;fj{hlgs Joj:yfkg ;|f]t ;fdu|L
;Dkfbg bf];|f] ;+:s/0f
g[kWjh lg/f}nf Zofds'df/ eยง/fO{ klxnf] ;+:s/0f
ljb'/ sf]O/fnf s[i0fd'/f/L lzjfsf]6L gf/fo0fk|;fb ;'j]bL
k|sfzs
;f]kfg dfl;s
l8NnLahf/, sf7df8f}+, kmf]g g+= $$#%!$*, kf]=a=g+= #**) Od]nM sopanmonthly@gmail.com, web: www.sopanmonthly.com
;fj{hlgs Joj:yfkg M ;|f]t ;fdu|L
;jf{lwsf/ M cu|;f/yL cWoog tyf cg';Gwfg s]Gb| ;Dkfbs M ljb'/ sf]O/fnf, s[i0fd'/f/L lzjfsf]6L, gf/fo0fk|;fb ;'j]bL -k|yd ;+:s/0f_
M g[kWjh lg/f}nf, Zofds'df/ e§/fO{ -bf];|f] ;+:s/0f_ k|sfzs M ;f]kfg dfl;s, l8NnLahf/, sf7df8f}+ ljt/s M dsfn' k|sfzg u[x, l8NnLahf/ sf7df8f}+, kmf]g M )!– $$#%!$* ;+Vof M !))) k|lt ISBN : 978-9937-573-06-1 kftnf] uftf 978-9937-573-05-4 df]6f] uftf d"No ?= M !!(%÷– kftnf] uftf d"No ?= M @)))÷– df]6f] uftf d'b|0f M ;f]kfg k|]; k|f=ln= kmf]g M )!—$$$@@)^ -k|:t't k':tsdf pNn]v ePsf s'/fx? ;DalGwt n]vssf lghL ljrf/ x'g\ ._
e"ldsf ;fj{hlgs k|zf;g, ljsf;, Joj:yfkg, Gofo k|zf;g Pj+ dfgjclwsf/sf If]qdf cWoog, cg';Gwfg / vf]hsf dfWodaf6 l;h{gfTds sfo{ ug]{ p2]Zon] @)^% ;fndf cu|;f/yL cWoog tyf cg';Gwfg s]Gb|sf] :yfkgf ePsf] xf] . l;h{gzLn ;xsdL{x?aLr af}l4s cEof; ug]{ x]t'n] :yfkgf ePsf] of] s]Gb|sf] k|of;df ljut # jif{ cufl8 tof/ eO{ ;f]kfg dfl;sn] k|sfzg u/]sf] ;fj{hlgs Joj:yfkg ;|f]t ;fdu|LnfO{ kf7sx?n] dg k/fOlbg' eof] . cfsf/ lgSs} 7"nf] x'Fbfx'Fb} klg o;k|lt kf7sx?sf] cg'/fu lgSs} g} pT;fxk"0f{ b]lvof] . k':tsnfO{ kl/isf/ ug{ / kl/dfh{g ug{ kf7sx?af6 ljleGg sf]0faf6 /rgfTds k|ltlqmof, l6Kk0fL / k[i7kf]if0fx? k|fKt eP . kmntM kl/dfh{g ;lxtsf] bf];|f] ;+:s/0f tof/ ug{ xfdL pT;flxt eof}+ . ;Gbe{ cg';f/ s]xL kl/R5]bx? kl/dfh{g ul/of] . s]xL kl/R5]bx? k'g/fjnf]sgsf] qmddf /fVg ;lsPg . oBlk s]xL gofF ljifox? ;d]t yk ul/of] . sltko n]vsx?n] cfkm\gf] n]v kl/dfh{g ug{ gEofPsf] cj:yfdf ;Dkfbg ;d"xaf6 ;fdfGo k'g/fjnf]sg u/L ;dfj]z ul/of] . klxnf] ;+:s/0fdf ;dfj]z ePsf cg';"rLsf b:tfj]hx?nfO{ o; k6s ;dfj]z ug{ ;lsPg . k':tssf] cfsf/nfO{ b[li6ut u/L To:tf b:tfj]hx?nfO{ 5'§} k':tssf] ?kdf k|sflzt ug]{ p2]Zo /flvPsf] Joxf]/f cfb/0fLo kf7sx?sf] hfgsf/Lsf nflu cg'/f]w ;d]t ub{5f}F . g]kfnsf] ;fj{hlgs k|zf;g / Joj:yfkgsf] If]qdf kof{Kt ;|f]t / ;Gbe{ ;fdu|Lx? pNn]v u/L tof/ ePsf] sf/0fn] kf7sx?sf nflu Pp6f e/f];fnfos k':tssf] ?kdf of] ;fdu|L /x]sf] x'g' k5{ eGg] xfd|f] ljZjf; /x]sf] 5 . ljleGg k':tfsf n]vx?nfO{ Ps} 7fpFdf /fvL tof/ ePsf] k|:t't k':tsdf ljifosf] klg plQs} ljljwtf 5 . ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf ;dsfnLg ;Gbe{x? ;d]t ;d]6L tof/ ePsf] k':ts kf7sx?nfO{ pkof]uL x'g ;s]df xfd|f] k|of; ;fy{s x'g]5 . k|:t't k':tssf] k|yd ;+:s/0f ;Dkfbg ug]{ cToGt dxTjk"0f{ lhDd]jf/L ;kmntfk"j{s ;DkGg ug]{ ;Dkfbg ;d"xsf >L ljb'/ sf]O/fnf, >L gf/fo0f k|;fb ;'j]bL / >L s[i0fd'/f/L lzjfsf]6L k|lt xfdL xflb{s wGojfb 1fkg ub{5f}F . pxfFx?sf] cys d]xgtsf] pRr k|z+;f ub{5f}+ . of] k':ts lj1 n]vsx?sf] cys kl/>dsf] k|ltkmn xf] . xfdL pxfFx?k|lt xflb{s cfef/ k|s6 ub{5f}F . k|fyldstfsf ;fy k|:t't k':ts k|sfzg Pjd\ ljt/0f ug]{ cleef/f lng] ;f]kfg dfl;s / o;sf k|sfzs >L af;'b]j 9sfnsf] ;d"xnfO{ xflb{s wGojfb 1fkg ub{5f}F . k':tssf] ;Dkfbgsf] sfo{df ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] Joj:yfks >L lji0f'xl/ 9sfnnfO{ w]/} w]/} wGojfb 5 . k':tssf] ;Dkfbgdf x'g uPsf q'l6 sdhf]/Lsf nflu Ifdf ofrgf ub{5f}F . oxfFx?sf] /rgfTds ;'emfj / l6Kk0fLsf] xfdL ;w} :jfut ug]{ 5f}+ . oxfFx?sf] ;kmntfsf] sfdgf ;lxt .
lj=;+= @)&@ ebf}
g[kWjh lg/f}nf -cWoIf_
k|sfzsLo ;f]kfg dfl;s ;a} txsf k|ltof]lutfTds k/LIffyL{x¿ tyf k|zf;g, Joj:yfkg Pj+ ljsf;sf If]qdf rf;f], lrGtf / ?lr /fVg] ;a}sf nflu pkof]uL klqsf xf] . of] k|sfzgn] k|lt:kwf{Tds k/LIffsf] lglb{i6 kf7\oqmddf cfwfl/t kf7\o;fdu|Lx¿ k|sfzg u/L ;Da4 ;a}sf] ;d:of ;dfwfgsf nflu xft]dfnf] ub}{ cfPsf] 5 . ljut afx| jif{b]lv oxfFx¿s} ;xof]u / ;b\efjaf6 of] klqsf lg/Gt/?kdf k|sfzg x'g ;kmn ePsf] xf] . xfdLn] oxfFx¿af6 k|fKt pkof]uL k|]/0ff, k|ltlqmof, ;'emfj / dfu{bz{gnfO{ pRr :yfg lbFb} cfPsf 5f}+ . eljiodf klg o;nfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbg] k|0f ub{5f}+ . o; k|sfzgn] dfl;s klqsfsf] lg/Gt/tf;Fu} ;do;dodf ;d;flos ljifosf cGo ;fdu|Lx¿;d]t k|sfzg ub}{ cfPsf] s'/f ;j{ljlbt} 5 . o;} qmddf cu|;f/yL cWoog tyf cg';Gwfg s]Gb|;Fu ;Da4 Pj+ o; k|sfzgu[x;Fu ;fdLKotf /fVg'x'g] xfd|f cfb/0fLo l;4x:t n]vsx¿sf] cg';Gwfgd"ns ljrf/, cg'ej / af}l4stf ;d]6L æ;fj{hlgs Joj:yfkgM ;|f]t ;fdu|LÆ gfds k':tssf] bf];|f] ;F:s/0f oxfFx¿;dIf k|:t't u/]sf 5f}+ . o; k':tsdf ;fj{hlgs Joj:yfkg, k|zf;g Pj+ ljsf;sf If]qdf ;do qmdn] NofPsf gofF cfofd, l;4fGt, cjwf/0ff tyf b[li6sf]0fx¿ ;d]6L cfb/0fLo ljåfg\, n]vsHo"x¿n] cd"No d]xgt u/L tof/ ug'{ePsf n]vx¿nfO{ ;+lxtfa4 u/]sf 5f}+ . k|:t't ;fdu|L ;fj{hlgs Joj:yfkg, k|zf;g tyf ljsf; k|zf;gdf cle?lr /fVg] ljåt\ kf7sju{nfO{ pkof]uLl;4 x'g5] eGg] cfzf / ljZjf; lnPsf 5f} + . ;fy}, of] k':ts nf]s;]jf cfof]uåf/f lnOg] vf;u/L zfvf clws[t, pk;lrj / ;x;lrj kbsf k|ltof]uLsf nflu pkof]uL x'g] ljZjf;;d]t lnPsf 5f}+ . k|sfzgsf qmddf xfd|f] cfu|xnfO{ :jLsf/ u/L ;fdu|L ;+sng, ;Dkfbg Pj+ ;of]hg ul/lbg'x'g] cu|;f/yL cWoog tyf cg';Gwfg s]Gb|sf ;Dk"0f{ ;b:oHo"x¿k|lt cfef/ k|s6 ub{5f}+ . k':tsnfO{ o; ¿kdf Nofpg] qmddf klxnf] ;F:s/0fsf] ;Dkfbssf] e"ldsf lgjf{x ug'{x'g] >L ljb'/ sf]O/fnf, >L s[i0fd'/f/L lzjfsf]6L / >L gf/fo0fk|;fb ;'j]bL / bf];|f] ;F:s/0fsf] ;Dkfbg sfo{df ;+nUg >L g[kWjh lg/f}nf / >L Zofds'df/ e6\6/fO{ k|lt xflb{s s[t1tf 1fkg ub{5f}+ . ljutsf k|sfzgx¿n] em}+ o; k':tsn] klg oxfFx¿sf] cfjZostf k"/f ug]{ ck]Iff xfdLn] /fv]sf 5f}+ . xfdLnfO{ k|fKt x'g] l6Kk0fL Pj+ ;'emfjsf cfwf/df cfufdL k|sfzgx¿nfO{ yk ;'wf/ ub}{ n}hfg] k|0f;d]t ub{5f}+ . ;f]kfg dfl;s l8NnLahf/, sf7df8f}+ kf]=a=g+= #**)
;DkfbsLo
s'g} klg laifodf n]vg / ;f] sf] Joj:yfkg ;xh sfd xf]Og /x]5 . c¿n] d]xgt u/]/ tof/ kf/]sf l;h{gfx¿k|lt xfdLn] klg s}of}+k6s gfs v'DRofof}+ xf]nf t/ ;f]xL sfo{ cfkm"n] ubf{ l;h{gfsf] dxTj aNn a'em]h:tf] ePsf] 5 . sfd t cln dxTj /fVg] / l;h{gzLntf emNsg] g} ug{ dg k/fpF5 dflg; . t/ ;a}n] ;a} If]qdf xft xfNg ;Qm}gg\ .. cWoog cg';Gwfgsf] If]qdf yf]/} ?lr ePsf sf/0f xfdLn] l;h{gf u/]sf] :f+:yf cu|;f/yL cWoog tyf cg';Gwfg s]Gb|dfkm{t n]vg / ;f] sf] Aoj:yfkgsf] sfdnfO{ xfdLn] cufl8 a9fof}+ . tLg aif{ cufl8 xfdLn] ;fj{hlgs Joj:yfkgM;|f]t ;fdu|L kf7s ;dIf NofPsf lyof}+ . ax';+Vos kf7ssf] /rgfTds / ;sf/fTds k[i7kf]if0f tyf n]vgsf] l;nl;nfnfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbO/xg' k5{ eGg] s]xL cWoogzLn / pT;fxL ldqx¿sf] k|]/0ffn] clek|]l/t eO{ pQm ;fj{hlgs Joj:yfkgM;|f]t ;fdu|L yk kl/dfh{gsf ;fy bf];|f] ;+:s/0f tof/ ug]{ pT;fx hfUof] . olx l;nl;nfdf o; >f]t ;fdu|Ldf o; cl3 of]ubfg lbg'x'g] laåfg n]vsx?nfO{ cfkm\gf] s[ltdf cfjZos eP yk kl/dfh{g ug{ cg'/f]w u¥of}+ . s]xL gofF laifodf o; If]qdf snd rnfO/xg] n]vsx¿;Fu ;fdu|Lsf nflu cg'/f]w u¥of}+ . k|fKt tL ;fdu|Lx?sf] cWoog, cjnf]sg / Ps zAbdf eGg'kbf{ ;Dkfbg ug]{ cfF6 u¥of}+ . oBlk laåfg n]vsx?sf] s[ltdf /x]sf] df}lnstfnfO{ ;Dkfbgsf] qmddf tn dfly kg{ lbg' x'+b}g eGg] s'/fdf xfdL ;r]t /x\of}+ . klxnf] ;+:s/0fsf ;Dkfbsx?sf] ;DkfbsLo df}lnstfnfO{ klg oyf]lrt :yfg lbO/xg'k5{ eGg] dfGotfdf xfdL /x\of}+ . xfdLn] ;fj{hlgs Joj:yfkgsf] ljwf /f]Hg'sf] d'Vo sf/0f o;sf] Jofkstf / lj:tfl/t :j¿k g} lyof] . To;}n] of] ;|f]t ;fdu|Lsf] bf];|f] ;+:s/0fsf] tof/Ldf xfdL k'Uof}+ . ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gn] cfd gful/ssf] ue{b]lv lrxfg;Ddsf (Womb to Tomb) a[xt\ cfjZostf / ultljlwnfO{ lgoldt / Jojl:yt ug]{ sfo{ ub{5 eGg] ul/G5 . b]zdf zflGt / Joj:yf sfod ug]{, /fHon] clVtof/ u/]sf of]hgfx¿nfO{ sfof{Gjog u/L d"t{¿k lbg] / ;/sf/sf gLlt tyf sfo{qmdx¿nfO{ cy{k"0f{ ¿kdf sfof{Gjog ug]{ lhDd]jf/L ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf] x'g] ePsf]n] s'g} klg b]zsf] ljsf;sf] ult yfxf kfpg ToxfFsf] k|zf;g k4ltnfO{ x]g]{ ul/G5 . ;an / ;Ifd k|zf;gsf dfWodåf/f dfq b]zsf] ljsf;n] ult lng ;Sg] ePsf]n] /fHo ;~rfngsf] l;nl;nfdf ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf] dxTj clt ljlzi6 /x]sf] x'G5 . ;femf p2]Zo k|flKtsf nflu ;fd"lxs / ;dGjofTds 9Íaf6 ;~rfng ul/g] ;dli6ut sfo{ g} a[xt\ cy{df ;fj{hlgs k|zf;g ePsf]n] o;n] /fHosf tLg cÍ sfo{kflnsf, Gofokflnsf / Joj:yflksf tyf logLx¿aLrsf] cGt/;DaGwnfO{ ;d]6\b5 . o;n] ;/sf/L gLlt th'{df, sfof{Gjog / d"Nof+sgdf ;d]t dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf lgjf{x ug]{ ePsf]n] ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gnfO{ ;du| /fhgLlts k|0ffnLsf] Pp6f dxTjk"0f{ pk–k|0ffnL;d]t dfGg] ul/G5 . t/ k|zf;goGq ;Ifd, k|efjsf/L, ultzLn, hgd'vL x'g'k5{ / of] lgikIf / t6:y 9·n] ;~rfng x'g'k5{ eGg] s'/f ;j{q ck]lIft /x]sf] x'G5 . ;dosf] ult;Fu} ;/sf/sf] sfo{ If]q / e"ldsfdf lbgfg'lbg kl/jt{g cfPsf] 5 . ;/sf/n] x/]s sfo{df x:tIf]k ug]{ xf]Og, s]jn ;fdflhs / cfly{s ljsf;sf] nflu pTk|]/s, pTkfbsTj / bIftfsf] clej[l4df ;xof]uL, v'nf / ;dGoflos cy{tGqsf] k|Tofe"lt lbg] lgofds, lghL If]qsf] ljsf;df ;xof]uL tyf dfgjLo / cfly{s ljsf;sf] pTk|]/ssf] ¿kdf gofF e"ldsfnfO{ u|x0f ug'{k5{ eGg] dfGotf ljsf; ePsf] 5 . ;/sf/sf] e"ldsfdf cfPsf] oxL kl/jlt{t dfGotfsf] sf/0fn] ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf] ljifonfO{ klg ax'cfoflds ljwfsf ¿kdf cfTd;ft\ ul/Fb} cfPsf] 5 . ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gn] k|fKt ug]{ j}wflgstf g} o;sf] zlQm xf], t/ o;sf] e"ldsf ls6fg ug]{ sfo{ eg] hl6n x'G5 . ljsf;sf] ult;Fu} o;sf] ;Ldf /fli6«o e"uf]naflx/ k[YjLsf] ;Ldf;Dd / cGtl/If;Dd klg km}lnPsf] x'G5 . cem ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gnfO{ cfhef]ln ;fj{hlgs Joj:yfkgsf] ¿kdf x]g{ yflnPsf] 5 . k|zf;g Joj:yfkgsf] ¿kdf kl/jt{g x'g o;sf lqmofsnfk :jrflnt, :j:km"t{ / ;+:yfut x'g'kb{5 . /fd|f] Joj:yfkgn] ;a} lsl;dsf kl/jt{g / kl/dfh{gnfO{ lgDTofpF5 . cfhsf] cfjZostf ;]jf jf pTkfbg dfq xf]Og, clkt' s'zn, l56f]5l/tf], ldtJooL ;]jf / u'0f:t/Lo pTkfbg xf] . o;sf nflu k|zf;gsf] cfsf/ ;fgf] kfg]{, ;]jfsf] u'0f:t/Lotf / k|efjsfl/tfdf hf]8 lbg'kg]{, ;]jfsf] nfut 36fpFb} hfg'kg]{, cfkm\gf] bIftf gePsf] If]qdf k|zf;gn] x:tIf]k ug{ gx'g], k/Dk/fut sfo{z}nLdf kl/jt{g ug'{kg]{, pQ/bfloTj :ki6 x'g'kg]{, nfnlkmtfzfxL (Red Tapism) k|zf;gsf] kof{ojfrL x'g gx'g], k|hftGqsf]
afws x'g gx'g] / lghL pBdzLntf / kl/jt{gnfO{ cfTd;ft\ ug'{kg]{h:tf l;4fGt ljsl;t x'Fb} cfPsf 5g\ . oltv]/ kl/jt{g / ;'wf/sf] s'/fnfO{ x/]s JolQm / ;+u7gsf] bfloTjsf] ¿kdf lnOg] ul/Psf] 5 . ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gnfO{ Joj:yfkgdf ¿kfGt/0f ug'{ klg cfh r'gf}tLsf] ¿kdf /x]sf] 5 . ;fj{hlgs Joj:yfkg ;/sf/sf] e"ldsf / gful/s ;dfhsf] ;DaGwdf cfPsf] kl/jt{gsf] ;"rs klg xf] . nIo k|flKtsf nflu cfjZos kg]{ ;fwgx¿sf] Joj:yfkgdf nlrnf]kgf, k|zf;sn] Joj:yfksLo pQ/bfloTj lgjf{x ug'{kg]{ clgjfo{tf, glthfd"ns / ;fem]bf/Ldf cfwfl/t sfo{k|0ffnL, p2]Zok/s Jojxf/, k|zf;lgs k|lqmofdf ldtJolotf, k|efjsfl/tf / k|lt:kwf{ nufotsf ljQLo cg'zf;g Pj+ u'0f:t/Lo Joj:yfkgsf p2]Zo xfl;n ug]{ dxTjk"0f{ dfWodsf ¿kdf ;fj{hlgs Joj:yfkgnfO{ lng] ul/G5 . ;fj{hlgs Joj:yfkg / /fhgLltaLr klg cGof]Gofl>t ;DaGw /x]sf] 5 . ;g\ !**& df Woodrow Wilson n] Politics Administration Dichotomy gfds lgaGw n]v]kl5 k|zf;g / /fhgLltaLrsf] k[ystfnfO{ dxTj lbOPsf] lyof] . kl5 ;g\ !(%) sf] bzsdf Jojxf/jfbL (Behavioralist) x¿n] d"Nodf cfwfl/t k|zf;g (Value Based Administration) sf] jsfnt ug{ yfn]kl5 /fhgLlt / k|zf;gaLrsf] b"/L 5f]l6g yfn]sf] xf] . Bureaucratic Theory cGtu{tsf] /fhgLlts If]q gLltlgdf{0fdf / k|zf;goGq To:tf gLltx¿sf] sfof{Gjogdf dfq ;l/s x'g'k5{ / k|zf;goGqsf] ;+jfxssf] ¿kdf /xg] sd{rf/LtGq /fhgLltaf6 ;w}+ t6:y /xg'k5{ eGg] dfGotfn] k|zf;g / /fhgLltaLr kfgL af/faf/sf] l:ylt k}bf ug{ gvf]h]sf] klg xf]Og, t/ casf] k|zf;goGqn] gLlt lgdf{0fdf ;d]t /fhgLlts If]q;Fu ;xsfo{ ug{ yfn]sf] 5 eg] gLlt sfof{Gjogdf /fhgLlts If]qsf] ;d]t ;lqmotf b]lvg yfn]sf] 5 . To;}n] clxn]sf] ;dodf k|zf;g / /fhgLlt Pscsf{sf ;xof]uL Pj+ kl/k"/s x'g\ eGg] gjLg cjwf/0ff / ;f]r klg ljsl;t x'Fb} uPsf] b]lvG5 . ;fj{hlgs k|zf;g s'g} klg d'n'ssf] /fhgLlts k|0ffnL / cfly{s gLltaf6 kl/rflnt x'G5 . v'nf /fhgLlts k|0ffnLdf k|zf;gn] klg cfkm\gf] e"ldsfnfO{ a9L lhDd]jf/ agfO{ ;]jfu|fxLk|lt pQ/bfoL / u'0f:t/Lo ;]jf k|jfxdf hf]8 lbPsf] x'G5 eg] aGb /fhgLlts k|0ffnLdf k|zf;g a9L zlQmzfnL x'g uO{ gLlt lgdf{0fdf cfkm\gf] k|e'Tjn] ubf{ /fhgLlts g]t[TjnfO{ g} cf]em]ndf kfg{ ;Sg] ;Defjgf plQs} x'G5 . o:tf] cj:yfdf k|zf;sn] /fhgLlt1sf] e"ldsf;d]t lgjf{x ug{ ;Sb5 . vf;u/L /fhgLlts If]qnfO{ gLlt lgdf{0f / of]hgf th'{dfsf nflu lhDd]jf/ agfO{ k|zf;g ;+oGqn] Odfgbf/Lsf ;fy pgLx¿sf] sfo{ ;Dkfbgdf ;xof]u ug]{ tyf th'{df ePsf gLlt tyf sfo{qmdx¿nfO{ k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjog ug]{ lhDd]jf/L lbg' pko'Qm x'G5 . oL b'j} lgsfoaLr :ki6 ;Ldf+sg (Bench Mark) sfod u/]/ n}hfg'kb{5 . oL kbflwsf/LaLrsf] sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/df :ki6 ;Ldf+sg sfod x'Fbf sfo{ ;Dkfbgdf :ki6tf cfpFb5, hjfkmb]lxtf / lhDd]jf/L ls6fg x'G5 / kf/blz{tfdf j[l4 x'G5 . b]zdf /fhgLlts l:y/tf, k|lta4 /fhgLlts g]t[Tj / OR5fzlQm, kof{Kt ;|f]t;fwg / ;'wf/d'vL ;f]r ePdf dfq b]zsf] ;fj{hlgs k|zf;g hgd'vL / t6:y x'g hfG5 . g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df x]bf{ clxn] cfwf/e"t dfgjLo cfjZostf ;Daf]wg ug'{kg]{ cj:yf Psflt/ 5 eg] csf]{tkm{ ;a}sf] ck]Iff lbgfg'lbg a9]sf] 5 . u0ftGq :yfkgf / ;+3Lo k4ltsf] cjnDagkl5 ;a} ;d:of ;dfwfg x'g] Pj+ dfgjLo ck]Iffx¿ k"/f x'g] cg'dfg / cfzf rf}tkmL{ ¿kdf /x]sf] 5 . o; lsl;dsf ck]Iff k"/f ug{ ;+3Lo k|0ffnLcg'¿k d'n'ssf] k|zf;goGqnfO{ k'g;{+/rgf / gofF cfjZostfcg'¿k ¿kfGt/0fsf] vfFrf] 5 . x's'd / x}sddf rNg] rnfOg] ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gnfO{ ;dfj]zL, ;]jfd"ns / pQ/bfoL agfpg'k/]sf] 5 . ;+ljwfg lgdf{0fsf] k|lqmof rln/x]sf]n] ca aGg] ;+ljwfgdf k|zf;lgs k'g;{+/rgf ubf{ ;fj{hlgs Joj:yfkgsf ljifonfO{ ;d]6]/ clwsf/sf] lgIf]k0f Pj+ lghLs/0fdf hf]8 lbg'sf ;fy} gful/s ;dfhsf] e"ldsfnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpFb} n}hfg' h?/L b]lvG5 . o; qmddf ;/sf/sf] e"ldsfnfO{ s]jn ;xof]uL Pj+ ;xhstf{sf] ¿kdf ljsf; ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . To;}u/L sd{rf/LtGqnfO{ klg ;f]xL adf]lhd kl/rflnt x'g] u/L lhDd]jf/ agfpg cfjZos x'G5 . cGo If]qdf h:t} sd{rf/LtGqdf klg sd nufgL a9L k|ltkmnsf] l;4fGtnfO{ ckgfpg], clwsf/d'vL k|zf;g ;]jfnfO{ cfsif{s agfpg] / ;]jfu|fxLk|lt pQ/bfoL agfpg] k|sf/sf] gLlt cjnDag u/L k|zf;gsf] sfo{z}nL k|lqmofuteGbf kl/0ffdd'vL, hgd'vL, k|lta4 Pj+ glthfd'vL agfpg' cfjZos x'G5 . o; k[i7e"lddf ;fj{hlgs Joj:yfkgsf ljljw kIfnfO{ ;d]6]/ ;|f]t ;fdu|Lsf ¿kdf ;fj{hlgs Joj:yfkg M ;|f]t ;fdu|L gfds k':tssf] bf];|f] ;+:s/0f kf7s;dIf k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 . of] k':ts tof/Lsf qmddf lj1 n]vsx¿n] xfd|f] cfu|xnfO{ :jLsf/ u/]/ cToGt d]xgtsf ;fy :t/Lo ;fdu|L pknJw u/fpg'ePsf] 5 . o; cl3 pknAw u/fpg' ePsf] cfkm\gf] s[ltnfO{ ;dofg's"n kl/dfh{g ul/lbg' ePsf] 5 . ;fj{hlgs Joj:yfkgsf] If]q Jofks ePsf]n] o;sf ;a} kIfnfO{ Pp6} k':tsdf ;d]6\g' ;Dej 5}g . t/ klg o; cl3 k|sflzt o; k':tssf af/]df kf7ssf] k|fKt k[i7kf]if0f;d]tnfO{ dgg\ u/L yk ljifoj:t'x¿ o; k':tsdf ;d]6\g] k|of; ul/Psf] 5 . s]xL laifo k'g/fjnf]sgsf] qmddf lemlsPsf 5g\ . clxn] ;fj{hlgs Joj:yfkgsf]] k|efj gk/]sf] If]q kfpg sl7g 5 . To;}n] o;sf af/]df hfgsf/L /fVg' o; If]qsf ;Da4 ;a}sf] nflu cfjZos x'G5 .
lghfdtL k|zf;gdf cfa4 hgzlQmsf] bIftf clej[l4 / j[lQ ljsf;sf] dxTjk"0f{ cfwf/sf] ¿kdf nf]s;]jf cfof]uh:tf] :jtGq ;+j}wflgs lgsfodfkm{t ljleGg k|ltof]lutfTds k/LIff ;~rfng u/L j[lQ ljsf;sf] dfu{k|z:t ug]{ u/L lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, @)$( Pj+ lghfdtL ;]jf lgodfjnL, @)%) ;d]tn] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . o:tf] Joj:yfaf6 pRrtd of]Uotf ePsf] hgzlQmn] dflyNnf] kbdf k|j]z u/L cfkm\gf] 1fg, ;Lk / bIftfåf/f lghfdtL ;]jfnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg ;Sg] x'G5 . o;} ;Gbe{df g]kfn k|zf;g ;]jfcGtu{t /fhkqf+lst k|yd Pj+ låtLo >]0fLsf] kbdf k|ltof]lutfTds k/LIffåf/f k"lt{ ug]{ k|of]hgsf] nflu nf]s;]jf cfof]uåf/f lgwf{l/t kf7\oqmdnfO{ Wofgdf /fvL k|:t't ;|f]t ;fdu|L tof/ kfg]{ hdsf]{ ul/Psf] 5 . o; ljifodf km'6s/ ¿kdf cg]sf}+ lj1 n]vssf cg]sf}+ s[lt ahf/df kfOP tfklg nf]s;]jf cfof]uåf/f lgwf{/0f ul/Psf] kf7\oqmdnfO{ cfwf/ agfO{ olt a[xt\ ljifoj:t' ;d]6]/ Pp6} k':tsfsf/df k|sflzt ug]{ xfd|f] k|of; df}lns x'g]5 eGg] xfdLn] ljZjf; lnPsf 5f}+ . To;}n] of] k':ts o; If]qsf lh1f;', kf7s Pj+ k|ltof]uLx¿;d]tsf nflu Pp6f k7gLo / ;+u|x0fLo s[ltsf ¿kdf :yflkt x'g]5 eGg] xfd|f] ck]Iff /x]sf] 5 . o;sf cltl/Qm hgk|zf;gtkm{sf ljBfyL{x¿ / ;fj{hlgs Joj:yfkgsf If]qdf lqmofzLn gLlt lgdf{tfsf nflu klg of] k':ts ;xof]uL x'g] ck]Iff ul/Psf] 5 . o; k':tssf nflu lghfdtL ;]jf tyf /fli6«o hLjgsf cGo dxTjk"0f{ If]qdf cg'ej ;FufNg'ePsf / o; If]qdf lg/Gt/ snd rnfO/xg'x'g] ljåfg\ n]vsx¿n] of]ubfg k'¥ofpg'ePsf] 5 . k|:t't k':ts d"ntM k|zf;g ;]jfcGtu{t /fhkqf+lst k|yd / låtLo >]0fLsf] k|ltof]lutfTds k/LIffsf nflu lgwf{l/t kf7\oqmdnfO{ ;d]6\g] p2]Zon] tof/ kfl/Psf] x'Fbf n]v–/rgfx¿sf] ;+of]hg ubf{ / k':tssf] k|f¿k tof/ ubf{ xfdLn] nf]s;]jf cfof]usf] kf7\oqmdnfO{ g} cfwf/ agfPsf 5f}+ . o;f] ubf{ xfdLn] n]v–/rgfsf] qmdnfO{ klg kf7\oqmds} :j¿k;Fu ldNbf]h'Nbf] x'g] u/L ;+of]hg u/]sf 5f}+ . t;y{ k|:t't k':tsdf ;d]l6Psf ;a} n]v–/rgfx¿sf] qmdnfO{ cfb/0fLo ljåfg\, n]vs Pj+ kf7sx¿n] ;f]xLcg'¿k u|x0f ul/lbg'x'g]5 eGg] xfdL cfu|x ub{5f}+ . ;fj{hlgs k|zf;g;Fu ;DalGwt olt w]/} ljifosf n]v /rgfx¿ 5f]6f] ;do;Ldfleq k'g/fjnf]sg ug{ ;Dej ePg . kmn:j¿k k|:t't k':tssf] klxnf] ;+:s/0f ;dfKt ePkl5 klg bf];|f] ;+:s/0fsf] ?kdf of] k':tssf] ;Dkfbg / k|sfzg ug]{ egL xfdLn] to u/]sf] ;do ;LdfeGbf s]xL l9nf] u/L of] k':ts oxfFx¿sf] xftdf cfPsf] 5 . n]v/rgf k|fKt x'gf;fy k':tssf] ;Dkfbgsf] sfo{nfO{ xfdLn] ;Dej eP;Dd l56f] ;DkGg ug]{ k|of; u/]sf 5f}+ . ;Dkfbgsf] qmddf s'g} s'g} ljifoj:t'sf] zLif{s / n]v/rgfdf k|o'Qm jfSo ;+/rgfdf ;fdfGo km]/abn ug'{afx]s xfdLn] ;a} ljåfg\ n]vsx¿sf] n]vsLo :jtGqtf / df}lns ;Dk|]if0f z}nLsf] k"0f{ ;Ddfg ug]{ k|of; u/]sf 5f}+ . ;Dkfbssf] e"ldsf cg';f/ ;fdfGo eflifs kl/jt{gafx]s ljifoj:t'sf] ulx/fO, cfkm\gf] ljz]if1tf / n]vg ;Lkaf6 vfl/Psf n]vx¿sf] k|:t'ltnfO{ cgfjZos ¿kdf x:tIf]k ul/g' x'Fb}g eGg] dfGotfaf6 xfdL klg lgb]{lzt eof}+ . lgZro g} xfdL Jofj;flos ;Dkfbs xf]Ogf}+ . To;}n] xfdL ;Dkfbg sfo{sf] k"0f{tfsf] bfaL ug]{ cj:yfdf 5}gf}+ . t/ xfdLn] cfkm"nfO{ Odfgbf/Lk"j{s ;dlk{t u/]sf 5f}+ / cfkm\gf] Ifdtfn] EofP;Dd k':tsnfO{ q'l6/lxt agfpg] k|of; u/]sf 5f}+ . w]/} If]qsf n]vsx¿sf] ;xeflutf /x]sf] x'Fbf k|:t'tLs/0fdf ljljwtf /x]sf] s'/fnfO{ xfdLn] :jfefljs ¿kdf lnPsf 5f}+ / o;nfO{ of] k':tssf] ljlzi6tf dfg]sf 5f}+ . kof{Kt ;fjwfgLsf afah'b klg s]xL q'l6x¿ cem} klg /xg uPsf x'g ;S5g\ . To:tf q'l6x¿nfO{ cf}+NofO{ k':tsnfO{ cem kl/dfh{g ug{ cfkm\gf cd"No ;'emfjx¿ pknAw u/fOlbgsf nflu lj1 kf7sx¿;dIf xflb{s cg'/f]w ub{5f}+ . cGTodf, xfd|f] cfu|xnfO{ :jLsf/ u/L cfkm\gf cd"No /rgfx¿ pknAw u/fO{, klxnf] ;+:s/0fsf] nflu pknAw u/fO{lbg'ePsf] cfkm\gf] s[ltdf xfn ;dofg's"n / cfaZostfcg';f/ yk kl/dfh{g ul/lbO{ of] k':tsnfO{ o; ¿kdf tof/ kfg{ ;xof]u ug'{ePsf]df ;a} ljåfg\ n]vsx¿ / k|:t't k':ts ;Dkfbgsf] lhDd]jf/L k|bfg ug]{ cu|;f/yL cWoog tyf cg';Gwfg s]Gb|k|lt xfdL cfef/ k|s6 ub{5f}+ .
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%= sf]znrGb| ;'j]bL
lqe'jg ljZjljBfnoaf6 /fhgLltzf:q / kmf}Hfbf/L sfg"gdf :gftsf]Q/ pkflw xfl;n ug'{ePsf >L a:g]t lhNnf GofofwLz x'g'x'G5 . Gofo / sfg"gsf If]qdf ljleGg n]v /rgfx¿ k|sflzt ug'{ePsf >L a:g]tn] k|:t't k':tsdf of]hgfa4 ljsf; / g]kfndf of]hgfa4 ljsf; k|lqmof ljifodf ;fdu|L pknAw u/fpg'ePsf] 5 .
k"jf{~rn ljZjljBfnojf6 dfgjclwsf/ / n}lÍs Gofo ljifodf :gftsf]Q/ >L ;'j]bL xfn Gofo;]jfsf] pk;lrj x'g'x'G5 . s'zn k|lzIfssf ¿kdf ;d]t kl/lrt >L ;'j]bLsf sfg"g, Gofo / k|zf;g;Fu ;DalGwt ljleGg n]v /rgfx¿ k|sflzt 5g\ . k|:t't k':tsdf pxfFn] ;fj{hlgs gLlt th'{df, ljZn]if0f, sfof{Gjog, cg'udg tyf d"NofÍg ljifodf ;fdu|L pknAw u/fpg'ePsf] 5 .
@= pk]Gb|k|;fb uf}td lqe'jg ljZjljBfnoaf6 cGt/f{li6«o sfg"gdf :gftsf]Q/ >L uf}td lhNnf GofofwLz x'g'x'G5 . s'zn k|lzIfssf ¿kdf ;d]t kl/lrt >L uf}tdsf sfg"g, Gofo / k|zf;g;Fu ;DalGwt n]v /rgfx¿ k|sflzt 5g\ . k|:t't k':tsdf pxfFn] g]kfndf x'nfs ;]jf Joj:yfkg, Jofj;flostf / k|lt:kwf{ ljifodf ;fdu|L pknAw u/fpg'ePsf] 5 .
#= pd]z sf]O/fnf lqe'jg ljZjljBfnoaf6 ;+jw} flgs sfg"gdf :gftsf]Q/ pkflw xfl;n ug'{ePsf >L sf]O/fnf lhNnf GofofwLz x'g'x'G5 . Gofokflnsfsf ljljw If]qdf cWoog cg';Gwfgdf ug'{ePsf >L sf]O/fnfn] pkef]Qmf lxt ;+/If0f M l;4fGt, cjwf/0ff / Jojxf/ tyf ljsf;sf gjLgtd\ cfofdx¿ gfds k':tssf] ;xn]vg ug'{sf cltl/Qm cfwf bh{geGbf a9L k':tssf] ;Dkfbg ug'{ePsf] 5 . pxfFsf Gofo, sfg"g Pj+ k|zf;gsf If]q;Fu ;DalGwt bh{gf}+ n]v /rgfx¿ k|sflzt 5g\ . >L sf]O/fnfn] k|:t't k':tsdf ljsf; k|zf;g cjwf/0ff / cEof;, sd{rf/LtGq Pj+ gf/fo0fk|;fb ;'j]bL;Fusf] ;xn]vgdf nf]stGq, dfgjclwsf/ / ;dfj]zL nf]stGq ljifodf ;fdu|L pknAw u/fpg'ePsf] 5 .
$= sdnk|;fb kf]v/]n lqe'jg ljZjljBfnoaf6 /fhgLltzf:q / k"jf{~rn ljZjljBfnoaf6 jfl0fHo sfg"gdf :gftsf]Q/ pkflw xfl;n ug'e { Psf >L kf]v/]n lhNnf GofofwLz x'gx' G' 5 . Gofo, sfg"g / k|zf;gsf If]qdf ljleGg n]v /rgfx¿ k|sflzt ug'e { Psf >L kf]v/]nn] k|:t't k':tsdf of]hgf, of]hgf th'd{ f, d"Nof+sg, cg'udg / of]hgf rqm ljifodf ;fdu|L pknAw u/fpg'ePsf] 5 .
^= s[i0fhLjL l3ld/] lqe'jg ljZjljBfnoaf6 jfl0fHo sfg"gdf :gftsf]Q/ / a]nfotsf] Leeds University af6 Criminal Justice Studies ljifodf kf]:6 u|fh'o6 ug'{ePsf >L l3ld/] xfn Gofo;]jfsf] ;x;lrj x'g'x'G5 . s'zn k|lzIfssf ¿kdf ;d]t kl/lrt >L l3ld/]sf sfg"g, Gofo / k|zf;g;Fu ;DalGwt n]v /rgfx¿ k|sflzt 5g\ . k|:t't k':tsdf pxfFn] ;/sf/sf] e"ldsf tyf sfo{If]q ljifodf >L /]jtL/fh lqkf7L;Fusf] ;xn]vgdf ;fdu|L pknAw u/fpg'ePsf] 5 .
&= s[i0fk|;fb ltlD;gf g]kfn ;/sf/sf] pk;lrj kbdf sfo{/t >L ltlD;gfn] cy{zf:qdf :gftsf]Q/ pkflw xfl;n ug'e { Psf] 5 . cfly{s k|zf;g gfds k':tssf n]vs;d]t /xg'ePsf pxfFsf cfly{s k|zf;g;Fu ;DalGwt ljleGg n]v/rgf k|sflzt 5g\ . k|:t't k':tsdf pxfFn] cflbjf;L, hghflt, dw];L, blnt, ckfË / dlxnfx¿sf] ljBdfg cj:yf, pTyfgsf k|of;x¿, ;d:of ;dfwfg / ;Defjgfx¿ ljifodf ;fdu|L pknAw u/fpg'ePsf] 5 .
*= s[i0fk|;fb ;'j]bL lqe'jg ljZjljBfnoaf6 ;+j}wflgs sfg"gdf :gftsf]Q/ pkflw xfl;n ug'{ePsf >L ;'j]bL lhNnf GofofwLz x'g'x'G5 . s'zn k|lzIfssf ¿kdf ;d]t kl/lrt >L ;'j]bLsf] ;xn]vgdf ;fj{hlgs k|zf;g gfds k':ts k|sflzt 5 eg] Gofo, sfg"g Pj+ ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf If]q;Fu ;DalGwt pxfFsf bh{gf}+ n]v /rgfx¿ k|sflzt 5g\ . pxfFn] k|:t't k':tsdf lghfdtL ;]jfdf egf{ / 5gf]6 tyf lghfdtL ;]jfdf j[lQ ljsf; ljifodf ;fdu|L pknAw u/fpg'ePsf] 5 .
(= s[i0fd'/f/L lzjfsf]6L lqe'jg ljZjljBfnoaf6 /fhgLltzf:q / ;+j}wflgs sfg"gdf :gftsf]Q/ pkflw xfl;n ug'{ePsf >L lzjfsf]6L lhNnf GofofwLz x'g'x'G5 . /fli6«o Goflos k|lti7fgsf nflu g]kfndf n}+lus lje]bsf] cj:yf / n}+lus Gofo ;DaGwL ;|f]t ;fdu|L tof/ ug'{ePsf >L lzjfsf]6Lsf Gofo, sfg"g / k|zf;gsf If]q;Fu ;DalGwt ljleGg n]v /rgfx¿ k|sflzt 5g\ . >L lzjfsf]6Ln] ;xeflutfd"ns Joj:yfkg / ;d"xut sfo{, jftf{ tyf ;Demf}tf ug]{ ;Lk, Joj:yfkg k/LIf0f, ;d"x ultzLntf, ljZjJofkLs/0f / cfly{s pbf/Ls/0f ljifodf ;fdu|L pknAw u/fpg'ePsf] 5 .
>L cfrfo{n] k|:t't k':tsdf ;+j}wflgs lgsfox¿ ljifodf ;fdu|L pknAw u/fpg'ePsf] 5 .
!%= 6'n/fh a:ofn g]kfn /fi6« a}+ssf sfo{sf/L lgb]{zs Pjd\ g]kfn ;/sf/sf] jl/i7 cfly{s ;Nnfxsf/;d]tsf] lhDd]jf/L axg ul/;Sg'ePsf >L a:ofn lqe'jg ljZjljBfnoaf6 Jofkf/ k|zf;g tyf jfl0fHozf:qdf / ;+o'Qm /fHo cd]l/sfsf] Olngf]o ljZjljBfno, cjf{gf–:ofDk]gaf6 cy{zf:qdf :gfQsf]Q/ x'g'x'G5 . pxfFsf cfly{s, df}lb|s, a}+lsª / ljQLo gLlt;Fu ;DalGwt ;of}+ n]v/rgf k|sflzt ePsf 5g\ . k|:t't k':tsdf pxfFn] Recent Trends in Globle Economy / Globalisation and its
ljifodf ;fdu|L pknAw u/fpg'ePsf] 5 .
!!= r]tgfy l3ld/]
Impact In Nepal
kmf}hbf/L sfg"gsf ljz]if1sf ¿kdf kl/lrt >L l3ld/] Gffoa dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] kbaf6 ;]jflgj[Q /fi6«;]js x'g'x'G5 . >L l3ld/]sf sfg"g / Gofo;Fu ;DalGwt ljleGg n]v /rgfx¿ k|sflzt 5g\ . k|:t't k':tsdf pxfFn] cDa'8\;d]g;DaGwL cjwf/0ff M t'ngfTds cWoog ljifodf ;fdu|L pknAw u/fpg'ePsf] 5 .
!^= 6]sgf/fo0f s'Fj/
!@= r'/fdg v8\sf lqe'jg ljZjljBfnoaf6 ;+j}wflgs sfg"gdf :gftsf]Q/ >L v8\sf lhNnf GofofwLz x'g'x'G5 . s'zn k|lzIfssf ¿kdf ;d]t kl/lrt >L v8\sfsf sfg"g / Gofo k|zf;g;Fu ;DalGwt ljleGg n]v /rgfx¿ k|sflzt 5g . k|:t't k':tsdf pxfFn] sfg"gsf] zf;g ljifodf ;fdu|L pknAw u/fpg'ePsf] 5 .
!#= k|f=8f= ho/fh cfrfo{ cd]l/sfsf] hh{6fpg ljZjljBfnoaf6 Theoretical Linguistics df ljBfjfl/lw / lqe'jg ljZjljBfnoaf6 c+u|]hL ;flxTodf :j0f{ kbs;lxt :gftsf]Q/ pkflw xfl;n ug'{ePsf >L cfrfo{ lqe'jg ljZjljBfnosf k|fWofks tyf ;g\ !((! b]lv !((% ;Dd ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3sf nflu g]kfnsf :yfoL k|ltlglw;d]t /lx;Sg'ePsf] 5 . c+uh ]| L ;flxTo / ;+:s[tsf 1ftf;d]t dflgg'x'g] >L cfrfo{ /fhgLlts ljZn]ifs / k//fi6«ljb\sf] ¿kdf :yflkt x'g'x'G5 . >L cfrfo{n] k|:t't k':tsdf g]kfnsf] l5d]sL k//fi6« gLlt ljifodf ;fdu|L pknAw u/fpg'ePsf] 5 .
!$= 6Lsf/fd cfrfo{ lqe'jg ljZjljBfnoaf6 ;+j}wflgs sfg"gdf :gftsf]Q/ pkflw xfl;n ug'{ePsf >L cfrfo{ lhNnf GofofwLz x'g'x'G5 . pkef]Qmf lxt ;+/If0f M l;4fGt, cjwf/0ff / Jojxf/ gfds k':tssf ;xn]vs >L cfrfo{sf Gofo / sfg"g;Fu ;DalGwt ljleGg n]v /rgfx¿ k|sflzt 5g\ . cu|;f/yL ;d"x;Fu ;DalGwt
lqe'jg ljZjljBfnoaf6 /fhgLltzf:qdf, k"jf{~rn ljZjljBfno cGtu{tsf] sf7df8f}+ :s'n ckm naf6 dfgj clwsf/ / n}+lus Gofodf :gftsf]Q/ pkflw xfl;n ug'{ePsf >L s'Fj/n] o'lgel;{6L ckm xªsªaf6 dfgjclwsf/ ljifodf ;d]t :gftsf]Q/ pkflw xfl;n ug'{ePsf] 5 . xfn pxfF lhNnf GofofwLz x'g'x'G5 . pxfFsf Gofo, sfg"g / dfgjclwsf/;Fu ;DalGwt s}of}F ljZn]if0ffTds n]v /rgfx¿ k|sflzt 5g\ . >L s'Fj/n] k|:t't k':tsdf g]kfndf ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf r'gf}tL / ;dfwfgsf pkfox¿ ljifodf ;fdu|L pknAw u/fpg'ePsf] 5 .
!&= 6]sk|;fb 9'Ëfgf lqe'jg ljZjljBfnoaf6 hgk|zf;gdf :gftsf]Q/ >L 9'+ufgfn] ;+j}wflgs sfg"gdf k|yd >]0fLdf k|yd :yfg;lxt :gftsf]Q/ pkflw ;d]t xfl;n ug'{ePsf] 5 . pkef]Qmf lxt ;+/If0f M cjwf/0ff, sfg"g / Jojxf/ gfds k':tssf ;xn]vs >L 9'+ufgf xfn sfg"g, Gofo, ;+ljwfg ;ef tyf ;+;bLo dfldnf dGqfnodf ;x;lrj x'g'x'G5 . ;+j}wflgs sfg"Gfsf 1ftf Pjd\ ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f k|lqmofsf af/]df ljz]if hfgsf/ pxfF s'zn k|lzIfs;d]t dflgg' x'G5 . pxfFsf n]v /rgfx¿ ljleGg k':ts tyf kqklqsfdf k|sflzt 5g\ . k|:t't k':tsdf pxfFn] ;+;b\df ;ldlt k|0ffnLsf] cfjZostf / dxTj tyf ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f k|lqmof M t'ngfTds ljZn]if0f zLif{sdf kf7\o ;fdu|L pknAw u/fpg'ePsf] 5 .
!*= 808kfl0f zdf{ lqe'jg ljZjljBfnoaf6 ;+j}wflgs sfg"gdf :gftsf]Q/ >L zdf{ lhNnf GofofwLz x'g'x'G5 . s'zn k|lzIfssf ¿kdf ;d]t kl/lrt >L zdf{sf sfg"g, Gofo / k|zf;g;Fu ;DalGwt n]v /rgfx¿ k|sflzt 5g\ . k|:t't k':tsdf pxfFn] s]Gb| / :yfgLo k|zf;g ljifodf ;fdu|L pknAw u/fpg'ePsf] 5 .
!(= 9'08Lk|;fb lg/f}nf
@$= bLkss'df/ bfxfn
hgk|zf;g, cy{zf:q / ;dfhzf:qdf :gftsf]Q/ ug'e { Psf >L lg/f}nf g]kfn ;/sf/sf] pk;lrj kbdf sfo{/t x'gx' G' 5 . zf;g ;~rfngsf gjLg dfGotfx¿ gfds k':tssf n]vs >L lg/f}nfsf ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf ljleGg ljwfdf vf]hd"ns n]v /rgfx? k|sflzt ePsf 5g\ . s'zn / bIf k|lzIfssf ¿kdf ;d]t kl/lrt >L lg/f}nfn] k|:t't k':tsdf /fli6«o ljsf;df u}/;/sf/L If]qsf] e"ldsf ljifodf ;fdu|L pknAw u/fpg'ePsf] 5 .
lqe'jg ljZjljBfnojf6 kmf}Hfbf/L sfg"gdf :gftsf]Q/ >L bfxfn lhNnf GofofwLz x'g'x'G5 . s'zn k|lzIfssf ¿kdf ;d]t kl/lrt >L bfxfnsf sfg"g, Gofo / k|zf;g;Fu ;DalGwt ljleGg n]v /rgfx¿ k|sflzt 5g . k|:t't k':tsdf pxfFn] Joj:yfkgsf] cjwf/0ff / l;4fGtx¿, lg0f{o lgdf{0f k|lqmof, Joj:yfkg lgoGq0f, g]t[Tj / g]t[Tj;Lk, sfo{ k|]/0ff / g]kfndf ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgsf ljljw cfofd ljifodf ;fdu|L pknAw u/fpg'ePsf] 5 .
@)= 9'l08/fh nfld5fg] lqe'jg ljZjljBfnoaf6 tYof+s zf:q / hgk|zf;gdf :gftsf]Q/ pkflw xfl;n ug'{ ePsf >L nfld5fg] s]Gb|Lo TfYof+s ljefudf lgb]{zs x'g'x'G5 . ljsf;sf gjLgtd\ cfofdx¿ gfds k':tssf] ;xn]vg ug'{sf cltl/Qm g]kfnsf] ul/jL lgjf/0fsf] cj:yfsf af/]df ljz]if cWoog ug'{ ePsf >L nfld5fg]sf cg';Gwfgd"ns n]v /rgfx? ljleGg k':ts tyf kqklqsfdf k|sflzt ePsf5g\ . k|:t't k':tsdf pxfFn] ul/jL lgjf/0f ljifodf ;fdu|L pknJw u/fpg' ePsf] 5 .
@!= t]h]Gb|k|;fb zdf{ lqe'jg ljZjljBfnoaf6 jfl0fHo sfg"gdf :gftsf]Q/ pkflw xfl;n ug'{ePsf >L zdf{ lhNnf GofofwLz x'g'x'G5 . Gofo / sfg"gsf] If]qdf ljleGg cWoog cg';Gwfg;d]t ug'{ePsf >L zdf{n] /fli6«o Goflos k|lti7fgsf nflu d]nldnfk;Fu ;DalGwt tflndsf] ;|f]t ;fdfu|L tof/ ug'{ePsf] 5 eg] pxfFsf Gofo, sfg"g tyf k|zf;g;Fu ;DalGwt ljleGg n]v /rgfx¿ k|sflzt 5g\ . s'zn k|lzIfssf] ¿kdf ;d]t kl/lrt >L zdf{n] k|:t't k':tsdf ;+s6 / b}jL k|sf]k Joj:yfkg Pjd\ ;+u7gfTds Jojxf/ / sfo{ ;+:s[lt ljifodf ;fdu|L pknAw u/fpg'ePsf] 5 .
@@= yfg]Zj/ uf}td g]kfn ;/sf/sf] pk;lrj kbdf sfo{/t >L uf}tdn] lqe'jg ljZjljBfnoaf6 hgk|zf;g ljifodf :gftsf]Q/ / sfg"gdf :gftsf]kflw xfl;n ug'{ePsf] 5 . cfly{s k|zf;gsf ljljw kIfx¿ gfds k':tssf ;xn]vs;d]t /xg'ePsf >L uf}tdn] k|:t't k':tsdf n]vf k/LIf0fsf ;}4flGts / Jofjxfl/s kIf ljifodf ;fdu|L pknAw u/fpg'ePsf] 5 .
@#= bof/fd 9sfn lqe'jg ljZjljBfnoaf6 ;+j}wflgs sfg"gdf :gftsf]Q/ >L 9sfn lhNnf GofofwLz x'g'x'G5 . k|lzIfssf ¿kdf ;d]t kl/lrt >L 9sfnsf sfg"g, Gofo / k|zf;g;Fu ;DalGwt n]v /rgfx¿ k|sflzt 5g\ . k|:t't k':tsdf pxfFn] :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g ljifodf ;fdu|L pknAw u/fpg'ePsf] 5 .
@%= wd{/fh kf}8]n lqe'jg ljZjljBfnoaf6 ;+j}wflgs sfg"gdf :gftsf]Q/ >L kf}8]n lhNnf GofofwLz x'g'x'G5 . s'zn k|lzIfs / ;+j}wflgs sfg"gsf 1ftfsf ¿kdf ;d]t kl/lrt >L kf}8]nsf ljleGg n]v /rgfx¿ k|sflzt 5g\ . k|:t't k':tsdf pxfFn] nf]stGqdf k|ltlglwTj ;DaGwL l;4fGt / ;dfg'kflts k|ltlglwTj ljifodf ;fdu|L pknAw u/fpg'ePsf] 5 .
@^ = gf/fo0fk|;fb k/fh'nL lqe'jg ljZjljBfnoaf6 Oltxf; / k"jf{~rn ljZjljBfnoaf6 kmf}Hfbf/L sfg"gdf :gftsf]Q/ >L k/fh'nL lhNnf GofofwLz x'g'x'G5 . s'zn k|lzIfssf ¿kdf ;d]t kl/lrt >L k/fh'nLsf sfg"g, Gofo / k|zf;g;Fu ;DalGwt n]v /rgfx¿ k|sflzt 5g\ . k|:t't k':tsdf pxfFn] g]kfnL ;dfh / o:fsf] agf]6, ;f+:s[lts ax'njfb,ax'n ;dfhsf ljz]iftfx¿, /fli6«o Pstf / cv08tf ljifodf ;fdu|L pknAw u/fpg'ePsf] 5 .
@&= gf/fo0fk|;fb ;'j]bL lqe'jg ljZjljBfnoaf6 ;+j}wflgs sfg"gdf :gftsf]Q/ pkflw xfl;n ug'{ePsf >L ;'j]bL lhNnf GofofwLz x'g'x'G5 . s'zn k|lzIfssf ¿kdf kl/lrt >L ;'j]bLsf sfg"g, Gofo / k|zf;g ;DaGwL ljleGg n]v /rgfx¿ k|sflzt eO;s]sf 5g . k|:t't k':tsdf pxfFn] nf]stGq, dfgjclwsf/ / ;dfj]zL nf]stGq ljifodf pd]z sf]O/fnf;Fusf] ;xn]vgdf ;fdu|L pknAw u/fpg' ePsf] 5 .
@*= g]q ;'j]bL ‘k|of;’ dxfn]vf lgoGqs sfof{nosf] ;"rgf k|ljlw zfvf k|d'vsf ?kdf sfo{/t >L g]qk|;fb ;'j]bLsf] n]vsLo gfd g]q ;'j]bL æk|of;Æ xf] . jxfFn] lqe'jg ljZjljBfnojf6 PdP:;L, PdlkP / PdP -;dfhzf:q_ tyf blIf0f sf]l/ofsf] cfh' ljZjljBfnojf6 cGt/f{li6«o Jofkf/df :gftsf]Q/ ug'{ePsf] 5 . ljP8 / PnPnlj ;d]t cWoog ug'{ePsf ;'j]bLsf ljleGg % j6f k':ts k|sflzt
5g\ . k|:t't k':tsdf pxfFn] ljQLo Joj:yfkgdf ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] k|of]u ljifodf ;fdu|L pknAw u/fpg' ePsf] 5 .
@(= g[kWjh lg/f}nf lqe'jg ljZjljBfnoaf6 ;+j}wflgs sfg"gdf :gftsf]Q/ pkflw xfl;n ug'{ePsf >L lg/f}nf Gofo ;]jfsf] ;x;lrj kbdf sfo{/t x'g'x'G5 . /fli6«o Goflos k|lti7fgdf /xL s'zn k|lzIfssf] e"ldsf lgjf{x ul/;Sg'ePsf >L lg/f}nfsf Gofo, sfg"g tyf k|zf;g;Fu ;DalGwt k':ts tyf n]v /rgfx¿ k|sflzt 5g\ eg] k|:t't k':tsdf pxfFn] Kf|lta4, t6:y Pj+ hgd'vL lghfdtL k|zf;g, lghfdtL ;]jfdf ljs[lt lgoGq0f / ;"rgfsf] xs / /fHosf] bfloTj ljifodf ;fdu|L pknAw u/fpg' ePsf]5 . pxfF cu|;f/yL cWoog tyf cg';Gwfg s]Gb|sf] cWoIf x'g'x'G5 .
#)= k'ik/fh yklnof lqe'jg ljZjljBfnoaf6 ;+j}wflgs sfg"gdf :gftsf]Q/ >L yklnof lhNnf GofofwLz x'g'x'G5 . s'zn k|lzIfssf ¿kdf ;d]t kl/lrt >L yklnofsf sfg"g, Gofo / k|zf;g;Fu ;DalGwt n]v /rgfx¿ k|sflzt 5g\ . k|:t't k':tsdf pxfFn] g]kfnsf ljljw hft÷hflt÷ju{÷;d'bfox¿sf] ;fdflhs, cfly{s, ;f+:s[lts / wfld{s cj:yf tyf /xg;xg ljifodf ;fdu|L pknAw u/fpg'ePsf] 5 .
#!= k|sfz kl08t
/rgfx¿ k|sflzt 5g\ . k|:t't k':tsdf pxfFn] g]kfnsf] cfly{s ljsf;df j}b]lzs ;xfotfsf] e"ldsf ljifodf ;fdu|L pknAw u/fpg'ePsf] 5 .
#$= eb|sfnL kf]v/]n lqe'jg ljZjljBfnoaf6 jfl0fHo sfg"gdf :gftsf]Q/ >L kf]v/]n xfn Gofo;]jfsf] ;x;lrj x'g'x'G5 . s'zn k|lzIfssf ¿kdf ;d]t kl/lrt >L kf]v/]nsf sfg"g, Gofo / k|zf;g;Fu ;DalGwt n]v /rgfx¿ k|sflzt 5g\ . k|:t't k':tsdf pxfFn] ;fj{hlgs pQ/bfloTj / lghfdtL ;]jfdf kf/blz{tf ljifodf ;fdu|L pknAw u/fpg'ePsf] 5 .
#%= k|f=8f= eLdb]j e§ hgk|zf;g s]Gb|Lo lzIf0f ljefudf sl/a b'O{ bzs cWofkg ug'{ePsf 8f=e§ ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf] If]qdf lg/Gt/ snd rnfO/xg'x'g] :yflkt n]vssf] ¿kdf kl/lrt x'g'x'G5 . ljsf; k|zf;g, ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf] cfwf/e"t l;4fGt / sd{rf/L k|zf;g nufot emG8} Ps bh{g dxTjk"0f{ k':tssf n]vs >L e§ nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] ;b:o;d]t /lx;Sg'ePsf] 5 . cd]l/sfsf] ldlrug ljZjljBfnoaf6 ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gdf :gftsf]Q/ / ef/taf6 ljBfjfl/lwsf] pkflw xfl;n ug'{ePsf 8f=e§n] k|:t't k':tsdf ;+3Lotfsf] ;Gbe{df /fHo k'g;{+/rgfsf] Joj:yfkg ljifodf ;fdu|L pknAw u/fpg'ePsf] 5 .
#^= dx]z zdf{ kf}8]n
lqe'jg ljZjljBfnoaf6 ;+j}wflgs sfg"gdf :gftsf]Q/ >L kl08t lhNnf GofofwLz x'g'x'G5 . s'zn k|lzIfssf ¿kdf ;d]t kl/lrt >L kl08tsf sfg"g, Gofo / k|zf;g;Fu ;DalGwt ljleGg n]v /rgfx¿ k|sflzt 5g\ . k|:t't k':tsdf pxfFn] pknlAwd"ns Joj:yfkg, lghfdtL ;]jfdf ;fdfGo1 / ljz]if1sf] cjwf/0ff, lghfdtL ;]jfdf k|efj kfg]{ ljljw kIf / ;fdflhs Gofo ljifodf ;fdu|L pknAw u/fpg'ePsf] 5 .
lqe'jg ljZjljBfnoaf6 ;+j}wflgs sfg"gdf :gftsf]Q/ pkflw xfl;n ug'{ePsf >L zdf{ xfn g]kfn ;/sf/sf] sfd' ;lrj x'g'x'G5 . s'zn k|lzIfssf ¿kdf ;d]t kl/lrt >L zdf{sf sfg"g, Gofo / k|zf;g;Fu ;DalGwt ljleGg n]v /rgfx¿ k|sflzt 5g\ . k|:t't k':tsdf pxfFn] ;sf/fTds lje]b / cf/If0f ljifodf ;fdu|L pknAw u/fpg'ePsf] 5 .
#@= ljb'/ sf]O/fnf
#&= dft[sfk|;fb cfrfo{
lqe'jg ljZjljBfnoaf6 /fhgLltzf:qdf :gftsf]Q/ Pj+ ;+j}wflgs sfg"gdf k|yd >]0fLdf k|yd :yfg;lxt :gftsf]Q/ pkflw xfl;n ug'{ePsf >L sf]O/fnf lhNnf GofofwLz x'g'x'G5 . Gofo / sfg"gsf If]q;Fu ;DalGwt ljleGg n]v /rgfx¿ k|sflzt ug'{ePsf >L sf]O/fnf Ps s'zn k|lzIfs;d]t dflgg'x'G5 . pxfFn] /fHo / gful/stf, /fHosf] k'g;+{/rgf, zf;sLo :j¿k ljifosf] kf7\o;fdu|L pknAw u/fpg'ePsf] 5 .
lqe'jg ljZjljBfnoaf6 ;+j}wflgs sfg"gdf :gftsf]Q/ pkflw xfl;n ug'{ePsf >L cfrfo{ lhNnf GofofwLz x'g'x'G5 . ;+jw} flgs sfg"gdf ljz]if bvn /fVg'x'g] >L cfrfo{ s'zn k|lzIfssf ¿kdf kl/lrt x'g'x'G5 . ljleGg n]v /rgfx¿ k|sflzt ul/;Sg'ePsf >L cfrfo{n] k|:t't k':tsdf g]kfnsf] ;+j}wflgs ljsf;qmddf b]lvPsf s]xL gjLgtd\ k|j[lQx¿ ljifodf ;fdu|L pknAw u/fpg'ePsf] 5 .
##= lji0f'k|;fb uf}td
#*= df]xgk|;fb a~hf8]
lqe'jg ljZjljBfnoaf6 jfl0fHo sfg"gdf :gftsf]Q/ >L uf}td lhNnf GofofwLz x'g'x'G5 . s'zn k|lzIfssf ¿kdf ;d]t kl/lrt >L uf}tdsf sfg"g, Gofo / k|zf;g;Fu ;DalGwt n]v
lbNnL ljZjljBfnoaf6 sfg"g / lqe'jg ljZjljBfnoaf6 hgk|zf;g ljifodf :gftsf]Q/ pkflw xfl;n ug'{ePsf >L a~hf8] sfg"g, Gofo / ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf If]qdf lg/Gt/ snd
rnfO/xg] n]vssf] ¿kdf kl/lrt x'g'x'G5 . pxfFsf] ;+j}wflgs xs / Goflos k'g/fjnf]sg gfds k':ts;d]t k|sflzt 5 . g]kfn ;/sf/sf] ;lrj kbaf6 ;]jf lgj[Q x'g'ePsf >L a~hf8] bIf k|lzIfs;d]t dflgg'x'G5 . k|:t't k':tsdf pxfFn] /fHosf cËx¿aLrsf] cGt/;DaGw / ;+ul7t ck/fwsf ¿kdf e|i6frf/ ljifodf ;fdu|L pknAw u/fpg'ePsf] 5 .
#(= ofbjk|;fb sf]O/fnf rLgsf] g];gn l8km]G; sn]haf6 Diploma in Defence Strategy / lqe'jg ljZjljBfnoaf6 /fhgLltzf:qdf :gftsf]Q/ / sfg"gdf :gftsf]kflw xfl;n ug'{ePsf >L sf]O/fnf g]kfn ;/sf/sf] ;x;lrj kbdf sfo{/t x'g'x'G5 . n}lËstf / ljsf; gfds k':tssf n]vs;d]t /xg'ePsf >L sf]O/fnfsf e|i6frf/ lgoGq0f / ;'zf;g, ;fj{hlgs / ljsf; k|zf;g;Fu ;DalGwt cg]sf}+ n]v /rgf k|sflzt 5g\ . k|:t't k':tsdf pxfFn] lghfdtL k|zf;gdf ;'wf/sf] k|of; ljifodf ;fdu|L pknAw u/fpg'ePsf] 5 .
$)= ofds'df/L vltj8f lqe'jg ljZjljBfnoaf6 cy{zf:q / hgk|zf;g ljifodf / blIf0f sf]l/ofsf] Korean Development Institute cGtu{t School of Public Policy and Management af6 ;fj{hlgs gLlt ljifodf :gftsf]Q/ ug'{ePsL >L vltj8f xfn k|zf;g ;]jfsf] ;x;lrj x'g'x'G5 . s'zn k|lzIfssf ¿kdf ;d]t kl/lrt >L vltj8fsf ;fj{hlgs k|zf;g / gLlt;Fu ;DalGwt ljleGg n]v /rgfx¿ k|sflzt 5g\ . k|:t't k':tsdf pxfFn] ljsf;df dlxnf ;xeflutf / g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{ ljifodf ;fdu|L pknAw u/fpg'ePsf] 5 .
$!= /d]z 9sfn lqe'jg ljZjljBfnojf6 ;+j}wflgs sfg"gdf :gftsf]Q/ pkflw xfl;n ug'{ePsf >L 9sfn xfn Gofo;]jfdf ;x;lrj x'g'x'G5 . s'zn k|lzIfssf ¿kdf ;d]t kl/lrt >L 9sfnsf sfg"g, Gofo / k|zf;g;Fu ;DalGwt ljleGg n]v /rgfx¿ k|sflzt 5g\ . k|:t't k':tsdf pxfFn] kl/jt{g Joj:yfkg ljifodf ;fdu|L pknAw u/fpg'ePsf] 5 .
$@= /d]z a8fn ef/taf6 >d ;DaGwL sfg"gdf :gftsf]Q/ >L a8fn >d ;DaGwL ljjfbdf sfg"gL ljz]if1sf ¿kdf kl/lrt x'g'x'G5 . >L a8fnsf >d / sDkgL sfg"g;Fu ;DalGwt ljleGg n]v /rgfx¿ k|sflzt 5g\ . k|:t't k':tsdf pxfFn] sd{rf/L 6«]8 o'lgog, u'gf;f] ;dfwfg tyf ;fd"lxs ;f}bfafhLsf] t'ngfTds cWoog zLif{sdf kf7\o;fdu|L pknAw u/fpg'ePsf] 5 .
$#= /d]zk|;fb l/hfn lqe'jg ljZjljBfnoaf6 jfl0fHo sfg"gdf :gftsf]Q/ >L l/hfn lhNnf GofofwLz x'g'x'G5 . s'zn k|lzIfssf ¿kdf ;d]t kl/lrt >L l/hfnsf sfg"g, Gofo / k|zf;g;Fu ;DalGwt ljleGg n]v /rgfx¿ k|sflzt 5g\ . k|:t't k':tsdf pxfFn] g]kfndf lghfdtL ;]jfsf] ljsf;qmd / k|zf;g ;'wf/ ljifodf ;fdu|L pknAw u/fpg'ePsf] 5 .
$$= /fdk|;fb zdf{ lqe'jg ljZjljBfnoaf6 ;+jw} flgs sfg"gdf :gftsf]Q/ pkflw xfl;n ug'e { Psf >L zdf{ lhNnf GofofwLz x'gx' G' 5 . s'zn k|lzIfssf ¿kdf kl/lrt >L zdf{sf sfg"g, Gofo / k|zf;g ;DaGwL ljleGg n]v /rgfx¿ k|sflzt eO;s]sf 5g\ . k|:t't k':tsdf pxfFn] g]kfnsf] /fhgLlts, ;+jw} flgs ljsf;sf] ljZn]if0ffTds ;dLIff ljifodf ;fdu|L pknAw u/fpg'ePsf] 5 .
$%= /]jtL/fh lqkf7L lqe'jg ljZjljBfnoaf6 ;+j}wflgs sfg"gdf :gftsf]Q/ / hfkfgaf6 gful/s :jtGqtf ljifodf u|ofh'o]6 ug'{ePsf >L lqkf7L xfn Gofo;]jfsf] ;x;lrj x'g'x'G5 . s'zn k|lzIfssf ¿kdf ;d]t kl/lrt >L lqkf7Lsf sfg"g, Gofo / k|zf;g;Fu ;DalGwt ljleGg k':ts tyf n]v /rgfx¿ k|sflzt 5g\ . k|:t't k':tsdf pxfFn] ;/sf/sf] e"ldsf tyf sfo{If]q ljifodf s[i0fhLjL l3ld/];Fusf] ;xn]vgdf ;fdu|L pknAw u/fpg'ePsf] 5 .
$^= ¿sd0fL dxh{g lqe'jg ljZjljBfnoaf6 ;+j}wflgs Pjd\ cGt/f{li6«o sfg"gdf k|yd >]0fLdf k|yd :yfg;lxt :gftsf]Q/ >L dxh{g dfgj clwsf/sf] If]qdf lqmofzLn clwjQmfsf] ¿kdf kl/lrt x'g'x'G5 . >L dxh{gsf dfgjclwsf/ / cGt/f{li6«o sfg"g;Fu ;DalGwt cg]sf}F n]v /rgf k|sflzt 5g\ . k|:t't k':tsdf pxfFn] ;fd'lb|s sfg"gdf e"kl/j]li7t b]zsf] clwsf/ / bfloTj ljifodf ;fdu|L pknAw u/fpg'ePsf] 5 .
$&= >Ls[i0f d'NdL /fli6«o Goflos k|lti7fgsf pklgb]{zs >L d'NdLn] ef/tsf] k'0f] ljZjljBfnoaf6 kmf}hbf/L sfg"g tyf jfl0fHo sfg"gdf :gftsf]Q/ -PnPn= Pd=_ tyf xªsª ljZjljBfnoaf6 dfgj clwsf/ sfg"gdf :gftsf]Q/ -PnPn= Pd=_ ug'{ ePsf] 5 . >L d'NdLn] k|:t't k':tsdf n}lustf / Gofo M cjwf/0ff / cEof; ljifodf zld{nf >]i7;Fusf] ;xn]vgdf ;fdu|L pknAw u/fpg'ePsf] 5 .
$*= zld{nf >]i7 ef/tsf] k'0f] ljZjljBfnoaf6 PnPn= Pd= tyf ;f]xL ljZjljBfnoaf6 Post Graduate Interdisciplinary in Women’s Studies (2004) ug'{ ePsL >L >]i7 Public Interest Law Fellowship Program (2009-2010) Columbia
Law
df ;d]t ;xefuL x'g' ePsf] lyof] . >L >]i7n] k|:t't k':tsdf n}+lustf / Gofo M cjwf/0ff / cEof; ljifodf >Ls[i0f d'NdL;Fusf] ;xn]vgdf ;fdu|L pknAw u/fpg'ePsf] 5 . School, Columbia University, NY, USA
$(= zf/bfk|;fb lqtfn lqe'jg ljZjljBfnoaf6 Pd=kL=P= / d]Gr]:6/ ljZjljBfnoaf6 Pd=P= ug'{ePsf >L lqtfn g]kfn ;/sf/sf] ;lrjsf] kbdf sfo{/t x'g'x'G5 . ;'zf;g, k|zf;g, Joj:yfkg / ljsf; gfds k':tssf n]vs >L lqtfnsf ;fj{hlgs k|zf;g / Joj:yfkg ;DaGwL bh{gf}F n]v /rgfx¿ k|sflzt 5g\ . s'zn k|lzIfssf] ¿kdf ;d]t kl/lrt >L lqtfnn] k|:t't k':tsdf ;"rgf Joj:yfkg / Joj:yfkg ;"rgf k|0ffnL tyf g]kfndf ;x;|fAbL ljsf; nIo ljifodf ;fdu|L pknAw u/fpg'ePsf] 5 .
%)= Zofds'df/ e§/fO{ lqe'jg ljZjljBfnoaf6 ;+j}wflgs tyf cGt/f{li6«o sfg"g, g]kfnL, lzIff zf:q / /fhgLlt zf:qdf :gftsf]Q/ pkflw xfl;n ug'{ePsf >L e§/fO{ xfn Gofo ;]jfsf] ;x;lrj x'g'x'G5 . ;fj{hlgs k|zf;g gfds k':tssf ;xn]vs;d]t /xg'ePsf >L e§/fO{sf ;fj{hlgs k|zf;g;Fu ;DalGwt bh{gf}+ n]v /rgfx¿ k|sflzt 5g\ . Gofok|zf;gsf cfofdx¿ tyf International Relations and Foreign Affairs nufot sl/a Ps bh{g k':tssf ;Dkfbs;d]t /xg'ePsf pxfFn] k|:t't k':tsdf lbuf] ljsf; M cjwf/0ff / cEof; / ;fj{hlgs ;]jf k|jfx ljifodf ;fdu|L pknAw u/fpg'ePsf] 5 .
%!= k|f=8f=;'/]Gb| s]=;L= g]kfnsf] sDo'lg:6 cfGbf]ngdf ljBfjfl/lw pkflw xfl;n ug'{ePsf >L s]=;L= lqe'jg ljZjljBfnodf Oltxf;
ljifosf] k|fWofks x'g'x'G5 . >L s]=;L= sf @) j6feGbf a9L k':ts k|sflzt eO;s]sf 5g\ . pxfF sDo'lg:6 cfGbf]ng, uf]/vf etL{, ;Ldf tyf ;lGw ;Demf}tf, g]kfnsf] hftLo k|Zg / ;+3Lotfsf] ljz]if1sf] ¿kdf lrlgg'x'G5 . k|:t't k':tsdf pxfFn] g]kfnsf] hg;+Vof / a;fOF ;/fO ljifodf ;fdu|L pknAw u/fpg'ePsf] 5 .
%@= xl/ sf]O/fnf lqe'jg ljZjljBfnoaf6 ;+j}wflgs sfg"gdf :gftsf]Q/ >L sf]O/fnf lhNnf GofofwLz x'g'x'G5 . s'zn k|lzIfssf ¿kdf ;d]t kl/lrt >L sf]O/fnfsf sfg"g, Gofo / k|zf;g;Fu ;DalGwt n]v /rgfx¿ k|sflzt 5g\ . k|:t't k':tsdf pxfFn] ;fj{hlgs k|zf;g / ;fj{hlgs Joj:Yffkgsf cjwf/0ffx¿ / ;+u7g M u7gsf cfwf/, l;4fGt / ltgsf] ;dLIff ljifodf ;fdu|L pknAw u/fpg'ePsf] 5 .
%#= 8f= xl/ kf}8]n hd{gLsf] af]g ljZjljBfnoaf6 ljBfjfl/lwsf] pkflw xfl;n ug'{ePsf >L kf}8]n g]kfn ;/sf/sf] ;x;lrj kbdf sfo{/t x'g'x'G5 . s'zn / bIf k|lzIfssf ¿kdf ;d]t kl/lrt >L kf}8]nsf ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf ljljw ljwfdf cg]sf}+ vf]hd"ns n]v /rgfx¿ k|sflzt ePsf 5g\ . k|:t't k':tsdf pxfFn] ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgsf] Joj:yfkg, lghLs/0f / ;'wf/sf pkfox¿ ljifodf ;fdu|L pknAw u/fpg'ePsf] 5 .
%$= xl/k|;fb /]UdL lqe'jg ljZjljBfnoaf6 kmf}hbf/L sfg"gdf :gftsf]Q/ pkflw xfl;n ug'{ePsf >L /]UdL xfn Gofo;]jfsf] pk;lrj kbdf sfo{/t x'g'x'G5 . Gofo / sfg"gsf If]qdf ljleGg n]v /rgfx¿ k|sflzt ug'{ePsf >L /]UdLn] k|:t't k':tsdf ;fj{hlgs gLlt th'{df, ljZn]if0f, sfof{Gjog tyf d"NofÍg ljifodf ;fdu|L pknAw u/fpg'ePsf] 5 .
ljifo—;"rL kl/R5]b !M /fHo / ;/sf/ != /fHosf cª\ux¿aLrsf] cGt/;DaGw @= zf;sLo :j¿k #= ;/sf/sf] e"ldsf tyf sfo{If]q $= ;+;b\df ;ldlt k|0ffnLsf] cfjZostf / dxŒj %= /fHo / gful/stf ^= s]Gb| / :yfgLo k|zf;g &= :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g *= /fHosf] k'g;+{/rgf (= ;+3Lotfsf] ;Gbe{df /fHo k'g;{+/rgfsf] Joj:yfkg
— df]xgk|;fb a~hf8] — ljb'/ sf]O/fnf — s[i0fhLjL l3ld/]÷ /]jtL/fh lqkf7L — 6]sk|;fb 9'Ífgf — ljb'/ sf]O/fnf — 808kfl0f zdf{ — bof/fd 9sfn — ljb'/ sf]O/fnf — k|f=8f=eLdb]j e6\6
# !# @$ #* $# %# ^% *& ((
— gf/fo0fk|;fb ;'j]bL÷ pd]z sf]O/fnf — wd{/fh kf}8]n — k|sfz kl08t — dx]z zdf{ kf}8]n — r'/fdg v8sf
!!# !#) !$# !%@ !^*
— /fdk|;fb zdf{ — dft[sfk|;fb cfrfo{ — 6]sk|;fb 9'Ífgf
!*& @)( @!&
— 6Lsf/fd cfrfo{ — r]tgfy l3ld/] — df]xgk|;fb a~hf8] — g[kWjh lg/f}nf — eb|sfln kf]v/]n
@@& @%( @^( @*! @**
— sf]znrGb| ;'j]bL — xl/k|;fb /]UdL
@(( #!$
kl/R5]b @M nf]stGq / dfgjclwsf/ !)= nf]stGq, dfgjclwsf/ / ;dfj]zL nf]stGq !!= nf]stGqdf k|ltlglwTj ;DaGwL l;4fGt / ;dfg'kflts k|ltlglwTj !@= ;fdflhs Gofo !#= ;sf/fTds lje]b / cf/If0f !$= sfg"gsf] zf;g
kl/R5]b #M ;+ljwfg / sfg"g !%= g]kfnsf] /fhgLlts, ;+j}wflgs ljsf;sf] ljZn]if0ffTds ;dLIff !^= g]kfnsf] ;+j}wflgs ljsf;qmddf b]lvPsf s]xL gjLgtd\ k|j[lQx¿ !&= ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f k|lqmof M t'ngfTds ljZn]if0f
kl/R5]b $M ;+j}wflgs lgsfo / ;'zf;g !*= !(= @)= @!= @@=
;+j}wflgs lgsfox¿ cDa'8\;Dofg ;DaGwL cjwf/0ffM t'ngfTds cWoog ;+ul7t ck/fwsf ¿kdf e|i6frf/ ;"rgfsf] xs / ;fj{hlgs lgsfosf] bfloTj ;fj{hlgs pQ/bfloTj / lghfdtL ;]jfdf kf/blz{tf
kl/R5]b %M ;fj{hlgs gLlt / of]hgf @#= ;fj{hlgs gLlt th'{df, ljZn]if0f, sfof{Gjog, cg'udg tyf d"Nofª\sg @$= ;fj{hlgs gLlt th'{df, ljZn]if0f, sfof{Gjog tyf d"Nofª\sg
@%= of]hgf, of]hgf th'{df, cg'udg d"Nofª\sg, / of]hgf rqm @^= of]hgfa4 ljsf; / g]kfndf of]hgfa4 ljsf; k|lqmof
— sdnk|;fb kf]v/]n — czf]ss'df/ a:g]t
##$ #$)
— xl/ sf]O/fnf — bLkss'df/ bfxfn — k|sfz kl08t — xl/ sf]O/fnf — bLkss'df/ bfxfn — s[i0fd'/f/L lzjfsf]6L — zf/bfk|;fb lqtfn — s[i0fd'/f/L lzjfsf]6L — /d]z 9sfn — t]h]Gb|k|;fb zdf{ — bLkss'df/ bfxfn — s[i0fd'/f/L lzjfsf]6L — 6]sgf/fo0f s'Fj/ — Zofds'df/ e§/fO{ — pk]Gb|k|;fb uf}td — bLkss'df/ bfxfn — 8f= xl/ kf}8]n
#^& #&! $)) $)$ $)( $@@ $#% $$# $%@ $^% $&! $*^ $(# %)! %!! %@@ %%)
— /d]zk|;fb l/hfn — ofbjk|;fb sf]O/fnf — /d]zk|;fb l/hfn — s[i0fk|;fb ;'j]bL — s[i0fk|;fb ;'j]bL — g[kWjh lg/f}nf — k|sfz kl08t — pd]z sf]O/fnf — s[i0fd'/f/L lzjfsf]6L — bLkss'df/ bfxfn — bLkss'df/ bfxfn — t]h]Gb|k|;fb zdf{ — k|sfz kl08t — g[kWjh lg/f}nf
%^( %&^ %() %(( ^!) ^@) ^@& ^## ^$% ^%! ^^& ^*& ^(^ &)@
— /d]z a8fn
&)*
kl/R5]b ^M /fHo / ;/sf/ @&= @*= @(= #)= #!= #@= ##= #$= #%= #^= #&= #*= #(= $)= $!= $@= $#=
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g]kfnL ;dfh / o;sf] agf]6, ;f+:s[lts ax'njfb, ax'n ;dfhsf ljz]iftfx¿, /fli6«o Pstf / cv08tf g]kfnsf ljljw hft÷hflt÷ju{÷;d'bfox¿sf] ;fdflhs, cfly{s, ;f+:s[lts / wfld{s cj:yf tyf /xg;xg g]kfnsf] hg;+Vof / a;fOF ;/fO cflbjf;L, hghflt, dw];L, blnt, ckfÍ / dlxnfx¿sf] ljBdfg cj:yf, pTyfgsf k|of;x¿, ;d:of, ;dfwfg / ;Defjgfx¿
kl/R5]b !)M cfly{s / ljQLo Joj:yfkg &)= &!= &@= &#= &$= &%=
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kl/R5]b !!M ljljw &^= g]kfnsf] l5d]sL k//fi6« gLlt &^= ;fd'lb|s sfg"gdf e"kl/j]li7t b]zsf] clwsf/ / bfloTj