;Dks{ ug'{ xf]nf /f]k]sf] #–$ jif{b]lv kmn kmNg], Ps} ¿vaf6 nfvf}+ cfDbfgLlbg] af]lwlrQ / ¿b|fIf nufotsf cGo pRru"0f:t/sf la¿jfx¿ /f]kL cfo a[l4ug'{xf];\ . af]6 la?jfsf] kl/ro, v]tL, k|lalw, Aofkf/ ;DjlGw yk hfgsf/L Pj+ k/fd;{sf nflu nfuL jf]lwlrQ g;{/L sflnsf:yfg, sf7df08f}+df ;Dks{ ug'xf]; .

df] (*%!)%#%$* , Od]n bddhakal@gmail.com @)&@ c;f/, jif{–!@÷c°–!, k"0ff{°–!##

@)&@ c;f/, jif{–!@÷c°–!, k"0ff{°–!##

June-July, 2015

d"No ?= !))÷–

k|sfzsLo

ljifo–;"rL

@)^! ;fn c;f/af6 k|sfzg cf/De ePsf] ;f]kfg dfl;s w]/} cf/f]x cj/f]x kf/ ub}{ cfh !@ cf}+ jif{df k|jz] ub}5{  . k|j4' kf7sju{sf] ;b\efjaf6 g} of] ;Dej ePsf] xf] . ;fj{hlgs k|zf;g, Joj:yfkg / ljsf;sf ljleGg ljwf;Fu ;DalGwt If]q / ljifosf 1ftf cfb/0fLo n]vsaf6 k|fKt n]v, /rgf, ;fdlos 36gfqmd, /fli6«o÷cGt/f{li6«o ;dfrf/ ljz]ifnfO{ k|fyldstfsf ;fy k|sfzg ub}{ cfPsf] 5 . o;sf cltl/Qm ljleGg txsf k|ltof]lutfTds k/LIffsf] kf7\oqmd kl/jt{g ePsf] ;Gbe{df ;a} txsf k|ltof]uLx?nfO{ pkof]uL x'g] lsl;dsf ;fdu|L k|sfzg x'gk' g]{ egL kf7sx?af6 k|fKt k|ltlqmofnfO{ xfdLn] uDeL/tfk"js { lnO{ o; dfl;ssf] ;+/rgfdf k'g/fjnf]sg ug]{ k|of; yfngL u/]sf 5f} + . kf7sx?sf] dfof ddtfn] ;f]kfg dfl;sn] P3f/ jif{ k"/f u/L afx| jif{ k|jz] u/]sf] 5 . of] r/0f;Dd NofO{ k'¥ofpg ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] cfb/0fLo n]vs, z'eR] 5's, kf7s / ;Da4 ;a}df ;f]kfg dfl;s xflb{s wGojfb 1fkg ub{5 . o; c+sb]lv ljleGg ljwfsf n]v /rgf, 36gf, ;dfrf/ ljz]if;lxt dxTjk"0f{ b:tfa]h, af}l4s k/LIf0f, ;fdfGo 1fg / k|Zgf]Q/nfO{ ;d]t lgoldt ?kdf ;dfj]z u/]/ cfsf/df ;d]t kl/jt{g x'g uPsf] Joxf]/f lgj]bg ub}{ klqsf 5kfOsf] u'0f:t/df ;d]t Wofg lbFb} hfg] of]hgf klg xfd|f cfb/0fLo u|fxs dxfg'efj;dIf lgj]bg ub{5f}+  . o; c+sb]lv klqsfsf] d"No kl/jt{g u/L k|lt c+s ?= !)).– agfOPsf] 5 . oxfFx?sf] cd"No ;'emfj / ;b\efjsf] ck]Iff ub{5f} + . — ;f]kfg dfl;s

;+ljwfg != ;+ljwfgsf cfwf/e"t kIfx? – Zofds'df/ e‰/fO{ # ;+ljwfg / sfg"g @= g]kfnsf] efjL ;+ljwfgdf gful/stf – pbo /fgfdu/ !# ljsf; #= ljsf;df gful/s ;+nUgtf – /d]z cof{n !& ljsf; Joj:yfkg $= cltsd ljsl;t /fi6«af6 :t/f]Gglt x'g] g]kfnsf] uGtJoM cf}lrTo / sfo{lbzf – ?b|k;| fb e§ @! ;fj{hlgs k|zf;g %= /f]huf/Lsf] xsM /fli6«o tyf cGt/f{li6«o ;Gbe{, r'gf}tL / k|flKt – gf/fo0fk|;fb zdf{ #) ;fdlosL ^= ;+lIfKt /fli6«o 36gfqmd $@ &= /fli6«o ;dfrf/ ljz]if $% *= ;+lIfKt cGt/f{li6«o 36gfqmd $( (= cGt/f{li6«o ;dfrf/ ljz]if %! !)= /fli6«o÷cGt/f{li6«o v]ns'b ultljlw %$

cfufdL c+ssf] cfsif{0f zfvf clws[tsf] klxnf] kqsf] nflu ;Defljt k|Zgx? -@)) j6f_ ;fydf dxTjk"0f{ b:tfa]h;d]t

k|sfzf]Gd'v ljifo yyljsf; k|zf;g ? gj/fh ltjf/L yyljQLo If]q Joj:yfkg / ;fdflhs pQ/bfloTj ? /d]z bfxfn yylzIff gLltdf k'g/fjnf]sgsf] cfjZostf ? vu/fh a/fn yy Corruption: An Obstruction in Ethical Promotion ? Hari Datta Pandey

@)&@ c;f/, jif{–!@÷c°–!, k"0ff{°–!##

!!= ;f]kfg af}l4s k/LIf0f– ! – b]jLk|;fb ;'j]bL %^ !@= k|ltof]lutfTds ;fdfGo1fg–! – s'df/ sf]O/fnf %* !#= k|Zgf]Q/– ! – /d]z e§/fO{ ^! !$= e"sDkaf6 k|efljt ;+/rgfsf] k'glg{df{0f ;DaGwL cWofb]z @)&@ ^*

u|fxsju{df cg'/f]w ;f]kfgsf] jflif{s u|fxs agL afx| c° k|fKt ug{ ?= !))).– -JolQmut_, ?= !@)).– -;+:yfut_ / 8]lne/L z'Nsafkt sf7df8f}+ pkTosf l/ª/f]8 leqsf JolQmut tyf ;+:yfut u|fxsx¿n] ?= !%).– yk z'Ns ltg'k{ g]5{  . pkTosf l/ª/f]8 / ;f]eGbf aflx/sf u|fxsx¿n] /lhi6«L z'Nsafkt ?= !*).– yk u/L JolQmut u|fxsx?n] ?= !!*).– / ;+:yfut u|fxsx?n] ?= !#*).– ;f]kfg dfl;ssf] gfddf /x]sf] /f=af= a}s + , zfvf l;+xb/af/sf] rNtL lx=g+= !!#)))#!!#)! sf] vftfdf hDdf x'gu] /L k7fpg'kg]5{ jf o; dfl;ssf] sfof{nodf gub} klg hDdf ug{ ;lsg]5 . — ;f]kfg dfl;s /1

;DkfbsLo ;Nnfxsf/x¿ k|f1 1fgdl0f g]kfn 8f= ho/fh cfrfo{ x]d/fh zdf{ kf}8]n k|f=8f= eb|k|;fb kf]v/]n k|sfzs÷;Dkfbs jf;'b]j 9sfn k|aGw lgb]{zs /fh]Gb| 9sfn k|wfg;Dkfbs gj/fh ltjf/L ;xfos ;Dkfbs uf]ljGb vgfn lszf]//fh kGt Joj:yfks lji0f'xl/ 9sfn k|]; k|ltlglw s]=kL= b+ufn ‘uf]s'n’ kmf]6f] kqsf/ x]d/fh e08f/L sfg'gL ;Nnfxsf/ clwjQmf ab|Lk|;fb e08f/L u|flkms÷n]cfp6 pQd/fh kGt÷ljZj/fh cfrfo{ k|d'v ljt/s dsfn' k|sfzg u[x l8NnLahf/, sf7df8f}+ kmf]gM $$#%!$* O{–d]n M makalubd@ntc.net.np

d'b|0f ;f]kfg k]|; k|f=ln

O{–d]n M

l8NnLahf/, sf7df8f}+ kmf]g M $$$@@)^

sopanpress2@gmail.com

;f]kfgsf] sfof{no l8NnLahf/ xfO6 dfu{, sf7df8f}+ kmf]g÷k\mofS;M$$#%!$*, kf]=a=g+=#**) O{–d]n M sopanmonthly@gmail.com

b|i6Jo M ‘;f]kfg’df k|sflzt n]v– /rgfx¿df JoQm ljrf/x¿ ;DalGwt n]vsx¿sf lghL x'g \ . tL ljrf/x¿n] o; ;+:yfsf] cflwsfl/s k|ltlglwTj ub}g{ g\ . 2/

d'n'ssf] :t/f]Ggltsf] cfjZostf g]kfn cltsd ljsl;t blIf0f PlzofnL /fi6« xf] . cfly{s, ;fdflhs ljsf;sf] :t/ Go"g ePsf sf/0f g]kfn cltsd ljsl;t /fi6«sf] :t/af6 dfly p7\g ;s]sf] 5}g . PSsfO;f}+ ztfAbLdf cfP/ klg d'n'snfO{ o;/L cljsl;t cj:yfdf /lx/xg lbg'nfO{ pko'Qm dfGg ;lsFb}g . o; kl/j]zdf ;dofg's"n d'n'snfO{ ljsf; ub}{ nfg'sf] ljsNk b]lvFb}g . Go"g k|ltJolQm cfo, sdhf]/ dfgjLo ;DklQ ;"rs / pRr cfly{s hf]lvddf /x]sf d'n's cltsd ljsl;t /fi6« x'g\  . oL tLg ;"rsx?dWo] s'g} b'O{ ;"rsx?sf] ;Ldf k|fKt ePdf d'n's ljsf;zLn /fi6«df :t/f]Gglt x'g;S5 . oBlk dfgj ;DklQ / cfly{s hf]lvd xfl;n geP tfklg k|ltJolQm s"n /fli6«o cfo y|];xf]N8eGbf bf]Aa/ ePdf klg d'n's ljsf;zLn /fi6«df :t/f]Gglt x'g;S5 . cltsd ljsl;t /fi6«x?nfO{ :t/f]Gglt ug]{ ;DaGwdf o:tf /fi6«x?sf] ;xeflutfdf ljleGg cGt/f{li6«o ;Dd]ngx? ePsf 5g\ . o:tf ;Dd]ng ;g\ !(*!, ;g\ !((), ;g\ @))! / ;g\ @)!! df qmdzM k]l/;, k]l/;, a|;]N; / :tfga'ndf ;DkGg ePsf 5g\ . oL ;Dd]ngx?n] ul/aL Go"gLs/0f, n}+lus ;zQmLs/0f, ;'zf;g, dfgjLo Ifdtf ljsf;, lbuf] ljsf;, cfly{s hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f, ljQLo ;|f]tsf] kl/rfngnfO{ clej[l4 u/L d'n'ssf] :t/f]Gglt ug]{ egL ;femf k|lta4tf hgfPsf 5g . kl5Nnf] k6s ;g\ @)!! df :tfga'ndf ;DkGg ;Dd]ngn] krf; k|ltzt cltsd ljsl;t /fi6«nfO{ ;g\ @)@) ;Dddf ljsf;zLn /fi6«df :t/f]Gglt ug]{ u/L :tfga'n sfo{of]hgf th'{df u/]sf] lyof] . oL ljljw ;Dd]ngdf ul/Psf k|ltj4tf, /fli6«o tyf cGt/f{li6«o kl/j]z, d'ns ' sf] ljsf;sf] sdhf]/ cj:yf, d'ns ' sf] cfjZostf cflbsf sf/0f g]kfnsf] afx|f}F of]hgfn] b'O{ bzsleq d'ns ' nfO{ ljsf;zLn /fi6«df :t/f]Gglt ug]{ egL k|yd k6s bL3{sfnLg ;f]rsf] ljsf; u¥of] . To:t} :tfga'n sfo{of]hgfn] krf; k|ltzt cltsd ljsl;t /fi6«nfO{ ;g\ @)@) ;Dddf ljsf;zLn /fi6«df :t/f]Gglt ug{ lnPsf] nIo cg';f/ g]kfnsf] t]xf| } of]hgfn] d'ns ' nfO{ @)@@ ;Dddf ljsf;zLn /fi6«df :t/f]Gglt ug]{ bL3{sfnLg ;f]rnfO{ cufl8 a9fof] . o; qmddf /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]un] ljsf;zLn /fi6«df :t/f]Gglt x'gsf nflu ;+oQ ' m /fi6«;3+ n] tf]ss ] f] ;"rssf] ;Ldf / g]kfnn] k|fKt u/]sf] pknlAwsf cfwf/df ;g\ @)@! ;Dd to x'g;Sg] ;Ldf tyf g]kfnn] xfl;n ug{;Sg] nIo k|If]k0f u/]sf] 5 . pQm k|If]k0f cg';f/ cfly{s hf]lvd ;DaGwL ;"rs / dfgj ;DklQ ;DaGwL ;"rs xfl;n x'g;Sg] / k|ltJolQm s"n /fli6«o cfo ;DaGwL ;"rs xfl;n ug]{ ;f]rnfO{ eg] ljljw dxTjfsf+IfL ;f]rsf] ?kdf l6Kk0fL ul/Psf] 5 . oBlk d'ns ' nfO{ o;k|sf/ ;w} cltsd ljsl;t cj:yfd} /flv/fVg' s'g} klg lx;fjn] pko'Qm 7flgb}g . t;y{ d'ns ' sf] :t/f]Ggltsf nflu ljBdfg r'gf}tLsf] ;fdgf Pj+ cj;/sf] ;b'kof]u ub}{ cufl8 a9g' kg]{ oyfy{tf xfd|f] ;fd' 5 . d'ns ' sf] :t/f]Gglt ug]{ qmddf vf;u/]/ nufgL kl/rfng, pTkfbsTj a[l4, ;'zf;g, /fhgLlts, k|zf;lgs, lghL If]q, bftf / gful/ssf] k|lta4tf, ;+:yfut Ifdtf clej[l4, zflGt axfnL, ljsf;df lrGtg, rf;f], lrGtf h:tf r'gf}tL b]lvPsf 5g\ . t/ o:tf r'gf}tLsf] ;Daf]wg u/L g]kfnnfO{ ljsf;zLn /fi6«df :t/f]Gglt ul/g' lgtfGt h¿/L 5 . oyfl:yltdf /xL ljsf;zLn /fi6«sf nflu k|of; gug'{ eg]sf] cfly{s ;fdflhs ?kfGt/0fsf nflu pbfzLg x'g' xf] . g]kfnnfO{ ljsf;zLn /fi6«df :t/f]Gglt ug]{ g]kfnsf] cfjZostf / ;+oQ ' m /fi6«;3+ sf] klg rfxgf xf] . o; kl/k]I| odf casf] uGtJo ;g\ @)@@ leq g]kfnnfO{ ljsf;zLn /fi6«df :t/f]Gglt ug]{ x'gk' 5{  . d'ns ' sf] :t/f]Ggltn] :jefljs ?kdf g]kfnsf] ul/aL Go"gLs/0f / cfTdlge{/ cy{tGqsf] lgdf{0fdf of]ubfg k'¥ofpF5 . o;sf] nflu gLltut, ;+:yfut, Jojxf/ut, ;"rsut kIfdf ;'wf/ ul/g' k5{ . To:t} k|ltJolQm cfo a9fOg' k5{ . dfgjLo k"h F L ljsf;df nufgL a9fOg' k5{ . cfly{s hf]lvdnfO{ Go"gLs/0f ul/g' k5{ . cfGtl/s Pj+ jfXo ;|ft] ;fwgsf] k|efjsf/L ?kdf kl/rfng ul/g' k5{ . ctM g]kfnnfO{ oyfl:yltaf6 d'Qm u/fO{ ljsf;zLn /fi6«df :t/f]Gglt ul/g' cToGt h¿/L 5 . o;sf nflu ;Da4 ;a} kIfsf] of]ubfgsf] klg TolQs} h¿/t kb{5 . @)&@ c;f/, jif{–!@÷c°–!, k"0ff{°–!##

;+ljwfg

;+ljwfgsf cfwf/e"t kIfx¿ q Zofds'df/ e6\6/fO{* The Constitution is the life of a nation and by it a nation comes into existence. It is the offspring of democracy and its wings are freedom and liberty. Freedom in a democracy is the glory of the State, and liberty is the great companion of freedom. To renounce ones liberty is to renounce the quality of being a man.

;f/f+z ;+ljwfg zf;g ;~rfng ug]{ dfu{bz{s b:tfj]h xf] . of] s'g} klg d'ns' sf] /fhgLlts tyf sfg'gL lnvt klg xf] . /fhgLlts zlQm / k|lqmofaf6 lgdf{0f x'g] ePsf]n] o;nfO{ /fhgLlts lnvt elgPsf] xf] eg] sfg'gsf] z[v+ nfdf ;jf]R{ r :yfgdf /xg] ePsfn] sfg'gL lnvt elgPsf] xf] . ;+ljwfgn] ;du| zf;g Joj:yf ;~rfngsf nflu cfwf/ k|bfg ug]{ / /fHosf] hLjGttfsf nflu ljleGg Joj:yfx¿ u/L zf;sLo Jojxf/nfO{ lgoldt ug]{ ePsfn] o;nfO{ b]zsf] d"n sfg'gsf] x}l;otdf /flvPsf] x'G5 . ;+ljwfg s'g} klg d'ns' sf] ;d[l4sf] cfwf/ xf] . gful/sx¿sf] ljZjf;sf] lnvt klg xf] . k|hftflGqs cfbz{nfO{ c+uLsf/ u/]sf] ;+ljwfgn] gful/snfO{ zf;gsf] s]Gb|laGb'df /fv]sf] x'G5 . sfg'gsf] zf;gk|lt k|lta4tf k|s6 u/]sf] x'G5 . ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f ug]{ clwsf/ (Constituent power) df}lns clwsf/ xf] ;+zf]wg ug]{ clwsf/ (Amendment power) ljwflosL cyf{t\ ;+jw} flgs :fLdfdf /xL cEof; ug]{ clwsf/ xf] . ;+ljwfg zf;g Joj:yf ;~rfng ug]{ hLjGt b:tfj]h xf] h;n] d'ns' sf] zf;g k4ltnfO{ bL3{sfnLg b[li6sf]0fn] kl/rfng u/]sf] x'G5 . of] d'ns' sf] /fhgLlt, cfly{s, ;fdflhs, ;f+:s[lts Pjd\ g}lts d"Noaf6 lgb]l{ zt x'G5 . ;fy} ;dsfnLg ljZj kl/j]zn] klg ;+jw} flgs Joj:yfdf k|efj kfl//x]sf] x'G5 . To;}n] elgG5 M ;+ljwfgnfO{ cIf/df xf]Og efjdf c+uLsf/ ug'k{ b{5 . ;+ljwfg lstfadf n]lvg] sfg'g xf]Og of] t zf;gdf a:g] / cfd gful/sx¿sf] hLjgdf clelnlvt ePsf] x'gk' b{5 . ;+ljwfg Toltv]/ /fd|f] x'G5, hltv]/ hgtfn] ;+ljwfgnfO{ cfTd;ft\ ub{5g\ . ta dfq c;n ;+:s[lt lgdf{0f x'g ;S5 . kl/ro ;+ljwfg b]zsf] zf;g Joj:yfsf] vfsf sf]g]{ /fhgLlts tyf sfg'gL b:tfj]h xf] . ;+ljwfg /fhgLlts b:tfj]h xf] lsgls ;+ljwfg /fhgLltn] lgdf{0f ub{5 / /fhgLlts lbzflgb]{z ub{5 . of] sfg'gL b:tfj]h xf] h;n] b]zsf] d"n sfg'gsf] ¿kdf cfkm"nfO{ zLif{ :yfgdf /fv]sf] x'G5 . ;+ljwfgn] /fHo zlQmsf] k|of]u ug]{ ljlw / k|lqmof lgwf{/0f ub{5 . ;+ljwfg ;/sf/ / hgtfsf aLrsf] ;DaGw kl/eflift ug]{ b:tfj]h xf] . Jofks cy{df ;+ljwfgnfO{ sfg'g ;Ddt tyf c:fDdt lgodx¿sf] ;Fufnf]sf] ¿kdf lng] ul/G5 . ;+s'lrt cy{df ;+ljwfg sfg'g ;Ddt lgodx¿sf] ;Fufnf] dfq xf] elgG5 . Thomas Paine n] ;+ljwfgnfO{ kl/eflift ub{} pNn]v u/]sf 5g\ M '[A] constitution is not the act of government, but of people constituting a government, and a government without a constitution is power without right...A constitution is a thing antecedent to a government; and a government is only the creature of a constitution.'1 * ;xGofoflwjQmf xfn M /fli6«o Goflos k|lti7fg 1

Hilaire Barnett, Constitutional and Administrative Law, New Delhi, Lawman (India) Private Limited, 1996, p.6

@)&@ c;f/, jif{–!@÷c°–!, k"0ff{°–!##

d'VotM ;+ljwfgn] /fHosf c+ux¿sf] l;h{gf ub{5 . tL c+ux¿sf] sfd st{Jo / clwsf/ kl/eflift ub{5 . tL c+udf /xg] kbflwsf/Lx¿sf] of]Uotf cof]Uotf lgwf{/0f ub{5 . zf;g k4ltk|lt hgtfsf] ljZjf; / e/f]:ff l;h{gf ub{5 / /fHo / hgtfsf] ;DaGw Jojl:yt ub{5 . To:f}n] ;+ljwfg zf;g Joj:yfnfO{ j}wflgstf k|bfg ug]{ dxŒjk"0f{ b:tfj]h xf]  . Pp6f cgnfOg zAbsf]zn] u/]sf] ;+ljwfgsf] kl/efiff o;k|sf/ /x]sf] 5 M The organic and fundamental law of a nation or state, which may be written or unwritten, establishing the character and conception of Its government, laying the basic principles to which its internal life is to be conformed, organizing the government, and regulating, distributing, and limiting the functions of its different departments, and prescribing the extent and manner of the exercise of sovereign powers.2

k|lz4 ;+ljwfgljb\ s]=;L= x\j]o/ eG5g\ M ;+ljwfg s'g} klg d'n'ssf] zf;g k4ltsf] gofF ;'?cft xf] . ;+ljwfgn] ;du| zf;g k|0ffnLsf] JofVof ub{5 . of] ;/sf/ :yfkgf / ;~rfng ug]{ j}wflgs lnvt xf] . To:tf] lnvt s]xL xb;Dd sfg'gL x'G5 / cbfntaf6 k|of]u / k|rng 2

http://thelawdictionary.org/constitution/

;+ljwfg u/fOG5 . s]xL xb;Dd k|yf, k/Dk/f, d"No dfGotf / k|rngx¿4f/f lgb]{lzt x'G5 . pgs} zAbdf ;+ljwfgsf] kl/efiff o;k|sf/ /x]sf] 5 M

•

zflGt :yfkgf, ;xsfo{ Pj+ ljsf; ug]{ k|d'v ;+oGq Pj+ ;fwg xf] . • of] Pp6f /fhgLlts tyf sfg'gL b:tfj]h xf] -/fHozlQmsf] k|of]u tyf ljt/0f;Fu ;DalGwt ePsfn] Constitution is used to describe the whole system of government of country, the collection of rules which of] /fhgLlts / o;sf k|fjwfg pNn+3g ePdf establish and regulate or govern the government. cbfntaf6 k|rng tyf JofVof ul/g] ePsfn] of] These rules are partly legal in the sense that courts sfg'gL b:tfj]h xf]_ . of law will recognize and apply them, and partly non legal or extra legal, taking the form of usages, • o;n] ;fj{ef}d zlQmnfO{ ljleGg lgsfodf afF8kmfF8 understandings, customs or conventions which ubf{ hgtfsf] ;jf]{Qd lxt / OR5fnfO{ Wofgdf /fv]sf] courts do not recognize as law but which are not less effective in regulating the government then the x'G5 . rules of law strictly so called. 3 ;+ljwfgsf] p2]Zo ;+ljwfg s'g} klg b]zsf] zf;sLo hLjgsf] cfwf/ xf] . o;}sf] dfWodaf6 zf;g k4ltsf] cl:tTj b]lvG5 . ;+ljwfgn] ;du| zf;g k4lt ;~rfngsf nflu dfu{lgb]{zg ;/sf/sf] ;+/rgf aG5  . zf;g ;~rfng ug]{ ljlw / k|lqmof ug]{ p2]Zo lnPsf] x'G5 . ;+ljwfgdf /fHosf] /fhgLlts, lglZrt x'G5 . /fHosf c+ux¿sf] sfo{ ljefhg ul/G5 . cfly{s, ;fdflhs, ;f+:s[lts / g}lts kIfsf] pb\af]wg sfd st{Jo kl/eflift ul/G5 . clwsf/df ;Ldf nufOG5 . ePsf] x'G5 . of] a[xt\ p2]Zoleq /xL s'g} klg k|hftflGqs gful/ssf clwsf/x¿sf] k|Tofe"lt ul/G5 . To;}n] elgG5 ;+ljwfgn] d"ntM b]xfosf sfo{x¿ ub{5 M of] ;/sf/sf nflu a8fkq xf] / gful/sx¿sf nflu != /fHo zlQmsf] afF8kmfF8 ub{5 . clwsf/ kq xf] . ljåfg\x¿n] ;+ljwfgnfO{ ljleGg ¿kdf @= zf;g ;~rfngsf nflu clVtof/L lbG5 . kl/eflift ul/Psf] kfOG5 . oxFf ljleGg ljåfg\sf kl/efiff #= ;/sf/nfO{ ;Lldt t'NofpFb5 . pNn]v ug'{eGbf ;+ljwfgn] af]Sg] rl/q / dfGotfsf $= zf;gdf x'g ;Sg] :j]R5frfl/tfnfO{ lg:t]h ub{5 . cfwf/df ;+ljwfgsf] cy{ vf]Hg' ;fGble{s x'G5 . ;f] b[li6n] %= zfl;tx¿ -gful/sx¿_ sf] clwsf/sf] k|Tofe"lt ub{5 . x]bf{ ;+ljwfgnfO{ o;k|sf/ pNn]v ug{ ;lsG5 M4 ^= d'n'ssf] ;fj{ef}d;Qfsf] k|of]u ug]{ k|lqmof Jojl:yt ub{5 . • ;+ljwfg /fHosf] cfwf/e"t sfg'g xf] . • /fHo ;~rfngsf] dfu{bz{g Pj+ /fHosf] cg'zf;gsf] plNnlvt sfo{sf cltl/Qm ;+ljwfgn] ;fd~h:ok"0f{ k|ltljDa xf] . ;fdflhs ;+/rgf lgdf{0f ub{5 . cfd gful/ssf ;femf • /fHosf k|d'v lgsfosf] sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/sf] ;/f]sf/ / Jf}olQms :jtGqtfsf] ;+/If0f ub}{ Gofo / lgwf{/s xf] . ;a} /fHo ;+oGqsf]] clwsf/sf] ;|f]t xf] . g}ltstfdf cfwfl/t zf;sLo kl/j]z lgdf{0f ub{5 .5 To;}n] ;+ljwfgnfO{ /fHo ;~rfngsf] dfWodsf] ¿kdf dfq • ;Lldt ;/sf/sf] ;+:yfks xf] . • gful/ssf xs clwsf/sf] k|d'v ;+/Ifs xf] . xs glnO{ hgtfsf] clwsf/ ;'lglZrt ug]{ b:tfj]hsf] ¿kdf lng'kb{5 . hgtf / ;/sf/sf clwsf/ / lhDd]jf/Lsf clwsf/ xgg ePdf k'g:yf{kg u/fpg] lgsfo xf] . • hgtfsf] ;xdltsf] cg'aGw xf] . h;n] pgLx¿sf] aLrsf] ;Gt'ngsf] ¿kdf klg lng'kb{5 . k|hftflGqs zf;g ePsf] d'n'sdf ;+ljwfgsf] p2]Zo ;/sf/sf] rfxgf / cfsf+Iffx¿nfO{ JoQm ub{5 . • o;n] b]zsf] jt{dfg tyf eljiosf] cfr/0f tyf :jljj]sLo clwsf/dfly ;Ldf nufpg' / hgtfsf] xs ls6fg ul/lbg' xf] .6 Jojxf/nfO{ lgoldt / Jojl:yt ub{5 . • /fi6«sf] cfTdf xf] -;+ljwfg lagfsf] b]z cfTdflagfsf] ;+ljwfgnfO{ d"n sfg'g dfGg] cfwf/x¿ z/L/ h:tf] x'ghfG5 . hxfF ;w}+ c/fhstfn] lgjf; ub{5 . o;}n] of] ;b}j hLjGt b:tfj]hsf] ¿kdf /xG5_ . ;+ljwfg b]zsf] d"n sfg'g xf] . o;nfO{ dfp sfg'g, hggL sfg'g, lkt[ sfg'g, sfg'gsf] klg sfg'g, cfwf/e"t sfg'gf • of] ;j{:jLsfo{ dfGotf xf] -o;sf] ckl/xfo{tf /fhtGqfTds, u0ftGqfTds, PsfTds, ;+3fTds 5 o; ;Gbe{df rqmw/ emfn] pNn]v u/]sf 5g\ M It is also the Constitution to establish a harmonious and cohesive structure of the h'g;'s} lsl;dsf] /fHoJoj:yfsf] nflu plQs} society based on ideal common good and individual liberty, and the actions of the people as well as of the persons condxŒjk"0f{ /x]sf] x'G5_ . ducting the government are also controlled by the Constitution. 3

K C wheare, Modern Constitutions, Oxford University Press, London, 1964 p. 1

s[i0fk|;fb ;'j]bL / Zofds'df/ e6\6/fO{, ;fj{hlgs k|zf;g, ;f]kfg dfl;s, @)^&

Dr CD Jha's Judicial Review of Legislative Acts (2nd ed.), LexisNexis Butterworths Wadhwa, Nagpur, 2009 p. 6

e/t/fh pk|]tL ;d]t -;+=_, g]kfnsf] ;+j}wflgs sfg'g, sfg'g cg';Gwfg tyf ljsf; kmf]/d -lk|ml8n_, @)%$ k[=#

@)&@ c;f/, jif{–!@÷c°–!, k"0ff{°–!##

;+ljwfg cflb gfdn] ;Daf]wg ul/G5 . o;}n] d'n'ssf] zf;g k4lt ;~rfngsf] cfwf/ k|bfg ub{5 . zf;g ;~rfngsf nflu dfu{bz{g ub{5 . zf;g Joj:yf ;~rfngsf nflu /fHosf c+ux¿ :yfkgf ub{5 . tL c+ux¿df kbflwsf/Lx¿sf] lgo'lQm / kbd'lQmsf] cfwf/ lgwf{/0f ub{5 . tL c+un] ug]{ sfd sf/afxL kl/eflift ub{5 . To:tf] clwsf/sf] :j]R5frf/L k|of]u x'g glbgsf nflu cfjZos ;Ldf lgwf{/0f ub{5 . gful/s / zf;gdf a:g]x¿sf aLrsf] ;DjGw lgwf{/0f ub{5 . gful/ssf xs clwsf/sf] k|Tofe"lt ub{5 . o;}n] lgwf{/0f u/]sf] kl/lwleq /xL ;du| d'n'ssf] zf;g Joj:yf ;~rfng x'G5 . c? sfg'gx¿ ;+ljwfgn] lgwf{/0f u/]sf] ;Ldfdf /xL lqmofzLn x'G5g\ . To:f}n] ;+ljwfgnfO{ organic statute elgG5 . ;+ljwfgsf] lgdf{0f ljlzi6 k|lqmofaf6 ePsf] x'G5 . ;+ljwfg ;fj{ef}e;Qf ;DkGg zlQmaf6 hf/L ePsf] x'G5 . ;du| zf;g Joj:yfsf] cfwf/sf] ¿kdf ;+ljwfgsf] e"ldsf /x]sf] x'G5 . ;/sf/nfO{ clwsf/ k|bfg ug]{, lgoGq0f ug]{ / pQ/bfoL agfpg] b:tfj]h xf] ;+ljwfg . of] c¿ sfg'gsf] ;|f]t xf] .7 ;+ljwfgnfO{ sfg'g k|0ffnLsf] j}wflgstfsf] ;|f]t dfGg] ul/G5 .8 ;+ljwfgn] cfkm\gf] j}wflgstf cfkm+} 3f]if0ff u/]sf] x'G5 . ;+ljwfgn] /fHosf c+ux¿sf] l;h{gf ug]{, zlQmsf] afF8kmfF8 ug]{, xs clwsf/sf] k|Tofe"t ug]{, / /fHosf c+ux¿nfO{ lhDd]jf/ agfpg] b:tfj]h ePsf] sf/0f ;+ljwfgnfO{ b]zsf] d"n sfg'g elgPsf] xf] . ;+ljwfgn] /fHonfO{ g} ;~rfng ub{5 . To:f}n] of] d"n sfg'g xf] t/ c¿ sfg'gx¿ /fHoåf/f zf;g Joj:yf sfod /fVg k|of]u ul/G5g\9 h;sf] k"j{;t{sf] ¿kdf To:tf sfg'gx¿ ;+ljwfg;Fu ;+ultk"0f{ x'g' kb{5 . pbfx/0fsf] ¿kdf g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f ! df of] ;+ljwfg b]zsf] d"n sfg'g x'g], ;+ljwfg;Fu aflemPsf sfg'gx¿ aflemPsf] xb;Dd cdfGo / ab/ x'g] Joj:yfnfO{ lng ;lsG5 . ;+ljwfg /fi6«sf] ;d[l4sf] cfwf/ ;+ljwfg /fhgLlts Pjd\ sfg'gL b:tfj]h xf] . o;sf ;fy} of] d'n'sf] lbuf] zflGt, k|ult / ;d[l4sf] cfwf/ klg xf] . To;}n] d'n'ssf] pGgltsf nflu /fd|f] ;+ljwfg x'g cfjZos x'G5 . /fd|f] ;+ljwfgn] /fd|f gful/s agfpg ;S5 cyf{t\ gful/snfO{ /fd|f] af6f]df cu|;/ u/fpg ;S5 . o;n] /fd|f ljwfos agfpg ;S5 . /fd|f k|zf;g ;~rfng ug]{x¿ 7 8

The constitutional law is the supreme law. The statutory law is the ordinary law and is to be enacted and enforced subject to the constitutional law. Supra note 4 p. 31

e/t/fh pk|]tL ;d]t -;+=_, g]kfnsf] ;+j}wflgs sfg'gf, sfg'g, cg';Gwfg tyf ljsf; kmf]/d -lk|ml8n_, @)%$ k[=@!

There are two kinds of laws, one which governs the State and the other by means of which the State governs. Supra note 4 p. 29

@)&@ c;f/, jif{–!@÷c°–!, k"0ff{°–!##

hGdfpg ;S5 . /fd|f GofofwLzx¿ lgo'Qm ug{ ;Sb5 . o;n] /fd|f] ;/sf/ / /fd|f] zf;gsf nflu cfwf/ k|bfg ug{ ;S5 . /fd|f] ;+ljwfgsf] d"No cg'dfg ul/g;Sg'sf] x'G5 . ;+ljwfg /fd|f] ePdf ;/sf/n] s] ub{5 egL hgtfn] cg'dfg ug{ ;Sb5g\ / cfkm\gf] Jojxf/nfO{ ;f]xL adf]lhd lgoldt ug{ ;Sb5g\ . of] cg'dfgof]Uo zf;gsf] cfwf/ xf] . elgG5 M Constitution is the ultimate sovereign. Thus, a country can prosper only by a good and virtuous Constitution.10

;+ljwfgsf] cfwf/e"t ;+/rgf s'g} klg ;+ljwfgn] lglZrt d"No / k4lt u|x0f u/]sf] x'G5 h;nfO{ ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f ug]{ zlQmn] pNn]v u/]sf] x'G5 . ;+ljwfg ;+zf]wg ug]{ qmddf ;+ljwfgsf cfwf/e"t d"Nox¿ gi6 ug{ kfOFb}g eGg] b[li6sf]0fn] cfwf/e"t ;+/rgfsf] l;4fGt ljsf; ePsf] xf] . ljz]ift M o;nfO{ ef/tLo Gofokflnsfsf] dfg; ;Gtlt (Brain child) sf] ¿kdf lng] ul/G5 .11 ;+ljwfgn] lgwf{/0f u/]sf] ljlw / k|lqmof cjnDag u/L ul/g] ;+zf]wgsf] clwsf/sf] k|of]u ubf{ ;+ljwfg lgdf{tfn] ;d]6]sf cfwf/e"t d"Nox¿ kl/jt{g ug{ jf gi6 ug{ kfOFb}g eGg] dfGotfsf cfwf/df of] cjwf/0ff ljsf; ePsf] xf] . g]kfnsf] ;+j}wflgs ljsf; x]bf{ g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)$& n] cfwf/e"t ;+/rgfsf] l;4fGtnfO{ JoQm ¿kdf pNn]v u/]sf] lyof]  .12 ;+ljwfgsf] k|:tfjgf ljk/Lt x'g] u/L ;+ljwfg ;+zf]wg ug{ gkfpg] Joj:yf ;f] ;+ljwfgdf ul/Psf] lyof] . g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# n] To:tf] k|fjwfg g/fv]sf] eP klg ;jf]{RRf cbfntn] JofVofsf] qmddf ;+ljwfgsf] cfwf/e"t ;+/rgfsf] af/]df l6Kk0fL u/]sf] kfOG5 .13 cfwf/e"t 10 Id. p. 5 ;f] k':tsdf elgPsf] 5 M The essential functions of a virtuous constitution are: (i) to maintain the distribution of powers and the Federal State relations, (ii) to maintain the separation of powers with balance, (iii) to maintain constitutional limitations and restrictions on government to uphold individual liberty and freedom, (iv) to protect Fundamental rights of the citizen, (v) to establish government, (vi) to bring harmony and happiness to the people to produce good legislator, good laws and good rulers. 11

o; ;DaGwL dxŒjk"0f{ JofVof s]zjfgGb ef/tL lj?4 :6]6 ckm s]/nfsf]

d'4fdf ePsf] xf] . To;kl5 klg ;+ljwfgsf] cfwf/e"t ;+/rgfsf] ljifodf ef/tLo Gofofnon] dxŒjk"0f{ JofVof u/]sf] 5 . yk hfgsf/Lsf nflu x]g{ ;lsG5 M V.R. Krishna Iyer, Constitutional Miscellany, Eastern Book Company, 2003 p. 2

;f] ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !!^ df k|:tfjgfsf] efjgf ljk/Lt ;+ljwfg ;+zf]wg ug{ g;lsg] Joj:yf ul/Psf] lyof] . 13 ;'af]wdfg gflkt lj= k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no ;d]t ePsf] @)^$ ;fnsf] l/6 g+= ))@( df cfb]z ub}{ ;jf]{Rr cbfntn] eg]sf] 5 M g]kfnL hgtfn] rfx]sf]n] ;+3fTds / nf]stflGqs u0ftflGqs Joj:yfnfO{ ;+ljwfgn] cfwf/e"t ;+/rgf geg] klg :jfefljs ¿kdf tL ljifox¿ cGtl/d ;+ljwfgsf cGt/lglxt cfwf/e"t ;+/rgf x'bfF c;+zf] wgLo 5g\ . To;}u/L ljho/fh zfSo lj= k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no ePsf] @)^^ ;fnsf] l/6 g+= ))%) df elgPsf] 5 M æ;+ljwfg ;+zf]wgsf ;DaGwdf Joj:yflksf ;+;b\ s]xL JoQm jf cJoQm ;Ldfx¿af6 aflwG5 . ;+ljwfg :jo+n] ;+zf]wgsf nflu s'g} k"j{;t{ /fv]sf] b]lvb}g . 12

;+ljwfg ;+/rgfn] ;+ljwfgn] ;d]6]sf] df}lns d"NonfO{ b;f{pFb5 h;nfO{ ;+ljwfg lgdf{tfx¿n] ;+ljwfgdf cleJoQm u/]sf x'G5g\ . gful/ssf] ;fj{ef};QfnfO{ ;+s'lrt kfg{ glbg / k|hftflGqs kl/kf6LnfO{ lgoGq0f ug{af6 /f]s nufpg ;+ljwfgn] o:tf] k|aGw u/]sf] kfOG5 . ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f ul/g] ljlwx¿ ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f ug]{ ljleGg ljlwx¿ cEof;df /x]sf 5g\  . o;df Ps¿ktfsf] cefj g} 5 . s'g ljlwn] ;+ljwfg ag]sf] xf] eGg'eGbf s'g ¿kdf hgtfsf ck]Iffx¿ ;+ljwfgdf ;Daf]wg ePsf] 5 eGg] ljifon] k|wfgtf /fVg] cg'ejn] b]vfPsf] 5 . st} ;+ljwfg zf;ssf] cfb]zsf] ¿kdf hf/L ePsf 5g\ st} ;+ljwfg hgtfsf] gfddf hf/L ePsf 5g\  . st} ;+ljwfg ;+ljwfg;efaf6 ag]sf 5g\ st} ;+ljwfg hgdt ;+u|xaf6 ag]sf 5g\ . st} ljz]if1n] agfPsf 5g\ st} /fhgLlt1n] agfPsf 5g\  . st} cg's/0f ul/Psf] 5 st} df}lns ¿kdf agfOPsf] klg 5 . cg's/0f ubf{ klg st} k4lt cg's/0f ul/Psf] 5 st} ljifoj:t' cg's/0f ul/Psf] 5 . :j¿kdf, ;+/rgfdf / k4ltdf ;+ljwfg lkR5] leGgtf /x]sf] 5 . ;+ljwfg s;/L agfOPsf] 5 eGg'eGbf ;+ljwfgdf hgtfsf] ;xeflutf, k|ltlglwTj, kx'Fr sltsf] 5 / hgtfn] cfkm\gf] cl:tTjaf]w u/]sf 5g\ ls 5}gg\ tyf :jfldTjaf]w u/]sf 5g\ ls 5}gg\ eGg] ljifon] k|wfgtf /fv]sf] kfOG5 . ljlw / k|lqmofdf eGbf d"ntM o;n] hgtfsf] ljZjf; cfh{g u/]sf] 5 ls 5}g eGg] k|Zgdf of] ljifo s]lGb|t /x]sf] kfOG5 . xfn;Dd ljZjsf sl/a !(% b]zn] u/]sf] ;+ljwfg lgdf{0fsf] cg'ejnfO{ x]bf{ b]xfo adf]lhdsf ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f ljlwx¿ /x]sf kfOG5g\ M14 !_ ;+j}wflgs ;Dd]ngsf] cfof]hgf u/]/ M o;sf] k|ToIf pbfx/0fsf] ¿kdf cd]l/sL ;+ljwfgnfO{ lng ;lsG5 . @_ ;+j}wflgs cfof]u tyf ;+j}wflgs sfg'gsf ljåfg\ x¿åf/f ;+ljwfgsf] lgdf{0f u/]/ M g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df x]bf{ xfn;Ddsf k|foM ;a} ;+ljwfgx¿ -g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg, @)!( afx]s_ o;} ljlwsf] cjnDag u/L lgdf{0f ePsf] kfOG5 . #_ zf;såf/f Psnf}6L ¿kdf ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f ug]{ ljlw jf lukm\6 df]8n M g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{af6 x]bf{ g]kfnsf] cfwf/e"t ;+/rgf ls6]sf] 5}g eGb}df ;+ljwfgsf] cfwf/e"t :j?k Ift ljIft kfg]{ clwsf/ ;+ljwfgn] hGdfPsf] (Creature) cyf{t ljwlosfnfO{ x'b}g . cfkm"nfO{ hGd lbg] cyf{t (Creature) ;+ljwfgsf] ;d;fdflos ;+zf]wg u/L ;+j}wflgs ljsfznfO{ cl3 a9fpg] jf ultlzntf k|bfg ug]{ sfo{ ljwflosfsf] xf] t/ ;+zf]wgsf] gfddf Original ;+ljwfgsf] df}lns :j?k jf rl/qnfO{ g} ;dfKt ug]{ clwsf/ To;nfO{ x'b}g .Æ 14 s[i0fk|;fb ;'j]bL / Zofds'df/ e6\6/fO{, ;fj{hlgs k|zf;g, ;f]kfg dfl;s, @)^&

;+ljwfg, @)!( nfO{ o;sf] pbfx/0fsf] ¿kdf lng ;lsG5 . $_ c¿n] n]v]sf] ;+ljwfg :jLsfg]{ ljlw M låtLo ljZjo'4df k/flht hfkfgnfO{ cd]l/sL ;]gfsf sdfG8/ hg/n dfs{ cy{/n] tof/ ug{ nufPsf] ;+ljwfgsf] d:of}bf cg'df]bgsf nflu hgdt;+u|xdf nluof] / hgtfåf/f :jLsf/ u/L nfu" eof] . %_ Pp6f ;+ljwfgn] csf]{ ;+ljwfgsf] lgdf{0f ug{ dfu{ k|z:t ug]{ ljlw M ;g\ !((( sf] :jL; ;+ljwfg cg';f/ sDtLdf Ps nfv hgtfn] rfx]df h'g;'s} avt ;f] ;+ljwfgnfO{ kl/jt{g jf vf/]h u/L csf]{ ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f ug{ k|:tfj ug{ ;Qm5g\ . ^_ ;+ljwfg;ef dfkm{t ;+ljwfgsf] lgdf{0f M xfn;Ddsf] cGt/f{li6«o cg'ej x]bf{ ;+ljwfg;efsf] u7g b]xfo adf]lhd ul/Psf] kfOG5 M • hgtfsf] k|ToIf ;xeflutfdf ;~rflnt dtbfgsf] k|lqmofåf/f ul7t ;+ljwfg;ef . o; cGtu{t /fHosf ;Dk"0f{ hfthflt, ju{, If]q, wd{, j0f{, efiff h:tf ljifox¿sf] plrt k|ltlglwTj /x]sf] x'G5 . c:6«]lnog ;+ljwfg;ef, !*(&, Sofg]l8og ;+ljwfg;ef, !($^ nfO{ o;sf] pbfx/0fsf] ¿kdf lng ;lsG5 . • ;+ljwfg;efsf] u7g hgtfsf] ck|ToIf lgjf{rgaf6 klg ePsf] 5 . o; ljlw cGtu{t s]Gb|Lo ;+;b\sf ;b:o, k|fGtLo ljwflosfsf ;b:o jf ;+j}wflgs ;efsf] cfx\jfg ubf{ o;df efu lng cfPsf ;b:osf] ;d"xaf6 ;+ljwfg;efsf] lgdf{0f ePsf] 5 . o;sf] pbfx/0fsf] ¿kdf ;g\ !&*& sf] cd]l/sL ;+j}wflgs ;Dd]ng, !($^ sf] ef/tLo ;+ljwfg;efsf] u7g tyf ;g\ !($* sf] hd{gLsf] ;+ljwfg;efsf] u7gnfO{ lng ;lsG5 hf] ck|ToIf lgjf{rgåf/f u7g ePsf lyP . • ;+ljwfg;efsf] u7g ;/sf/åf/f dgf]gLt ul/Psf JolQmx¿åf/f klg x'g] u/]sf] kfOG5 . t/ o:tf] ;efnfO{ ;+ljwfg;ef gegL ;+j}wflgs kl/ifb\ egL gfds/0f ul/Psf] kfOG5 . pbfx/0fsf] ¿kdf ;g\ !*$* sf] :jL; ;+ljwfg of] ljlwaf6 lgdf{0f ul/Psf] kfOG5 . h;df SofG6f]g / dxf;+3sf k|ltlglwx¿ ;dfj]z lyP . • rf}yf] ljlwsf] ¿kdf ldl>t ljlwnfO{ lng ;lsG5 . o; cGtu{t hgtfsf] k|ToIf lgjf{rg, ck|ToIf lgjf{rg, ;/sf/sf] dgf]gog h:tf k|lqmofaf6 5flgPsf ;b:ox¿åf/f ;+ljwfg;efsf] lgdf{0f ul/Psf] x'G5 . o; ljlwsf] dfWodaf6 :k]gn] ;g\ !(&&, blIf0f clk|msfn] ;g\ !(($ tyf g]kfnn] klg ;+ljwfg lgdf{0fsf nflu ;+ljwfg;efsf] u7g u/]sf] b]lvG5 . plNnlvt cfwf/df x]bf{ ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f k|lqmofdf ljljwtf @)&@ c;f/, jif{–!@÷c°–!, k"0ff{°–!##

;+ljwfg b]lvG5 . agfpg] k|lqmof leGg eP klg ;+ljwfg u'0fu|fxL / g}lts (Virtuous and moral) x'g ;s]df dfq k|hftflGqs kl/kf6L ;+:yfut x'g ;Sb5 . elgG5 ;+ljwfg lgdf{tfx¿ g}ltsjfg ePsf] sf/0f u'0fu|fxL / g}lts ;+ljwfg aGg] xf]Og . a? pgLx¿ To:tf] ;+ljwfg agfpg bIf / hfgsf/ x'g'kb{5 . u'0fu|fxL ;+ljwfgn] dfq g}ltsjfg dflg;x¿ ePsf] ;dfh l;h{gf ug{ ;Sb5 . sfG6n] eg]sf 5g\ M We

;+ljwfgdf ;dfj]z x'g] ljifox¿ ;+ljwfg hf/L x'Fbfsf] kl/j]z, o;n] cjnDjg u/]sf] zf;g k4lt, ;fj{df}d;Qf, gful/stf / gful/s / ;/sf/sf] ;DaGw, gful/s clwsf/ / :jtGqtfsf] ;+/If0fsf ljifox¿, /fHosf c+u / tL c+udf /xg] kbflwsf/Lx¿sf] of]Uotf / rog x'g] k|lqmof, /fHo zlQmsf] afF8kmfF8 / k|of]u, /fHo zlQmsf] b'?kof]u lgoGq0fsf nflu cjnDag ul/Psf must not expect a good Constitution because those pkfox¿ ;d]tsf ljifox¿ ;+ljwfgdf ;dfj]z ePsf who make it are moral men. Rather it is because of good Constitution that we may expect a society x'G5g\ . ;+ljwfgn] /fhgLlts k4ltnfO{ sfg'gL d"Nodf composed of moral men.15 ;+ljwfg lgdf{0fsf nflu ¿kfGt/0f ug]{ / zf;g ;~rfngsf nflu dfu{bz{g h'g;'s} tl/sf jf ljlw ckgfP klg of] /fi6«sf] ;d[l4sf ug]{ ePsf]n] /fhgLlts k4ltn] ;+ljwfgsf ljifoj:t'nfO{ nflu g} lqmofzLn x'g] xf] . slxNo} klg ;+ljwfg b]znfO{ lgb]{lzt u/]sf] x'G5 . ;+s6 kfg]{ u/L agfOb}g . elgG5 M Constitutions are /fHosf c+ux¿sf] ljefhg made to construct and not to destruct. /fhgLlts zf:qsf 1ftfx¿ eG5g\ M clwsf/ s]Gb|Ls/0f ;+ljwfg / k|hftGqsf] ;DjGw ePdf :j]R5frfl/tfsf] ;Defjgf clws /xG5 . To:f}n] k|hftGqdf gful/sx¿ ;jf]{Rr :yfgdf x'G5g\  . /fHosf c+ux¿df clwsf/sf] ljefhg ug]{ ul/G5 / :jtGqtfn] ;DkGg x'G5g\ . zlQmsf] ;|f]tsf] ¿kdf /x]sf ;+ljwfgaf6 g} sfo{kflnsf, Joj:yflksf / Gofofkflnsf x'G5g\ . gful/sx¿sf] zf;g sfod x'g] ;+ljwfg aGg ;d]tsf ;+/rgfx¿df /fHo zlQmsf] ljefhg ul/Psf] x'G5 ;s]df To:tf] ;+ljwfgnfO{ k|hftflGqs ;+ljwfg elgG5 . / tL c+ux¿nfO{ cg'zf;gdf /fVgsf nflu Psfk;df k|hftflGqs ;+ljwfgn] dfq gful/snfO{ zf;gsf] afu8f]/ lgoGq0f / ;Gt'ngsf] Joj:yf ;d]t ul/Psf] x'G5 . ;'Dkg] ub{5 / zf;gdf a:g]x¿nfO{ gful/s s]lGb|t eO{ o;nfO{ ;+j}wflgs sfg'gsf lj1x¿n] zlQmsf] k[ysLs/0f zf;g ;~rfng ug{{ lgb]{lzt ub{5 . cyf{t\ ;/sf/sf] tyf lgoGq0f / ;Gt'ngsf] l;4fGtsf] gfd lbPsf 5g\ . rog hgtfn] ub{5g\ / hgtfsf] OR5f / ck]Iff adf]lhs of] l;4fGtnfO{ k|hftflGqs zf;g k4ltsf] cfwf/ / ;/sf/ ;~rfng x'G5 . k|hftGqdf ;/sf/ ;+ljwfg / k|hftflGqs ;+ljwfgsf] cfjZos k"j{;t{sf] ¿kdf lnPsf] sfg'gn] lgwf{/0f u/]sf] ;Ldfdf /x]sf] x'G5 . ;+ljwfgjfbsf kfOG5 . cfwf/e"t kIfx¿nfO{ c+lusf/ u/]sf] x'G5 . cfkm"n] u/]sf sfd sf/afxL pk/ hgtfk|lt pQ/bfoL x'G5 . zf;gdf ;+ljwfgn] sfo{sf/L clwsf/sf] k|of]usf nflu sfo{kflnsfsf] /fli6«o efjgf / k|hftflGqs k|j[lQ b]lvPsf] x'g'kb{5 . :yfkgf u/sf] x'G5 . Joj:yfksLo clwsf/sf] k|of]usf ;/sf/ / gful/ssf aLrsf] ;DaGw ;Gt'lnt x'g'kb{5 . nflu Joj:yflksfsf] k|aGw u/]sf] x'G5 / ;+ljwfgsf] gful/sx¿sf clwsf/nfO{ ;+ljwfgn] ;'/lIft ul/lbPsf] ;+/If0f / gful/s xs clwsf/sf] kl/rfngsf nflu x'g'kb{5 / To:tf] clwsf/ cltqmd0f ePdf pkrf/ lbg] Gofokflnsfsf] Joj:yf u/]sf] x'G5 . plNnlvt c+ux¿n] Gofofno :jtGq x'g'kb{5 . zf;gdf :j]R5frfl/tf cfpg sfg'gsf] sfof{Gjog ug]{, sfg'gsf] th'{df ug]{ / sfg'gsf] glbg zlQmsf] k[ysLs/0fsf] dfGotfnfO{ c+uLsf/ ul/Psf] JofVof ug]{ lhDDf]jf/L k|fKt u/]sf x'G5g\ . ;+/rgfut x'g'kb{5  . sfg'gsf] zf;gk|lt k|lta4 ePsf] x'g'kb{5  . h]D; ¿kdf oL c+ux¿ leGg x'G5g\  . sfof{Tds ¿kdf leGgleGg a|fO;n] eg]sf 5g\ M Democracy cherishes all these lhDd]jf/L k|bfg ul/Psf] x'G5 .18 :jfefljs ¿kdf /fHo blessings of life. Where the will of the whole people zlQmsf] k|of]u Ps} lgsfo jf JolQmdf s]lGb|t ePdf prevails in all important matters of governance, it is zf;g Joj:yfdf :j]R5frfl/tf cfpg ;Sg] ;Defjg /xg] a democracy.16 k|hftGq Pp6f b[li6sf]0f jf ljrf/ jf ePsf]n] /fHosf c+ux¿df zlQmsf] k[ysLs/0f ul/Psf] cfbz{eGbf a9L xf] / of] Pp6f k|lqmofaf6 lgb]{lzt x'g] x'G5 . /fHosf c+ux¿sf] cGt/;DaGw sfod u/L zf;g ljifo klg xf] . ljlnod l/s/ eG5g\ M Democracy is Joj:yfnfO{ ultzLn agfpgsf nflu lgoGq0f / ;Gt'ngsf] more than an ideal, it is also a method. Democracy may hold its ideal jointly, its method it has alone. The Joj:yf ul/Psf] x'G5 . o;sf cnfjf kl5Nnf] ;dodf method is government responsible to the people.17

15 Chakradhar Jha, supra note p. 5 16 James Brice, Modern Democracies, vol 1, The World Press Private Ltd, Calcutta, 1962, pp 25-26 17 William H Riker, Democracy in the United States, The Macmillan Company, New York, 1966, p. 25

@)&@ c;f/, jif{–!@÷c°–!, k"0ff{°–!##

;g\ !&*& df hf/L ePsf] ;+o'Qm /fHo cd]l/sfsf] ;+ljwfgdf k|:6 ¿kdf elgPsf] 5 M …All legislative powers shall be vested in Congress, the executive power shall be vested in a President, and the judicial power shall be vested in one Supreme Court, and in such inferior courts as Congress may from time to time ordain and establish.

;+ljwfg ;+j}wflgs lgsfox¿sf] ;d]t Joj:yf u/L ;+ljwfgjfbsf] dfGotfnfO{ cem a9L k|efjsf/L agfpg] k|of; ul/Psf] kfOG5 . k|mfG;sf bfz{lgs dG6]:So'n] k|j4{g u/]sf] zlQm k[ysLs/0fsf] l;4fGtnfO{ lgoGq0f / ;Gt'ng ;lxt k|hftflGqs ;+ljwfgx¿n] c+uLsf/ u/]sf x'G5g\ . d'n'sn] cjnDag u/]sf] /fhgLlts k4ltsf cfwf/df zlQmsf] k[ysLs/0f tyf lgoGq0f ;Gt'ngsf tl/sfdf eg] leGgtf /xg ;Sb5 . :jtGq Gofokflnsf / k|hftGqsf] cGt/;DaGw :jtGq Gofokflnsf k|hftGqsf] dxŒjk"0f{ :tDesf] ¿kdf /x]sf] x'G5 . ;+ljwfgsf cfwf/e"t p2]Zo (fundamental objects) sfod /fVg] ckl/xfo{ c+usf] ¿kdf GofokflnsfnfO{ lng] ul/G5 . of] t'ngfTds ¿kdf /fHosf] cToGt sd xflgsf/s c+usf] ¿kdf /x]sf] x'G5 h;n] c¿ c+un] u/]sf] sfdsf] lgu/fgL ug]{ lhDd]jf/L kfPsf] x'G5 . d"ntM /fhgLlts zlQmn] ;~rfng ug]{ ljwflosf / sfo{kflnsfnfO{ ;+ljwfgn] kl/nlIft u/]sf] ;Ldfdf /fVg cyf{t\ lgoGq0f ug{ Gofokflnsf :jtGqtfn] ;DkGg x'g cfjZos 5 . of] gful/s clwsf/sf] kl/kfngf ug],{ ;+ljwfg / sfg'gsf] ;+/If0f ug]{ tyf d'ns ' df sfg'gsf] zf;g sfod k|j4{g ug]{ lgsfosf] ¿kdf /x]sf] x'G5 . of] /fHo zlQmnfO{ ;+jw} flgs ;Ldfdf /fVg] / gful/s clwsf/sf] ;+/If0f ug]{ dxŒjk"0f{ cfwf/ xf] . To;}n] :jtGq GofokflnsfnfO{ k|hftflGqs zf;gsf] ckl/xfo{ ljifosf] ¿kdf lng] ul/G5 . hLjGt b:tfj]hsf] ¿kdf ;+ljwfg Pp6f /fd|f] ;+ljwfgn] d'n'ssf] ultzLntfnfO{ cfTd;ft\ ub{5 . cfly{s, ;fdflhs Pjd\ ;f+:s[lts hLjgdf cfPsf] kl/jt{gnfO{ ;d]t c+uLsf/ ub{5 . of] hgtfsf] hLjg:t/;Fu cfa4 ePsf] x'G5 . hgtfsf ck]]Iff / cfsf+IffNffO{ cfTd;ft\ u/]sf] x'g'kb{5 . To;}n] ;+ljwfgnfO{ zf;g Joj:yf ;~rfng ug]{ hLjGt b:tfj]hsf] ¿kdf (Living organism) sf] ¿kdf lng] ul/G5 . cd]l/sfsf] ;+ljwfg b'O{ ;o jif{ gfl3;Sbf klg plQs} ;zQm ¿kdf lqmofzLn /x]sf] 5 . of] ;+ljwfgn] ;dosf] cGt/;Fu} zf;sLo Jojxf/nfO{ ;Daf]wg ub}{ uPsf] 5 . o;sf l;h{gfTds JofVofn] of] ;+ljwfgnfO{ hLjGt agfPsf] 5 . Goflos k'g/fjnf]sgsf] clwsf/ If]q k|of]u ubf{ GofofwLzx¿n] ug]{ JofVofn] klg ;+ljwfgnfO{ hLjGt / ultzLn agfpg ;xof]u k'¥ofpFb5 .19 bL3{sfnLg b[li6sf]0fsf] ¿kdf ;+ljwfg ;+ljwfg ljBdfg cJf:yfsf] k|ltljDa dfq xf]Og . of]

bL3{sfnLg b[li6sf]0f af]s]sf] b:tfj]h xf] . of] eljiobzL{ x'g'kb{5  . d'n'ssf] /fhgLlts ljsf;sf] k[i7e"lddf ljBdfg cj:yfsf] ljj]rgf ub}{ eljio lgdf{0f ug]{ b:tfj]h xf] ;+ljwfg . To;}n] kl5 ljsl;t x'g] kl/j]znfO{ ;Daf]wg ug]{ Ifdtf ;+ljwfgdf /xg'kb{5 . ;+ljwfg d'n'ssf] P]ltxfl;s ljsf;qmdnfO{ ;d]t b[li6ut u/L ljsf; / kl/dfh{g ug'{kb{5 . hgtfn] c+uLsf/ u/]sf d"No, dfGotf, k/Dk/f / k|rngnfO{ ;d]t ;fGble{stfsf cfwf/df u|x0f ul/Psf] x'g'kb{5 . hgtfn] lnPsf kl/jt{gsf/L rfxgfnfO{ klg ;Daf]wg ug{ ;Sg'kb{5 . ta dfq ;+ljwfgn] ultzLn ;dfhsf] cfjZostf k"/f ug{ ;S5 . cd]l/sL k|wfg GofofwLz hf]g df;{nn] eg]sf] lyP M A Constitution

19 Dr. Bhimarjun Acharya, Comparative System of Judicial Review, A.K. Books and Educational Enterprises Pvt.Ltd. 2012, p. 38,39.

20 Mark Elliot and Robert Thomes , Public Law, (2nd ed.), Oxford University Press, 2014 p.5

is framed for ages to come, and is designed to approach immorality as nearly as human institutions can approach it. Its course cannot always be tranquil. (Cohens v. Virginia 6 wheat 264 (1821).

gful/s / ;/sf/sf] ;DaGw gful/s / ;/sf/;Fu k/:k/ lj/f]wL zlQm lglxt x'G5 . gful/s zlQmzfnL eP ;/sf/ sfg'gsf] ;Ldfdf ;Lldt / lgolGqt x'G5 . ;/sf/ zlQmzfnL ePdf gful/sx¿ ;Lldt / lgolGqt x'G5g\  . zf;g k4ltsf] cfwf/df gful/s / ;/sf/sf] ;DaGw kl/eflift ePsf] x'G5 . :jefj}n] k|hftflGqs zf;gdf gful/sx¿ clwsf/ ;DkGg x'G5g\ / ;/sf/ ;+ljwfg / sfg'gsf] ;Ldfdf afFlwPsf] x'G5 . :j]R5frf/L / lg/+s'z zf;gdf ;/sf/ cToGt zlQmzfnL x'G5 / gful/sx¿ ;/sf/sf] lgoGq0fsf] bfo/fdf afFlwPsf x'G5g\ . x'g t ;du| ;+ljwfg g} gful/s / ;/sf/sf] ;DaGw kl/eflift ug]{ b:tfj]h xf] . To;df klg /fHo / /fi6«sf] kl/efiff, gful/stfsf] k|aGw, df}lns clwsf/ / /fHosf gLlt lgb]{zs l;4fGtx¿, ;/sf/sf] u7g lj36gdf hgtf jf pgLx¿sf k|ltlglwx¿sf] e"ldsf, ;/sf/sf sfd sf/afxL pk/sf] lgu/fgL h:tf ljifox¿ k|ToIf ¿kdf gful/s / ;/sf/sf aLrsf] ;DaGw kl/eflift ug]{ Joj:yfx¿ x'g\ . dfs{ Olnof]6 / /f]j6{ yf]d; n]V5g\ M [a] key function of most constitutions is to lay down not only the internal divisions of power to different tiers of government, but also to determine where government power stops and individual freedom begins.20

gful/ssf ck]Iff / ljZjf;sf] k|ltlglwTj s'g} klg ;+ljwfgnfO{ /fd|f] / g/fd|f] eGgsf nflu Tof] ;+ljwfgk|lt gful/sx¿sf] cf:yf / ljZjf; s'g ¿kdf /x]sf] 5 eGg] cfwf/ cfjZos dflgG5 . ;+ljwfgn] gful/ssf ck]IffnfO{ s'g ¿kdf ;d]6s ] f] 5 eGg] s'/fn]

@)&@ c;f/, jif{–!@÷c°–!, k"0ff{°–!##

;+ljwfg of] ljifo lgwf{/0f u/]sf] x'G5 . gful/sx¿ hlt ;r]t / clwsf/sf] k|of]uk|lt ;+jb] g x'bF } hfG5g\ k|hftflGqs kl/kf6L Tolt ;+:yfut x'bF } hfG5 . ;/sf/ Tolt cg'zfl;t x'bF } hfG5 . hl:6; ljlnod 8un;n] eg]sf 5g\ M A Constitution states principle rather than rules, and the principles, written in general terms, … The Constitution is a compodium, not a code; a declaration of articles of faith, not a compilation of law.21

sfg'gsf] zf;gsf] cfwf/ k|hftflGqs zf;gdf sfg'gsf] zf;gnfO{ cfwf/e"t cfjZostf jf k"j{;t{ (Basic requirement) sf] ¿kdf lng] ul/G5 . ;+ljwfg zf;gdf a:g]x¿ / gful/sx¿ cyf{t\ zfl;t x'g]x¿ b'j} kIfnfO{ cg'zf;gdf /fVg] b:tfj]h xf] . o;n] sfg'gn] lgwf{/0f u/]sf] ;Ldfdf /fVg] ePsf]n] sfg'gsf] zf;gsf] cfwf/sf] ¿kdf lng ;lsG5 . ;+ljwfgeGbf dfly sf]xL xF'b}gg\ . ;a}n] ;+ljwfgn] lgwf{/0f u/]sf] ;Ldf / cg'zf;gsf] kl/kfngf ug'{kb{5 . o;n] st} klg :j]R5frfl/tfnfO{ :yfg lb+b}g . sfg'gsf] zf;g sfod /fVgsf nflu :jtGq / lgikIf Gofofno :yfkgf x'g'kb{5 . sfg'gsf] cufl8 ;dfgtf / ;dfg ;+/If0f x'g'kb{5 . / s'g} klg ¿kdf ;/sf/ :j]R5frf/L zlQmsf] k|of]u ug]{ ;Sg] cj:yfdf x'g' x'Fb}g . sfg'gsf] zf;g ;DaGwL cjwf/0ffnfO{ cfTd;ft\ u/]sf] ;+ljwfgn] zf;sLo clwsf/df pQ/bfloTjsf] ck]Iff ub{5 . lnlvt / clnlvt ;+ljwfg cWoogsf] ;xhtfsf nflu ;+ljwfgnfO{ lnlvt / clnlvt egL juL{s/0f ug]{ ul/G5 . ;+ljwfg zf;g ;~rfngsf] cfwf/ t xf] t/ of] ;a} cj:yfdf lnlvt :j¿kdf gx'g klg ;S5 . k"0f{tM clnlvt ¿kdf zf;g k4lt ;~rfng x'g klg ;Sb}g . lgZro g} ;+j}wflgs ;jf]{Rrtf ePsf] d'n'sdf ;+ljwfg lnlvt ¿kdf /x]sf] x'G5 eg] sltko d'n'ssf clnlvt cj:yfdf /x]sf] ;+ljwfg jf :jLs[t ;+j}wflgs dfGotfsf cfwf/df zf;g ;~rfng ePsf] x'G5 . ;+o'Qm clw/fHodf clnlvt ;+ljwfg /x]sf] 5 . ToxfF zf;g Joj:yf ;~rfng ;DaGWfL P]gx¿, cbfntL lg0f{ox¿ tyf k|yfx¿ ;+ljwfgsf] ¿kdf /x]sf 5g\  . sdg nsf cfwf/e"t dfGotfx¿n] zf;g Joj:yfnfO{ dfu{lgb]{z u/]sf] 5 . w]/} klxn] hf/L ePsf DofUgfsf6f{, lan ckm /fO6\;, lkl6;g ckm /fO6\;n] ;d]6]sf d"Nox¿nfO{ zf;g ;~rfngsf] cfbz{ dflgPsf] 5 . log} lnvtx¿n] ;d]6]sf d"Nox¿nfO{ cfTd;ft\ u/L kl5Nnf] ;dodf lnlvt ;+ljwfg hf/L x'g] u/]sf] b]lvG5 . 21 Justice William O Douglas, Marshall to Mukherjea, Tagore Law Lectures, delivered in July 1955, Eastern Law House Ltd, Calcutta, 1956 p. 332

@)&@ c;f/, jif{–!@÷c°–!, k"0ff{°–!##

g/d / s7f]/ ;+ljwfg ;+zf]wgsf] ljlw / k|lqmofsf cfwf/df ;+ljwfgnfO{ g/d jf nrs / s7f]/ egL ;+ljwfgsf] juL{s/0f ug]{ ul/G5 . ljwflosfn] c¿ ;fdfGo sfg'g ;/x ;+zf]wg Pjd\ kl/dfh{g ul/g] ;+ljwfgnfO{ nrstf ePsf] cyf{t\ g/d ;+ljwfg elgG5 eg] ljz]if k|lqmofaf6 dfq ;+zf]wg x'g ;Sg] ;+ljwfgnfO{ s7f]/ ;+ljwfg elgG5 . s7f]/ k|s[ltsf] ;+ljwfgdf ljwflosfnfO{ ;+ljwfg ;+zf]wgsf nflu ljleGg ;Ldf / ;t{x¿ /flvPsf] x'G5 . st} cfwf/e"t ;+/rgfsf] Joj:yf u/L s7f]/tf sfod ul/Psf] x'G5 eg] st} s]Gb|Lo ljwflosfsf cnfjf k|fGtLo ljwflosfsf] klg ;xeflutf /xg] Joj:yf ul/Psf] x'G5 . ;+o'Qm /fHo cd]l/sf, Sofg8f, c:6«]lnof, ef/tsf] ;+ljwfgnfO{ s7f]/ k|s[ltsf] ;+ljwfg eGg ;lsG5 . ;+o'Qm clw/fHo / Go'lhNofG8sf] ;+ljwfgnfO{ g/d k|s[ltsf] ;+ljwfg eGg ;lsG5 . t/ k|lqmofut s7f]/tfn] dfq ;+ljwfg ;+zf]wg sd a];L x'g] eg] xf]Og . ;dfg cj:yfsf] ;+zf]wgsf] Joj:yf ePsf] l:j; ;+ljwfg w]/} k6s ;+zf]wg ePsf] 5 eg] c:6«]lnofsf] ;+ljwfg w]/} k6ssf] k|of;sf afah'b Ps bd sd k6s ;+zf]wg ePsf] 5 . To:f}n] ;+zf]wgsf] hl6ntf eGbf ToxfFsf] /fhgLlts Pjd\ ;fdflhs ;d"xsf] OR5fzlQm / bafan] ;+ljwfg ;+zf]wgdf dxŒjk"0f{ e"ldsf v]Ng] ub{5 . o;sf] pbfx/0fsf] ¿kdf g]kfnsf] cGTfl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# nfO{ lng ;lsG5 . Joj:yflksf ;+;b\sf] b'O{ ltxfO{ ax'dtn] dfq ;+zf]wg ug{ ;lsg] ;+ljwfg h;n] /fhgLlts ;xdltdf hf]8 lbPsf] 5, c¿ ljifodf /fhgLlts ;xdlt geP klg ;+ljwfg ;+zf]wgdf ce"tk"j{ /fhgLlts ;xdlt b]lvPsf] 5 / af/Djf/ ;+ljwfg ;+zf]wg ePsf] 5  . PsfTds / ;+3fTds ;+ljwfg zf;sLo clwsf/sf] s]Gb|Ls/0f ePsf] zf;g Joj:yf cjnDag ug]{ ;+ljwfgnfO{ PsfTds ;+ljwfg elgG5 eg] ;+ljwfgaf6 g} /fHosf ljleGg zf;sLo PsfOx¿df clwsf/sf] ljefhg u/L ;+3Lo zf;g Joj:yf cjnDag ug{ lgb]{lzt ug]{ ;+ljwfgnfO{ ;+3fTds ;+ljwfg elgG5 . ;+3fTds ;+ljwfgn] s]Gb| / k|fGtsf ;/sf/sf] u7g, ;DaGw, clwsf/sf] :ki6 kl/efiff u/]sf] x'g'kb{5 . PsfTds ;+ljwfgdf of] cj:yf /xFb}g . ljz]iftM ;+3fTds zf;g k|0ffnL cjnDag u/]sf d'n'sdf PseGbf a9L ;+ljwfg /xg klg ;Sb5g\ . To:tf] cj:yfdf b]zsf] d"n ;+ljwfg;Fu c¿ ;+ljwfgsf] Joj:yf aflemg' x'Fb}g . :jefj}n] PsfTdseGbf ;+3fTds ;+ljwfg hl6n k|s[ltsf] x'G5 . ljleGg txsf ;/sf/ aLrsf] ;DaGw lgwf{/0f / ljjfb ;dfwfgsf ljifox¿ PsfTds ;+ljwfgdf cfjZos g} kb}{g . ;+o'Qm /fHo cd]l/sf, Sofg8f, c:6]«lnof, /9

;+ljwfg dn]lzof, hd{gL nufotsf b]zdf ;+3fTds ;+ljwfg /x]sf] 5 eg] a]nfot, >Ln+sf, l;+ufk'/ nufotsf b]zsf] ;+ljwfg PsfTds k|s[ltsf] /x]sf] 5 . plNnlvt juL{s/0fsf cltl/Qm ;+ljwfgnfO{ zf;g k|0ffnLsf] cfwf/df cWoIffTds / ;+;bLo ;+ljwfg, /fhtGqfTds / u0ftGqfTds ;+ljwfgsf] ¿kdf klg ljefhg u/L cWoog ug]{ ul/G5 . sltko cj:yfdf l;+uf] d'n'snfO{ Pp6} ;+ljwfgn] dfu{bz{g u/]sf] x'G5 eg] sltko d'n'sdf PseGbf a9L ;+ljwfg klg lqmofzLn x'g ;Sb5g\ . ;+j}wflgs ;jf]{Rrtf / ;+;bLo ;jf]{Rrtf lnlvt ;+ljwfg ePsf] d'n'sdf ;+j}wflgs ;jf]{Rrtf x'G5 eg] lnlvt ;+ljwfg gePsf] d'n'sdf ;+;b\n] ;fdfGo sfg'g ;/x ;+j}wflgs Joj:yfx¿ kl/dfh{g ug{ ;SGf] ePsf]n] ;+;bLo ;jf]{Rrtf dflgG5 . zflAbs ¿kdf g} :ki6 5 M ;+j}wflgs ;jf]{Rrtf sfod ePsf d'n'sdf ;+ljwfg ;jf]{Rr x'G5 / /fHosf ;a} c+ux¿ ;dfg ¿kdf ;+ljwfgsf] Joj:yf adf]lhd lqmofzLn x'G5g\ . ;+;bLo ;jf]{Rrtf ePsf d'n'sdf ;+;b\sf] e"ldsf ;jf]{Rr x'G5 / ;+;b\n] agfPsf sfg'gx¿sf] ;+j}wflgstf Gofofnon] k/LIf0f ug{ ;Sb}g . ;+;bLo ;jf]{Rrtf sfod ePsf] b]zsf] ¿kdf ;+o'Qm clw/fHo kl/lrt /x]sf] 5 . ;+j}wflgs ;Ldfx¿ ;+ljwfgn] /fHo ;~rfngsf nflu ljleGg c+ux¿nfO{ lhDd]jf/L lgwf{/0f u/]sf] x'G5 . To;/L lgwf{/0f u/]sf] lhDd]jf/Lsf] k|of]udf :j]R5frfl/tf cfpg glbg JoQm Pjd\ cJoQm ;Ldfx¿ lgwf{/0f u/]sf] x'G5 . pQ/bfloTj k|j4{gsf nflu o:tf ;Ldfx¿ ckl/xfo{ dflgG5g\ . ;+jw} flgs ;Ldf pNn+3g ePdf Goflos k'g/fjnf]sg h:tf pkfox¿af6 ;Rrfpg ;lsG5 . sltko cj:yfdf /fhgLlts zlQmnfO{ /fhgLlts ¿kdf g} lgoGq0f ul/g'kb{5 eg] sltko cj:yfdf Goflos lgoGq0f cfjZos x'G5 . ;LdfljxLg ¿kdf clVtof/L k|of]u ubf{ To;sf] cEof;df cfpg ;Sg] ljrngnfO{ ;+ljwfgn] cfFsng ug{ ;Sg'kb{5 . ckgTjaf]w ;+ljwfg zf;g k4lt ;~rfng ug{sf nflu dfq xf]Og gful/s clwsf/sf] ;+/If0fsf nflu agfOPsf] /fhgLlts tyf sfg'gL b:tfj]h xf] . of] b:tfj]hk|lt gful/sx¿n] ckgTjaf]w u/]sf] x'gk' b{5 . zAbdf, ;f/df, l;4fGtdf hlt;'s} /fd|f] ;+ljwfg eP klg gful/sn] :jLsf/ gu/]sf] ;+ljwfgsf] s'g} /fhgLlts d"No x'bF g}   . To:tf] ;+ljwfgn] zf;g Joj:yfnfO{ dfu{bz{g ug{ klg ;Sb}g . To;}n] ;+ljwfgk|lt gful/ssf] ckgTjaf]w u/fpg ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f k|lqmofdf 10/

clwsflws ;xeflutf ;'lglZrt x'gk' b{5 . o;sf] HjnGt pbfx/0fsf] ¿kdf ef/tsf] ;+ljwfgnfO{ lng ;lsG5 . ef/tdf hftLo ljljwtf 5, ef}uf]lns ljljwtf 5, wfld{s ljljwtf 5, ;f+:s[lts ljljwtf 5, eflifs ljljwtf 5 t/ ;a}n] cfkm" ef/tLo gful/s ePsf]df uj{ u5{g\ / /fli6«otfsf] ljifodf ce"tk"j{ Pstf k|bz{g ub{5g\ . ;+ljwfgn] ;d]6s ] f] d"No / To;sf] k|of]udf b]lvPsf] zf;sLo ;+:sf/n] g} Tof] ;Dej ePsf] bfaL ;+ljwfgljb\x¿n] u/]sf 5g\ .22 ;+ljwfg lgdf{0fsf] qmddf Wofg k'¥ofpg'kg]{ dxŒjk"0f{ ljifosf] ¿kdf of] kIf /x]sf] 5 . ;Lldt ;/sf/ ;+ljwfgjfb k|hftflGqs zf;gsf] kof{osf] ¿kdf /x]sf] ;+jw} flgs l;4fGt xf] h;n] ;Lldt ;/sf/sf] ck]Iff /fVb5 . ;Lldt ;/sf/ sdhf]/ ;/sf/ xf]Og . ;+ljwfg / sfg'gn] lgwf{/0f u/]sf] bfo/f / kl/lwdf /x]sf] ;/sf/nfO{ ;Lldt ;/sf/ eGg] ul/G5 . of] zf;gdf :j]R5frfl/tf lj/f]wL cjwf/0ff xf] h;n] gful/s clwsf/sf] lj:tf/ ub{5, ;'/Iff ub{5 / pNn+3g ePdf pkrf/sf] k|aGw ub{5 . gful/s clwsf/sf] ;'lglZrttf s'g} klg ;+ljwfgsf] k|hftflGqskgfsf] Tof] ;+ljwfgn] u/]sf] gful/s clwsf/sf] k|Tofe"ltaf6 g} dfkg ug]{ ul/G5 . cfw'lgs ;+ljwfgn] gful/s clwsf/sf] ;'lglZrttfsf nflu ;+ljwfgdf cGo Joj:yfsf cltl/Qm df}lns xssf] pNn]vg ug]{ u/]sf x'G5g\ / To:tf] xs clwsf/sf] k|rng u/fpg] lhDd]jf/L GofofnonfO{ ;'lDkPsf x'G5g\ . k|hftGq / gful/s clwsf/ Ps csf{sf kl/k"/s / cGof]Gofl>t ljifosf] ¿kdf /x]sf x'G5g\ . k|hftGq ;+:yfut x'Fb} uPdf gful/s clwsf/sf] pkef]udf ;'wf/ x'Fb} hfG5 . Goflos k'g/fjnf]sg Goflos k'g/fjnf]sg ;+j}wflgs ;jf]{Rrtf sfod /fVg] ;+j}wflgs l;4fGt xf] . of] GofokflnsfnfO{ k|bfg ul/Psf] To:tf] clwsf/ xf] h;sf] dfWodaf6 /fHosf c+ux¿ ;+ljwfg / sfg'gn] lgwf{/0f u/]sf] ;Ldfdf a;] ga;]sf] k/LIf0f ul/G5 / ;Ldf gf3]sf] cj:yfdf ;f] pk/ lgoGq0f sfod ul/G5 . of] ;+ljwfgjfbsf] dxŒjk"0f{ l;4fGtsf] ¿kdf /x]sf] 5 . of] ;+ljwfg Pjd\ sfg'gsf] ;'/Iff Pjd\ gful/s clwsf/sf] ;'/Iffsf nflu GofofnonfO{ lbPsf] lhDd]jf/L xf] .23 22 O. Chinnappa Reddy, The Court and the Constitution of India Summits and Shallows, Oxford University Press2008, p. 1 23 It is the obligation of of the judiciary to see that the Constitution is not violated by any governmental organ and hence the judiciary is called as the guardial and protector of the Constitution. Judicial review has come to be regarded as an integral part of a written Constitution. M P Jain, Indian Constitutional Law,(5th ed), Wadhwa Nagpur, 2006 p.4

@)&@ c;f/, jif{–!@÷c°–!, k"0ff{°–!##

;+ljwfg zf;gdf j}wtf k|hftflGqs zf;g Joj:yfdf hgtfsf j}wflgs k|ltlglwx¿ zf;gsf] lhDDf]jf/Ldf /x]sf] x'g'kb{5 . To:tf k|ltlglwx¿n] ;+ljwfg / sfg'gn] lgwf{/0f u/]sf] kl/lwdf /xL hgtfsf j}wflgs ck]Iffx¿ k"/f ug]{ lbzfdf cfkm"nfO{ lqmofzLn u/fPsf] x'g'kb{5 . lgjf{rg x'g' dfq zf;gdf j}wtfsf nflu kof{Kt x'b}g . To;sf nflu :jR5 ¿kdf cfjlws lgjf{rg ;DkGg ePsf] x'g'kb{5 . lgjf{lrt ;/sf/n] ug]{ zf;g Joj:yfk|lt ljZjf;sf] jftfj/0f lgdf{0f ePsf] x'g'kb{5 . P]ltxfl;s kIfsf] d"Nof+sg s'g} klg d'n'ssf] cfkm\g} ljlzi6 /fhgLlts, cfly{s, ;fdflhs / ;f+:s[lts kIfx¿ /x]sf x'G5g\ . k|To]s b]zsf] zf;g k4ltn] ljlzi6 /fhgLlts rl/q af]s]sf] x'G5 . d'n'ssf] plNnlvt kl/j]znfO{ a]jf:tf u/L c¿sf] cg's/0f u/]/ /fd|f] ;+ljwfg agfpg ;lsFb}g . agfpg] k|of; ul/of] eg] klg To;n] zf;g k4ltnfO{ ck]lIft ¿kdf ;~rfng ug{ klg ;Sb}g . To;}n] ;+ljwfgn] c+uLsf/ ug]{ d"No dfGotf / zf;g k4lt Tof] b]zsf] kl/j]z ;'xfpFbf] x'g cfjZos 5 . Tof] b]zn] af]s]sf] P]ltxfl;s k[i7e"ld / /fhgLlts ;+:s[lt cg's"n x'g cfjZos 5 . ;dsfnLg ;+ljwfg;Fusf] t'ngf ;+ljwfgn] Tof] d'n'ssf] P]ltxfl;s kl/j]z / zf;sLo ;+:s[ltnfO{ Wofg k'¥ofPsf] x'g' hlt cfjZos 5 gofF d"No dfGotf / kl/lw ljsf; ug{sf nflu c¿ b]zx¿sf] ;+j}wflgs cEof;;Fu kl/lrt x'g klg Tolt g} cfjZos /x]sf] 5 . ljZjJofkLs/0fsf] k|efj / k|hftflGqs zf;g Joj:yfsf] nx/n] ca s'g} klg d'n's cfkm\gf] ;+sL0f{ kl/j]zaf6 zf;g ;~rfng ug{ ;Sg] cj:yfdf 5}gg\ . To;}n] zf;g Joj:yfnfO{ ultzLn agfpg / ;dsfnLg ¿kdf cGo d'n'sx¿n] c+uLsf/ u/]sf cEof;nfO{ d'n'ssf] kl/j]z ;fk]If ¿kdf c+lusf/ u/L ;+j}wflgs Joj:yfnfO{ ¿kfGt/0f ub}{ n}hfg' kg]{ cfjZostf kb{5 . ;+ljwfgn] ;d]6]sf ljifoj:t'sf] ;du|tfdf d"Nof+sg ;+ljwfgsf] cWoog, JofVof, ljj]rgf / l6Kk0fL Pjd\ d"Nof+sg ubf{ Tof] ;+ljwfgn] c+uLsf/ u/]sf ;du| kIfsf] ;dli6nfO{ Wofg lbg'kb{5 . s'g} Pp6f jfSo, wf/f, efu jf Joj:yfnfO{ lnP/ dfq To;sf] d"Nof+sg ul/g' xF'b}g . s'g} lglZrt ljifodf lglZrt :jfy{ jf cfu|x lnP/ ;+ljwfgnfO{ cYof{Og' xF'b}g . o;n] :yfkgf u/]sf] ;du| k4ltsf] d"Nof+sgaf6 dfq ;+ljwfgsf] ljZn]if0f ul/g'kb{5 ta dfq k"0f{tfdf k'Ug ;lsG5 . @)&@ c;f/, jif{–!@÷c°–!, k"0ff{°–!##

ljZn]if0ffTds b[li6sf]0f ;+ljwfgnfO{ slxNo} klg cIf/x¿af6 dfq cfFsng ul/g' xF'b}g . u0fLtLo hf]8 36fpsf] ljifo agfpg' xF'b}g . o;n] af]s]sf] efj cToGt dxŒjk"0f{ x'G5 . ;+ljwfg s]jn zAbx¿sf] ;+u|x xF'b}g o;n] t k4ltsf] :yfkgf u/]sf] x'G5 . Pp6f lglZrt k[i7e"lddf 6]s]/ plePsf] x'G5 . of] gofF ;'?cft x'G5 . To;}n] ;+ljwfgn] s]xL Joj:yfsf] cGTo u/]sf] x'G5 / s]xL Joj:yf :yfkgf u/]sf] x'G5 . kl/j]z cg';f/ ;+ljwfgsf] ljj]rgf u/L ljZn]if0ffTds ¿kdf ;+ljwfgsf Joj:yfnfO{ u|x0f ug'{kb{5 . Gofofnoaf6 ul/g] JofVofdf klg ;+ljwfgsf] zAb / ;f/sf] ;+of]hg cfjZos kb{5 . ;+ljwfgsf] ultzLntfsf nflu ul/g] JofVof hlxn] klg ;sf/fTds b[li6sf]0faf6 k|]l/t x'g'kb{5 . c;n ;+ljwfgsf ljz]iftfx¿ dfly ul/Psf] ljj]rgfsf cfwf/df x]bf{ Pp6f /fd|f] ;+ljwfgdf b]xfosf ljz]iftfx¿ x'g'kb{5 M • ;+ljwfg lgdf{0fdf hgtfsf] ;xeflutf / ljZjf;sf] ;d'lrt k|ltlglwTj x'g'kb{5 h;sf sf/0f ;a}n] ;+ljwfgk|lt ckgTjaf]w ug{ ;s'g\ . • ;+ljwfgn] Tof] d'n'ssf] /fhgLlts, cfly{s, ;fdflhs / ;f+:s[lts d"NonfO{ ;Daf]wg u/]sf] x'g'kb{5 . • ;+ljwfgn] cfddflg;nfO{ j}wflgstfsf] cEof; ug{] cfbtsf] ljsf; u/fpg ;Sg'k5{ . • gful/sx¿df st{Jo / lhDd]jf/Laf]w u/fpg ;Sg'kb{5 . • gful/sx¿ ;+ljwfg / sfg'gn] k|Tofe"t u/]sf clwsf/k|lt ;r]t / hfu?s x'g'kb{5 / ;f]sf] xgg ePdf pkrf/ vf]Hg ;Sg] x'g'kb{5 . • ;+ljwfg ;fj{hlgs g}ltstfsf cfwf/e"t d"No / dfGotfx¿df cfwfl/t x'g'kb{5 . • df}lns clwsf/ / ljBdfg sfg'gsf] cfb/ ug{ ;Sg] Ifdtf ;/sf/L clwsf/Lx¿df x'g'kb{5 . • ;a} gful/snfO{ clwsf/sf] ;dfgtf / ;dfg cj;/ ;'lglZrt ug{ ;Sg'kb{{5 . • ;fdflhs e]befj / c;dfgtfnfO{ cGTo ug{ ;Sg'kb{5 . • gful/sx¿sf] hLjg, :jtGqtf / ;DklQsf] ;'/Iff ug]{ k|efjsf/L pkfox¿ c+uLsf/ u/]sf] x'g'kb{5 . • sfg'gsf] ;+j}wflgstf k/LIf0f u/L ;+j}wflgs ;jf]{Rrtf sfod /fVgsf nflu GofofnonfO{ Goflos k'g/fjnf]sgsf] clwsf/ k|bfg ug'{kb{5 . • hgtfsf] OR5fsf] k|tLssf] ¿kdf ;/sf/ /xg'kb{5 / hgtfsf] OR5f cg';f/ zf;g ug'{kg]{ bfloTj ;/sf/nfO{ ;'lDkPsf] x'g'kb{5 . /11

;+ljwfg • zf;gdf :j]R5frfl/tf / lg/+s'ztf cfpg glbgsf nflu ;Ldf ;d]t lgwf{/0f u/]sf] x'g'kb{5 . /fHosf c+ux¿sf aLrdf cfk;L ;dGjosf] Joj:yf x'g'kb{5 . • ;/sf/sf] :j]R5frfl/tf lgoGq0f ug{ zlQmsf] ;d'lrt ljefhg / lgoGq0f / ;Gt'ngsf] l;4fGtnfO{ c+uLsf/ u/]sf] x'g'kb{5 . • olb ;+3fTds k|s[ltsf] zf;g k4lt c+uLsf/ ug]{ xf] eg] ;+ljwfgn] s]Gb| / k|fGtsf aLrdf clwsf/sf] :ki6 ljefhg ug'{kb{5 . ;+ljwfg lnlvt ¿kdf /xg'kb{5  . ;+j}wflgs ;jf]{Rrtf sfod ePsf] x'g'kb{5 . t'ngfTds ¿kdf s7f]/tf (Rigidity) cjnDjg u/]sf] x'g'kb{5 . sfg'gsf] ;+j}wflgstf k/LIf0f ug]{ nufot Goflos k'g/fjnf]sgsf] clwsf/ GofofnonfO{ k|bfg ul/Psf] x'g'kb{5 .24 • sfg'gsf] zf;gsf] cfwf/e"t efjgf / d"NonfO{ c+uLsf/ ul/Psf] x'g'kb{5 . cl/:6f]6nn] eg] h:t} sfg'g sf/0fdf cfwfl/t x'g'kb{5 zf;gdf a:g]sf] OR5fdf xf]Og . • o;n] ;do ;fk]If ¿kdf kl/jt{gnfO{ cfTd;ft\ ug{ ;Sg] u/L k|hftflGqs cfbz{nfO{ u|x0f u/]sf] x'gk' b{5 . • ;+ljwfgn] ;dofg';f/ kl/jt{gnfO{ cfTd;ft\ ug{ g;s]df d'n'ssf] k|ult x'g g;SGf] tYonfO{ s]Gb|laGb'df /fvL ultzLntfnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{ ;SGf] x'g'kb{5 . • ;+ljwfgn] /fd|f gful/s pTkfbg ug{ ;Sg'kb{5 h;n] b]zsf] lgdf{0fdf of]ubfg lbg ;Sb5g\ . • ;+j}wflgs g}ltstfsf] kl/kfngfsf nflu zf;gdf a:g] / zfl;tx¿n] cfkm\gf OR5fx¿ kl/Tofu ug'{kg]{ jftfj/0f lgdf{0f ug{ pBt x'g'kb{5 . • ;+ljwfgn] gful/sx¿df v';L / ;d[l4 Nofpg ;Sg'kb{5 . • ;+ljwfgn] j}olQms :jtGtqfsf] ;'/Iff / ;+/If0f u/L sNof0fsf/L b[li6sf]0faf6 /fHo ;~rfng ug]{ u/L dfu{bz{g ug'{kb{5 . • cNkdtsf] clwsf/sf] ;+/If0f u/L pgLx¿df eljio lgdf{0f ug{ ;SGf] cj:yf l;h{gf ug{ ;Sg'kb{5 h;n] zf;gdf ;a}sf] ckgTjaf]w ug{ ;s'g\ . • of] ;a} sfg'gsf] cfwf/sf] ¿kdf /xg'kb{5 h;n] sfg'g / Joj:yf sfod /fVg ;lsG5 . • KC Wheare n] eg] h:t} ;+ljwfg sfg'g / Joj:yfsf] cfwf/ x'g'kb{5 . pg}sf] zAbdf A Constitution may be the foundation of law and order in a community but mere law and order is not enough. It must, be good law and good order.25

s'g} klg lglZrt ju{sf] dfq lxt ;+/If0f u/]sf] x'g' x'bF g}  . • ;/sf/ sfg'gsf] ;fdfGo kfngfaf6 rNg'kb{5, :j]R5frfl/tfaf6 xf]Og . ;/sf/n] slxNo} klg zf;g ;~rfngsf :JfLs[t k/Dk/f, d"No, dfGotf / ljlwsf] pNn+3g ub}{g . • ;+j}wflgs ;/sf/ eg]sf] hgtfsf] OR5fn] ag]sf] ;/sf/ x'g'kb{5 s'g} bafj / k|efj jf afx\o zlQmaf6 ag]sf] ;/sf/ xf]Og . To;}n] ;+ljwfgn] x/k|aGwdf gful/sx¿sf] ;fj{ef}ldstfnfO{ ;'lglZrt u/]sf] x'g'kb{5 / ;+ljwfgsf] efjgf cg';f/ ;/sf/ ;~rfng x'g] u/L dfu{bz{g u/]sf] x'g'kb{5 . lgisif{ ;+ljwfgn] /fHosf] cl:tTj bzf{pFb5  . ;/sf/sf] kl/sNkgf ub{5 . zf;g ;~rfng ug]{ ljlw / k|lqmof lgwf{/0f ub{5 . gful/sx¿sf] clwsf/ ;'lglZrt ub{5 . zf;sLo Jojxf/nfO{ kl/eflift ub{5 . ;/sf/nfO{ ;+ljwfgsf] ;Ldfdf /fvL zf;gnfO{ pQ/bfoL agfpFb5 . elgG5 ;+ljwfg a]u/sf] ;/sf/sf] s'g} zlQm x'Fb}g . ;+ljwfg a]u/ gful/ssf s'g} clwsf/ x'Fb}gg\ . lnlvt clnlvt h];'s} :j¿kdf eP klg ;+ljwfgn] zf;g ;~rfngsf nflu dfu{bz{g ul//x]sf] x'G5 . ;+ljwfgsf juL{s/0f ul/g] tl/sfx¿ 5g\ . JofVof / ljZn]if0f ug]{ l;4fGtx¿ 5g\ . To:tf l;4fGtx¿n] ta dfq ;fy{stf kfpFb5g\ ha logsf] efj cg';f/ zf;sLo Jojxf/ lgb]{lzt x'G5 . hgtfsf] ;fj{ef}d;Qf Toltv]/ dfq :yflkt x'g ;S5, hltv]/ cfwf/ e"t clwsf/x¿ ;'lglZrt x'G5g\ . hgtfsf] :jtGqtf / ;dfgtfsf] ;+/If0fsf] k|Tofe"lt x'G5 . hgtfsf rfxgf / ljZjf; cfh{g u/]sf zlQmn] /fhsLo Jojxf/ ;~rfng ub{5g\ / pgLx¿sf] Jojxf/ gful/snfO{ s]Gb|laGb'df /fv]/ ul/Psf] x'G5 . o;sf nflu ;+j}wflgs l;4fGt dfq kof{Kt x'Fb}g . ;+j}wflgs dfGotf cg';f/sf] k|hftflGqs ;+:s[ltsf] klg ljsf; ePsf] x'g'kb{5 . gful/sdf klg ;f]xL txsf] hfu?stf cfPsf] x'g'kb{5 . Pp6f c;n ;+ljwfgn] plNnlvt kIfnfO{ u|x0f u/]sf] x'g'kb{5 . cGTodf s];L x\j]o/n] pNn]v u/]sf] of] k+lQm :d/0f u/f}+ M To the question: 'What should a Constitution contain?' the shart answer, then, is: 'The very minimum, and that minimum to be rules of law.' One essential characteristic of the ideally best form of constitution is that it should be as short as possible. 26

• ;+ljwfg cfdhgtfsf] efjgfsf] b:tfj]h x'g' kb{5 o;n]

24 V.N. Shukla's Constitution of India, Mahendra P. Singh (ed.), Eastern Book Company, Lucknow, 2008 p. A-30 25 K C wheare, Modern Constitutions, Oxford University Press, London, 1958 p. 93

12/

26 K C wheare, Modern Constitutions, Oxford University Press, London, 1964 p. 48

@)&@ c;f/, jif{–!@÷c°–!, k"0ff{°–!##

;+ljwfg / sfg"g

g]kfnsf] efjL ;+ljwfgdf gful/stf q pbo /fgfdu/*

;f/f+z cGt/f{li6«o cEof;sf] ¿kdf x]bf{ j+zh, hGde"ld, c+uLs/0f, ef}uf]lns If]qsf] k|flKt / 5gf]6 h:tf cfwf/df gful/stf lbg] u/]sf] 5 . g]kfndf klg lj=;+= @))( b]lv gful/stf ljt/0f ug{ ;'? ePsf] / To; ;do hGd / a;f]af;nfO{ gful/stf ljt/0fsf] cfwf/ agfOPsf]df xfn g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg @)^# sf] efu @, df j+zh, hGd, c+uLs[t, / ;Ddfgfy{ ;DaGwL gful/stfsf] k|fjwfg u/]sf] 5 . gful/stfn] /fHo / gful/ssf aLrdf /fhgLlts tyf sfg'gL ;DaGw :yfkgf ug]{ ePsfn] of] ljifo ;+jb] gzLn ePsf] xf] . Pp6f /fHosf] cl:tTj, Pstf / cv08tf To; b]zsf gful/sn] b]zk|ltsf] akmfbf/L / cf:yfn] lgwf{/0f ug]{ ePsfn] gful/stfnfO{ ;txL ¿kdf lnOg' 3fts x'ghfG5 . /fhgLlts nx8afhLsf cfwf/df gful/stf ljt/0f ug]{ cfwf/nfO{ v'sn' f] agfpFbf eljiodf g]kfnsf] cl:tTj g} hf]lvddf kg{ ;Sg]tkm{ klg plrt Wofg hfg'kb{5 . g]kfnsf] ef}uf]lns l:ylt, ef/t;Fusf] v'nf l;dfgf, g]kfn / ef/tsf hgtfaLrsf] kfl/jfl/s ;DaGw, xfd|f] hg;+Vofsf] j[l4b/ cflbn] ubf{ t/fO{ If]qdf gful/stfsf] ljifonfO{ s]xL hl6n / ;+jb] gzLn agfPsf] 5 . To;nfO{ /fli6«o :jfy{sf] b[li6n] ;Daf]wg ub}{ cj aGg] ;+ljwfgaf6 g} ;dfwfg vf]lhg'kb{5 . k[i7e"ld lglZrt l;dfgfleq a;f]jf; ug]{ ljleGg hfthflt, ;d'bfo, ju{ / ;d"xsf] :jtGqtf / ;fj{ef}d clwsf/sf] /Iff ub}{ To; If]qdf a;f]af; ug]{ gful/sx¿sf] xs lxt ;+/If0f Pj+ sNof0f ug]{ bfloTj /fHosf] x'G5 . gful/ssf] /Iffsf] nflu g} /fHosf] :yfkgf ePsf] x'G5 . o;y{ /fHo cleefjs xf] eg] /fHok|lt klg gful/ssf] bfloTj /xG5 . gful/ssf] /fi6«k|ltsf] ckgTj, :jfldTj, /fli6«otf / /fli6«o cv08tfk|ltsf] ;fd"lxs k|lta4tfaf6 Pp6f ;an /fHo lgdf{0f ePsf] x'G5 . cfw'lgs ;dodf Pp6f /fHo x'gsf nflu hgtfaLr /fli6«o cv08tfk|ltsf] ;fd"lxs k|lta4tf / ;+ul7t Pstfn] lg0ff{os e"ldsf v]n]sf] x'G5 . Pp6f :jtGq /fHosf nflu hgtfdf /fi6«jfbsf] efjgf / :jtGq klxrfgsf] cfjZos x'G5 . ;fy} ;femf klxrfg, /fi6«k|ltsf] akmfbfl/tf, ;fdflhs ;b\efj / ;femf ;Da4tfaf6 dfq /fli6«o Pstfsf] k|j4{g ug{ ;lsG5 . /fi6«k|lt k"0f{ akmfbfl/tfsf] l;h{gf u/fpg] dfWod eg]sf] To; b]zsf] gful/stf g} xf] . gful/stf Pp6f /fhgLlts clwsf/ k|fKt ug]{ ;fwg klg xf]  . o;jf6 /fHosf] ;b:otf k|fKt x'g'sf] ;fy} /fHosf] clwsf/ pkof]u ug]{ / /fHok|ltsf] bfloTj klg l;h{gf u/fpFb5 . o;nfO{ /fHosf] ;b:otfsf k|df0fkq, gful/snfO{ klxrfg lbg] k|df0fkq, /fHo / JolQmaLrsf] ;DaGw ;"rs tyf Certificate of Right and Responsibility h:tf clwsf/ / bfloTjsf] l;h{gf u/fpg] /fHosf] ;b:otfsf] ¿kdf a'emfpFb5 . gful/stf /fli6«otf;Fu ;DalGwt ePsf]n] of] * kf]v/f pkdxfgu/kflnsfsf] sfo{sf/L clws[t kbdf sfo{/t x'g'x'G5 . @)&@ c;f/, jif{–!@÷c°–!, k"0ff{°–!##

ljifo ;+j]bgzLn ljifo klg xf] . o:fk|sf/sf] ;Dj]bgzLn ljifo dflgg] gful/stfnfO{ g]kfndf /fhgLlts ju{n] /fhgLlt ug]{ ljifo agfPsf] cj:yf 5  . h;n] ubf{ jf:tljs g]kfnLn] cem klg gful/stf kfpg ;s]sf] 5}g eg] nfvf} u}/g]kfnLn] gful/stf lnPsf] eGg] hgcfjfh cfpg] u/]sf] 5 . g]kfndf klg lj=;+= @))( b]lv gful/stf ljt/0f ug{ ;'? ePsf] / To; ;do afa' jf cfdfdWo] Ps hgf g]kfndf hGd]sf] jf :yfoL a;f]af; u/]sf] JolQm / g]kfnsf] gful/s;F+u ljjfx u/]sL dlxnfn] g]kfnL gful/stf kfpg] Joj:yf lyof] . lj=;+= @)!( sf] ;+ljwfg hf/L ePkl5 dfq c+uLs[t / ;Ddfgfy{ gful/stfsf] gofF Joj:yfsf] ;'? ePsf] xf] . o;} cjlwdf g]kfn gful/stf P]g @)@) hf/L eO{ gful/stfnfO{ Jojl:yt ug]{ k|of; u/]sf] b]lvG5 . lj=;+= @)$& sf] ;+ljwfgn] hGdsf] cfwf/df gful/stf lbg] k|0ffnLnfO{ k"0f{tM ;dfKt u/L j+zhsf] cfwf/df afa'sf] gfdaf6 dfq lbg] u/L gful/stf ;DaGwL gLltnfO{ cln s7f]/ agfPsf] b]lvG5 . t/ hgcfGbf]ng efu @ sf] Divident sf] ¿kdf k|fKt g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg @)^# df gful/stf ;DaGwL k|fjwfgnfO{ cln nlrnf] agfO{ cfdfsf] gfdaf6 klg gful/stf lbg ;Sg] k|fjwfg /fVof] t/ of] k|fjwfg sfof{Gjogdf cfPsf] cj:yf eg] 5}g . gful/stf P]g @)^# df 5gf]6sf] l;4fGtnfO{ g]kfnn] cfTdf;ft\ ub}{ s'g} JolQmnfO{ Ps};fy g]kfnsf] / ljb]zL d'n'ssf] gful/stf k|fKt x'g] cj:yf ePdf To:tf] JolQmn] ;f]x| jif{ k'u]sf] @ jif{leq s'g} Ps b]zsf] gful/stf /f]Hg'kg]{ / g/f]h]sf] cj:yfdf ;f] Dofb gf3]kl5 lghsf] g]kfnL gful/stf sfod g/xg] Joj:yf u/]sf] /13

;+ljwfg / sfg"g 5 . ;fy} ;jf{]Rr cbfntsf] ldlt @)^$÷(÷^ sf] g]kfn ;/sf/sf] gfddf hf/L ul/Psf] lgb]{zgfTds cfb]zåf/f t];|f] lnËLnfO{ klg klxrfg ;lxtsf] gful/stf lbg cfb]z ePkl5 lbg yflnPsf] b]lvG5 . Tft\kZrft\ t];|f] lnËLsf] ;d:ofsf] xn ePsf eP tfklg gful/stfsf] ;DaGwdf cem klg ;d:ofx¿ Kf|z:t b]lvG5 . g]kfndf gful/stfsf] ljt/0f sfo{ ;'? ePsf] sl/a 5 bzs eO;s]sf] eP tfklg xfn;Dd @ s/f]8 !$ xhf/ ( ;o %) dfq ljt/0f ePsf] / cem klg gful/stf kfpg of]Uo gful/s w]/} 5'6 ePsf] cj:yfn] o;sf] ;+j]bgzLntfk|lt Wofg gk'u]sf] eGg ;lsG5 . gful/stf lng g;Sg]df clwsf+z, clzlIft, ul/a, b'u{d If]qsf hgtf tyf ;LdfGts[t gful/s a9L ePsf] b]lvG5 . g]kfndf gful/stf ;DaGwL ljBdfg Joj:yf cGt/f{li6«o cEof;sf] ¿kdf x]bf{ j+zh, hGde"ld, c+uLs/0f, ef}uf]lns If]qsf] k|flKt / 5gf]6 h:tf cfwf/df gful/stf lbg] u/]sf] 5 . g]kfndf klg lj=;+= @))( b]lv gful/stf ljt/0f ug{ ;'? ePsf] / To; ;do hGd / a;f]af;nfO{ gful/stf ljt/0fsf] cfwf/ agfOPsf]df xfn g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg @)^# sf] efu @, df j+zh, hGd, c+uLs[t, / ;Ddfgfy{ ;DaGwL gful/stfsf] k|fjwfg u/]sf] 5 . pQm gful/stf ljt/0fsf nflu lgDg cfwf/ tf]lsPsf] 5 M s_ j+zhsf] cfwf/df lbg] gful/stf yy ;+ljwfg k|f/De x'g'eGbf cl3 j+zhsf] cfwf/df gful/stf kfPsf] JolQm . yy s'g} JolQm hGd x'Fbfsf avt lghsf afa' jf cfdf g]kfnL gful/s ePsf] x'g'kg]{ . yy g]kfn ;/bleq km]nf k/]sf] t/ lkt[Tj / dft[Tjsf] 7]ufgf kQf gnfu]sf] JolQm x'g'kg]{  . yy g]kfndf ufleg] u/L s'g} If]q k|fKt ePdf ;f] If]qleq a;f]af; ePsf] JolQm . v_ hGdsf] cfwf/df lj=;+= @)$^ ;fn r}t d;fGt;Dd g]kfn ;/xbleq hGd eO{ g]kfndf :yfoL ¿kdf a;f]af; ub}{ cfPsf] JolQmnfO{ hGdsf] cfwf/df gful/stf lbg] s'/f Joj:yf 5 . u_ c+uLs[t cfwf/df c+uLs[t gful/stf g]kfnL gful/s;Fu j}jflxs ;DaGw ePsf] ljb]zL dlxnfn] / ljb]zL gful/s;Fu ljjfx u/]sL g]kfnL dlxnfaf6 hlGdPsf] ;Gtfgn] lgDg cfwf/df dfq lbg] Joj:yf 5 M yy g]kfnL jf g]kfndf k|rlnt s'g} efiff n]Vg / af]Ng 14/

hfg]sf] . yy g]kfndf s'g} Joj;fo u/L a;]sf] . yy cGo d'n'ssf] gful/stf Tofu]sf] jf TofUg] wf]if0ff u/]sf] . yy sDtLdf !% jif{ g]kfndf a;f]af; u/]sf] . yy c;n rfnrng ePsf] . yy dfgl;s ¿kdf :j:y /x]sf] JolQm . 3_ ;Ddfgfy{ gful/stf g]kfnsf] ljsf; Pj+ pGgltdf ljz]if of]ubfg k'¥ofPsf] jf k'/ofpg ;Sg] dgfl;a cfwf/df ljb]zLnfO{ ;Ddfgfy{ gful/stf lbg] k|fjwfg 5 . gful/stf u'dfpg] cj:yf yy gful/stf Tofu u/]df yy lgisf;gdf k/]df yy sfg'gsf] pNn+3gdf k/]df yy bL3{sfnLg k|jf;df uPdf pk/f]Qm k|sf/sf] gful/stfsf] ljt/0f sfo{nfO{ yk k|lqmofut ;/nLs/0f ug{ gful/stf P]g @)^#, gful/stf lgodfjnL tyf gful/stf ljt/0f lgb]{lzsf @)^# sf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . pQm P]g tyf lgofjnLdf j+zh, hGd / c+uLs[t gful/stf lbg] clwsf/ k|=lh=c=nfO{ / ;Ddfgfy{ gful/stf lbg] clwsf/ g]kfn ;/sf/nfO{ tf]lsPsf] 5 . o;sf] ;fy} gful/stf P]gdf 5gf]6sf] l;4fGtnfO{ g]kfnn] cfTd;ft\ ub}{ s'g} JolQmnfO{ Ps};fy g]kfnsf] / ljb]zL d'n'ssf] gful/stf k|fKt x'g] cj:yf ePdf To:tf] JolQmn] ;f]x| jif{ k'u]sf] @ jif{leq s'g} Ps b]zsf] gful/stf /f]Hg'kg]{ / g/f]h]sf] cj:yfdf ;f] Dofb gf3]kl5 lghsf] g]kfnL gful/stf sfod g/xg] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . ;fy} ;jf{]Rr cbfntsf] ldlt @)^$.(.^ sf] g]kfn ;/sf/sf] gfddf ul/Psf] lgb]{zgfTds cfb]zåf/f t];|f] lnËLnfO{ klg klxrfg ;lxtsf] gful/stf lbg cfb]z ePkl5 lbg yflnPsf] 5 . g]kfndf ljBdfg k|fjwfgn] t];|f] lnËLsf] gful/stf ;DaGwL ;d:ofsf] xn eP tfklg cGo ljifox¿ Rf'gf}tLk"0f{ g} /xL cfPsf] b]lvG5 . gful/stf ljt/0fdf /x]sf ;d:of Gfful/stf kfpg' x/]s JolQmsf] dfgj clwsf/ klg xf] . JolQmnfO{ /fHoljxLgtfsf] cj:yfsf] l;h{gf ul/g' x'Gg t/ g]kfnsf] ljBdfg k|fjwfgsf] sf/0f cem klg $# nfv cyf{t\ s'n gful/stf kfpg of]UodWo] @# k|ltzt hgtfn] cem} gful/stf kfpg ;s]sf] cj:yf 5}g eGg] Ps cWoogn] b]vfPsf] 5 . dfly k|:t't ul/Psf] TfYo tyf lgDg ;d:ofx¿n] g]kfndf cem klg gful/stf ;DaGwdf k|z:t ;d:of ePsf] eGg] k'li6 x'G5 . @)&@ c;f/, jif{–!@÷c°–!, k"0ff{°–!##

;+ljwfg / sfg"g yy gful/stf ;DaGwL gLlt cl:y/tfsf sf/0f gful/stfnfO{ yk hl6ntf agfOof] . h:tf] lj=;+= @)!( df ul/Psf] hGdl;4 gful/stfsf] k|fjwfgn] g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg @)$& n] x6fOg' . yy v'nf l;dfgfsf] sf/0f Uf}/g]kfnL gful/ssf] k~hLs/0f ug{ g;lsg' / ef/taf6 g]kfn cfO{ a;f]af; ul//x]sf JolQmx¿sf] k~hLs/0f ug{ g;lsg' . yy Pp6} kl/jf/leq klg gful/s / u}/gful/ssf] cj:yf /xg' h:tf] bfh' gful/s, efO u}/gful/s, jf bfh' c+uLs[t gful/s 5 efO{ hGdl;4 5 . of] cj:yfn] gful/stfsf] Joj:yfkgdf ;d:of l;h{gf u/of] . yy v'nf l;dfgfsf] sf/0f z/0ffyL{sf] rfk / ;dfwfg ug{ / gful/s klxrfg sfo{df hl6ntf /xg' g;lsg' . yy Affa'sf] kQf gnfu]sf JolQmsf xsdf cfdfsf] gfdjf6 gful/stf lbg] sfo{ Jofjxfl/s ¿kdf sfof{Gjogdf Nofpg g;lsFbf xfn;Dd hDdf !@& hgfn] dfq gful/stf kfPsf] cj:yf /xg' . yy gful/stfsf] nflu tf]lsPsf k|df0fljxLg /x]sf cflbjf;L, nf]kf]Gd'v hflt, lk5l8Psf ju{, ;'s'Daf;L :j¿ksf JolQmx¿, cfdfafa', sf]xL gePsf JolQmx¿ Kf|df0f gePs} sf/0fjf6 gful/stfjf6 alGrt ePsf cj:yf /xg' . yy PseGbf a9L gful/stf lng]nfO{ ;hfosf] k|efjsf/L gx'“bf PseGbf a9L gful/stf lng] sfo{n] k|>o kfpFb} cfpg' . yy k|lqmofut emGem6sf] ¿kdf l;kmfl/;ut ;d:of, sfg'gsf] bf]xf]/f] cy{ nfUg] ;d:of, :jljj]sLo clwsf/sf] b'?kof]usf] ;d:of, / gful/s klxrfgsf nflu ;gfvt # hgfaf6 u/fpg] k|fjwfg /xg' . yy 6]:66\o'a a]aL, ;]/f]u];L db/af6 hlGdPsf JolQmx¿nfO{ s;/L gful/stf lbg] eGg] oIfk|Zg klg afFsL g} /xg' . yy gful/stfsf] cTolws k|of]u g} ;d:ofsf] ¿kdf /xg' . yy ;fdflhs ;f+:s[lts ;dfgtf jf lgs6tfåf/f l;lh{t ;d:ofx¿ sfod} /xg' . yy cGo b]zsf] gful/stf Tofu u/]kl5 dfq g]kfnsf] gful/stf lbg] Joj:yfn] /fHoljxLgtfsf] cj:yf /xg' . yy gful/ssf] ;xL Database gx'Fbf ljt/0f / klxrfgdf ;d:of b]lvg' . yy hGdbtf{, a;fO;/fOsf k|df0fkqnfO{ clgjfo{ ug{ g;lsFbf gful/stf ljt/0fdf ;d:of sfod} /xg' . yy gful/stfdf ePsf] n}+lus lje]b sfod /xg' . @)&@ c;f/, jif{–!@÷c°–!, k"0ff{°–!##

pk/f]Qm ;d:ofx¿sf] cltl/Qm NRN n] cfkm"x¿n] klg gful/stf kfpg'kg]{ cfjfh p7fO/x]sf] cj:yf 5 . pQm dfusf] ;Daf]wg ug]{ gfddf pgLx¿nfO{ klg gful/stf lbg] xf] eg] ax'gful/stf x'g hfG5 . ax'gful/stfsf] cf–cfkm\g} /fd|f / g/fd|f kIfx¿ 5g\ h:tf] g/fd|f kIfsf ¿kdf o:tf gful/stf lnPsf JolQmn] b'j} b]zsf] kIfdf clgjfo{ ;]jf ug{'kg]{, b'j}lt/ s/ ltg{'kg]{, sfg'gL hl6ntf ylkg], Ps} JolQm b'O{ b]zk|lt akmfbf/ x'g'kg]{, o'4sf] ;do gful/ssf] ;+/If0f ug{ sl7g x'g hfg] / ;fgf d'n'ssf] nflu ck|efjsf/L x'g] h:tf ;d:ofx¿ Kflg /x]sf] kfOG5 . gful/stf ;DaGwL ;d:of ;dfwfgsf] nflu efjL ;+ljwfg gful/stf ;DaGwL ;d:ofsf] xn ug{ / gful/snfO{ /fHoljxLgtfsf] cj:yf l;h{gf x'g glbg gful/stfsf] ljBdfg sfg'gL Joj:yfdf /x]sf ;d:ofx¿sf] ;dfwfgsf] nflu ca aGg] ;+ljwfgdf lgDgfg';f/sf] Joj:yf ;lxt ul/g' pko'Qm x'g] b]lvG5 M yy g]kfnsf] u}/;/sf/L If]qaf6 ljZjsf] !@) b]zdf u/]sf] cWoog cg';f/ !)* b]zdf cfdf jf afa'sf] gfdjf6, ( b]zdf afa'sf] dfq gfdjf6 / # b]zdf cfdf / afa' b'j}sf] gfdaf6 gful/stf lbg] Joj:yf ePsf] b]vfPsf] 5 . of] tYonfO{ cjnf]sg ubf{ hg;+Vof j[l4b/ a9L ePsf] b]zdf nlrnf] lsl;dsf] gful/stf ;DaGwL gLlt lnPsf] / hg;Vof j[l4b/ sd ePsf] /fHodf s7f]/ k|sf/sf] gLlt lnPsf] b]lvG5 . To;sf/0f cj g]kfnn] klg gful/stf ;DaGwL k|fjwfg agfpFbf /fli6«o tyf cGt/f{li6«o cEof; ;d]tsf] cfwf/df ;+ljwflgs k|fjwfgaf6 pTkGg ePsf gful/stf ;DaGwsf gLltut cl:y/tf ;+j}wflgs ¿kd} cGTo u/L :k:6 Joj:yf ul/g'kb{5 . yy o;sf nflu g]kfnsf] hg;Vof j[l4b/ !=#% / k|hgg\ b/ @=^ k|ltzt /x]sf] cj:yf, cfk|jf;Lsf] a9\bf] k|jfx, v'nf l;dfgf tyf NRN sf] dfu ;d]tnfO{ Wofg lbO{ gful/stf gLlt agfpg'k5{  . ljZjsf] !@) b]zdf ul/Psf] Joj:yf cg';f/ afa' jf cfdfsf] gfdjf6 gful/stf lbg] /fHosf] ;Vof a9L /x]sf] ;Gbe{df g]kfnn] klg ;f]xL cg';f/sf] gLlt agfpFbf pko'St x'g] b]lvG5 . t/ g]kfn ljZjsf] klxnf] / bf];|f] 7"nf] hg;+Vofsf] ePsf] rLg tyf ef/tsf] aLrdf /xg'sf] ;fy} ef/ttkm{sf] v'nf l;dfgfnfO{ klg TolQs} ljrf/ k'¥ofpg'k5{ . yy c+uLs[t gful/snfO{ Jojl:yt agfpg u}/g]kfnLsf] k~hLs/0f u/L ef/taf6 g]kfn cfO{ a;f]af; ul//x]sf] JolQmx¿sf] k~hLs/0f ug{ ;Ldfdf g} ;f]sf] Joj:yfkg ug]{ k|fjwfg agfpg]  . /15

;+ljwfg / sfg"g yy hGd, j}jflxs / j+zhn] gful/stfaf6 g;d]l6Psf ;d:ofsf ¿kdf /x]sf ljb]zL afa'af6 hGd]sf JolQmnfO{ Ps k6snfO{ dfq c+uLs[t gful/stf lbg] Joj:yf ldnfpg] . yy rLg :jzfl;t If]q ltAattkm{af6 a9\g ;Sg] cfk|jf;Lsf] k|jfxnfO{ s8fO ug{ pQ/tkm{sf] ;Ldf s8fO ug]{ . yy NRN sf] dfunfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{ /fhgLlts clwsf/ afx]s ;a} clwsf/ kfpg] u/L g]kfndf a:g] ljb]zLnfO{ kl/rokq lbg] . yy gful/stf /fi6«sf] ;+j]bgzLn ljifo ePsfn] l56f] ;]jf lbg] gfddf unt JolQmn] gful/stf lng gkfcf];\ eGg] s'/fnfO{ Wofgdf /fVb} gful/s klxrfg sfo{nfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg / ;DalGwt JolQmn] gful/stf kfpmF egL lgj]bg lbPkl5 ;f]xL ljj/0f v'nfO{ :yfgLo ;~rf/ dfWodaf6 / :yfgLo lgsfo dfkm{t ;fj{hlgs ;"rgf k|sflzt ug]{ / pQm cjlwdf sf]xL st}af6 lgh g]kfnL gful/s xf]Og eGg] bfjL gcfPsf] v08df gful/stf lbg] k|fjwfg ug]{ . yy gful/stfsf] clen]vnfO{ sDKo'6/s[t u/L ljt/0f sfo{nfO{ ;/nLs/0f u/L yk k|efjsf/L agfpg] . yy JolQmut 36gf btf{ Joj:yfkgnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg JolQmut 36gf btf{ P]g @)## sf] clgjfo{ sfof{Gjog u/L gful/stf ljt/0f;Fu tfbfTDotf sfod u/fpg] . yy /fi6« k|d'v, ;/sf/ k|d'v / ;+j}wflgs lgsfodf lgo'lQm x'g j+zhsf] gful/stf rflxg] Joj:yf ug]{ . pk;+xf/ gful/stf /fli6«otf;Fu hf]l8Psf] ljifo ePsf]n] /fhgLlt ug]{ ljifo agfpg x'Fb}g . gful/stfn] /fHo / gful/ssf aLrdf /fhgLlts tyf sfg'gL ;DaGw :yfkgf ug]{ ePsfn] of] ljifo ;+j]bgzLn ePsf] xf] . Pp6f /fHosf] cl:tTj, Pstf / cv08tf To; b]zsf gful/sn] b]zk|ltsf] akmfbf/L

16/

/ cf:yfn] lgwf{/0f ug]{ ePsfn] gful/stfnfO{ ;txL ¿kdf lnOg' 3fts x'ghfG5 . /fhgLlts nx8afhLsf cfwf/df gful/stf ljt/0f ug]{ cfwf/nfO{ v's'nf] agfpFbf eljiodf g]kfnsf] cl:tTj g} hf]lvddf kg{ ;Sg]tkm{ klg plrt Wofg hfg'kb{5 . g]kfnsf] ef}uf]lns l:ylt, ef/t;Fusf] v'nf l;dfgf, g]kfn / ef/tsf hgtfaLrsf] kfl/jfl/s ;DaGw, xfd|f] hg;+Vofsf] j[l4b/ cflbn] ubf{ t/fO{ If]qdf gful/stfsf] ljifonfO{ s]xL hl6n / ;+j]bgzLn agfPsf] 5 . To;nfO{ /fli6«o :jfy{sf] b[li6n] ;Daf]wg ub}{ cj aGg] ;+ljwfgaf6 g} ;dfwfg vf]lhg'kb{5 . o;f] ePsf] v08df gful/stf ljt/0fdf /x]sf ;d:ofsf] plrt ;Daf]wg x'g] / gful/sn] /fHoljxLgtfsf] cj:yfaf6 u'h|g gkg]{ s'/fdf cfzfjfbL x'g]5 . ;Gbe{ ;fdu|L yy pd]zk|;fb d}gfnL, gful/stf ;d:of, ;dfwfgsf k|of; / efjL /0fgLlt c+s @% sfdb klqsf yy s[i0f /fjt, -@)^*_ …k|zf;g, Joj:yfkg / ljsf;Ú, k|sfzs M cflzif a'S; xfp; k|f=ln= afuahf/, sf7df8f}+, yy g]kfn gful/stf P]g @)^#, lgofdfjnL @)^#, sfg'gL lstfj Joj:yf ;ldlt, sf7df8f}+ . yy gful/stf ljt/0f sfo{ljlw lgb]{lzsf, @)^!, ux dGqfno yy g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg @)^#, sfg'gL lstfj Joj:yf ;ldlt, sf7df8f}+ . yy l8NnLk|;fb lzjfsf]6L, -@)&!_, …gful/stf g]kfndf ;d:of / ;dfwfgÚ g]kfnsf] ;fj{hlgs k|zf;g l;4fGt / Jojxf/, k|sfzsM ;Dklt dfl;s klqsf, sf7df8f}+ . yy 9'08Lk|;fb lg/f}nf, -@)^*_, zf;g ;Grfngsf gjLg dfGotfx¿, k|sfzs M ;f]kfg dfl;s

@)&@ c;f/, jif{–!@÷c°–!, k"0ff{°–!##

ljsf;

ljsf;df gful/s ;+nUgtf q /d]z cof{n*

;f/f+z ljsf;sf] s]Gb|laGb' hgtf x'g\ . ;/sf/ PSn}sf] ;|ft] , ;fwg / k|of;af6 dfq d'ns' sf] ljsf; ;Dej x'bF g} . ;/sf/ dfq ljsf;df ;+nUg /xFbf ck]lIft pknlAw xfl;n x'g ;Sb}g . gful/ssf] ;+nUgtf a]u/ eP u/]sf ljsf;sf lqmofsnfknfO{ hgtfn] cfTd;ft\ ug{ ufx|f] x'gs' f ;fy} o:tf] ljsf; lbuf] tyf oyfy{k/s xFb' g} . To;}n] ljsf; k|lqmofdf gful/ssf] dxŒjk"0f{ e"ldsf x'G5 . k|:t't n]vdf ljsf;df gful/s ;+nUgtfsf] cy{, dxŒj, g]kfndf cj:yf, ;d:of / ;dfwfgsf pkfox¿af/] rrf{ ul/Psf] 5 . != kl/ro -s_ ljsf; ljsf; eGgfn] pGglt, k|ult pGd'v kl/jt{gnfO{ a'lemG5 . ljsf;n] dflg;sf] hLjg:t/df u'0ffTds ;'wf/ NofpF5 eg] d'n'ssf] ;fdflhs, cfly{s, k|zf;lgs nufot ;du| If]qdf ;sf/fTds kl/jt{g Nofpg] ub{5 . ljsf; Ps ax'cfolds k|lqmof xf] . ljsf;df ;fdflhs, cfly{s, /fhgLlts, k|zf;lgs, ;f+:s[lts, k|fljlws, jftfj/0fLo nufotsf kIfx¿ ;dfj]z x'G5g\ . -v_ gful/s ;+nUgtf gful/sx¿sf] hLjgdf k|efj kfg]{ lg0f{o / lqmofsnfkx¿df pgLx¿sf] egfO /xg'kb{5 eGg] gful/sx¿sf] clwsf/nfO{ dfGotf lbP/ ckgfOg] k|lqmofnfO{ gful/s ;+nUgtf elgG5 . gful/s ;+nUgtfn] gLlt lgdf{0f ug{ klxNofOPsf Ph]G8fx¿af6 ;'? eO{ gLlt rqmsf ;a} txdf gful/sx¿sf] d"No dfGotf / k|fyldstf k|ltljlDat x'g'kb{5 eGg] ;f]rsf] jsfnt ub{5 . o;/L cfk"m;Fu ;/f]sf/ /fVg] ljifosf ;a} r/0fsf k|lqmof / kl/0ffddf ;lqmotfk"j{s ;xefuL x'g] gful/ssf] clwsf/ g} gful/s ;+nUgtf xf] . United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs sf cg';f/ "Citizen engagement refers to the public's involvement in determining how a society steers itself, makes decisions on major public policy issues and delivers programs for the benifit of citizens. As such, citizen engagement is closely linked to the concepts of social cohesion. This concept refers to the building of shared value, reducing disparities in wealth and income, and enabling people to have a sense that they are engaged in a common enterprise and face shared challenges as members of a community." * k|d'v s/ clws[t, cfGtl/s /fh:j sfof{no sf7df8f}+ If]q g+=!

@)&@ c;f/, jif{–!@÷c°–!, k"0ff{°–!##

-u_ ljsf;df gful/s ;+nUgtf ljsf;df gful/s ;+nUgtf eGgfn] cfkm\gf] If]qdf ;~rfng x'g] ljsf; lgdf{0f tyf ;]jf k|jfx ;DaGwL sfo{sf] lg0f+{o lgdf{0f, sfof{Gjog, cg'udg, d"Nof+sg / ;du| Joj:yfkgsf] k|lqmof tyf kl/0ffddf ;/f]sf/jfnf gful/sx¿sf] ;lqmo, cy{k"0f{, ;sf/fTds / k|efjsf/L ;xeflutfnfO{ hgfpF5 . @= gful/s ;+nUgtfsf k|lqmofx¿ ljsf;df gful/s ;+nUgtfsf nflu lgDg k|lqmof k"/f ug'{kb{5 M yy;"rgfsf] k|jfx (Inform) M ljsf;sf ;d:of, r'gf}tL, ljsNk / cj;/af/] gful/snfO{ ;"lrt u/fpg'kb{5 . yy;Nnfx, k/fdz{ (Consult) M ljsf;sf] cj:yfaf/]df gful/snfO{ ;"lrt u/fO;s]kl5 lg0f{o lng'eGbf cufl8 gful/ssf] k[i7kf]if0f lng ;Nnfx k/fdz{ lng'kb{5 . yy;xeflutf (Involve) M gful/ssf rf;f] / cfsf+IffnfO{ ;'lglZrt u/]/ lg/Gt/ ¿kdf sfd ug'{kb{5 . yy;xsfo{ (Collaborate) M ljsf;sf ljsNkx¿ / pQd ;dfwfgsf] klxrfg ;lxt lg0f{odf gful/sx¿;Fu ;xsfo{ ug'{kb{5 . yy;zlQms/0f (Empower) M gful/ssf] ;xsfo{ / ;xeflutfdf ePsf] lg0f{onfO{ clGtd ¿k lbO{ ;zlQms/0f ug'{kb{5 . #= ljsf;df gful/s ;+nUgtfsf] kmfObf, cfjZostf / dxŒj ljsf;df gful/s ;+nUgtf ePdf b]xfosf kmfObf x'g] ePsf]n] o;sf] dxŒj / cfjZostf 5 M yyljsf;sf lqmofsnfkdf gful/sx¿n] ckgTj af]w ub{5g\ . kmn:j¿k ljsf; lbuf] x'G5 . yycfd gful/snfO{ ljsf; s] ug]{, slxn] ug]{, s;/L ug]{, /17

ljsf; lsg ug]{ / sxfF ug]{ eGg] ljifodf 1fg x'G5 . yyljsf; lqmofsnfk ;~rfng ubf{ Joj:yfksLo ;Ifdtf Pj+ u'0f:t/Lotf xfl;n x'G5 . yy;fgfltgf sfd ug{ ;/sf/sf] d'v tfSg] k|j[lQsf] cGTo x'G5 . ;fy} ;/sf/sf] sfo{ af]em klg 36\b5 . yy:yfgLo ;|f]t ;fwgsf] pkef]u u/L cfly{s ;fdflhs nfe xfl;n x'G5 . yy;fd"lxs lg0f{o ug]{ k|j[lQsf] ljsf; x'G5 . yypko'Qm of]hgfsf] th'{df / sfof{Gjog tyf pko'Qm k|ljlwsf] vf]h / cjnDag x'G5 . yygful/ssf] jf:tljs cfjZostf klxrfg eO{ dfudf cfwfl/t ljsf; x'G5 . yykf/blz{tfdf j[l4 x'G5 . clVtof/ b'?kof]u / e|i6frf/df sdL x'G5 . kmn:j¿k ;'zf;g sfod x'G5 . yynfut, nfe, nrstf / cu|;/tfsf b[li6n] pko'Qm of]hgf ;~rfng x'G5 . of]hgfsf] dd{t ;Def/df ;3fp k'Ub5 . yydflg;x¿sf] aLrdf cfk;L ;befj, ;dembf/L, ljZjf; / ;dGjosf] ljsf; x'G5 . yylgwf{l/t ;dodf ck]lIft kl/0ffd tyf pknlAw xfl;n ug{ ;lsG5 . yygful/ssf] ;Lk Ifdtfdf clej[l4 x'g uO{ :yfgLo :t/df g]t[Tj ljsf; x'G5 . nf]stflGqs k4ltsf] k|rng / ljsf; x'G5 . yygful/ssf] ;f]rfO, /f]hfO / cfjZostf k"/f x'G5 . yy;dfhsf ;LdfGTfs[t tyf k5fl8 k/]sf ju{, ;d'bfo / If]qsf] ;zlQms/0f x'G5 . yyclwsf/df cfwfl/t cjwf/0ffsf] k|j4{g x'G5 . $= g]kfndf gful/s ;+nUgtfsf nflu ePsf Joj:yf g]kfndf k|frLg sfnb]lv g} ljsf;df gful/sx¿sf] ;+nUgtf /xFb} cfPsf] lyof] . af6f] 3f6f], d7 dlGb/, kf6L kf}jf, ljBfno, s'nf] cflb lgdf{0f ubf{ gful/sx¿ :j]lR5s ¿kdf ;xefuL x'g] ub{y ] . oBlk cfw'lgs ¿kdf ljsf;df gful/s ;+nUgtfsf] rrf{ ;+oQ ' m /fi6«;3 + Lo ljsf; sfo{qmdsf] ;'?cft;Fu} ePsf] dflgG5 . g]kfndf gful/sx¿sf] ljsf; ;+nUgtf ;DaGwdf ePsf gLltut tyf sfo{qmdut Joj:yfnfO{ lgDgfg';f/ pNn]v ug{ ;lsG5 M yyg]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# df /fHosf] bfloTj, lgb]{zs l;4fGt / gLltx¿ cGtu{t ljsf;sf ;a} cfofdx¿df ;dfj]zL / cNk;+Vosx¿÷ k5fl8 k/]sf] ;d'bfosf] ;xeflutf u/fpg] pNn]v 5 . yy:yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g P]g, @)%% sf] k|:tfjgfdf ljs]Gb|Ls/0fsf] dfWodåf/f ;fj{ef}d;Qf ;DkGg hgtfnfO{ zf;g k|lqmofdf clwsflws dfqfdf ;lDdlnt 18/

x'g] cj;/ h'6fO{ k|hftGqsf nfex¿sf] pkef]u ug{ ;Sg] Joj:yf ug]{, ;du| hgtfsf] ;xeflutf clej[l4 ub}{ ljsf; k|lqmofnfO{ ;+:yfut ug]{ s'/fnfO{ hf]8 lbOPsf] 5  . yylzIff P]g, @)@* -;ftf} ;+zf]wg_ df ;fd'bflos ljBfnosf] Joj:yfkg ;ldltdf ;f] ljBfnodf k9\g] ljBfyL{sf cleefjsx¿n] cfkm"dWo]af6 5fg]sf Ps hgf cWoIf / tLg hgf ;b:o /xg] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . yy:yfgLo txdf ;~rfng x'g] ljsf; lgdf{0f, ;]jf k|jfx / k|fKt pknlAwsf] Gofof]lrt afF8kmfF8df pkef]Qmf ;ldlt, 6f]n ljsf; ;+:yf, j8f gful/s d~r, ljleGg lgsfox¿df u7g x'g] Joj:yfkg ;ldlt h:tf ;xeflutfTds k4ltx¿ canDag ul/Psf] 5 . yy;fj{hlgs vl/b P]g @)^# tyf lgodfjnL, @)^% df ^) nfv;Ddsf] cfof]hgf pkef]Qmfaf6 lgdf{0f ug]{ Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . yy;+:yf btf{ P]g, @)#$ n] ;+:yfut ;+nUgtf u/fpg] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . yy;fj{hlgs ;'g'jfO, ;fdflhs k/LIf0f, ;fj{hlgs k/LIf0f sfo{ljlwx¿ k|of]udf NofOPsf] 5 . yy:yfgLo :t/df hgkl/rfngdf cfwfl/t >dd"ns ljsf; sfo{qmdx¿ ;~rfng ug{sf] nflu ;d'bfosf] cu|;/tf / nfut ;xeflutfnfO{ k|fT] ;fxg ug]{ u/L clwstd >dd"ns sfo{qmdx¿ ;~rfng ug]{ p2]Zon] ;+3Lo dfldnf tyf :yfgLo ljsf; dGqfno cGtu{t hg;xeflutfdf cfwfl/t ljsf; sfo{qmd ;~rfng x'bF } cfPsf] 5 . yy;/sf/L tyf u}/;/sf/L lgsfo dfkm{t ljsf;sf lqmofsnfkx¿df ;fdflhs kl/rfngsf dfWodaf6 lg0f{o k|lqmofdf gful/s ;+nUgtf /fVg] u/L ;a} ju{, lnË / ;fdflhs ;d"xsf] k|efjsf/L ;xeflutf ;'lglZrt ug]{ k|of;sf] yfngL ePsf] 5 . yyah]6, P]g, lgod, gLlt th'{df ubf{ gful/ssf ;'emfjx¿nfO{ ;d]t Wofg lbg] u/]sf] kfOG5 . yyjg P]gdf lghL tyf ;fd'bflos jg ljsf; sfo{qmddf pkef]Stfsf] ;xeflutfdf hf]8 lbOPsf] 5 . yyt]x|f}+ of]hgfdf gful/s ;xeflutfnfO{ 5'§} ljifout zLif{sdf ;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5 . t]x|f}+ of]hgfdf gful/s ;xeflutf -s_ bL3{sfnLg ;f]r M zf;g ;~rfngsf] x/]s tx / k|lqmofdf hgtfsf] Jofks ;xeflutf u/fO{ hg:jfldTj clej[l4 ug]{ . -v_ p2]Zo M b]zsf] ;fdflhs, cfly{s, /fhgLlts tyf ;f+:s[lts ljsf; k|lqmofdf gful/sx¿sf] ;dfg ;xeflutf ;'lglZrt ug]{ . @)&@ c;f/, jif{–!@÷c°–!, k"0ff{°–!##

ljsf; -u_ /0fgLlt yys]Gb| tyf :yfgLo:t/sf ljleGg txdf lgikIf lgjf{rgsf] dfWodaf6 hgk|ltlglwx¿sf] 5gf]6 ug]{ . yyljsf; lgdf{0f sfo{ / ;]jf k|jfxsf] Joj:yfkgdf gful/s ;xeflutf k|j4{g ug]{ . -3_ sfo{gLlt yyaflnu dtflwsf/sf] cfwf/df zf;gsf ljleGg txdf :jtGq, lgikIf, wfFwnL/lxt lgjf{rg k|0ffnLnfO{ ;'b[9 ul/g]5 . yynf]stflGqs Joj:yfsf] k|ToIf nfe cfd hgtfdf k'¥ofpg ;/sf/L tyf lghL If]qsf ;Dk"0f{ lgsfox¿sf] k|of; s]lGb|t ul/g]5 . yylgjf{rg cfof]u / cGtu{t lgsfox¿sf] ;+:yfut ;'b[9Ls/0f tyf ToxfF sfo{/t hgzlQmsf] Ifdtf ljsf; ul/g]5 . yygful/s clwsf/ / st{Joaf/]df ;r]tgf clej[l4 ub}{ ljsf; k|lqmofsf x/]s r/0fdf ;xeflutf, kf/blz{tf / hjfkmb]lxtf k|j4{g ul/g]5 . yyljsf; lgdf{0f sfo{df pkef]Qmf ;ldlt dfkm{t u'0f:t/Lo tyf hjfkmb]xLd"ns sfd u/fpg u7g ul/g] pkef]Qmf ;ldltsf sfo{;Dkfbg k|lqmofdf cfjZos ;'wf/ ul/g]5 . %= ljsf;df gful/s ;+nUgtfsf dfWodx¿ ljsf;df gful/ssf] ;+nUgtf h'6fpg jf a9fpgsf] nflu b]xfosf dfWod ckgfpg] ul/G5 M yygful/s d~r (Citizen forum) yypkef]Qmf ;d"xx¿sf] u7g (Users group) yy;fj{hlgs ;'g'jfO (Public hearing) yy;fj{hlgs k/LIf0f (Public audit) yy;fdflhs k/LIf0f (Social audit) yygful/s k|ltj]bg sf8{ (Citizen report card) yysfo{zfnf uf]i7L (Workshop) yy;dLIff uf]i7L (Reviews) yy;~rf/dfWodaf6 k|rf/k|;f/ ( Mainsteam Media) yygful/s Kofgn (Citizen Pannels) yygful/s h'/L (Citizen Jury) yycWoog ;d"x (Study circle) yy Public Opinion polls yy Consensus conferences yy Deliberative poll yy Citizen dialogue

^= ljsf;df gful/s ;+nUgtfdf b]lvPsf ;d:of ljsf;df gful/s ;+nUgtfdf b]lvPsf ;d:ofx¿ lgDgfg';f/ 5g\ M @)&@ c;f/, jif{–!@÷c°–!, k"0ff{°–!##

yygful/s ;+nUgtfsf] cfwf/, k|lqmof, dfkb08 / dfqfdf Ps?ktf / :ki6tf gx'g' . yygful/s ;+nUgtf ;DaGwL gLltut, ;+/rgfut, k|lqmofut / sfg'gL kIfx¿ sdhf]/ x'g' . yy/fhgLlts tyf k|zf;lgs g]t[Tj gful/s ;+nUgtf a9fpg k|lta4 gx'g' . yy;a} ju{, If]q, lnË / ;d'bfonfO{ /fHosf] ljleGg txx¿df tyf ljsf; k|lqmofdf ;xeflutf gu/fOg' . yy;d;fdlos ljifodf gful/s ;r]tgf a9fpg g;Sg' . yyljleGg lgsfox¿af6 ;~rfng x'g] ljsf; lgdf{0f / ;]jf k|jfxdf nfeu|fxL ju{sf] ;xeflutfnfO{ k|ltkmnbfoL agfpg ;dGjo gx'g' . yynfdf] ;dob]lv lgjf{rg gx'gfn] :yfgLo lgsfox¿df hgk|ltlglw gx'g' . yyljsf; cfof]hgfsf] k|fyldsLs/0f, 5gf]6, Joj:yfkg / ;~rfngsf ;a} k|lqmofdf ;xeflutf kl/rfng x'g g;Sg' . yygful/s ;+nUgtfsf] k|lqmofdf :yfgLo 7"nfa8f / 6f7faf7fsf] jr{:Jf sfod /xg' . yy;xeflutfdf x'g] of]ubfgsf] clen]v / n]vf+sg gx'g'  . yypkef]Qmf ;ldltx¿sf] ;++u7g Ifdtf / Joj:yfkg bIftf kof{Kt gx'g' . yysltko cj:yfdf gful/snfO{ :j:km"t{ ¿kdf eGbf bafa / k|efjsf cfwf/df ;+nUg u/fOg' . yyljsf;sf ;Dk"0f{ k|lqmofdf hjfkmb]lxtf / kf/blz{tfsf] sdL x'g' . yyhgtf, ;/sf/ / ljsf;sf ;fem]bf/x¿sf aLrdf cfly{s, ;fdflhs tyf k|fljlws kIfx¿df ;+jfb gx'g' . yygful/sdf ljBdfg ;Lk, Ifdtf tyf bIftf ga9fOg' . yy;fj{hlgs ;'gj' fO, ;fdflhs k/LIf0f, ;fj{hlgs k/LIf0f h:tf ljlwx¿nfO{ Jofks ¿kdf k|of]udf gNofOg' . yyljsf;df gful/ssf] ;+nUgtfsf] k|efjsfl/tf ;DaGwdf cg'udg / k|efj d"Nof+sgsf] nflu pko'Qm ;+oGqsf] Joj:yf gul/g' . yypkef]Qmf ;ldltsf] u7g / kl/rfngdf k|efjsfl/tf / :ki6tf gx'g' . &= ljsf;df gful/s ;+nUgtf a9fpg] pkfox¿ ljsf;df gful/s ;+nUgtfdf b]lvPsf ;d:ofx¿ ;dfwfgsf nflu lgDg sfo{ ug'{kb{5 M yygful/s ;+nUgtf clej[l4 ug{ ljBdfg sfg'gx¿df ;+zf]wg ug'{sf ;fy} ljleGg lgb]{lzsfx¿, dfu{bz{g lgdf{0f ug]{ . yygful/s ;+nUgtfsf k|lqmof, nIo, ck]lIft kl/0ffd, /19

ljsf; e"ldsf / lgodsf jf/]df :ki6tf x'g] . yy/fhgLlts g]t[Tjstf{nfO{ pgLx¿sf] k|lta4tf ;lxt k|lqmofdf ;xefuL u/fpg] . yyljsf;sf] ;a} If]qsf] Joj:yfkgdf clwsf/df cfwfl/t pkfud (Right Based Approach) nfu" ug]{ . yykof{Kt dfqfdf dfgjLo, k|fljlws / cfly{s ;|f]tsf] Joj:yf ug]{ . yygful/snfO{ bafa / k|efjsf cfwf/df eGbf :j:km"t{ ¿kdf ljsf;df ;+nUg u/fpg] . yyljsf;sf ;Dk"0f{ k|lqmofdf ;/sf/n] hjfkmb]lxtf / kf/blz{tfsf] k|lta4tf lbg] . yyljsf;df gful/s ;+nUgtf a9fpg hgtf, ;/sf/ / ljsf;sf ;fem]bf/x¿sf aLrdf cfly{s, ;fdflhs tyf k|fljlws kIfx¿df a9LeGbf a9L ;+jfb ug]{ . yyljsf; Joj:yfkgdf gful/ssf] ;+nUgtf a9fpg gful/sdf ljBdfg ;Lk, Ifdtf tyf bIftf a9fO ;zlQms/0f ug] { . yyljsf;df ;dfgtf, ;dfj]lztf, clje]bLs/0f / ljleGg kfqsf] k|ltlglwTj ;'lglZrt ug]{ . yy;fj{hlgs ;'g'jfO, ;fdflhs k/LIf0f, ;fj{hlgs k/LIf0f h:tf ljlwx¿nfO{ ljsf; cfof]hgf tyf sfo{qmdx¿sf] cleGg cËsf] ¿kdf ljsf; ug]{ . yyljsf;df gful/ssf] ;+nUgtfsf] k|efjsfl/tf ;DaGwdf cg'udg / k|efj d"Nof+sgsf] nflu pko'Qm ;+oGqsf] Joj:yf ug]{ . yygful/s lgu/fgLnfO{ k|efjsf/L u/fO{ ;]jfu|fxLk|ltsf] hjfkmb]lxtf ;'lglZrt ug]{ . yy:yfgLo txb]lv g} of]hgf k|lqmofdf hg;xeflutf clej[l4 ug]{ . yyljsf; ;DaGwL lqmofsnfkdf hgtfsf] ;+nUgtf a9fpg hgr]tgf clej[l4 ug]{ tyf clwsf/ / lhDd]jf/LnfO{ :yfgLo :t/df lgIf]k0f ug]{ . yy;fdflhs kl/rfngåf/f gful/snfO{ ;+ul7t / cem ;zQm ¿kdf kl/rflnt ug]{ . yyjhf/d'vL las]Gb|Ls/0fsf] cjnDag ug]{ . yyk|hftflGqs, kf/bzL{ / pQ/bfoL Jojxf/ cjnDag ug{] g]t[Tjsf] rog ug{] . yypkef]Qmf ;ldltsf] ljlw k|lqmof / sfo{z}nLnfO{ a9L ;xeflutfd"ns / :jlgoGq0f ug{ yk kxn ug{] . yyoyfzL3| :yfgLo lgsfox¿sf] lgjf{rg ;DkGg u/fO{ hgk|ltlglwx¿sf] axfnL ug]{ . OECD sf cg';f/ ljsf;df gful/s ;+nUgtfnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg Practical Tips  Take It Seriously  Start from the Citizen's Perspective  Deliver What You Promise

20/

      

Watch Timing Be Creative Balance Different Interests Be Prepared for Criticism Involve Your Staff Develop a Coherent Strategy Act Now

*= lgisif{ gful/ssf] ;+nUgtf a]u/ eP u/]sf ljsf;sf sfo{ lbuf] / oyfy{k/s x'Fb}g . ljsf;df gful/s ;xefuL eP/ gful/sn] u|x0f u/]sf] l:yltdf dfq ljsf; ck]lIft ¿kdf kmnbfoL / lbuf] x'G5 . To;}n] ljsf; k|lqmof tyf ;]jf k|jfxdf ;j{;fwf/0f hgtfsf] :jfldTj sfod ug{ d'n'sL zf;gsf ljleGg txdf ;xeflutfd"ns k|lqmof ckgfpFb} ljsf; k|lqmofsf ljleGg r/0fx¿df gful/ssf] ;+nUgtfnfO{ cem Jofks agfpg'kg]{ b]lvG5 . ;Gbe{ ;fdu|L yykf08], o'j/fh -@)^*_, ljsf; Joj:yfkg, sf7df8f}+M ljBfyL{ k':ts e08f/ . yy>]i7, 8f= >Ls[i0f -@)&)_, ;'zf;g, ;fj{hlgs ;]jf, gful/s ;+nUgtf / k|zf;g ;'wf/, hg{n ckm klAns ckm]o;{, sf7df8f}+ M Ao'/f] *! . yy;]G6/ km/ ODkfj/d]G6 Ogf]e];g PG8 8]enkd]G6 -@)^&_, ljsf; Joj:yfkg, sf7df8f}+ . yy:yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g P]g, @)%%, sf7df8f}+ M sfg'g lstfj Joj:yf ;ldlt . yyg]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^#, sf7df8f}+ M sfg'g lstfj Joj:yf ;ldlt . yyt]x|f}+ of]hgf - @)&)÷&! —@)&@÷&#_, sf7df8f}+ M /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u . yyhg;xeflutfdf cfwfl/t ljsf; sfo{qmd sfof{Gjog dfu{bz{g, @)^(, ;+3Lo dfldnf tyf :yfgLo ljsf; dGqfno . yyyklnof, lbg]z, hg;xeflutf ;DaGwL x\ofG8cfp6 yyk|zf;g, /fh:j, lghfdtL ;]jf klqsfsf ljleGg c+sx¿ . yy Shaddy, Amanda (2008 March), Handbook on Citizen Engagement : Beyond Consultation, Canadian Policy Research Network yy Guidelines on Citizen Engagement for Development Manager and public Governance (2011 March), United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs

@)&@ c;f/, jif{–!@÷c°–!, k"0ff{°–!##

ljsf; Joj:yfkg

cltsd ljsl;t /fi6«af6 :t/f]Gglt x'g] g]kfnsf] uGtJo M cf}lrTo / sfo{lbzf q ?b|k|;fb e§*

;f/f+z cltsd ljsl;t d'ns' sf] ;d"xdf /x]sf sl/a ** s/f]8 hg;+VofdWo] sl/a &% k|ltzt hgtf ul/aLsf] /]vfd'lg /x]sf 5g\ . ctM ul/a ;d"xsf] gfddf ;w}+ ;xof]u ug'e{ Gbf oL d'ns' sf] lbuf] ul/aL d'lQm / cfTdlge{/ d'ns' agfpg ;xof]u ug'k{ 5{ eGg] dfGotf;Fu} o:tf d'ns' x¿nfO{ ljsf;zLn /fi6«df :t/f]Gglt u/fpg] cjwf/0ff cufl8 cfPsf] xf] . g]kfnn] ;+oQ' m /fi6«;3+ sf] ;g\ @)@) ;Dd ljsf;zLn /fi6«df :t/f]Gglt ug]{ gLlt cg'¿k ;g\ @)!% df CDP n] ug]{ klxnf] / ;g\ @)!* df ug]{ bf];f| ] k'g/fjnf]sgaf6 lg/Gt/ ;kmn eO{ ;g\ @)!* ;Dd ;kmntfsf ;fy :t/f]Gglt x'g ;Dk"0f{ k|of;nfO{ hf]8 lbg' h?/L 5 . ;fy} :t/f]Ggltsf] ;kmntfnfO{ lbuf] agfpg k|ltJolQm s'n /fli6«o cfosf] ;Ldf k|fKt ug'{ klg plQs} dxŒjk"0f{ 5 . pQm sfo{ Ps /ft / Psf+sL ¿kdf x'g ;Sb}g . o;sf nflu ;femf l;h{gfTds ;f]r, kof{Kt nufgL kl/rfng, c;n zf;g, pko'Qm k|ljlw, ;+:yfut Ifdtf ljsf;, sfof{Gjog / k[i7kf]if0fnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpFb} ;g\ @)@@ jf To;sf] s]xL jif{leq} /fli6«o s'n cfosf] ;Ldf klg k|fKt u/L ;kmn / lbuf] x'g' lgtfGt cfjZos 5 . cjwf/0ff ;g\ !(^) sf] bzsdf ljsl;t b]zn] cltsd ljsl;t /fi6«sf] ul/aL, c;dfgtf / Go"g IfdtfnfO{ ljz]if ¿kdf ;xof]u ug'{k5{ eGg] cjwf/0ffsf] ljsf; ePsf] xf] . o;} ;Gbe{df ;g\ !(&! df Go"g k|ltJolQm cfo, Go"g dfgj ljsf; ;"rsf+s / pRr cfly{s hf]lvd ePsf @% j6f /fi6«x¿nfO{ ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3åf/f cltsd ljsl;t /fi6« egL 3f]if0ff u¥of] . @% ;b:o /fi6«x¿af6 ;'?cft ePsf] ;d"xaf6 rf/j6f /fi6«x¿ ljsf;zLn /fi6«df :t/f]Gglt eP eg] cem} $* j6f /fi6«x¿ clt sd ljsl;t /fi6«s} ¿kdf /x]sf 5g\ . cltsd ljsl;t d'n'ssf] ;d"xdf /x]sf sl/a ** s/f]8 hg;+VofdWo] sl/a &% k|ltzt hgtf ul/aLsf] /]vfd'lg /x]sf 5g\ . ctM ul/a ;d"xsf] gfddf ;w}+ ;xof]u ug'{eGbf oL d'n'ssf] lbuf] ul/aL d'lQm / cfTdlge{/ d'n's agfpg ;xof]u ug'{k5{ eGg] dfGotf;Fu} o:tf d'n'sx¿nfO{ ljsf;zLn /fi6«df :t/f]Gglt u/fpg] cjwf/0ff cufl8 cfPsf] xf] . cltsd ljsl;t /fi6« ;+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3sf cg';f/ To:tf] d'n's clt sd ljsl;t /fi6« xf] h;sf] dfgj ljsf; ;"rsf+sf ;fy;fy} cfly{s ;fdflhs kl/;"rsx¿ ;d]t Go"gtd :t/df /x]sf] x'G5 . ;+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3n] klxnf] k6s ;g\ !(&! df o;sf] k|:tfj g+= @&^* af6 clt sd ljsl;t /fi6«x¿sf] ;"rL hf/L u/]sf] lyof] . ;g\ @)!$ df kl/dflh{t dfkb08 cg';f/ * of]hgf clws[t, /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]usf] ;lrjfno

@)&@ c;f/, jif{–!@÷c°–!, k"0ff{°–!##

clt sd /fi6«x¿ lgwf{/0fsf nflu lgDg adf]lhdsf tLg d'Vo cfwf/x¿ /x]sf 5g\ . -s_ v'b /fli6«o cfo (GNI) sf] cfwf/df dfkg ul/g] ul/aLsf] :t/, -v_ kf]if0f, :jf:Yo, lzIff / jo:s zfIf/tfsf cfwf/df dfkg ul/g] dfgj ;+zfwg ;Ifdtf (HAI), / -u_ s[lif pTkfbg / j:t' tyf ;]jfsf] lgof{tsf] cj:yfdf /x]sf] cl:y/tf, ckf/Dkfl/s ultljlwx¿sf] cy{tGqdf /x]sf] dxTj, cy{tGqsf] cfsf/sf sf/0f cfly{s ljsf;df /x]sf ;Ldf Pj+ k|fs[lts k|sf]kaf6 lj:yflkt x'g] hg;+Vofsf] k|ltzt h:tf cfwf/x¿df dfkg ul/g] cfly{s hf]lvd ;"rsf+s (EVI). o; cg';f/ Go"g k|ltJolQm cfo, sdhf]/ dfgj ;DklQ ;"rs / pRr cfly{s hf]lvddf /x]sf d'n's cltsd ljsl;t /fi6« x'g\ .The least developed countries (LDCs) are a group of countries that have been classified by the UN as "least developed" in terms of their low gross national income (GNI), their weak human assets and their high degree of economic vulnerability.

ljsf;zLn /fi6«df :t/f]Gglt x'g] k|lqmof tyf ;"rsx¿ k|ltJolQm s'n /fli6«o cfo, dfgj ;DklQ ;"rs / cfly{s hf]lvd u/L tLgj6f ;"rsx¿ dWo] b'O{ j6f ;"rsx¿sf] ;Ldf k|fKt ePdf :t/f]Ggltsf] nflu ;Defljt x'G5 . oBlk dfgj ;DklQ / cfly{s hf]lvd xfl;n gePtf klg k|ltJolQm s'n /fli6«o cfo y|];xf]N8eGbf bf]Aa/ ePdf /21

ljsf; Joj:yfkg klg ljsf;zLn /fi6«df :t/f]Gglt x'g ;S5 . ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3sf] cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs kl/ifb\ (ECOSOC) cGtu{tsf] Committee for Development Policy (CDP) n] cltsd ljsl;t /fi6«af6 :t/f]Ggltsf nflu to ul/Psf ;"rsx¿sf] k|To]s #÷# jif{df k'g/fjnf]sg u/L k|To]s ;"rssf] ;Ldf (Thershold) lgwf{/0f u5{ . klxnf] tLg jif{sf] cf};t pknlAw k|fKt ePdf k'gM kl5Nnf] tLg jif{kl5 k'g/fjnf]sg u5{ . bf];|f] d"Nof+sg ;lxt nuftf/ ^ jif{sf] ;Ldf k|fKt ePdf s'g} cltsd ljsl;t /fi6«nfO{ clt sd ljsl;t, e"kl/j]li7t tyf 6fk' /fi6«x¿sf] nflu /fi6«;+3Lo pRrfo'Qmsf] sfof{no United Nations Office of the High Representative for the

Least Developed Countries, Landlocked Developing Countries and Small Island Developing States (UNOHRLLS) n] o:tf /fi6«x¿nfO{ /fi6«;+3sf] ;xof]usf

nflu ;dGjo ug]{ / k/fdz{bft[ ;]jfx¿ k'¥ofpFb5 . o;sf] l;kmfl/;sf] cfwf/df The Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) n] :t/f]Gglt ug]{ ljifo kfl/t u5{ . o;sf] cfwf/df ;+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3sf] dxf;efn] s'g} /fi6«nfO{ :t/f]Gglt ePsf] clGtd lg0f{o u5{ . ;g\ @)!$ sf] d"Nof+sg cg';f/ clt sd ljsl;t d'n'ssf cfwf/x¿ / ;f]af6 :t/f]Gglt x'gsf nflu b]xfosf ;"rsx¿sf] ;Ldf b]xfo adf]lhd tf]lsPsf 5g\ M

;"rs

Graduation Criteria

Inclusion Criteria

k|ltJolQm s'n /fli6«o cfo Gross National Income (GNI)per capita of] ;"rsn] k|ltJolQmsf] cfly{s l:ylt dfkg ub{5 . dfgj ;DklQ ;"rs (Human Assets Index-HAI) o; ;"rs cGtu{t lzIff / :jf:YonfO{ lnOG5 . kf]if0f tyf dft' d[Tob/nfO{ :jf:Yo cGtu{t / dfWolds txsf] egf{b/ / jo:s ;fIf/tf lzIff cGtu{t kb{5g\ . cfly{s hf]lvd ;"rs (Economic Vulnerability Index-EVI) o; ;"rsn] b]zsf] cy{tGq slt hf]lvdo'Qm 5 eGg] s'/fsf] dfkg ub{5 . ;f] dfkgsf] nflu hg;+Vofsf] cfsf/ / ;'udtf, s[lif pTkfbg / j:t' tyf ;]jfsf] lgof{tsf] cj:yfdf /x]sf] cl:y/tf, ckf/Dkfl/s ultljlwx¿sf] cy{tGqdf /x]sf] :yfg, cy{tGqsf] cfsf/sf sf/0f cfly{s ljsf;df /x]sf ;Ldf Pj+ k|fs[lts k|sf]kaf6 lj:yflkt x'g] hg;+Vofsf] k|ltzt h:tf cfwf/x¿ x]l/G5 . oL tLgj6f ;"rsx¿dWo] clt sd ljsl;t d'n'saf6 ljsf;zLn d'n'sdf :t/f]Gglt x'gsf nflu s'g} b'O{ ;"rssf] tf]lsPsf] ;Ldf kf/ ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . cyjf k|ltJolQm v'b /fli6«o cfo tf]lsPsf] :t/sf] b'u'gf x'g'kb{5 . "LDCs

U$ 1190 or more

U$ 992 or less

66 or more

60 or less

32 or less

36 or more

graduation: 2 of 3 or 2 × income threshold"

ljZjsf cltsd ljsf;lt $* j6f cltsd ljsl;t /fi6«x¿ (1)Afghanistan (2)Angola (3)Bangladesh (4)Benin (5)Bhutan(6)Burkina Faso (7)Burundi (8)Cambodia (9) Central African Republic (10)Chad (11)Comoros (12)Congo (13)Djibouti (14)Equatorial Guinea (15)Eritrea (16)Ethiopia (17)Gambia (18)Guinea (19)Guinea-Bissau (20)Haiti (21)Kiribati(22)Lao People's Democratic Rep. (23)Lesotho(24) Liberia(25)Madagascar

22/

(26)Malawi(27)Mali (28)Mauritania (29)Mozambique (30)Myanmar (31)Nepal (32)Niger (33)Rwanda (34)Samoa(35) Sao Tome and Principe (36)Senegal(37)Sierra Leone (38)Solomon Islands (39)Somalia (40)Sudan (41)Timor-Leste (42)Togo (43)Tuvalu (44)Uganda (45)United Rep. of Tanzania (46)Vanuatu(47)Yemen (48)Zambia

cltsd ljsl;t /fi6«af6 :t/f]Gglt ePsf /fi6«x¿ (1) Botswana - 1994 (2) Cape Verde - 2007 (3) Maldives - 2011 (4) Samoa - 2014

@)&@ c;f/, jif{–!@÷c°–!, k"0ff{°–!##

ljsf; Joj:yfkg cltsd ljsl;t /fi6«x¿sf ;Dd]ngx¿ ;g\ !(*! / !(() k|mfG;sf] k]l/;df ;DkGg klxnf] / bf];|f] cltsd ljsl;t /fi6«x¿sf] ;Ddn]gaf6 oLgsf] cfly{s, ;fdflhs / dfgjLo kIfx¿nfO{ cfGtl/s Pj+ cGt/f{li6«o ¿kdf ;fem]bf/L ug]{ ljifonfO{ Wofg lbg'kg]{ cjwf/0ff ;fl/of] . ;g\ @))! df a]lNhodsf] a|;]N;df ;DkGg t];|f] ;Dd]ngn] ;b:o d'n'ssf] ul/aL Go"gLs/0f, n}+lus ;dfgtf tyf ;zlQms/0f, ;j} txdf ;'zf;g sfod ug]{, dfgjLo tyf ;+:yfut Ifdtf ljsf; / lbuf] ljsf;sf kIfx¿nfO{ hf]8 lbFb} PsLs[t 9fFrf, oyfy{ ;xeflutf, /fi6«sf] ckgTj / glthf pGd'vtf nufot kfFr j6f l;4fGtdf ;femf k|lta4tf hgfof] . ;g\ @)!! df 6sL{df ;DkGg :tfgj'n sfo{qmd ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3sf] ;g\ @)!! df 6sL{df ;DkGg rf}yf] :tfgj'n sfo{of]hgf (Istanbul Programme of Action -IPOA) n] cltsd ljsl;t /fi6«x¿dWo] krf; k|ltzt /fi6«nfO{ ;g\ @)@) ;Dd ljsf;zLn /fi6«df :t/f]Gglt ug{ ;xof]u ug]{ lg0f{o lnof] . pQm ;Dd]ngn] Ifdtf clej[l4 dfkm{t lbuf] / ;dfj]zL cfly{s j[l4 xfl;n ug]{, ;fdflhs ljsf; tyf dlxnf ;dfgtf dfkm{t dfgjLo ;g\ @)!@ sf] ;Ldf tyf g]kfnsf] k|ltJolQm s'n /fli6«o cfo US$

;do;Ldf /fi6«;+3 ;g\ @)!@ sf] ;Ldf !!() jf ;f]eGbf tyf cj:yf a9L @)!% sf] k|If]k0f !@($ jf ;f]eGbf a9L @)!* k|If]k0f !#(* jf ;f]eGbf a9L ($* @)@! sf] k|If]k0f !%)@ jf ;f]eGbf a9L ;g\ @)@! ;Dd k|fKt

g]kfn &!& &@)

Ifdtf j[l4 ug]{, cfly{s tyf jftfj/0fLo hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f u/L cfly{s hf]lvd sd ug]{, ljQLo ;|f]tsf] kl/rfngnfO{ clej[l4 ug]{, k|hftflGqs k|lqmof, ;+:yfut Ifdtf / sfg'gL zf;gsf] axfnL u/L ;a} txdf ;'zf;g sfod ug]{h:tf kIfx¿nfO{ hf]8 lbof] . g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{, ;fGble{stf tyf sfo{lbzf afx|f}+ of]hgf -@)^&÷)^*–@)^(÷)&)_ n] b'O{ bzsleq g]kfnnfO{ ljsf;zLn /fi6«df :t/f]Gglt ug]{ egL klxnf] kN6 bL3{sfnLg ;f]r /fVof] . ;g\ @)!! df ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3n] 6sL{df cfof]hgf u/]sf] :tfgj'n sfo{ of]hgfsf] krf; k|ltzt /fi6«nfO{ ;g\ @)@) ;Dd ljsf;zLn /fi6«df :t/f]Gglt ug{ ;xof]u ug]{ nIo cg'¿k g]kfnsf] t]x|f}+ of]hgf -@)&)÷&!–@)&@÷&#_ n] d'n'snfO{ clt sd ljsl;t d'n'saf6 :t/f]Gglt ug{] pb\3f]if ub}{ …g]kfnnfO{ ;g\ @)@@ ;Dd ljsf;zLn /fi6«df :t/f]lGgt ug]{Ú bL3{sfnLg ;f]r cufl8 ;f/]sf] 5 . o; qmddf /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]un] ljsf;zLn /fi6«df :t/f]Gglt x'gsf nflu ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3n] tf]s]sf] ;"rs cg';f/sf ;Ldf / g]kfnn] xfn;Dd k|fKt u/]sf] pknlAwsf cfwf/df ;g\ @)@! ;Dd to x'g ;Sg] ;Ldf tyf g]kfnn] xfl;n ug{ ;Sg] nIo k|If]k0f u/]sf] 5 . cj:yf / cfufdL ;"rssf] k|If]k0f dfgj ;DklQ ;"rs /fi6«;+3 ^^% jf ;f]eGbf a9L ^& % jf ;f]eGbf a9L ^(% jf ;f]eGbf a9L

cfly{s hf]lvd ;"rs

g]kfn ^@=@)Ü

/fi6«;+3 g]kfn #@% @&=*%Ü

&)=$(Ü

#!%

&$=)$Ü @(%

!%)#

&)% jf ;f]eGbf &&=@@Ü a9L x'g ;Sg] ;g\ @)!% ;Dd k|fKt x'g ;Sg]

@&%

@$=%*% @#=#!% @!=()%

;g\ @)!@ d} k|fKt eO;s]sf]]

(LDC graduation approach paper- 2014 and 13th plan approach paper 2070)

@)&@ c;f/, jif{–!@÷c°–!, k"0ff{°–!##

/23

ljsf; Joj:yfkg o; tflnsfdf plNnlvt dWo] /fi6«;+3n] ;g\ @)!@ df tf]s]sf] ;Ldf cg';f/ g]kfnn] cfly{s hf]lvd ;DaGwL ;"rs k|fKt ul/;s]sf] 5 . of] ;"rs ;g\ @)@! leq klg /fi6« ;+3n] tf]Sg] ;Ldfleq} /xg] k|If]k0f ul/Psf] 5 . dfgj ;DklQ ;DaGwL ;"rs ;g\ @)!@ sf] ;Ldf g]kfnn] k|fKt ul/;s]sf] cj:yf t 5}g t/ ;g\ @)!% df /fi6« ;+3n] tf]Sg ;Sg] k|If]lkt ;Ldf eg] k|fKt x'g ;Sg] g]kfnsf] k|If]k0f /x]sf] 5 . g]kfnn] u/]sf] k|If]k0f ;xL x'G5 jf x'g\ . o;} eGg g;lsPnf t/ g]kfnn] ;x;|fAbL ljsf; nIo / !# cf}+ of]hgfsf nIox¿ k|fKt ug{sf] nflu ;/sf/L tyf lghL If]qaf6 lzIff, :jf:Yo, ;/;kmfOdf u/]sf] nufgL tyf gLltut cfj4tfn] ;\g @)!% ;Dddf dfgj ljsf; ;"rs klg k|fKt ug{ ;Sg] alnof] ;Defjgf 5 . k|ltJolQm /fli6«o s'n cfo ;DaGwL ;"rssf] ;g\ @)!@ sf] cfo ;Ldf cg'¿k g]kfnn] k|fKt u/]sf] cj:yf sl/a rfnL; k|ltztn] sd 5 h'g xfl;n ug{ lgs} sl7g 5 . /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]un] ;g\ @)@! ;Dddf pQm ;Ldf k|fKt ug]{ k|If]k0f u/]sf] 5 . cfof]un] u/]sf] k|If]k0f cg';f/ !) jif{sf] cjlwdf sl/a (& va{ nufgL u/L & k|ltzteGbf dflysf] ;dfj]zL cfly{s j[l4 / ;'zf;go'Qm jftfj/0fdf pQm ;"rs xfl;n ug'{kg]{ x'G5 h'g k|If]k0f ;g\ @)@! leq xfl;n ug'{ cToGt} dxŒjfsf+IfL ;f]r xf] eg]/ l6Kk0fL ePsf] 5 . g]kfnsf] :t/f]Gglt x'g] k|lqmof / xfnsf] cj:yf CDP n] g]kfnsf] cj:yfaf/] cf};t tLg jif{sf] cj:yf k'g/fjnf]sg u/L ;g\ @)!% df klxnf] k|ltj]bg lbg]5 . o; cWoogaf6 :t/f]Ggltsf] nflu tf]lsPsf] ;Ldf k|fKt ePdf k'gM ;g\ @)!% b]lv @)!& ;Ddsf] cf};t tLg jif{sf] ;"rsut k'g/fjnf]sg u/L ;g\ @)!* df bf];|f] k|ltj]bg lbg]5 . olb nuftf/ ^ jif{df tf]lsPsf] cf};t ;Ldf k|fKt ePdf o'g]:sf]nfO{ l;kmfl/; u5{ . o'g]:sf]sf] l;kmfl/;sf] cfwf/df ECOSOC n] :t/f]Gglt ug]{ ljifo kfl/t u/L clGtd lg0f{osf nflu ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3df l;kmfl/; u5{ . ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3n] nuftf/ ^ jif{sf] cf};t ;Ldf k|fKt ePsf] 7fg]df ;g\ @)!* df g]kfnnfO{ ljsf;zLn /fi6«df :t/f]Ggltsf] 3f]if0ff ug{ ;S5 . olb ;g\ @)!* df g]kfn ljsf;zLn d'n'sdf :t/f]Gglt ePdf tLgb]lv rf/ jif{sf] nflu Pn8L;L ePsf] gftfn] kfO/x]sf] u|]; -;'ljwf_ kfpg]5 . cyf{t\ ;g\ @)!* df :t/f]Gglt eO{ tLg jif{ u|]; ;'ljwf kfPdf ;g\ @)@! / rf/ jif{ u|]; kfPdf ;g\ @)@@ ;Dd Pn8L;Ln] kfpg] ;'ljwf k|fKt ug]{5 . To; kZrft\ eg] g]kfnn] k"0f{ ¿kdf ljsf;zLn /fi6«sf] x}l;otn] cfkm\gf] ;Defjgfsf] kl/rfng ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . -s_ klxnf] cj:yf k|ltJolQm /fli6«o s'n cfo ;DaGwL ;"rssf] tf]lsPsf] 24/

;LdfeGbf xfnsf] cj:yfdf sl/a $) k|ltztn] sd 5 / of] ;g\ @)@! leq k|fKt x'g] u/L of]hgf cfof]un] k|If]k0f u/] klg ;fdfGo k|of;af6 k|fKt ug{ sl7g 5 . t/ cfly{s hf]lvd ;DaGwL ;"rs eg] k|fKt ePsf] 5 . cfly{s hf]lvdsf] 36\bf] b/nfO{ lbuf] /fvL t]x|f+} of]hgf cg'¿k lzIff tyf :jf:Yo If]qsf ;"rsx¿ k|fKt ePdf dfgj ljsf; ;DklQ ;"rs ;g\ @)!% ;Dddf k|fKt x'g] b]lvG5 . o; cj:yfdf g]kfnn] ;g\ @)!% sf] klxnf] / ;g\ @)!* sf] bf];|f] k'g/fjnf]sgdf lg/Gt/ pknlAw xfl;n u/]df ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3n] g]kfnnfO{ ;g\ @)!* df ljsf;zLn d'n'sdf :t/f]Ggltsf] 3f]if0ff ug{ ;S5 jf :tfgj'n sfo{qmd cg';f/ ;g\ @)@) leq :t/f]Gglt ug]{ nIo k|fKt x'G5 . -v_ bf];|f] cj:yf k|ltJolQm /fli6«o s'n cfo ;LdfeGbf lgs} sd 5 . xfns} ult / dltn] ;g\ @)@! leq k|fKt ug{ g;lsg] cj:yf 5 . olb ;g\ @)!% ;Dddf dfgj ;DklQ ;"rs k|fKt x'g g;s]df ;g\ @)@) leq cfly{s hf]lvdsf] pknlAwn] dfq :t/f]Gglt x'g ;Sg] b]lvFb}g . g]kfn ljsf;zLn /fi6«df :t/f]Gglt x'Fbfsf nfe tyf r'gf}tLx¿ g]kfnnfO{ ;g\ @)@@ ;Dd ljsf;zLn /fi6«df :t/f]Gglt ug]{ ;f]rsf ;DaGwdf ljleGg ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿af6 o;sf] kIf tyf ljkIfdf ljljw ts{x¿ JoQm ePsf 5g\ . ;txL ¿kdf kIf ljkIfdf ax; ug'{eGbf tYo / ts{{sf] cfwf/df ljZn]if0f ug'{ /fd|f] x'G5 . t;y{ cltsd ljsl;td} /xFbf jf ljsf;zLn /fi6« x'Fbf g]kfnnfO{ tn plNnlvt cj;/ tyf r'gf}tLx¿ /xg] b]lvG5 M g]kfn ljsf;zLn /fi6«df :t/f]Gglt x'Fbfsf nfex¿ yyljsf; ;DaGwL d'Vo nIo k|fKt ug{ ;xh x'G5 h:t} ;x;|fAbL ljsf; nIo, Istanbul Program of Action (IPOA) sf] k|lta4tf nufot dfgjLo Ifdtf clej[l4, cfly{s hf]lvdx¿ 36fpg], cfly{s, ;fdflhs ;"rs, hnjfo' kl/jt{g, dfgj clwsf/ / lbuf] ljsf; dfkm{t xl/t cy{tGq k|j4{g u/L ul/aL Go"gLs/0f ug{ ;sf/fTds bafa kg{ hfG5 . yy:t/f]Ggltn] goFf cj;/ / ;Defjgfsf] vf]hL u5{ . yycfly{s ;fdflhs ¿kfGt/0fsf nflu gofF 9f]sf v'nf x'G5 . ljsf;zLn /fi6«df :t/f]Gglt x'Fbf g]kfnaf/] ljb]zdf ;sf/fTds ;Gb]z uO{ k|ToIf j}b]lzs ;xfotf lelqg] a9L ;Defjgf /xG5 . ljQLo tyf k|fljlws ;xof]u a9L k|fKt x'g ;S5 . yy Dynamic process of development nfO{ a9fjf k'U5 . yy National pride sf] ljifo xf] . ;w}+e/L eLv dfUg @)&@ c;f/, jif{–!@÷c°–!, k"0ff{°–!##

ljsf; Joj:yfkg ;lsFb}g . yyljsf;sf nflu bL3{sfnLg of]hgf dfkm{t nIo tf]Sg], sfof{Gjog ug]{ ;sf/fTds ljsf;d"ns ;f]rsf] ljsf; x'g] . g]kfn ljsf;zLn /fi6« x'Fbfsf r'gf}tLx¿ yyljsl;t /fi6«, ljZj j}+s, cfO{8LP cflbaf6 ;x'lnotk"0f{ cfly{s ;xfotf k|fKt gx'g ;S5 . h:tf] OECD /fi6«n] cfkm\gf] GNI sf]] )=!% k|ltztsf] cf]8LP dfkm{t clt sd ljsl;t /fi6«nfO{ ;xof]u ug]{ cGt/f{li6«o k|lta4tf cg';f/sf] ;xfotf k|fKt gx'g ;S5 . o;af6 b]zsf] ljsf;df ;|f]t kl/rfngsf] ;d:of cfpg ;S5 . yyahf/ kxF'r a9\g] ;Defjgf /xG5 . h:tf] Pn8L;Lx¿n] ljZj ahf/df kfpg] 8\o'6L k|mL, sf]6f k|mL h:tf 5'6 u'Dg] sf/0fn] Jofj;flos k|lt:kwf{Tdstf a9fpg' r'gf}tLk"0f{ x'G5 . yycltsd ljsl;t d'n'snfO{ bftfx¿n] dfgjLo tyf ;+:yfut ;'b[9Ls/0f, Jofkf/ ;xfotf clej[l4 ;Demf}tf sfof{Gjogdf ;xhtf k|bfg ug{ k|bfg ul/cfPsf k|fljlws ;xfotf lbg aGb ug{ ;S5g\  . o; cj:yfdf cfkm\g} ;Ifdtf xfl;n ug{' klg r'gf}tLk"0f{ x'G5 . g]kfnsf] ljsf;zLn /fi6«df :t/f]Gglt cleofgsf r'gf}tLx¿ !_ ljsf;zLn /fi6«df :t/f]Gglt eO{ lbuf] x'g / cGo dfgj ;DklQ / cfly{s hf]lvdnfO{ cg's"lnt agfO/fVg s'n /fli6«o cfo ;"rs k|fKt x'g' h?/L 5 . pQm ;"rs k|fKt ug{ Jofks /f]huf/L tyf :j/f]huf/ l;h{gf ug{'kg]{ x'G5 . /f]huf/L l;h{gf x'g Go"gtd & k|ltztsf] ;dfj]zL cfly{s j[l4 h?/L 5 . o;sf nflu g]kfnn] !) jif{df sl/a ?= (& va{ a/fa/sf] nufgL kl/rfng ug'{kg]{ b]lvPsf] 5 . of] nufgL kl/rfng ug'{ klxnf] r'gf}tLsf ¿kdf /x]sf] 5 . @_ kl/rflnt nufgL, bIf hgzlQmnfO{ pko'Qm lsl;dn] ;+of]hg ug{ cfjZos 1fg, ;Lk / pko'Qm pks/0fsf] k|of]u u/L s'n pTkfbsTj a9fpg] k|ljlwsf] ljsf;÷lj:tf/ ug'{ bf];|f] r'gf}tL dflgPsf] 5 . #_ nufgL / k|ljlwnfO{ ;+of]hg ug{] jftfj/0fsf] nflu ;a} txdf ;'zf;g sfod u/fpg'nfO{ t];|f] / emg\ sl7g r'gf}tLsf ¿kdf lnOPsf] 5 . ;'zf;g sfod ug{ gLltut tyf /0fgLltut ;'–:ki6tf, ;a} txdf ;'zf;gsf] clej[l4, :t/f]Ggltk|lt /fhgLlts, k|zf;lgs, lghL If]q, bftf / gful/sx¿sf] efjgfTds k|lta4tf÷ckgTj sfod ug]{, ;j} If]qsf] ;+:yfut Ifdtf clej[l4, zflGtsf] axfnL / ljsf;d"ns lrGtg dfkm{t :t/f]Ggltd}qL jftfj/0f l;h{gf ug{ ;Sg'k5{ . @)&@ c;f/, jif{–!@÷c°–!, k"0ff{°–!##

ljsf;zLn /fi6«df :t/f]Gglt x'gsf nflu g]kfnsf] gLlt tyf sfo{qmdx¿ -s_ t]x|f}+ of]hgf yy;g\ @)@@ ;Dd g]kfnnfO{ clt sd ljsl;t /fi6«af6 ljsf;zLn /fi6«df :t/f]Gglt ug]{ . !$&! ca{ -@)^(.&) sf] l:y/ d"No_ nufgL u/L & k|ltzt cfly{s j[l4 xfl;n ug]{ . yycfly{s s"6gLltnfO{ cem k|uf9 agfpg, nufgLd}qL jftfj/0fsf] l;h{gf u/L k'FhL, k|ljlw / ;Lk x:tfGt/0f x'g] u/L ljb]zL nufgLnfO{ ljz]if k|j4{g ug]{ . yylåkIfLo nufgL k|j4{g / ;+/If0f ;Demf}tf, bf]xf]/f] s/d'lQm ;Demf}tf, kl/of]hgf ljsf; ;Demf}tf ug]{  . yylghL If]qsf] ljsf; / ;'b[9Ls/0fsf] nflu ljleGg ;x'lnot, 5'6, >d, ;fdflhs ljz]if cfly{s If]q, ;fdflhs ;'/Iff P]g Nofpg] . yy:yfgLo ;|f]t Pj+ ;Lksf] pkof]u / ahf/;Fusf] ;DaGw lj:tf/ u/L ;Gt'lnt If]qLo ljsf;nfO{ a9fjf lbg n3', 3/]n', ;fgf, demf}nf tyf 7"nf pBf]usf] :yfkgf / ;~rfngdf k|efjsfl/tf Nofpg] . yyu'0f:t/Lo / kx'Frof]Uo lzIff / :jf:Yosf] ljsf; / lj:tf/ ug]{, lzIffnfO{ /f]huf/d'vL, ;dfj]zL agfpg] . lgMz'Ns cfwf/e"t :jf:Yo ;]jfsf] lj:tf/ ug]{ . ;'/lIft vfg]kfgL / ;/;kmfO dfkm{t hg:jf:Yodf ;'wf/ Nofpg] . yycj;/sf] l;h{gf, nlIft sfo{qmd / dfgj ljsf; dfkm{t ul/aL !* k|ltztdf emfg]{ . yy/fli6«o tyf cGt/f{li6«o If]qdf k|lt:kwf{ ug{ ;Sg] bIf hgzlQm ljsf; ug]{, o;sf nflu PsLs[t dfgj ;+zfwg gLlt th'{df u/L sfof{Gjog ug]{, yyj}b]lzs /f]huf/LnfO{ ;'/lIft, dof{lbt / k|ltkmno'Qm agfpg], yys[lif / u}/s[lif If]qsf] nufgLdf /f]huf/d"ns k|ljlw k|f]T;fxg ug]{ . -v_ ;g\ @)@@ ;Dd cltsd ljsl;t /fi6«af6 :t/f]Gglt x'g] k|f/lDes cfwf/kq, @)&) :t/f]Gglt x'g cfufdL Ps bzsleq ?= (^=(^ -@)&).&! sf] l:y/ d"Nodf_ va{ nufgL k|If]k0f ul/Psf] 5 . o;df ;/sf/L If]qn] sl/a #) k|ltzt / lghL If]qn] &) k|ltzt nufgL x'g'kg]{ cfjZostf cg'dfg ul/Psf] 5 . -u_ ljsf; ;xfotf gLlt, @)&! ;\g @)@@ ;Dd g]kfnnfO{ cltsd ljsl;t /fi6«af6 ljsf;zLn /fi6«df ¿kfGt/0f ug{ ;3fp k'¥ofpg] /25

ljsf; Joj:yfkg u/L ljsf; ;xfotfnfO{ 5gf]6k"0f{ tj/n] g]kfnsf] k|fyldstfk|fKt If]qdf kl/rfng u/L j}b]lzs ;xfotfnfO{ cem a9L hjfkmb]xL / kf/bzL{ agfpg] . -3_ @)&!÷&@ sf] jflif{s ah]6 cfufdL cf7 jif{leq d'n'snfO{ ljsf;zLn agfpg] dfu{lrq ;lxtsf] rf}wf}+ cfjlws of]hgf / ;g\ @)#) ;Ddsf] bL3{sfnLg ljsf; ;f]r tof/ ug]{ . pRr, lbuf] / km/flsnf] cfly{s j[l4b/ xfl;n ug{ d'n'snfO{ cfsif{s nufgL uGtJo:ynsf] ¿kdf ljsf; ug{, cfGtl/s / afx\o nufgL j[l4 / ;xhLs/0fsf cfly{s If]qdf sfg'gL tyf cGo ;'wf/ ug]{ . & k|ltzt cfly{s j[l4 ug]{ . -ª_ cGo sfo{qmdx¿ yyljsf;sf nflu afx\o nufgLsf] jftfj/0f lgdf{0f -kL6LP÷kL8LP, laKkf, bf]xf]/f] s/d'lQm ;Demf}tf_ . yy/fli6«o of]hgf cfof]un] lj:t[t cWoogsf] nflu Computable general equilibrium (CGEModel)

sf] nflu lj1 lgo'Qm u/L sfo{ cl3 a9fOPsf] 5 . yyPl;of k|zfGt If]qsf cltsd ljsl;t /fi6«sf dGqL:t/Lo sfo{qmddf :t/f]Gglt ;DaGwL cg'ej cfbfgk|bfg tyf 5nkmn ;DkGg ePsf] 5 . g]kfn ljsf;zLn /fi6«df :t/f]Gglt x'g'sf] cfjZostf / efjL sfo{lbzf -s_ cf}lrTo d"ntM ;g\ @)!! df 6sL{df ;DkGg ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3sf] :tfga'n sfo{of]hgfn] krf; k|ltzt cltsd ljsl;t /fi6«x¿nfO{ ;g\ @)@) ;Dd ljsf;zLn /fi6«df :t/f]Gglt ug{ ;xof]u ug]{ ;femf k|lta4tf u/] cg'¿k t]x|f}+ of]hgfn] ;g\ @)@@ leq g]kfnnfO{ ljsf;zLn /fi6«df :t/f]Gglt ug]{ bL3{sfnLg ;f]r /fv]sf] 5 . ljsf;zLn d'n'sdf :t/f]Ggltkl5 xfn g]kfnn] kfpFb} cfPsf] tyf kfpg ;Sg] ;x'lnotk"0f{ ljb]zL ;xfotf / Jofkf/ ;x'lnot s6f}tL x'g hfG5 . t/ g]kfnsf] cfjZostfsf] lx;fan] ljsf;zLn /fi6«df :t/f]Gglt x'g' h?/L 5 . o;n] cfly{s, ;fdflhs / jftfj/0fLo kIfx¿df ;sf/fTds ;'wf/ u/L g]kfndf /fhgLlts, cfly{s / ;fdflhs afwssf] ¿kdf /x]sf] ul/jL Go"gLs/0f ug]{, ;fdflhs Gofo sfod u/]/ cfTdlge{/ cy{tGqsf] lgdf{0fdf of]ubfg ug{ ;Sg]5 . oyfl:yltdf /xL ljsf;zLn /fi6«sf] nflu k|of; gug'{ eg]sf] cfly{s ;fdflhs ;d[l4df cu|;/ gx'g' xf], lzIff, :jf:Yodf sd k|fyldstf lbg' / c;dfgtfnfO{ l:y/ agfpg' xf], If]qLo c;Gt'ng sfod} /fVg', c;dfj]zL ljsf;nfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbg', cfly{s j[l4, jrt, nufgL / /f]huf/L dfkm{t k|ltJolQm cfo a9fpg tTk/ geO{ k/lge{/ cy{tGqnfO{ k|j4{g ug'{ xf] . Jofkf/ 3f6f sd 26/

ug{ / k|fs[lts hf]lvd Joj:yfkgnfO{ sd dxŒj lbg' xf] . lgjf{xd'vL s[lifnfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbg' xf] . xl/t cy{tGq k|j4{g gug'{ xf] . ljsf;sf nflu j}b]lzs ;xfotf 36\g] / Jofkf/ 3f6f 36\5 eGg] k/Dk/fut÷lgoGq0fd'vL ;f]r xf] . cljsl;t /fi6«sf] ;b:o x'Fbf klg g]kfnn] kl5Nnf jif{df s'n ah]6df sl/a !^ k|ltzteGbf a9L j}b]lzs ;xfotf kl/rfng ug{ g;s]sf] cj:yf 5 . Jofkf/df kxF'r kfof}+ eg]/ uj{ ug]{ 7fpF 5}g . lsgls hlt;'s} ;x'lnot, sf]6f / kxF'r kfP klg s'n Jofkf/df lgof{tsf] c+z qmdzM 36\b} !@ k|ltztdf v'lDrPsf] 5 . csf]{tkm{ j}b]lzs ;xfotfsf] 7"nf] c+z k|bfg ug]{ ljZj j}+s, Pl;ofnL ljsf; j}+s, o"=Pg= nufotsf bftfx¿n] cltsd ljsl;t /fi6«nfO{ eGbf klg ul/aL Go"gLs/0f, ;'zf;g, Ifdtf clej[l4 / ;fdflhs ljsf;nfO{ hf]8 lb+b} k|lt:kwf{Tds cfwf/df ;xof]u k|bfgnfO{ hf]8 lbPsf] cj:yf 5 . :t/f]Gglt ePkl5sf] klxnf] # jif{ oL ;x'lnot kfOG5 g} t/ ;w}+el/ ;x'lnotk"0f{ ;xof]u kfOG5 eg]/ cfkm\gf] Ifdtf / cj:yf g;'wfg'{ eg]sf] eLv dfu]/ ;d[4 aGg] ;f]r h:t} xf] . -u_ efjL sfo{lbzf g]kfnnfO{ ljsf;zLn /fi6«df :t/f]Gglt ug]{ g]kfnsf] cfjZostf / ;+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3sf] rfxgf xf] . casf] sfo{lbzf eg]sf] ;g\ @)@@ leq g]kfnnfO{ cltsd ljsl;t /fi6«af6 ljsf;zLn /fi6«df :t/f]Gglt ug]{ xf] . o;sf] nflu cfjZos nufgLsf] hf]xf], ;'zf;gsf] axfnL ;lxtsf] ;jn jftfj/0f / k|ljlwsf] ;dli6ut ;+of]hg ug'{k5{ . ;fy} :ki6 gLlt, of]hgf, ;+:yfut ;'b[9Ls/0f, /fhgLlts k|lta4tf, sd{rf/Lsf] Jofj;flostf clej[l4, lghL If]qsf] pBdzLntf ljsf; / ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3 nufot bftfx¿sf] ;fy{s ;xof]u / ;a} ;/f]sf/jfnfsf] ckgTj rflxG5 . ;'wf/sf ljifonfO{ lgDgfg';f/ a'Fbfut ¿kdf pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 M -!_ g]kfn ;/sf/sf] tkm{af6 ug'{kg]{ ;'wf/ !=! gLltut ;'wf/ yylj1 Pj+ ;/f]sf/jfnfsf] ;+o'Qm k|of;df :t/f]Gglt ;DaGwL lj:t[t /0fgLlt tof/ ug]{ . yy:t/f]Ggltsf ;"rsx¿ k|fKt x'g] u/L k|fyldstfsf If]q, If]qut nufgL / nufgLsf] ;|f]t klxrfg ug]{  . yy;g\ @)@@ ;Dd :t/f]Gglt x'g] bL3{sfnLg ;f]r;Fu cfj4 x'g] u/L !$ cf}+ of]hgf tyf ;g\ @)#) ;Ddsf] bL3{sfnLg ljsf; ;f]r tof/ ug]{, yyk|ltJolQm cfo k|fKt u/L :t/f]GgltnfO{ lbuf] agfpg / ;DklQ tyf cfly{s hf]lvd ;"rsnfO{ lbuf] agfpg of]hgf cfof]un] k|If]k0f u/] cg'¿k @)&@ c;f/, jif{–!@÷c°–!, k"0ff{°–!##

ljsf; Joj:yfkg 7"nf nufgL rflxG5 . To;sf] nflu k|ToIf j}b]lzs nufgL leq\ofpg tyf :j]bzL nufgL k|j4{g ug{ j}b]lzs nufgL tyf k|ljlw x:tfGt/0f gLlt, k'gjf{; gLlt, ;fa{hlgs lghL ;fem]bf/L gLlt, bL3{sfnLg s[lif /0fgLlt, cf}Bf]lus gLlt, jfl0fHo gLlt h:tf gLltx¿ th'{df u/L ;dfj]zL cfly{s ljsf;, /f]huf/L / ljsf;sf] ult tLj| kfg]{ . oL gLlt cg'¿k th'{df u/L To; cg'¿k cfjZos sfg'gL, hgzlQmut, sfo{qmdut Joj:yfx¿ ug]{ . yynufgL cfslif{t u/L ljsf; cfof]hgf ;dod} k"/f ug{,] nufgLd}qL jftfj/0f agfpgsf nflu cfjZos k'/fgf P]gx¿ ;+zf]wg tyf gofF P]gx¿ th'd{ f ug] { . h:t} cfly{s ljsf;;Fu ;DalGwt ljleGg #% j6f P]gx¿ -j}bl] zs nufgL tyf k|ljlw x:tfGt/0f P]g, ljB't P]g, vl/b P]g, ;fdflhs ;'/Iff, >d P]g, cf}Bf]lus P]g, hUuf k|flKt P]g, jg P]g, jftfj/0f P]g, :jfoQ zf;g P]g_ ;xh / nufgLd}qL agfpg] . !=@ ;+:yfut ;'wf/ yy:t/f]Gglt ;DaGwL ljsf; g]t[Tj lng] /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]usf] k'g;{+/rgf u/L o;nfO{ cg';Gwfgd"ns / Think Tank sf] ¿kdf kl/jt{g ug]{ . yydGqfnox¿sf] ;+Vofdf k'g;{+/rgf u/L If]qut sfo{ k|0ffnLnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg] . yylghL If]qsf] pBdzLntf ljsf; ug]{ u/fpg] . yylg/Gt/, glthfd"ns / :df6{ lgodgnfO{ hf]8 lbg bf];|f] k':tfsf] cfly{s ;'wf/ lgofds lgsfosf] u7g -h:t} sdf]l86L ahf/sf] lgodg ug]{_ tyf ePsf lgofds ;+:yfsf] ;+:yfut ;'b[9Ls/0f ug]{ . yyljsf;d}qL gful/s ;dfhsf] lgdf{0f ug]{ . yyJofj;flos sd{rf/LtGqsf] ljsf; ug]{ . yytflnd tyf cg'ejsf] ;xL k|of]u u/L nufgLsf] nflu cfjZos jftf{ / sfof{Gjog ug]{ kbflwsf/Lx¿sf] Ifdtf clej[l4 ug]{ yy;+:yfut ;dGjonfO{ hf]8 lbg] . !=# ;'zf;g clej[l4 ug]{ yy;a} /fhgLlts bnsf] :t/f]Gglt÷ljsf;df ;femf Ph]G8f, /fhgLlts tyf gLltut l:y/tf, zflGt axfnLsf] cg'e"lthGo ;Gb]z k|jfx ug]{, yy/fhgLlt1, bftf, :j]bzL tyf ljb]zL nufgLstf{nfO{ bL3{sfnLg ;f]r÷/0fgLltaf/] pko'Qm dfWodaf6 :jb]z tyf ljb]zdf Jofks ahf/Ls/0f u/fO{ ckgTj l;h{gf u/fpg] . yy:t/f]Gglt ;DaGwL Jofjxfl/s /0fgLlt, sfof{Gjogof]Uo sfo{qmd klxrfg, glthfd"ns ah]6sf] th'{df, sfof{Gjog / lg/Gt/ / :df6{ @)&@ c;f/, jif{–!@÷c°–!, k"0ff{°–!##

cg'udg tyf d"Nof+sg, ;fy{s ;xeflutf, x/]s lqmofsnfkdf kf/blz{tf, hjfkmb]lxtf tyf ljsf;d"ns ;+:sf/sf] ljsf; ug]{ . !=$ Jojxf/ut ;'wf/ ug]{ yy/fhgLlt bn, ;/sf/, k|zf;g, u}/;/sf/L If]qsf] ljsf;zLn /fi6«df :t/f]Gglt x'g] ;femf k|lta4tfnfO{ ;fy{s agfpg ;sf/fTds ;f]r, af]nL cg'¿ksf] Jojxf/÷cfr/0fsf] s8fOsf ;fy kfngf, jL lkmlnª, /fi6«efj, glthfd"ns / ljsf;d"ns lrGtg x'gk' g] { . !=% ;"rsut ;'wf/x¿ -s_ k|ltJolQm cfo a9fpg'kg]{ yyGo"gtd & k|ltztsf b/n] pRr, lbuf] / ;dfj]zL cfly{s j[l4 xfl;n ug]{ . yypRr b/df cfly{s j[l4sf] nflu pBf]u, s[lif, ;]jf h:tf k|fyldstf k|fKt If]qsf] ljsf; u/L ;dfj]zL /f]huf/L l;h{gf ug{ cfjZos :jb]zL tyf ljb]zL lghL nufgL clej[l4, k"jf{wf/sf] lgdf{0f / pko'Qm k|ljlwsf] ljsf; tyf lj:tf/ ug]{ . yyljQLo tyf df}lb|s :yfloTj sfod ug]{ . yy;/sf/L ah]6nfO{ lghL If]qd}qL, cfwf/e"t ef}lts k"jf{wf/d}qL / ;dfj]zL ljsf;nfO{ s]lGb|t ub}{ glthfd"ns, kf/blz{, ljlgof]hg Pj+ sfof{Gjog bIftfd"ns agfpg] . yy/fi6«sf] cfjZostf / ;fy{s ;xeflutfdf cfof]hgf a}+sx¿ th'{df u/L j}b]lzs ;xfotf tyf ljb]zL nufgL kl/rfng u/L cfof]hgf Joj:yfkgnfO{ ;do, nfut / u'0f:t/;Fu cfj4 ug]{ . yyEff}uf]lns tyf hg;f+lVos nfenfO{ g]kfnsf] lxtdf pkof]u ug{ gofF ;f]r lgdf{0f ug]{ . yylzIffnfO{ /fli6«o ljsf;sf ;efJo If]qx¿;Fu cfj4 x'g] u/L Jofj;flos / /f]huf/ s]lGb|t agfpg] . -v_ dfgjLo k'FhL ljsf;df nufgL a9fpg] yylzIff / :jf:Yo If]qdf hgtfsf] ;xh / ;dtfd"ns kxF'r sfod ug]{, yylzIff, :jf:Yo, vfg]kfgL / ;/;kmfO If]qsf] u'0f:t/ a9fpg ;/sf/L tyf lghL If]qsf] ;+nUgtf a9fpFb} n}hfg], yy;x;|fAbL nIo k|flKt ug{ hf]8 lbg] -kf]if0f, afnd[To' Go"gLs/0f ug]{, jo:s ;fIf/tf b/ a9fpg], 7"nf /f]u ;xh kx'Fr_, yylrlsT;s tyf :jf:YosdL{sf] Ifdtf ljsf; u/L lk5l8Psf] If]q / ;d"x;Dd kxF'r k'¥ofpg], yylzIffsf] kf7\oqmdnfO{ ;do;fk]If agfpg], lzIfsnfO{ lgoldt tflnd lbg], u'0f:t/Lo lzIff /27

ljsf; Joj:yfkg k|zf;gsf] Ifdtf j9fpg], yy:s'n l6sfp b/ a9fpg z}lIfs sfo{qmdnfO{ cem k|efjsf/L agfpg], yypRr lzIffdf lghL If]qsf] nufgL j9fpg], yydlxnfx¿sf] pRr lzIffdf kxF'r j[l4 ug]{, yy:s'neGbf aflx/ /x]sf afnaflnsfnfO{ :s'n;Dd gcfpg] sf/0f klxrfg u/L To;sf] cfwf/df gofF gLlt tyf sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug]{ . -u_ cfly{s hf]lvdnfO{ Go"gLs/0f ug]{ yyg]kfnnfO{ land linked d'n's ¿kfGt/0f ug{ e"kl/j]li7t /fi6«x¿;Fusf] ;xsfo{df cGt/f{li6«o kxF'r ;xhtfsf nflu ;+o'Qm /fi6« ;dIf ;fd"lxs cfjfh p7fpg], yycfGtl/s pTkfbg clej[l4, pmhf{ ljsf;, pTkfbg ul/Psf j:t' tyf ;]jfsf] u'0f:t/ clej[l4, cGt/f{li6«o pkef]Qmfsf] rfxgf cg'¿k t'ngfTds nfesf j:t' tyf ;]jf ljsf; tyf ahf/Ls/0f u/L lgof{t clej[l4 ug]{ . o:t} ljnfl;tfsf j:t'x¿sf] cfoftdf ljj]szLntf sfod u/L Jofkf/ 3f6f sd ug]{, yyljk|]if0fnfO{ cfsif{s of]hgf ;lxt pmhf{, pTkfbgzLn If]qdf nufgL ug]{ jftfj/0f agfpg], yys[lif If]qsf cl:y/tf Go"g ug]{ M s[lif pTkfbgnfO{ ahf/;Fu hf]8g], l;FrfOsf] ;'ljwf lj:tf/, o'jfd}qL Pj+ k|ljlw lgolGqt s[lifsf] ljsf;, ;xsf/Ls/0f, s/f/Ls/0f v]tLsf] ;'?jft, ;x'lnotk"0f{ s[lif C0f k|bfg, s[lifdf cfwfl/t cf}Bf]uLs/0f tyf vfB ;'/Iffsf] k|j4{g ug]{, yyk|fs[lts ljkb\, r/d ef]sd/L, cfly{s c;IfdtfnfO{ sd ug{ ljkb\ Joj:yfkgsf r/0fnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg], ;fdflhs ;'/Iffsf sfo{qmdnfO{ PsLs[t, ;dlGjt / cfo cfh{gd'vL agfpg], yycfGtl/s cf}Bf]uLs/0f Pj+ pTkfbgsf] ljsf; u/L cfoftdf cfwfl/t /fh:jnfO{ :j]bzL pTkfbgdf cfwfl/t /fh:jdf cfwfl/t agfpg cfjZos k|jGw ug]{, yyhnjfo' kl/jt{gaf6 cy{tGqdf kg]{ gsf/fTds k|efjnfO{ cg's"ng, Go"gLs/0f, k|ljlw x:tfGt/0f / ljQLo /0fgLlt -sfa{g Jofkf/_ dfkm{t ljsf; / jftfj/0faLr ;Gt'ng sfod ug]{, yylk5l8Psf] If]q, ln+u / hfthfltsf] ul/jL Go"gLs/0fnfO{ s]Gb|laGb' agfO{ :yfgLo ;|f]t;fwgsf] klxrfg tyf ljsf;, lzIff, :jf:Yo, kf]if0f, ;/;kmfO / /f]huf/Ldf kFx'r a9\g] u/L u|fdL0f cy{tGqnfO{ ;Ifd agfpFb} ;dfj]zL cy{tGqsf] ljsf; ug]{ . 28/

-@_ ljsf;sf ;fem]bf/sf] tkm{af6 ul/g'kg]{ ;'wf/ @=! ljQLo cfjZostf k"/f ug{ ;xof]u ug]{ yyg]kfnsf] ah]6 / k|fyldstf cfj4 x'g] u/L ljsf; ;xfotf pknAw u/fpg], yylghL If]qnfO{ cGt/f{li6«o If]qdf nufgL ug{ k|j4{g ug]{, yycltsd ljsl;t /fi6«nfO{ ;xof]u ug{ ljsl;t d'n'sx¿n] cfkm\gf] GNI sf] )=!% k|ltzt ODA sf] ¿kdf ;xof]u ug]{ k|ltj4tf a9fO{ ;f]xLcg'¿k ;xof]u ug'{kg]{ . @=@ 6]Sgf]nf]hLdf ;xof]u ug]{ yycltsd ljsl;t /fi6«sf] pTyfg x'g] u/L 1fg / cGj]if0fnfO{ k|f]T;fxg ug]{, yyg]kfnsf] cfjZotf -pmhf{, s[lif, ko{6g, pBf]u_ nfO{ k|ToIf ;xof]u k'Ug] u/L pko'Qm k|ljlw, 1fg, ;Lk, bIftf clej[l4df ;xof]u ug'{kg]{ . @=# lghL If]qnfO{ ;xof]u ul/lbg] yybftf /fi6«÷;d"xn] cfkm\gf] b]zsf lghL If]qnfO{ g]kfn h:tf cltsd ljsl;t /fi6«df nufgL ug{ pTk]|l/t x'g] u/L ;jnLs/0f gLlt th{'df ul/lbg], yyg]kfndf nufgL ug{ OR5's lghL If]qsf] Ifdtf ljsf; ul/lbg], yyg]kfndf nufgLsf nflu ahf/ cWoog ul/lbg], yyg]kfndf nufgL hf]lvd ljZn]if0f ul/lbg], yycltsd ljsl;t /fi6«df nufgL ug]{ cfkm\gf] b]zsf] lghL If]qnfO{ k|bfg ul/g] Aofh, s/df ;x'lnot lbg] . -#_ LDCs sf] tkm{af6 ug]{ ;'wf/ yycltsd ljsl;t /fi6«sf] ;d"xn] ljsf;zLn /fi6«df :t/f]Gglt pGd'v x'g] u/L Post MDGs/SDGs th'{df ug{ ;fd"lxs ¿kdf ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3nfO{ ;'emfj tyf bafa lbg] . yyhgtfnfO{ ;xL ;"rgfsf] ;Dk|]if0f ug]{ M cWoog, uf]i7L, 1fg Joj:yfkgnfO{ k|j4{g ug]{ . lgisif{ ljsf;zLn /fi6«df :t/f]Gglt x'g' cfTdlge{/, :jtGq / ;dfj]zL cy{tGq lgdf{0f u/L g]kfndf cfly{s, ;fdflhs / /fhgLlts :yfloTj tyf ;d[l4 dfkm{t ul/aL Go"gLs/0f / ;fdflhs Gofo sfod ug]{ dxfcleofg xf] . g]kfnn] ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3sf] ;g\ @)@) ;Dd ljsf;zLn /fi6«df :t/f]Gglt ug]{ gLlt cg'¿k ;g\ @)!% df CDP n] ug]{ klxnf] / ;g\ @)!* df ug]{ bf];|f] k'g/fjnf]sgaf6 lg/Gt/ ;kmn eO{ ;g\ @)!* ;Dd ;kmntfsf ;fy :t/f]Gglt x'g ;Dk"0f{ k|of;nfO{ hf]8 lbg' h?/L 5 . ;fy} :t/f]Ggltsf] @)&@ c;f/, jif{–!@÷c°–!, k"0ff{°–!##

ljsf; Joj:yfkg ;kmntfnfO{ lbuf] agfpg k|ltJolQm s'n /fli6«o cfosf] ;Ldf k|fKt ug'{ klg plQs} dxŒjk"0f{ 5 . pQm sfo{ Ps /ft / Psf+sL ¿kdf x'g ;Sb}g . o;sf nflu ;femf l;h{gfTds ;f]r, kof{Kt nufgL kl/rfng, c;n zf;g, pko'Qm k|ljlw, ;+:yfut Ifdtf ljsf;, sfof{Gjog / k[i7kf]if0fnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpFb} ;g\ @)@@ jf To;sf] s]xL jif{leq} /fli6«o s'n cfosf] ;Ldf klg k|fKt u/L ;kmn / lbuf] x'g' lgtfGt cfjZos 5 . ;Gbe{ ;fdu|L yycf=j= @)&!.)&@ sf] cfo Joo jQmJo, @)&!M cy{ dGqfno, sf7df8f}+, g]kfn . yyt]x|f}+ of]hgf -@)&)÷@)&!–@)&@÷@)&#_, @)&)M /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u, sf7df8f}+, g]kfn . yyljsf; ;xfotf gLlt, @)&!M cy{ dGqfno, sf7df8f}+, g]kfn . • An Approach to the Graduation from the Least Developed Country by 2022, 2014 : National Planning Commission, Kathmandu, Nepal. • Asia pacific Ministerial Meeting for LDCs, 2014: Nepal Government/NPC, Kathmandu,

Nepal. • Millennium Development Goals Consistent Macroeconmic Model, 2013 : National Planning Commission, Kathamandu, Nepal • Nepal Human Development Reports 2014: National Planning Commission and UNDP, Kathmandu, Nepal. • Nepal Millennium Development Progress Report, 2013: National Planning Commission, Kathmandu, Nepal. • Nepal's Graduation Strategy from LDC to DC, An appraisal (2071) by Mr. Yuba Raj Bhusal. • Programme of Action for the Least Developed Country for the Decade 2011-2020: United Nation, New York. • http://unohrlls.org/ • http://www.nationsonline.org • http://www.un.org/en/development/desa/policy/cdp/ldc/ldc_criteria.shtml • http://en.wikipedia.org/

;f]kfgaf6 k|sflzt k':tsx¿ !_ @_ #_ $_ %_ ^_

k|zf;gsf ;femf ;jfn ;fj{hlgs gLlt, k|zf;g / Joj:yfkg M ;+lIfKt l6Kk0fL ;fj{hlgs Joj:yfkgsf ;fdlos ax; /fHo ;~rfngsf cfwf/x¿ g]kfndf of]hgf / ah]6 International Relation and Foreign Affairs &_ ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf ljljw cfofdx¿ *_ gjLgtd k|zf;lgs b[li6sf]0fx¿ (_ ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf ;dsfnLg r'gf}tLx¿ !)_ Gofo k|zf;gsf cfofdx¿ !!_ zf;g ;~rfngsf gjLg dfGotfx¿ !@_ ;'zf;;g;DaGwL ;femf b[li6sf]0fx¿ !#_ k|zf;g / ljsf; !$_ ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf d'ne"t kIfx¿ !%_ lghfdtL ;]jf tyf ;fj{hlgs Joj:yfkgsf ljljw kIfx¿ !^_ ljsf;sf gjLgtd cfofdx¿ !&_ cfly{s k|zf;gsf ljljw kIfx¿ -n]vf låtLo / t[tLo kq_ !*_ /fh:j gLlt tyf k|zf;g -låtLo / t[tLo kq_ !(_ lzIff k|zf;gsf cfofdx¿ @)_ lzIffsf] Jofjxfl/s kIf M sfo{If]qaf6 lgofNbf @!_ ;dsfnLg z}lIfs r'gf}tL / efjL lbzf @@_ z}lIfs gLlt M cjwf/0ff / cEof; @#_ z}lIfs ljsf;sf ljljw kIfx¿ @$_ ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf d'ne"t kIfx? -xft] k':ts_ @%_ lghfdtL ;]jf tyf ;fj{hlgs === -xft] k':ts_ @^_ ljsf; k|zf;g, ljs]Gb|Ls/0f=== -xft] k':ts_

@)&@ c;f/, jif{–!@÷c°–!, k"0ff{°–!##

@&_ /fh:j gLlt tyf /fh:j k|zf;g -låtLo / t[tLo_ -xft] k':ts_ @*_ Jofj;flos ul0ft, tYof+s / n]vf -xft] k':ts_ @(_ cy{zf:q, Joj:yfkg / Joj;flos sfg'g -xft] k':ts_ #)_ zfvf clws[t k|Zgf]Q/ ;+u|x -/fh:j ;d"x_ #!_ ljsf; / :yfgLo ;/sf/ #@_ ;fj{hlgs k|zf;g -;'zf;g;DaGwL gjLg cjwf/0ff_ ##_ lzIff Joj:yfkgsf gjLg cfofdx¿ #$_ lzIffsf cGt/;DalGwt d'2fx¿ #%_ z}lIfs kl/b[Zo #^_ zf=c= kf7\oqmd tyf k'/fgf k|Zgf]Q/x¿sf] ;+u|x #&_ g]kfnsf lzIff cfof]usf k|ltj]bgx¿sf] ;f/f+z #*_ vl/bf/ ;kmntf s'~hL #(_ s]xL zf;sLo k|aGwx¿ $)_ s]xL k|zf;lgs lgaGwx¿ $!_ z}lIfs ljsf;sf ax'cfoflds lrGtg $@_ u0ftGqb]lv nf]stflGqs u0ftGq;Dd $#_ ;'zf;g M k|zf;g, Joj:yfkg / ljsf; $$_ k|zf;g / ;'zf;g $%_ Goflos cfjfh $^_ s]xL z}lIfs d'2fx? $&_ lzIffsf] ljQLo / z}lIfs Joj:yfkg $*_ ;xof]usf xft $(_ d]/f] hLjg -lan lSng6g_ %)_ :jtGqtf / zf;gflwsf/ %!_ k|zf;lgs cle?lr k/LIf0f %@_ zfvf clws[tsf] gofF kf7\oqmd @)&) /29

;fj{hlgs Joj:yfkg

/f]huf/Lsf] xs M /fli6«o tyf cGt/f{li6«o ;Gbe{, r'gf}tL / k|flKt

q gf/fo0fk|;fb zdf{*

;f/f+z uf;, af;, skf;sf cltl/Qm Ps dof{lbt / :jLsfo{ hLjgz}nL ckgfpgsf nflu cfly{s ;|ft] x¿sf] hf]xf] ug{sf nflu JolQmn] ckgfpg] ck]Iffs[t :yfoL k|sl[ tsf] k];f, hflu/ jf Joj;fonfO{ /f]huf/L elgG5 . s'g} d'ns' sf] gful/s eP/ hlGd;s]kl5 jf ljlwk"js{ csf]{ d'ns' df a;fO ;l/;s]kl5 k|fKt x'g] :jR5, kof{Kt a]tg / cf/fdo'Qm /f]huf/Lsf] clwsf/nfO{ /f]huf/Lsf] xs elgG5 . dfgj hLjgnfO{ /f]huf/Ln] lgoldt u/] h:t} /f]huf/Lsf] If]qnfO{ /f]huf/ sfg'g Pj+ gLltx¿n] ;~rfng ul//x]sf x'G5g\ h;sf] Ps cx+ 36ssf] ¿kdf /f]huf/Lsf] xs /x]sf] x'G5 . /fli6«o / cGt/f{li6«o sfg'gx¿df /f]huf/Lsf] xs ;DaGwdf k|ToIf jf k/f]If ¿kdf ljleGg Joj:yf ul/Psf] eP tfklg sfof{Gjogsf] tl:a/ pHofnf] 5}g . ePsf k|fjwfgx¿sf] klg nfu" ug],{ cg'udg / kl/dfh{g ub}{ n}hfg] kl/kf6L sd 5 . ctM o; kl/j]zdf s;/L /f]huf/Lsf] xsnfO{ Ps hLljt ;To agfpg] eGg] s'/f g} d"n r'gf}tL xf] . dfgj ;+;fwgsf] u'0f;'wf/ / Ps :j:y sfo{ jftfj/0fsf] l;h{gf dfkm{t cfTdlge{/ cy{tGqsf] ljsf;sf nflu /f]huf/Lsf] xs;Fu} cfly{s / ;fdflhs ;'/Iffsf k|efjsf/L pkfox¿nfO{ k|fyldstf lbg'sf] ljsNk 5}g . != ljifok|j]z ;fdfGo cy{df /f]huf/L eGgfn] hLjglgjf{x / cfjZostf k"lt{sf nflu JolQmn] ckgfPsf] s'g} lgoldt Pj+ cfod"ns lqmofsnfknfO{ a'emfOG5 . o;nfO{ csf]{ zAbdf j[lQ klg elgG5  . /f]huf/Ls} dfWodaf6 JolQmn] cfkm\gf] / kl/jf/sf] kfngkf]if0f ug{, lzIffbLIff lng / lbnfpg, :jf:Yo :ofxf/ ug{, eljiosf nflu ;l~rlt ug{, Ps lglZrt hLjg:t/ ofkg ug{ / dgf]/~hg k|fKt ug{ ;S5 . 5f]6s/Ldf eGg'kbf{ uf;, af;, skf;sf cltl/Qm Ps dof{lbt / :jLsfo{ hLjgz}nL ckgfpgsf nflu cfly{s ;|f]tx¿sf] hf]xf] ug{sf nflu JolQmn] ckgfpg] ck]Iffs[t :yfoL k|s[ltsf] k];f, hflu/ jf Joj;fonfO{ /f]huf/L elgG5 . s'g} d'n'ssf] gful/s eP/ hlGd;s]kl5 jf ljlwk"j{s csf]{ d'n'sdf a;fO ;l/;s]kl5 k|fKt x'g] :jR5, kof{Kt a]tg / cf/fdo'Qm /f]huf/Lsf] clwsf/nfO{ /f]huf/Lsf] xs elgG5 . dfgj hLjgnfO{ /f]huf/Ln] lgoldt u/] h:t} /f]huf/Lsf] If]qnfO{ /f]huf/ sfg'g Pj+ gLltx¿n] ;~rfng ul//x]sf x'G5g\ h;sf] Ps cx+ 36ssf] ¿kdf /f]huf/Lsf] xs /x]sf] x'G5 . s'g} klg /f]huf/Lsf] If]qdf c;n / :j:y >d ;DaGw sfod ug{, hLjglgjf{xd'vL kfl/>ldssf] Joj:yf ug{, ;]jfsf] ;'/Iff ;'lglZrt ug{ / sfdbf/nfO{ zf]if0f / clglZrttfaf6 d'Qm ug{ /f]huf/Lsf] xssf] ;'b[9 Joj:yf x'g'kb{5 . cy{zf:qdf gf]a]n k'/:sf/ ljh]tf cdTo{ ;]gn] cfkm\gf] * zfvf clws[t, dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{no

30/

k|l;4 s[lt 8]enkd]06 P08 lk|m8ddf cfosf] gf]S;fgLsf cltl/Qm a]/f]huf/Lsf cGo b"/ufdL c;/x¿sf af/]df rrf{ u/]sf 5g\ . pgsf cg';f/ a]/f]huf/Lsf cGo :jfefljs b'ikl/0ffdx¿df dgf]j}1flgs Iflt, k|]/0ff / cfTdljZjf;sf] Ifo, nuftf/ la/fdL, kfl/jfl/s ;DaGw / ;fdflhs hLjgdf Jojwfg, ;fdflhs alxis/0fsf] a9f]Q/L / n}+lus lje]bdf tLj|tf cflb /x]sf 5g\ . jflif{s cfly{s j[lWbb/ $=^ k|ltzt, jflif{s k|ltJolQm cfo &#) cd]l/sL 8n/ / @%=!^ k|ltzt JolQmx¿ b}lgs ! 8n/eGbf klg sd cfDbfgLdf cyf{t ul/aLsf] /]vfd'lg afFlr/x]sf] b]z g]kfn ljZjs} ul/a cy{tGqdWo] kg'{sf] d'Vo sf/0fdf oxfF ljBdfg a]/f]huf/Lsf] b'irqmnfO{ lng ;lsG5 . ctM d'n'ssf] cfly{s ;fdflhs hLjgdf a]/f]huf/Lsf gsf/fTds c;/x¿;Fu h'Wgsf nflu /f]huf/Lsf lbuf] cj;/x¿sf] l;h{gf / c;n /f]huf/L cEof;x¿sf] kfngf ug'{sf] ljsNk 5}g . pk/f]Qm tYof+sx¿n] atfpF5g\ ls g]kfndf ax'dt a]/f]huf/L s[lif If]qdf /x]sf] 5 . ;]jf / pBf]u h:tf u}/s[lif If]qx¿ j[l4pGd'v /x] tfklg /f]huf/L l;h{gfdf ltgsf] of]ubfg sd g} 5 . cj;/ / cfly{s Pj+ ;fdflhs ;'/Iffsf] b[li6n] dlxnf / cGo lk5l8Psf ju{x¿ cem} klg ljkGg ju{d} kb{5g\ . u}/tnaL /f]huf/L / cNktnaL /f]huf/L klg Jofks /x]sf] 5 . g]kfnsf] s'n hg;+Vofsf] sl/a #) k|ltzt c4{a]/f]huf/ hgzlQm /x]sf] cg'dfg !# cf}+ of]hgfdf ul/Psf] 5 . @)&@ c;f/, jif{–!@÷c°–!, k"0ff{°–!##

;fj{hlgs Joj:yfkg j}b]lzs /f]huf/L g]kfnsf] xsdf /f]huf/Lsf] Ps pNn]Vo ;|f]t /x]sf] t 5 g}, s'n ufx{:Yo pTkfbgsf] @% k|ltzt lx:;f ;d]t o; If]qaf6 cflh{t ljk|]if0fn] PSn} cf]u6]sf] 5 . j}b]lzs /f]huf/Lsf nflu xfn;Dd !)( d'n'sx¿ v'nf ul/Psf 5g\ eg] ef/t afx]s cGoq j}b]lzs /f]huf/Ldf uPsf JolQmx¿sf] ;+Vof #) nfv gf3]sf] 5 . ef/tdf dfq sl/a @) nfv g]kfnLx¿ /f]huf/Lsf] l;nl;nfdf sfo{/t /x]sf] cg'dfg 5 . o;/L x]bf{ emG8} %) nfv g]kfnLx¿ sfdsf] ;Gbe{df d'n'saflx/ /x]sf 5g\ . c;+ul7t / cgf}krfl/s If]qn] g]kfndf /f]huf/Lsf] 7"nf] lx:;f cf]u6] tfklg >ldsx¿sf] zf]if0f / >d clwsf/ x¿sf] pNn+3gdf of] If]q g} ;a}eGbf ;+j]bgzLn ;d]t /x]sf] 5 . g]kfnL P]g sfg'gx¿n] /f]huf/Lsf] ;+ul7t If]qdf dfq Wofg s]lGb|t ub}{ cgf}krfl/s If]qnfO{ /f]huf/bftfsf] bofdf 5f]l8lbPsf 5g\ . ;+ljwfgd} ;dfgtfsf] xssf] ls6fgL k|Tofe"lt eP tfklg ;dfg sfdsf nflu dlxnf / k'?ifaLr ;dfg Hofnfdf e]befj ePs} 5 eg] ;/sf/L jf ;fj{hlgs If]qdf afx]s lghL If]qdf dlxnfx¿n] k'?ifhlQsf] ;fdflhs ;'/Iff gkfO/x]sf] l:ylt 5 . @= /f]huf/Lsf] xs / ;+j}wflgs Joj:yf gful/sx¿sf] /f]huf/Lsf] xssf] l;nl;nfdf g]kfnsf xfn;Ddsf ;+j}wflgs cGt/j:t'x¿nfO{ b]xfo adf]lhd rrf{ ug{ ;lsG5 M s_ g]kfn ;/sf/sf] j}wflgs sfg'g, @))$ sfof{Gjogdf gcfP tfklg g]kfnsf] klxnf] ;+ljwfg dflgg] o; j}wflgs sfg'gdf klxnf] k6s g]kfnL hgtfsf] df}lns xssf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] lyof] . tyflk, /f]huf/Lsf] xssf] af/]df of] ;+ljwfg df}g g} b]lvG5 . o;f] x'g'sf] k5fl8 tTsfnLg ;dodf /f]huf/Lsf] clwsf/ / c;n >d cEof;sf] af/]df /x]sf] cNkr]tgf g} lhDd]jf/ b]lvG5 . v_ g]kfnsf] cGtl/d zf;g ljwfg, @))& sfof{Gjogdf cfPsf] gf]]kfnsf] klxnf] ;+ljwfg dflgg] o; ljwfgdf klxnf] k6s /fHosf lgb]{zs l;4fGtx¿sf] pNNf]v ub}{ /f]huf/Lsf] xssf] ;lj:tf/ Joj:yf ul/Psf] kfOG5 . pQm ljwfgsf] wf/f $-s_ df hLjg lgjf{xsf nflu rflxg] kof{Kt ;fwgdf g/gf/L, ;a} gful/ssf] ;dfg xs sfod ug]{, wf/f $-3_ df :qL k'?if b'j}nfO{ ;dfg sfdsf nflu ;dfg tna lbnfpg], wf/f $-ª_ df dhb"/ :qL k'?ifsf] :jf:Yo / afn tyf s]6fs]6Lx¿sf] slnnf] pd]/sf] b'?kof]u x'g glbg] / gful/sx¿nfO{ cfly{s kl/l:yltn] lghx¿sf] pd]/ jf annfO{ g;'xfpg] /f]huf/ ug{ afWo ug{ glbg] egL tf]lsPsf] kfOG5 . o;} u/L wf/f ^ adf]lhd /fHon] b]zsf] cfly{s cj:yf / ljsf;n] @)&@ c;f/, jif{–!@÷c°–!, k"0ff{°–!##

lbP;Dd sfd kfpg] xs, lzIff kfpg] xs tyf a]sf/, j[4, cËxLg / c¿ o:t} cj:yfdf ;xfotf kfpg] xs lbnfpg cfjZos k|aGw ug]{5 . wf/f & adf]lhd /fHon] Gofof]lrt / dfgjf]lrt sfo{cj:yf :yflkt ug{ / k|;"lt ;xfotsf] lglDt k|aGw ug]{5 . zf;g ljwfgsf] wf/f * df cem} dxŒjk"0f{ Joj:yf ub}{ plrt P]g jf cfly{s ;+u7gåf/f jf c¿ s'g} tl/sfaf6 /fHon] s[lif, cf}Bf]lus jf c¿ ;a} k|sf/sf >dhLjLx¿nfO{ sfd, hLjg lgjf{xnfO{ k'Ug] tna / hLjgsf] al9of :t/, k'm;{b tyf ;fdflhs / ;f+:s[lts cj;/sf] k"0f{ pkef]u ug{ kfpg] sfo{cj:yf lbnfpg k|oTg ug]{5 egL :j:y /f]huf/Lsf] xsnfO{ j/Lotf lbPsf] kfOG5 . o;}u/L wf/f !% df h'g;'s} ;/sf/L kbdf sfd nufpg] jf lgo'Qm ug]{ ;DaGwdf ;a} gful/sx¿n] ;dfg cj;/ kfpg], t/ s'g} cg'Ggt gful/s ju{n] ;/sf/L gf]s/Ldf kof{Kt :yfg kfPsf] 5}g eGg] /fHosf] ;Ddlt ePdf ltgLx¿sf lglDt s]xL kb 5'6\ofO{ /fVg] k|aGw /fHon] ug{ ;Sg]5 egL Tolta]n} ;sf/fTds lje]bsf] ;Defjgf cWoog ul/Psf] b]lvG5 . ctM cGo s'/fsf cltl/Qm /f]huf/Lsf] xssf af/]df ;d]t g]kfnsf] cGtl/d zf;g ljwfg, @))& n] ;f]xL ;dosf] cf;kf; hf/L ePsf] dfgj clwsf/ ;DaGwL ljZjJofkL 3f]if0ffkq, !($* sf Joj:yfx¿nfO{ efiff ;d]t ldNg] u/L k|ltljlDat ul/Psf] af]w x'G5 . u_ g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)!% g]kfnsf] klxnf] k|hftflGqs ;+ljwfg dflgg] o; cNkhLjL ;+ljwfgdf df}lns xsx¿nfO{ yk ;'b[9 ug'{sf ;fy} wf/f ( df ;+ljwfgk|bQ df}lns xssf] k|rngsf nflu lgwf{l/t tl/sf cg';f/ sf/afxL rnfpg ;jf]{Rr cbfntdf cfj]bg ug]{ xs ;'/lIft ul/Psf] 5 egL pNn]v ub}{ ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf] c;fwf/0f clwsf/ If]qsf] k|of]u ub}{ ltgsf] k|of]u Pj+ kfngf u/fpg ;lsg] k|aGw ul/Psf] lyof] . /f]huf/Lsf] xs ;DaGwL s'g} ljz]if jf 7]6 Joj:yf o; ;+ljwfgdf g/x] tfklg wf/f $ df ;/sf/L ;]jfsf] lgo'lQmdf s'g} klg gful/sdfly s]jn wd{, j0f{ jf hft hfltsf cfwf/df e]befj x'g] 5}g tyf :qL, k'?if b'j}sf nflu v'nf /x]sf] ;/sf/L gf]s/Lsf] xsdf ln+usf] cfwf/df ;d]t e]befj x'g] 5}g egL k|Tofe"lt ul/Psf] kfOG5 . 3_ g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg, @)!( @)!& ;fndf nfu" ul/Psf] lgb{nLo k~rfotL Joj:yfnfO{ j}wtf lbg Pj+ ;f]sf] cfjZostf k"lt{ ug]{ u/L o; ;+ljwfgsf] th'd{ f ul/Psf]n] :jefj}n] of] lgoGq0fsf/L / cg'bf/jfbL /x]sf] lyof] . ctM o;sf] ;+jw} flgs ;+/rgfdf /f]huf/Lsf] xsn] :yfg kfpg ;s]sf] lyPg . tyflk, wf/f !) df ;/sf/L jf c¿ s'g} ;fj{hlgs ;]jfsf] lgo'lQmdf s'g} klg /31

;fj{hlgs Joj:yfkg gful/sdfly s]jn wd{, j0f{, ln+u, hft, hflt jf tLdWo] s'g} s'/fsf] cfwf/df e]befj x'g] 5}g egL ;dfgtfsf] xs cGtu{t /f]huf/Lsf] ;d]t ;fgf] ;Gbe{ eg] lnPsf] kfOG5 . o;}u/L efu $ df k~rfot k|0ffnLsf lgb]z { s l;4fGtx¿ cGtu{t wf/f !( -$_ df b]zsf] cfly{s pGgltdf hg;fwf/0fnfO{ ;se/ a9L dfqfdf ;lDdlnt u/fO{ lghL pBdnfO{ ;d]t plrt k|>o lbO{ s'g} klg ju{ jf JolQmåf/f cGo s'g} ju{ jf JolQmdf cg'lrt cfly{s bafa x'g glbg] ug{ / g]kfnL hghLjgsf ;a} If]qaf6 lghL pBf]usf] ¿kdf nufgL ug{ k|fT] ;fxg lbO{ ;femf ;+:yfx¿nfO{ g]kfnsf] pBf]u tyf Jofkfl/s gLltsf]] cfwf/lznfsf] ¿kdf :yfkgf ug{ To:tf ;femf ;+:yfx¿nfO{ ;j{;fwf/0f hgtfsf] pBf]u, Joj;fosf] ¿kdf ljsl;t u/fO{ cfly{s nfe / ;'ljwf pkef]u ug{ kfpg] u/L k|fT] ;fxg lbg] Joj:yf ;d]t ug'{ k~rfot k|0ffnLsf] cfly{s nIo x'g] egL tf]lsPsf] kfOG5 . ª_ g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)$& @)$^ ;fnsf] hgcfGbf]ngsf] ;kmntfsf] kl/0ffd :j¿k #) jif]{ lg/+sz ' lgb{nLo Joj:yfaf6 ax'bnLo k|hftflGqs Joj:yfdf ePsf] ;+qmd0fnfO{ j}wtf lbg Pj+ ;+:yfut ug{ jfd zlQm, k|hftflGqs zlQm / /fhtGqaLrsf] aLrsf] lqkIfLo ;Demf}tfsf] b:tfj]hsf] ¿kdf hf/L ul/Psf] g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)$& df g]kfnsf] ;+jw} flgs Oltxf;d} k|yd k6s w]/} gofF df}lns xsx¿sf] k|aGw ul/P tfklg /f]huf/Lsf] xsn] To;df :yfg kfpg ;s]g . ldNbf]hN' bf] Joj:yfsf] ¿kdf ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f @^ df /fHosf gLltx¿ cGtu{t dlxnf ju{sf] lzIff, :jf:Yo / /f]huf/Lsf] ljz]if Joj:yf u/L /fli6«o ljsf;df clwsflws ;xefuL agfpg] gLlt /fHon] cjnDag ug],{ b]zsf] d'Vo ;fdflhs, cfly{s zlQmsf] ¿kdf /x]sf] >d zlQmnfO{ qmdzM /f]huf/ pknAw u/fO{ sfd kfpg] clwsf/ ;'lglZrt u/L pgLx¿sf] xs / lxtsf] ;+/If0f ub{{} pBdsf] Joj:yfkgdf ;xeflutf a9fpg] gLlt /fHon] cjnDag ug],{ lzIff, :jf:Yo / /f]huf/Lsf] ljz]if Joj:yf u/L cfly{s / ;fdflhs ¿kn] lk5l8Psf hghflt / ;d'bfosf] pTyfg ug]{ /fHon] cjnDag ug]{ gLlt ;d]t /fHon] ckgfpg] cflb Joj:yfx¿ /flvP tfklg cbfntåf/f sfof{Gjog u/fpg g;lsg] /fHosf lgb]z { s l;4fGt / gLltx¿ cGtu{t ltgnfO{ /flvPsf]n] /fHosf] b[li6sf]0f ltgn] :ki6 kf/] tfklg tL k|fjwfgx¿af6 ck]lIft kmn k|fKt ug{ ;lsPg . r_ g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# g]kfnsf] ;+j}wflgs Oltxf;d} k|yd k6s /f]huf/L tyf ;fdflhs ;'/Iffsf] xs / ;f]sf] ;Dk"/ssf] ¿kdf cfpg] >d ;DaGwL xssf] Joj:yf ug]{ >]o g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# nfO{ hfG5 . ;f]cg';f/ ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !* df /f]huf/L tyf ;fdflhs ;'/Iffsf] xs cGtu{t 32/

k|To]s gful/snfO{ sfg'gdf Joj:yf eP adf]lhd /f]huf/Lsf] xs x'g] lxnf, >lds, j[4, ckfË tyf czQm / c;xfo gful/snfO{ sfg'gdf Joj:yf eP adf]lhd ;fdflhs ;'/Iffsf] xs x'g]5 eGg] k|aGw ul/Psf] 5 . o;}u/L /f]huf/L;Fu cljlR5Gg ¿kdf hf]l8P/ cfpg] >d ;DaGwL xssf] Joj:yf wf/f #) df lgDg adf]lhd ul/Psf] 5M k|To]s sfdbf/ / sd{rf/LnfO{ plrt >d cEof;sf] xs x'g] sfg'gdf Joj:yf eP adf]lhd k|To]s sfdbf/ / sd{rf/LnfO{ cf–cfkm\gf lxt /Iffsf] lgldQ 6«]8 o'lgog vf]Ng], ;Ël7t x'g] / ;fd"lxs ;f}bfafhL ug{] xs x'g]5 . g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f !# df ;dfgtfsf] xs cGtu{t /fHon] gful/sx¿sf aLr wd{, j0f{, hft, hflt, lnË, pTklQ, efiff jf j}rfl/s cf:yf jf tLdWo] s'g} s'/fsf] cfwf/df e]befj gug]{, t/ dlxnf, blnt, cflbaf;L hghflt, dw];L jf ls;fg, dhb'/ jf cfly{s, ;fdflhs jf ;f+:s[lts b[li6n] lk5l8Psf] ju{ jf afns, j[4 tyf ckfË jf zf/Ll/s jf dfgl;s ¿kn] czQm JolQmsf] ;+/If0f, ;zlQms/0f jf ljsf;sf] nflu sfg'gåf/f ljz]if Joj:yf ug{ /f]s nufPsf] gdflgg], ;dfg sfdsf nflu dlxnf / k'?ifsf aLr kfl/>lds tyf ;fdflhs ;'/Iffdf e]befj gul/g] eGg] k|Tofe"lt ul/Psf] 5 . o;}u/L ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f ## df /fHosf] bfloTj cGtu{t lzIff, :jf:Yo, cfjf;, /f]huf/L / vfB ;Dk|e'tfdf ;a} gful/ssf] clwsf/ :yflkt ug]{ gLlt lng], >ldssf k];fut clwsf/sf] ;'lglZrttf ub}{ pBf]uwGbf, Jofkf/, lgof{t k|j4{g cflbsf nflu nufgL j[l4 u/L /f]huf/L Pj+ cfo cfh{gsf cj;/x¿sf] Jofks j[l4 ug]{ gLlt cg';/0f ug]{ s'/f pNn]v 5 . o;} qmddf wf/f #% df /fHosf gLlt cGtu{t b]zsf] ;Gt'lnt ljsf;sf nflu cfly{s nufgLsf] Gofof]lrt ljt/0f u/L ;a} If]qsf hgtfsf] lzIff, :jf:Yo, oftfoft, cfjf; / /f]huf/L h:tf cfwf/e"t s'/fx¿sf] ljsf; u/L hg;fwf/0fsf] hLjg:t/ j[l4 ug]{ gLlt /fHon] cjnDag ug]{5 . ;/sf/L, ;xsfl/tf / lghL If]qsf] dfWodaf6 d'n'sdf cy{tGqsf] ljsf; ug]{ gLlt /fHon] ckgfpg], dlxnf ju{sf] lzIff, :jf:Yo / /f]huf/Lsf] ljz]if Joj:yf u/L /fli6«o ljsf;df clwsflws ;xefuL agfpg] gLlt /fHon] cFufNg], lzIff, :jf:Yo, cfjf;, vfB;Dk|e'tf / /f]huf/Ldf lglZrt ;dosf nflu cf/If0fsf] Joj:yf u/L cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs ¿kn] lk5l8Psf cflbjf;L hghflt, dw];L, blnt nufot ;LdfGts[t ;d'bfo tyf ul/aLsf] /]vfd'lgsf dhb'/ ls;fgsf] pTyfg ug]{ gLlt /fHon] cjnDag ug]{, j[4, czQm dlxnf tyf a]/f]huf/nfO{ sfg'gdf Joj:yf u/L eQf lbg] gLlt cjnDag ug]{ eGg] ;d]t Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . @)&@ c;f/, jif{–!@÷c°–!, k"0ff{°–!##

;fj{hlgs Joj:yfkg o;/L cGtl/d ;+ljwfgn] df}lns xs cGtu{t klxnf] k6s /f]huf/L / >d ;DaGwL xssf] ls6fgL Joj:yf u/L ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf] c;fwf/0f If]qsf] k|of]u u/L ltgsf] k|of]u Pj+ k|rng u/fpg] dfu{ k|z:t u/] tfklg sfg'gdf Joj:yf eP adf]lhd eGg] ckjfbfTds Joj:yf ul/Psf]n] ;DalGwt sfg'g lgdf{0f eO{ nfu" gxf]pGh]n vf; u/L /f]huf/L / ;fdflhs ;'/Iffsf] If]qdf /x]sf] pbf/ ;+j}wflgs Joj:yfaf6 ck]lIft nfe k|fKt gx'g] lglZrt /x]sf] 5 . tyflk, /f]huf/LnfO{ ;fdflhs ;'/Iff;Fu cljefHo ¿kdf hf]8]/ ul/Psf] of] Joj:yfnfO{ :jfutof]Uo g} dfGg'kb{5 . #= /f]huf/Lsf] xs / sfg'gL Joj:yf /f]huf/Lsf] xs ;DaGwdf g]kfndf xfn;Dd s'g} klg ljlzi6Ls[t sfg'g ag]sf] cj:yf 5}g . o;/L x]bf{ /f]huf/Lsf] xssf ljleGg Joj:yfx¿nfO{ ljleGg 9+u / xb;Dd ;d]l6Psf d'Vo sfg'gx¿df >d P]g, @)$*, 6«8] o'lgPg P]g, @)$( / lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, @)$( /x]sf 5g\ . s_ >d P]g, @)$* >d P]g, @)$* df /f]huf/Lsf] ;':ki6 kl/efiff ul/Psf] 5}g . of] P]g /f]huf/LeGbf klg d"ntM >d ;DaGwL ljifox¿nfO{ lgb]{lzt ug{ ag]sf] sfg'g xf] . P]gsf] bkmf $ df sfdbf/ tyf sd{rf/Lsf] lgo'lQm ;DaGwdf pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 . ;f] adf]lhd juL{s/0f ul/Psf] s'g} kbdf sfdbf/ jf sd{rf/LnfO{ lgo'lQm ug'{ kbf{ To:tf sfdbf/ jf sd{rf/Lsf] 5gf]6 ug{ Joj:yfksn] lj1fkg ug'{kg]{5 / To;/L 5gf}6 ul/Psf sfdbf/ jf sd{rf/LnfO{ lgo'lQmkq lbO{ sfddf nufpg'kg]{5 . o;/L lgo'Qm ePsf sfdbf/ tyf sd{rf/LnfO{ Ps jif{sf] cljlR5Gg ;]jf cjlw k"/f gu/];Dd k/LIf0fsfndf /flvg]5 / ;f] cjlwdf lghsf] sfo{bIftf, Odfgbf/L, cg'zf;g, sfdk|lt nugzLntf, ?h' xflh/L cflb s'/fsf] cfwf/df :yfoL lgo'lQm ug{'kg{]5 . To;/L lgo'Qm ubf{ sfdbf/ jf sd{rf/Lsf] kb tyf lghn] kfpg] kfl/>lds tyf ;]jf, ;t{ pNn]v u/L lgo'lQmkq lbg'kg{]5 / To;sf] hfgsf/L >d sfof{nonfO{ lbg'kg{] egL v'nfOPsf] 5 . o;}u/L P]gsf] bkmf $ s n] u}/g]kfnL gful/snfO{ sfddf nufpg gkfOg] egL tf]ss ] f] 5 . ;f] cg';f/ juL{s/0f ul/Psf] s'g} klg kbdf u}/g]kfnL gful/snfO{ sfddf nufpg kfOg] 5}g . tfklg /fli6«o :t/sf] ;fj{hlgs kqklqsfdf lj1fkg k|sfzg ubf{ klg s'g} bIf k|fljlws kbsf] nflu g]kfnL gful/s pknAw gePdf Joj:yfksn] ;f] s'/fsf] k|df0f ;lxt u}/ g]kfnL gful/s lgo'lQm ug]{ :jLs[ltsf] nflu >d ljefudf lgj]bg lbg ;Sg]5 . o;/L s'g} lgj]bg k/L hfFra'´ ubf{ lgj]bgdf plNnlvt bIf k|fljlws kbsf] nflu g]kfnL gful/s pknAw gx'g] b]lvPdf >d ljefun] >d @)&@ c;f/, jif{–!@÷c°–!, k"0ff{°–!##

sfof{nosf] l;kmfl/;df Ps k6sdf b'O{ jif{df ga9fO{ a9Ldf kfFr jif{;Dd / ljlzi6 k|sf/sf] bIf k|fljlws kbdf a9Ldf ;ft jif{;Dd u}/g]kfnL gful/snfO{ sfddf nufpg :jLs[lt lbg ;Sg]5 . o; adf]lhd u}/g]kfnL gful/snfO{ sfddf nufpg] Joj:yfksn] g]kfnL gful/snfO{ g} bIf agfO{ qmdzM k|lt:yfkg ug]{ Joj:yf ug'k{ g]5{  . P]gsf] bkmf % df sfd nufpg] tl/sf / ;dosf af/]df v'nfOPsf] 5 . ;f] adf]lhd tf]lsPsf] cj:yfdf afx]s gfaflnu tyf dlxnfnfO{ ;fdfGotM laxfg 5 ah]b]lv ;fF´ 5 ah];Dd sfddf nufpg ;lsg]5 . Joj:yfks / sfdbf/ jf sd{rf/L aLr cfk;L d~h'/Laf6 pko'Qm Joj:yf ldnfO{ dlxnfx¿nfO{ klg k'?if ;/x sfddf nufpg ;lsg]5 . Joj:yfksn] sfdbf/ jf sd{rf/LnfO{ sfdsf] k|s[lt jf :t/df km/s gkg]{ u/L k|lti7fgsf] s'g} zfvf jf OsfO{df ;?jf ug{ ;Sg]5 . bkmf !) df ;]jfsf] ;'/Iffsf] Joj:yf ub}{ of] P]g jf o; P]g cGtu{t ag]sf] lgod jf ljlgoddf tf]lsPsf] /Lt gk'¥ofO{ k|lti7fgsf] :yfoL sfdbf/ jf sd{rf/Lsf] ;]jfsf] cGt ug{' x'Fb}g eGg] ;+/If0fsf/L k|aGw ul/Psf] 5 . sfd ug]{ ;dosf] af/]df bkmf !^ df af]lnPsf] 5 . o; cg';f/ sfdbf/ tyf sd{rf/LnfO{ k|ltlbg cf7 3G6f jf ;Ktfxdf $* 3G6feGbf a9L ;do sfddf nufpg' x'b+F g} / k|To]s ;Ktfxdf Ps lbg ;fKtflxs labf lbg'kg{5]  . sfo{;dosf] of] k|fjwfg cGt/f{li6«o >d ;+u7gn] tf]ss ] f] xKtfdf $) 3G6f sfdsf] cGt/f{li6«o dfkb08;Fu aflemPsf] 5 . lbgsf] * 3G6f ^ lbg;DDf sfd nufpg] of] Joj:yf dlxnf, j[4, ckfË jf Go"g zf/Ll/s Ifdtf ePsf sfdbf/x¿sf lglDt s7f]/ g} /x]sf] 5 . ctM cGt/f{li6«o >d ;+u7gn] tf]ss ] f] xKtfdf $) 3G6f sfdsf] cGt/f{li6«o dfkb08 nfu" ub}{ dlxnf, j[4, ckfË jf Go"g zf/Ll/s Ifdtf ePsf sfdbf/x¿sf lglDt nlrnf] sfo{;do tf]Sg' h?/L b]lvG5 . v_ 6«]8 o'lgog P]g, @)$( /f]huf/Lsf] xssf] csf]{ /Iffsjrsf] ¿kdf 6«8] o'lgog P]g, @)$( ;d]t /x]sf] 5 . /f]huf/bftf / /f]huf/k|fks ju{aLrsf] k/fdz{af6 NofOPsf] o; P]gdf 6]8« o'lgogx¿sf] u7g u/L ;fd"lxs ;f}bfafhL ug{ kfpg] sfdbf/, sd{rf/Lx¿sf] clwsf/nfO{ ;'lglZrt ul/Psf] 5 . P]gsf] bkmf # df k|lti7fg :t/sf] 6«8] o'lgogsf] btf{sf af/]df pNn]v 5 . ;f] cg';f/, ;DalGwt k|lti7fgsf sfdbf/ x¿n] cfkm\gf] k];fut xs lxtsf] ;+/If0f / ;Dj4{g ug{ k|lti7fg:t/sf] 6«8] o'lgogx¿sf] u7g ug{ ;Sg]5g\ . o;/L ul7t k|lti7fg:t/sf] 6«8] o'lgog btf{ u/fpgsf] nflu sfo{ ;ldltn] tf]ss ] f] kbflwsf/Ln] sDtLdf b; hgf ;b:ox¿sf] x:tfIf/ u/fO{ ;f] 6«8] o'lgogsf] ljwfg / tf]lsPsf] b:t'/ ;+nUg /fvL tf]lsPsf] ljj/0f ;lxt tf]lsP adf]lhdsf] /33

;fj{hlgs Joj:yfkg 9fFrfdf kl~hsflwsf/L ;dIf b/vf:t lbg'kg]5{  . o;/L k/]sf] b/vf:t pk/ kl~hsflwsf/Ln] btf{sf] nflu /Lt k'u] gk'us ] f] x]/L b/vf:t k/]sf] ldltn] jf bkmf ^ adf]lhd yk ljj/0f dfluPsf]df To:tf] ljj/0f k|fKt ePsf] ldltn] kGw| lbgleq To:tf] 6«8] o'lgog btf{ u/L tf]lsP adf]lhdsf] 9fFrfdf b/vf:tjfnfnfO{ btf{sf] k|df0fkq lbg'kg]5{  . o;}u/L P]gsf] bkmf * df 6«]8 o'lgogsf] sfg'gL x}l;otsf] af/]df k|:6 kfb}{ 6]«8 o'lgog cljl5Gg pQ/flwsf/jfnf :jzfl;t / ;+ul7t ;+:yf x'g], 6«]8 o'lgogsf] sfd sf/afxLsf] lgldQ cfkmgf] Pp6f 5'§} 5fk x'g], o;n] JolQm ;/x rn, crn ;DklQ k|fKt ug{, pkef]u ug{ a]rlavg ug{ jf cGo lsl;dn] Joj:yf ug{ ;Sg], o;n] JolQm ;/x cfkmgf] gfdaf6 gfln; ph'/ ug{ / 6«]8 o'lgog pk/ klg ;f]xL gfdaf6 gfln; ph'/ nfUg ;Sg] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . bkmf @# df cflwsfl/s 6«]8 o'lgog jf To:tf] 6«]8 o'lgogsf] kbflwsf/Ln] of] P]g jf >d P]g, @)$* sf] k|lqmof k"/f u/L ;fd"lxs ;f}bfafhL ug]{ ;Gbe{df s'g} sfo{ ubf{ k|lti7fgnfO{ s'g} c;/ kg{ uPsf] /x]5 eg] klg To; s'/fnfO{ lnP/ To:tf] 6«]8 o'lgog jf kbflwsf/Lsf] lj?4df s'g} klg cbfntdf d'2f grnfOg] egL k];fsf] ;]jf, ;t{sf] kIfdf ;fd"lxs ;f}bfafhL ubf{ x'g ;Sg] sfg'gL sf/afxLsf] hf]lvdaf6 d'Qm u/]sf] 5 . Pj+/Ltn] P]gsf] bkmf @^ -s_ df 6«]8 o'lgogsf] k|ltlglwTj l:yltsf] af/]df lgDgfg';f/ pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 M g]kfn ;/sf/n] 6]«8 o'lgogsf] tkm{af6 k|ltlglw dgf]gog ubf{ jf 6«]8 o'lgogaf6 k|ltlglwTj u/fpFbf ljifoj:t';Fu ;DalGwt 6]«8 o'lgogx¿ PseGbf a9L ePdf To:tf] 6«]8 o'lgogaf6 ;dfg'kflts ¿kdf jf cfnf]kfnf] u/L dgf]gog jf k|ltlglwTj u/fpg]5 . o;/L x]bf{ 6]8« o'lgog P]g, @)$( n] >d P]g, @)$* Pj+ ;+ljwfgdf /x]sf /f]huf/d'vL k|fjwfgx¿sf] sfof{Gjogsf nflu :yfoL ;+:yfut sfo{9fFrf ;'lglZrt u/]sf] k|tLt x'G5 . u_ lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, @)$( o; P]gn] d"ntM ;/sf/L ;]jfdf sfo{/t lghfdtL sd{rf/Lx¿sf] /f]huf/L Joj:yfkg;Fu ;DaGw /fVb5 . o; P]gdf sd{rf/Lsf] lgo'lQm, ;?jf, a9'jf, ;]jf;t{sf] ;'/Iff, ;]jfsf] ;dflKt, sd{rf/L ;'ljwf / cflwsfl/s k|ltlglwTjsf af/]df s}of}+ sd{rf/Ld}qL Pj+ cg'dfgof]Uo Joj:yfx¿ u/]sf] 5 . o;n] lghfdtL ;]jfdf Ps l:y/ k|0ffnLsf] :yfkgf ug'{sf] ;fy} sd{rf/Lx¿n] cfTdljZjf;k"j{s Pj+ k"jf{u|xd'Qm eP/ sfd ug{sf nflu dfu{ k|z:t u/]sf] 5 . P]gsf] bkmf & df ;sf/fTds lje]bnfO{ ;j{k|yd ;/sf/L ;]jfdf k|j]z u/fpFb} lgDg Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 M lghfdtL 34/

;]jfnfO{ ;dfj]zL agfpg v'nf k|ltof]lutfåf/f k"lt{ x'g] kbdWo] k}+tfnL; k|ltzt kb 5'6\ofO{ ;f] k|ltztnfO{ ztk|ltzt dfgL b]xfo adf]lhdsf pDd]bjf/aLrdf dfq 5'§f5'§} k|lt:kwf{ u/fO{ kbk"lt{ ul/g]5 M -s_ dlxnf – ## k|ltzt -v_ cflbjf;L÷hghflt – @& k|ltzt -u_ dw];L – @@ k|ltzt -3_ blnt – ( k|ltzt -ª_ ckf+u – % k|ltzt -r_ lk5l8Psf] If]q – $ k|ltzt bkmf & u df Hofnfbf/L jf s/f/df lgo'lQm ug{ gkfOg] / bkmf * df nf]s;]jf cfof]usf] l;kmfl/;df dfq :yfoL sd{rf/Lsf] lgo'lQm ug{ ;lsg] pNn]v 5 . k];fut ;f}bfafhLsf nflu bkmf %# df lghfdtL sd{rf/Lx¿sf] 6«]8 o'lgogsf af/]df ;lj:tf/ pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 . P]gsf] bkmf %* df ;]jf ;t{sf] ;'/Iffsf] af/]df ls6fgL Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . ;f] cg';f/, s'g} klg lghfdtL sd{rf/LnfO{ lghsf] lgo'lQm x'“bf tTsfn nfu" /x]sf] tna, pkbfg, lgj[Qe/0f / cGo ;'ljwf ;DaGwL ;]jfsf zt{x¿df lghsf] :jLs[lt a]u/ lghnfO{ k|lts"n c;/ kg]{ u/L kl/jt{g ul/g] 5}g . kl5 x'g] ;+zf]wgn] To:tf] ;+zf]wg x'g' cufj} axfn /x]sf] s'g} lghfdtL sd{rf/Lsf] pko'{Qm ;]jfsf ;t{x¿df s'g} k|sf/n] k|lts"n c;/ kg]{ ePdf To:tf] ;+zf]lwt Joj:yf adf]lhd ug{ d~h'/ u/]sf] lnlvt :jLs[lt geO{ To:tf] Joj:yf lghsf] xsdf nfu" x'g] 5}g . o;k|sf/, lghfdtL ;]jfn] ljleGg txdf u/L &) xhf/eGbf a9L sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{ k|ToIf /f]huf/L pknAw u/fO/xsf] / g]kfndf /f]huf/Lsf] Ps d'Vo If]qdf ;/sf/L ;]jf ;d]t kg]{ ;Gbe{df lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, @)$( nfO{ Ps k|d'v /f]huf/;Da4 sfg'gsf] ¿kdf cWoog ug{ ;lsG5 . %= /f]huf/Lsf] xs ;DaGwdf k|d'v cGt/f{li6«o sfg'gL Joj:yfx¿ /f]huf/Lsf] xsnfO{ ;+;f/e/ g} dfgj clwsf/sf] Ps cleGg cfofd, hLjg:t/ ;'wf/sf] Ps cx+ dfWod / cGo ;]jf ;'ljwf k|flKtsf] Ps k|efjsf/L kx'Frdfu{ dflgFb} cfPsf] ;Gbe{df >d If]q;Fu ;d]t hf]l8P/ cfpg] /f]huf/Lsf] ;DaGwL vf; cGt/f{li6«o sfg'gL Joj:yfx¿nfO{ lgDgfg';f/ rrf{ ug{ ;lsG5 M s_ dfgj clwsf/sf] ljZjJofkL 3f]if0ffkq, !($* o; 3f]if0ffkqsf] wf/f @# / @$ df /f]huf/L Pj+ >d cEof; ;DaGwL dxŒjk"0f{ Joj:yfx¿ /x]sf 5g\ . wf/f @# adf]lhd k|To]s JolStnfO{ sfd ug]{, :j]R5fn] /f]huf/L /f]Hg] / sfd ug{sf] nflu plrt / cg's"n kl/l:yltsf] @)&@ c;f/, jif{–!@÷c°–!, k"0ff{°–!##

;fj{hlgs Joj:yfkg l;h{gf / a]/f]huf/L lj?4 ;+/Ô0f k|fKt ug]{ clwsf/ 5 . k|To]s JolStnfO{ lagf e]befj ;dfg sfo{sf nflu ;dfg kfl/>lds kfpg] clwsf/ 5 . sfd ug]{ k|To]s JolSt / lghsf] kl/jf/sf nflu dfgjLo k|lti7f cg'¿k hLljsfsf] aGbf]a:tsf] nflu plrt / cg's"n kfl/>lds kfpg] / cfjZos eP ;fdflhs ;+/Ô0f tyf cGo pkfox¿af6 To;df e/y]usf] clwsf/ x'g]5 . k|To]s JolStnfO{ p;sf] lxt ;+/Ô0fsf nflu 6«]8 o'lgog vf]Ng] / To;df ;lDdlnt x'g] clwsf/ 5 . o;}u/L, wf/f @$ n] k|To]s JoSltnfO{ d'gfl;j sfo{, ;do;Ldf / a]tg ;lxtsf] cfjlws labf ;lxt lj>fd / km';{tsf] cflwsf/ ;'lglZrt u/]sf] 5 . v_ cfly{s, ;fdflhs Pj+ ;f+:s[lts clwsf/ ;DaGwL cGt/f{li6«o cg'aGw, !(^^ o; cg'aGwdf /fHo kIfx¿n] sfdsf] clwsf/nfO{ dfGotf lbg'sf] ;fy} cfkm"n] :jtGqtfk"j{s /f]h]sf] jf :jLsf/]sf] sfd u/]/ hLljsf rnfpg] ;a} JolQmsf] xs x'g] / /fHon] o:tf] xssf] ;'lglZrttf ug{ cfjZos sbd rfNg'kg]{ pNn]v 5 . sfd ug]{ xssf] k"0f{ sfof{Gjogsf nflu o; cg'aGwsf kIf /fi6«x¿n] rfNg'kg]{ sbddf k|fljlws / Jofj;flos dfu{bz{g k|bfg ug]{, k|lzIf0f sfo{qmd, gLlt / k|ljlwx¿ nfu" ug]{ cflb kb{5g\ h;sf] nIo l:y/ cfly{s, ;fdflhs / ;f+:s[lts ljsf; Pj+ k"0f{ tyf pTkfbs /f]huf/Lsf] cj:yf xfl;n ug'{ /x]sf] 5 . g]kfn dO{ !$, !((! b]lv o; cg'aGwsf] kIf /fi6« ePsf] ;Gbe{df o;sf ax';+Vos k|fjwfgx¿nfO{ /fli6«o sfg'gx¿df ;dfj]z ul/;lsPsf] 5 . t/ ltgsf] sfof{Gjog / cg'udg kIf eg] sdhf]/ /x]sf] 5 . u_ cGt/f{li6«o >d ;+u7g -cfO{Pncf]_ sf cg'df]lbt cle;lGw adf]lhd g]kfnsf bfloTjx¿ cGt/f{li6«o >d ;+u7g -cfO{Pncf]_ sf] a8fkqsf] ;a}eGbf :d/0fLo kIf of] 5 ls o;df /fHo kIfsf] dfq geP/ /f]huf/bftf / /f]huf/k|fksx¿sf] ;d]t k|ltlglwTjsf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . of] lqkIfLo ;xeflutsf sf/0f of] ;+u7g a9L ;dfj]zL / nf]stflGqs ;d]t aGg k'u]sf] 5 . o;sf ;Ddn]g, sfo{qmdx¿df klg ;f]xL adf]lhd k|ltlglwTj u/fpg] ul/Psf] 5 . sfd lbg] ju{, sfd ug]{ ju{ / sfd lbg] Pj+ ug]{ ju{aLr ;dGjo ug]{ ;/sf/L kIfnfO{ ;d]t gLlt Pj+ lgdf{0fdf ;xefuL agfP/ >d ;d:ofx¿ ;dfwfg ug]{ Pj+ c;n >d ;DaGw sfod ug]{ cfO{Pncf]sf] d"nb[li6 /x]sf] 5 . ;g\ !(^^ df g]kfn cfO{Pncf]sf] ;b:o ePb]lv otf sfdsf] b'lgofF / sfdbf/sf] sfof{j:yfsf] pGgltsf nflu ;/sf/ / o; ;+u7gaLr ;fem]bf/L / ;xsfo{ eO/x]sf] klg 5 . >d ;DaGwL sfg'g th'{dfdf o; ;+:yfn] k|fljlws ;xfotf pknAw u/fpg] @)&@ c;f/, jif{–!@÷c°–!, k"0ff{°–!##

u/]sf] 5 . /fli6«o 6]«8 o'lgogx¿;Fu klg cfO{Pncf]n] ;xof]usf] cfbfgk|bfg / ;dGjo ul//x]sf] 5 . g]kfn ;lGw P]g, @)$& sf] bkmf ( adf]lhd g]kfn kIf ePsf cGt/f{li6«o ;lGw ;Demf}tfsf k|fjwfgx¿ k|rlnt g]kfn sfg'g;/x nfu" x'G5g\ . o; ;Gbe{df g]kfnn] /f]huf/Lsf] xs / >d cEof;x¿sf] :t/f]Ggltsf] lbzfdf !! j6f cfO{Pncf] cle;lGwx¿nfO{ cg'df]bg u/]sf] l:ylt 5 . tLdWo]sf s]xL dxŒjk"0f{ cle;lGwx¿nfO{ b]xfo adf]lhd rrf{ ul/Psf] 5 M  ;+ul7t x'g] / ;fd"lxs ;f}bfafhL ug{ kfpg] clwsf/ ;DaGwL cle;lGw, !($* -l; (*_ -g]kfnåf/f dfr{ @!, !((% df ;lDdng_ o; cle;lGwn] d"ntM :j:y >d / cf}Bf]lus cEof;x¿sf nflu ;+ul7t x'g] / ;fd"lxs ;f}bfafhL ug{ kfpg] clwsf/;Fu ;/f]sf/ /fVb5 . o; cle;lGwn] o'lgoglj/f]wL Pj+ lje]bfTds sfo{x¿af6 sfdbf/nfO{ kof{Kt ;+/If0fsf] k|Tofe"lt u/]sf] 5 . hËL / k|x/L ;]jfsf] xsdf /fli6«o sfg'gx¿n] lgwf{/0f u/]sf] xb;Dd o; cle;lGwsf Joj:yfx¿ ltgsf] xsdf ;d]t nfu" x'g ;Sg] k|aGw ul/Psf] 5 . g]kfnn] eg] ;z:q ;]jfx¿df o;sf Joj:yfx¿ nfu" ug]{ u/L sfg'g agfO;s]sf] cj:yf 5}g . o;} u/L, cle;lGwsf] wf/f ^ df /fHosf] k|zf;g rnfpg] lghfdtL sd{rf/Lx¿sf] x}l;otsf af/]df pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 . o; ;DaGwdf cle;lGwn] pgLx¿;Fu ;/f]sf/ g/fVg] / o;af/]df k|zf;goGq rnfpg] /fHosf] clwsf/ x¿nfO{ s'g} klg 9+un] s'l07t ug{ vf]h]sf] gdflgg] :ki6 ul/Psf] 5 . g]kfnsf] cg'ej;Fu hf]8\g'kbf{ g]kfnsf lghfdtL sd{rf/Lx¿ @))& ;fndf clvn g]kfn Go"g j}tlgs sd{rf/L ;+3 v8f u/L ;j{k|yd ;+ul7t ePsf] b]lvG5 . lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, @)$( df ePsf] bf];|f] ;+zf]wg -@)^$_ n] k|yd k6s zfvf clws[t tx;Ddsf ;/sf/L sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{ 6«]8 o'lgogsf] clwsf/ k|bfg u/]sf] 5 . ;f]xL adf]lhd xfn cfwf bh{geGbf a9L lghfdtL sd{rf/Lx¿;Fu ;DalGwt 6«]8 o'lgogx¿ btf{ eO{ ;~rfngdf /x]sf 5g\ . t/, ltgLx¿ sd{rf/Lx¿sf] pGgog / ;]jf ;t{sf] a9f]Q/Ldf eGbf klg bnut /fhgLltdf a9L ;+nUg ePsf] cf/f]k;d]t nfUg] u/]sf] 5 .  lje]b -/f]huf/L / Joj;fo_ cle;lGw, !(%* -l; !!!_ -g]kfnåf/f ;]K6]Da/ !(, !(&* df ;lDdng_ o; cle;lGwn] k|:6 zAbdf sfo{:yndf x'g] h'g;'s} k|sf/sf] e]befjnfO{ lgd"{ng ug{df nlIft 5 . wf/f ! adf]lhd lje]b eGgfn] /f]huf/L jf Joj;fodf cj;/ jf Jojxf/sf] ;dfgtfnfO{ ;dfKt ug]{ jf laufg]{ u/L s'g} hflt, j0f{, sfo{, wd{, /fhgLlts ljrf/, /fli6«otf jf ;fdflhs pTklQsf cfwf/df ul/g] s'g} klg e]befj, alxis/0f jf /35

;fj{hlgs Joj:yfkg k|fyldsLs/0f egL kl/eflift u/]sf] 5 . tyflk, s'g} vf; sfd jf gf]s/Lsf] cGt/lglxt cfjZostfsf sf/0f ul/ g'kg]{ e]befj, alxis/0f jf k|fyldsLs/0fnfO{ eg] lje]]b dflgg] 5}g . g]kfnn] o; cle;lGwsf clwsf+z Joj:yfx¿nfO{ cfkm\gf :yfgLo ;+ljwfg / sfg'gx¿df cfGtl/sLs/0f ul/;s]sf] 5 .  cGt/f{li6«o >d dfkb08 cle;lGw, !(&^ -l; !$$_ -g]kfnåf/f dfr{ @!, !((% df cg'df]lbt_ o; dxf;lGwn] ;/sf/, /f]huf/bftf / sfdbf/sf] lqkIfLo ;xsfo{df Gofok"0f{ >d dfkb08 sfod ug{sf nflu Ps nf]stflGqs / ;xeflutfd"ns d~r pknAw u/fPsf] 5 . cle;lGwsf] wf/f @ n] o; cle;lGwnfO{ cg'df]bg ug]{ cfO{Pncf]sf kIf /fi6«x¿n] ;/sf/, /f]huf/bftf / sfdbf/sf k|ltlglwx¿aLr /f]huf/L cEof;sf ljifox¿df k|efjsf/L k/fdz{ :yfkg ug]{ p2]Zon] sfo{ljlwx¿ cjnDag ug'{kg]{ ;'emfPsf] 5 . ;f]xL cfzodf wf/f # n] k/fdz{ lng] k|lqmof / lgsfox¿df /f]huf/bftf / sfdbf/ x¿nfO{ ;dfg x}l;otdf k|ltlglwTj u/fOg] pNn]v 5 . g]kfnn] >d P]g, @)$* dfkm{t o; cle;lGwsf Joj:yfx¿nfO{ w]/} xb;Dd cfTd;ft\ u/]sf] 5 . o; P]gdf Go"gtd kfl/>lds lgwf{/0f ;ldlt -bkmf @!_, >d ;Nnfxsf/ ;ldlt -bkmf ^@_ / >d ;DaGw ;ldlt -bkmf ^*_ h:tf lgsfox¿df ;/sf/, /f]huf/bftf / sfdbf/ tLg} kIfsf k|ltlglwx¿sf] ;xeflutf ;'lglZrt ul/Psf] 5 . %= /f]huf/Lsf] xs / Goflos b[li6sf]0f Gofosf] If]qdf hxfF clwsf/, ToxfF pkrf/sf] dfu{ eGGf] k'/fgf] p4/0f /x]sf] 5 . /f]huf/L ;DaGwL d'2fx¿df >d cbfnt / ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf lg0f{ox¿ cu|ufdL / clwsf+ztM sfdbf/ ju{s} lxtdf /x]sf] b]lvG5 . ;jf]{Rr cbfntn] sltko d'2fx¿df b"/ufdL k|efj kfg]{ cfofd]nL km};nfx¿ ;d]t u/]sf] 5 . s]xL lgl0f{t d'2fx¿df cbfntaf6 ePsf km};nfx¿ cWoog u/L sfdbf/, /f]huf/bftfsf xs / plrt >d cEof;x¿ nfu" u/fpg] lbzfdf Gofofkflnsfsf] b[li6sf]0fnfO{ lgDgfg';f/ a'‰g ;lsG5 M s_ afns[i0f Gof}kfg] lj?4 g]kfn ;/sf/ ;d]t -l/6 g+=@%!&÷@)%$, lg0f{o ldlt M @)%& sflQs (_ o; d'2fdf lgj]bssf] bfjL;Fu ;xdt x'Fb} GofofwLz uh]Gb|s]z/L afF:tf]nfsf] Ohnf;n] af]n]sf] lyof] lsM >d P]gsf] bkmf $-!_ sf] ljjflbt Joj:yfn] g]kfnL gful/sx¿nfO{ /f]huf/Lsf nflu ljb]zL JolQmx¿;Fu ;d]t 36/

k|lt:kwf{ ug'{kg]{ / pgLx¿nfO{ g]kfnd} :yfoL a;f]af; ug{ ;3fpg] b]lvG5 . of] Joj:yf ;+j}wflgs ;+/rgfsf] d'Vo p2]Zo lj?4 b]lvG5 h;n] /fHo / o;sf gful/sx¿sf] lxt;Fu ;Demf}tf ub{5 . ctM g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)$& sf] wf/f ** -!_ adf]lhd >d P]gsf] bkmf $-!_ df /x]sf] æo:tf lgo'lQm ub{f g]kfnL gful/sx¿nfO{ k|fyldstf lbOg]5Æ eGg] Joj:yfnfO{ pTk|]if0fsf] cfb]zn] ab/ ul/lbPsf] 5 . o; cfb]zn] g]kfnL gful/sx¿sf] /f]huf/Lsf] clwsf/nfO{ ;anLs[t ug'{sf] ;fy} cfkm\gf] df6f]leq ljb]zL sfdbf/sf] t'ngfdf pgLx¿sf] /f]huf/Lsf] ;DefjgfnfO{ ;d]t plhNofPsf] 5 . v_ ;f]gL x\oflG8qmfkm\6 lj?4 j;Gt vqL ;d]t -l/6 g+= #)%(÷@)%^, lg0f{o ldlt M @)%^ r}t @_ o; d'2fdf /f]huf/bftf ;f]gL x\oflG8qmfkm\6sf] bfaL lyof] ls lgj]bsx¿n] nfdf] ;do;Fu pQm ;+:yfdf sfd u/] tfklg lgo'lQmkq glnO;s]sf] sf/0f pQm ;+:yfsf sd{rf/Lx¿ xf]Ogg\ . o;df /f]]huf/bftfsf] bfaLnfO{ vf/]h ub}{ >d cbfntn] 7x/ u¥of] ls pQm sDkgLsf] xflh/L clen]v / kl/rokq ;d]tsf cfwf/df, lgo'lQmkq glnP tfklg j;Gt vqL / cGox¿ ;f]gL x\oflG8qmfkm\6s} cflwsfl/s sd{rf/Lx¿ x'g\ . >d cbfntsf] o; km};nflj?4 ;f]gL x\oflG8qmfkm\6n] ;jf]{Rr cbfntdf l/6 lgj]bg lnP/ uP tfklg cbfntn] >d cbfnts} km};nf ;b/ ub}{ l/6 vf/]h ul/lbof] . u_ xl/l;l4 la|s / 6fon sf/vfgf lj?4 ;gaxfb'/ y]a] -l/6 g+= #%)#÷@)%%, lg0f{o ldlt @)%^ ebf} #)_ o; d'2fdf ;jf]{Rr cbfntn] sd{rf/L jf sfdbf/x¿sf] sfdsf] clwsf/ / ;]jfsf] ;'/IffnfO{ dfGotf lbFb} s'g} sfdbf/n] !@ dlxgfsf] nuftf/ cjlwdf @$) lbg sfd u5{ eg] lghn] ;'?b]lv g} lgo'lQmkq kfP jf gkfP tfklg lghnfO{ :yfoL lgo'lQm lbg'kg]{ kIfdf cfb]z hf/L u¥of]  . o; cfb]zaf6 cg'lrt >d cEof;n] cfqmfGt g]kfnL cf}Bf]lus ;+:s[ltnfO{ ;d]t k|ltljlDat ub{5 . o; kl/k|]Iodf ;jf]{Rr cbfntn] x:tIf]k ub}{ sfdbf/x¿nfO{ u}/sfg'gL tl/sfn] ;]jfaf6 x6fpg] k|of;nfO{ lgikmn agfOlbof] . 3_ l/gf ah|frfo{ ;d]t lj= zfxL g]kfn jfo';]jf lgud ;d]t -g]=sf=k=@)%&, c+s %, k[i7 #&^_ o; d'2fdf @* hgf ljdfg kl/rfl/sfx¿n] zfxL g]kfn jfo';]jf lgudsf] sd{rf/L ;]jf lgodfjnL, @)#! df /x]sf] Ps Joj:yfnfO{ n}+lus ¿kdf lje]bsf/L eGb} ;jf]{Rr cbfntdf r'gf}tL lbPsf lyP . pQm lgodfjnL adf]lhd s'g} ljdfg kl/rfl/sf #) jif{sf] pd]/ k"/f @)&@ c;f/, jif{–!@÷c°–!, k"0ff{°–!##

;fj{hlgs Joj:yfkg u/]kl5 jf !) jif{sf] ;]jf cjlw kf/ u/]kl5 cjsfz x'g] Joj:yf lyof] hals k'?if ljdfg kl/r/x¿ %% jif{;Dd ;]jfdf /lx/xg kfpFy] . o; k|Zgpk/ ljrf/ ub}{ ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf] ljz]if Ohnf;n]] ;~ro sf]if, labf / cGo ;]jf ;x'lnotsf s'/fx¿ dlxnf ljdfg kl/rfl/sf / k'?if ljdfg kl/r/x¿aLr ;dfg g} /x] tfklg cjsfzsf] xsdf c;dfg Joj:yf g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)$& sf] dd{ ljk/Lt / lje]bsf/L ;d]t /x]sf] 7x/ u/L pQm k|fjwfgnfO{ pTk|]if0fsf] cfb]zåf/f ab/ ul/lbof] . ª_ s[i0f Gof}kfg] lj?4 o'gfO6]8 ld;g 6' g]kfn -l/6 g+= !&&÷@)%&, lg0f{o ldlt M @)%* kmfu'g (_ o;df ;jf]{Rr cbfntn] 7x/ u¥of] ls l/6 lgj]bsn] o'gfO6]8 ld;g 6' g]kfn -o"PdPg_ gfds ;+:yfsf] sfg'gL cl:tTj b]vfpg ;s]g . o"PdPg j:t'tM g]kfndf sfo{/t Ps gfkmf /lxt u}/;/sf/L ;+:yf xf] h'g g]kfn ;/sf/ / pQm ;+:yfaLrsf] cfjlws ;Demf}tfsf] cfwf/df sfd ub{5 . pQm ;Demf}tfn] To; ;+:yfsf] sfg'gL JolQmTjsf af/]df s'g} k|sfz kfb}{g . ctM To:tf lgsfox¿n] u/]sf] lg0f{osf] s'g} sfg'gL x}l;ot gx'g] x'Fbf cbfntn] o:tf ljifodf k|j]z ug{ h?/L g7fGb} lgj]bssf] l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h ul/lbof] . r_ g]kfn c/a a}+s lnld6]8 lj?4 k'?iff]Qd Kofs'/]n -l/6 g+= #)&$÷@)%*, lg0f{o ldlt M @)%( h]7 @!_ o; d'2fdf ;jf]{Rr cbfntn] >d sfof{no / >d cbfnt b'j}sf] lg0f{onfO{ /2 ub}{ jfl0fHo a}+s P]g, @)#! adf]lhd u7g ePsf g]kfn c/a a}+s lnld6]8 h:tf jfl0fHo a}+sx¿df sfo{/t sd{rf/Lx¿sf] xsdf >d P]gsf Joj:yfx¿ nfu" gx'g] 7x/ u¥of] . 5_ ;'/]z /fO{ lj?4 dWo d:of{ª\bL hnljB't kl/of]hgfsf] tkm{af6 ljZjgfy e08f/L -k'g/fj]bg g+= !&!÷##@÷@)%(, lg0f{o ldlt M @)^) sflQs #_ k|:t't d'2fdf ;jf]{RRf cbfntn] 7x/ u¥of] ls dWo d:of{ËbL hnljB't kl/of]hgfsf] :yfkgf /fli6«o sfg'gx¿sf] cwLgdf /xL g]kfn ;/sf/;Fu ;Demf}tf u/]/ ePsf] Pj+ s'g} pGd'lQm klg st}af6 k|bfg u/]sf] gb]lvFbf o;df Ps k|lti7fgdf ;/x >d P]gsf k|fjwfgx¿ nfu" x'G5g\ . o; km};nfaf6 ;/sf/;Fu ;Demf}tf u/L cjlw tf]sL u7g x'g] kl/of]hgf / ;+3;+:yfx¿ pk/ g]kfnsf] >d P]g, @)$* sf Joj:yfx¿ nfu" x'g] jf gx'g] cGof]n klg x6\b}, nfu" x'g] u/L glh/ sfod x'g k'u]sf] 5 . ;jf]R{ r cbfntn] o"PdPg, Ol;df]8 h:tf cGt/f{li6«o u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿nfO{ >d P]g nfu" gx'g] If]qsf] ¿kdf ls6fg ubf{ ltgLx¿nfO{ cgfjZos @)&@ c;f/, jif{–!@÷c°–!, k"0ff{°–!##

;x'lnot / pGd'lQm k|bfg u/]sf] egL cfnf]rgf ePsf]df dWo d:of{ËbL hnljB't kl/of]hgfsf] xsdf /fli6«o >d sfg'g nfu" x'g ;Sg] egL Goflos lgisif{df k'us ] f b]lvG5  . tyflk, pQm kl/of]hgf o"PdPg, Ol;df]8 cflbeGbf km/s p2]Zo / k|sl[ tsf] ePsf] x'bF f cGt/f{li6«o u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿nfO{ >d P]g nfu" gx'g] g} dfGotf xfn;Dd sfod /lxcfPsf] kfOG5 . ^= /f]huf/Lsf] xs / rfn" !# cf}+ of]hgf rfn" !# cf}+ of]hgf -@)&)–&#_ n] of]hgfjlwdf jflif{s cf};t cfly{s j[l4b/ ^ k|ltzt, ;f]dWo] s[lif If]qsf] jflif{s j[l4b/ $=% k|ltzt / u}/s[lif If]qsf] jflif{s j[l4b/ ^=& k|ltzt /xg] k|If]k0f u/]sf] 5 . ;fy}, jflif{s cf};t /f]huf/L j[l4b/ #=@ k|ltzt /xg] cg'dfg ;d]t u/]sf] 5 . of]hgfdf /f]huf/Lsf] ljifonfO{ cGt/;DalGwt ljsf; gLlt cGtu{t >d tyf /f]huf/ zLif{sdf dxŒjsf ;fy ;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5 . /f]huf/Lsf] xssf] ljifodf of]hgfdf /x]sf d'Vo Joj:yfx¿nfO{ lgDgfg';f/ pNNf]v ug{ ;lsG5 M s_ bL3{sfnLg ;f]r :jb]zL tyf ljb]zL >d ahf/df k|lt:kwf{ ug{ ;Sg] bIf ;Lko'Qm / pTkfbgd"ns dfgj ;+;fwg / :j/f]huf/sf cj;/x¿ l;h{gf ug]{ . v_ p2]Zo yy:jb]zdf dof{lbt /f]huf/Lsf cj;/x¿ l;h{gf ub}{ a]/f]huf/L tyf c4{a]/f]huf/L Go"gLs/0f ug]{ . yyj}b]lzs /f]huf/nfO{ ;'/lIft, dof{lbt / Jojl:yt ug]{ . u_ /0fgLlt yylglZrt ;dosf] clgjfo{ /f]huf/L pknAw u/fpg] u/L /fli6«o /f]huf/ gLltsf] th'{df ug]{. yyj}b]lzs /f]huf/LnfO{ ;'/lIft, dof{lbt, e/kbf]{ / k|ltkmno'Qm agfpg] . yy>ldssf] xsclwsf/sf] ;+/If0f tyf nufgLd}qL jftfj/0fsf] l;h{gf u/L ;'dw'/ >d ;DaGw :yfkgf ug]{ . yy;Lk tyf Jofj;flos tflndsf cj;/x¿ j[l4 ub}{ /fli6«o tyf cGt/f{li6«o If]qdf k|lt:kwL{ hgzlQmsf] ljsf; ug]{ . yy;a} lsl;dsf] afn>d pGd"ng ug]{ . yy;fdflhs ;'/Iff sf]ifsf] k|efjsf/L kl/rfng ug]{  . yydlxnf /f]huf/LnfO{ ;'/lIft / Jojl:yt agfpg] . o;}u/L sfo{gLlt cGtu{t lglZrt If]qdf Go"gtd ;do;Ddsf] /f]huf/L ;'lglZrt ug{ /f]huf/L k|Tofe"lt /37

;fj{hlgs Joj:yfkg sfg'g nfu" ul/g], s[lif tyf u}/s[lif If]qsf] nufgLdf /f]huf/d"ns k|ljlwnfO{ k|f]T;fxg ul/g], >d tyf /f]huf/ Joj:yfkg ;"rgf k|0ffnLsf] ljsf; ul/g], ;/sf/, /f]huf/bftf / dhb'/aLrsf] lqkIfLo ;+oGqnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg cfjZos ;+:yfut ;'b[9Ls/0f ul/g] cflb k|aGwx¿ k|:tfljt 5g\ . &= /f]huf/Lsf] xssf] ;Gbe{df r'gf}tL / ;d:ofx¿ hghLljsfdf ;'wf/ / ;DkGg ;dfhsf nflUf Ps dxŒjk"0f{ sf/s eP tfklg g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df /f]huf/Lsf] xs lg/fkb eg] 5}g . o; If]qdf /x]sf cx+ r'gf}tL / ;d:ofx¿nfO{ lgDgfg';f/ lrq0f ug{ ;lsG5 M yylbuf] / e/kbf]{ /f]huf/L l;h{gfsf] nflu 3/]n' / j}b]lzs nufgLsf] pNn]Vo dxŒj x'G5 . t/, g]kfndf nlDaFbf] ;+qmd0fsfn / ljB't ;+s6n]] ubf{ @)^# kl5 klg ck]lIft ¿kdf /fli6«o / cGt/f{li6«o nufgL lelqg ;s]sf] 5}g . xfnsf lbgx¿df l;d]G6 / hnljB't pBf]u tyf k"jf{wf/ lgdf{0fdf eg] s]xL cfzfsf ls/0fx¿ b]lvPsf 5g\ . yysfg'g / Joj:yfdf lu/fj6, rGbf cft+s, cgk]lIft aGb / x8\tfn, clglZrt s/ k|zf;g cflbsf sf/0f /fli6«o k'FhLkltx¿n] klg /f]huf/L k|j4{g x'g] ;]jf / pBf]u If]qdf nufgL ug{ lxlRsrfO/x]sf 5g\ eg] sltkon] nufgL lkmtf{ dfkm{t k'FhL knfog ;d]t ub}{5g\ . o;af6 ;+ul7t /f]huf/L Ifo ePsf] 5 . yycgf}krfl/s / c;+ul7t If]q g]kfndf Ps ljZffn >d ahf/ Pj+ /f]huf/L l;h{gfsf] Ps pNn]Vo uGtJosf] ¿kdf ljsf; eO/x]sf] 5 . t/, >d Pj+ /f]huf/ ;DaGwL s'g} klg sfg'gx¿n] /f]huf/Lsf ;+ul7t / cf}krfl/s If]]qx¿df dfq Wofg s]lGb|t u/]/ cgf}krfl/s If]qnfO{ st}af6 klg ;d]6]sf] b]lvFb}g . o;n] ubf{ cgf}krfl/s / c;+ul7t If]qdf clglZrttf, unt >d cEof; / >d zf]if0f df}nfpFb} uO/x]sf] 5 . yyg]kfnsf] xfnsf]] jflif{s k|ltJolQm cfo &#) cd]l/sL 8n/, jflif{s cfly{s j[l4b/ $=^ k|ltzt / @% k|ltzt JolQmx¿ cem} ul/aLsf] /]vfd'lg /x]sf] ;Gbe{df g]kfndf Ps} k6s ljzfn /f]huf/L ;[hgf ug{ ;Sg] 7"nf kl/of]hgfx¿df nufgL ug]{ lqmofzLn k'FhLsf] cefj /x]sf] 5 . yyg]kfndf kl5Nnf] ;dodf /f]huf/Lsf] Ps cx+ uGtJosf] ¿kdf j}b]lzs /f]huf/ :yflkt x'g k'u]sf] 5 . t/ j}b]lzs /f]huf/ ;w}+el/ lbuf] / cg'dfgof]Uo gx'g], o;n] /lfi6«o k|lti7fdf clej[l4 gug]{, ufpF3/df v]tLof]Uo hUufx¿ afFem} /xg], cgfjZos pkef]Qmfjfbsf] ljsf; ug]{ / /fli6«o kf}/v x/fpFb} uO{ d'n's ljb]zLx¿sf nflu sfdbf/ pTkfbg ug]{ ynf]sf] ¿kdf dfq ;Lldt x'g] / k|To]s @ lbgdf Ps hgf g]kfnL sfdbf/sf] nf; g]kfn 38/

kmls{/x]sf] cj:yf x'Fbf ;dod} j}b]lzs /f]huf/Lsf] rqmnfO{ bf]xf]l/g glbO{ o'jfx¿nfO{ d'n'sleq} s[lif, kz'kfng / ;]jf If]qdf l6sfO/fVg] k|efjsf/L /0fgLlt cem} aGg g;s]sf] l:ylt 5 . yy;/sf/L vr{df cGf'Tkfbs ;fwf/0f vr{sf] cg'kft a9\b} uO/x]sf] 5 eg] 5'6\ofOPsf] ljsf; jf k'FhLut vr{ ;d]t vr{ x'g g;sL /fli6«o 9's'6Ld} lkmtf{ x'g] u/]sf] 5 . o;n] Psflt/ a9\bf] ljsf; cfjZostfx¿ ;Daf]wg ug{ ;lsPsf] 5}g eg] csf]{tkm{ Go"g vr{n] ubf{ /f]huf/Lsf] bfo/f ;d]t ;Lldt x'g k'u]sf] 5 . yyd'n'ssf] ^) jif{sf] ;+j}wflgs Oltxf;df >d Pj+ /f]huf/L ;DaGwL dxŒjk""0f{ xsnfO{ @)^# sf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfgk"j{sf % j6f s'g} klg ;+ljwfgdf :yfg glbOFbf o; ;DaGwL sfg'gL k|Tofe"lt ljBdfg gx'g'sf] ;fy} /fHosf] b[li6sf]0f ;d]t kl/nlIft x'g ;s]sf] lyPg . yy>d P]g, 6]«8 o'lgog P]g / lghfdtL ;]jf P]gn] /f]huf/Lsf ;+ul7t / lgoldt If]qx¿nfO{ dfq ;d]6\g] x'Fbf c;+ul7t / cgf}krfl/s If]qnfO{ ;d]t ;d]6\g] u/L xfn;Dd Ps a]Un} /f]huf/L P]g th'{df ug{ ;lsPsf] 5}g . yyg]kfndf bh{gf}+sf] ;+Vofdf sfo{/t cGt/f{li6«o u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿df vf; u/L g]kfnL sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{ Go"g j]tgdf sfd nufpg] u/]sf], ;]jfsf] ;'/Iff gePsf] / c;n >d cEof; klg gul/g] u'gf;f] ;'lgg] x'Fbf ltgLx¿nfO{ ;d]t /lfi6«o >d sfg'gsf] bfo/fdf ;d]6\g >d P]g, @)$* df ;fdlos ;+zf]wg ug{ ;lsPsf] 5}g . yy:j/f]huf/Lsf] If]q g]kfndf Ps 7"nf] /f]huf/Lk|bfos Pj+ lghL pBdzLntfsf] Ps ;zQm k|:k'm6g /x]sf] ;Gbe{df ;Lk ljsf;, n3'ljQdf ;xh kx'Fr, ;xsf/Lsf] ;d'lrt ljsf; / ;'cEof;dfkm{t o; If]qsf] ;d'Ggog ug'{kg]{df o;nfO{ k"0f{tM lghL O{R5f / kxndf 5f]l8Psf] 5 . o; ;Gbe{df :j/f]huf/ ljsf; sf]ifsf] e"ldsf klg ck|efjsf/L / ljjfbf:kb aGg k'u]sf] 5 . yyg]kfndf ^^ k|ltzt JolQmx¿ s[lif k];fdf lge{/ /x]sf, d'n'ssf] s'n ufx{:Yo pTkfbgsf] #$=& k|ltzt c+z s[lif k}bfj/n] cf]u6\g], s'n g]kfnL lgof{tsf] &% k|ltzt lx:;f s[lifhGo pTkfbgsf] /x]sf] / g]kfnsf] s'n hg;+Vofsf] *# k|ltzt u|fdL0f / !& k|ltzt ;x/L e"efudf a:g] u/]sf] tYosf afah'b s[lif If]qnfO{ lbuf] / :yfoL /f]huf/Lsf] Ps cfsif{s uGtJosf] ¿kdf ¿kfGt/0f ug{ ;lsPsf] 5}g . yycr]n g]kfnsf] lzIff If]qnfO{ lzlIft a]/f]huf/ pTkfbg ug]{ sf/vfgf eGg] ul/G5 . clzlIfteGbf lzlIft a]/f]huf/x¿ ;dfh / /fi6«sf nflu a9L lrGtfsf] ljifo aG5g\ lsgls pgLx¿n] sfdsf] cefjdf @)&@ c;f/, jif{–!@÷c°–!, k"0ff{°–!##

;fj{hlgs Joj:yfkg cfkm\gf] rt'/tf / 1fgsf] b'?kof]u ug]{ ;Defjgf /xG5  . k|fljlws ljifox¿df pRr lzIff lng]x¿df a]/f]huf/L b/ Tolt w]/} gb]lvP tfklg ;fdflhs / u}/k|fljlws ljifox¿df a]/f]huf/Lsf] JoflKt (Prevalence) rsf]{ /x]sf] 5 . o;n] ubf{ l8u|L kf; u/]sf] dflg; klg j}b]lzs /f]huf/Ldf sf]l/of / dn]lzof hfg yfn]sf] e]l6G5 . ;if'Kt a]/f]huf/L, df};dL a]/f]huf/L / cNkj}tlgs /f]huf/Ln] ;d:ofsf] tLj|tfnfO{ emg} a9fO/x]sf 5g\ . g]kfndf afx|} dlxgf /f]huf/L kfpg] JolQmx¿ %$ k|ltzt dfq /x]sf 5g\  . k|To]s jif{ >d ahf/df $ nfv %) xhf/ gofF JolQmx¿ ylkO/xFbf ltgLx¿nfO{ u/]/ vfg] af6f] b]vfpg g;Sbf s'07f, ljb]z knfog / g}/fZotf a9\bf] 5 . *= ;dfwfgsf dfu{x¿ k|To]s ;d:ofn] cfk"mleq ;dfwfgsf] aLh klg af]s]/ cfPh:t} /f]huf/Lsf] xs ;DaGwL ;d:ofx¿nfO{ klg plrt kxn, ljlw lgdf{0f / k|s[ofdfkm{t xn u/L >dsf] b'lgofFnfO{ cem} ;Gt[Kt agfpg ;lsG5 . h:t} M yylbuf] / e/kbf]{ /f]huf/L l;h{gfsf nflu 3/]n' / j}b]lzs nufgLsf] pNn]Vo dxŒj x'g] x'Fbf ;f]nfO{ cfslif{t ug{ oyfzL3| gofF ;+ljwfgsf] lgdf{0f / :yfgLo lgsfosf] lgjf{rg u/fP/ nlDaFbf] ;+qmd0fsfnsf] cGTo ub}{ d'n'snfO{ /fhgLlts l:y/tf / cfly{s, ;fdflhs pGgltsf] lbzfdf n}hfg'kb{5 tfls lghL nufgL / pBdzLntfnfO{ :jfut ub}{ /f]huf/Lsf] k|j4{g ug{ ;lsof];\ . yysfg'g / Joj:yfdf lu/fj6, rGbf cft+s, cgk]lIft aGb / x8\tfn, clglZrt s/ k|zf;g cflbsf sf/0f /fli6«o k'FhLkltx¿n] nufgL lkmtf{ / k'FhL knfog ug{ yfn]sf]n] ;f]nfO{ /f]Sb} /f]huf/ l;h{gf x'g] If]qdf nufgL lj:tf/ ug{sf nflu zflGt, ;'/Iffsf] k|Tofe"lt, /fhgLlts ;xdlt dfkm{t aGb / x8\tfnsf] cGTo, s/ cjsfz, rGbf lgoGq0f, cflb ljlw dfkm{t nufgLstf{x¿sf] u'd]sf] cfTdljZjf; k'g:yf{kgf ug'{kg]{ b]lvG5 . lglZrt ;+VofeGbf a9L :yfoL / df};dL /f]huf/L pknAw u/fpg] k|lti7fgx¿nfO{ a9\bf] ;+Vofsf] cfwf/df k"jf{wf/ lj:tf/, Jofkf/ k|j4{g / s/sf If]qx¿df yk ;x'lnot / k|fyldstf pknAw u/fpg'kb{5 . yycgf}krfl/s / c;+ul7t If]q g]kfndf Ps ljZffn >d ahf/ Pj+ /f]huf/L l;h{gfsf] Ps pNn]Vo uGtJosf] ¿kdf ljsf; eO/x]sf] ;Gbe{df o;nfO{ ;d]t k|efjsf/L 9+un] ;d]6\b} Ps /f]huf/ k|j4{g P]g agfO{ nfu" ub}{, cgf}krfl/s / c;+ul7t If]qdf JofKt clglZrttf, unt >d cEof; / >d zf]if0fdfly nufd s:b} :j:y >d ;DaGwx¿ @)&@ c;f/, jif{–!@÷c°–!, k"0ff{°–!##

ljsf; ub}{ hfg'kg]{ af]w x'G5 . yyj}bl] zs /f]huf/ ;w}e+ l/ lbuf] / cg'dfgof]Uo gx'g,] o;n] /lfi6«o k|lti7fdf clej[l4 gug],{ ufpF3/df v]tLof]Uo hUufx¿ afFem} /xg], cgfjZos pkef]Qmfjfbsf] ljsf; ug]{ / /fli6«o kf}/v x/fpFb} uO{ d'ns ' ljb]zLx¿sf nflu sfdbf/ pTkfbg ug]{ ynf]sf] ¿kdf dfq ;Lldt x'g] x'bF f ;dod} j}bl] zs /f]huf/Lsf] rqmnfO{ bf]xf]l/g glbO{ o'jfx¿nfO{ d'ns ' leq} s[lif, kz'kfng / ;]jf If]qdf l6sfO/fVg] k|efjsf/L /0fgLlt agfO{ nfu" ug'k{ b{5 . ;fy}, Tolta]nf;Dd j}bl] zs /f]huf/Ldf g]kfnL sfdbf/x¿sf] ;f}bfafhL ug{ ;Sg] Ifdtf a9fpg s'g} ;Lkdf tflnd lbP/ dfq ljb]z k7fpg], cfk|jf;L sfdbf/nfO{ Go"g Aofh b/df /sd pknAw u/fpg Pj+ ljk|i] f0fsf] ;b'kof]u ug{ >d a}s + sf] :yfkgf ug],{ cfjZostfdf cfwfl/t j}bl] zs /f]huf/L ;j]I{ f0f ug],{ ladfsf] b/ / bfo/f a9fO{ ;fdflhs ;'/Iffsf] k|j4{g ug'{ jf~5gLo b]lvG5 . yya;]{lg ah]6df 5'6\ofpg] ul/Psf] ljsf; jf k'FhLut vr{ ;d]t vr{ x'g g;sL /fli6«o 9's'6Ld} lkmtf{ x'g] u/]sf] cj:yfnfO{ ;N6\ofpg ;fj{hlgs vl/b P]g, lgoddf ;+zf]wg u/L ;fj{hlgs vl/b÷lgdf{0f k|lqmofnfO{ Jofjxfl/s / b|'tdfuL{ agfpg'kg]{ b]lvG5 . ;fy}, o;sf nflu ;dod} lhNnf tx;Dd lgsf;f k'¥ofpg], k|To]s rf}dfl;sdf lglZrt /sd vr{ u/L lglZrt k|ult xfl;n u/]s} x'g'kg]{ JoJf:yf ug{ ;d]t h?/L b]lvG5 . yyd'n'ssf] ^) jif{sf] ;+j}wflgs Oltxf;df k|yd k6s >d / /f]huf/L ;DaGwL dxŒjk""0f{ xsnfO{ g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg @)^# df ;dfj]z ul/Psf]nfO{ :jfutof]Uo dfGg'kb{5 . tyflk, ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !* df k|To]s gful/snfO{ sfg'gdf Joj:yf eP adf]lhd /f]huf/Lsf] xs x'g]5 egL tf]lsPsf], t/ ;f] xsnfO{ lgodg / cEof; ug{ xfn;Dd s'g} sfg'gsf] lgdf{0f gul/Psf] x'Fbf pQm cu|ufdL ;+j}wflgs k|fjwfg lgik|efjL aGg k'u]sf] 5 . ctM of] cfjZostf k"/f ug{sf nflu klg Ps a[xb\ /f]huf/ k|j4{g P]g th'{df u/L sfof{Gjogdf Nofpg'kg]{ b]lvG5 . yyg]kfndf bh{gf}+sf] ;+Vofdf sfo{/t cGt/f{li6«o u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿df vf; u/L g]kfnL sd{rf/Lx¿;Fu ;DalGwt c;n >d cEof; kfngf gul/g] u/]sf] u'gf;f] ;'lgg] x'Fbf ltgLx¿nfO{ ;d]t /lfi6«o >d sfg'gsf] bfo/fdf ;d]6\g >d P]g, @)$* df ;fdlos ;+zf]wg ug'{kg]{ b]lvG5 . yy:j/f]huf/Lsf] If]q g]kfndf Ps 7"nf] /f]huf/Lk|bfos Pj+ lghL pBdzLntfsf] Ps ;zQm kl/rfos /39

;fj{hlgs Joj:yfkg /x]sf] ;Gbe{df ;Lk ljsf;, n3'ljQdf ;xh kx'Fr, ;xsf/Lsf] ;d'lrt ljsf; / ;'cEof; dfkm{t o; If]qsf] ;d'Ggog ub}{ ;Defljt pBdLx¿nfO{ sfd ;'? gub}{ rsf]{ Aofh / dxFuf] lwtf] /fVg'kg]{ afWotfaf6 d'Qm ug'{kb{5 . ;fy}, vf;u/L o'jfzlQmnfO{ pBd lzIff, ahf/sf] ;xh kx'Fr, ;8s / ljB't ;]jfsf] lj:tf/, Joj;fos} lwtf]df ;/n / ;xh shf{ pknAw u/fO{ 3/ 3/df /f]huf/LnfO{ ;+:yfut ug'{kb{5 . /f]huf/ k|j4{g P]gdf :j/f]huf/sf] ljifonfO{ ;d]t ;x'lnot ;lxt dxŒjk"0f{ ¿kdf ;d]6\g'kb{5 . yyg]kfnsf] cy{tGq, /f]huf/L, j}b]lzs Jofkf/ / hghLljsfsf] Ps dxŒjk"0f{ Pj+ k|frLg of]ubfgbfoL ;|f]tsf] ¿kdf s[lif If]q /x] tfklg ahf/sf] cefj, l;FrfO ;'ljwfsf] sdL, s[lifdf Joj;foLs/0fsf] cNktf, s[lifhGo pBf]usf] Go"g lj:tf/ / lgjf{xd'vL s[lif k|0ffnLsf sf/0f o;n] Psflt/ df};dL /f]huf/L dfq l;h{gf ug{ ;s]sf] 5 eg] csf]{lt/ j}b]lzs /f]huf/Lsf] af9Ln] s[lif If]qsf aFr]v'r]sf ;Defjgfx¿nfO{ ;d]t aufpg yfn]sf] 5 . o; kl/j]zdf gofF ahf/ / pTkfbgsf] vf]hL, l;FrfO / ljB'tsf] ;xh pknAwtf, ;8s /]vfsf] lj:tf/, Jofj;flos s[lifsf] cEof;, s[liflge{/ pBf]ux¿nfO{ k|f]T;fxg, ;'ne s[lif shf{, s[lif ladf / s[lifnfO{ k|ltli7t Pj+ cTofjZos k];fsf] ¿kdf k|:t'lt cflb pkfo dfkm{t s[lif If]qdf o'jf ju{sf] g]t[Tjdf /f]huf/Lsf gofF åf/x¿ vf]Ng l9nf] eO;s]sf] l:ylt 5 . yyg]kfnsf ljBfno / ljZjljBfnox¿ lzlIft a]/f]huf/ pTkbfg ug]{ s]Gb|sf] ¿kdf lrlgg yfn]sf] ;Gbe{df ljBfno txaf6} k|fljlws / Jofj;flos lzIff, hLjgd"No l;sfpg] Pj+ cfod"ns ;Lkx¿df hf]8 lbg'kb{5 . sfuhL pRr lzIffeGbf klg jf:tljs hLjgdf sfd nfUg] / ahf/df dfu ePsf] lzIffnfO{ lj:tf/ ug'{sf] ljsNk 5}g . xfn ;Lkd"ns, Jofjxfl/s lzIffdf dfWolds txb]lv g} km/s wf/ dfkm{t lzIff lbg yflnP klg of] ;x/s]lGb|t dfq /x]sf] x'Fbf ;a} uf=lj=;=;Dd o;sf] kx'Fr a9fpg'kb{5 . (= lgisif{ cGtdf, /f]huf/Lsf] xs eg]sf] s'g} klg d'n'ssf gful/sx¿nfO{ k|fKt x'g] Ps lg0ff{os Pj+ ;Ifdsf/L clwsf/ xf]  . of] cfkm}+df Ps cx+ xs x'g'sf] cltl/Qm cGo xsx¿sf] k|of]u / k|rng u/fpg ;Sg] k'FhL klg xf] . /f]huf/Ls} xs ePg eg] cGo clwsf/ / ;'ljwfx¿ pkef]u 40/

ug{ rflxg] ;+;fwg s;/L h'6fpg] < km]l/, /f]huf/Lsf] xsn] cfo:t/df j[l4, qmozlQmdf a9f]Q/L, pGgt Pj+ ;'vL hLjg:t/sf] k|flKt, ul/aL lgjf/0f, k|ltJolQm cfo / s'n ufx{:y pTkfbgdf of]ubfg, pRr cfly{s–;fdflhs ;"rsfÍx¿, /f]huf/Lsf gofF cj;/x¿sf] k|flKt, lzIff / :jf:Yodf ;xh kx'Fr, dgf]/~hg / afn:ofxf/df ;'udtf Nofpgdf ;d]t pNn]Vo e"ldsf lgjf{x ub{5 . o;af6 s'g} ;dfhsf] ;du| v';Ls} ;"rsfÍ (Happyness Index) d} ;sf/fTds k|efj kfb{5 . ;fy}, /f]huf/Lsf] xssf] ;Dos k|of]uaf6 c;n >d ;DaGwsf] ljsf;, :j:y >d cEof;x¿sf] hu]gf{, /f]huf/bftf / /f]huf/k|fks b'j}sf] lxt/Iff Pj+ ;xsfo{ dfkm{t Ps Gofok"0f{ ;fdflhs ;+/rgf / ;+kGg cy{tGq ;'lglZrt ug{ ;lsG5 . /fli6«o / cGt/f{li6«o sfg'gx¿df /f]huf/Lsf] xs ;DaGwdf k|ToIf jf k/f]If ¿kdf ljleGg Joj:yf ul/Psf] eP tfklg sfof{Gjogsf] tl:a/ pHofnf] 5}g . ePsf k|fjwfgx¿sf] klg nfu" ug]{, cg'udg / kl/dfh{g ub}{ n}hfg] kl/kf6L sd 5 . ctM o; kl/j]zdf s;/L /f]huf/Lsf] xsnfO{ Ps hLljt ;To agfpg] eGg] s'/f g} d"n r'gf}tL xf] . dfgj ;+;fwgsf] u'0f;'wf/ / Ps :j:y sfo{ jftfj/0fsf] l;h{gf dfkm{t cfTdlge{/ cy{tGqsf] ljsf;sf nflu /f]huf/Lsf] xs;Fu} cfly{s / ;fdflhs ;'/Iffsf k|efjsf/L pkfox¿nfO{ k|fyldstf lbg'sf] ljsNk 5}g . ;Gbe{ ;fdu|L yyg]kfn ;/sf/sf] j}wflgs sfg'g, @))$ yyg]kfnsf] cGtl/d zf;g ljwfg, @))& yyg]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)!% yyg]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg, @)!( yyg]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)$& yyg]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# yy>d P]g, @)$* yy6«]8 o'lgog P]g, @)$( yylghfdtL ;]jf P]g, @)$( yydfgj clwsf/sf] ljZjJofkL 3f]if0ffkq, !($* yycfly{s, ;fdflhs Pj+ ;f+:s[lts clwsf/ ;DaGwL cGt/f{li6«o cg'aGw, !(^^ yy;+ul7t x'g] / ;fd"lxs ;f}bfafhL ug{ kfpg] clwsf/ ;DaGwL cle;lGw, !($* -l; (*_ yylje]b -/f]huf/L / Joj;fo_ cle;lGw, !(%* -l; !!!_ yycGt/f{li6«o >d dfkb08 cle;lGw, !(&^ -l; !$$_ yy!# cf}+ of]hgf -@)&)–&#_, /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u yys]Gb|Lo tYof+s ljefusf ljleGg k|sfzgx¿ yyg]kfn /fi6« a}+ssf ljleGg k|sfzgx¿ yy;jf]{Rr cbfntsf ;Da4 lgl0f{t cfb]z Pj+ km};nfx¿ yyljleGGf j]a;fO6x¿ @)&@ c;f/, jif{–!@÷c°–!, k"0ff{°–!##

/fli6«o ultljlw

;+lIfKt /fli6«o 36gfqmd -@)&! j}zfv @^ – @)&@ h]7 @% ;Dd_ j}zfv @^M Joj:yflksf ;+;b\sf] j}7sdf j}zfv !@ ut] uPsf] zlQmzfnL e"sDkaf6 kLl8tx¿sf] /fxt– k'g:yf{kgf tyf eTs]sf ;Dkbfx¿sf] k'gM lgdf{0fsf nflu bnsf g]tfx¿n] ;femf ;+sNk k|:tfj k|:t't u/]sf . – j}zfv !@ ut] ePsf] …uf]/vf e"sDkÚaf6 xfn;Dd ;ft xhf/ (!# hgfsf] d[To' ePsf] . – dxfe"sDkn] /fhwfgL nufot d'n'ssf ljleGg If]qdf agfPsf] ljgfz / Ifltsf] b'O{ ;ftfdf Ifltaf6 k|fKt x'g] ladf bfaL ug]{x¿ ;ft xhf/sf] xf/fxf/Ldf k'u]sf . j}zfv @&M g]kfn 6]lnsdn] e"sDk k|efljt hgtfsf] /fxt / ;xof]usf] nflu k|wfgdGqL b}jLk|sf]k p4f/ sf]ifdf @& s/f]8 ?lkofF pknAw u/fPsf] . – ljgfzsf/L e"sDkaf6 $$ lhNnfsf kfFr xhf/eGbf a9L ;fj{hlgs ljBfnodf k"0f{ ¿kdf Iflt k'u]sf] . – Pgcf/Pgsf k"j{cWoIf tyf Unf]an Soflk6n OGe]:6d]G6 sDkgLsf cWoIf b]jdfg lx/frgn] ef}lts ;+/rgfx¿sf] k'gM lgdf{0fsf nflu gf} s/f]8 ?lkofF ;xof]u ug]{ 3f]if0ff u/]sf . j}zfv @*M ut j}zfv !@ ut] uPsf] ljgfzsf/L e"sDkdf k/L xfn;Dd d[To' x'g]sf] ;+Vof * xhf/ $^ k'u]sf] . – k|wfgdGqL b}jL k|sf]k p4f/ sf]ifdf Pl;ofnL ljsf; a}+saf6 #) s/f]8, ;"o{ g]kfnaf6 !) s/f]8 / Pe/]:6 a}+saf6 $) nfv k|bfg u/]sf . – dxfk|nosf/L e"sDkaf6 Wj:t ePsf b'O{ nfveGbf a9L ef}lts ;+/rgfsf] k'glg{df{0fsf nflu rf/ ca{ ?lkofF a/fa/sf] sf7 cfjZos kg]{ cg'dfg ul/Psf]  . j}zfv @(M bf]nvf / l;Gw'kfNrf]ssf] l;dfgfdf kg]{ Eofs';'nL / lrn+vfsf] aLrdf s]Gb|laGb' agfP/ dWofGxdf k'gM ^=* /]S6/ :s]nsf] zlQmzfnL e"sDk uPsf] . – dxfe"sDk uPsf] !* cf}+ lbgdf k'gM ^=* /]S6/ :s]nsf] e"sDk hfFbf %) hgfsf] d[To' ePsf] . – 7"nf] k/sDkgsf] sf/0f hgfpFb} e"sDk k|efljt If]qsf lzIf0f ;+:yfx¿ yk !% lbg -h]7 !%_ ;Dd aGb ug]{ lg0f{o lzIff dGqfnon] u/]sf] . j}zfv #)M dxfe"sDksf sf/0f k|wfgdGqL sfof{no Ifltu|:t ePkl5 blIf0fkl§sf] au}+rfdf nufOPsf @)&@ c;f/, jif{–!@÷c°–!, k"0ff{°–!##

b'O{j6f kfndf k|wfgdGqL sfof{no ;~rfngdf cfPsf] . – dxfe"sDksf] !*cf}+ lbg ;b/d'sfd r/Lsf]6af6 pQ/ tfdfsf];L lsgf/fsf ;a} a:tL / ahf/df klx/f] v;]kl5 :yfgLo larNnL ePsf . – la|l6; cleg]qL hf]cfgf n'Dn]sf] l8O{;L g]kfn cy{Sj]s clk|ndf %) ldlnog kfpG8 ;+sng ePsf] . j}zfv #!M e"sDkn] kf/]sf] k|efjnfO{ b[li6ut ub}{ /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]un] ;/sf/L sfof{nosf vr{df s6f}tL ug{ lgb]{zg lbPsf] . – g]kfn ;/sf/n] uDeL/ k|s[ltsf åGåsfnLg kmf}hbf/L ck/fwsf kL8snfO{ Ifdfbfg glbg ;jf]{Rr cbfntn] lbPsf] k/dfb]z k'g/fjnf]sgsf] dfu u/]sf] . – dxfljgfzsf/L e"sDkkl5 sf7df8f}+ pkTosfsf @) k|ltzt 3/ a:g cof]Uo ePsf] OlGhlgo/x¿n] atfPsf . h]7 !M k|wfgdGqL b}jL k|sf]k p4f/ sf]ifdf !^ j6f ldq /fi6«x¿n] @ ca{ %^ s/f]8 /sd hDdf ePsf] . – e"sDkkLl8tx¿sf] p4f/df ePsf] cd]l/sL ;]gfsf] o'Pr jfg jfO{ x]lnsK6/ rf/ lbgkl5 l;Gw'kfNrf]s lhNnfsf] 3f]y{nL If]qdf b'3{6gfu|:t cj:yfdf km]nf k/]sf] . – g]kfn ;/sf/n] dxfe"sDkaf6 ePsf] ljgfzkl5sf] k'gMlgdf{0fdf ;xof]u ug{ cGt/f{li6«o ;d'bfonfO{ cfu|x u/]sf] . h]7 @M ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3sf dxf;lrj jfg ls d'gn] /fi6«;+3Lo ljz]if dxf;efnfO{ ;Daf]wg ub}{ e"sDk k|efljt b]z g]kfnnfO{ ;3fpg cGt/f{li6«o ;d'bfonfO{ cfu|x u/]sf . – ;/sf/n] e"sDkaf6 dfgjLo / ef}lts Iflt ePsf ;a} lhNnfdf vf]h, p4f/, /fxt tyf k'gjf{;nfO{ ;dfg ¿kn] cl3 a9fpg] ePsf] . – ljgfzsf/L e"sDkn] u/]sf] Iflt, p4f/, /fxt, k'g:yfkgf, k'gMlgdf{0f, dfgjLo ;xof]udf cGt/f{li6«o /]8qm; dxf;+3n] ;xof]u t]Aa/ kfg]{ 3f]if0ff u/]sf . h]7 #M k|wfgdGqL lgjf; afn'jf6f/ lgjf;df cfof]lht kqsf/ ;Dd]ngdf k|wfgdGqL ;'zLn sf]O/fnfn] e"sDkaf6 kLl8t kl/jf/sf] k'gM:yfkgf / k'gMlgdf{0fdf g]kfnnfO{ ;xof]usf] cfjZostf /x]sf] /41

/fli6«o ultljlw atfPsf . – kfFr dfcf]jfbL kf6L{x¿n] e"sDkaf6 k|efljtx¿sf] ;xof]ufy{ >d lzlj/ rnfpg] ePsf . – ;z:q k|x/L ann] e"sDkkLl8t k|x/L sd{rf/Lsf] k'gjf{;sf nflu $) s/f]8 ?lkofFsf] sNof0fsf/L Kofs]h 3f]if0ff u/]sf] . h]7 $M dsjfgk'/sf] dgx/L uflj;l:yt /dg6f/df ePsf] ;jf/L b'3{6gfdf gf} hgf ofq'sf] d[To' ePsf] . – e"sDksf sf/0f k|wfgdGqL sfof{no ;lxt tLg j6f dGqfnosf] sfof{no csf]{ 7fpFdf ;fl/Psf] . – e"sDkaf6 hf]lvdk"0f{ cj:yfdf k'u]sf sf7df8f}+ pkTosfsf ejgx¿ eTsfpg ljb]zaf6 cTofw'lgs d]l;g NofOg] ePsf] . h]7 %M uf]/vfkq b}lgssf] lgldQ k|wfg;Dkfbsdf sdnk|;fb l/hfn lgo'Qm ePsf . – ljgfzsf/L e"sDk;Fu} cj?4 ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf] Gofo ;Dkfbg sfo{ ;'rf? ePsf] . – uf]/vfkq b}lgssf sfodd'sfod k|wfg;Dkfbs ;Ltf/fd cu|xl/ ;]jflgj[Q ePsf . – kt~hnL of]ukL7 g]kfnn] dxfe"sDkaf6 cfdfa'af u'dfPsf sDtLdf kfFr ;o hgf afnaflnsfnfO{ ufF;, af;, skf; / lzIff lgMz'Ns lbg] ePsf] . h]7 ^M ;+o'Qm clw/fHo a]nfotn] g]kfnsf e"sDk kLl8tsf nflu emG8} Ps ca{ %* s/f]8 ?lkofF ;xof]u ug]{ ePsf] . – ;/sf/n] e"sDk k|efljt If]qsf hgtfnfO{ tTsfn /fxt, k'gjf{; tyf k'g:yf{kgfsf nflu PsLs[t sfo{of]hgf Nofpg] ePsf] . – e"sDk Ifltsf] Joj:yfkg tyf k'gMlgdf{0fsf nflu u0ftGq sf]l/ofn] Ps ca{ ?lkofF cg'bfg k|bfg ug]{ ePsf] . h]7 &M k|wfgdGqL b}jL k|sf]k p4f/ sf]ifdf ;+ljwfg;ef sIf kbflwsf/L / ;ef;bx¿n] b'O{ s/f]8 %& nfv *! xhf/ %() ?lkofF ;xof]u k|bfg u/]sf . – g]skf Pdfn]n] Ps dlxgf ljgfzsf/L dxfe"sDkaf6 eTs]sf 3/ / ljBfno ejg lgdf{0fsf sfddf s]lGb|t ug{ b; xhf/ :jo+;]js v6fpg] ePsf . – ;/sf/n] k|fs[lts ljkb\sf] cj:yfdf ;DalGwt dGqfno;Fu sfo{ljlwsf cfwf/df ;Demf}tf u/]/ dfq} ljleGg ef}lts ;+/rgf ljz]if lgdf{0f ug{ kfpg] Joj:yf u/]sf] . h]7 *M k|wfgdGqL ;'zLn sf]O/fnfn] ;+:s[lt ko{6g tyf gful/s p8\8ogdGqL bLksrGb| cdfTon] cfkm\gf] kbaf6 lbPsf] /fhLgfdf :jLs[t u/]sf . 42/

– k|wfgdGqL ;'zLn sf]O/fnfn] ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f *-%_ adf]lhd Joj:yflksf ;+;b\sf ;ef;b s[kf;'/ z]kf{nfO{ ;+:s[lt ko{6g tyf gful/s p8\8ogdGqLsf] lhDd]jf/L k|bfg u/]sf . – PsLs[t g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_ sf] >d cleofg l;Gw'kfNrf]saf6 ;'? ePsf] . – ljgfzsf/L e"sDkaf6 Ifltu|:t lhNnfsf] /fxt / k'g:yf{kgf sfo{sf] cg'udg If]qdf cg'udg ug{ dGqLx¿ vl6Psf . – j}zfv !@ kl5 l;Gw'kfNrf]ssf ;a}eGbf a9L &( / bf]nvfdf && k6s k/sDkg uPsf] . h]7 (M k|wfgdGqL ;'zLn sf]O/fnf;Fu lad:6]ssf dxf;lrj ;'ldy gsGbnfn] k|wfgdGqL lgjf; afn'jf6f/df e]6jftf{ u/]sf . – j}zfv !@ sf] ljgfzsf/L e"sDk uPsf] sl/a Ps dlxgfkl5 x'Dnf s]Gb|laGb' eP/ %=* /]S6/ :s]nsf] e"sDk uPsf] . – e"sDk kLl8tx¿nfO{ ;xof]u k|bfg ug{ k|wfgdGqL b}jL k|sf]k tyf p4f/ /fxt sf]ifdf ;lxb u+ufnfn /fli6«o x[bo s]Gb|, kfk8 / l;ljs c:ktfnn] /sd k|bfg u/]sf . h]7 !)M DofUbLsf] eujtL / /fDr] uflj;sf] l;dfgfdf kg]{ a};/Ldf klx/f]n] y'lgPsf] sfnLu08sL gbLaf6 !* 3G6fkl5 kfgLsf] axfj ;'rf? ePsf] . – k|wfgdGqL b}jLk|sf]k p4f/ sf]ifdf g]kfnL ;]gfn] ;jf @$ s/f]8 ?lkofF ;xof]u k|bfg u/]sf] . – sfnLu08sL gbL y'lgPkl5 pQm kfgLsf] axfjaf6 !* 3/ k'l/Psf . h]7 !!M klx/f]n] sfnLu08sLsf] axfj, /f]lsPkl5 aGb sfnLu08sL P hnljB't\ kl/of]hgfn] k'gM ljB't pTkfbg ;'? u/]sf] . – ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf k"j{GofofwLz e/t/fh pk|]tLn] cfTdxTof u/]sf . – k|wfgdGqL ;'zLn sf]O/fnfn] e"sDk kLl8tsf nflu cfPsf] /fxt /sd / ;fdu|L b'?kof]u ug]{nfO{ s8f sf/afxL ul/g] atfPsf . h]7 !@M k|wfgdGqL b}jL k|sf]k p4f/ sf]ifdf g]kfn ljB't k|flws/0fn] b'O{ s/f]8 %) nfv ?lkofF ;xof]u u/]sf]  . – Joj:yflksf–;+;b\sf] /fli6«o ljkb\ Joj:yfkg cg'udg tyf lgb]{zg ljz]if ;ldltsf] a}7sdf ;f+;bx¿n] e"sDkaf6 3/ k"0f{ ¿kdf Iflt ePsf kl/jf/nfO{ ;'/lIft c:yfoL a;f]af; lgdf{0fsf nflu %) xhf/ ?lkofF k|bfg ug]{kg]{ ;'emfj lbPsf . – /fli6«o dfgj clwsf/ cfof]un] sfe|]knf~rf]s lhNnfdf ljZj vfB sfo{qmdn] e"sDk kLl8t kl/jf/nfO{ @)&@ c;f/, jif{–!@÷c°–!, k"0ff{°–!##

/fli6«o ultljlw h]7

–

– h]7 – –

h]7 –

– h]7 – – h]7 – –

ljt/0f u/]sf] rfdn u'0f:t/xLg /x]sf] 7x/ u/]sf] . !#M /fi6«klt 8f= /fdj/0f ofbjn] ljgfzsf/L e"sDkaf6 Ifltu|:t lqe'jg ljZjljBfnosf ejgx¿sf] lg/LIf0f e|d0f u/]sf . e"sDk kLl8tsf] nflu /fxt ljt/0f ug{ ;dfh sNof0f kl/ifb\n] vl/b u/]sf] rfdn / lqkfn u'0f:t/xLg kfOPsf] . g]kfnL sf+u|];n] e"sDk k|efljt lhNnfdf >dbfg ug{ vl6Psf x/]s 6f]nLn] Ps ;ftfdf sDtLdf Ps ;o 6x/f agfpg'kg]{ ePsf] . !$M g]kfn ;/sf/n] e"sDkkl5sf] k'gM lgdf{0fsf nflu bft[ ;d"xsf] ;Dd]ng c;f/ !) ut] sf7df8f}+df cfof]hgf ug]{ ePsf] . /fli6«o kqsfl/tf k'/:sf/ @)&! kqsf/ wd]{Gb| emfnfO{ k|bfg ul/g] ePsf] . g]kfn ;/sf/n] xf:o snfsf/ dbgs[i0f >]i7, xl/j+z cfrfo{ / cleg]qL dgLiff sf]O/fnfnfO{ k|wfgdGqL b}jL k|sf]k /fxt sf]ifsf] ;b\efjgf b"t agfpg] lg0f{o u/]sf] . !%M dw];L df]rf{ / k|d'v tLg bnsf aLr /fli6«o ;xdltsf] ;/sf/ u7gaf/] cf}krfl/s 5nkmn k|f/De ePsf] . Pdfcf]jfbL cWoIf k'iksdn bfxfn k|r08n] vf]6fª / ef]hk'/sf] l;dfgfdf /x]sf] 6\ofDs] 8fF8fdf agfpg nfluPsf] ls/fFt u0ftGq 6fj/sf] ah]6 cleofg k|ltlglw 3f]if0ff u/]sf . e"sDksf sf/0f ;ftf}+ u0ftGq lbj; cf}krfl/s ¿kdf gdgfOPsf] . !^M pkTosfleqsf 3/sf] 5tdf lgdf{0f ul/Psf hf]lvdk"0f{ 6]lnsd 6fj/ x6fOg] ePsf] . g]skf -Pdfn]_ sf cWoIf s]kL zdf{ cf]nLn] nf]stflGqs ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f / e"sDksf] k'gMlgdf{0fsf nflu /fli6«o ;/sf/ cfjZos ePsf] atfPsf . sf+u|]; kbflwsf/L a}7sn] ;+ljwfgkl5 dfq} gofF g]t[Tjdf /fli6«o ;/sf/ cfjZos /x]sf] atfPsf . !&M e"sDk k|efljt If]qsf ljBfyL{ #&cf}+ lbgdf ljBfno k|j]z u/L dgf]k/fdz{ / gfrufgdf Jo:t ePsf . k|wfgdGqL b}jLk|sf]k p4f/ sf]ifdf k|mfG;, Sofgf8f– hd{g, ax/fOg / Dofgdf/df /x]sf lgof]ux¿n] sl/a Ps s/f]8 ?lkofF ;xof]u hDdf u/]sf . ;+ljwfg;efsf d'Vo tLg bn tyf dw];L df]rf{sf zLif{

@)&@ c;f/, jif{–!@÷c°–!, k"0ff{°–!##

g]tfx¿aLr /fli6«o ;/sf/ u7g ug]{ ljifodf 5nkmn ePsf] . h]7 !*M ;+ljwfg;efsf k|d'v tLg bn / dw];L df]rf{sf zLif{ g]tfx¿sf] a}7sn] Ps dlxgfleq ;+ljwfg hf/L ug]{ / To;kl5 /fli6«o ;/sf/ u7g ug]{ lgisif{ lgsfn]sf . – sf7df8f}+df dfq} of] jif{s} a9L tfkqmd ##=% l8u|L ;]lN;o; dfkg ul/Psf] . – e"sDk kLl8tsf] /fxt / k'gM:yfkgf sfo{df ;xof]u ug{ e/tk'/l:yt aLkL SofG;/ c:ktfnn] !) nfv ?lkofF k|bfg u/]sf] . h]7 !(M dfpG6]g x]lnsK6/ k|flnsf] x]lnsK6/ l;Gw'kfNrf]ssf] od'gf8fF8fdf b'3{6gfu|:t x'Fbf Ps ljb]zL ;lxt rf/ hgfsf] d[To' ePsf] . – ;+ljwfg;efsf k|d'v tLg bn / dw];L df]rf{sf zLif{ g]tfx¿ ;+ljwfgsf ljjflbt ljifodf ;xdlt glhs k'u]sf . – ;/sf/n] ljgfzsf/L e"sDkdf k/L 3fOt] JolQmx¿sf nflu 5'§} k'g:yf{kgf s]Gb| ;~rfng ug]{ tof/L u/]sf]  . h]7 @) – k|d'v /fhgLlts bnx¿ ;+3Lo k|b]z ;+Vofdf glhs k'u]sf] hgfPsf . – e"sDksf sf/0f Ifltu|:t u|fdL0f ;8ssf] k'glg{df{0fsf sl/a @) ca{ ?lkofF nfUg] ePsf] . – ;/sf/n] tf]s]sf] dfkb08 cg';f/ 3/ agfpg] e"sDkkLl8tnfO{ ;/sf/n] @ nfv ?lkofF;Dd ls:tfaGbLdf cg'bfg pknAw u/fpg] ePsf] . h]7 @!M g]kfn ljB't k|flws/0fsf] /Tgkfs{l:yt d'Vo sfof{nodf /x]sf] uf]bfddf cfunfuL ePsf] . – ljjflbt ljifodf ;xdlt h'6fpg a;]sf] ;+ljwfg;efsf d'Vo tLg bn / ;+o'Qm dw];L df]rf{sf] a}7s ^ k|b]zsf] ;xdlt glhs k'u]sf] . – ljgfzsf/L e"sDkkl5 ljBfnodf k7gkf7g gePsf] cjlwsf] z'Ns ldgfxfsf nflu lzIff dGqfnon] kxn ug]{ ePsf] . h]7 @@M ;/sf/n] jl/i7 kqsf/ k|tLs k|wfgnfO{ k|wfgdGqL ;'zLn sf]O/fnfsf] k|]; ;Nnfxsf/df lgo'Qm u/]sf . – P;cf]P; afnu|fd cGt/ f{li6«on] g]kfndf e"sDk kLl8t afnaflnsf / kl/jf/sf] k'gM:yfkgfsf nflu sl/a Ps ca{ @% s/f]8 ?lkofF ;xof]u ug]{ ePsf] . – g]skf Pdfn] jl/i7 g]tf dfwjs'df/ g]kfnn] /43

/fli6«o ultljlw

h]7

– – h]7 – –

e"sDkkl5sf] dxfljklQ ;fdgf ug{ /fli6«o ;/sf/ cfjZos ePsf] atfPsf . @#M e"sDkkLl8tsf] ;xof]ufy{ gofF klqsf b}lgsn] cfof]hgf u/]sf] /fhgLlts bnsf g]tf / snfsf/aLrsf] d}qLk"0f{ v]ndf snfsf/n] #–) n] lht]sf . cfufdL ebf} dlxgfdf ;DkGg x'g] g]kfnL sf+u|];sf] !#cf}+ dxflwj]zgnfO{ eJo ¿kn] ;kmn agfpg kf6L{ h'6]sf] . e"sDk k|efljt lhNnfdf 3/ 6x/f agfpg Pdfn]sf sfo{stf{ ljleGg lhNnfdf ;xefuL ePsf . @$M k|wfgdGqL ;'zLn sf]O/fnfn] Gofokl/ifb\sf] ;b:o jl/i7 clwjQmf /fdk|;fb l;6f}nfnfO{ l;kmfl/; u/]sf . ljgfzsf/L e"sDk cfPsf] emG8} 8]9 dlxgfkl5 kLl8t JolQmn] kl/ro / To;s} cfwf/df /fxt kfpg yfn]sf . /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]usf ;b:o 8f= rGb|dl0f clwsf/Ln]

cfpFbf] cfly{s jif{sf] ah]6 cfsf/ …l;lnª cf7 va{ @% ca{ b]lv ( va{ ?lkofF;Ddsf] x'g] atfPsf . – ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/dGqL 8f= dLg]Gb| l/hfnn] kqsf/ wd]{Gb| emfnfO{ /fli6«o kqsfl/tf k'/:sf/ @)&! k|bfg u/]sf . h]7 @%M ;+ljwfg lgdf{0fsf ljjflbt ljifodf k|d'v /fhgLlts bnx¿aLr !^ a'Fb] ;xdlt ePsf] . – /fi6«klt 8f= /fdj/0f ofbjn] Gofokl/ifb\sf] ;b:odf jl/i7 clwjQmf /fdk|;fb l;6f}nfnfO{ dgf]gLt u/]sf . – k|d'v bnx¿aLr cf7 k|b]zdf ;xdlt ePkl5 PsLs[t g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_ sf] g]t[Tjdf /x]sf] #) bnLo u7aGwgsf ;fgf bnn] c;xdlt hgfPsf . – j}zfv !@ sf] e"sDk / To;kl5sf 7"nf ;fgf k/sDkgdf k/L xfn;Dd cf7 xhf/ &&$ hgfsf] d[To' x'g'sf ;fy} afO{; xhf/ kfFr ;o 3fOt] ePsf .

/fli6«o ;dfrf/ ljz]if -@)&@ j}zfv–h]7_ Joj:yflksf ;+;b\df ;femf ;+sNk k|:tfj k|:t't j}zfv !@ ut] uPsf] zlQmzfnL e"sDkaf6 kLl8tx¿sf] /fxt k'g:yf{kgf tyf eTs]sf ;Dkbfx¿sf] k'gM lgdf{0fsf nflu bnsf g]tfx¿n] ;femf ;+sNk k|:tfj ;+;b\;dIf k|:t't u/]sf 5g\ . j}zfv @^ ut] Joj:yflksf ;+;b\df k|ltlglwTj ug]{ @& bnsf] tkm{af6 ;femf k|:tfj k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 . g]kfnL sf+u|];sf k|d'v ;r]ts rLgsfhL >]i7n] k]; u/]sf] k|:tfjdf e"sDk kLl8tx¿nfO{ c:yfoL a;f]af;, vfBfGg, cf}iflw / ;'/Iffsf] plrt Joj:yf ul/g], kLl8tsf] juL{s/0f u/L kl/rokqsf cfwf/df /fxt ;fdu|Lsf] Joj:yf x'g], cleefjsljxLg afnaflnsf, Psn dlxnf, Ho]i7 gful/s, ckf+u, ;'Ts]/L / /f]uLnfO{ ;+qmd0fsfnLg k'gM:yfkgf s]Gb|df /flvg], a}+s C0fdf ;fFjf / Aofhdf cfjZostf cg';f/ /fxt lbg], s[ifsnfO{ aLp lahg lgMz'Ns pknAw u/fpg'sf ;fy} dnvfb / s[lif cf}hf/df ;x'lnot, ;fj{hlgs dxŒjsf ejg gag];Dd c:yfoL Joj:yf u/L sfd ;'rf? ul/g] pNn]v 5 . pQm k|:tfj k]; ub}{ g]kfnL sf+u|];sf k|d'v ;r]ts >]i7n] e"sDkkl5 k|efljt / /fxtsf nflu ePsf k|of; / To; If]qsf] oyfy{ l:ylt k|:t't u/]sf lyP . 44/

;+ljwfg lgdf{0fdf !^ a'Fb] ;xdlt ;+ljwfg lgdf{0fsf ljjflbt ljifodf k|d'v /fhgLlts bnx¿aLr ;xdlt ePsf] 5 . ;xdlt;Fu} g]kfnL hgtfsf] Jou| k|tLIffdf /x]sf] ;+ljwfg hf/L x'g] cfwf/ to ePsf] 5 . lgs} nfdf] 5nkmn, /:;fs:;L / jftf{kl5 k|d'v rf/ /fhgLlts bnx¿aLr h]7 @% ut] /flt ;xdlt h'6]sf] xf] . ;+ljwfgsf cGo ljifodf s'/f ldn] klg ;+3Lo k|b]z, lgjf{rg k|0ffnL, zf;sLo :j¿k h:tf ljifodf bnaLr s'/f gldNbf nfdf] ;dob]lv ;+ljwfg lgdf{0fdf ult/f]w pTkGg ePsf] lyof] . !^ a'Fb] ;xdlt kqdf dw];L df]rf{ ;lxt rf/ bnsf zLif{ g]tfsf] x:tfIf/ u/]kl5 nfdf] ;dob]lvsf] ult/f]w cGTo ePsf] xf] . ;f] ;xdltkqdf g]kfnL sf+u|];sf ;efklt tyf k|wfgdGqL ;'zLn sf]O/fnf, g]kfn sDo'lg:6 kf6L{ -Pdfn]_ sf cWoIf s]kL zdf{ cf]nL, Pdfcf]jfbLsf cWoIf k'iksdn bfxfn / dw];L hgclwsf/ kmf]/d -nf]stflGqs_ sf cWoIf ljhos'df/ uR5bf/n] x:tfIf/ u/]sf lyP . ;+ljwfg lgdf{0fsf ;DaGwdf ;+ljwfg;efsf rf/ k|d'v bnaLr ePsf] ;xdlt b]xfo adf]lhd /x]sf] 5 M ;+ljwfg;efaf6 ;+ljwfg hf/L ug]{ ;DaGwdf ljut nfdf] @)&@ c;f/, jif{–!@÷c°–!, k"0ff{°–!##

/fli6«o ultljlw ;dob]lv /x]sf] ult/f]wnfO{ cGTo ub}{ oyfzL3| ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f u/L 3f]if0ff ug{ lgDg lnlvt ;xdlt u/]sf 5f}+ . ;+3Lotf / k|b]z ;+/rgf != ;+3Lo nf]stflGqs u0ftGqfTds g]kfndf klxrfgsf % / ;fdYo{sf $ cfwf/df cf7 -*_ k|b]z lgdf{0f ul/g]5 . @= k|b]zsf] gfdfs/0f k|b]z ;efsf] b'O{ ltxfO{ ax'dtsf] lg0f{oaf6 ul/g]5 . #= k|b]zsf] ;Ldf+sg ;DaGwL l;kmfl/; ug{ g]kfn ;/sf/n] Ps ;+3Lo cfof]u u7g ug]{5 . cfof]usf] sfof{jlw ^ dlxgfsf] x'g]5 . ;+3Lo cfof]usf] ;'emfj k|ltj]bg k|fKt ePkl5 k|b]zsf] ;Ldf+sgsf] clGtd lg0f{o Joj:yflksf–;+;b\sf] b'O{ ltxfO{ ax'dtn] ug]{5 . ;+;b\ / lgjf{rg k|0ffnL $= ;+3Lo ;+;b\ k|ltlglw;ef / /fli6«o;ef u/L b'O{ ;bgfTds x'g]5 . k|fb]lzs ;ef Ps ;bgfTds x'g]5 . %= k|ltlglw;efsf] lgjf{rg ldl>t lgjf{rg k|0ffnLaf6 ul/g]5 . k|ltlglw;efdf s'n @ ;o &% ;b:o /xg]5g\ . e"uf]n / hg;+Vofsf cfwf/df b]zdf ! ;o ^% ;+;bLo lgjf{rg If]q x'g]5 . oL lgjf{rg If]qaf6 k|ToIf lgjf{rg k|0ffnL cGtu{t ax'dt k|fKt ug]{ ! ;o ^% k|ltlglw;ef ;b:o lgjf{lrt x'g]5g\ . afFsL ! ;o !) ;b:o ;dfg'kflts lgjf{rg k|0ffnLåf/f lgjf{lrt x'g]5g\ . ^= /fli6«o;efsf] ;b:o ;+Vofdf s'n $% sfod x'g]5 . o;dWo] k|To]s k|b]zaf6 ;dfg ;+Vofsf cfwf/df $) ;b:o lgjf{lrt x'g]5g\ / afFsL % ;b:o ;+3Lo dlGqkl/ifb\sf] l;kmfl/;df /fi6«kltaf6 dgf]gog x'g]5g\ . zf;sLo :j¿k &= b]zsf] zf;g ;~rfng ug{ ax'bnLo k|lt:kwf{Tds ;+3Lo nf]stflGqs u0ftGqfTds ;+;bLo zf;g k|0ffnL cjnDag ul/g] 5 . k|ltlglw;efdf Psn ax'dt k|fKt jf cGo bnsf] ;dy{gdf ax'dt k|fKt bnsf g]tf sfo{sf/L k|d'vsf] x}l;otdf k|wfgdGqL x'g]5g\ . *= g]kfndf Ps ;+j}wflgs /fi6«klt x'g]5g\ . /fi6«kltsf] lgjf{rg ;+3Lo ;+;b\ Pj+ k|fb]lzs ;ef ;b:o;lxtsf] lgjf{rgd08naf6 x'g]5 . -;+;bLo zf;g k|0ffnL / ;+j}wflgs /fi6«kltsf af/]df Pg]skf dfcf]jfbLsf] leGg dt /x]sf] 5 . leGg dt /x] klg ;+ljwfg lgdf{0fsf k|lqmof cl3 a9fpg] s'/fdf eg] ;xdlt /x]sf] 5 ._ (= gofF ;+ljwfg 3f]if0ff kZrft\ /fi6«klt, pk/fi6«klt, @)&@ c;f/, jif{–!@÷c°–!, k"0ff{°–!##

k|wfgdGqL, ;efd'v / pk;efd'vsf] lgjf{rg ¿kfGtl/t Joj:yflksf–;+;b\af6 g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg @)^# adf]lhd x'g] u/L Joj:yf ul/g]5 . !)= gofF ;+ljwfgsf] Joj:yf adf]lhd k|ltlglw;efsf] csf]{ lgjf{rg ;DkGg geP;Dd ¿kfGtl/t Joj:yflksf– ;+;b\af6 k|wfgdGqLsf] lgjf{rg, ljZjf;sf] dt, cljZjf;sf] k|:tfj tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf] u7g ;DaGwL ;a} sfo{ g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] Joj:yf adf]lhd x'g] u/L Joj:yf ul/g]5 . /fi6«klt, pk/fi6«klt, ;efd'v / pk;efd'vlj?4 dxfcleof]u Joj:yf klg cGtl/d ;+ljwfg @)^# adf]lhd g} x'g] u?L Joj:yf ul/g]5 . Gofo k|0ffnL !!= :jtGq Gofokflnsfsf] cjwf/0ff cg'¿k g]kfndf :jtGq, lg:kIf, / ;Ifd Gofokflnsfsf] Joj:yf ul/g]5 . !@= ;jf]{Rr cbfnt clen]v cbfnt x'g]5 . ;+ljwfgsf] clGtd JofVof ug]{ clwsf/ ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf] x'g]5 . !#= s]Gb| / k|b]z, k|b]z / k|b]z, k|b]z / :yfgLo tx Pj+ :yfgLo txsf aLrdf clwsf/ If]qaf/] tyf k|ltlglw;ef /fli6«o;ef / k|b]z;efsf] lgjf{rg ;DaGwL ljjfbdf Gofo lg/f]k0f ug{ Ps ;+j}wflgs cbfnt u7g ul/g]5  . oL ljifodf ;+j}wflgs cbfntsf] lg0f{o clGtd x'g]5 . of] cbfnt ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf] k|wfgGofofwLzsf] cWoiftf / @ hgf cGo jl/i7td GofofwLz tyf @ hgf ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf] GofofwLz x'g of]Uotf k'u]sf sfg'g If]qsf lj1sf] ;xeflutfdf u7g x'g]5 . ;+j}wflgs cbfntsf] sfo{ljlw gofF ;+ljwfg k|f/De ePsf] ldltn] !) jif{;Dd x'g]5 . !$= Gofo kl/ifb\ u7g ;DaGwL Joj:yf g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg @)^# sf] Joj:yf adf]lhd x'g]5 . !%= ;+3Lotf, zf;sLo :j¿k, lgjf{rg k|0ffnL / Gofo k|0ffnLsf ;DaGwdf ePsf] of] d"ne"t ;xdltsf] efjgf cg'¿k ;+ljwfg lgdf{0fsf] k|lqmof cl3 a9fOg]5 . :yfgLo lgsfosf] lgjf{rg !^= hgtfsf] k|ltlglwTj / ;xeflutfnfO{ ;an t'Nofpgsf nflu oyfzSo rfF8f] :yfgLo lgsfosf] lgjf{rg ul/g]5 . k'gM zlQmzfnL e"sDk bf]nvf / l;Gw'kfNrf]ssf] l;dfgfdf kg]{ Eofs'r'nL / lrn+vfsf] aLrdf s]Gb|laGb' agfP/ j}zfv @( ut] lbpF;f] uPsf] zlQmzfnL e"sDkdf k/L b]ze/ ;oeGbf a9Lsf] d[To' ePsf] 5 . pQm e"sDk ^=* /]S6/ :s]nsf] /x]sf] lyof] . e"sDksf] ;a}eGbf a9L k|efj k/]sf] bf]nvfdf @^ /45

/fli6«o ultljlw hgf l;Gw'kfNrf]sdf kfFrhgfsf] d[To' ePsf] 5 . e"sDkn] wg'iff, ;nf{xL, l;Gw'nL, /f}tx6, uf]/vf, /fd]5fk, ;'g;/Ldf ;d]t hgtf xtfxt ePsf 5g\ . o;}u/L e"sDksf sf/0f sf7df8f}+df #%%, nlntk'/df !^*, eQmk'/df !*@, l;Gw'kfNrf]sdf $(, bf]nvfdf *%, sfe|]df $@, /fd]5fk @%, bfª @, t]x|y'd $, l;/xf %, ;Kt/L # / ;'g;/Ldf @ 3fOt] ePsf 5g\ . To;}u/L wg'iffdf !! hgf, dsjfgk'/ %% hgf, af/fdf !^ hgf, k;f{df !# hgf, l;Gw'nLdf #& hgf, lrtjgdf !@ hgf 3fOt] ePsf 5g\ . e"sDkn] /fhwfgL nufot d'Vo bf]nvf / l;Gw'kfNrf]sdf ;of}+ 3/ k"0f{¿kn] Iflt ePsf] 5 . k'gM e"sDksf sf/0f ePsf] dfgjLo / ef}lts Ifltsf] nflu yk /fxt / p4f/sf nflu ;/sf/L tyf u}/;/sf/L lgsfo tyf gful/s ;dfh ;lqmo 5g\ . cd]l/sL x]lnsf]K6/ b'3{6gfu|:t

e"sDk kLl8tx¿sf] p4f/df uPsf] cd]l/sL ;]gfsf] o'Pr– jfgjfO x]lnsK6/ rf/ lbgkl5 l;Gw'kfNrf]s lhNnfsf] 3f]y{nL If]qdf b'3{6gfu|:t cj:yfdf km]nf k/]sf] 5 . ;f] x]lnsf]K6/df rfns ;lxt ^ hgf cd]l/sL / b'O{ hgf g]kfnL ;]gf u/L cf7 hgf ;jf/ lyP . bf]nvf lhNnfsf] ;'gvfgLsf e"sDk kLl8tx¿sf] vf]h tyf p4f/sf nflu j}zfv @( ut] sf7df8f}+af6 lbpF;f] !M%) ah] p8]sf] ;f] x]lnsK6/ bf]nvfsf] sfln~rf]s If]q k'Ubf;Dd ;Dks{df g} /x]sf] ;]gfn] hgfPsf] lyof] . To;sf] s]xL ;dokl5 ;Dks{ ljR5]b ePkl5 x]lnsK6/ x/fPsf] va/ km}lnPsf] xf] . l;Gw'kfNrf]s 3f]y{nLsf] l;Gb'/] 8fF8f / sfln~rf]s bf]nvf b'O{ lhNnfsf] l;dfgfdf kb{5 . sfln~rf]s 8fF8fsf] pQ/k"jL{ lbzftkm{ kg]{ l;Gb'/] 8fF8f !! xhf/ @)) lkm6sf] prfOdf cjl:yt x]lnsK6/df ;jf/ ;a}sf] d[To' ePsf] 5 . zj IftljIft / x]lnsK6/ hn]sf] cj:yfdf km]nf k/]sf] 5 . x]lnsK6/ x/fPs} lbg bf]nvf s]Gb| agfO{ ^=* / ^=! /]S6/ :s]nsf] e"sDk uPsf] lyof] . ;jf/L b'3{6gfdf bh{gf}+sf] d[To' dsjfgk'/sf] dgxl/ uflj;l:yt /dg6f/df ePsf] ;jf/L b'3{6gfdf gf} hgf ofq'sf] d[To' ePsf] 5 . k"j{klZrd 46/

/fhdfu{ cGtu{t dgx/L–# l:yt /dg6f/df h]7 $ ut] lbpF;f] 6«sn] a;nfO{ 7Ss/ lbP/ b'3{6gf x'Fbf kfFr k'?if ;lxt gf} hgfsf] d[To' ePsf] 5 . x]6f}+8faf6 gf/fo0fu9 hfFb} u/]sf] gf=v #^(& gDa/sf] a; csf]{ a;nfO{ cf]e/6]s ug]{ qmddf klN6P/ b'3{6gf ePsf] lyof] . b'3{6gfdf k/L @& hgf 3fOt] ePsf 5g\  . 3fOt] !@ hgfsf] e/tk'/l:yt gofF d]l8sn sn]hdf, ;ft hgfsf] e/tk'/ c:ktfndf / cf7 hgfsf] dgx/L k|fylds :jf:Yo s]Gb|df pkrf/ ePsf] 5 . o;}u/L wgu9L, 88]nw'/f -eLdbQ_ /fhdfu{ cGtu{t kg]{ 8f]6Lsf] d]nvs{ ;8sv08df gf % v !^*% sf] a; b'3{6gf x'Fbf cf7 hgfsf] d[To' ePsf] 5 eg] #% eGbf a9L 3fOt] ePsf 5g\  . dx]Gb|gu/af6 bfr'{nftkm{ uO/x]sf] pQm a; ;8saf6 emG8} !)) ld6/ tn v;]/ b'3{6gf ePsf] lyof]  . b'3{6gfdf 3fOt] ePsf #% hgfnfO{ pkrf/sf nflu s}nfnLsf] kb\df c:ktfn / gl;{ªxf]ddf nluPsf] 5 . dfpG6]g Po/sf] x]lnsK6/ b'3{6gf :jf:Yo lzlj/sf] ;fdfg / cGo /fxt ;fdu|L k'¥ofP/ kmls{g] qmddf dfpG6]g Po/sf] x]lnsK6/ od'gf8fF8fdf b'3{6gf ePsf] 5 . l;Gw'kfNrf]ss} u'Daf uflj;l:yt t]Dafofg uPsf] ( Pg PhLkL PP; #%) x]lnsK6/ /fhwfgL kms{g] qmddf lvDtL k|;f/0fsf] xfO6]G;g nfOgdf 7f]lSsP/ h]7 !( ut] b'3{6gfu|:t ePsf] xf] . b'3{6gfdf ljb]zL ;lxt rf/sf] d[To' ePsf] 5  . k|ToIfbzL{sf cg';f/ x]lnsK6/ a|x\dfo0fL gbLsf] dflyNnf] efuaf6 cfpg] qmddf tf/df 7f]lSsP/ h+undf v;]sf] atfP . tf/df 7f]lSsPkl5 x]lnsK6/ c/lgsf] /fhdfu{sf] blIf0ftkm{ od'gf8fF8f–* sf] l;nfkj{tsf] ;fnsf] h+undf v;]sf] lyof] . lbpF;f] #M$% df b'3{6gf ePnuQ} h+undf cfunfuL ePsf] lyof] . x]lnsK6/df rfns ;'j]s >]i7sf ;fy # lrlsT;s ;jf/ lyP . b'3{6gf:ynaf6 8f= ;GbLk dxt gfdsf] nfO;]G; km]nf k/]sf] 5 . x]lnsK6/df /x]sf cGo b'O{df z]/axfb'/ sfsL{ / 8r dlxnf h]l;sf lyP . k"j{GofofwLz pk|]tLåf/f cfTdxTof ;jf]{Rrsf k"j{GofofwLz e/t/fh pk|]tLn] cfTdxTof u/]sf 5g\ . ^$ jifL{o pk|]tLnfO{ 1fg]Zj/ l:yt cfkm\g} 3/df h]7 !! ut] laxfg # ah] em'lG8Psf] cj:yfdf kl/jf/hgn] km]nf kf/]sf x'g\ . ;]tf] l6;6{ / v}/f] xfkm kfOG6 nufPsf pk|]tLsf] ;fyaf6 Ps kq klg km]nf k/]sf] lyof] . kqdf pgn] cfkm\gf] d[To'j/0fnfO{ :j]R5f eg]sf 5g\ . hLjgdf cfkm"n] @)&@ c;f/, jif{–!@÷c°–!, k"0ff{°–!##

/fli6«o ultljlw u/]sf ;a} sfdk|lt ;Gt'i6 ePsf] eGb} pgn] s;}nfO{ dsf{ k/]sf] eP klg To;df cfkm\gf] ab\lgot gePsf] pNn]v u/]sf 5g\ . pgn] ;';fO8 gf]6df cfkm\gf] z/L/ lzIf0f c:ktfnnfO{ lbg' / lzIf0f c:ktfnn] lng gdfg]df cGo s'g} d]l8sn sn]hnfO{ lbg' eGg] pNn]v 5 . cfkm\gf] lsl/of gu/L To;sf] ;f6f], cfkm\gf] Aofudf /fv]sf] kfFr nfv e"sDk kLl8tnfO{ lbg' eGg] klg To;df pNn]v 5 . d[To'kqdf pNn]v ul/P cg';f/ g} pgsf] zj kl/jf/hgn] lzIf0f c:ktfndf a'emfP . c:ktfnn] pgsf] cfFvf / 5fnf k|Tof/f]k0fsf nflu lems]/ afFsL c+u ljBfyL{sf] cWoogsf nflu pkof]udf Nofpg ;'/lIft /fv]sf] 5 . b'O{ 5f]/L / Ps 5f]/fsf lktf pk|]tL 1fg]Zj/sf] 3/df kTgLsf] ;fy a:b} cfO/x]sf lyP . ;jf]{Rr cbfntdf rf/ jif{ c:yfoL GofofwLz eP/ latfPsf pk|]tL sDkgL sfg'gsf 1ftf lyP . z]kf{ ko{6gdGqLdf lgo'Qm g]skf Pdfn] ;fe;b s[kf;'/ z]kf{ ;+:s[lt, ko{6g tyf gful/s p8\8ogdGqL lgo'Qm ePsf 5g\ . bLks cdfTon] h]7 & ut] /fhLgfdf lbPkl5 Pdfn]sf] l;kmfl/;df k|wfgdGqL ;'zLn sf]O/fnfn] h]7 * ut] z]kf{nfO{ lgo'Qm u/]sf 5g\ . k|wfgdGqL sf]O/fnfn] z]kf{nfO{ /fi6«klt /fdj/0f ofbj;dIf zkyu|x0f u/fP . z]kf{ ef]hk'/–! af6 lgjf{lrt ;ef;b x'g\ . z]kf{ lghfdtL

sd{rf/L k[i7e"ldaf6 /fhgLltdf cfPsf x'g\ . eG;f/ ljefusf] gfoa ;'Aafaf6 /fhLgfdf lbP/ pgL /fhgLltdf nfu]sf x'g\ . pgn] lzIf0fdf ^ jif{ / lghfdtL ;]jfdf @^ jif{ u/L #@ jif{ ;]jf u/]sf lyP . pgL emG8} Ps bzssf] /fhgLlts ofqfd} dGqL kb kfpg ;kmn ePsf x'g\ . pgL Psn hftLo klxrfg ;lxtsf] k|b]z agfpg] cjwf/0ffsf] ljkIfdf 5g\ . Pdfn]leq czf]s /fO{ nufot g]tfn] hftLo /fHosf] jsfnt ub}{ kf6L 5f8\g] a]nf z]kf{ kf6L{ c8fgsf] kIfdf lyP . ToxL c8fgsf sf/0f pgn] ut ;+ljwfg;ef r'gfjdf ef]hk'/af6 ;ef;bsf] l6s6 kfP/ lht] . Pdfn]n] of] dGqfnodf ;'?df eLd cfrfo{nfO{ k7fof] . ( dlxgfd} pgL lkmtf{ af]nfOP, To;kl5 bLks cdfTo k7fOP . ljleGg kbdf lgo'lQm ;/sf/n] jl/i7 kqsf/ k|tLs k|wfgnfO{ k|wfgdGqL ;'zLn sf]O/fnfsf] k|]; ;Nnfxsf/ lgo'lQm u/]sf] 5 . k|wfgdGqL lgjf; afn'jf6f/df a;]sf] dlGqkl/ifb\ a}7sn] /fHodGqL ;/xsf] ;'ljwf kfpg] u/L kqsf/ k|wfgnfO{ k|wfgdGqLsf] k|]; ;Nnfxsf/df lgo'Qm u/]sf] 5 . kRrL; jif{b]lv kqsfl/tf k];fdf lqmofzLn k|wfgn] bL sf7df08" kf]i6, sf/f]af/ / gful/s b}lgssf] k|wfg;Dkfbssf] lhDd]jf/L lgjf{x u/L ;s]sf 5g\ . o;}u/L a}7sn] g]kfn rnlrq af]8{sf] cWoIfdf /fhs'df/ /fO{nfO{ lgo'Qm u/]sf] 5 . /fO{ rnlrq lgdf{tf x'g\ . o:t} ;f+:s[lts ;+:yfgsf] cWoIfdf pof]u /fO{nfO{ lgo'Qm u/]sf] 5 . To;}u/L a}7sn] k|wfgdGqL b}jLk|sf]k ;DaGwL cj}tflgs ;Nnfxsf/df /fd yklnofnfO{ lgo'Qm u/]sf] 5 .

k'/:sf/÷;Ddfg l;l4r/0f k'/:sf/ o'uslj l;l4r/0f k|lti7fgn] o; jif{ k|bfg ul/g] o'uslj l;l4r/0f k'/:sf/ cf]vn9'+ufsf e"sDk kLl8tnfO{ k|bfg ul/g] 3f]if0ff u/]sf] 5 . ;f] k'/:sf/sf] /flz e"sDk kLl8tsf] ;xof]usf nflu cf]vn9'Ëfsf] l;l4r/0f gu/kflnsf / o'uslj l;l4r/0f pRr dfWolds ljBfno cf]vn9'+ufnfO{ ;+o'Qm ¿kdf k|bfg ul/g]5 . /fli6«o kqsfl/tf k'/:sf/ /fli6«o kqsfl/tf k'/:sf/ @)&! kqsf/ wd]Gb| emfnfO{ k|bfg ul/Psf] 5 . To:t} jl/i7 kqsf/ ;Ddfg @)&! sfZsLsf s';'d s]zj k/fh'nL, tgx'Fsf t]hk|sfz kl08t / kfNkfsf d]3/fh zdf{nfO{ k|bfg ul/Psf] 5 . ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ dGqfnon] h]7 !$ ut] pQm k'/:sf/ 3f]if0ff u/]sf] lyof] . /fli6«o kqsfl/tf k'/:sf/ @)&! @)&@ c;f/, jif{–!@÷c°–!, k"0ff{°–!##

sf] l;kmfl/; ;ldltdf ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ dGqfnosf ;x;lrj k'?iff]Qdk|;fb ltjf/Lsf] ;+of]hsTjdf ;"rgf ljefusf dxflgb]{zs nIdLljnf; sf]O/fnf, g]kfn kqsf/ dxf;+3sf sf]ifWoIf ;"o{dl0f uf}td, /Ltf u'?ª / /fh]z ld> ;b:o ag]sf lyP . pQm k'/:sf/sf] /flz hgxL b'O{ nfv ?lkofFsf] 5 . o;cl3 /fli6«o kqsfl/tf k'/:sf/ @)^$ ;fndf kqsf/ :juL{o s[i0f;]g OR5's -d/0ff]k/fGt_, @)^% df e}/j l/;fn, @)^^ ;fndf kqsf/ uf]s'nk|;fb kf]v/]n, @)^& ;fndf kqsf/ :juL{o tf/f Gof}kfg], @)^* ;fndf s]bf/dfgl;+x >]i7nfO{ tyf @)^( ;fndf dlxnf ;dfgtfsf nflu ;~rf/ cleofg /]l8of] d'QmL (%=% d]ufxh{, a'6jn / gf/L pTyfg ;dfh, /]l8of] lbbL alxgL (%=@ d]ufxh{, kj{tnfO{ ;+o'Qm ¿kdf / @)&) ;fndf sla/ /f0ff tyf b]zfGt/ ;fKtflxsnfO{ k|bfg ul/Psf] lyof] . /47

cGt/f{li6«o ultljlw

cGt/f{li6«o 36gfqmd -;g\ @)!% d] (–h'g *_ d] (M pQ/ sf]l/ofn] xfn} ljsf; ul/Psf] Aofn]l:6s If]Kof:q kfg8'AaLaf6 ;kmn k/LIf0f k|If]k0f u/]sf] . – cd]l/sL /fi6«klt af/fs cf]afdfnfO{ krf;f}+ /fHosf] ¿kdf -;fpy 8sf]6f_ e|d0f ug{ ^ jif{ ^ dlxgf nfu]sf] . d] !)M ef/tsf] dWoefudf dfcf]jfbL ljb|f]xLn] Ps ufpFn]sf] xTof ug'{sf ;fy} lgoGq0fdf lnPsf @%) hgfnfO{ d'Qm u/]sf . – k"jL{ O/fssf] Ps aGbLu[xdf ePsf] em8kdf k/L sDtLdf klg #^ sf] Hofg uPsf] . – :k]gdf ePsf] ;}lgs x]lnsK6/ b'3{6gfdf k/L sDtLdf klg tLg hgfsf] Hofg uPsf] . d] !!M ef/tLo rlr{t g]qL Pj+ k"j{lkmNdsdL{ snfsf/ honlntf ho/fdnfO{ ef/tsf] cbfntn] e|i6frf/sf] d'2fdf ;kmfO{ lbPsf] . – a]nfotsf gDa/ Ps v]nf8L PG8L d'/]n] rf/ k6ssf] ljh]tf /fkm]n gf8fnnfO{ ^–#, ^–@ x/fPn Dofl8«8 cf]kgsf] pkflw lht]sf . – Olyof]lkofsf $@ jifL{of dxfg\ wfjs x]n u]a| Pnf;Ln] v]nf8L hLjgaf6 ;GGof; lnPsf . d] !@M Oª\ln; lk|ldo/ lnudf jfkm]l6DaL uf]ld;sf] uf]nsf] ;xof]udf :jfG;Ln] cgk]lIft ¿kdf cf;{gnnfO{ !–) n] x/fPsf] . – 8]le8 ld6/n] $$ andf cljlht *( /gdf kfln x'Fbfx'Fb} klg lsª; On]e]g kGhfa OlG8og lk|ldo/ lnudf ;g;fOh;{ x}b/fjfb;Fu kfFr /gn] k/flht ePsf] . d] !#M kfls:tfgsf] blIf0fL aGb/ufx ;x/ l;Gw k|fGtsf] s/fFrLdf c1ft aGb'swf/Lsf] Ps ;d"xn] ofq'afxs a;df cfqmd0f u/L sDtLdf $% hgfsf] xTof u/]sf]  . – /fi6«bf]xsf] cleof]udf pQ/ sf]l/ofn] /IffdGqL x\ofg of]+s sf]nnfO{ ;fj{hlgs ¿kn] d[To'b08 lbPsf] . – d]lS;sf]sf] pQ/L ;x/ lrx'cfx'cfdf ePsf] ;ftf}+ ljdfg b'3{6gfdf % hgfsf] dTo' ePsf] . – /fi6«;+3n] odgsf af/]df ;Dd]ng ug{ ;Da4 ;a} /fi6« tyf o;df ;DalGwt bftf lgsfonfO{ cfx\jfg u/]sf] . d] !$M ef/tLo k|wfgdGqL g/]Gb| df]bL rLgsf] tLglbg] 48/

e|d0fdf ;fG;L k|fGtsf] l;ofg k'u]sf . – a]nfotsf PG8L d'/]n] #*cf}+ j/Lotfsf h]/]dL rf8L{nfO{ ^–$, ^–# n] x/fP/ O6flnofnL cf]kgsf] k|f/lDes r/0f kf/ u/]sf] . d] !%M lrlgofF k|wfgdGqL ln Sofg / ef/tLo k|wfgdGqL g/]Gb| df]bLaLr a]Olhªdf ;sf/fTds jftf{ ePsf] . – a'?G8Ldf an k|of]u u/L ;Qf xTofpg vf]lhPsf] k|of;sf] ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3n] lgGbf u/]sf] . – ;+o'Qm /fHo cd]l/sf / So'afaLr b'j} b]zdf /fhb"tfjf; vf]Ng] ljifodf jftf{sf] tof/L ePsf] . d] !^M x}6Ldf ;g\ @)!) sf] hgj/L !@ df uPsf] &=# /]S6/ :s]nsf] ljgfzsf/L e"sDk h:t} g]kfnsf] e"sDk klg ljgfzsf/L ePsf] . – gfOh]l/ofsf] b'u{d dWoklZrdL ufpFdf u}/sfg'gL ;'gvfgLdf ljiffQm l;;fsf sf/0f @* JolQmsf] d[To' ePsf] . d] !&M O6flnofnL cf]kgsf] kmfOgndf !& k6ssf u|fG8:nfd ljh]tf /f]h/ km]8//n] ljZjsf gDa/ Ps v]nf8L gf]efs hf]sf]lersf] ;fdgf ug]{ ePsf . – /fh:yfg /f]oN; ut ljh]tf sf]nsftf gfO6 /fO8;{nfO{ gf} /gn] x/fP/ OlG8og lk|ldo/ lnusf] Kn]ckmdf k'u]sf] . d] !*M lnof]g]n d];Ln] lg0ff{os uf]n u/]kl5 jfl;{nf]gf ut ljh]tf P6\n]l6sf] Dofl8«8nfO{ !–) n] x/fP/ :k]gL lnu RoflDkog aGg ;kmn ePsf] . – zLif{ j/Lotfk|fKt gf]efs hf]sf]lern] /f]h/ km]8//nfO{ ;f]emf] ;]6df ^–$, ^–# n] x/fP/ O6flnofnL cf]kg 6]ln; k|ltof]lutfsf] pkflw lht]sf . d] !(M yfONofG8sf k"j{k|wfgdGqL loªns l;gfjfqfn] cfkm" lj?4sf] e|i6frf/ d'2f /fhgLlts ¿kn] k|]l/t eO{ nufOPsf] atfPsL . – ckmuflg:tfgdf ;]gfn] u/]sf] sf/afxLdf k/L sDtLdf (^ hgf tflnafg dfl/Psf . – odgdf ;fpbL c/]ljofsf] g]t[Tjsf] xjfO{ cfqmd0f /f]lsP klg x'yL ljb|f]xLlj?4sf] sf/afxL hf/L /x]sf] . d] @)M d'DaO{ OlG8oG;n] cn/fpG8 k|bz{g u/L r]GgO{ ;'k/ lsª\;nfO{ @% /gn] x/fP/ OlG8og lk|ldo/ @)&@ c;f/, jif{–!@÷c°–!, k"0ff{°–!##

cGt/f{li6«o ultljlw lnusf] cf7f}+ ;+:s/0fsf] pkflw le8Gtdf cfkm"nfO{ pEofPsf] . – Oª\NofG8lj?4sf] kl5Nnf] 6]:6 z[ª\vnfdf Go'lhNofG8n] nHhf:kb xf/sf] ;fdgf u/]sf] . d] @!M So'afn] cd]l/sfsf] s"6gLlts ;DaGw ;'wf/ sf] qmddf jfl;ª\6g;Fu a}ª\lsª ;DaGw :yfkgf u/]sf] . – ;f]nf]dg åLkdf ^=( /]S6/ :s]nsf] e"sDk uPsf] cd]l/sL ef}u{les ;j]{If0f ;+:yfn] hgfPsf] . – ckmuflg:tfgsf] ;Ldf glhs} kfls:tfgsf] cflbjf;L If]qsf n8fs" n'ls/x]sf] kfFr :yfgdf ;}lgs h]6 ljdfgn] u/]sf] xjfO{ cfqmd0fdf t]x| n8fs"sf] d[To' ePsf] . d] @@M ;GtfpGg d'n'ssf jftf{sf/n] rLgsf] g]t[Tjdf :yfkgf x'g] Pl;ofnL If]qLo a}+ssf] 3f]if0ffkq tof/ u/]sf . – Pl;of k|zfGt If]qsf ljleGg !$ b]zsf g]tfx¿sf] ;Dd]ng hfkfgsf] /fhwfgL 6f]lsof]df ;'? ePsf] . – 3/]n' l6d Oª\NofG8 Go'lhNofG8lj?4sf] klxnf] 6]:6df #*( /gdf cncfp6 ePsf] . d] @#M ef/tsf] Ps pRr cbfntn] tldn g]qL honlntf ho/fdnfO{ e|i6frf/sf] d'2fdf d'lQm lbPkl5 tldn gf8' /fHosf] d'VodGqL kbdf kmls{PsL . – d]lS;sf]sf] lx+;fu|:t klZrdL If]qdf ;'/Iff ;]gf tyf nfu"kbfy{sf] u}/sfg'gL ¿kdf Jofkf/ ug]{ ;d"xaLr tLg 3G6f;Dd uf]nL k|xf/ x'Fbf $@ hgfsf] d[To' ePsf] . – cd]l/sL /fi6«klt af/fs cf]afdfn] ;+;b\nfO{ O/fg;Fu x'g] kf/dfl0fs ;Demf}tf k'g/fjnf]sg ug]{ ljw]osdf x:tfIf/ u/]sf . d] @$M O6flnofnL l;/L …PÚ df gfk]nLnfO{ #–! n] x/fP/ o'e]G6;n] 3/]n' d}bfgdf bf]xf]/f] pkflwsf] v';L dgfPsf] . – :k]gL lnudf Eofn]lG;ofn] b'O{ k6s k5fl8 k/]/ klg cNd]l/ofdf #–@ n] lht xft kf/L RoflDkog lnudf :yfg agfPsf] . d] @%M jiff}+{;Ddsf] o'4af6 sdhf]/ ePsf] l;l/ofnL ;/sf/L /0fgLlts ¿kdf dxŒjk"0f{ efusf] ;'/Iff u/L afFsL ljb|f]xL tyf lhxfbLnfO{ 5f]8\g tof/ ePsf] pNn]v . – O/fgsf] kf/df0fljs sfo{qmdsf ljifodf ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3sf lg/LIfsnfO{ lg/LIf0f ug{ lbg t]x/fg ;xdt ePsf] . @)&@ c;f/, jif{–!@÷c°–!, k"0ff{°–!##

– ef/tsf b'O{j6f ;x/ t]nª\ufgf / cfGw|k|b]zdf tftf] xfjfsf sf/0f $#) hgfeGbf a9L dflg;sf] d[To' ePsf] . d] @^M k]6«f] lSj6f]efn] Go'lhNofG8sL dfl/gf O/fsf]lernfO{ ^–$, #–^, ^–$ n] x/fP/ k|m]Gr cf]kgsf] bf];|f] r/0fdf k|j]z u/]sL . – 3/]n' 6f]nL Oª\NofG8n] Go'lhNofG8lj?4sf] klxnf] 6]:6 !@$ /gn] lht]sf] . d] @&M 8]lg; k|wfgdGqL x]Nn] of]lg{ª\u l:dtn] h'g !* ut] cfdlgjf{rgsf] 3f]if0ff u/]sf . – kfls:tfgsf] blIf0fL aGb/ufx ;x/ s/fFrLdf Ps ;jf/L ;fwgdf c1ft aGb'swf/Ln] u/]sf] uf]nL k|xf/df k/L sDtLdf tLg k|x/Lsf] d[To' ePsf] . – c:6«]lnofsf 6«]e/ a]ln; Oª\NofG8 lqms]6 l6dsf] k|lzIfsdf lgo'Qm ePsf . d] @*M blIf0fL ef/tdf a9\bf] tfkqmd / tftf] xfjfsf sf/0f dg]{x¿sf] ;+Vof Ps xhf/eGbf a9L k'u]sf] . – OG8f]g]l;ofsf] klZrdL k|fGt ;'dfqf åLkdf ePsf] ;8s b'3{6gfdf Ps ljZjljBfnodf ;q hgf afnaflnsf d/]sf . – ;g\ !((* d] df kfls:tfgsf] ofq'afxs ljdfg ckx/0f ug]{ tLg JolQmnfO{ kmfF;L lbOPsf] . d] @(M k|m]Gr cf]kgdf k"j{RoflDkog cgf Oefgf]ler qmf]l;ofsL 8f]gf e]l8rnfO{ ^–), ^–# n] x/fP/ rf}yf] r/0fdf k'u]sL . – cGt/f{li6«o Pyn]l6S; dxf;+3sf] cWoIf kbsf nflu ;]s]l:6og sf]y / ;lh{/ a'9sf le8\g] ePsf . d] #)M ef/tn] ;g\ @)!$–!% df cfkm\gf] cfly{s j[l4b/ &=# k|ltzt ePsf] pNn]v . – cd]l/sL /fi6«klt af/fs cf]afdfn] So'afnfO{ cft+sjfb ;DaGwL sfnf] ;"rLaf6 cf}krfl/s ¿kdf x6fPsf] . – ef/tLo k|wfgdGqL g/]Gb| df]bLn] ef/tsf pRr kb:y sd{rf/LnfO{ of]ufEof; u/fpg] of]hgf agfPsf . d] #!M ef/tdf a9\bf] tfkqmdsf sf/0f blIf0fL ef/tsf b'O{ k|b]z tldngf8' / cfGw|k|b]zdf tftf] xfjf tyf n"sf sf/0f dg]{x¿sf] ;+Vof b'O{ xhf/eGbf a9L k'u]sf] . – cd]l/sL ljb]zdGqL hf]g s]/L h]g]efsf] aflx/L efudf ;fOsn b'3{6gfdf k/]sf . – pQ/ klZrdL l;l/ofdf ;/sf/L ;]gfåf/f hf/L xjfO{ cfqmd0fdf sDtLdf @) ;j{;fwf/0fsf] d[To' ePsf] . h'g !M ef/tdf a9\bf] tfkqmdsf sf/0f ljz]ifu/L ef/tsf blIf0fL /fHo tldngf8' / cfGw|k|b]zdf tftf] xfjf tyf n"sf sf/0f Hofg u'dfpg]sf] ;+Vof b'O{ xhf/ b'O{ ;o /49

cGt/f{li6«o ultljlw k'u]sf] . – o'lg;]kmn] åGå / lx+;fsf sf/0f a9]sf] ul/aLn] afnaflnsfdf c;/ k/]sf] pNn]v . – pQ/klZrd kfls:tfgdf ad lj:kmf]6 x'Fbf sDtLdf !) sf] d[To' ePsf] . h'g @M k]l/;sf] Vofltk|fKt …kf]F b]hf6{\;Ú k'ndf k|]dLx¿n] nufPsf] xhf/f}+ tfNrf To; gu/sf clwsf/Ln] x6fpg] ePsf . – gfOh]l/ofsf] blIf0f k"jL{ ;x/ cf]ljT;fsf] cgDa|df ePsf] k]6«f]n 6\ofª\s/ lj:kmf]6df k/L *% hgfn] Hofg u'dfPsf] . – ckmuflg:tfgsf cft+ssf/Lx¿n] u]:6xfp;df a;L/x]sf gf} hgf ;xfotfsdL{sf] xTof u/]sf . h'g #M rLgdf b'O{ lbgcl3 b'3{6gfu|:t rfnsbnsf ;b:o ;lxt $%* hgf JolQm /x]sf] kfgL hxfhaf6 hLljt} dflg; e]l6g] ;Defjgf IfL0f ePsf] . – cd]l/sL /fi6«klt af/fs cf]afdfn] k|;fl/t cGtjf{tf{df O/fgnfO{ ;}lgs sf/afxLn] geO{ ;Demf}tfn] kf/df0fljs xltof/ /f]Sg ;lsg] atfPsf . – Oª\ln; lk|ldo/ lnu RoflDkog r]N;Ln] d}qL v]ndf l;8\gL Pkm;LnfO{ !–) n] x/fPsf] . h'g $M blIf0f sf]l/ofdf d;{sf ljiff0f' km}nFbf #% hgfnfO{ ;+qmd0f ePsf] . – DofuL rfprfpdf c;'/lIft dfqfdf l;;fsf] ld;fj6 km}lnPkl5 g]:n]sf] tof/L rfprfp DofuLnfO{ ef/tsf k;n]x¿n] laqmLaf6 x6fPsf . – 3fgfsf] cfqmfdf d';nwf/] jiff{, af9Lsf sf/0f aRg k]6«f]n s]Gb|df hDdf x'Fbf k]6«f]ndf cfunfuL x'Fbf &) eGbf a9L dflg;sf] d[To' ePsf] . h'g %M >Ln+sfnL /fi6«klt d}qLkfnf l;l/;]gfn] cfufdL

;]K6]Da/df x'g] ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3Lo dfgj clwsf/ ;DaGwL kl/ifb\ ;efdf efu lng] ePsf . – gfOh]l/ofsf] pQ/k"jL{ ;x/sf] Jo:t ;x/df ePsf] lj:kmf]6df k/L sDtLdf #! JolQmsf] d[To' ePsf] . – rLgsf] ofª\hL gbLdf 8'a]sf] kfgLhxfhdf k/L x/fPsf dWo] (& j6f zj e]l6Psf] . h'g ^M >Ln+sfnL k|ltkIfL bnn] gofF k|wfgdGqL /l0fn ljqmdfl;+3]lj?4 cljZjf;sf] k|:tfj btf{ u/]sf . – ef/tsf] vfB ;'/Iff lgods ;+:yfn] g]:n]sf] nf]slk|o DofuL tof/L rfprfpdf l;;fsf] dfqf cfjZostfeGbf a9L e]l6Pkl5 k|ltaGw nufPsf] . – dn]l;ofsf] lsgfafn' lxdfndf uPsf] ^ /]S6/ :s]nsf] e"sDkdf k/L !( hgfsf] d[To' x'g'sf ;fy} cf7 a]kQf ePsf . – rLgdf ko{6sLo qm'h hxfh …O:6g{ :6f/Ú 8'Abf s'n #(^ JolQmsf] d[To' ePsf] . h'g &M ef/t / a+unfb]zaLr ePsf] ;Ldf ;Demf}tfsf] gful/såf/f :jfut ePsf] . – ckmuflg:tfgdf ckmufg ;]gfn] u/]sf] kl5Nnf] sf/afxLdf sDtLdf klg @# hgf tflnjfg dfl/Psf . – rLgsf] Ps kfgL hxfh …O:6g{ :6f/Ú 8'Abf d[To' x'g] JolQmsf] ;+Vof $#! k'u]sf] . h'g *M lrlgofF kfgL hxfh …O:6g{ :6f/Ú 8'Abf d[To' x'g] JolQmsf] ;+Vof $#$ k'u]sf] . – ef/tLo k|wfgdGqL g/]Gb| df]bL b'O{–lbg] a+unfb]zsf] e|d0f ;DkGg u/L :jb]z lkmtf{ ePsf . – kfls:tfgsf] pQ/–klZrdL cflbjf;L Onfsfdf kfls:tfgL ;]gfn] u/]sf] :ynut sf/afxLsf qmddf sDtLdf klg !( hgf cft+ssf/Lsf] d[To' ePsf] .

cGt/f{li6«o ;dfrf/ ljz]if -;g\ @)!% d]–h'g_ ef/t–a+unfb]zaLr ;Demf}tf ef/t / a+unfb]zaLr h'g ^ df e"ld ;DaGwL P]ltxfl;s ;Demf}tfdf x:tfIf/ ePsf] 5 . o;af6 ljjflbt ;LdfjtL{ If]qsf xhf/f+} afl;Gbfn] b'O{dWo] s'g} Ps d'n'ssf] gful/stf lng ;Sg] ePsf 5g\  . b'j} d'n'ssf k|wfgdGqLsf] pkl:yltdf ef/tsf ljb]z ;lrj P; hoz+s/ / ;dsIfL df]xDdb ;flxb'n xsn] ;Demf}tfdf x:tfIf/ u/]sf 5g\  . b'a} 50/

b]zsf ;+;b\n] ;Demf}tfnfO{ klxnf g} :jLs[lt lbPsf lyP . pQm ;Demf}tfaf6 b'O{ d'n'saLrsf] $ xhf/ lsnf]ld6/ ;Ldf ;DaGwL ljjfb ;dfwfg x'g] ck]Iff ul/Psf] 5 . ef/tLo k|wfgdGqL g/]Gb| df]bL b'O{lbg] e|d0fsf qmddf a+unfb]z k'u]sf lyP . b'j} d'n'saLr cfk;L sf/f]af/ j[l4 Jofkf/ c;Gt'ng Go"gLs/0f, nufgL, ;Dks{ j[l4 nufot @@ ;Demf}tfdf x:tfIf/ ePsf] 5 . k|wfgdGqL g/]Gb| df]bLn] @)&@ c;f/, jif{–!@÷c°–!, k"0ff{°–!##

cGt/f{li6«o ultljlw a+unfb]z k|wfgdGqL z]v xl;gf;Fu ePsf] ;+o'Qm kqsf/ ;Dd]ngdf ef/t l5d]sL;Fu ;'b[9 ;DaGw /fVg OR5's /x]sf] atfPsf lyP . ;f]nf]dg åLkdf 7"nf] e"sDk ;f]nf]dg åLkdf d] @! df ^=( /]S6/ :s]nsf] e"sDk uPsf] cd]l/sL ef}ule{s ;j]{If0f ;+:yfn] hfgsf/L lbPsf] 5 . ;'gfdLsf] r]tfjgL glbPsf] / o;af6 s'g} 7"nf] Iflt klg gePsf] cg'dfg ul/Psf] 5 . of] d'n's kk'jf Go'lugLsf] k"j{df k5{  . of] klg ;fdfGo ¿kdf e'OFrfnf] uO/xg] d'n's xf] . ;f]nf]dg åLksf] ntf ;x/b]lv ! ;o *$ lsnf]ld6/ 6f9f / /fhwfgL xf]lgcfgfb]lv $ ;o *& lsnf]ld6/ 6f9f !( lsnf]ld6/ ulx/fOdf e"sDk uPsf] pQm ;+:yfn] hgfPsf] 5 . ToxfF d'Vo e"sDkkl5 $=( /]S6/ :s]nsf] k/sDkg cfPsf] lyof]  . e"sDksf] pmhf{ e"ldut hn;|f]tdf lj;h{g ePsf]n] Iflt gePsf] lj1x¿n] hgfPsf 5g\ . ToxfF e"sDkkl5 ;'gfdL uPdf dfq Iflt x'g] u5{  . ;f]nf]dg åLk clUgrqmleq kg]{ b]z ePsf] x'gfn] ToxfF e"sDk / Hjfnfd'vL lj:kmf]6 h:tf 36gf eO/xG5 . ljZjsf] t'ngfd} ;f]nf]dg Ps e"sDkLo hf]lvddf /x]sf] If]q ePsf] x'gfn] ToxfF tLg jif{otf ^=) /]S6/eGbf a9Lsf] #) eGbf a9L e"sDk cfO;s]sf] cj:yf 5 . o;} dlxgfsf] ;'?df l5d]sdf kg]{ kk'jf Go'lugLdf &=! /]S6/ :s]nsf] e"sDk uPsf] lyof] . e"ldut hn;|f]tsf] lgs} ulx/fOaf6 sDkg k|jfx x'g' / o:tf] ljklQnfO{ ;fdgf ug]{ vfnsf] 3/ x'g'n] ToxfF ljgfzsf] ;Defjgf Go"g x'G5 . pQm åLkdf @)!# df *=) /]S6/ :s]nsf] e"sDk hfFbf klg !) hgfsf] dfq d[To' ePsf] lyof] . ef/t / rLgaLr ;Demf}tf ef/t / rLgn] e"sDk lj1fg ljsf; nufot @$ ;Demf}tfdf x:tfIf/ ePsf] 5 . ef/tsf k|wfgdGqL g/]Gb| df]bL / rLgsf k|wfgdGqL nL lslrofªaLr /fhwfgL a]Olhªdf ePsf] jftf{sf qmddf ;Demf}tf ePsf] xf] . b'j} d'n'saLr /]Nj], z}lIfs cfbfgk|bfg, vfgL, 6LeL k|;f/0f, ;Lk ljsf;, ko{6g j[l4 / e"lj1fg / cGtl/If, ljsf; ;f]w s]Gb| tyf gLlt cfof]u, yk jfl0fHo b"tfjf;, of]u sn]h, elugL ;x/ ;DaGw, ly+s 6\ofs :yfkgf / e"sDk lj1fgdf ljsf;af/] ;Demf}tf ePsf] 5 . OlhK6sf k"j{/fi6«klt df];L{nfO{ d[To'b08 OlhK6sf ckb:y /fi6«klt d'xDdb d';L{nfO{ d] !^ df sfo/f]sf] Ps cbfntn] d[To'b08sf] ;hfo ;'gfPsf] 5 . of] d';L{sf] /fhgLlts sl/o/sf nflu Iflt k'Ug] km};nf xf] . pgnfO{ ;g\ @)&@ c;f/, jif{–!@÷c°–!, k"0ff{°–!##

@)!! sf] sf/fuf/ kmf]/]sf] cf/f]kdf bf]ifL 7x/ ul/Psf] xf] . pgL;Fu} of] ;hfo kfPsf ;oeGbf a9LnfO{ clGtd km};nf ug]{ lhDd]jf/L OlhK6sf] ;jf]{Rr sfg'gL lgsfo u|ofG8 d'km\tLsf]df k7fOg]5 . o; af/]df clGtd lg0f{o h'g @ df x'g] pNn]v 5 . of] d'2fdf cfzf ul/P cg'¿k df];L{nfO{ lbPsf] ;a}eGbf 7"nf] ;hfo xf] . d'l:nd a|b/ x'8sf g]tf df]xDdb afbL / ;+;bsf k"j{;efd'v df]xDdb afbL / ;+;b\sf k"j{;efd'v df]xDdb ;fb Pn sf6fgLsf] ;hfonfO{ klg k/fdz{sf nflu u|fG8 d'km\tLsfdf k7fPsf] 5 . ToxfFsf] ;}lgs ;/sf/n] cft+sjfbL ;d"x eGb} d'l:nd a|b/x'8dfly k|ltaGw nufPsf] 5 . a|b/x'8n] pQm cf/f]ksf] v08g u/]sf] 5 . ;g\ @)!! sf] hgj/Ldf df];L{ / pgsf ;xof]uLx¿dfly k]n]:6fOgL O:nflds ;d"x xdf; / n]agfgL l;of ;d"x x]hjf]Nnfx;Fu ldn]/ d'n'se/ y'k|} sf/fuf/ tf]8]sf] cf/f]k nufOPsf] lyof] . o;n] df];L{ / cGo @) xhf/ ;d"xnfO{ efUg ;xof]u k'u]sf] lyof] . OlhK6df GofofwLzsf] xTof aGb'swf/Ln] OlhK6df d] !^ df tLg GofofwLzsf] uf]nL xfgL xTof u/]sf 5g\ . pgLx¿n] l;gfO{ k|fGtdf tL GofofwLzsf] xTof u/]sf x'g\ . l;gfO{ OlhK6sf] åGåu|:t k|foåLk xf]  . /fhwfgL sfo/f]df k"j{/fi6«klt d'xDdb d';L{nfO{ ;f]xL lbg d[To'b08sf] ;hfo ;'gfPsf] s]xL 3G6fkl5 dfq GofofwLzdfly cfqmd0f ePsf] lyof] . pQm If]qdf o;cl3 klg d';L{sf ;dy{sx¿n] k|x/L / ;/sf/L clwsf/Ldfly cfqmd0f ug]{ u/]sf lyP . So'af cft+sjfbsf] ;"rLaf6 x6\of] cd]l/sL /fi6«klt af/fs cf]afdf k|zf;gn] d] @( df So'afnfO{ cft+sjfb ;DaGwL sfnf] ;"rLaf6 cf}krfl/s ¿kdf x6fPsf] 5 . o;nfO{ So'afdf bzsf+}b]lvsf] 3fp lgsf] kfg]{ tyf zLto'4sf] ;dob]lvsf zq'aLr ;DaGw ;fdfGo agfpg] k|of;sf ¿kdf x]l/Psf] 5 . cf]afdf k|zf;gn] ;+;b\nfO{ clk|n !$ df pQm d'n'snfO{ cft+sjfb k|fof]hg ug]{ d'n'ssf] ;"rLaf6 x6fpg] rfxgf JoQm u/]sf] lyof] . o;sf] $% lbgkl5 ljb]zdGqL hf]g s]/Ln] pQm sfo{ u/]sf 5g\ . o; cjlwdf ;f+;bx¿n] o; kfOnfsf] ljifodf k'g/fjnf]sg ug{ ;Sy] t/ pgLx¿n] To;f] u/]gg\  . cd]l/sfn] hf/L u/]sf] lj1lKtdf ;+;b\nfO{ $% lbg klxn] lbOPsf] ;"rgfsf] cjlw ;lsPsfn] ljb]zdGqLn] So'afnfO{ cft+sjfb k|fof]hg ug]{ d'n'saf6 d] @( b]lv x6fpg] lg0f{o u/]sf] pNn]v 5 . hfkfgdf zlQmzfnL e"sDk hfkfgsf] blIf0fdf d] #) sf] ;fFem ;d'b|d'lgaf6 uPsf] &=* /]S6/ :s]nsf] zlQmzfnL e"sDkn] /fhwfgL /51

cGt/f{li6«o ultljlw 6f]lsof]sf] ejgx¿nfO{ dHhfn] xNnfPsf] 5 . o;sf] s]Gb|laGb' /fhwfgLaf6 * ;o &$ lsld 6f9f 5 . emG8} & ;o ld6/ ulx/fO k/]/ e"sDk uPsf] xf] . zlQmzfnL sDkgn] emG8} Ps ldg]6;Dd /fhwfgLsf ejgx¿ lkªem}+ dlRrPsf lyP . s]xL If0fsf nflu dfq gfl/tf ljdfg:ynsf] wfjgdfu{ aGb ul/P klg cGo vfn] cfjfudg hf/L /x\of] . ljB't cfk"lt{ aGb x'Fbf 6f]lsof] / cf];fsfsf] 6«]g ;]jf s]xL ;donfO{ aGb ul/Psf] lyof] . o;af6 ToxfF s'g} uDeL/ Iflt jf xtfxtL ePsf] 5}g . ;x/af;Ldf qf; eg] b]lvof] . n8]/ s]xL 3fOt] ePsf lyP . rf/ jif{cl3 ( /]S6/ :s]nsf] e"sDk hfFbf tL :ynx¿df Iflt k'u]sf] lyof] . hfkfg 6'8] 86 sdsf cg';f/ cf]u;fjf/f åLk glhs pQm e"sDk uPsf] lyof] . dn]l;ofdf e"sDk dn]l;ofsf] lsgfafn' lxdfndf zlQmzfnL e"sDk hfFbf sDtLdf @( cf/f]xLsf] d[To' ePsf] 5 . clwsf/Lx¿n] blIf0fk"jL{ Pl;ofsf] ;a}eGbf 7"nf] lxdfndf vf]hL sfo{ ul//x]sf 5g\ . ;'Gb/ / nf]slk|o ko{6sLo lxdfn glhs} d] % sf] laxfg ^ /]S6/ :s]nsf] e"sDk uPsf] lyof] . o;n] ubf{ $ xhf/ (% ld6/ cUnf] lxdfnaf6 klx/f] uPsf] lyof]  . e"sDkn] lxdfn r9\g] dfu{nfO{ Iflt k'¥ofPsf] lyof] . pQm If]qdf $=% /]S6/ :s]nsf k/sDkg #! j6f nuftf/ uPsf lyP . pQm lxdfnsf] r'r'/f]df k'u]sf k|foM dn]l;ofnL gful/s lyP . pgLx¿sf] ;fydf l;+ufk'/, cd]l/sf, lkmlnlkG;, a]nfot, yfONofG8, 6sL{, rLg tyf hfkfgsf gful/s klg lyP . e"sDkn] ljBfno, c:ktfn, ;8s / ejgx¿df Iflt k'u]sf] 5  . hL–& a}7s

hL–& /fi6«sf g]tfx¿sf] lzv/ a}7s hnjfo' kl/jt{g / cftsjfbsf d'2fdf s]lGb|t ePsf] 5 . O:nflds :6]6 -cfO{P;_ n] O/fs / l;l/ofdf y'k}| e"efudf lgoGq0f ul//x]sf] a]nf ;+o'Qm /fHo cd]l/sf, a]nfot, hfkfg, k|mfG;, Sofgf8f, O6fnL / hd{gLsf g]tfx¿ afe]l/og cfNk;sf] Pn; PNdf] xf]6ndf e]nf ePsf 5g\ . a}7sdf a9\bf] tfkqmd lgoGq0f ug]{, hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf] ;a}eGbf a9L ef/ v]k]sf ul/a /fi6«x¿nfO{ ;xof]u k'¥ofpg 52/

sf]if v8f ug]{ ljifodf 5nkmn ePsf] lyof] . clk|msf / dWok"j{df af]sf] x/fd / cfO{P; h:tf s§/kGyL ljb|f]xL ;d"xx¿sf] a9\bf] k|efjaf/] 5nkmn ug{ gfOh]l/of, 6\o'lgl;of / O/fssf g]tf;d]t ;xefuL ePsf lyP . hL–& g]tfx¿sf] hnjfo' kl/jt{g ;DaGwL sfo{ ;s]kl5 O/fsL k|wfgdGqL x}b/ cn cafbL, gfOh]l/ofnL /fi6«klt d'xDdb a'xf/L / 6\o'lgl;ofnL /fi6«klt a]gL s}b O;]i;Ln] ;Dd]ngdf efu lnPsf lyP . pgLx¿n] af]sf] x/fd / O:nflds :6]6sf] a9\bf] k|efj / To;n] yk]sf r'gf}tLaf/] hfgsf/L u/fPsf lyP . rLgdf kfgL hxfh 8'Abf ;of}+sf] d[To' rLgdf h'g ! sf] /flt a]kQf ePsf] kfgL hxfhdf rfns bnsf ;b:o ;lxt $ ;o %* sf] g} d[To' ePsf] cg'dfg 5 . hxfhdf $ ;o ^ lrlgofF ofq', % hgf 6«fen Ph]G;Lsf sd{rf/L / $& hxfhsf sd{rf/L lyP . pQm &^ ld6/ nfdf] hxfhsf] tf}n @ xhf/ @ ;o 6g lyof] . To;df clwstd % ;o #$ ofq' c6fpg ;S5g\ . cTolws df};d v/fasf sf/0f p4f/stf{ k'Ug ;s]sf 5}gg\ . ;g\ !(*! df btf{ ePsf] /fHoåf/f ;~rflnt rf]+ulsu O:6g{ sDkgLn] pQm hxfh ;~rfng u/]sf] xf] . o;cl3 ;g\ !((( df k"jL{ ;fg8fª] k|fGtdf t6Lo If]qdf bfd'g km]/L 8'Abf @ ;o *@ hgfsf] Hofg uPsf] lyof] . kfgL hxfh rLgsf] yfªhL gbLdf 8'a]sf] lyof]  . hLljt afFr]sf SofK6]g / k|d'v OlGhlgo/nfO{ kqmfp ul/Psf] 5 . pgLx¿n] hxfh cfFwLsf] rk]6fdf k/]sf] atfPsf 5g\ . To;df ;jf/ clwsf+z %) b]lv *) jif{ ;d"xsf ko{6sx¿ lyP . of] gbL ljZjs} t];|f] nfdf] gbL !% ld6/ ulx/fO ePsf] 7fpF xf] . pQm gbL ltAataf6 k"jL{ rLg ;d'b|;Ddsf] ^ xhf/ # ;o lsnf]ld6/;Dd km}lnPsf] 5 . gbLdf vf]hL tyf p4f/ sfo{ hf/L /x]sf] 5 . pQm hxfhsf] gfd k"jL{ tf/f -O:6g{ :6f/_ xf] . ef/tdf udL{n] xhf/f}+sf] d[To' ef/tsf] ljleGg 7fpFdf tftf] xfjfn] b'O{ xhf/eGbf a9Lsf] d[To' ePsf] . sltko If]qdf tfkqmd %) l8u|L;Dd k'u]sf] 5 . s]xL lbgb]lv ToxfF tftf] xfjf rNg] qmd a9]sf] 5 . k|r08 udL{ / n"sf] ;aeGbf a9L c;/ t]n+ufgf / cfGw|k|b]zdf ePsf] 5 . d[To' x'g]df clwsf+z j[4j[4f / n"sf] vt/f ePsf sfdsfhL 5g\ . n" / kfgLsf] sdLn] pgLx¿sf] Hofg uPsf] xf]  . pQ/ k|b]zsf] Onfxfjfbdf $* / lbNnL $$ l8u|L tfkqmd k'u]sf] 5 . df};dljb\x¿n] klg of] cj:yf cem} s]xL lbg /xg ;Sg] eGb} vt/fsf] r]tfjfgL ;d]t lbPsf 5g\ . tfkqmd a9]sf sf/0f lah'nL cfk"lt{df s'g} sl7gfO pTkGg gug{ ;j{;fwf/0fn] ;/sf/nfO{ cfu|x u/]sf 5g\ . @)&@ c;f/, jif{–!@÷c°–!, k"0ff{°–!##

v]ns'b ultljlw

/fli6«o÷cGt/f{li6«o v]ns'b ultljlw ?ks :d[lt v]nf8L k'/:sf/ clvn g]kfn km'6an ;+3 -PGkmf_ n] /fli6«o l6dsf k"j{ sKtfg tyf lkmkmf /]k|mL ¿ks/fh zdf{sf] :d[l6df :yfkgf ul/Psf] ¿ks :d[lt v]nf8L k'/:sf/–@)&! af6 /fli6«o l6dsf :6«fOs/ ;Gtf]if ;fx'vn / dlxnf km'6an/ eujtL yfkfnfO{ ;Ddflgt u/]sf] 5 . PGkmf sDKn]S; ;ftbf]af6f]df r}t @( ut] cfof]lht sfo{qmddf oL b'O{ v]nf8L;Fu} k|lzIfs dx]Zj/ d'NdL, /fli6«o dlxnf l6dsL k"j{ sKtfg, ;xfos /]k|mL tyf g]kfnsL k|yd k|lzIfs k]df 8f]Ndf / lkmkmf /]k|mL dw';'bg vgfn klg ¿ks :d[lt k'/:sf/af6 ;Ddflgt ePsf 5g\ . ;Ddflgt x'g] k|To]s JolQmnfO{ Ps nfv ?lkofF k'/:sf/ /flz;lxt Ps÷Ps yfg df]6/;fOsn k|bfg ul/of] . pQm k'/:sf/ Pdfn] cWoIf s]kL cf]nLn] k|bfg u/]sf lyP . dlxnf Dofl8«8 cf]kg pkflw k]6«f lSj6f]efn] d] !) df ?;sL :j]tnfgf s'Hg];fefnfO{ ;lhn} ^–!, ^–@ n] x/fP/ Dofl8«8 cf]kgsf] pkflw lht]sL 5g\ . pgn] Dofl8«8df pkflw lht]sf] bf];|f] k6s xf] . ;g\ @)!! df klg pgn] pkflw lht]sL lyOg\ . Ps lbgcl3 ;]/]gf ljlnoD;sf] o; jif{sf] ck/flht ofqfdf k"0f{lj/fd nufPsL lSj6f]efn] kmfOgndf ;zQm u|fpG8:6«f]s v]nn] s'Hg];f]efnfO{ ;lhn} x/fOg\ . d'/]nfO{ k'?if Dofl8«8 cf]kgsf] pkflw a]nfosf gDa/ Ps v]nf8L PG8L d'/]n] rf/ k6ssf] ljh]tf /fkm]n gf8fnfO{ ;lhn} ^–#, ^–@ n] x/fP/ Dofl8«8 cf]kgsf] pkflw lht]sf 5g\ . Sn]sf]6{df d'/]n] gf8fnfO{ x/fPsf] of] klxnf] k6s xf] . o;}u/L gf8fnsf] /ftf] d}bfgdf of] bf];|f] pkflw ePsf] 5 . o;cl3 pgn] Do'lgv cf]kg klg lht]sf lyP . :k]gsf dxfg 6]lg; v]nf8L Dofg'cn ;fGtfgn] 6«kmL k|bfg u/] . ;fGtfgfsf] kmfOgns} lbg && cf} hGdlbg k/]sf] lyof] . kmfOgndf klxnf] ;]6 ;lhn} lht]kl5 bf];|f] ;]6df klg d'/] $–) n] cufl8 lyP . To;kl5 gf8fnn] b'O{ v]n lht] klg d'/]nfO{ ;xh pkflw lhtaf6 /f]Sg ;s]gg\  . o; ;qdf gf8fn Sn]sf]6{df xf/]sf] of] rf}yf] k6s xf] . kl5Nnf] k|ltof]lutf afl;{nf]gf cf]kgdf gf8fn t];|f] r/0faf6} labf ePsf lyP . o; k|bz{gn] gf8fnn] o; jif{ Sn]sf6{df v]lng] u|fG8:nfd k|m]Gr cf]kg b;f}+ k6s lhTg]df k|Zg lrGx v8f ePsf] 5 . @)&@ c;f/, jif{–!@÷c°–!, k"0ff{°–!##

afl;{nf]gf :k]gL lnu RoflDkog

lnof]gn d];Ln] lg0ff{os uf]n u/]kl5 afl;{nf]gf d] !* df ut ljh]tf P6\n]l6sf] Dofl8«8nfO{ !–) n] x/fP/ :k]gL lnu RoflDkog aGg ;kmn ePsf] 5 . afl;{nf]gfn] :k]gL lnu lht]sf] of] @# cf}F k6s xf] . kl5Nnf] P3f/ jif{df afl;{nf]gfn] ;ftf}+ k6s lnu lht]sf] 5 . v]nsf] ^% cf}F ldg]6df d];Ln] k]8«f] /f]l8«u]hsf] kf;df uf]n u/]  . o; ;qdf d];Lsf] of] $! cf}F uf]n ePsf] 5 . ut jif{ pkflwljxLg /x]sf] afl;{nf]gf ;dIf o; qmddf tLg k|ltof]lutf lhTg] df}sf 5 . afl;{nf]gf sf]kf 8]n/] / RoflDkoG; lnusf] kmfOgndf klg k'lu;s]sf] 5 . O6flnof sksf] pkflw l;l/P RoflDkog o'e]G6;n] d] @! df nflhof]nfO{ cltl/Qm ;dodf @–! n] x/fP/ O6flnof sksf] pkflw lht]sf] 5 . o; ;qdf o'e]G6\;sf] of] bf];|f] pkflw xf] . o'e]G6;;dIf o; ;qdf tLg pkflw lht]/ Åofl6«s ug]{ cj;/ klg 5 . v]nsf] (& cf}F ldg]6df :yfgfkGg v]nf8L cn]HofGb|f] df6L{n] d}bfgsf] dWoaf6 uf]n u/]kl5 o'e]G6;nfO{ lht k|fKt eof] . o;cl3 k"jf{4{df b'j} l6dsf nflu l8km]G8/n] uf]n u/]sf lyP . v]nsf] rf}yf] ldg]6df g} 8flgnf] sf6fN8Lsf] lk|mlssdf :6]kmg /f8'n] x]8 dfkm{t uf]n u/L nflhkf]nfO{ cu|tf lbnfPsf lyP . o'e]G6;n] O6flnofnL sk lht]sf] of] b;f}+ k6s xf] . ;g\ !((% kl5 o'e]G6;n] klxnf] k6s of] pkflw lht]sf] xf] . nflhkf]n] ^ k6s O6flnofnL sk lht]sf] 5 . OlG8og lk|ldo/ lnu @)!% sf] RoflDkog sKtfg /f]lxt zdf{sf] t]h cw{ztsLo kfln / n]G8n l;dG;n] ^* /g agfPkl5 d'DaO{ OlG8oG; r]GgfO{ ;'k/ lsª;nfO{ $! /gn] x/fP/ OlG8og lk|lko/ lnu @)!% sf] /53

v]ns'b ultljlw

RoflDkog ag]sf] 5 . d'DaO{n] kl5Nnf P3f/dWo] gf} v]n lht]sf] 5 . ;g\ @)!# df d'DaO{n] r]GgfO{nfO{ g} x/fP/ pkflw lht]sf] lyof] . r]GgfO{n] 5 k6s kmfOGn v]n]/ rf/k6s xf/ a]xf]/]sf] 5 . ;g\ @))*, @)!), @)!# / @)!% df r]GgfO{ pkflw le8Gtdf lg/fz ag]sf] lyof] . d'DaO{ pkflwkl5 6«kmL ;lxt !% s/f]8 ef/tLo ?lkofFsf] xsbf/ aGof] r]GgfO{n] b; s/f]8 ef/tLo ?lkofFdf lrQ a'emfof] . /f]lxtn] ^ rf}sf / b'O{ 5Ssf tyf l;dG;n] cf7 rf}sf / tLg 5Ssf k|xf/ u/] . /f]lxt Dofg ckm b Dofr klg 3f]lift eP . ;]leof o'/f]k lnu RoflDkog :k]gL Sna ;]leofn] d] @* df o'qm]gsf] l8k|f] l8k|f]k]6«f]E;snfO{ #–@ n] x/fP/ o'/f]kf lnusf] pkflw lht]sf] 5 . ;f]leofn] rf}yf]k6s RoflDkog ag]/ sLlt{dfg sfod u¥of] . o'/f]kf lnu lht]kl5 ;]leof cfufdL ;qsf] RoflDkog lnudf klg rog eof] . o'O{PkmPn] o;kflnb]lv o'/f]kf lnu ljh]tnfO{ RoflDkoG; lnu :yfg af]g; k'/:sf/ lbPsf] xf] . ;g\ @))%–@))^ df Oª\NofG8sf kfFr l6dn] RoflDkoG; lnu v]n]/ sLlt{dfg /fv]sf lyP . v]nsf] ;ftf}+ ldg]6df g} lgsf]nf sflnlgosf] uf]naf6 l8k|f]n] cu|tf agfPsf] lyof]  . v]nsf] @* cf}F ldg]6df kf]NofG8sf ld8lkmN8/ lj|mrf] ljofssf] uf]naf6 ;]leofn] k|ltlqmof hgfof] . v]nsf] &# cf}F ldg]6df afsfn] le6f]nf]sf] kf;df lg0ff{os uf]n u/]sf lyP . sf:sL jif{ v]nf8L sf:sL jif{ v]nf8Laf6 Aof8\ldG6gsL cGt/f{li6«o v]nf8L k"gd u'?ª ;Ddflgt ePsL 5g\ . sf:sL lhNnf v]ns'b ljsf; ;ldltn] x/]s jif{ u0ftGq lbj;sf] cj;/df jif{ v]nf8Laf6 ;Ddfg ub}{ cfPsf] 5 . o; jif{ cGt/ f{li6«o v]nf8L k'gdn] lhNnf, If]q /fli6«o:t/sf / blIf0f sf]l/ofdf ut jif{ cfof]hgf ePsf] Pl;ofnL v]ndf hgfPsf] ;xeflutfsf] cfwf/df 5gf]6 ul/Psf] xf] . pgn] ;Ddfg ;lxt gub #) xhf/ ?lkofF k|fKt ul/g\ . jif{ pTs[i6 k|lzIfsaf6 l;tf]l/of] s/fFt]sf k|lzIfs ;'/]Gb|s'df/ u'?ª, 54/

sf:sL, jif{ cfb]z v]n JolQmTj k"j{ cGt/f{li6«o km"6an v]nf8L Ps k|lzIfs v]daxfb'/ u'?ª, sf:sL jif{ v]n kqsf/ v]ns'b kqsf/ bLgfgfy a/fn 3f]lift eP . sf:sL pTs[i6 ;+3 ;+:yfsf] tkm{af6 sf:sL lhNnf Aof8ldG6g ;+3nfO{ ;Ddfg ul/Psf] 5 . ;Ddflgt kqsf/, k|lzIfs, cfbz{ JolQm / ;+:yfnfO{ hgxL kfFr÷kfFr xhf/ ?lkofF k|bfg ul/Psf] lyof] . cf;{gnnfO{ PkmP sk P:6g leNnfnfO{ $–) n] x/fP/ cf;{gnn] d] #! df PkmP sksf] pkflw lht]sf] 5 . pkflw /Iff ;d]t u/]sf] cf;{gnn] ;jf{lws k'/fgf] k|ltof]lutf PkmP sk lht]sf] of] sLlt{dfg !@ cf}F k6s xf] . afNsf]6n] v]nsf] $) cf}F ldg]6df klxnf] uf]n u/] To;kl5 lrnLsf :6«fOs/ Pn]lS;h ;fGr]hn] pQ/f4{sf] ;'?jftd} @% uhaf6 ;Lw} uf]n kf]:6df l5/fP/ cf;{gnsf] cu|tf bf]Aa/ kf/]sf lyP . v]nsf] ^@ cf}F ldg]6df hd{gLsf k/ d]6]{;fs/n] x]8 dfkm{t uf]n u/L P:6g leNnfsf] v]ndf kmls{g] ;Defjgf ;dfKt kf/]  . To;kl5 OGh'/L ;dodf clGtd uf]n cf]lne/ h]6fp8n] u/]sf lyP . ut jif{ cf;{gnn] kmfOgndf xnnfO{ cltl/Qm ;dodf aNntNn #–@ n] x/fP/ pkflw lht]sf] lyof] . o;kfln eg] cf;{gnnfO{ sk lhTg sl7g ePg . Anf6/ k'gM lkmkmf cWoIf tyf /fhLgfdf ;]k Anf6/ d] #) df kfFrf}+ k6s lkmkmfsf] cWoIfdf r'lgPsf 5g\ . pgsf k|ltåGåL /fhs'df/ cnL lag cn x';]gn] bf];|f] r/0f cufl8 gfd lkmtf{ lnPkl5 Anf6/sf] sfFwdf k'gM ljZj km'6an rnfpg] lhDd]jf/L cfPsf] xf]  . kl5Nnf] r/0fsf dtbfgdf Anf6/n] !## / x';]gn] &# dt k|fKt u/sf lyP . &( jifL{o Anf6/ ;g !((* b]lv lkmkmfsf] cWoIf kbdf lg/Gt/ 5g\ . o; k6s lkmkmf e|i6frf/ / /fhgLltsf] /8fsf] tyf o'/f]k]nL km'6an dxf;+3 -o"O{PkmP_ sf] lj/f]w x'bfFx'Fb} klg Anf6/n] cGolws dt k|fKt u/] . Anf6/nfO{ o; k6s klg Pl;of / clk|msfn] ;xof]u u/] . lkmkmfdf Anf6/ $) jif{b]lv 5g\ eg] cWoIfdf !& jif{ latfO;s]sf 5g\ . b'O{ jif{cl3 pkfWoIf ;lxt ;ft kbflwsf/L e|i6frf/sf] cleof]udf kqmfp k/]kl5 lkmkmf s+u]|; x'g]df z+sf pTkGg ePsf] 5 . lkmkmf ;~rfngdf Jofks cfnf]rgf ePkl5 Anf6/n] h'g # df /fhLgfdf lbPsf 5g\  . Anf6/sf] sfo{sfndf lkmkmfdfly @)&@ c;f/, jif{–!@÷c°–!, k"0ff{°–!##

v]ns'b ultljlw e|i6frf/ dt vl/b tyf ljZjsk l6s6 lxgfldgfsf] cf/f]k nfu]sf] 5 . /fi6«klt l;N8df 6K; RoflDkog ;ftf}+ /fi6«klt /lgª l;N8 ljBfno:t/Lo v]ns'b k|ltof]lutfdf 6K; pdflj RoflDkog ag]sf] 5 . lhNnf v]ns'b ljsf; ;ldlt sf:sLsf] cfof]hgfdf kf]v/f /+uzfnfdf h]7 !& ut] ;DkGg 5fqf elnandf k|yd :yfg xfl;n u/L #% / Pyn]l6S;df !)! c+s ;lxt !#% c+s k|fKt u/L RoflDkog aGof] . 6K; 5}6f}F k6s RoflDkog aGg ;kmn ePsf] 5 . o;}u/L elnandf !$ / Pyn]lS6S;df !!@ u/L hDdf !@^ c+s;lxt sf:sL df]8{gfOh Ps]8]dL pkljh]tf aGof] . Pyn]lS6S;df &^ c+s ;lxt uf}/Lz+s/ pdflj x]Dhf t];|f] eof]  . RoflDkog ag]sf] 6K;n] !% xhf/, pkljh]tf sf:sL df]8{gfOh Ps]8]dLn] !@ xhf/ / t[tLo uf}/Lz+s/ pdfljn] b; xhf/ ?lkofF k|fKt u/] . h]7 !$ b]lv ;~rflnt k|ltof]lutfdf $^ j6f ljBfnon] ;xeflutf hgfPsf lyP . ;]/]gf dlxnf k|m]Gr cf]kg RoflDkog ljZjsL gDa/ Ps dlxnf 6]lg; v]nf8L ;]/]gf ljlnoD; h'g ^ df u0ftfGqsL !# cfF} j/Lotfk|fKt n'eL ;fkmf6f]efnfO{ ^–#, ^–& / ^–@ n] x/fP/ k|m]Gr cf]kg RoflDkog ag]sL 5g\ . ;]/]gfsf] of] t];|f] k|m]Gr cf]kg pkflw xf] . o;cl3 ;]/]gfn] ;g\ @))@ / @)!# df pkflw lht]sL lyOg\ . o;}u/L pgsf] u|fG8:nfd pkflw ;+Vof @) k'u]sf] 5 . ;jf{lws u|fG8:nfdsf] sLlt{dfg hd{gLsL :6]kmL u|fkmsf] gfddf /x]sf] 5 . u|fkmn] @@ u|fG8:nfd pkflw lht]sL 5g\  . Ps ;do ^–# / $–! sf] l:yltdf /x]sL ;]/]gf ;xh lhttkm{ cu|;/ lyOg\ t/ klxnf] k6s u|fG8:nfd kmfOgn v]n]sL ;fkmf/f]efn] ;lhn} xf/ :jLsf/ ul/g\, pgn] ;fgbf/ v]n v]nfpFb} bf];|f] ;]6 6«fOa|]s/df lht] / v]n lg0ff{os ;]6df nlug\ . oBlk ;fkmf/f]efn] clGtd ;]6df ;]/]gfnfO{ r'gf}tL lbg ;lsgg\ . ?kGb]xLnfO{ ltnf]Qdf uf]N8sk cfof]hs ?kGb]xL – !! n] h]7 @% ut] pkflw bfj]bf/ g]kfn cfdL{ SnanfO{ #–! n] x/fP/ !* cf}F ltnf]Qdf uf]N8sk km'6an k|ltof]lutfsf] pkflw lht]sf] 5 . v]nsf] ;ftf}F ldg]6df cfdL{ Snasf 6+s a:g]tn] klxnf] uf]n u/]kl5 ?kGb]xL bafadf k/]sf] lyof] . To;kl5 cu|tf agfPsf] cfdL{n] k"jf{4{df cfof]hsnfO{ bafadf /fv]kl5 3/]n' bz{s lg/fz ag]sf lyP t/ dWofGt/kl5 cfdL{n] cfÇgf] no sfod /fVg ;s]g . h;n] ubf{ ?kGb]xLn] v]ndf kmls{g] df}sf kfof]  . pQ/fw{sf] !* cf}F ldg]6df ?kGb]xLsf :6«fOs/ ;'hn >]i7n] a/fa/L uf]n u/]  . 3/]n' bz{ssf] e/k'/ ;dy{g @)&@ c;f/, jif{–!@÷c°–!, k"0ff{°–!##

kfPsf] ?kGb]xLsf nflu bLks /fO{n] pQ/fw{sf] #% cfF} ldg]6df uf]n u/]  . OGh'/L ;dodf ;'hnn] JolQmut bf];|f] uf]n u/]kl5 cfdL{sf] xf/ kSsf eof] . e"sDkkLl8tsf] ;xof]ufy{ a'6jnsf] PGkmf 6]lSgsn ;]G6/df ePsf] k|ltof]lutf lht]kl5 ?kGb]xL !! n] uf]N8sk ;lxt tLg nfv &% xhf/ / pkljh]tf cfdL{n] b'O{ nfv %) xhf/ ?lkofF k'/:sf/ k|fKt u/] . o;}u/L ;j{>]i7 v]nf8L 3f]lift ?kGb]xL !! sf bLks /fO{n] ofdfxf df]6/;fOsn xft kf/] . k|ltof]lutfdf ?kGb]xLsf lbnLk IfqL ;j{>]i7 uf]n/Ifs / ;'hn ;j{>]i7 km/jf8{ 3f]lift eP . o;}u/L ;j{>]i7 l8km]G8/ / ld8lkmN8/sf] k'/:sf/ cfdL{sf lx/0o du/ / 6+s a:g]tn] k|fKt u/] . pkflw ljh]tf bLksk|sfz dNn ;j{>]i7 k|lzIfs r'lgP . pTs[i6 ;a}n] hgxL !% xhf/ ?lkofF k|fKt u/] . jfl/Gsf k'?if k|m]Gr cf]kg RoflDkog ljZjsf gDa/ Ps 6]lg; v]nf8L gf]efs hf]sf]ler k'gM k|m]Gr cf]kg 6]lg;sf] pkflw lhTgaf6 jl~rt ePsf 5g\ . kl5Nnf rf/ jif{df tLg k6s kmfOgn v]n]/ klg Sn]sf6{df v]lng] u|fG8:nfd lhTg g;s]sf hf]sf]lernfO{ l:jh/NofG8sf :6fg jfl/Gsfn] x/fP/ pkflw xft kf/] . ;g\ @)!@ / @)!$ df hf]sf]ler kmfOgndf /fkm]n gf8fn;Fu k/flht ePsf lyP . ;lj{ofsf hf]sf]lern] clxn];Dd lhTg g;s]sf] u|fG8:nfd k|m]Gr cf]kg dfq xf] . cf7f}F j/Loftfsf jfl/Gsfn] snfTds Psxft] Aofsx\ofG8af6 w]/} c+s a6'n]/ hf]sf]lernfO{ h'g & sf /flt $–^, ^–$, ^–#, ^–$ n] :tAw kf/L k|m]Gr cf]kg RoflDkog ag] . jfl/Gsfsf] of] bf];|f] u|fG8:nfd pkflw xf] . ut jif{ jfl/Gsfn] c:6«]lnog cf]kgsf] kmfOgndf /fkm]n gf8fnfO{ x/fP/ u|fG8:nfdsf] :jfb rfv]sf lyP . hf]sf]lerlj?4sf] le8Gtdf klg pgn] kl5Nnf @) dWo] !& v]n xf/] klg kmfOgndf afhL df/] . /55

af}l4s k/LIf0f

;f]kfg af}l4s k/LIf0f – ! != lgDg qmddf /x]sf vfnL 7fpF -k|Zg lr≈gx?_ df cfpg] af/x? kQf nufpg'xf];\ . Sunday, Tuesday, Friday, ? , Wednesday,

q b]jLk|;fb ;'j]bL*

&= tnsf] Dofl6«S;df 5'6]sf] v08df s'g s'g cIf/x? cfpF5g\ <

Friday, ? , Wednesday, Saturday, Monday

@= lgDg # j6f Dofl6«S;df /x]sf ;+Vofx? s'g} k|sf/n] Psfk;df ;DjlGwt 5g\ . ;f] ;DaGw klxrfg u/L 5'6]sf ;+Vofx? kQf nufpg'xf];\ . 3

C F

H K M

D F R O I O N D ?

(= tn k|Zg lr≈g /x]sf] 7fpFdf cfpg] tLg c+ssf] ;+Vof kQf nufpg'xf];\ . 369, 121, 518, 212, 427, 303, ? !)= tnsf Dofl6«S;df /x]sf c+ssf] ;DaGw kQf nufO{ k|Zg lr≈g /x]sf] 7fpFdf cfpg] c+s kQf nufpg'xf];\ . 2

13 6

35 (1112) 87 52 (610) 18 94 (?) 77

%= 38Ldf s'g} 306f aHg @$ ldg]6 afFsL /x]sf] 5 . /f]dg c+sdf ;do c+lst ul/Psf] pQm 38Ldf clxn] ldg]6 ;'O{ /x]sf] 7fpFaf6 38L 3'Dg] lbzfsf] pN6f] lbzf (anticlockwise) df qmdzM cfpg] u/L tnsf /f]dg ;+Vofx?nfO{ ldnfpg'xf];\ .

3 3

$= tn k|Zg lr≈g ePsf] 7fpFdf s'g ;+Vof cfpF5 < 72 (168) 96

*= tn k|Zg lr≈g /x]sf] 7fpFdf s'g cIf/ cfpF5 <

#= tn lbOPsf] x/]s lrqdf /flvPsf c+sx?sf] cGt/;DaGw klxrfg u/L 5'6]sf] ;+Vof kQf nufpg'xf];\ . 9

6 ?

!!= olb klxnf] %%,))) ?k}ofF;Dd @@ k|ltzt / To;kl5sf] cfodf #% k|ltzt cfos/ nfUb5 eg] *),))) sdfpg] JolQmn] slt cfos/ ltg'{kb{5 < !@= cGo lrqx?;Fu tfbfTDotf ldNg hfg] u/L k|Zg lr≈g ePsf] 7fpFdf lbOPsf dWo] s'g lrq ldNb5 <

XII, II, IX, VI, VIII, IV

^= tnsf lrqdf slt cfsf/sf -a]Unf a]Un} cfsf/sf_ j[Qx? /x]sf 5g\ <

* -pk;lrj, g]kfn ;/sf/_

56/

@)&@ c;f/, jif{–!@÷c°–!, k"0ff{°–!##

/57

;xL pQ/x? -sf/0f ;d]t_

!= Sunday, Monday -sf/0fM qmdzM ! lbg / @ lbg kml8\sb} >]0fL lgdf{0f ePsf] 5_ @= 6 and 12 -sf/0fM lbPsf] lrqdf lgDgfg';f/ #, ^, (, !@, !%, !* clg @@, !*, !$, !), ^, @ x'g]ul/ b'O{ qmdx? /x]sf 5g\ ._ 3 22

18 6

14 12 9

15 6

2 18

#= 41 -sf/0fM [7 x 8] - 15) $=1611 -sf/0fM 9+7=16 / 4+7=11) %= VI, IV, II, XII, IX, VIII ^= % j6f &= N, P -sf/0fM Dofl6«S;df t];f]{ x]bf{ qmdzM Ps cIf/ / b'O{ cIf/ km8\lsPsf] 5, eg] 7f8f] x]bf{ qmdzM b'O{ cIf/ clg Ps cIf/ km8\lsPsf] 5 ._ *= K -sf/0fM DRINK / FOOD zJbsf cIf/x? qmdzM ld;fP/ n]lvPsf] 5 ._ (= 336 -sf/0fM 3 sf b'gf÷6]jn x?nfO{ ;+u;+u} n]v]/ # c+ssf] ;d"xdf ljefhg ul/Psf] 5_ !)= 26 -sf/0fM [7x8]-[5x6]) !!= ?=@),*%) !@= A -sf/0fM 7f8f] t];f]{ ul/ jGg] tLg–lrq–;d"xx?sf] clGtd lrqdf ;'?sf b'O{ lrqdf ;femf /x]sf nfO{g x6fO{ jfFsL nfO{gx? /flvPsf]_ !#= # !$= D -sf/0fM of] jfx]s cGo lrqx?df c+u|]hL j0f{dfnfsf % j6f qmlds cIf/x? /x]sf 5g\  . o; lrqdf c+u|]hL cIf/x? T V W X / Y /x]sf 5g\, h;df U 5'6]sf] 5 ._ !%= %@$!# jf #!$@%

!$= tn lbOPsf kfFrj6f lrqx?dWo] ;d"xdf gldNg] 5'6\ofpg'xf];\ . (AxC) + (BxD) (AxB) + (D-C)

!#= olb A=3, B=4, C=5 / pQ/ slt x'G5 <

D=6

eP tnsf] lx;fjsf]

!%= ! b]lv % ;Ddsf c+s x¿nfO{ dflysf % j6f j[Qleq tnsf ;a} zt{ k"/f x'g]ul/ ldnfpg'xf];\M — c+sx¿ @ / ! tyf tLgsf aLrdf /x]sf ;j} c+sx¿ hf]8\bf & xf];\ . — c+sx¿ % / # tyf tLgsf aLrdf /x]sf ;j} c+sx¿ hf]8\bf !% xf];\ . — c+sx¿ $ / # tyf tLgsf aLrdf /x]sf ;j} c+sx¿ hf]8\bf * xf];\ . — c+sx¿ % / ! tyf ltgsf aLrdf /x]sf ;j} c+sx¿ hf]8\bf !@ xf];\ .

af}l4s k/LIf0f

;fdfGo 1fg

k|ltof]lutfTds ;fdfGo1fg– ! -vl/bf/ ljz]if_

q s'df/ sf]O/fnf

!= ;f}o{ pmhf{af6 ;~rflnt klxnf] ladfg ;f]nf/ O{DkN;–@ slxn]b]lv ;~rfngdf cfPsf] xf] <

– @)!% dfr{ ( -cf]dfgsf] d:s6b]lv p8fg ;'? u/]sf]_

@= u'un AjfO{ ckm g]kfn eg]/ lrlrg] ljnIf0f k|ltef ePsf afns sf] x'g\ < – cflbTo bfxfn #= g]kfnsf] bf];|f] n'lDagL eg]/ s'g 7fpFnfO{ lrlgG5 < – sfFqm]ljxf/, ;'v]{t $= ;g\ @)!% sf] km]a|'c/L @@ df 3f]if0ff ul/Psf] *&cf}+ cf]:s/ cjf8{df ;jf]{Ts[i6 rnlrq s'g lyof] < – a8{Dofg %= @)!% sf] ljZjsk lqms]6 k|ltof]lutfdf ljhoL x'g] b]z s'g xf] < – ci6«]lnof ^= g/]Gb| df]bLn] ^(cf}+ dxf;efdf k|:tfj k|:t't u/]kl5 ;+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3n] s'g lbgnfO{ of]u :jf:Yo / tgfjd'Qm hLjgsf nflu ‘of]u lbj;’ dgfpg] lg0f{o u/]sf] 5 <– h'g @! -@)!% h'g @! df klxnf] k6s dgfOPsf]_ &= ;+3Lotf / ;+ljwfg lgdf{0fsf ljifonfO{ lnP/ k|d'v rf/ /fhgLlts bnaLrsf] !^ a'Fb] ;xdlt slxn] xf] < – @)&@ h]7 @% ut] *= ^^cf}+ /fli6«o dfgj clwsf/ lbj; @)&! sf] gf/f s] /x]sf] lyof] < – æ;a}sf] nflu 3/ 3/df dfgjclwsf/, zfGtL / ljsf;sf] cfwf/Æ

(= ;+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3n] ;g\ @)!% nfO{ s'g jif{sf] ?kdf dgfpFb} 5 < – cGt/f{li6«o df6f] jif{ !)= O/fs, l;l/of, hf]8{g, cflb b]zsf] e"–efu hf]8]/ O:nflds :6]6 gfds ;d"xn] agfPsf] gofF /fHo s'g xf] < – sflnkm]6 !!= @)!$ h'nfO{ @)–@%df ;DkGg @)cf}+ P8\; ;Dd]ng sxfF ePsf] lyof] < – ci6«]lnofsf] d]nag{df !@= @)&@ c;f/ $ ut] k|sflzt @)&! ;fnsf] SLC kl/Iffdf slt k|ltzt ljBfyL{ pQL{0f ePsf 5g\ < – $&=$#∞ !#= c7f/f}+ lzv/ ;Dd]ngn] ;fs{sf sltj6f s]Gb| sfod ug]{ lg0f{o u/]sf] 5 < – % j6f !$= ;g\ @)!$ sf] gf]a]n zfGtL k'/:sf/ s;nfO{ k|bfg ul/Psf] 5 < – s}nf; ;TofyL{ -ef/t_ / dnfnf o';'km hfO{ -kfls:tfg_

!%= ef/tsf] @(cf}+ /fHosf] ?kdf t]nu+ gf slxn] gofF /fHosf] ?kdf 3f]if0ff eof] < – @)!$ h'g @ 58/

!^= la;f}+ ljZjsk km'6jn @)!$ df uf]N8]g an ljh]tf v]nf8L sf] x'g < – lnof]g]n d];L !&= lqms]6sf] ann] 6fpsf]df nfu]/ ci6«]lnog lqms]6/ lkmlnk x\o"hsf] lgwg slxn] ePsf] lyof] < – @& gf]e]Da/@)!$

!*= k[YjLsf] e"–dWo /]vLo Aof; slt 5 <

– !@,&%^ ls=dL=

!(= #)cf}+ cf]nlDks @)!@ sf] gf/f s]] lyof] <

– Inspire of generation

@)= ;'uf}ln ;lGw x'geGbf cufl8 g]kfnsf] If]qkmn slt /x]sf] lyof] <

– @)$(!& j=ls=dL=

@!= g]N;g d08]nfsf] lgwg slxn] ePsf] xf] < – % l8;]Da/ @)!# @@= ljZjsk km'6ansf] 6«kmL bz/y /+uzfnfdf slxn] k|bz{g ul/Psf] lyof] < – @! l8;]Da/ @)!# @#= ;jf]{Rr cbfntn] dtbfg clZjsf/ ug]{ clwsf/ (Right to reject) sf] kIfdf km};nf u/]sf] ldlt s'g xf] < – @)&)÷(÷@! @$= ;fs{sf jt{dfg dxf;lrj ch'g{ a= yfkfn] slxn]bl] v sfo{ef/ ;Dxfn]sf x'g\ < – @ dfr{ @)!$ @%= dflNbE;df -lxGb dxf;fu/_ d'gL sl/a !) lkm6 ulx/fOdf /x]sf] xf]6nsf] gfd s] xf] < – O{tfxf /]i6'/fF @^= /fdfo0fnfO{ c+uh ]| Ldf cg'jfb ug]{ cg'jfbs sf] x'g < – k|f=8f= uf]ljGb /fh e§/fO{ @&= g]kfnsf] k|:tfljt k"j{–klZrd /]ndfu{sf] nDafO{ slt 5 < – ($% ls=dL= @*= ;qf}+ Pl;ofnL v]ns'b k|ltof]lutfdf sf:o kbs lhTg] g]kfnL v]nf8L sf] x'g\< – ljdnf tfdfª -;g\ @)!$, s/fFt]_ @(= hnjfo' kl/jt{g ;DaGwL /f/f ;Dd]ng slxn] ePsf] lyof] < – @)&!÷&÷!@–&÷!$ ;Dd #)= c7f/f}+ ;fs{ lzv/ ;Dd]ngn] slt a'Fb] sf7df8f}+ 3f]if0ffkq hf/L u/]sf] < – #^ a'Fb] #!= xfn g]kfndf pk dxfgu/kflnsfsf] ;+Vof slt 5 < – !! @)&@ c;f/, jif{–!@÷c°–!, k"0ff{°–!##

;fdfGo 1fg #@= dxfe"sDk @)&@ kl5 ;'Vvf klx/f] v;]/ s'g gbL y'lgP/ tfn ag]sf] lyof] < – sfnLu08sL -DofUbL_ ##= ldlt @)&@÷!÷!@ df g]kfndf slt /]S6/ :s]nsf] e"sDk uPsf] lyof] < – &=* (MM-Motion moment) – &=^ (Motion local) #$= ljZjsf ;a}eGbf cUnf JolQm ;'Ntfg sf];]g -6sL{_ / xf]rf rGb|axfb'/ 8fFuL -g]kfn_ aLr e]6 slxn] ePsf] lyof] < – )&! sflt{s @& ut] -n08gdf_ #%= g]kfn ;/sf/ dGqL kl/ifb\sf] a}7sn] ldlt @)&!÷!)÷@& df a;]sf] a}7såf/f ;To lg?k0f tyf d]nldnfk cfof]u / j]kQf 5fgljg cfof]usf] cWoIfdf lgo'Qm x'g] sf] sf] x'g < – qmdzM ;"o{ls/0f u'?Ë / nf]s]Gb| dlNns #^= e"sDk lkl8tsf] ;xof]ufy{ snfsf/ / /fhg}lts bnsf g]tfx?aLr km'6an k|ltof]lutf slxn] ;DkGg eof] < – @)&@÷@÷@# #&= cf=j= )&!÷&@ sf] ah]6 cg';f/ gfkmfdf /x]sf ;fj{hlgs ;+:yf slt j6f 5g\ < – !( j6f #*= Agenda - 21 s] ;Fu ;DalGwt 5 < – jftfj/0f #(= g]kfn / a]nfotaLr bf}To ;DaGw slxn] sfod ePsf] ldlt s'g xf] < – !& d] !(#$ $)= g]kfn ;/sf/ / g]=s=kf= dfcf]jfbLaLr lj:t[t zfGtL ;Demf}tfdf x:tfIf/ slxn] ePsf] lyof] < – – @)^# d+l;/ % $!= klxnf] ;"o{j+lz /fhf e"ldjdf{sf] zflns sxfF 5 < – – dflnufpF, sf7df8f}+ $@= Jofkf/L kjg ;f+3fO{sf] ckx/0f d'2fdf bf]ifL k|dfl0ft eO{ h]n hfg] /fhgLlt sdL{ sf] x'g < – Zofd;'Gb/ u'Ktf -;f9] # jif{ s}bsf] km};nf ePsf]_

$#= ck/ tfdfsf]zL hnlaB't cfof]hgf s'g lhNnfdf k5{ < – bf]nvf $$= Hjfnfd'vL slt k|sf/sf x'G5g\< – # k|sf/sf -d[t, hfu[t / ;'–;'Kt_ $%= g]kfn ;/sf/n] @)&@÷!÷!@ sf] e"sDkkl5 slt lhNnfnfO{ ;+s6u|:t lhNnf 3f]if0ff u/]sf] lyof] < – !$ lhNnf $^= g]kfn ;/sf/n] /fli6«o k'gMlgdf{0f sf]ifdf cGt/f{li6«o ;xof]u h'6fpg g]kfn ;/sf/sf] ljif]z b'tdf s;nfO{ lgo'QmL u/]sf] 5 < – NRN cWoIf z]if 3n]nfO{ $&= g]kfndf a/fa/ If]qkmn ePsf b'O{ c~rn s'g s'g x'g\ < – hgsk'/ / sf]zL *&=* (MM-Motion moment) *&=^ (Motion local)

@)&@ c;f/, jif{–!@÷c°–!, k"0ff{°–!##

$*= :ju{sf] b/af/ gfds s[ltsf n]vs sf] x'g\ < – z'qm/fh zf:qL $(= g]kfn ;/sf/n] ljKkf ;Demf}tf u/]sf] klxnf] /fi6« s'g xf] < – k|mfG; %)= ld; jN8{ @)!$ sf] pkfwL lhTg] ljZj ;'Gb/L sf] x'g < – /f]n]g :6«; -blIf0f clk|msf_ %!= g]kfnsf s]xL ;/sf/L sfof{nox?df !@ 306] ;]jfsf] ;'?jft slxn]bl] v ul/Psf] xf] < – @)&!÷(÷! b]lv

%@= ;jf]{Rr cbfntn] slxn] b]lv online tf/]v ;]jf z'? u/]sf] xf] < – @)&! d+l;/ !$ b]lv %#= d[t dflg;sf] d'6' lhljt JolQmdf k|Tof/f]k0f ug]{ g]kfnL d'nsf 8fS6/sf] gfd s] xf] <

– 8f= s'd'b lwtfn -;]G6 leG;]G6 c:ktfn, ci6«]lnof_

%$= Pl;og O{Gk|mf:6«Sr/ OGe]i6d]06 a}+ssf] k|wfg sfof{no sxfF /x]sf] 5 < – rLgsf] a]O{lhªdf %%= cGt/f{li6«o ul/aL lgjf/0f lbj; slxn] dgfOG5 < - October - 17 %^= @)&! k'; $–* ;Dd sf7df8f}+df ;DkGg ePsf] k|yd blIf0f Pl;ofnL elnan k|ltof]lutfsf] pkfwL s'g /fi6«n] lht]sf] lyof] < – ef/t %&= @)&! ;fnsf] cleofg k'/:sf/ s;nfO{ k|bfg ul/Psf] 5 < – Zofd k|=zdf{, -? !÷– /fzL_ %*= cGt/f{li6«o lqms]6 sfpG;Ln (ICC) n] g]kfnnfO{ ljZj lqms]6 lnu RoflDkogl;kdf ;xefuL x'g kfpg] lg0f{o s'g ldltdf u/]sf] xf] < - 2015 Jan 28 df

%(= ædgdf l/; kf]ln/xg' eg]sf] csf{dfyL km\ofFSg] p2]Zon] cfuf]sf] sf]Onf xftdf lng' h:t} xf], cflv/ hNg] t ltdL cfkm} xf]Æ . of] egfO s;sf] xf] < – uf}td a'4 ^)= t]SjfGbf] v]nf8L lbks lai6n] v]n hLjgaf6 labf lng] 3f]if0ff slxn] u/]sf lyP < – @)&!÷!)÷!&

^!= g]kfndf h}ljs ljljwtf ;"rgf s]Gb| sxfF /x]sf] 5 < – lrtjgdf ^@= ‘pxL s'/f k6s–k6s bf]xf]¥ofP/ km/s km/s glthfsf] cfzf ug'{ kfunkg xf]Æ s:sf] egfO xf] < – cnj6{ cfO{G;6fOg ^#= @)&! df ;DkGg xfQLkf]nf] k|ltof]lutfdf ljhoL x'g] xfQLsf] gfd s] xf] < – ;'gfsnL ^$= gfos >L s[i0f >]i7sf] lgwg slxn] ePsf] xf] < – @)&!÷$÷@%

^%= c7f/f}+ ;fs{ lzv/ ;Dd]ngsf] gf/f s] lyof] <

– zfGtL / ;d[l4sf nflu uxg Pstf /59

;fdfGo 1fg ^^= ljZjs} k|ltli7t k'/:sf/ C-10 cjf8{ @)!$ k|fKt ug]{ ‘zlQm ;d"xsL’ cWoIfsf] gfd s] xf] <

– sf7df8f}+ -!! j6f_

– ;'lgtf bg'jf/

*^= c7f/f}+ ;fs{ lzv/ ;Dd]ngn] ’rf6{/ a8L’ sf] ?kdf s'g ;ldltnfO{ dfGotf lbg] lg0f{o ul/Psf] 5 <

– @)&! sflQs $ ut] -@)!$ cS6f]j/ @!_

*&= ;g\ @)!^ nfO{ ;fs{n] s'g jif{sf] ?kdf dgfpg] ePsf] 5 < – ;fs{ ;f+:s[lts ;Dkbf jif{ **= cf=j= )&!÷&@ sf] ah]6 dfkm{t ;/sf/n] &) jif{ gf3]sf h]i7 gful/snfO{ cf}ifwf]krf/ vr{ jfkt jflif{s slt /sd lbg] lg0f{o u/]sf] 5 < – @ xhf/ *(= t]xf| } lqjifL{o of]hgfsf] lb3{sfnLg ;f]r s] /x]sf] 5 <

^&= g]kfn / ef/taKr pmhf{ Jofkf/ ;Demf}tf PTA (Power Trade Agreement) df x:tfIf/ slxn] eof] < ^*= ISO-14000 s] ;Fu ;DalGwt 5 <

– jftfj/0f Joj:yfkg

^(= u'?· ;f+:s[lts ;+u|xfno sxfF 5 < – tfKn]h'ªdf &)= ljZjsf] ;jf]R{ r lzv/ ;u/dfyfdf cf]nlDks Hof]lt slxn] k'¥ofOPsf] lyof] < – @)^%÷!÷@^ df &!= eQmk'/sf clGtd dNn /fhf sf] x'g\ < – /0fhLt dNn &@= nlnt lqk'/f;'Gb/Lsf] ;Demgfdf lgld{t @)# lkm6 cUnf] w/x/f s'g z}lndf lgdf{0f ePsf] lyof] < – d'un z}nL

&#= g]kfn /fi6« a}+ssf] ueg{/df 8f= lr/~hLjL g]kfn slxn] lgo'Qm ePsf x'g\ < – @)&!÷!@÷% &$= jftfj/0f :jR5 x'gsf nflu slt k|ltzt h+un x'g' cfjZos 5 < – $#∞ &%= ljZj pkef]Qmf clwsf/ lbj; slxn] dgfOG5 <

– dfr{ !%

&^= ;g\ @)!$ sf] e|i6frf/ ;"rsf+sdf ;a}eGbf :jR5 / e|i6 d'n's s'g–s'g x'g\ < – :jR5 M 8]gdfs{ -(@ c+s_, e|i6 M ;f]dflnof / pQ/ sf]l/of -*÷* c+s_

&&= g]kfn ;/sf/n] ;"lt{hGo kbfy{sf] Kofs]6sf] a§fdf ()∞ efudf r]tfjgLd"ns ;Gb]z / 3fts ;Gb]z clgjfo{ 5fKg'kg]{ lgb]{lzsf slxn] hf/L u¥of] < – @)&! sflt{s !# &*= ;fs{sf] ;f+:s[lts ;ldltn] ;fs{sf] klxnf] ;f+:s[lts /fhwfgLsf] ?kdf s'g :yfgnfO{ 5gf]6 u/]sf] 5 < – ckmuflg:tfgsf] jfldofg &(= afudtL ;/;kmfO cleofgnfO{ s'g cGt/f{li6«o k'/:sf/ k|fKt ePsf] 5 <– Pl;og 6fpg:s]k cjf8{ @)!$ *)= !&cf}+ Pl;ofln v]ns'bsf] gf/f s] lyof] < – oxfF ljljwtf pbfpF5

(Diversity shines here)

*!= !*cf}+ Pl;ofnL v]ns'b slxn] / sxfF x'Fb}5 <

– ;g\ @)!*, O08f]g]lzofdf

*@= lqd'lt{ lgs]tgaf6 ‘ztfAbL k'?if’ pkfwLåf/f ;Ddflgt JolQm sf] x'g\ <

– ;+:s[ltljb\ ;Todf]xg hf]zL -/fzL ?= % nfv / tfd|kq_

*#= @)&) ;fnsf] dbg k'/:sf/ k|fKt s[lt s'g xf] <

– vn+ufdf xdnf -/fwf kf}8]n_ – #@&^

*$= xfnsf] uf=lj=;=sf] ;+Vof slt 5 < 60/

*%= ;a}eGbf a9L gu/kflnsf ePsf] lhNnf s'g xf] <

– sfo{qmd ;ldlt

– ;g\ @)@@ leq g]kfnnfO{ cltsd ljsl;t /fi6«af6 ljsfzzLn /fi6«df :t/f]GgtL ug]{ .

()= g'/u+uf k|ltef k'/:sf/ u'7L–@)$( n] afn ;flxTo k'/:sf/af6 s;nfO{ ;Ddflgt u/]sf] 5 < (!= ;g\ @)!$ ICC World ljh]tf /fi6« s'g xf] < –

– /fi6«sjL dfwj l3ld/] Cup 20-20

k|ltof]lutfsf]

>Ln+sf -ef/tnfO{ ^ ljs]6n] k/flht u/]sf]_

(@= International Cricket Council n] g]kfnnfO{ @)– @) Cricket sf] cGt/f{li6«o dfGotf slxn] k|bfg u¥of] < – @)!$ h'g @* df (#= @)&) ;fnsf] k[YjL k|1f k'/:sf/ s;nfO{ k|bfg ul/Psf] 5 <– df]bgfy k|>Lt, -¿= $ nfv $÷$ jif{df lbOg]_ ($= ljZj l;d;f/ lbj; @)!$ sf] gf/f s] lyof] < – æl;d;f/ / s[lif, j[l4sf nflu ;xofqLÆ

(%= o'qm]gsf] lqmldof ?;df slxn] ljno ePsf] lyof] <

– !* dfr{, @)!$ df

(^= g]kfndf Ifltk"lt{ ;lxtsf] gful/s j8fkq slxn] b]lv nfu" ePsf] xf] < – @)&) j}zfv @ ut] (&= dWokxf8L nf]sdfu{ -!&&^ ld=_ n] slt lhNnfnfO{ 5f]P/ uPsf] 5 < – @$ lhNnf (*= g]kfndf gofF lgzfgf 5fk slxn]b]lv k|rngdf cfPsf] xf] < – @)^# k'; !% af6 ((= @)&! c;f/ ( df s'g lhNnf g]kfnsf] klxnf] k"0f{ ;fIf/ lhNnf 3f]if0ff ePsf] xf] < – nlntk'/ !))= clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]un] % ljsf; If]qdf If]qLo sfof{no :yfkgf slxn] u/]sf] xf] < – @)&) c;f]h ! ut]

gjLgtd ;fdfGo 1fgsf nflu xfdL cfb/0fLo kf7sx?df ;d]t cg'/f]w ub{5f}+ . ! ;o !) k|Zgsf] Ps ;]6 ;fdfGo 1fg n]vL k7fpg';\ . k|sfzg ug{ plrt 7fgL k|sflzt ePdf ;f]kfg dfl;ssf] ^ dlxgfsf] u|fxs agfO tkfO{+sf] 7]ufgfdf k7fOg]5 . k'gZrM k|Zgsf pQ/x?sf] ljZj;gLotfsf nflu ;|f]t pNn]v ug{ clgjfo{ 5 . @)&@ c;f/, jif{–!@÷c°–!, k"0ff{°–!##

k|Zgf]Q/

k|Zgf]Q/–!

-vl/bf/– @)&!, t[tLo kq_ v08 s -;fdflhs cWoog_ k|Zg g+= != g]kfnsf] lxdfnL If]qdf kfOg] xfjfkfgL / o;n] ToxfFsf] hghLjgdf kf/]sf k|efj ;+lIfKtdf n]Vg'xf]; . pQ/M g]kfnsf] lxdfnL If]q eGgfn] ##)! ld6/b]lv **$* ld6/ ;Ddsf] prfOdf /x]sf] If]qnfO{ a'emfpF5 . o; If]qn] g]kfnsf] !% k|ltzt e"efu cf]u6]sf] 5 . o; If]qdf kfOg] xfjfkfgLnfO{ n]sfnL xfjfkfgL elgG5 . o; If]qsf] tfkqmd r}q, a}zfv / h]7df !) l8u|L ;]lN;o; / cGo dlxgfdf lxdfÍeGbf sd x'G5 . oxfF jiff{df #) ;]= dL= eGbf sd jiff{ x'G5 . jif{sf] cfwf hlt dlxgf lxFp kl//xg] x'gfn] xfjfkfgL Hofb} lr;f] eO{ ;w}+ hf8f] x'g] ub{5 . o; If]qsf] xfjfkfgLn] hghLjgdf kfg]{ k|efj o; k|sf/ 5g\ M • lr;f] / z'is xfjfkfgLsf sf/0f hghLjg si6s/ /x]sf] 5, • lr;f] xfjfkfgLsf sf/0f w]/} pAhfp x'Fb}g, cfn', hf}, pjf, :ofph:tf vfBfGg dfq pTkfbg x'G5, • o; If]qdf ck]lIft dfqfdf cfw'lgs ljsf; tyf k|ljlw k'Ug ;s]sf] 5}g, • clwsf+z ;do lxpFn] 9flsg] x'Fbf oftfoft, ljB't, ;~rf/ If]qdf Go"g ljsf;sf sf/0f hghLjg oBlk k/Dk/fut 5, • jif}{ e/L lr;f] / z'is hnjfo' x'g] x'Fbf cUnf ?vx? kfOFb}gg\ ;;fgf emf8Lx? dfq kfOG5, • cToGt} hf8f] x'g] ePsf]n] dflg;x?nfO{ kxf8L / t/fO{ lhNnfdf hf8f] 5Ng hfg' kg]{ cj:yf x'G5 . k|Zg g+= @= g]kfnnfO{ kfFr ljsf; If]qdf ljefhg ug{' kgf{sf sf/0fx? s] s] x'g < o;n] b]zsf] ljsf;df kf/]sf] ;sf/fTds k|efjx?;d]t pNn]v ug{'xf]; . pQ/M g]kfnnfO{ lj= ;+= @)@( ;fndf $ ljsf; If]qdf / @)#& ;fndf ;]tL / dxfsfnLnfO{ 5'§\ofO{ % ljsf; If]q sfod ul/Psf] xf] . o;/L ljsf; If]qdf laefhg ug{' kgf{sf] sf/0fx? o;k|sf/ pNn]v ug{ ;lsG5M != ;a} If]qdf ;dfg'kflts ?kdf ljsf;sf sfo{qmdx? ;~rfng ug{ @= >f]t ;fwgsf] plrt / j}1flgs ?kdf ljt/0f ug{ #= of]hgfa4 9+un] If]qut ljsf;nfO{ k|fyldstfsf ;fy cl3 a9fpg $= ljsf;sf] k|ltkmn ;j{;fwf/0f hgtfdf Gofof]lrt / / @)&@ c;f/, jif{–!@÷c°–!, k"0ff{°–!##

q /d]z e6\6/fO{ *

;dfg'kflts tj/af6 ljt/0f ug{ %= cfly{s ;fdflhs c;dfgtf x6fpg ^= If]qLo ;Gt'ng sfod ug{ &= ljsf;sf cfjZostf klxrfgdf :yfgLo gful/sx?nfO{ ;xefuL u/fpg *= ljs]Gb|Ls/0fnfO{ k|efjsf/L ?kdf sfof{Gjog ug{ (= hgtfsf] 3/ b}nf]df ;/sf/L ;]jf tyf ljsf;sf sfo{qmdx? k'¥ofpg !)= hgtfnfO{ ljsf;sf] sfddf :jfldTjefj jf]w u/fpg . o;n] b]zsf] ljsf;df kf/]sf] ;sf/fTds k|efjx? != ;/sf/sf] pkl:ylt gful/s;dIf /x]sf] -cfkm\g} If]qdf If]qLo ;b/d'sfd ePsf]n]_ @= ljleGg ;+/rgfsf] dfWodaf6 ;/sf/L ;]jf tyf >f]t ;fwg gful/s ;dIf ;lhn} k'Ug ;s]sf] 5 #= hgtf / ;/sf/aLr glhssf] ;DaGw /x]sf] $= las]Gb|Ls/0fsf] cjwf/0ffnfO{ cfTd;ft u/]sf] %= gful/ssf] kx'Frdf ;]jf ;'ljwf k'¥ofpg ;xof]u k'u]sf] 5 ^= >f]t k|ltkmnsf] Gofof]lrt ljt/0f ug{sf nflu ;xh ePsf] 5 &= ;/f]sf/jfnf gful/ssf] ljsf;sf] cfjZostf klxrfgb]lv sfo{Gjog;Dd ;xeflutf /x]sf] k|Zg g+= #= a;fFO ;/fO eg]sf] s] xf] < g]kfndf a;fO+{ ;/fO{ x'g] k|d'v @ sf/0fx? 5f]6s/Ldf j0f{g ug{'xf];\ . pQ/M cfkm\gf] jf;:yfgnfO{ kl/jt{g u/]/ c:yfoL jf :yfoL ?kdf gofF af;:yfg agfpg] k|lqmofnfO{ a;fO{+ ;/fO elgG5 cyf{t 5f]6f] ;dosf] nflu geO{ :yfO{ ?kdf Ps lglZrt cjlw leq Ps ef}uf]lns OsfO{af6 csf]{ ef}uf]lns OsfO{df dflg;x?n] af;:yfg kl/jt{g ug]{ sfo{nfO{ a;fO{+ ;/fO elgG5 . of] k|lqmof cGtu{t dflg;x? Ps 7fFpaf6 csf]{ 7fFpdf uO{ a;f]jf; ub{5g\ . gf]s/L lzIff Jofkf/ cflbsf] nflu hfg] sfo{ afx]s bL3{sfnLg ?kdf Ps :yfg Tofu u/L csf]{ :yfgdf uO{ a:g] k|lqmof g} a;fO{ ;/fO{ xf] . a;fO{+ ;/fO cfGtl/s / cGt/f{li6«o u/L b'O{ k|sf/sf] x'G5 . g]kfndf a;fO+{ ;/fO x'g] d'Vo sf/0fx?M != ljsif{0f tTjM cj;/sf] sdL, ul/aL tyf a]/f]huf/Lsf] cj:yf, k"jf{wf/ ;]jfsf] sdL, ;fdflhs lje]b, * zfvf clws[t, g]kfn ;/sf/

/61

k|Zgf]Q/ c;'/Iff, ;fdflhs tyf /fhgLlts åGå / cl:y/tf lx+;f, cft+s, k|fs[lts ljklQ . @= cfsif{0f tTjM k"jf{wf/sf] ;'ljwf, /f]huf/Lsf] cj;/, lzIff, :jf:Yo tyf >d ahf/sf] pknAwtf, ;'/Iffsf] cg'e"tLsf ;fy} pHhjn eljiosf] kl/sNkgf . k|Zg g+= $= g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg @)^# df s] s:tf ;dfgtfsf xsx? pNn]v ePsf 5g\ < n]Vg'xf];\ . pQ/M g]kfnsf] cGt/Ld ;+ljwfg @)^# sf] wf/f !# df ;dfgtfsf xsx? pNn]v ePsf 5g\ hf] o; k|sf/ 5g\M != ;a} gful/s sfg"gsf] b[li6df ;dfg x'g]5g\ . s;}nfO{ klg sfg"gsf] ;dfg ;+/If0faf6 jl~rt ul/g] 5}g . @= ;fdfGo sfg"gsf] k|of]udf s'g} klg gful/s dfly wd{, j0f{, lnË, hft, hftL, pTklQ, efiff jf j}rfl/s cf:yf jf tL dWo] s'g} s'/fsf] cfwf/df e]befj ul/g] 5}g . #= /fHon] gful/sx?sf aLr wd{, j0f{, hft, hflt, lnË, pTklQ, efiff jf j}rfl/s cf:yf jf tL dWo] s'g} s'/fsf] cfwf/df e]befj ug]{ 5}g . t/ dlxnf, blnt, cflbjf;L hghflt, dw];L jf ls;fg, dhb'/ jf cfly{s jf ;fdflhs jf ;f+:s[lts b[li6n] lk5l8Psf ju{ jf afns, a[4 tyf ckfË jf zf/Ll/s jf dfgl;s ?kn] czQm JolQmsf] ;+/If0f, ;zQmLs/0f jf ljsf;sf nflu sfg"gåf/f ljz]if Joj:yf ug{ /f]s nufPsf] dflgg] 5}g . $= ;dfg sfdsf nflu dlxnf / k'?ifsf aLr kfl/>lds tyf ;fdflhs ;'/Iffdf e]befj ul/g] 5}g . k|Zg g+= %= bIf hgzlQm eg]sf] s] xf] < g]kfnsf] ljsf;sf nflu bIf hgzlQm pTkfbg ug{ lsg cfjZos 5 < bIf hgzlQm pTkfbg ug]{ k|d'v % j6f pkfox?sf] af/]df 5f]6f] aofg ug{'xf]; . pQ/M s'g} sfd /fd|f];Fu ug]{ Ifdtf / ;Lk ePsf JolQm jf ;d'xnfO{ hgzlQm elgG5 . bIf hgzlQm eg]sf] Pp6f /fi6« ;dfh If]q jf ;+u7gdf cfa4 JolQmx?df /x]sf] 1fg, bIftf, ;Lk tyf Ifdtfaf6 pTkfbg x'g] zlQm xf] h'g Ps /fi6«sf] dfq geO{ ljZjs} uxgfsf] ?kdf /x]sf] x'G5 . h:t} k]zfut ljlzi6 1fg / ;Lk xfl;n u/]sf / cg'ej l;4 ePsf 8fS6/, OlGhlgo/, kfOn6, :6fkmg;{ s[lif j}1flgs cflb . z}lIfs of]Uotfsf] ;fy} ljleGg lsl;dsf tfnLd, cWoog e|d0f tyf cg'ejn] hgzlQmdf bIftf xfl;n x'g ;Sb5 . g]kfnsf] ljsf;sf] nflu bIf hgzlQm cfjZos x'gfsf sf/0fx?M • t]x|f}+ of]hgfn] nlIft u/] cg';f/ ;g\ @)@@ ;Dd

62/

;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3af6 kl/eflift clt sd ljsl;t d'n'saf6 ljsf;zLn /fi6«df :t/f]GgtL ug{, • b]zdf ljBdfg ul/aL 36fpgsf nflu s[lif If]qsf] pTkfbsTjdf clej[l4 ug{, • phf{ ;+s6sf] bL3{sfnLg / k|efjsf/L ?kdf ;dfwfg ug{, • :yfgLo >f]t ;fwgsf] k|efjsf/L pkof]u ug{, • ;Lldt >f]t ;fwgsf] pRrtd k|of]u u/L clwstd pknAwL xfl;n ug{, • a]/f]huf/L ;d:ofsf] cGTo ub}{ cfly{s k5f}6]kg x6fpg tyf ul/aL lgjf/0f ug{, • b]zdf ePsf ;fdflhs ;fF:s[lts Pj+ cfly{s ljsf;nfO{ ult k|bfg ug{, • k/Dk/fut k|0ffnLeGbf gjLgtd / k|ljlwo'Qm k|0ffnLsf] k|of]uaf6 cl3 a9\g, bIf hgzlQm pTkfbg ug]{ k|d'v pkfox? • ljBfno Pj+ ljZj ljBfnosf kf7\oqmdx? cfjZostf cg';f/ kl/dfh{g ug]{, • bIf hgzlQm pTkfbg ug{ yk ef}lts k"jf{wf/x?sf] ljsf; ug]{, • z}lIfs of]Uotf ;Fu} Joj;flos tyf ;Lkd"ns tfnLd k|bfg ug]{, • k|fljlws Pj+ Joj;flos lzIffnfO{ j9fjf lbg 5'§} ljZj ljBfno ;~rfng ug]{, • ;j{;fwf/0fsf] kx'Fr a9fpg] u/L ;j{;'ne k|fljlws lzIffsf] Joj:yf ug]{ • a}b]lzs cWoog / tfnLdsf] cj;/ k|bfg ug]{, g]kfnsf] >d ahf/df x/]s jif{ nfvf}+ o'jf o'jtLx? k|j]z ub{5g\ eg] oLdWo] clwsf+z cbIf hgzlQm g} /x]sf] kfOG5 . s'g} sfdsf] s'zn ;+rfng, ljsf; / k|efjsfl/tfsf nflu dfgj ;+zfwgsf] ;d"lrt k|fKtL, pkof]u / ;+ef/sf] cfjZostf kb{5 To;}n] bIf hgzlQm pTkfbg u/L ltgLx?nfO{ b]z ljsf;df nufpg' cfhsf] cfjZostf xf] . cd"t{ ?kdf /x]sf k|ljlw tyf ef}lts j:t'x?nfO{ lhjGt agfO{ ljsf;fTds sfddf nufpg] d"t{ j:t' g} bIf hgzlQm xf] . h;sf] bIftf cg';f/ ljsf;n] lta|tf u|x0f u5{ To;}n] pTkfbgd"ns Pj+ ljsf; sfo{sf nflu ;w} ;fwf/0f hg;+VofeGbf bIf hgzlQmsf] cfjZostf kb{5 . k|Zg g+= ^= g]kfndf ;fdflhs åGåsf sf/0f, To;sf] k|efj / åGå Joj:yfkgsf pkfo af/] pNn]v ug{'xf];\ . pQ/ M ;fdflhs åGå ;dfhdf /x]sf JolQm / ;d'bfox?sf] JolQmut / ;fd"lxs :jfy{ /Iffy{ x'g] ;ª\3if{nfO{ a'emfpF5 . @)&@ c;f/, jif{–!@÷c°–!, k"0ff{°–!##

k|Zgf]Q/ ;dfhdf /x]sf ljleGg ju{ tyf ;d"xaLr x'g] k|ToIf jf ck|ToIf lj/f]wfefifnfO{ ;fdflhs åGåsf] ?kdf lng ;lsG5 . h;df s'g} kIfnfO{ nfe tyf s;}nfO{ xfgL k'u]sf] cj:yf x'G5 . ;dfhsf ljleGg JolQm ;d"x jf ;+u7gaLr pTkGg x'g] v6k6, lj/f]w, a]d]n jf c;+ult g} ;fdflhs åGå xf] . g]kfndf ;fdflhs åGåsf sf/0fx?M • JolQmsf] ljrf/, OR5f, cfjZostf / afgL Joxf]/fdf b]lvg] km/skgf • ;Lldt >f]t ;fwg / cl;ldt dfu tyf rfxgf wgL / u/LaaLrsf] vf8n • ;"rgf / 1fgsf] plrt k|of]usf] cefj • /fhgLlts cl:y/tf tyf /fhgLlts ;+:sf/sf] cefj • >f]t ;fwfg / clwsf/sf] c;dfg ljt/0f / b'?kof]u • ;fdflhs gLlt lgod tyf d"No dfGotfsf] c:ki6tf / unt k|of]u • JolQmut :jfy{, kbLo cxdtf tyf dof{bfdf r'gf}tL • ljjfbsf] zflGtk"0f{ ;dfwfg ug]{ ;+:sf/sf] cefj • zf]if0f, cGofo / cTofrf/ tyf 5'jf5't tyf e]befjsf] ;+:sf/ • kf/blz{tf / hjfkmb]lxtfsf] cefj ;fdflhs åGåsf ;sf/fTds k|efjx?M • ;dfhnfO{ ultzLn tyf ljsf;zLn agfpF5 • ljjfbn] Pstf / ;Gt'li6 a9fpFb} ;d:of ;dfwfgsf] vf]hL ub{5 • ;dfhsf ;a} ju{aLr >f]t ;fwgdfly kx'Fr a9fFp5 • ;dfhnfO{ k'/ftgjfbL ;f]r ljrf/af6 kl/jt{g u/L gofF ;f]r ljrf/tkm{ 8f]¥ofpF5 • cGo ;dfhsf] ;sf/fTds s'/fnfO{ u|x0f ug{ l;sfpF5 • ;dfhdf ePsf sdL sdhf]/Lx? ;'wf/ ug]{ cj;/ k|fKt x'G5 . ;fdflhs åGåsf gsf/fTds k|efjx?M • ;dfhsf d"No dfGotfx? lau|g uO{ unt ;+:sf/sf] ljsf; x'G5 • ;d'bfodf ljleGg ;d"x tyf ju{aLr j}dgZotf b]vf kg{ ;S5 • ;fdflhs snx OZof{ / 3[0ffsf] cj:yf l;h{gf x'g ;S5 • ;dfhaf6 Ps ;d"xn] csf]{ ;d"xnfO{ lj:yflkt u/fpg ;S5 • zlQmzfnL ju{n] sdhf]/ ju{nfO{ zf]if0f bdg ug]{ tyf bjfpg] sfd x'g ;S5 • ;fdflhs åGåsf sf/0f lx+;f tyf ck/flws sfo{x?

@)&@ c;f/, jif{–!@÷c°–!, k"0ff{°–!##

x'g ;S5g\ • ;fdflhs ;bf;otf e+u x'G5 ;fy} c:j:y k|ltZkwf{n] ;fdflhs zflGt e+u x'g ;S5 . åGå Joj:yfkgsf pkfox? • ;dfhdf b]lvPsf ;d:ofx? klxrfg u/L ;dodf g} ;dfwfgsf pkfox?sf] vf]lh ug]{ • ;fdflhs d"No dfGotfx?sf] ljsf; ub}{ ;dfhsf x/]s ju{sf] ;a} If]qdf ;dfg'kflts k|ltlglwTjsf] ljsf; ug]{ • ;fdflhs ;+:sf/ / ;fdflhs ljsf;nfO{ ;dfg ?kdf cl3 a9fpg] • 5'jf5't, e]befj h:tf s';+:sf/nfO{ x6fpFb} ;dfj]zL dfGotfaf6 ;dfhsf] ljsf; ug]{ • ;dfhsf x/]s lg0f{o k|lqmofdf ;a} ju{sf ;/f]sf/jfnfx?nfO{ ;xefuL u/fpg] • ljsf;sf k|ltkmn ;a}nfO{ ;dfg'kflts 9+un] nlIft ju{;Dd k'¥ofpg] ;+oGq lgdf{0f ug]{ • ;fdflhs ljsf;sf nflu ;a}nfO{ dfGo x'g] ;femf lasNksf] ljsf; ug]{ • s'/Llt s';+:sf/ cGwljZjf; / k'/ftgjfbL ;f]rnfO{ lg?T;flxt u/L ;fdflhs ;b\efjsf] ljsf; ug]{ • åGå Joj:yfkgsf /0fgLltx?sf] plrt k|of]u ug]{ . ;dfhsf] ljsf; g} /fi6« ljsf;sf] cfwf/ :tDe ePsfn] b]zdf ljBdfg juL{o, If]qLo, hftLo, n}lËs ;d:ofsf] sf/0f ;dfhdf x'Fbf vfg] / x'g] vfg]sf aLrsf] juL{o lje]bsf] cGTo ug{ /fHosf] cu|ufdL k'g;{+/rgf u/L nf]stflGqs zf;g Joj:yf, gful/s :jtGqtf, df}lns clwsf/, jflnu dtflwsf/, dfgj clwsf/, cfjlws lgjf{rg k4lt, k"0f{ k|]; :jtGqtf, / sfg"gL /fHosf] cjwf/0ff nufot nf]stflGqs d"No dfGotfk|lt k"0f{ k|ltj4tf JoQm u/]df ;fdflhs åGå Joj:yfkgdf sf];]9'Ëf ;fljt x'g ;S5 . v08 v -:jf:Yo hg;+Vof / jftfj/0f_ k|Zg g+= &= pkef]Qmf :jf:Yosf] kl/ro lbO{ pkef]Qmf ;+/If0f P]g, @)%$ cg';f/ s'g} klg vfBj:t' pTkfbsn] cfkm\gf] pTkfbgdf clgjfo{ ?kn] pNn]v ug{'kg]{ s'g} $ j6f hfgsf/Lx? n]Vg'xf];\ . pQ/M pkef]Qmf ;+/If0f P]g @)%$ cg';f/ pkef]Qmf eGgfn] s'g} pkef]Uo j:t' jf ;]jfsf] pkef]u jf k|of]u ug]{ JolQm jf ;+:yfnfO{ a'emfpF5 . pkef]Qmf :jf:Yo eGgfn] vfBj:t';Fu k|ToIf ;DaGw /fVg] ljifo xf]  . cfd pkef]Qmfn] pkof]u ug{'kg]{ j:t', vfB kbfy{ :jf:Yos/ Pj+ dfgj :jf:Yodf k|lts"n c;/ gk'¥ofpg] x'g' kb{5 . pkef]Uo j:t' pkef]Qmfn] v/Lb u/L pkef]u ubf{ cfkm\gf] :jf:Yok|lt /63

k|Zgf]Q/ ;hu u/fpg] sfd pkef]Qmf :jf:Yon] l;sfFp5 . pkef]u ul/g] j:t'sf] ld>0f, pTkfbg ldlt, Dofb gf£g] ldlt Pj+ pTkfbg Jofr g+= ;d]t pNn]v u/L j:t' pTkfbg ug{' pkef]Qmf :jf:Yok|ltsf] ;hutfn] g} xf] . pkef]Qmf :jf:Yon] ubf{ g} ahf/df kfpg] j:t' jf ;]jfsf] pkef]usf sf/0f xfd|f] :jf:Yodf kg]{ gsf/fTds k|efjnfO{ sd u/L :jf:Yo lau|gaf6 arfpg d2t ub{5 . pkef]Uo j:t'df pNn]v ug{' kg]{ s'/fx?M pTkfbsn] pkef]Uo j:t'sf] n]andf b]xfosf s'/fx? clgjfo{ ?kdf pNn]v ug{' kg]{ 5 . • pTkfbssf] gfd, 7]ufgf / pBf]u btf{ gDa/ • vfB kbfy{ / cf}iflwh:tf pkef]Uo j:t'df pQm j:t'sf] ld>0f, To;sf] kl/df0f / tf}n • u'0f:t/ lgwf{/0f ePsf] pkef]Uo j:t'df ;f] j:t'sf] u'0f:t/ • pkef]Uo j:t' pkef]u ug]{ tl/sf / ;f] j:t' pkef]u u/]af6 x'g ;Sg] k|efj • pkef]Uo j:t'sf] d"No, Aofr gDa/, pTkfbg ldlt / pkef]usf] Dofb ;lsg] ldlt • On]S6«f]lgs xf8{j]/ tyf oflGqsh:tf pkef]Uo j:t'df ;f] j:t'sf] Uof/]06L, Uof/]06L ldlt tyf cGo cfjZos s'/fx? • k|HjngzLn b'3{6gfhGo jf ;lhn};Fu 6'6km'6 x'g ;Sg] pkef]Uo j:t'df ;f] j:t'sf] ;'/Iffsf nflu ckgfpg' kg]{ s'/fx? • tf]lsP adf]lhdsf cGo s'/fx? k|Zg g+= *= ;fdflhs k/Dk/fnfO{ hg;+Vof a[l4 u/fpg] sf/s tTjsf ?kdf dflgG5, k'li6 ug{'xf]; . ;dfhdf ePsf ljleGg k|rng, d"No, dfGotf, wd{, ;+:s[lt cfbLsf] ;dli6ut ?k g} ;fdflhs k/Dk/f xf] . o;df JolQmn] rfxfFbf rfxfFb} klg ;dfhsf sltko d"No dfGotf ;+:sf/ Tofu ug{ ;Sb}g eg] oxL ;fdflhs k/Dk/fn] ;dfhnfO{ cg'zf;gdf afFw]sf] klg x'G5  . g]kfnsf] hg;+Vof a[l4sf] sf/0f dWo] ;fdflhs k/Dk/fnfO{ dxTjk"0f{ sf/s tTjsf] ?kdf lng ;lsG5 . h;nfO{ o; k|sf/ pNn]v ug{ ;lsG5 . • d[To' ;+:sf/df clxn] klg 5f]/fn] bfujlQ lbg' k5{ Pj+ >f4df 5f]/fn] g} lk08 lbg' k5{ eGg] k/Dk/fut ;f]r ljBdfg /x]sf]n] 5f]/fsf] rfxfgf x'g' . • sltko wd{ ;+:s[ltdf kl/jf/ lgof]hgsf ;fwg k|of]u ug{' x'Fb}g eGg] k/Dk/fjfbL ;f]r /xg' Pj+ kl/jf/ lgof]hgsf] :yfoL ljlw k|of]u gu/L ;Gtfg OZj/sf j/bfg eGg] cjwf/0ff ljBdfg /xg' . 64/

• lxGb'x?sf] dxfg rf8 a8f bz}+ cfbLdf dfGohgx?af6 l6sf u|x0f ubf{ ;Gtfgn] 8fF8f sfF8f 9fs'g\ eGg] cflzjf{bn] k|>o kfO/xg' . • 5f]/L /hZjnf gx'Fb} ljjfx ul/lbPdf wd{ x'G5 eGg] dfGotfn] afn ljjfxdf a9f]Q/L x'g uO{ hg;+Vofdf a[4L x'g uPsf] . • ;+o'Qm kl/jf/df j:g] afgLn] 5f]/f 5f]/L x'sf{pg ;lhnf] x'G5 eGg] dfGotf x'g' . • ;dfhsf sltko ju{df ax'lajfx tyf cgd]n ljjfxsf] k|rng /xg' . • b]psL k|yf tyf jfbL k|yf cem} k|rngdf /xg' . k|Zg g+= (= v'nf dnd'q Tofu / ;/;kmfOsf] sdL g]kfnsf k|d'v ;fd'bflos :jf:Yo ;d:of x'g\ o; egfOnfO{ k'li6 ug{'xf]; . pQ/M g]kfn Ps ljsf;f]Gd'v b]z xf] . hgu0fgf @)^* cg';f/ oxfFsf] ;fIf/tf k|ltzt s]jn ^%=( k|ltzt dfq /x]sf] 5 . b]zsf #*=!& k|ltzt kl/jf/x?;Fu cfkm" a:g] 3/df cem} klg zf}rfnosf] ;'ljwf gePsf] tYofÍn] b]vfPsf] 5 . hgu0fgf @)^* cg';f/ zx/L If]qdf (=) ( k|ltzt / u|fdL0f If]qdf $%=!! k|ltzt kl/jf/x?;Fu cfkm" a:g] 3/df zf}rfno gePsf] b]lvG5 . t]x|f}+ of]hgf cg';f/ s]jn ^@ k|ltzt hgtf;dIf ;/;kmfO k'u]sf] b]lvPsf] 5 . plNnlvt tYofÍ cg';f/ g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df ztk|ltzt hgtfn] zf}rfnosf] k|of]u u/]sf 5}gg\ eGg] :ki6 b]lvG5 . o;df klg u|fdL0f If]qdf cem of] ;d:of ljs/fn /x]sf] b]lvG5 . o;sf/0f zf}rfnosf] cefjdf v'nf If]qdf dnd'q Tofu ug{ ljleGg sf/0fn] dflg; jfWo ePsf 5g\, h:tf] ul/aL, clzIff, c1fgtf cflb . PSsfO;f}+ ztfAbLdf ;d]t hgr]tgfsf] cefjsf sf/0fn] v'nf If]qdf dnd'q Tofu ug{ afWo ePsf] cj:yfdf of] ;fd'bflos :jf:Yosf] k|d'v ;d:ofsf] ?kdf b]lvPsf] 5 . sltko cj:yfdf ?9LjfbL ;f]rsf sf/0f klg v'nf If]qdf zf}rfno u/]sf] cj:yf /x]sf] 5 eg] sltko dflg;x?n] hfgfhfg zf}rfnosf] k|of]u gu/]sf] cj:yf klg ljBdfg 5 . o;/L v'nf If]qdf dnd'q Tofu ugf{n] vf]nf gfnf, kfgLsf d'xfg, v]tLof]Uo hdLg cflb :yfgdf kmf]xf]/ eO{ To:tf] kfgL tyf cGo s[lifhGo pkh ;]jg ugf{n] hlG8;, 6fOkmfO8, emf8fkvfnf, cfpF cfbL /f]ux? km}lng] ub{5g\ . g]kfndf klg v'nf dnd'q Tofusf sf/0fn] o:tf /f]u tyf x}hf Pj+ dxfdf/Lsf] ?kdf km}lng] u/]sf] 5 . ;fy} nfdv'§] tyf lemFufx?sf] km}nfj6n] sfnfhf/, hfkflgh OG;]kmnfOl6;, cf}nf]h:tf /f]ux?sf] dfxfdf/L ;d]t km}lng] ;Defjgf x'G5 . @)&@ c;f/, jif{–!@÷c°–!, k"0ff{°–!##

k|Zgf]Q/ xfd|f] ;dfhdf lb;f lk;fan] ug]{ c;/sf af/]df kof{Kt 1fg gePsf] sf/0f afnaflnsfx?sf] lbzf lk;fax? ;xL 9+un] rlk{df gkmfNg] / v'nf 7fFpdf kmfNg] ugf{n] / zx/ ahf/df kmf]xf]/ Joj:yfkgsf] sdhf]/Lkg ;fy} ;8s k]6L nufot If]qdf v'nf zf}r ugf{n] ;fd'bflos :jf:Yodf uDeL/ ;d:of b]lvPsf] cj:yf 5 . k/Dk/fut ;f]r, nfk/jfxL, c1fgtf, ul/aL tyf /fHo ;+oGqsf] plrt Joj:yfkgsf] cefjsf sf/0f pNn]lvt ;d:of b]lvPsf] x'Fbf ;DalGwt ;/f]sf/jfnfx?nfO{ hfu?s u/fO{ plrt tl/sfn] æ:jf:Yo g} wg xf] æ eGg] gf/fnfO{ cfTd;ft u/L v'nf lb;f lk;fj d'Qm ;dfh / /fi6«sf] lgdf{0ftkm{ cfjZos sbd rfNg' cfhsf] cfjZostf xf] . h;n] ;fd'bflos :jf:Yosf ;d:ofnfO{ ;dfwfg ug{ yk an k'Ug] b]lvG5 . k|Zg g+= !)= h}ljs ljljwtfsf] kl/ro lbO{ o;sf s'g} * j6f dxTj ;+If]kdf pNn]v ug{'xf]; . pQ/M h}ljs ljljwtf ;fdfGo cy{df h}ljs ljljwtf eGgfn] hLjx?sf lsl;d / ltgdf kfOg] ljljwtf / leGgtfnfO{ eGg] ul/G5 . k[YjLdf /x]sf ;a} k|f0fLhGo ljljwtf, hn, :yn jfo'df hLjg lgjf{x ug]{ ;a} lhljt k|fl0fsf] ljljwtf g} h}ljs ljljwtf xf] . ljZjdf /x]sf ;Dk"0f{ lhljt k|f0fL tyf jg:kltx?sf] hft, j+z, cjoj, k|sf/, hDdf ;+Vof / ltgsf aLrsf] ;+of]hg g} ;du|df h}ljs ljljwtf xf] . h}ljs ljljwtf ljleGg 7fpF / jf;:yfg cg';f/ km/s x'G5 . h}ljs ljljwtf cg'j+lzs, k|hftL / kl/l:ylts u/L # k|sf/sf x'G5g\ . h}ljs ljljwtfsf] dxTj • lhjx?sf] cl:tTj hf]ufpg tyf j+zf0f'df ;'wf/ ug{, • >f]tsf] bL3{sfnLg ;+/If0f ug{, • k|fs[lts b[Zo ;Dj4{g ub}{ k|fs[lts k|lqmofnfO{ ;Gt'ngdf /fVg, • ko{6sLo :ynsf] ?kdf ljsf; u/L cfo cfh{g ug{, • h8La'6L, bfp/f, 3fF;sf] ;+/If0f / pkof]u ug{, • kfgLsf d'xfg tyf hnfwf/ ;+/If0f ug{ ;fy} af9L klx/f] / e":vng /f]Sg, • cWoog tyf cg';Gwfg cflbsf] ?kdf ljsf; ug{, • jg h+undf cfwfl/t cf}Bf]lus ljsf; ug{, • /f]huf/Lsf] l;h{gf u/L cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs ljsf; ug{, h}ljs ljljwtf eGgfn] hLjx?sf] hDdf ;+Vof / ltgLx?df kfOg] ljljwtf xf] o;n] k[YjLdf ePsf x/]s hLjx?sf] @)&@ c;f/, jif{–!@÷c°–!, k"0ff{°–!##

cl:tTj /xg' k5{ eGg] dfGotf /fVg'sf] ;fy} jftfj/0fLo ;Gt'ng sfod /fVg klg o;sf] dxTj ;jf]k{ /L /x]sf] kfOG5 . jt{dfg kl/k|I] fdf x|f; x'bF } uPsf] h}ljs ljljwtfnfO{ hf]ufpg' klg k|dv ' r'gf}tLsf] ljifo ag]sf] 5 . g]kfn h}ljs ljljwtfsf b[li6n] Pl;ofsf] P3f/f}+ :yfgdf kb{5 eg] ljZjsf] kRrL;f}+ :yfgdf kg]{ x'gfn] klg o;sf] dxTj cem a9L /x]sf] kfOG5 . e"agfj6, xfjfkfgLsf] ljljwtf / kfl/l:ylts k|0ffnLdf ePsf] leGgtf / l;d;f/ If]qsf] pknAwtf, kof{Kt glbgfnfx? ePsf sf/0f klg g]kfnnfO{ h}ljs ljljwtfdf ;DkGg /fi6«sf ?kdf x]g{] ul/G5 . v08 u -sfof{no ;~rfng tyf ljljw_ k|Zg g+= !!= kmfOln·sf] p2]Zo s] xf] < kmfon /fVg] tl/sfx? s] s] x'g\ < pQ/M dxTjk"0f{ / cfjZos sfuhftnfO{ vf]h]sf] a]nf t'?Gt} k|fKt ug{ ;lsg] u/L j}1flgs tl/sfn] /fVg] k|lqmofnfO{ kmfOlnË elgG5 . kmfOln·sf] p2]Zo != cfjZos k/]sf] ;dodf t'?Gt k|fKt ug]{ cj:yfsf] l;h{gf ug{', @= sd :yfgdf j9LeGbf j9L sfuhftx? Jojl:yt ?kdf /fVg', #= >d / ;dosf] jrt ug{', $= Institutional Memory nfO{ cBfjlws ug{', %= efjL gLlt tyf of]hgf th{'df ug{sf] nflu ;"rgf k|fKt ug{', ^= eljiodf k|df0f tyf dfu{ bz{gsf nflu k|of]u ug{', &= clen]v Joj:yfkgnfO{ r':t b'?it /fVg', kmfon /fVg] tl/sfx? != j0ff{g'qmdM gfdsf] klxnf] cIf/sf cfwf/df kmfon /fVg] @= ;+VofTdsM ;+Vofsf cfwf/df kmfon /fVg] #= ef}uf]lnsM ef}uf]lns :yfg ljz]ifsf] cfwf/df kmfon /fVg] $= ljifoutM ljifosf cfwf/df kmfon /fVg] %= qmd};Fu jf ;dosf cfwf/df kmfon /fVg] k|Zg g+= !@= sfo{d"ns n]vf k/LIf0fsf] kl/efiff pNn]v ub}{ s] s:tf sfo{sf] sfo{d"ns n]vf k/LIf0f ug{ pko'Qm x'G5 < pNn]v ug{'xf];\ . pQ/M ljQLo ;fwgx?sf] pkof]lutf / k|efjsf/Ltfsf] d'NofÍg u/L n]vf k/LIf0fnfO{ p2]Zod"ns agfpg] sfo{nfO{ sfo{d"ns n]vf k/LIf0f elgG5 . sfdsf] k|ltkmn /65

k|Zgf]Q/ jf pknlAwnfO{ dxTj lbP/ ul/g] n]vf k/LIf0f sfo{d"ns n]vf k/LIf0f xf] . o;df lgoldttf dfq gx]/L sfo{bIftf cf}lrTotf / k|efjsf/Ltf ;d]tsf] n]vf kl/If0f ul/G5 . cfly{s k|zf;gdf of] pkof]uL Jojxfl/s n]vf kl/If0f xf] . g]kfndf @)@@ ;fnb]lv sfo{d"ns n]vf k/LIf0f ug{ yflnPsf] xf] . lgDgfg';f/sf sfo{sf] sfo{d"ns n]vf k/LIf0f ug{ pko'Qm x'G5M • ;fj{hlgs vr{sf] cfsf/ t'ngfTds ?kdf a9L ePsf cfof]hgf jf sfo{ • hgtfsf] k|ToIf ;/f]sf/ ePsf tyf ;fj{hlgs rf;f]sf ljifox?, • ljsf; ;fem]bf/af6 ljsf; ;xfotf gLlt cg';f/ /sd k|fKt u/L ;+rfng x'g] sfo{x?, • sfo{ ;+rfngdf hl6ntf Pj+ pknlAw t'ngfTds ?kdf sd ePsf sfo{x?, • ;fj{hlgs cfDbfgL ;fk]lIft ?kdf a9L ePsf ljifox?, • ;+;bn] dxTj lbO{ dxfn]vf k/LIfsnfO{ x]l/lbg ljz]if cg'/f]w u/]sf ljifox?, k|Zg g+= !#= ;fj{hlgs If]qdf lhG;L n]vf /fVg'sf sf/0fx? pNn]v ug{'xf]; . pQ/M ;fj{hlgs If]qdf ljleGg >f]taf6 k|fKt x'g] ;fdfgx?sf] clen]v /fVg] k|0ffnL tyf sfof{nosf nflu cfjZos lhG;L ;fdfgx?sf] k|fKtL, clen]v / k|ltj]bgsf] cBfjlws ug]{ k|0ffnLnfO{ g} lhG;L n]vf k|0ffnL elgG5 . ;fj{hlgs If]qdf lhG;L n]vf /fVg'sf sf/0fx? • vr{ x'g] / vr{ gx'g] dfn;fdfgsf] clen]v b'?:t /fVg • dfn;fdfgsf] clen]vaf6 gLlt lgdf{tfnfO{ cfjZos ;"rgf k|bfg ug{ • dfn;fdfgsf] lxgfldgf x'g glbO{ ;+/If0f ug{ u/fpg • cgfjZos dfn ;fdfgsf] vl/bdf lgoGq0f ug{ • cfjZostf cg';f/ dfn ;fdfg pknAw u/fpg jf cefj x'g glbg • sfd gnfUg] ;fdfg klxrfg u/L dd{t jf lnnfd ug{ ;xof]u ug{ • lhG;L ;fdfgsf] cg'udg tyf lhG;L n]vf k/LIf0fnfO{ ;xh agfpg • lhG;L ;fdfg rf]/L x'g, x/fpg tyf gf]S;fgL x'gaf6 hf]ufpg • lhG;L ;fdfgx?sf] df}Hbft / vr{sf] l:ylt :ki6 ?kdf b]vfpg

66/

• cfufdL lbgdf cfjZos x'g] ;fdfgx?sf] tYofÍ cg'dfg ug{ k|Zg g+= !$= k|ToIf s/ eGgfn] s] a'lemG5 ;+If]kdf JofVof ug{'xf];\ . pQ/M h'g JolQmdfly sfg"gL ?kdf s/ nufOG5 p;}åf/f e'QmfgL ug]{ s/nfO{ k|ToIf s/ elgG5 . s/ ltg]{ / s/ef/ Joxf]g]{ JolQm Pp6} 5 eg] Tof] k|ToIf s/ xf] o;df s/sf] ef/ x:tfGt/0f x'Fb}g . of] s/ cfo cg';f/ 3l6a9L ltg{' kb{5 . k|ultzLn s/sf] ?kdf dflgg] o; lsl;dsf] s/df cfos/, 3/axfn s/, ;DklQ s/ kb{5g\ . kmfObfx? M • cfDbfgLsf] >f]t cg';f/ nfUg] x'Fbf of] k|ultzLn x'G5 • d'n'ssf] ;Dj[l4 cg';f/ a9\g] x'gfn] of] nrsbf/ x'G5 • s/ ;+sngdf sd vr{ nfUg] x'Fbf ldtJooL x'G5 • ltg{' kg]{ tl/sf ;do tyf kl/df0f lglZrt x'G5 a]kmfObfx?M • s/bftf :jo+n] o;sf] c;/ / ef/ Joxf]g{' kg]{ x'Fbf dfgl;s cf3ftsf] dx;'; x'G5 • ;do ;dodf cfkm\gf] alxvftf sfof{nodf hFrfpg' kg]{ x'Fbf s/ bftfn] si6sf] cg'e"lt ub{5g\ • s/ clws[tsf] :jljj]sdf s/ lgwf{/0f x'g] x'Fbf cj}1flgs x'g] ;Defjgf x'G5 • wgL ju{nfO{ dfq o; k|0ffnLn] ;d]6\g] x'Fbf cfd gful/snfO{ ;d]6\g ;s]sf] 5}g k|Zg g+= !%= lghfdtL sd{rf/Lx?nfO{ xfn s] s:tf ;'ljwfx? k|bfg ul/+b} cfPsf] 5 < pNn]v ub}{ lghfdtL ;]jfnfO{ cem} cfslif{t agfpg] ;'ljwfsf ;DaGwdf cfkm\gf ;'emfjx? k|:t't ug{'xf];\ . pQ/M lghfdtL ;]jf /fi6«sf] :yfoL ;/sf/sf] ?kdf sfo{ ug]{ ;+oGq xf] . of]Uotf k|0ffnLaf6 5gf]6 eO{ kb;f]kflgs cfwf/df lhDd]jf/L tyf sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/sf] afF8kmfF8 u/L pQ/bfoLk"0f{ 9+un] lg/Gt/ sfd ug]{ / /fHosf]ifaf6 tna vfg] sd{rf/Lx?sf] ;d"xnfO{ g} lghfdtL sd{rf/L elgG5 . g]kfnsf] cGt/Ld ;+ljwfg @)^# sf] wf/f !@^ n] lghfdtL sd{rf/Lsf] kl/efiff ug{'n] o;n] ;+j}wflgs dfGotf kfPsf] 5 eg] lghfdtL ;]jf P]g / lgodfjnL cg';f/ of] ;]jf ;~rfng ePsf] 5 . lghfdtL sd{rf/Lx?n] kfpg] ;'ljwf b]xfo adf]lhd /x]sf 5g\M df}lb|s ;'ljwfM != kbdf axfn ePsf] ldltb]lv tf]lsPsf] tna tyf @)&@ c;f/, jif{–!@÷c°–!, k"0ff{°–!##

k|Zgf]Q/ eQf kfpg] / k|To]s jif{ Ps tna a[4L -u|]8_ ;fy} k|f]T;fxg eQf ;d]t @= k|To]s jif{ rf8kj{ vr{ jfkt Ps dlxgfsf] tna / tf]lsP adf]lhd n'uf eQf #= dfl;s ?kdf tnasf] bz k|ltzt /sd s§f u/L Tolt g} /sd ;/sf/n] yk u/L ;~rosf]ifdf hDdf ul/lbg] / dfl;s ? @)).– ;fjlws ljdf jfkt s§f u/L Toltg} /sd ;/sf/n] yk u/L gful/s nufgL sf]ifdf hDdf ul/lbg] $= ;]jf cjwL e/df kb cg';f/ !@ dlxgf !* dlxgf tyf @! dlxgf a/fa/sf] cf}iflw pkrf/ vr{ kfpg] %= k|;'lt :ofxf/ vr{ jfkt ? %))).– kfpg] ^= % jif{b]lv @) jif{;Dd ;]jf u/]sf sd{rf/LnfO{ ;]jfaf6 cjsfz x'Fbf pkbfg / @) jif{eGbf a9L ;]jf cjwL ePsfnfO{ lgj[lQe/0fsf] Joj:yf &= 7"nf /f]u nfu] d]l8sn af]8{sf] l;kmfl/;df pkrf/sf] nflu cfly{s ;xfotf lbg] Joj:yf *= sfof{nosf] sfdsf] l;nl;nfdf aflx/ hfg' kbf{ b}lgs e|d0f vr{ kfpg] Joj:yf  . u}/ df}lb|s ;'ljwfM != ljleGg lsl;dsf labfx? 3/ labf, e}k/L tyf kj{ labf, la/fdL labf, lsl/of labf, c;fwf/0f labf, k|;'tL labf, k|;'tL :ofxf/ labf cflb @= of]Uotfdf cfwfl/t kb:yfkg, ef}uf]lns cg'ejsf] cfwf/df lgoldt ;?jf ul/g] k4lt #= ljleGg lsl;dsf tflndx? ;]jf k|j]z, k'gtf{huL, ;]jfsfnLg, j}b]lzs e|d0f cflbsf] cj;/ $= /fhkq cg+lst sd{rf/LnfO{ 3/kfos lbg] tyf >Ldfg >LdtL sd{rf/L eP ;s];Dd Ps} lhNnfdf

@)&@ c;f/, jif{–!@÷c°–!, k"0ff{°–!##

/fVg] Joj:yf %= lgoldt / cg'dfgof]Uo kbf]GgtLsf] Joj:yf ;fy} /fd|f] sfd ug]{ sd{rf/LnfO{ k'/:sf/sf] Joj:yf ^= sd{rf/Lsf] :jLs[tL a]u/ ;]jf ;'ljwf g36fOg] tyf nfdf] ;do;Dd lhDd]jf/L glbO /fVg gkfOg] Joj:yf . lghfdtL ;]jfnfO{ cem} cfslif{t agfpgsf nflu lgDg adf]lhd ;'ljwfx? yk ug{' kg]{ b]lvG5 M • sfo{ ;Dkfbgdf cfwfl/t k|f]T;fxg k|0ffnLnfO{ x/]s lgsfodf a}1flgs tyf j:t'lgi7 9+un] nfu" ul/g' kb{5 • b08 / k'/:sf/ k|0ffnLnfO{ Jojl:yt / k|efjsf/L agfO{ sfo{ ;Dkfbgdf cfwfl/t agfpg' kb{5 • ;?jf / a9'jf k|0ffnLnfO{ gLltut / cg'dfg of]Uo agfpgsf nflu cem} ;'wf/ ug{' kb{5 • sfo{;Dkfbg k|0ffnLnfO{ j:t'ut / a}1flgs agfOg' h?/L 5 • lghfdtL sd{rf/Lx?nfO{ :jb]zL tyf ljb]zL tfnLdsf] ;dfg'kflts ?kdf cj;/ kfpg] u/L Joj:yf ul/g' kb{5 lghfdtL ;]jf ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf] Ps dxTjk"0f{ cjoj xf] . b]zsf] ;/sf/ ;+rfngsf] d'Vo ;xofqLsf] ?kdf /x]sf] lghfdtL ;]jfnfO{ ;'ljwfo'Qm agfO{ ToxfF sfd ug]{ sd{rf/Lsf] pRr dgf]an sfod ug{' u'0f:t/Lo ;]jf k|jfxsf] d'Vo cfwf/ xf] . ctM lghfdtL ;]jfdf x'g] clgoldttf / e|i6frf/ lgoGq0f ub}{ /fHon] wfGg ;Sg] u/L cfsif{s ;'ljwf k|bfg u/L b08 / k'/:sf/sf] plrt ?kn] sfof{Gjog ug{ ;s]df lghfdtL ;]jfsf] u/Ldf pRr /xg] b]lvG5 . h;n] ubf{ hgtfsf ck]Iff / rfxfgf cg';f/sf] ;]jf k|jfxdf lghfdtL sd{rf/Lsf] cxd e"ldsf /xG5 .

/67

b:tfa]h

e"sDkaf6 k|efljt ;+/rgfsf] k'glg{df{0f ;DaGwL cWofb]z @)&@ ;Djt\ @)&@ ;fnsf] cWofb]z g+= !

k|df0fLs/0f / k|sfzg ldltM @)&@.)#.)&.@

e"sDkaf6 k|efljt ;+/rgfsf] k'glg{df{0f ug]{ ;DaGwdf Joj:yf ug{ ag]sf] cWofb]z k|:tfjgfM ;Djt\ @)&@ j}zfvdf uPsf] ljgf;sf/L e"sDksf] k|efjaf6 Ifltu|:t ;+/rgfsf] lbuf], bl/nf] / of]hgfj4 ?kdf oyfzL3| lgdf{0f sfo{ ;DkGg ug{ tyf e"sDkaf6 lj:yflkt ePsf JolQm / kl/jf/sf] k'gjf{; tyf :yfgfGt/0f u/L /fli6«o lxt k|j4{g tyf ;fdflhs Gofo k|bfg ug{ clwsf/ ;DkGg k'glg{df{0f k|flws/0fsf] :yfkgf ug{ cfjZos ePsf] / xfn Joj:yflksf ;+;b\sf] clwj]zg gePsfn], g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f ** sf] pkwf/f -!_ adf]lhd dlGqkl/ifb\sf] l;kmfl/;df /fi6«kltaf6 of] cWofb]z hf/L ePsf] 5 . != ;+lIfKt gfd / k|f/DeM -!_ o; cWofb]zsf] gfd æe"sDkaf6 k|efljt ;+/rgfsf] k'glg{df{0f ;DaGwL cWofb]z, @)&@Æ /x]sf] 5 . -@_ of] cWofb]z t'?Gt k|f/De x'g]5 . -#_ of] cWofb]z k|flws/0fsf] sfof{jlw sfod /x];Dd axfn /xg]5 . @= kl/efiffM ljifo jf k|;+un] csf]{ cy{ gnfu]df o; cWofb]zdf,– -s_ æcWoIfÆ eGgfn] k|flws/0fsf] cWoIf ;Demg' k5{ . -v_ ætf]lsPsf] jf ætf]lsP adf]lhdÆ eGgfn] o; cWofb]z cGtu{t ag]sf] lgoddf tf]lsPsf] jf tf]lsP adf]lhd ;Demg' k5{ . -u_ æk'glg{df{0fÆ eGgfn] e"sDkaf6 ePsf] Ifltsf] bLuf], bl/nf] / of]hgfa4 ?kdf ul/g] cfly{s, ;fdflhs jf ef}lts ljsf; tyf k'g{:yf{kgf ;DaGwL sfo{ ;Demg'k5{ . -3_ æk|d'v sfo{sf/L clws[tÆ eGgfn] bkmf * adf]lhd lgo'Qm k|d'v sfo{sf/L clws[t ;Demg'k5{ . -ª_ æk|flws/0fÆ eGgfn] bkmf $ adf]lhd u7g ePsf] k'glg{df{0f k|flws/0f ;Demg'k5{ . -r_ æe"sDkaf6 k|efljt If]qÆ eGgfn] e"sDksf sf/0f Jofks ?kdf dfgjLo jf ef}lts Iflt eO{ ljz]if k|s[ltsf] of]hgf jf sfo{qmdaf6 lj:yflktx?sf] k'gjf{; / ef}lts tyf ;fdflhs ;+/rgfx?sf] k'glg{df{0f ug'{kg]{ egL g]kfn ;/sf/n] g]kfn /fhkqdf ;"rgf k|sfzg u/L tf]s]sf] s'g} If]q ;Demg'k5{ . 68/

-5_ æ;b:oÆ eGgfn] k|flws/0fsf] ;b:o ;Demg'k5{ / ;f] zAbn] cWoIf ;d]tnfO{ hgfpF5 . -h_ æ;ldltÆ eGgfn] bkmf # adf]lhdsf] k'glg{df{0f k/fdz{ /fli6«o ;ldlt ;Demg'k5{ . #= ;ldlt ;DaGwL Joj:yfM -!_ k|flws/0fnfO{ k'glg{df{0f ;DaGwL gLlt tyf of]hgf tof/ ug{ k/fdz{ lbg] k|of]hgsf nflu Ps k'glg{df{0f k/fdz{ /fli6«o ;ldlt /xg]5 . -@_ ;ldltsf] u7g b]xfo adf]lhd x'g]5 M -s_ k|wfgdGqL – cWoIf -v_ dGqLx? – ;b:o -u_ Joj:yflksf–;+;b\sf ljkIfL bnsf g]tf – ;b:o -3_ k"j{ k|wfgdGqLx? – ;b:o -ª_ ;+ljwfg;efdf k|ltlglwTj ug]{ /fhg}lts bnsf k|d'vx? – ;b:o -r_ k|d'v sfo{sf/L clws[t – ;b:o -5_ /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]usf pkfWoIf – ;b:o -h_ g]kfn ;/sf/sf] d'Vo ;lrj – ;b:o -em_ /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]usf ;b:ox? – ;b:o -`_ g]kfn /fi6« a}+ssf] ueg{/ – ;b:o -6_ k|wfgdGqLn] tf]s]sf g]kfn ;/sf/sf ;lrjx? – ;b:o -7_ lhNnf ljsf; ;ldlt dxf;+3, gu/kflnsf dxf;+3 tyf ufpF ljsf; ;ldlt dxf;+3sf cWoIf – ;b:o -8_ ljZjljBfno, u}/ ;/sf/L ;+:yf, gful/s ;dfh jf lghL If]qsf nAw k|ltli7t JolQm jf lj1x?dWo]af6 k|ltlglwTj x'g] u/L cWoIfn] dgf]gLt u/]sf a9Ldf P3f/ hgf – ;b:o -#_ k|d'v sfo{sf/L clws[tsf] l;kmfl/;df cWoIfn] tf]s]sf] k|flws/0fsf] clws[t sd{rf/Ln] ;ldltsf] ;lrjsf] ?kdf sfd ug]{5 . -$_ ;ldltdf cfjZostf cg';f/ cGo s'g} lj1 jf kbflwsf/LnfO{ cfdGq0f ug{ ;lsg]5 . -%_ ;ldltsf] j}7s cfjZostf cg';f/ cWoIfn] tf]s]sf] ldlt, ;do / :yfgdf a:g]5 . -^_ ;ldltsf] a}7s ;DaGwL cGo sfo{ljlw ;ldlt cfkm}n] lgwf{/0f u/] adf]lhd x'g]5 . @)&@ c;f/, jif{–!@÷c°–!, k"0ff{°–!##

b:tfa]h $= k|flws/0fsf] u7gM -!_ g]kfn ;/sf/n] e"sDkaf6 ePsf] Ifltsf] k'glg{df{0fsf nflu b]xfo adf]lhd k'glg{df{0f k|flws/0f u7g ug]{5 M -s_ k|wfgdGqL – cWoIf -v_ k|wfgdGqLn] tf]s]sf rf/ hgf dGqL – ;b:o -u_ k|d'v sfo{sf/L clws[t – ;b:o -3_ /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]usf pkfWoIf – ;b:o -ª_ g]kfn ;/sf/sf] d'Vo ;lrj – ;b:o -r_ k"jf{wf/, OlGhlgol/Ë, sfg"g, cy{zf:q, Joj:yfkg, cfly{s jf ;fdflhs ljsf; jf k'/ftTjsf] ljifodf g]kfn ;/sf/åf/f dfGotf k|fKt ljZjljBfnoaf6 :gftsf]Q/ u/L ;DalGwt If]qdf sDtLdf kGw| jif{sf] cg'ej xfl;n u/]sf lj1x?dWo]af6 cWoIfn] dgf]gLt u/]sf tLg hgf – ;b:o -@_ pkbkmf -!_ sf] v08 -r_ adf]lhdsf ;b:ox? cWoIfn] rfx]sf] cjlw;Dd cfkm\gf] kbdf axfn /xg]5g\ . -#_ k|flws/0fsf] sfo{If]q g]kfn ;/sf/n] g]kfn /fhkqdf ;"rgf k|sfzg u/L tf]lslbP adf]lhd x'g]5 . -$_ k|flws/0fsf] sfof{jlw kfFr jif{sf] x'g]5 . s'g} sf/0fn] ;f] cjlwdf k'glg{df{0fsf] sfd ;DkGg gePdf g]kfn ;/sf/n] k|flws/0fsf] sfof{jlw Ps jif{sf] nflu yk ug{ jf k|flws/0fn] u/L cfPsf] o; cWofb]z adf]lhdsf] sfd cGo lgsfon] ug]{ u/L cfjZos Joj:yf ug{ ;Sg]5 . -%_ pkbkmf -!_ sf] v08 -r_ adf]lhdsf ;b:ox?sf] ;'ljwf g]kfn ;/sf/n] tf]s] adf]lhd x'g]5 . -^_ k|flws/0fsf] ;lrjfno g]kfn ;/sf/n] tf]lslbPsf] :yfgdf /xg]5 . -&_ k|d'v sfo{sf/L clws[tsf] l;kmfl/;df cWoIfn] tf]s]sf] k|flws/0fsf] clws[t sd{rf/Ln] k|flws/0fsf] ;lrjsf] ?kdf sfd ug]{5 . %= k|flws/0fsf] a}7s ;DaGwL Joj:yfM -!_ k|flws/0fsf] j}7s cfjZostf cg';f/ cWoIfn] tf]s]sf] ldlt, ;do / :yfgdf a:g]5 . -@_ k|flws/0fsf] a}7ssf] ;"rgf / 5nkmn x'g] ljifo To:tf] a}7s a:g] ;do eGbf ;fdfGotof rf}aL; 306f cufj} k|d'v sfo{sf/L clws[tn] ;b:ox?nfO{ pknAw u/fpg] 5 . -#_ k|flws/0fsf] s'n ;b:o ;+Vofsf] krf; k|ltzt eGbf a9L ;b:ox? pkl:yt ePdf k|flws/0fsf] a}7ssf] nflu u0fk"/s ;+Vof k'u]sf] dflgg]5 . -$_ k|flws/0fsf] a}7ssf] cWoIftf cWoIfn] ug]{5 . -%_ k|flws/0fsf] a}7ssf] lg0f{o pkl:yt ;b:ox?sf] ax'dtaf6 x'g]5 / dt a/fa/ ePdf cWoIfn] lg0ff{os dt lbg]5 . @)&@ c;f/, jif{–!@÷c°–!, k"0ff{°–!##

-^_ k|flws/0fn] cfjZostf cg';f/ g]kfn ;/sf/sf s'g} kbflwsf/L, s'g} lgsfo jf ;+3, ;+:yfsf k|ltlglw jf lj1nfO{ a}7sdf cfdGq0f ug{ ;Sg]5 . -&_ k|flws/0fsf] a}7ssf] lg0f{o k|flws/0fsf] ;lrjn] k|dfl0ft ug]{5 . -*_ k|flws/0fsf] a}7s ;DaGwL cGo sfo{ljlw k|flws/0f cfkm}n] lgwf{/0f u/] adf]lhd x'g]5 . ^= k|flws/0fsf] sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/M -!_ k|flws/0fsf] sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/ b]xfo adf]lhd x'g]5 M -s_ e"sDkaf6 ePsf] Ifltsf] olsg ug]{÷u/fpg], -v_ e"sDkaf6 k|efljt If]q 3f]if0ffsf] nflu g]kfn ;/sf/;dIf l;kmfl/; ug]{, -u_ k'glg{df{0fsf] k|fyldstf lgwf{/0f ug]{, -3_ k'glg{df{0f / k'g:yf{kgfsf nflu cfjZos gLlt, of]hgf, ah]6 tyf sfo{qmd :jLs[t ug]{, -ª_ k'glg{df{0f ;DaGwL cfof]hgf :jLs[t ug]{, -r_ k'glg{df{0f ;DaGwL sfd ug]{ jf k'glg{df{0f ug]{ lgsfo tf]sL ;f] sfd ug{ s'g} lgsfonfO{ lgb]{zg lbg], -5_ k'glg{df{0f, PsLs[t a:tL tyf PsLs[t cfjf; ;DaGwL ljsf; nufotsf of]hgf jf sfo{qmd sfof{Gjogsf] nflu hUuf k|flKt ug'{ kg]{ ePdf o; P]g adf]lhdsf] sfo{ljlw ckgfO{ hUuf k|flKt ug]{ jf To:tf] sfdsf] nflu s'g} kbflwsf/LnfO{ lhDd]jf/L lbg], -h_ a:tL ljsf; tyf PsLs[t, PsLs[t cfjf; ljsf; -xfp; k'lnª_, k'g:yf{kgf tyf :yfgfGt/0fsf nflu cfjZos dfkb08 agfO{ pko'Qm :yfgsf] klxrfg ug]{ / ;f]sf] of]hgf th'{df u/L sfof{Gjog ug]{÷u/fpg], -em_ k'glg{df{0f jf PsLs[t a:tL ljsf; ;DaGwL cfof]hgf jf sfo{qmd sfof{Gjogsf nflu s'g} JolQmn] u/]sf] jf ug{ nfu]sf] s'g} sfd /f]Sg] jf tf]lsPsf] u'0f:t/, dfkb08 jf ljlwaf6 dfq To:tf] sfd ug{ ;DalGwt JolQmnfO{ cfb]z lbg], -`_ k|rlnt sfg"g adf]lhd Ifltk"lt{ lbg'kg]{ eP Ifltk"lt{ lbO{ s'g} JolQmsf] ef}lts ;+/rgf x6fpg ;DalGwt lgsfonfO{ cfb]z lbg], -6_ lzIff, :jf:Yo, s[lif, pBf]u, /f]huf/L tyf k'glg{df{0fsf nflu cfjZos kg]{ hgzlQm ljsf; / k'glg{df{0f;Fu ;DalGwt sfo{qmd tof/ u/L nfu" ug]{, u/fpg], -7_ k'glg{df{0f ug]{ lhDd]jf/L kfPsf] lgsfonfO{ cfjZos kg]{ ah]6 tyf cGo ;|f]t ;fwg pknAw u/fpg], -8_ k'glg{df{0f ;DaGwL sfo{sf nflu cfjZostf cg';f/ u}/;/sf/L ;+:yf, lghL If]q jf ;d'bfonfO{ kl/rfng ug]{, -9_ cfjZostf cg';f/ ;/sf/L, lghL jf u}/;/sf/L /69

b:tfa]h If]q, ;d'bfo jf g]kfnl:yt ljb]zL ;+3 ;+:yf;Fusf] ;xsfo{df pko'Qm ljlw rog u/L k'glg{df{0fsf] sfo{ ug]{, u/fpg], -0f_ k'glg{df{0f ;DaGwL sfo{nfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg ljleGg lgsfoaLr ;dGjo ug]{, -t_ k'glg{df{0fsf] sfddf ;+nUg lgsfosf] Ifdtf ljsf; ug]{, u/fpg], -y_ k'glg{df{0fsf nflu cfly{s ;|f]t h'6fpg] tyf ;f]sf] k|efjsf/L pkof]usf] Joj:yf ug]{, u/fpg], -b_ Ifltu|:t jf hf]lvdo'Qm ef}lts ;+/rgfsf] k|fljlws hfFr u/L jf u/fO{ To:tf] ef}lts ;+/rgf x6fpg jf eTsfpg ;DalGwt JolQmnfO{ cfb]z lbg] / To;/L ;+/rgf gx6fP jf geTsfPdf To:tf] ;+/rgf cfkm}n] x6fO{ jf eTsfO{ ;f] x6fpFbf jf eTsfpFbf nfu]sf] jf:tljs vr{ ;DalGwt wgLaf6 ;/sf/L afFsL ;/x c;'n pk/ ug{ ;DalGwt lgsfo jf kbflwsf/LnfO{ cfb]z lbg], t/, cfly{s cj:yf sdhf]/ ePsf sf/0f To:tf] ;+/rgf wgL cfkm}n] x6fpg jf eTsfpg g;Sg] ePdf k|flws/0fn] ;/sf/L vr{df ;f] ;+/rgf x6fpg jf eTsfpg s'g} lgsfo jf kbflwsf/LnfO{ lgb]{zg lbg ;Sg]5 . -w_ k|flws/0fsf] lgb]{zg adf]lhd eP u/]sf sfd, sf/jfxLsf] cfjZostf cg';f/ lg/LIf0f, hfFr tyf cg'udg ug]{, u/fpg], -g_ g]kfn ;/sf/n] tf]s]sf] e"sDk k|efljt If]qdf k'glg{df{0f ;DaGwL cGo sfo{ ug]{, u/fpg] . -@_ pkbkmf -!_ adf]lhd k|flws/0fn] s'g} sfd ubf{ jf u/fpFbf kof{j/0fLo ;Gt'ng, :j:y k|lt:kwf{ / kf/bzL{tf ;DaGwL s'/fnfO{ Wofg lbg'kg]{5 . &= k|rlnt sfg"gsf] Joj:yf nfu" gx'g]M -!_ k|rlnt sfg"gdf h'g;'s} s'/f n]lvPsf] eP tfklg k'glgdf{0fsf] sfo{ l56f] 5l/tf] 9+uaf6 ;DkGg ug{, u/fpg e"sDkaf6 k|efljt If]qdf ul/g] k'glg{df{0fsf nflu hUuf k|flKt, hUuf btf{, ;fj{hlgs vl/b / jftfj/0fLo k|efj d"Nof+sg ;DaGwL k|rlnt sfg"gsf] Joj:yf nfu" x'g] 5}g . -@_ pkbkmf -!_ adf]lhd k|rlnt sfg"g nfu" gx'g] If]qdf k'glg{df{0f ;DaGwL sfo{ ug{, u/fpg g]kfn ;/sf/n] 5'§} sfo{ljlw agfO{ nfu" ug]{5 . -#_ pkbkmf -@_ adf]lhdsf] sfo{ljlw g]kfn /fhkqdf k|sfzg ul/g]5 . *= k|d'v sfo{sf/L clws[t ;DaGwL Joj:yfM -!_ k|flws/0fsf] k|zf;sLo k|d'vsf] ?kdf k"/f ;do sfd 70/

ug]{ u/L Ps hgf k|d'v sfo{sf/L clws[t /xg]5 . -@_ g]kfn ;/sf/åf/f dfGotf k|fKt ljZjljBfnoaf6 k|zf;g, Joj:yfkg, cy{zf:q, OlGhlgol/Ë jf ljsf; of]hgfsf] ljifodf sDtLdf :gftsf]Q/ u/L ;DalGwt If]qdf sDtLdf kGw| jif{sf] cg'ej xfl;n u/]sf JolQmx?dWo]af6 g]kfn ;/sf/n] k|d'v sfo{sf/L clws[t lgo'Qm ug]{5 . -#_ k|d'v sfo{sf/L clws[tsf] kbfjlw lgo'Qm ePsf] ldltn] kfFr jif{sf] x'g]5 . g]kfn ;/sf/n] k|d'v sfo{sf/L clws[tsf] kbfjlw cfjZostf cg';f/ a9Ldf Ps jif{sf nflu yk ug{ ;Sg]5 . -$_ pkbkmf -#_ df h'g;'s} s'/f n]lvPsf] eP tfklg k|d'v sfo{sf/L clws[tsf] sfd ;Gtf]ifhgs gePdf k|flws/0fsf] l;kmfl/;df g]kfn ;/sf/n] lghnfO{ ;f] kbaf6 x6fpg ;Sg]5 . t/, To;/L kbaf6 x6fpg' cl3 lghnfO{ ;kmfO k]z ug]{ df}sf lbg'kg]{5 . -%_ s'g} sf/0fn] k|d'v sfo{sf/L clws[tsf] kb l/Qm ePdf pkbkmf -@_ adf]lhdsf] k|lqmof ckgfO{ afFsL cjlwsf nflu csf]{ JolQmnfO{ lgo'Qm ul/g]5 . -^_ k|d'v sfo{sf/L clws[tsf] kfl/>lds, ;]jfsf] cGo ;t{ / ;'ljwf g]kfn ;/sf/n] g]kfn /fhkqdf ;"rgf k|sfzg u/L tf]lslbP adf]lhd x'g]5 . (= k|d'v sfo{sf/L clws[tsf] sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/M k|d'v sfo{sf/L clws[tsf] sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/ b]xfo adf]lhd x'g]5 M -s_ k|flws/0fsf] k|zf;lgs k|d'vsf] x}l;otdf sfd ug]{, -v_ k|flws/0fn] ug]{ k'glg{df{0f ;DaGwL sfo{sf nflu cfjZos kg]{ j:t' jf ;]jf vl/b sfo ug]{, u/fpg], -u_ k|flws/0fdf lgo'Qm sd{rf/Ln] lhDd]jf/L k"/f gu/]df x6fpg];Ddsf] sf/jfxL ug]{, -3_ k'glg{df{0f ;DaGwL gLlt / of]hgfsf] vfsf tof/ u/L k|flws/0f ;dIf k]z ug{ nufpg], -ª_ k|flws/0fnfO{ cfjZos kg]{ ;"rgf tyf ljj/0f ;Íng ug]{, -r_ k|flws/0fsf] sfd, sf/jfxLsf ;DaGwdf ljleGg lgsfoaLr ;dGjo sfod ug]{, -5_ k|flws/0fsf] lg0f{o Pj+ lgb]{zgx? sfof{Gjog ug{], u/fpg], -h_ k|flws/0faf6 lg0f{o x'g'kg]{ ljifodf k|:tfj tof/L u/L k|flws/0fsf] a}7sdf k]z ug{ nufpg], -em_ k'glg{df{0f jf a:tL ljsf;sf qmddf s'g} JolQmsf] 3/ hUufdf k|j]z ug]{, To:tf] 7fpFdf s;}sf] k|j]zdf /f]s nufpg] jf s'g} cj/f]w eP To:tf] cj/f]w x6fpg], -`_ k|flws/0fsf] lgb]{zg adf]lhd ;+rflnt sfo{qmdsf] @)&@ c;f/, jif{–!@÷c°–!, k"0ff{°–!##

b:tfa]h cg'udg tyf lg/LIf0f ug]{, u/fpg], -6_ tf]lsP adf]lhdsf cGo sfo{x? ug]{, u/fpg] . !)= sd{rf/L ;DaGwL Joj:yfM -!_ k|flws/0fnfO{ cfjZos kg]{ sd{rf/L g]kfn ;/sf/n] pknAw u/fpg]5 . -@_ pkbkmf -!_ adf]lhdsf sd{rf/L ckof{Kt ePdf k|d'v sfo{sf/L clws[tn] gfoa sfo{sf/L clws[t nufot ljleGg txsf sd{rf/L tf]lsP adf]lhd s/f/df lgo'Qm ug{ ;Sg]5 . t/, gfoj sfo{sf/L clws[tsf] lgo'lQm ubf{ k|d'v sfo{sf/L clws[tn] k|flws/0fsf] :jLs[lt lng'kg]{5 . -#_ pkbkmf -@_ adf]lhd s/f/df lgo'Qm sd{rf/Lsf] ;]jf, zt{ / ;'ljwf s/f/kqdf tf]lsP adf]lhd x'g]5 . -$_ k|d'v sfo{sf/L clws[tn] k|flws/0fsf] sfdsf nflu cfjZostf cg';f/ ljz]if1sf] ;]jf lng ;Sg]5 . -%_ pkbkmf -$_ adf]lhdsf] ;]jf pknAw u/fpg] ljz]if1sf] sfd, st{Jo, clwsf/, kbfjlw / ;'ljwf k|d'v sfo{sf/L clws[tn] tf]s] adf]lhd x'g]5 . -^_ k|flws/0fn] g]kfn ;/sf/af6 pknAw u/fOPsf sd{rf/LnfO{ yk ;'ljwf pknAw u/fpg ;Sg]5 . !!= k'glg{df{0f sf]ifM -!_ k'glg{df{0fsf nflu Pp6f 5'§} k'glg{df{0f sf]if /xg]5 . -@_ pkbkmf -!_ adf]lhdsf] sf]ifdf b]xfo adf]lhdsf /sdx? /xg]5g\M -s_ g]kfn ;/sf/af6 k|fKt /sd, -v_ k|wfgdGqL b}jL k|sf]k p2f/ sf]ifaf6 k|fKt /sd, -u_ s'g} ;+3, ;+:yf jf JolQmaf6 k|fKt /sd, -3_ ljb]zL JolQm, ;/sf/ jf cGt/f{li6«o ;+3, ;+:yfaf6 gub jf j:t'ut ;xfotf jf sfo{qmd jfkt k|fKt /sd, -ª_ cGo s'g} ;|f]taf6 k|fKt /sd . -#_ pkbkmf -@_ sf] v08 -3_ adf]lhdsf] /sd k|fKt ug'{ cl3 k|flws/0fn] cy{ dGqfnosf] :jLs[lt lng'kg]{5 . -$_ pkbkmf -!_ adf]lhdsf] sf]ifsf] ;~rfng k|flws/0fn] tf]s] adf]lhd x'g]5 . -%_ pkbkmf -!_ adf]lhdsf] sf]ifsf] /sd k'glg{df{0f ;DaGwL sfdsf nflu dfq vr{ ul/g]5 . -^_ k|flws/0fn] pkbkmf -!_ adf]lhdsf] sf]ifsf] jflif{s sf/f]af/sf] l:ylt / cGo x/lx;fasf] k|ltj]bg tof/ u/L g]kfn ;/sf/ ;dIf k]z ug]{5 . !@= k|zf;lgs vr{sf nflu /sd pknAw u/fpg]M g]kfn ;/sf/n] k|flws/0fsf] k|zf;lgs vr{sf] nflu cfjZos /sd jflif{s ?kdf pknAw u/fpg]5 . !#= sfof{no :yfkgf ug{ ;Sg]M -!_ k|flws/0fn] k'glgdf{0f ;DaGwL sfd jf To:tf] @)&@ c;f/, jif{–!@÷c°–!, k"0ff{°–!##

sfdsf] ;'k/Lj]If0f, cg'udg / ;dGjo ug{, u/fpg cfjZostf cg';f/ sfof{no :yfkgf ug{ ;Sg]5 . -@_ pkbkmf -!_ adf]lhd :yfkgf ePsf sfof{nosf] sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/ k|flws/0fn] tf]s] adf]lhdsf] x'g]5 . !$= k|flws/0fsf] ;f+u7lgs ;+/rgfM -!_ k|flws/0fdf k|d'v sfo{sf/L clws[t, gfoa sfo{sf/L clws[t nufot k|flws/0fn] tf]s] adf]lhdsf] ;+Vof / kbsf sd{rf/Lx? /xg]5g\ . -@_ k|flws/0fsf] ;f+u7lgs ;+/rgf / sfo{ljj/0f k|flws/0fn] tf]s] adf]lhd x'g]5 . !%= n]vf / n]vf k/LIf0fM -!_ k|flws/0fsf] cfo–Joosf] n]vf g]kfn ;/sf/n] ckgfPsf] 9fFrf adf]lhd /fVg'kg]{5 . -@_ k|flws/0fsf] sf]ifsf] n]vfk/LIf0f dxfn]vf k/LIfsaf6 x'g]5 . !^= ljsf; ;xfotf ;dGjo tyf ;xlhs/0f ;ldltM ljsf; ;xfotfåf/f ;+rflnt k'glgdf{0f ;DaGwL sfo{qmdnfO{ k|efjsf/L / kf/bzL{ agfpg / To:tf] sfo{qmdsf] cg'udg ug]{, u/fpg k|flws/0fn] k|d'v sfo{sf/L clws[tsf] ;+of]hsTjdf /fli6«o tyf cGt/f{li6«o ljsf; ;fem]bf/x? / gful/s ;dfhsf] ;d]t k|ltlglwTj x'g] u/L a9Ldf P3f/ ;b:o /x]sf] Ps ljsf; ;xfotf ;dGjo tyf ;xlhs/0f ;ldlt u7g ug]{5 . !&= lgb]{zg lbg ;Sg]M -!_ k|flws/0fn] o; cWofb]z adf]lhd cfkm\gf] sfd, st{Jo tyf clwsf/sf] k|of]u ubf{ s'g} ;fj{hlgs lgsfo jf /fi6«;]jsnfO{ cfjZos lgb]{zg lbg ;Sg]5 . -@_ pkbkmf -!_ adf]lhdsf] lgb]{zg kfngf ug'{ ;DalGwt lgsfo jf /fi6«;]jssf] st{Jo x'g]5 . !*= sf/afxLsf] nflu n]vL k7fpg]M -!_ o; cWofb]z adf]lhd k|flws/0fn] lbPsf] lgb]{zg s'g} lgsfosf] k|d'v jf /fi6«;]jsn] kfngf gu/]df lghn] cfkm\gf] ;]jf, ;t{ ;DaGwL k|rlnt sfg"gsf] pNn+3g u/]sf] dflgg]5 . -@_ o; cWofb]z adf]lhd k|flws/0fn] lbPsf] lgb]{zg kfngf gug]{ s'g} lgsfosf] k|d'v jf /fi6«;]jsnfO{ k|flws/0fn] sf/afxLsf nflu ;DalGwt lgsfodf n]vL k7fpg ;Sg]5 . -#_ pkbkmf -@_ adf]lhd s'g} lgsfosf] k|d'v jf /fi6«;]jsnfO{ sf/jfxLsf nflu n]vf cfPdf clwsf/k|fKt clwsf/Ln] lghnfO{ Ps dlxgfleq sf/jfxL u/L ;f]sf] hfgsf/L k|flws/0fnfO{ lbg'kg]{5 . -$_ o; cWofb]z adf]lhd k|flws/0faf6 k|Tofof]lht clwsf/ adf]lhd s'g} /fi6«;]jsn] sfd gu/]df /71

b:tfa]h To:tf] /fi6«;]jsn] u/]sf] sfd, sf/afxLsf] ;DaGwdf k|flws/0fn] hfFra'em ug{ ;Sg]5 . -%_ pkbkmf -$_ adf]lhd hfFra'em ubf{ k|flws/0fn] ;DalGwt kmfOn lemsfpg tyf ;Dj4 JolQmnfO{ ;d]t a'em\g ;Sg]5 . -^_ pkbkmf -$_ adf]lhd hfFra'em ubf{ s'g} /fi6«;]jsn] u}/sfg"gL sfdsf/afxL u/]sf] kfOPdf k|flws/0fn] To:tf] /fi6«;]jsnfO{ k|rlnt sfg"g adf]lhd sf/afxLsf nflu ;DalGwt lgsfodf n]vL k7fpg]5 . !(= ;fj{hlgs ;'g'jfO{ ug]{M k|flws/0fn] cfkm\gf] sfd sf/afxLnfO{ k|efjsf/L / kf/bzL{ agfpg ;do ;dodf ;"rgf k|rf/ k|;f/ / ;fj{hlgs ;'g'jfO{ ug]{5 . @)= k|ltj]bg ;fj{hlgs ug'{kg]{M k|flws/0fn] k|To]s rf}dfl;s ?kdf cfkm"n] u/]sf sfd sf/afxL / k|zf;lgs tyf k'glg{df{0fsf nflu ePsf] vr{x? ;d]t ;dfj]z u/L pko'Qm dfWodaf6 k|ltj]bg ;fj{hlgs ug'{kg]{5 . @!= k'g/fj]bg ;DaGwL Joj:yfM -!_ o; cWofb]zdf plNnlvt sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/sf] k|of]u ubf{ k|flws/0fn] u/]sf] lg0f{o jf cfb]z pk/ lrQ ga'em\g] kIfn] pkbkmf -@_ adf]lhdsf] k'g/fj]bg ;ldlt ;dIf k'g/fj]bg ug{ ;Sg]5 . -@_ pkbkmf -!_ adf]lhdsf] k'g/fj]bg sf/afxL / lsgf/f ug{ g]kfn ;/sf/n] b]xfo adf]lhdsf] Ps k'g/fj]bg ;ldlt u7g ug]{5M -s_ k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf] GofofwLz e}/x]sf] jf e};s]sf] JolQmx? dWo]af6 g]kfn ;/sf/n] tf]s]sf] jf lgo'Qm u/]sf] JolQm –cWoIf -v_ k"jf{wf/, Ol~hlgol/Ë, sfg"g, cy{zf:q, Joj:yfkg, cfly{s jf ;fdflhs ljsf;, k'/ftTj, ;fj{hlgs vl/b jf ;fdflhs ljsf;sf] ljifodf dfGotfk|fKt ljZjljBfnoaf6 sDtLdf :gfsf]Q/ u/L ;DalGwt If]qdf sDtLdf kGw| jif{sf] sfo{ cg'ej ePsf JolQmx?dWo]af6 k|ltlglwTj x'g] u/L g]kfn ;/sf/n] lgo'Qm u/]sf b'O{ hgf – ;b:o -#_ k'g/fj]bg ;ldltsf cWoIf / ;b:osf] kfl/>lds / ;'ljwf k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf GofofwLz ;/x x'g]5 . -$_ pkbkmf -@_ sf] v08 -v_ adf]lhd lgo'Qm ;b:onfO{ lghsf] v/fa cfr/0f jf sfo{Ifdtfsf] cefjsf] cfwf/df kbLo lhDd]jf/L k"/f ug{ g;Sg] egL g]kfn ;/sf/n] u7g u/]sf] hfFra'em ;ldltn] kbd'Qm ug{

72/

l;kmfl/; u/]df g]kfn ;/sf/n] lghnfO{ h'g;'s} avt kbaf6 x6fpg ;Sg]5 . t/, To;/L kbaf6 x6fpg' cl3 lghnfO{ ;kmfO k]z ug]{ df}sf lbg'kg]{5 . -%_ k'g/fj]bg ;ldltnfO{ cfjZos kg]{ sd{rf/L g]kfn ;/sf/n] pknAw u/fpg]5 . -^_ o; bkmf adf]lhd k'g/fj]bg ;ldltn] k'g/fj]bgsf] sf/afxL / lsgf/f ubf{ k|rlnt sfg"g adf]lhd k'g/fj]bg cbfntnfO{ eP ;/xsf] clwsf/sf] k|of]u ug]{5 . -&_ k'g/fj]bg ;ldltn] o; bkmf adf]lhd k'g/fj]bgsf] sf/afxL / lsgf/f ubf{ ;+lIfKt sfo{ljlw P]g, @)@* cGtu{tsf] sfo{ljlw cjnDag ug]{5 . -*_ k'g/fj]bg ;ldltn] u/]sf] lg0f{o jf cfb]z clGtd x'g]5 . -(_ k'g/fj]bg ;ldltsf] sfof{jlw k|flws/0f lj36g ePsf] ldltn] Ps jif{;Dd x'g]5 . k'g/fj]bg ;ldltn] cfkm"nfO{ tf]lsPsf] sfof{jlwleq km¥5f}{6 ug{ afFsL /x]sf k'g/fj]bg / ;f];Fu ;DalGwt ldl;n k|flws/0fsf] s]Gb|Lo sfof{no /x]sf] :yfgsf] If]qflwsf/ ePsf] k'g/fj]bg cbfntdf ;g]{5 . @@= k|flws/0fsf] lj36gM g]kfn ;/sf/n] g]kfn /fhkqdf ;"rgf k|sflzt u/L h'g;'s} avt k|flws/0f lj36g ug{ ;Sg]5 . @#= o;} cWofb]z adf]lhd x'g]M o; cWofb]zdf n]lvPhlt s'/fdf o;} cWofb]z adf]lhd / o; cWofb]zn] g;d]6]sf] ljifodf cGo k|rlnt sfg"g adf]lhd x'g]5 . @$= clwsf/ k|Tofof]hgM k|flws/0fn] cfkm"nfO{ k|fKt clwsf/dWo] cfjZostf cg';f/ s]xL clwsf/ k|flws/0fsf] cWoIf, k|dv ' sfo{sf/L clws[t, ;b:o jf g]kfn ;/sf/sf] s'g} clws[tnfO{ k|Tofof]hg ug{ ;Sg]5 . @%= g]kfn ;/sf/;Fu ;Dks{M k|flws/0fn] g]kfn ;/sf/;Fu ;Dks{ /fVbf k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no dfkm{t /fVg'kg]{5 . @^= lgod agfpg ;Sg]M g]kfn ;/sf/n] o; cWofb]zsf] sfof{Gjogsf nflu cfjZos lgod agfpg ;Sg]5 . @&= lgb]l{ zsf / sfo{ljlw agfO{ nfu" ug{ ;Sg]M of] cWofb]z jf o; cWofb]z cGtu{t ag]sf] lgodsf] cwLgdf /xL k|flws/0fn] cfkm\gf] sfo{ ;~rfng ug{ cfjZos lgb]l{ zsf jf sfo{ljlw agfO{ nfu" ug{ ;Sg]5 .

@)&@ c;f/, jif{–!@÷c°–!, k"0ff{°–!##

;"rgf ljefu

d"No ?= !)).–

@)&@ c;f/ k"0f{ ;kmntfsf nflu===

‘s’ ju{sf] klxnf] k|zf;lgs klqsf

d=If]=x=b=g+= %@÷)^&÷)^*

;f]kfg b=g+= -lh=k|=sf= sf7=_ !*!÷)^)÷)^!

df] (*%!)%#%$* , Od]n bddhakal@gmail.com @)&@ c;f/, jif{–!@÷c°–!, k"0ff{°–!##