DISSERTATION QUOTATIONS & THEIR SOURCES GLOBALIZATION: THE HUMAN CONSEQUENCES By Zygmunt Bauman Baumaun, Z (1998), ‘Globalization: The Human Consequences’, Cambridge, Polity Press ‘It is often said that the consumer market seduces its customers. But in order to do so it needs customers who want to be seduced.’ (Z. Bauman, 1998, p. 83) ‘To act like this is for fully fledged, matured consumers a compulsion, a must; yet that ‘must’, that internalized pressure, that impossibility of living one’s life in any other way, reveals itself to them in the disguise of a free exercise of will. The market might have already selected them as consumers and so taken away their freedom to ignore it’s blandishments; but on every successive visit to a market- place consumers have every reason to feel that it is they- perhaps even they alone- who are in command. They are the judges, the critics and the choosers. They can, after all, refuse their allegiance to any one of the infinite choices on display. Except the choice of choosing between them, that is- but that choice does not appear to be a choice.’ (Z. Bauman, 1998, p.84) /// THE ETHICAL CONSUMER By Rob Harrison, Terry Newholm, & Deirdre Shaw Harrison, Newholm & Shaw (2005), ‘The Ethical Consumer’, London, SAGE Publications Ltd ‘In food retailing, substantial niche markets have been created, for example in organic foods, through the consideration of the votes of consumers’ (Harrison, Newholm & Shaw, 2005, p.27) ‘Despite the high level of concern expressed by the public on ethical issues in their relationships with companies, half of the British public (53 per cent) agree that they are ‘sympathetic to social and environmental issues but not active.’ In general terms, we find that the propensity for consumers to be concerned about these issues still far outsrips ethical consumer behaviour. This could be accounted for by the social desirability bias, with people likely to over-claim their ethical purchase behaviour, and the apparent discrepancy between attitudes and behaviour is such as to suggest that there may be other contributory factors at work…’ (Harrison, Newholm & Shaw, 2005, p.197) /// ANOTHER WORLD IS POSSIBLE: GLOBALIZATION & ANTI-CAPITALISM By David McNally McNally, D (2006), ‘Another World is Possible: Globalization & Anti- Capitalism’, Canada, Arbeiter Ring Publishing
‘From its beginnings, in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, capitalism has sought to profit from the exploitation of peoples ad natural resources around the globe… Over 150 years ago, Karl Marx highlighted this in his dissection of modern capitalism. On the emerging capitalist class, or bourgeoisie, and its new economic system, he wrote: “The discovery of America, the rounding of the Cape, opened up fresh ground for the rising bourgeoisie. The East Indian and Chinese markets, the colonization of America, trade with the colonies… gave to commerce, to navigation, to industry, an impulse never before known… The bourgeoisie has through its exploitation of the world market given a cosmopolitan character to production and consumption In every country… All old-established national industries have been destroyed or are daily being destroyed… by industries that no longer work up indigenous raw material, but raw material drawn up from the remotest zones; industries whose products are consumed, not only at home, but in every corner of the globe. The bourgeoisie… compels all nations, on pain of extinction to adopt the bourgeois mode of production; it compels them to adopt what it calls civilization into their midst, i.e to become bourgeois themselves. In one word, it creates a world after its own image. (McNally, D, 2006, p.29) // NO LOGO By Naomi Klein Klein, N (2005), ‘No Logo’, London, Harper Perennial ‘Advertising and sponsorship have always been about using imagery to equate products with positive cultural and social experiences.’ (Klein, 2005, p.29) ‘When sponsorship took off as a stand-in for public funds in the mid-eighties, many corporations that had been experimenting with the practice ceased to see sponsorship as a hybrid of philanthropy and image promotion and began to treat it more purely as a marketing tool, and a highly effective one at that. As its promotional value grew- and as dependency on sponsorship revenue increased in the cultural industries- the delicate dynamic between sponsors and the sponsored began to shift, with many corporations becoming more ambitious in their demands for grander acknowledgements and control, even buying events outright.’ (Klein, 2005, p.34) ‘The cultural transformation these institutions have effected is familiar to everyone, but there are few helpful statistics available on the proliferation of franchises and chains, largely because most research on retailing lumps franchises in with independent businesses. A franchise is technically owned by the franchisee, even if every detail of the outlet- from the signs that hangs out front to the precise temperature of the coffee- is controlled by a head office hundreds or even thousands of miles away. Even without industry- wide figures, it’s undeniable that something very drastic has happened to the face of retail this decade. Take Starbucks, for instance. As recently as 1986, the coffee company was a strictly local phenomenon, with a handful of cafes around Seattle. By 1992, Starbucks had 165 stores with outlets in several U.S and Canadian cities. By 1993, that number had already gone up to 275, and in 1996, it reached 1,000. In early 1999, Starbucks hit 1,900 stores with outlets in twelve countries, from the U.K to Kuwait. (Klein, 2005, p. 131-132)