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Math 1&2

Science

Social Studies & Language

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Table of Contents MATH Math’s New Methods

Saxon, Chicago/Everyday, Singapore

Foundations of Math Numbers and Operations Arithmetic, Fractions, Decimals, Ratio & Percent

Measurement Geometry Trigonometry Formulas & Equations Statistics and Probability Algebra Advanced Algebra Calculus SOCIAL STUDIES & LANGUAGE US History Canadian History Government Economics World History Geography Grammar Writing and Research Vocabulary Reading Speaking Literature Foreign Languages

SCIENCE Scientific Methods Biology Chemistry Earth Science Ecology Physics Space Science TOPIC SOURCE (including DVD) People Places Wars Animals History Science Writing Research Papers HONORS (including AP Tests DVD) English Language US History English Literature Calculus AB US Gov’t & Politics Biology, Chemistry, Calculus AB, Calculus BC, English Language, Psychology, English Literature, Statistics, US Government & Politics, US History, Writing the AP Essay

$POUFOUT $POUFOUT

/VNCFST BOE 0QFSBUJPOT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Decimals 'SBDUJPOT BOE .JYFE Numbers 1MBDF 7BMVF UP 5IPVTBOEUIT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 'SBDUJPOTÂ&#x2030;1BSU PG B 8IPMF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .BUI T /FX .FUIPET 3FBEJOH BOE 8SJUJOH %FDJNBMT. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 'SBDUJPOTÂ&#x2030;1BSU PG B 4FU . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8IBU 1BSFOUT /FFE UP ,OPX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $PNQBSJOH BOE 0SEFSJOH %FDJNBMT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *NQSPQFS 'SBDUJPOT BOE .JYFE /VNCFST . ........... 3PVOEJOH %FDJNBMT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . &RVJWBMFOU 'SBDUJPOT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "EEJOH %FDJNBMT . .BUI $VSSJDVMB BOE 1SPHSBNT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $PNQBSJOH BOE 0SEFSJOH 'SBDUJPOT BOE .JYFE /VNCFST . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..................... 4VCUSBDUJOH %FDJNBMT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . 5PEBZ T *OTUSVDUJPOBM "QQSPBDIFT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3PVOEJOH 'SBDUJPOT BOE .JYFE /VNCFST . . . . . . . . . . . . .VMUJQMZJOH %FDJNBMT CZ 8IPMF /VNCFST 4BYPO .BUI. . . . . . . . . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ......... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........... .VMUJQMZJOH %FDJNBMT CZ %FDJNBMT . &WFSZEBZ .BUI. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ......... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ."EEJOH 'SBDUJPOT XJUI -JLF %FOPNJOBUPST . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . %JWJEJOH %FDJNBMT CZ 8IPMF /VNCFST . 4JOHBQPSF .BUI. . . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ......... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ."EEJOH 'SBDUJPOT XJUI 6OMJLF %FOPNJOBUPST . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4VCUSBDUJOH 'SBDUJPOT XJUI -JLF %FOPNJOBUPST . . . . . . %JWJEJOH 8IPMF /VNCFST CZ %FDJNBMT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4VCUSBDUJOH 'SBDUJPOT XJUI 6OMJLF %FOPNJOBUPST . . . . %JWJEJOH %FDJNBMT CZ %FDJNBMT . "EEJUJPO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .VMUJQMZJOH 'SBDUJPOT CZ 'SBDUJPOT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8PSE 1SPCMFNT . . . . . 1BSUJBM 4VNT . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ......... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ......... $PMVNO "EEJUJPO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..VMUJQMZJOH 8IPMF /VNCFST BOE 'SBDUJPOT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .................... /VNCFS 5IFPSy 0QQPTJUF $IBOHF "EEJUJPO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..VMUJQMZJOH .JYFE /VNCFST . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. .. . %JWJEJOH 'SBDUJPOT CZ 'SBDUJPOT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3BUJPOBM /VNCFST BOE /VNCFS 4FUT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . %JWJEJOH 'SBDUJPOT BOE 8IPMF /VNCFST . ............ 4VCUSBDUJPO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . %FDJNBMT 'SBDUJPOT BOE 1FSDFOUT %JWJEJOH .JYFE /VNCFST . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3BUJPOBM /VNCFST PO B /VNCFS -JOF . . . . . . . . . .. .. .. ......... . 5SBEF 'JSTU 4VCUSBDUJPO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8PSE 1SPCMFNT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $PVOUJOH 6Q 4VCUSBDUJPO. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $PNQBSJOH BOE 0SEFSJOH 3BUJPOBM /VNCFST . . .. .. .. ......... . -FGU UP 3JHIU 4VCUSBDUJPO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1SJNF BOE $PNQPTJUF /VNCFST . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. .. ......... . 1BSUJBM %JGGFSFODFT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 'BDUPST . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .VMUJQMFT . . . . . . . . . . 4BNF $IBOHF 4VCUSBDUJPO. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. ....... .. . %JWJTJCJMJUZ 3VMFT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . &YQPOFOUT . . . . . . . .VMUJQMJDBUJPO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1SJNF 'BDUPSJ[BUJPO . 1BSUJBM 1SPEVDUT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. .. ....... .. . &HZQUJBO .VMUJQMJDBUJPO. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -BUUJDF .VMUJQMJDBUJPO. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

%JWJTJPO 1BSUJBM 2VPUJFOUT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $PMVNO %JWJTJPO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8PSE 1SPCMFNT #PY .PEFMT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

X X X.48BEWB

BU 7JTJU VT POMJOF

OUBHF.DPN

'PVOEBUJPOT PG .BUIFNBUJDT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3BUJP BOE 1SPQPSUJPO 8SJUJOH BOE 4JNQMJGZJOH 3BUJPT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1MBDF 7BMVF 8SJUJOH 3BUFT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1MBDF 7BMVF UP #JMMJPOT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . &RVJWBMFOU 3BUJPT BOE 1SPQPSUJPOT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3FBEJOH 8IPMF /VNCFST . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4PMWJOH 1SPQPSUJPOT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8SJUJOH 8IPMF /VNCFST . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4DBMF %SBXJOHT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $PNQBSJOH 8IPMF /VNCFST . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8PSE 1SPCMFNT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0SEFSJOH 8IPMF /VNCFST . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3PVOEJOH 8IPMF /VNCFST . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1FSDFOU .FBOJOH PG 1FSDFOUT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8IPMF /VNCFST 'JOEJOH UIF 1FSDFOU PG B 8IPMF /VNCFS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0EE BOE &WFO /VNCFST . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 'JOEJOH UIF 1FSDFOU 0OF /VNCFS *T PG "EEJUJPO 'BDUT . . . .............................................................. .. .. .. . . "OPUIFS /VNCFS . 4VCUSBDUJPO 'BDUT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 'JOEJOH B /VNCFS 8IFO (JWFO B 1FSDFOU .VMUJQMJDBUJPO 'BDUT . . PG UIF /VNCFS . . . . ........................................................... .. .. .. %JWJTJPO 'BDUT . . . . . . . . . . . . .......................................... .. .. .. .. . . 1FSDFOUT < BOE > 'BDU 'BNJMJFT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .................................. .. .. .. .. . . 1FSDFOU *ODSFBTF BOE %FDSFBTF "EEJOH 8IPMF /VNCFST . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4JNQMF *OUFSFTU . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4VCUSBDUJOH 8IPMF /VNCFST . . . $PNQPVOE *OUFSFTU . . . . . . . . . . ....................................... .. .. .. .VMUJQMZJOH BOE %JWJEJOH CZ FUD. . . . 8PSE 1SPCMFNT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ................. .. .. .. .VMUJQMZJOH 8IPMF /VNCFST . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . %JWJEJOH 8IPMF /VNCFST . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . &TUJNBUF XJUI %FDJNBMT BOE 'SBDUJPOT 8PSE 1SPCMFNT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . &TUJNBUJOH UP 1SFEJDU PS $IFDL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . &TUJNBUJOH %FDJNBM 4VNT BOE %JGGFSFODFT . . . . . . . . . . . . &TUJNBUJOH XJUI 8IPMF /VNCFST &TUJNBUJOH %FDJNBM 1SPEVDUT BOE 2VPUJFOUT . . . . . . . . . . &TUJNBUJOH 4VNT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ................ .. .. .. .. . &TUJNBUJOH 'SBDUJPO 4VNT BOE %JGGFSFODFT &TUJNBUJOH %JGGFSFODFT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .......... .. .. .. .. .. . &TUJNBUJOH 'SBDUJPO 1SPEVDUT BOE 2VPUJFOUT &TUJNBUJOH 1SPEVDUT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8PSE 1SPCMFNT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . &TUJNBUJOH 2VPUJFOUT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1BUUFSOT 3FQFBUJOH 1BUUFSOT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1PJOUT -JOFT 1MBOFT BOE "OHMFT 5SJBOHVMBS BOE 4RVBSF /VNCFS 1BUUFSOT . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1PJOUT BOE -JOFT JO B 1MBOF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (SPXJOH 1BUUFSOT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4FHNFOUT 3BZT BOE %JTUBODF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4ISJOLJOH 1BUUFSOT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .FBTVSJOH "OHMFT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1BUUFSOT XJUI 5XP 0QFSBUJPOT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $MBTTJGZJOH "OHMFT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8PSE 1SPCMFNT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4LFX -JOFT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4QFDJBM 1BJST PG "OHMFT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1SPCMFN 4PMWJOH 'PVS 4UFQ 1SPDFTT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "OBMZ[JOH 4IBQFT JO B 1MBOF 4USBUFHZ 8SJUF B /VNCFS 4FOUFODF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1PMZHPOT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4USBUFHZ %SBX B %JBHSBN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $MBTTJGZJOH 5SJBOHMFT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4USBUFHZ .BLF B 5BCMF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $MBTTJGZJOH 2VBESJMBUFSBMT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4USBUFHZ -PPL GPS B 1BUUFSO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $JSDMFT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4USBUFHZ (VFTT $IFDL BOE 3FWJTF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4USBUFHZ 6TF -PHJDBM 3FBTPOJOH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "OBMZ[JOH 4PMJE 'JHVSFT 4USBUFHZ 8PSL #BDLXBSET . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1SJTNT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . 4USBUFHZ 4PMWF B 4JNQMFS 1SPCMFN . $ZMJOEFST . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . 4USBUFHZ .BLF BO 0SHBOJ[FE -JTU . 1ZSBNJET . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . 4USBUFHZ .BLF PS 6TF B (SBQI $POFT. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4QIFSFT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. ... .. . . 5BCMFT GPS /VNCFST BOE 0QFSBUJPOT 1MBUPOJD 4PMJET . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

%BUB BOE (SBQIT 5BMMZ $IBSUT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1JDUPHSBQIT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . #BS (SBQIT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -JOF (SBQIT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $JSDMF (SBQIT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .FBO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .FEJBO .PEF BOE 3BOHF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

5BCMFT GPS 'PVOEBUJPOT PG .BUIFNBUJDT. . . . . . .

$POUFOUT

/VNCFST BOE 0QFSBUJPOT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Decimals 'SBDUJPOT BOE .JYFE Numbers Decimals BOE .JYFE Numbers 1MBDF 7BMVF UP 5IPVTBOEUIT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 'SBDUJPOT'SBDUJPOT 1BSU PG B 8IPMF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .......... 1MBDF 7BMVF UP 5IPVTBOEUIT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 'SBDUJPOT 1BSU PG B 8IPMF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3FBEJOH BOE 8SJUJOH %FDJNBMT. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 'SBDUJPOT 1BSU PG B 4FU . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3FBEJOH BOE 8SJUJOH %FDJNBMT. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 'SBDUJPOT 1BSU PG B 4FU . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... $PNQBSJOH BOE 0SEFSJOH %FDJNBMT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *NQSPQFS 'SBDUJPOT BOE .JYFE /VNCFST . .......... $PNQBSJOH BOE 0SEFSJOH %FDJNBMT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *NQSPQFS 'SBDUJPOT BOE .JYFE /VNCFST . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3PVOEJOH %FDJNBMT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . &RVJWBMFOU 'SBDUJPOT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3PVOEJOH %FDJNBMT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . &RVJWBMFOU 'SBDUJPOT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "EEJOH %FDJNBMT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $PNQBSJOH BOE 0SEFSJOH 'SBDUJPOT BOE "EEJOH %FDJNBMT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $PNQBSJOH BOE 0SEFSJOH 'SBDUJPOT BOE .JYFE /VNCFST . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4VCUSBDUJOH %FDJNBMT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .JYFE /VNCFST . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4VCUSBDUJOH %FDJNBMT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3PVOEJOH 'SBDUJPOT BOE .JYFE /VNCFST . . . . . . . . . . . . .VMUJQMZJOH %FDJNBMT CZ 8IPMF /VNCFST . . . . . . . . . . . . 3PVOEJOH 'SBDUJPOT BOE .JYFE /VNCFST . . . . . . . . . . . . . .VMUJQMZJOH %FDJNBMT CZ 8IPMF /VNCFST . . . . . . . . . . . . "EEJOH 'SBDUJPOT XJUI -JLF %FOPNJOBUPST .......... .VMUJQMZJOH %FDJNBMT CZ %FDJNBMT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "EEJOH 'SBDUJPOT XJUI -JLF %FOPNJOBUPST . . . . . . . . . . ... .VMUJQMZJOH %FDJNBMT CZ %FDJNBMT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "EEJOH 'SBDUJPOT XJUI 6OMJLF %FOPNJOBUPST . . . . . . . . %JWJEJOH %FDJNBMT CZ 8IPMF /VNCFST . . . . . . . . "EEJOH 'SBDUJPOT XJUI 6OMJLF %FOPNJOBUPST . . . . . . . . . %JWJEJOH %FDJNBMT CZ 8IPMF /VNCFST . . . . . . . .. .. ....... .. .. 4VCUSBDUJOH 'SBDUJPOT XJUI -JLF %FOPNJOBUPST %JWJEJOH 8IPMF /VNCFST CZ %FDJNBMT . . . . . . . . 4VCUSBDUJOH 'SBDUJPOT XJUI -JLF %FOPNJOBUPST . . . . . . . . . . . . . %JWJEJOH 8IPMF /VNCFST CZ %FDJNBMT . . . . . . . .. .. ....... .. .. 4VCUSBDUJOH 'SBDUJPOT XJUI 6OMJLF %FOPNJOBUPST %JWJEJOH %FDJNBMT CZ %FDJNBMT . . . . . . . . 4VCUSBDUJOH 'SBDUJPOT XJUI 6OMJLF %FOPNJOBUPST . . . . . . . . . %JWJEJOH %FDJNBMT CZ %FDJNBMT . . . . . . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ....... .. .. .VMUJQMZJOH 'SBDUJPOT CZ 'SBDUJPOT . .......... . . . . . . . . . . .. .. .. .. ....... 8PSE 1SPCMFNT . . . . . . . .VMUJQMZJOH 'SBDUJPOT CZ 'SBDUJPOT . 8PSE 1SPCMFNT . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. ....... .. .. .. . . . . . . . .. .. .. ....... .. .. .VMUJQMZJOH 8IPMF /VNCFST BOE 'SBDUJPOT . ......... .VMUJQMZJOH 8IPMF /VNCFST BOE 'SBDUJPOT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. .. ....... .VMUJQMZJOH .JYFE /VNCFST .......... /VNCFS 5IFPSy .VMUJQMZJOH .JYFE /VNCFST /VNCFS 5IFPSy %JWJEJOH 'SBDUJPOT CZ 'SBDUJPOT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. ....... %JWJEJOH 'SBDUJPOT CZ 'SBDUJPOT . .......... 3BUJPOBM /VNCFST BOE /VNCFS 4FUT . . . . . . . . .. .. .. ....... .. .. 3BUJPOBM /VNCFST BOE /VNCFS 4FUT . . . . . . . . %JWJEJOH 'SBDUJPOT BOE 8IPMF /VNCFST . . . . . . . . . . . ..... %JWJEJOH 'SBDUJPOT BOE 8IPMF /VNCFST . .......... %FDJNBMT 'SBDUJPOT BOE 1FSDFOUT . . . . . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ....... .. .. %FDJNBMT 'SBDUJPOT BOE 1FSDFOUT . . . . . . . %JWJEJOH .JYFE /VNCFST . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . %JWJEJOH .JYFE /VNCFST . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3BUJPOBM /VNCFST PO B /VNCFS -JOF . . . . . . .. .. .. .. .. ....... .. .. 3BUJPOBM /VNCFST PO B /VNCFS -JOF . . . . . . . 8PSE 1SPCMFNT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8PSE 1SPCMFNT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $PNQBSJOH BOE 0SEFSJOH 3BUJPOBM /VNCFST . . . . . . ... .. .. $PNQBSJOH BOE 0SEFSJOH 3BUJPOBM /VNCFST . . . . . . . 1SJNF BOE $PNQPTJUF /VNCFST . . . . . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ....... .. .. 1SJNF BOE $PNQPTJUF /VNCFST . . . . . . . 'BDUPST . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 'BDUPST . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .VMUJQMFT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .VMUJQMFT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . %JWJTJCJMJUZ 3VMFT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . %JWJTJCJMJUZ 3VMFT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . &YQPOFOUT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . &YQPOFOUT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1SJNF 'BDUPSJ[BUJPO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1SJNF 'BDUPSJ[BUJPO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3BUJP BOE 1SPQPSUJPO 8SJUJOH BOE 4JNQMJGZJOH 3BUJPT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3BUJP BOE 1SPQPSUJPO 8SJUJOH 3BUFT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8SJUJOH BOE 4JNQMJGZJOH 3BUJPT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . &RVJWBMFOU 3BUJPT BOE 1SPQPSUJPOT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8SJUJOH 3BUFT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4PMWJOH 1SPQPSUJPOT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . &RVJWBMFOU 3BUJPT BOE 1SPQPSUJPOT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4DBMF %SBXJOHT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4PMWJOH 1SPQPSUJPOT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8PSE 1SPCMFNT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4DBMF %SBXJOHT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8PSE 1SPCMFNT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1FSDFOU .FBOJOH PG 1FSDFOUT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1FSDFOU 'JOEJOH UIF 1FSDFOU PG B 8IPMF /VNCFS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .FBOJOH PG 1FSDFOUT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 'JOEJOH UIF 1FSDFOU 0OF /VNCFS *T PG 'JOEJOH UIF 1FSDFOU PG B 8IPMF /VNCFS "OPUIFS /VNCFS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . . 'JOEJOH UIF 1FSDFOU 0OF /VNCFS *T PG 'JOEJOH B /VNCFS 8IFO (JWFO B 1FSDFOU "OPUIFS /VNCFS . PG UIF /VNCFS . . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . . 'JOEJOH B /VNCFS 8IFO (JWFO B 1FSDFOU 1FSDFOUT < BOE > . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . PG UIF /VNCFS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1FSDFOU *ODSFBTF BOE %FDSFBTF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1FSDFOUT < BOE > . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4JNQMF *OUFSFTU . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1FSDFOU *ODSFBTF BOE %FDSFBTF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $PNQPVOE *OUFSFTU . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4JNQMF *OUFSFTU . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8PSE 1SPCMFNT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $PNQPVOE *OUFSFTU . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8PSE 1SPCMFNT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . &TUJNBUF XJUI %FDJNBMT BOE 'SBDUJPOT &TUJNBUJOH UP 1SFEJDU PS $IFDL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . &TUJNBUF XJUI %FDJNBMT BOE 'SBDUJPOT &TUJNBUJOH %FDJNBM 4VNT BOE %JGGFSFODFT . . . . . . . . . . . . &TUJNBUJOH UP 1SFEJDU PS $IFDL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . &TUJNBUJOH %FDJNBM 1SPEVDUT BOE 2VPUJFOUT . . . . . . . . . . &TUJNBUJOH %FDJNBM 4VNT BOE %JGGFSFODFT . . . . . . . . . . . . &TUJNBUJOH 'SBDUJPO 4VNT BOE %JGGFSFODFT . . . . . . . . . . . . &TUJNBUJOH %FDJNBM 1SPEVDUT BOE 2VPUJFOUT . . . . . . . . . . &TUJNBUJOH 'SBDUJPO 1SPEVDUT BOE 2VPUJFOUT . . . . . . . . . . &TUJNBUJOH 'SBDUJPO 4VNT BOE %JGGFSFODFT . . . . . . . . . . . . 8PSE 1SPCMFNT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . &TUJNBUJOH 'SBDUJPO 1SPEVDUT BOE 2VPUJFOUT . . . . . . . . . . 8PSE 1SPCMFNT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1BUUFSOT 3FQFBUJOH 1BUUFSOT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1BUUFSOT 5SJBOHVMBS BOE 4RVBSF /VNCFS 1BUUFSOT . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3FQFBUJOH 1BUUFSOT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (SPXJOH 1BUUFSOT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5SJBOHVMBS BOE 4RVBSF /VNCFS 1BUUFSOT . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4ISJOLJOH 1BUUFSOT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (SPXJOH 1BUUFSOT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1BUUFSOT XJUI 5XP 0QFSBUJPOT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4ISJOLJOH 1BUUFSOT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8PSE 1SPCMFNT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1BUUFSOT XJUI 5XP 0QFSBUJPOT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8PSE 1SPCMFNT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1SPCMFN 4PMWJOH 'PVS 4UFQ 1SPDFTT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1SPCMFN 4PMWJOH 4USBUFHZ 8SJUF B /VNCFS 4FOUFODF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 'PVS 4UFQ 1SPDFTT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4USBUFHZ %SBX B %JBHSBN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4USBUFHZ 8SJUF B /VNCFS 4FOUFODF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4USBUFHZ .BLF B 5BCMF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4USBUFHZ %SBX B %JBHSBN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4USBUFHZ -PPL GPS B 1BUUFSO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4USBUFHZ .BLF B 5BCMF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4USBUFHZ (VFTT $IFDL BOE 3FWJTF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4USBUFHZ -PPL GPS B 1BUUFSO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4USBUFHZ 6TF -PHJDBM 3FBTPOJOH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4USBUFHZ (VFTT $IFDL BOE 3FWJTF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4USBUFHZ 8PSL #BDLXBSET . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4USBUFHZ 6TF -PHJDBM 3FBTPOJOH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4USBUFHZ 4PMWF B 4JNQMFS 1SPCMFN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4USBUFHZ 8PSL #BDLXBSET . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4USBUFHZ .BLF BO 0SHBOJ[FE -JTU . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4USBUFHZ 4PMWF B 4JNQMFS 1SPCMFN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4USBUFHZ .BLF PS 6TF B (SBQI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4USBUFHZ .BLF BO 0SHBOJ[FE -JTU . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4USBUFHZ .BLF PS 6TF B (SBQI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5BCMFT GPS /VNCFST BOE 0QFSBUJPOT . . . . . . . . . .

5BCMFT GPS /VNCFST BOE 0QFSBUJPOT . . . . . . . . . .

9 9

$POUFOUT

/VNCFST BOE 0QFSBUJPOT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

.FBTVSFNFOU . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Decimals 'SBDUJPOT BOE .JYFE Numbers 6 4 $VTUPNBSZ 4ZTUFN 4VSGBDF "SFB BOE 7PMVNF 1MBDF 7BMVF UP 5IPVTBOEUIT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 'SBDUJPOTÂ&#x2030;1BSU PG B 8IPMF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .FBTVSJOH 6 4 $VTUPNBSZ -FOHUI 4VSGBDF "SFB PG 1SJTNT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3FBEJOH BOE 8SJUJOH %FDJNBMT. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 'SBDUJPOTÂ&#x2030;1BSU PG B 4FU ........ .FBTVSJOH "SFB JO UIF 4VSGBDF "SFB PG $ZMJOEFST $PNQBSJOH BOE 0SEFSJOH %FDJNBMT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *NQSPQFS 'SBDUJPOT BOE .JYFE /VNCFST . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 4 $VTUPNBSZ 4ZTUFN 4VSGBDF "SFB PG 1ZSBNJET BOE $POFT 3PVOEJOH %FDJNBMT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . &RVJWBMFOU 'SBDUJPOT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .FBTVSJOH $BQBDJUZ JO UIF 7PMVNFT PG 1SJTNT BOE $ZMJOEFST "EEJOH %FDJNBMT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $PNQBSJOH BOE 0SEFSJOH 'SBDUJPOT BOE 6 4 $VTUPNBSZ 4ZTUFN 7PMVNFT PG 1ZSBNJET BOE $POFT .JYFE /VNCFST . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4VCUSBDUJOH %FDJNBMT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .FBTVSJOH 8FJHIU JO UIF 4VSGBDF "SFB BOE 7PMVNFT PG 4QIFSFT 3PVOEJOH 'SBDUJPOT BOE .JYFE /VNCFST . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 4 $VTUPNBSZ 4ZTUFN . . . . . . . .VMUJQMZJOH %FDJNBMT CZ 8IPMF /VNCFST . . . . . 5ISFF %JNFOTJPOBM $PNQPTJUF 'JHVSFT "EEJOH 'SBDUJPOT XJUI -JLF %FOPNJOBUPST . . . . . . . . . . . %JNFOTJPOBM "OBMZTJT . . . . . . . . . . . . . .VMUJQMZJOH %FDJNBMT CZ %FDJNBMT . . . . . . 5FNQFSBUVSF . . . . . . . . . "EEJOH 'SBDUJPOT XJUI 6OMJLF %FOPNJOBUPST . . . . . . . . %JWJEJOH %FDJNBMT CZ 8IPMF /VNCFST . . . . . . 4DJFOUJGJD /PUBUJPO 4VCUSBDUJOH 'SBDUJPOT XJUI -JLF %FOPNJOBUPST . . . . . . %JWJEJOH 8IPMF /VNCFST CZ %FDJNBMT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8SJUJOH /VNCFST JO 4DJFOUJGJD /PUBUJPO .FUSJD 4ZTUFN 4VCUSBDUJOH 'SBDUJPOT XJUI 6OMJLF %FOPNJOBUPST . . . . %JWJEJOH %FDJNBMT CZ %FDJNBMT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $POWFSUJOH UP 4UBOEBSE /PUBUJPO .VMUJQMZJOH 'SBDUJPOT CZ 'SBDUJPOT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .FBTVSJOH -FOHUI JO UIF .FUSJD 4ZTUFN 8PSE 1SPCMFNT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .VMUJQMZJOH XJUI 4DJFOUJGJD /PUBUJPO .FBTVSJOH "SFB JO UIF .FUSJD 4ZTUFN .VMUJQMZJOH 8IPMF /VNCFST BOE 'SBDUJPOT . . . . . . . . . . %JWJEJOH XJUI 4DJFOUJGJD /PUBUJPO .FBTVSJOH $BQBDJUZ JO UIF .FUSJD 4ZTUFN .VMUJQMZJOH .JYFE /VNCFST ........ /VNCFS 5IFPSy 1SFDJTJPO BOE &SSPS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .FBTVSJOH .BTT JO UIF .FUSJD 4ZTUFN %JWJEJOH 'SBDUJPOT CZ 'SBDUJPOT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3BUJPOBM /VNCFST BOE /VNCFS 4FUT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $POWFSUJOH 6 4 $VTUPNBSZ BOE .FUSJD %JWJEJOH 'SBDUJPOT BOE 8IPMF /VNCFST . . . . . . . . . . . . . %FDJNBMT 'SBDUJPOT BOE 1FSDFOUT . . . . . 5BCMFT GPS .FBTVSFNFOU 5FNQFSBUVSF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . %JWJEJOH .JYFE /VNCFST . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3BUJPOBM /VNCFST PO B /VNCFS -JOF . . . . . 5FNQFSBUVSF $POWFSTJPO 'PSNVMBT . . . . . . . . . . . . 8PSE 1SPCMFNT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $PNQBSJOH BOE 0SEFSJOH 3BUJPOBM /VNCFST . . . . . . . . . . 1SJNF BOE $PNQPTJUF /VNCFST . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1FSJNFUFS BOE "SFB 'BDUPST . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1FSJNFUFS .VMUJQMFT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . &TUJNBUJOH "SFB %JWJTJCJMJUZ 3VMFT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "SFBT PG 3FDUBOHMFT BOE 1BSBMMFMPHSBNT &YQPOFOUT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "SFBT PG 5SJBOHMFT 1SJNF 'BDUPSJ[BUJPO . . . . . . "SFBT PG 5SBQF[PJET . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $JSDVNGFSFODF "SFBT PG $JSDMFT $PNQPTJUF 'JHVSFT

(FPNFUSZ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3BUJP BOE 1SPQPSUJPO 8SJUJOH BOE 4JNQMJGZJOH 3BUJPT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3FBTPOJOH BOE 1SPPG 8SJUJOH 3BUFT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $POEJUJPOBMT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . &RVJWBMFOU 3BUJPT BOE 1SPQPSUJPOT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . #JDPOEJUJPOBMT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4PMWJOH 1SPQPSUJPOT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . %FEVDUJWF 3FBTPOJOH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4DBMF %SBXJOHT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *OEVDUJWF 3FBTPOJOH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8PSE 1SPCMFNT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1SPQFSUJFT PG $POHSVFODF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1BUUFSOT 3FQFBUJOH 1BUUFSOT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $POHSVFODF 5SJBOHVMBS BOE 4RVBSF /VNCFS 1BUUFSOT . . . . . . . . . . . . . $POHSVFOU 'JHVSFT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (SPXJOH 1BUUFSOT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6TJOH 444 BOE 4"4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4ISJOLJOH 1BUUFSOT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6TJOH "4" BOE ""4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1BUUFSOT XJUI 5XP 0QFSBUJPOT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6TJOH $1$5$ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8PSE 1SPCMFNT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $POHSVFODF JO 3JHIU 5SJBOHMFT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1SPWJOH "OHMFT $POHSVFOU . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1FSDFOU 5IFPSFNT "CPVU 1BSBMMFM -JOFT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .FBOJOH PG 1FSDFOUT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 'JOEJOH UIF 1FSDFOU PG B 8IPMF /VNCFS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2VBESJMBUFSBMT 'JOEJOH UIF 1FSDFOU 0OF /VNCFS *T PG 1SPQFSUJFT PG 1BSBMMFMPHSBNT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "OPUIFS /VNCFS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1SPWJOH B 2VBESJMBUFSBM 'JOEJOH B /VNCFS 8IFO (JWFO B 1FSDFOU *T B 1BSBMMFMPHSBN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . PG UIF /VNCFS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1SPQFSUJFT PG 4QFDJBM 1BSBMMFMPHSBNT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1FSDFOUT < BOE > . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1SPQFSUJFT PG 5SBQF[PJET BOE ,JUFT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1FSDFOU *ODSFBTF BOE %FDSFBTF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4JNQMF *OUFSFTU . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5SJBOHMFT BOE 1PMZHPOT $PNQPVOE *OUFSFTU . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5SJBOHMF *OFRVBMJUJFT . 8PSE 1SPCMFNT . . . . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . . . 5SJBOHMF "OHMF 4VN 5IFPSFN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "OHMFT PG B 1PMZHPO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . &TUJNBUF XJUI %FDJNBMT BOE 'SBDUJPOT 1ZUIBHPSFBO 5IFPSFN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . &TUJNBUJOH UP 1SFEJDU PS $IFDL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4QFDJBM 3JHIU 5SJBOHMFT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . &TUJNBUJOH %FDJNBM 4VNT BOE %JGGFSFODFT . . . . . . . . . . . . "SFB PG B 3FHVMBS 1PMZHPO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . &TUJNBUJOH %FDJNBM 1SPEVDUT BOE 2VPUJFOUT . . . . . . . . . . &TUJNBUJOH 'SBDUJPO 4VNT BOE %JGGFSFODFT . . . . . . . . . . . . 4QBUJBM 3FBTPOJOH &TUJNBUJOH 'SBDUJPO 1SPEVDUT BOE 2VPUJFOUT . . . . . . . . . . /FUT . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . 8PSE 1SPCMFNT . . *TPNFUSJD %SBXJOHT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0SUIPHSBQIJD %SBXJOHT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . #BTF %FTJHOT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -BUFSBM "SFBT PG 1ZSBNJET BOE $POFT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4PMJET PG 3FWPMVUJPO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $SPTT 4FDUJPOT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -PDVT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . &VMFS T 'PSNVMB . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

*TPTDFMFT BOE &RVJMBUFSBM 5SJBOHMFT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1SPCMFN 4PMWJOH 'PVS 4UFQ 1SPDFTT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4JNJMBSJUZ 4USBUFHZ 8SJUF B /VNCFS 4FOUFODF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4JNJMBS 1PMZHPOT 4USBUFHZ %SBX B %JBHSBN . . . 1SPWJOH 5SJBOHMFT 4JNJMBS . . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ................. 4USBUFHZ .BLF B 5BCMF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4JNJMBSJUZ JO 3JHIU 5SJBOHMFT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4USBUFHZ -PPL GPS B 1BUUFSO . . *OEJSFDU .FBTVSFNFOU . . . . . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ................. 4USBUFHZ (VFTT $IFDL BOE 3FWJTF . . 1SPQPSUJPOT JO 5SJBOHMFT . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ............... 4USBUFHZ 6TF -PHJDBM 3FBTPOJOH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 'SBDUBMT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4USBUFHZ 8PSL #BDLXBSET . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4USBUFHZ 4PMWF B 4JNQMFS 1SPCMFN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $PPSEJOBUF (FPNFUSZ 4USBUFHZ .BLF BO 0SHBOJ[FE -JTU . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4MPQFT PG 1BSBMMFM BOE 4USBUFHZ .BLF PS 6TF B (SBQI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1FSQFOEJDVMBS -JOFT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . %JTUBODF 'PSNVMB . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5BCMFT GPS /VNCFST BOE 0QFSBUJPOT . . . . . . . . . . .JEQPJOU 'PSNVMB . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . &RVBUJPOT PG $JSDMFT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1SPPGT 6TJOH $PPSEJOBUF (FPNFUSZ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

$JSDMFT "SDT BOE 4FDUPST . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $IPSET BOE "SDT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1SPQFSUJFT PG 5BOHFOUT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *OTDSJCFE "OHMFT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5BOHFOUT $IPSET BOE "OHMFT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 'JOEJOH 0UIFS "OHMF .FBTVSFT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 'JOEJOH 4FHNFOU -FOHUIT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

5SBOTGPSNBUJPOT 5SBOTMBUJPOT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3FGMFDUJPOT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3PUBUJPOT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4ZNNFUSZ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . %JMBUJPOT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $PNQPTJUJPO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5FTTFMMBUJPOT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $POTUSVDUJPOT $POHSVFOU 4FHNFOUT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $POHSVFOU "OHMFT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1FSQFOEJDVMBS #JTFDUPS PG B 4FHNFOU . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "OHMF #JTFDUPS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1FSQFOEJDVMBS -JOFT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1BSBMMFM -JOFT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $JSDVNTDSJCF B $JSDMF "CPVU B 5SJBOHMF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *OTDSJCF B $JSDMF JO B 5SJBOHMF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

5BCMFT GPS (FPNFUSZ 11

$POUFOUT

/VNCFST BOE 0QFSBUJPOT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

5SJHPOPNFUSZ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Decimals 'SBDUJPOT BOE .JYFE Numbers 3JHIU 5SJBOHMF 5SJHPOPNFUSZ 1MBDF 7BMVF UP 5IPVTBOEUIT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *OWFSTF 5SJHPOPNFUSJD 'VODUJPOT 'SBDUJPOTÂ&#x2030;1BSU PG B 8IPMF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . BOE 5SJHPOPNFUSJD &RVBUJPOT "OHMFT BOE %FHSFF .FBTVSF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3FBEJOH BOE 8SJUJOH %FDJNBMT. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 'SBDUJPOTÂ&#x2030;1BSU PG B 4FU . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $PNQVUJOH XJUI "OHMF .FBTVSFT . . . . . . . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... $PNQBSJOH BOE 0SEFSJOH %FDJNBMT . . . . . . . *OWFSTF 4JOF 'VODUJPO . *NQSPQFS 'SBDUJPOT BOE .JYFE /VNCFST . .......... 4QFDJBM 5SJBOHMFT BOE "OHMFT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *OWFSTF $PTJOF 'VODUJPO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3PVOEJOH %FDJNBMT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . &RVJWBMFOU 'SBDUJPOT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5SJHPOPNFUSJD 3BUJPT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *OWFSTF 5BOHFOU 'VODUJPO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "EEJOH %FDJNBMT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $PNQBSJOH BOE 0SEFSJOH 'SBDUJPOT BOE 5SJHPOPNFUSJD 3BUJPT PG "DVUF "OHMFT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4PMWJOH 5SJHPOPNFUSJD &RVBUJPOT * . .JYFE /VNCFST . . . . . . . . . ...... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... .......... 4VCUSBDUJOH %FDJNBMT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5SJHPOPNFUSJD 3BUJPT PG 4QFDJBM "OHMFT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4PMWJOH 5SJHPOPNFUSJD &RVBUJPOT ** . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3PVOEJOH 'SBDUJPOT BOE .JYFE /VNCFST . . . . . . . . . . . . .VMUJQMZJOH %FDJNBMT CZ 8IPMF /VNCFST . . . . . . 4PMWJOH 5SJHPOPNFUSJD *OFRVBMJUJFT 'JOEJOH "OHMF .FBTVSFT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. .. .. .. ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "EEJOH 'SBDUJPOT XJUI -JLF %FOPNJOBUPST . . . . . . . . . . . .VMUJQMZJOH %FDJNBMT CZ %FDJNBMT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4PMWJOH 3JHIU 5SJBOHMFT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *OWFSTF 5SJHPOPNFUSJD 'VODUJPOT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "EEJOH 'SBDUJPOT XJUI 6OMJLF %FOPNJOBUPST . . . . . . . . %JWJEJOH %FDJNBMT CZ 8IPMF /VNCFST . . . . . . . "QQMJDBUJPOT PG 3JHIU 5SJBOHMFT . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... 4VCUSBDUJOH 'SBDUJPOT XJUI -JLF %FOPNJOBUPST . . . . . . %JWJEJOH 8IPMF /VNCFST CZ %FDJNBMT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0CMJRVF 5SJBOHMFT BOE 7FDUPST 4VCUSBDUJOH 'SBDUJPOT XJUI 6OMJLF %FOPNJOBUPST . . . . %JWJEJOH %FDJNBMT CZ %FDJNBMT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3BEJBO .FBTVSF BOE UIF 5IF -BX PG 4JOFT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .VMUJQMZJOH 'SBDUJPOT CZ 'SBDUJPOT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8PSE 1SPCMFNT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5IF "NCJHVPVT $BTF 5SJHPOPNFUSJD 'VODUJPOT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .VMUJQMZJOH 8IPMF /VNCFST BOE 'SBDUJPOT . . . . . . . . . . .FBTVSFT PG 3PUBUJPOT PG "OHMFT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5IF -BX PG $PTJOFT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .VMUJQMZJOH .JYFE /VNCFST .......... /VNCFS 5IFPSy 'VODUJPOT PG /PO "DVUF "OHMFT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "SFB PG B 5SJBOHMF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... %JWJEJOH 'SBDUJPOT CZ 'SBDUJPOT . . . . . . . . . . . .......... 3BEJBO .FBTVSF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... 3BUJPOBM /VNCFST BOE /VNCFS 4FUT . . . . . . . 7FDUPST . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . %JWJEJOH 'SBDUJPOT BOE 8IPMF /VNCFST . . . . . . . . . . . . . "QQMJDBUJPOT PG 3BEJBO .FBTVSF . . . . . ..... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... %FDJNBMT 'SBDUJPOT BOE 1FSDFOUT . . . . . . $PNQPOFOUT PG B 7FDUPS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . %JWJEJOH .JYFE /VNCFST . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -JOFBS BOE "OHVMBS 7FMPDJUZ . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... 3BUJPOBM /VNCFST PO B /VNCFS -JOF . . . . . . "EEJUJPO BOE 4VCUSBDUJPO PG 7FDUPST . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8PSE 1SPCMFNT . . . . . . . . .. .. ....... .. .. .. . . . . . . . .. .. ... .......... 5IF 6OJU $JSDMF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. .. ... $PNQBSJOH BOE 0SEFSJOH 3BUJPOBM /VNCFST . . . . . . .VMUJQMJDBUJPO CZ B 4DBMBS . 5IF %PU 1SPEVDU . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1SJNF BOE $PNQPTJUF /VNCFST . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "QQMJDBUJPOT PG 7FDUPST . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (SBQIT PG UIF 5SJHPOPNFUSJD 'VODUJPOT 'BDUPST . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1FSJPEJD 'VODUJPOT .VMUJQMFT . . . . . .. ....... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ....... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... . . . . . . 1PMBS $PPSEJOBUFT BOE UIF $PNQMFY 1MBOF (SBQIT PG UIF 4JOF BOE %JWJTJCJMJUZ 3VMFT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $PTJOF 'VODUJPOT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . &YQPOFOUT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1PMBS $PPSEJOBUFT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6TJOH B (SBQIJOH $BMDVMBUPS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1PMBS BOE 3FDUBOHVMBS $PPSEJOBUFT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1SJNF 'BDUPSJ[BUJPO . . . . . . . 5SBOTGPSNBUJPOT . . . . . . . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ....... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... (SBQIT PG UIF 5BOHFOU BOE $PUBOHFOU 'VODUJPOT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (SBQIT PG UIF 4FDBOU BOE $PTFDBOU 'VODUJPOT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0UIFS 5SBOTGPSNBUJPOT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $PNCJOJOH 5SJHPOPNFUSJD 'VODUJPOT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . )BSNPOJD .PUJPO. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .PEFMJOH XJUI 5SJHPOPNFUSJD 'VODUJPOT. . . . . . . . . . . . . .

5SJHPOPNFUSJD *EFOUJUJFT 'VOEBNFOUBM *EFOUJUJFT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7FSJGZJOH 5SJHPOPNFUSJD *EFOUJUJFT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4VN BOE %JGGFSFODF *EFOUJUJFT * . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4VN BOE %JGGFSFODF *EFOUJUJFT ** . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . %PVCMF "OHMF *EFOUJUJFT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . )BMG "OHMF *EFOUJUJFT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1SPEVDU UP 4VN BOE 4VN UP 1SPEVDU . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

(SBQIT PG 1PMBS &RVBUJPOT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1BSBNFUSJD &RVBUJPOT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $PNQMFY 3PPUT PG &RVBUJPOT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1PMBS 'PSN PG $PNQMFY /VNCFST . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1SPEVDU BOE 2VPUJFOU 5IFPSFNT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . %F.PJWSF T 5IFPSFN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3PPUT PG $PNQMFY /VNCFST . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

5BCMFT GPS 5SJHPOPNFUSZ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

4UBUJTUJDT BOE 1SPCBCJMJUZ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3BUJP BOE 1SPQPSUJPO 8SJUJOH BOE 4JNQMJGZJOH 3BUJPT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (BUIFSJOH %BUB 8SJUJOH 3BUFT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4BNQMFT BOE 1PQVMBUJPOT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . &RVJWBMFOU 3BUJPT BOE 1SPQPSUJPOT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4VSWFZT BOE #JBT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4PMWJOH 1SPQPSUJPOT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3BOEPN 4BNQMJOH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4DBMF %SBXJOHT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0UIFS 4BNQMJOH .FUIPET . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8PSE 1SPCMFNT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1BUUFSOT 3FQFBUJOH 1BUUFSOT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "OBMZ[JOH BOE 6TJOH %BUB 5SJBOHVMBS BOE 4RVBSF /VNCFS 1BUUFSOT . . . . . . . . . . . . . $PSSFMBUJPO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (SPXJOH 1BUUFSOT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *OUFSQPMBUJOH XJUIJO B %BUB 4FU . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4ISJOLJOH 1BUUFSOT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . &YUSBQPMBUJOH GSPN B %BUB 4FU . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1BUUFSOT XJUI 5XP 0QFSBUJPOT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -JOF 1MPUT BOE %BUB %JTUSJCVUJPO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8PSE 1SPCMFNT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4UBOEBSE %FWJBUJPO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

5IFPSFUJDBM BOE &YQFSJNFOUBM 1SPCBCJMJUZ 1FSDFOU 5IFPSFUJDBM 1SPCBCJMJUZ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .FBOJOH PG 1FSDFOUT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . &YQFSJNFOUBM 1SPCBCJMJUZ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 'JOEJOH UIF 1FSDFOU PG B 8IPMF /VNCFS . . 5IF $PVOUJOH 1SJODJQMF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . 'JOEJOH UIF 1FSDFOU 0OF /VNCFS *T PG 1FSNVUBUJPOT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "OPUIFS /VNCFS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $PNCJOBUJPOT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 'JOEJOH B /VNCFS 8IFO (JWFO B 1FSDFOU 0EET BOE $PNQMFNFOUT . PG UIF /VNCFS . . . . . . . . . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . . . 1FSDFOUT < BOE > . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . %JTQMBZJOH %BUB 1FSDFOU *ODSFBTF BOE %FDSFBTF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 'SFRVFODZ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4JNQMF *OUFSFTU . . . 4DBUUFS 1MPUT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $PNQPVOE *OUFSFTU . . )JTUPHSBNT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8PSE 1SPCMFNT . . $IPPTJOH BO "QQSPQSJBUF (SBQI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4UFN BOE -FBG 1MPUT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . &TUJNBUF XJUI %FDJNBMT BOE 'SBDUJPOT #PY BOE 8IJTLFS 1MPUT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . &TUJNBUJOH UP 1SFEJDU PS $IFDL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . %JTQMBZJOH 5XP %BUB 4FUT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . &TUJNBUJOH %FDJNBM 4VNT BOE %JGGFSFODFT . . 7FOO %JBHSBNT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . &TUJNBUJOH %FDJNBM 1SPEVDUT BOE 2VPUJFOUT . . . . . . . . . . &TUJNBUJOH 'SBDUJPO 4VNT BOE %JGGFSFODFT . . . . . . . . . . . . %FTDSJCJOH %BUB &TUJNBUJOH 'SBDUJPO 1SPEVDUT BOE 2VPUJFOUT . . . . . . . . . . 5IF i$FOUFSw PG B %BUB 4FU . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8PSE 1SPCMFNT . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0VUMJFST . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . &GGFDUT PG $IBOHJOH %BUB 7BMVFT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .JTMFBEJOH 4UBUJTUJDT .JTMFBEJOH (SBQIT . . . . . . . . . . . .

2VBSUJMFT BOE 1FSDFOUJMFT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1SPCMFN 4PMWJOH -JOFBS 3FHSFTTJPO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 'PVS 4UFQ 1SPDFTT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2VBESBUJD 3FHSFTTJPO BOE &YQPOFOUJBM 3FHSFTTJPO . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . 4USBUFHZ 8SJUF B /VNCFS 4FOUFODF . . . /PSNBM %JTUSJCVUJPO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4USBUFHZ %SBX B %JBHSBN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1BTDBM T 5SJBOHMF BOE #JOPNJBM %JTUSJCVUJPO . 4USBUFHZ .BLF B 5BCMF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . . . 4BNQMF 4J[F . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . 4USBUFHZ -PPL GPS B 1BUUFSO . . &YQFSJNFOUBM %FTJHO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4USBUFHZ (VFTT $IFDL BOE 3FWJTF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4USBUFHZ 6TF -PHJDBM 3FBTPOJOH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4USBUFHZ 8PSL #BDLXBSET . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $PNQPVOE &WFOUT BOE 4USBUFHZ 4PMWF B 4JNQMFS 1SPCMFN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $POEJUJPOBM 1SPCBCJMJUZ 4USBUFHZ .BLF BO 0SHBOJ[FE -JTU . . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . . . *OEFQFOEFOU BOE %FQFOEFOU &WFOUT 4USBUFHZ .BLF PS 6TF B (SBQI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1SPCBCJMJUZ BOE (FPNFUSZ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .VUVBMMZ &YDMVTJWF PS 0WFSMBQQJOH &WFOUT . . . . . . . . . . .

5BCMFT GPS /VNCFST BOE 0QFSBUJPOT 1SPCBCJMJUZ BOE 7FOO %JBHSBNT . . . . . . . . . .. .. ..... .. .. .. ... .. .. 4JNVMBUJPOT BOE 5FDIOPMPHZ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4USFBLT BOE 0VUDPNFT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

5BCMFT GPS 4UBUJTUJDT BOE 1SPCBCJMJUZ . . . . . . . . .

9 1207

$POUFOUT $POUFOUT

/VNCFST BOE 0QFSBUJPOT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "MHFCSB . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Decimals 'SBDUJPOT BOE .JYFE Numbers /VNCFST 7BSJBCMFT BOE &YQSFTTJPOT 1MBDF 7BMVF UP 5IPVTBOEUIT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0OF 7BSJBCMF -JOFBS *OFRVBMJUJFT 'SBDUJPOTÂ&#x2030;1BSU PG B 8IPMF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........ *OUFHFST BOE "CTPMVUF 7BMVF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (SBQIJOH BO *OFRVBMJUZ BT BO *OUFSWBM . 3FBEJOH BOE 8SJUJOH %FDJNBMT. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 'SBDUJPOTÂ&#x2030;1BSU PG B 4FU . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. .. .. ..... ........ "EEJOH *OUFHFST . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0OF 4UFQ "EEJUJPO BOE 4VCUSBDUJPO *OFRVBMJUJFT . . . . . $PNQBSJOH BOE 0SEFSJOH %FDJNBMT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *NQSPQFS 'SBDUJPOT BOE .JYFE /VNCFST . . . . . . . . . . . . 4VCUSBDUJOH *OUFHFST . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0OF 4UFQ .VMUJQMJDBUJPO BOE %JWJTJPO *OFRVBMJUJFT 3PVOEJOH %FDJNBMT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . &RVJWBMFOU 'SBDUJPOT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..... ........ .VMUJQMZJOH BOE %JWJEJOH *OUFHFST . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .VMUJ 4UFQ *OFRVBMJUJFT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "EEJOH %FDJNBMT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $PNQBSJOH BOE 0SEFSJOH 'SBDUJPOT BOE &YQPOFOUT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *OFRVBMJUJFT XJUI 7BSJBCMFT PO #PUI 4JEFT .JYFE /VNCFST . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ....... ........ 4VCUSBDUJOH %FDJNBMT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4RVBSF 3PPUT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $PNQPVOE *OFRVBMJUJFT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3PVOEJOH 'SBDUJPOT BOE .JYFE /VNCFST . . . . . . . . . . . . .VMUJQMZJOH %FDJNBMT CZ 8IPMF /VNCFST . . . . . . . . . . . . 5IF 3FBM /VNCFS 4ZTUFN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "CTPMVUF 7BMVF *OFRVBMJUJFT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. ..... "EEJOH 'SBDUJPOT XJUI -JLF %FOPNJOBUPST ........ .VMUJQMZJOH %FDJNBMT CZ %FDJNBMT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $PNNVUBUJWF BOE "TTPDJBUJWF 1SPQFSUJFT . . . . . . . . . . . . "EEJOH 'SBDUJPOT XJUI 6OMJLF %FOPNJOBUPST . . . . . . . . %JWJEJOH %FDJNBMT CZ 8IPMF /VNCFST . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . %JTUSJCVUJWF 1SPQFSUZ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5XP 7BSJBCMF -JOFBS &RVBUJPOT 4VCUSBDUJOH 'SBDUJPOT XJUI -JLF %FOPNJOBUPST . . . . . . %JWJEJOH 8IPMF /VNCFST CZ %FDJNBMT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5IF *EFOUJUZ BOE *OWFSTF 1SPQFSUJFT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . BOE *OFRVBMJUJFT . . . . 4VCUSBDUJOH 'SBDUJPOT XJUI 6OMJLF %FOPNJOBUPST %JWJEJOH %FDJNBMT CZ %FDJNBMT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0SEFS PG 0QFSBUJPOT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 'PVS 2VBESBOUT. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .VMUJQMZJOH 'SBDUJPOT CZ 'SBDUJPOT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8PSE 1SPCMFNT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... . . . . . . 7BSJBCMFT BOE "MHFCSBJD &YQSFTTJPOT . (SBQIJOH GSPN B 5BCMF PG 7BMVFT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... .VMUJQMZJOH 8IPMF /VNCFST BOE 'SBDUJPOT . ........ &WBMVBUJOH 7BSJBCMF &YQSFTTJPOT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (SBQIJOH GSPN BO &RVBUJPO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .VMUJQMZJOH .JYFE /VNCFST . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . /VNCFS 5IFPSy 5SBOTMBUJOH &OHMJTI JOUP "MHFCSB . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5IF Z *OUFSDFQU BOE UIF Y *OUFSDFQU . . . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..... %JWJEJOH 'SBDUJPOT CZ 'SBDUJPOT . ........ 3BUJPOBM /VNCFST BOE /VNCFS 4FUT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . )PSJ[POUBM BOE 7FSUJDBM -JOFT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . %JWJEJOH 'SBDUJPOT BOE 8IPMF /VNCFST . . . . . . . . . . . . . (SBQIJOH 'VODUJPOT %FDJNBMT 'SBDUJPOT BOE 1FSDFOUT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3BUF PG $IBOHF BOE 4MPQF . . . . . ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..... %JWJEJOH .JYFE /VNCFST ........ 3BUJPOBM /VNCFST PO B /VNCFS -JOF . . . . . . 3FMBUJPOT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. .. ... 5IF 4MPQF *OUFSDFQU 'PSN PG B -JOFBS &RVBUJPO . . . . . . 8PSE 1SPCMFNT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $PNQBSJOH BOE 0SEFSJOH 3BUJPOBM /VNCFST . . . . . . 'VODUJPOT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. .. ... 5IF 1PJOU 4MPQF 'PSN PG B -JOFBS &RVBUJPO . . . . . . . . . . 1SJNF BOE $PNQPTJUF /VNCFST . . . . . . 5IF $PPSEJOBUF 1MBOF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. .. .. ... 5IF 4UBOEBSE 'PSN PG B -JOFBS &RVBUJPO . . . . . . . . . . . . . *OUFSQSFUJOH -JOF (SBQIT . 'BDUPST . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. .. ......... .. .. .. . . . . . . . . . . .. .. .. ... . . . . . . $POWFSUJOH 'PSNT PG B -JOFBS &RVBUJPO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -JOFBS 'VODUJPOT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8SJUJOH BO &RVBUJPO PG B -JOF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .VMUJQMFT . . . .......... . . . . . . . . . . 5IF 7FSUJDBM -JOF 5FTU . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (SBQIJOH B -JOFBS *OFRVBMJUZ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . %JWJTJCJMJUZ 3VMFT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . &YQPOFOUT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0OF 7BSJBCMF -JOFBS &RVBUJPOT 1SJNF 'BDUPSJ[BUJPO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4ZTUFNT PG -JOFBS &RVBUJPOT BOE *OFRVBMJUJFT &RVBUJPO $PODFQUT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "EEJUJPO BOE 4VCUSBDUJPO &RVBUJPOT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .VMUJQMJDBUJPO BOE %JWJTJPO &RVBUJPOT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5XP 4UFQ &RVBUJPOT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .VMUJ 4UFQ &RVBUJPOT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . &RVBUJPOT XJUI 'SBDUJPOT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . &RVBUJPOT XJUI %FDJNBMT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "CTPMVUF 7BMVF &RVBUJPOT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . /P 4PMVUJPO PS .BOZ 4PMVUJPOT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4PMWJOH 8PSE 1SPCMFNT XJUI &RVBUJPOT . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1208

4PMWJOH B 4ZTUFN CZ (SBQIJOH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4PMWJOH B 4ZTUFN CZ 4VCTUJUVUJPO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4PMWJOH B 4ZTUFN CZ "EEJUJPO PS 4VCUSBDUJPO . . . . . . . . 4PMWJOH B 4ZTUFN CZ &MJNJOBUJPO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4ZTUFNT XJUI ;FSP 0OF PS .BOZ 4PMVUJPOT . . . . . . . . . . 4ZTUFNT PG *OFRVBMJUJFT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $POTUSBJOUT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 'FBTJCMF 3FHJPOT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0CKFDUJWF 'VODUJPOT BOE -JOFBS 1SPHSBNNJOH . . . . . . .

3BUJP BOE 1SPQPSUJPO 8SJUJOH BOE 4JNQMJGZJOH 3BUJPT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0QFSBUJPOT XJUI 1PMZOPNJBMT 8SJUJOH 3BUFT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .POPNJBMT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . &RVJWBMFOU 3BUJPT BOE 1SPQPSUJPOT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . #JOPNJBMT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4PMWJOH 1SPQPSUJPOT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .VMUJQMZJOH 1PMZOPNJBMT 4DBMF %SBXJOHT . . . . . . . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . . 4QFDJBM 1SPEVDUT PG #JOPNJBMT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8PSE 1SPCMFNT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1PMZOPNJBM -POH %JWJTJPO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1FSDFOU 1PMZOPNJBM 'VODUJPOT BOE &RVBUJPOT .FBOJOH PG 1FSDFOUT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (SBQIJOH 1PMZOPNJBM 'VODUJPOT . . . . . . . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 'JOEJOH UIF 1FSDFOU PG B 8IPMF /VNCFS . . ;FSPT BOE Roots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 'JOEJOH UIF 1FSDFOU 0OF /VNCFS *T PG 4PMVUJPOT PG B 1PMZOPNJBM &RVBUJPO "OPUIFS /VNCFS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . . 3BUJPOBM ;FSPT PG B 1PMZOPNJBM 'VODUJPO . . . . . . . . . . . . 'JOEJOH B /VNCFS 8IFO (JWFO B 1FSDFOU PG UIF /VNCFS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . . 3PPUT BOE $PNQMFY $POKVHBUFT 1FSDFOUT < BOE > . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5IF 'VOEBNFOUBM 5IFPSFN PG "MHFCSB . . . . . . . . . 1FSDFOU *ODSFBTF BOE %FDSFBTF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. .. .. . . 5IF 3FNBJOEFS 5IFPSFN BOE UIF 'BDUPS 5IFPSFN 4JNQMF *OUFSFTU . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . . 3FBM BOE *NBHJOBSZ ;FSPT $PNQPVOE *OUFSFTU . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "QQSPYJNBUJOH 3FBM ;FSPT . . . . . . . . . 8PSE 1SPCMFNT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . . #FIBWJPS PG B 1PMZOPNJBM 'VODUJPO &TUJNBUF XJUI %FDJNBMT BOE 'SBDUJPOT 'BDUPSJOH 1PMZOPNJBMT &TUJNBUJOH UP 1SFEJDU PS $IFDL . . 'BDUPSJOH #JOPNJBMT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. &TUJNBUJOH %FDJNBM 4VNT BOE %JGGFSFODFT . . + CY + D . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 'BDUPSJOH x &TUJNBUJOH %FDJNBM 1SPEVDUT BOE 2VPUJFOUT . . + CY + D . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 'BDUPSJOH BY &TUJNBUJOH 'SBDUJPO 4VNT BOE %JGGFSFODFT . . . . . . . . . . . . 'BDUPSJOH CZ (SPVQJOH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . &TUJNBUJOH 'SBDUJPO 1SPEVDUT BOE 2VPUJFOUT . . 'BDUPSJOH 4QFDJBM 1PMZOPNJBMT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 8PSE 1SPCMFNT . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . . 4ZOUIFUJD %JWJTJPO 5IF 3BUJPOBM 3PPUT 5IFPSFN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1BUUFSOT 3FQFBUJOH 1BUUFSOT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2VBESBUJD 'VODUJPOT BOE &RVBUJPOT 5SJBOHVMBS BOE 4RVBSF /VNCFS 1BUUFSOT . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2VBESBUJD 'VODUJPOT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (SPXJOH 1BUUFSOT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1SPQFSUJFT PG 2VBESBUJD 'VODUJPOT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4ISJOLJOH 1BUUFSOT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5SBOTGPSNJOH 2VBESBUJDT . . . . . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 1BUUFSOT XJUI 5XP 0QFSBUJPOT . . = C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4PMWJOH ax 8PSE 1SPCMFNT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5IF ;FSP 1SPEVDU 1SPQFSUZ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 'BDUPSJOH UP 4PMWF 2VBESBUJDT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1SPCMFN 4PMWJOH $PNQMFUJOH UIF 4RVBSF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 'PVS 4UFQ 1SPDFTT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5IF 2VBESBUJD 'PSNVMB 4USBUFHZ 8SJUF B /VNCFS 4FOUFODF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6TJOH UIF %JTDSJNJOBOU 4USBUFHZ %SBX B %JBHSBN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4VN BOE 1SPEVDU PG UIF 3PPUT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4USBUFHZ .BLF B 5BCMF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4PMWJOH )JHIFS 0SEFS 1PMZOPNJBM &RVBUJPOT . . . . . . . . . 4USBUFHZ -PPL GPS B 1BUUFSO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1SPKFDUJMF .PUJPO 1SPCMFNT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4USBUFHZ (VFTT $IFDL BOE 3FWJTF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4USBUFHZ 6TF -PHJDBM 3FBTPOJOH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4ZTUFNT PG 2VBESBUJDT 4USBUFHZ 8PSL #BDLXBSET . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -JOFBS 2VBESBUJD 4ZTUFNT . . . . . . . . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 4USBUFHZ 4PMWF B 4JNQMFS 1SPCMFN . . 2VBESBUJD 2VBESBUJD 4ZTUFNT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4USBUFHZ .BLF BO 0SHBOJ[FE -JTU . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2VBESBUJD *OFRVBMJUJFT . . . . . . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 4USBUFHZ .BLF PS 6TF B (SBQI . /POMJOFBS 4ZTUFNT PG *OFRVBMJUJFT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (SBQIJOH $BMDVMBUPST . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. .. .. ..... .. .. .. ... 5BCMFT GPS /VNCFST BOE 0QFSBUJPOT

5BCMFT GPS "MHFCSB . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1209

$POUFOUT

/VNCFST BOE 0QFSBUJPOT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

"EWBODFE "MHFCSB . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Decimals 'SBDUJPOT BOE .JYFE Numbers $PPSEJOBUF 4ZTUFN JO 5ISFF %JNFOTJPOT 4FRVFODFT BOE 4FSJFT 1MBDF 7BMVF UP 5IPVTBOEUIT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 'SBDUJPOTÂ&#x2030;1BSU PG B 8IPMF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1MPUUJOH 1PJOUT JO 5ISFF %JNFOTJPOT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "SJUINFUJD 4FRVFODFT . . . . . . . . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ....... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . 3FBEJOH BOE 8SJUJOH %FDJNBMT. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 'SBDUJPOTÂ&#x2030;1BSU PG B 4FU .......... (SBQIJOH JO 5ISFF %JNFOTJPOT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "SJUINFUJD 4FSJFT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $PNQBSJOH BOE 0SEFSJOH %FDJNBMT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *NQSPQFS 'SBDUJPOT BOE .JYFE /VNCFST . . . . . . . . . . . . 4PMWJOH 4ZTUFNT CZ 4VCTUJUVUJPO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (FPNFUSJD 4FRVFODFT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3PVOEJOH %FDJNBMT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . &RVJWBMFOU 'SBDUJPOT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4PMWJOH 4ZTUFNT CZ &MJNJOBUJPO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (FPNFUSJD 4FSJFT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "EEJOH %FDJNBMT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $PNQBSJOH BOE 0SEFSJOH 'SBDUJPOT BOE *OGJOJUF (FPNFUSJD 4FSJFT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .JYFE /VNCFST . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4VCUSBDUJOH %FDJNBMT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5IF 'JCPOBDDJ 4FRVFODF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .BUSJDFT 3PVOEJOH 'SBDUJPOT BOE .JYFE /VNCFST . . . . . . . . . . . . .VMUJQMZJOH %FDJNBMT CZ 8IPMF /VNCFST . . . . . . . . . . . . 3FDVSTJWF 3VMFT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3PXT BOE $PMVNOT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "EEJOH 'SBDUJPOT XJUI -JLF %FOPNJOBUPST . . . . . . . . . . . .VMUJQMZJOH %FDJNBMT CZ %FDJNBMT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . &YQMJDJU BOE 3FDVSTJWF 3VMFT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "EEJOH BOE 4VCUSBDUJOH .BUSJDFT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "EEJOH 'SBDUJPOT XJUI 6OMJLF %FOPNJOBUPST . . . . . . . . %JWJEJOH %FDJNBMT CZ 8IPMF /VNCFST . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .BUIFNBUJDBM *OEVDUJPO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4DBMBS .VMUJQMJDBUJPO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4VCUSBDUJOH 'SBDUJPOT XJUI -JLF %FOPNJOBUPST . . . . . . %JWJEJOH 8IPMF /VNCFST CZ %FDJNBMT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .VMUJQMZJOH CZ .BUSJDFT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4VCUSBDUJOH 'SBDUJPOT XJUI 6OMJLF %FOPNJOBUPST %JWJEJOH %FDJNBMT CZ %FDJNBMT . . . . . . . . $PNQMFY /VNCFST . . . . .BUSJY .VMUJQMJDBUJPO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. .. .. .. ....... .. .. .. .. .. .. . .VMUJQMZJOH 'SBDUJPOT CZ 'SBDUJPOT . .......... 8PSE 1SPCMFNT . . .. .. .. .. ....... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ....... .. .. .. .. .. .. . . . . . . . . 5IF 4ZNCPM J . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . 5IF *EFOUJUZ .BUSJY . .VMUJQMZJOH 8IPMF /VNCFST BOE 'SBDUJPOT . ......... "EEJOH BOE 4VCUSBDUJOH $PNQMFY /VNCFST . . . . . . . . . %FUFSNJOBOUT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .VMUJQMZJOH .JYFE /VNCFST .......... . . . . .. .. .. ....... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . /VNCFS 5IFPSy 5IF *OWFSTF PG B .BUSJY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .VMUJQMZJOH $PNQMFY /VNCFST . %JWJEJOH 'SBDUJPOT CZ 'SBDUJPOT . . . . . . . . . . . .......... 4PMWJOH .BUSJY &RVBUJPOT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ....... .. .. .. .. .. .. . 3BUJPOBM /VNCFST BOE /VNCFS 4FUT . . . . . . . . %JWJTJPO BOE $PNQMFY $POKVHBUFT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . %JWJEJOH 'SBDUJPOT BOE 8IPMF /VNCFST . .......... "CTPMVUF 7BMVF PG B $PNQMFY /VNCFS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "VHNFOUFE .BUSJDFT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. .. .. ....... .. .. .. .. .. .. . %FDJNBMT 'SBDUJPOT BOE 1FSDFOUT . . . . . . . %JWJEJOH .JYFE /VNCFST . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6TJOH .BUSJDFT GPS *OWFOUPSZ . . . . . . . . . . . .. ....... .. .. .. .. .. .. . 3BUJPOBM /VNCFST PO B /VNCFS -JOF . . . . . . . 8PSE 1SPCMFNT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .......... $POJD 4FDUJPOT 6TJOH .BUSJDFT JO (FPNFUSZ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $PNQBSJOH BOE 0SEFSJOH 3BUJPOBM /VNCFST . . . . . . . . . . $SBNFS T 3VMF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (SBQIJOH 1BSBCPMBT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1SJNF BOE $PNQPTJUF /VNCFST . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . &RVBUJPOT GPS 1BSBCPMBT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 'BDUPST . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (SBQIJOH $JSDMFT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1SPCMFN 4PMWJOH BOE 7BSJBUJPO .VMUJQMFT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . &RVBUJPOT GPS $JSDMFT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .PEFMJOH 8PSE 1SPCMFNT . %JWJTJCJMJUZ 3VMFT . . . . . . .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ....... .. .. .. .. .. .. . . . . . . . . (SBQIJOH &MMJQTFT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . /VNCFS BOE *OUFHFS 1SPCMFNT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . &YQPOFOUT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . &RVBUJPOT GPS &MMJQTFT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "HF 1SPCMFNT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1SJNF 'BDUPSJ[BUJPO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (SBQIJOH )ZQFSCPMBT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $PJO 1SPCMFNT. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . %JTUBODF 1SPCMFNT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .JYUVSF 1SPCMFNT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *OUFSFTU 1SPCMFNT. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 'PSNVMBT BOE -JUFSBM &RVBUJPOT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . %JSFDU 7BSJBUJPO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *OWFSTF 7BSJBUJPO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . +PJOU 7BSJBUJPO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .JYFE 7BSJBUJPO 1SPCMFNT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1210

&RVBUJPOT GPS )ZQFSCPMBT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (SBQIJOH $POJD *OFRVBMJUJFT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . &DDFOUSJDJUZ BOE $POJD 4FDUJPOT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5SBOTMBUFE $POJDT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3BUJP BOE 1SPQPSUJPO 8SJUJOH BOE 4JNQMJGZJOH 3BUJPT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3BEJDBMT &YQPOFOUT -PHBSJUINT 8SJUJOH 3BUFT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . BOE 3BUJPOBM &YQSFTTJPOT &RVJWBMFOU 3BUJPT BOE 1SPQPSUJPOT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4RVBSF 3PPUT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4PMWJOH 1SPQPSUJPOT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0UIFS 3PPUT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4DBMF %SBXJOHT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .VMUJQMZJOH 3BEJDBM &YQSFTTJPOT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8PSE 1SPCMFNT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "EEJOH BOE 4VCUSBDUJOH 3BEJDBM &YQSFTTJPOT . . . . . . . . %JWJEJOH 3BEJDBM &YQSFTTJPOT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1FSDFOU *OUFHFS BOE 3BUJPOBM &YQPOFOUT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .FBOJOH PG 1FSDFOUT . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1SPQFSUJFT PG &YQPOFOUT 'JOEJOH UIF 1FSDFOU PG B 8IPMF /VNCFS . . . . -PHBSJUINT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 'JOEJOH UIF 1FSDFOU 0OF /VNCFS *T PG $PNNPO -PHBSJUINT BOE /BUVSBM -PHBSJUINT . . . . . . . "OPUIFS /VNCFS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .VMUJQMZJOH BOE %JWJEJOH 3BUJPOBM &YQSFTTJPOT .. .. .. .. .. . 'JOEJOH B /VNCFS 8IFO (JWFO B 1FSDFOU . . . . . . . "EEJOH BOE 4VCUSBDUJOH 3BUJPOBM &YQSFTTJPOT PG UIF /VNCFS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $PNQMFY 'SBDUJPOT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1FSDFOUT < BOE > . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1FSDFOU *ODSFBTF BOE %FDSFBTF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . &YQPOFOUJBM BOE -PHBSJUINJD 'VODUJPOT 4JNQMF *OUFSFTU . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . &YQPOFOUJBM (SPXUI . $PNQPVOE *OUFSFTU .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . . . . . &YQPOFOUJBM %FDBZ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8PSE 1SPCMFNT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . #BTF F . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -PHBSJUINJD 'VODUJPOT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . &TUJNBUF XJUI %FDJNBMT BOE 'SBDUJPOT &YQPOFOUJBM BOE -PHBSJUINJD &RVBUJPOT . . . . . . . . . . . . . &TUJNBUJOH UP 1SFEJDU PS $IFDL . . . . . . . . . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . . . . . &YQPOFOUJBM BOE -PHBSJUINJD *OFRVBMJUJFT . &TUJNBUJOH %FDJNBM 4VNT BOE %JGGFSFODFT . . . . . . . . . . . . &TUJNBUJOH %FDJNBM 1SPEVDUT BOE 2VPUJFOUT . . . . . . . . . . 3BUJPOBM BOE 3BEJDBM 'VODUJPOT &TUJNBUJOH 'SBDUJPO 4VNT BOE %JGGFSFODFT . . . . . . . . . . . . 3BUJPOBM 'VODUJPOT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. .. .. .. .. . &TUJNBUJOH 'SBDUJPO 1SPEVDUT BOE 2VPUJFOUT . . . . "TZNQUPUFT PG 3BUJPOBM 'VODUJPOT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8PSE 1SPCMFNT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3BUJPOBM &RVBUJPOT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3BUJPOBM *OFRVBMJUJFT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3BEJDBM 'VODUJPOT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3BEJDBM &RVBUJPOT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3BEJDBM *OFRVBMJUJFT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1BUUFSOT 3FQFBUJOH 1BUUFSOT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8SJUJOH .PEFMT GPS 'VODUJPOT 5SJBOHVMBS BOE 4RVBSF /VNCFS 1BUUFSOT . . . . . . . . . . . . . $POTUBOU %JGGFSFODFT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (SPXJOH 1BUUFSOT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4FDPOE 0SEFS $POTUBOU %JGGFSFODFT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4ISJOLJOH 1BUUFSOT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5IJSE 0SEFS $POTUBOU %JGGFSFODFT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1BUUFSOT XJUI 5XP 0QFSBUJPOT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .PEFMT GPS &YQPOFOUJBM 'VODUJPOT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8PSE 1SPCMFNT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .PEFMT GPS 1PXFS 'VODUJPOT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1SPCMFN 4PMWJOH "OBMZ[JOH 'VODUJPOT 'PVS 4UFQ 1SPDFTT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $PNQPTJOH 'VODUJPOT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4USBUFHZ 8SJUF B /VNCFS 4FOUFODF . . . . . "EEJOH BOE 4VCUSBDUJOH 'VODUJPOT . . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . 4USBUFHZ %SBX B %JBHSBN . . . . . .VMUJQMZJOH 'VODUJPOT . . . . . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . 4USBUFHZ .BLF B 5BCMF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . %JWJEJOH 'VODUJPOT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4USBUFHZ -PPL GPS B 1BUUFSO . . . . 1JFDFXJTF 'VODUJPOT . . . . . . . . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . 4USBUFHZ (VFTT $IFDL BOE 3FWJTF . . . . 5SBOTMBUJOH 'VODUJPOT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . 4USBUFHZ 6TF -PHJDBM 3FBTPOJOH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4USFUDIJOH BOE $PNQSFTTJOH 'VODUJPOT . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4USBUFHZ 8PSL #BDLXBSET . . . . 3FGMFDUJOH 'VODUJPOT . . . . . . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . 4USBUFHZ 4PMWF B 4JNQMFS 1SPCMFN . . . . . *OWFSTFT PG -JOFBS 'VODUJPOT . . . . . . . . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . 4USBUFHZ .BLF BO 0SHBOJ[FE -JTU . . . . . *OWFSTFT PG /PO -JOFBS 'VODUJPOT . . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . 4USBUFHZ .BLF PS 6TF B (SBQI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1BSFOU 'VODUJPOT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

5BCMFT GPS /VNCFST BOE 0QFSBUJPOT . . 5BCMFT GPS "EWBODFE "MHFCSB . . . . . . . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .

9 1211

$POUFOUT $POUFOUT

/VNCFST BOE 0QFSBUJPOT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $BMDVMVT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Decimals 'SBDUJPOT BOE .JYFE Numbers -JNJUT BOE $POUJOVJUZ 1MBDF 7BMVF UP 5IPVTBOEUIT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *OUFHSBUJPO 'SBDUJPOTÂ&#x2030;1BSU PG B 8IPMF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ......... #BTJD "OUJEJGGFSFOUJBUJPO 5FDIOJRVFT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8IBU *T B -JNJU . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3FBEJOH BOE 8SJUJOH %FDJNBMT. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 'SBDUJPOTÂ&#x2030;1BSU PG B 4FU . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. ........ 3JFNBOO 4VNT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6TJOH 5BCMFT BOE (SBQIT UP 'JOE -JNJUT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $PNQBSJOH BOE 0SEFSJOH %FDJNBMT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *NQSPQFS 'SBDUJPOT BOE .JYFE /VNCFST . . . . . . . . . . . . 'VOEBNFOUBM 5IFPSFN PG $BMDVMVT $BMDVMBUJOH -JNJUT "MHFCSBJDBMMZ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3PVOEJOH %FDJNBMT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . &RVJWBMFOU 'SBDUJPOT . . . . . . .. .. .. .. .. .. ......... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ........ 5SJHPOPNFUSJD 3VMFT GPS *OUFHSBUJPO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -JNJUT PG *OEFUFSNJOBUF 'PSNT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "EEJOH %FDJNBMT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $PNQBSJOH BOE 0SEFSJOH 'SBDUJPOT BOE V 4VCTUJUVUJPO . . . . . . . . . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ......... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 4QFDJBM -JNJUT *OWPMWJOH 5SJHPOPNFUSJD 'VODUJPOT . . . . .JYFE /VNCFST . ........ 4VCUSBDUJOH %FDJNBMT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *OUFHSBUJPO CZ 1BSUT. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -FGU BOE 3JHIU )BOE -JNJUT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3PVOEJOH 'SBDUJPOT BOE .JYFE /VNCFST . . . . . . . . . . . . .VMUJQMZJOH %FDJNBMT CZ 8IPMF /VNCFST . . . . . . . . . . . . *OGJOJUF -JNJUT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "EEJOH 'SBDUJPOT XJUI -JLF %FOPNJOBUPST . . . . . . . . . . . .VMUJQMZJOH %FDJNBMT CZ %FDJNBMT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "QQMJDBUJPOT PG *OUFHSBMT -JNJU BOE 7FSUJDBM "TZNQUPUFT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "EEJOH 'SBDUJPOT XJUI 6OMJLF %FOPNJOBUPST . . . . . . . . %JWJEJOH %FDJNBMT CZ 8IPMF /VNCFST . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -JNJUT BOE &OE #FIBWJPS )PSJ[POUBM "TZNQUPUFT . . . . "SFB #FUXFFO 5XP $VSWFT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4VCUSBDUJOH 'SBDUJPOT XJUI -JLF %FOPNJOBUPST . . . . . . %JWJEJOH 8IPMF /VNCFST CZ %FDJNBMT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $POUJOVJUZ BU B 1PJOU . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4FDPOE 'VOEBNFOUBM 5IFPSFN PG $BMDVMVT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4VCUSBDUJOH 'SBDUJPOT XJUI 6OMJLF %FOPNJOBUPST %JWJEJOH %FDJNBMT CZ %FDJNBMT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $POUJOVJUZ PO BO *OUFSWBM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .FBO 7BMVF 5IFPSFN GPS *OUFHSBMT . . . . . . . . ..... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .VMUJQMZJOH 'SBDUJPOT CZ 'SBDUJPOT . ........ 8PSE 1SPCMFNT . . . . . . . . . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ......... .. .. .. .. .. .. . . . . . . *OUFSNFEJBUF 7BMVF 5IFPSFN . "WFSBHF 7BMVF PG B 'VODUJPO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .VMUJQMZJOH 8IPMF /VNCFST BOE 'SBDUJPOT . . . . . . . . . . .PUJPO "MPOH B -JOF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .VMUJQMZJOH .JYFE /VNCFST . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . /VNCFS 5IFPSy %FSJWBUJWFT 7PMVNF PG 4PMJET %JTL .FUIPE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . %JWJEJOH 'SBDUJPOT CZ 'SBDUJPOT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3BUJPOBM /VNCFST BOE /VNCFS 4FUT . . . . . . . 7PMVNF PG 4PMJET 8BTIFS BOE 4IFMM .FUIPE . . . . . . . . . %FGJOJUJPO PG B %FSJWBUJWF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ......... .. .. .. . . .. %JWJEJOH 'SBDUJPOT BOE 8IPMF /VNCFST . . . . . . . . . . . . . %FDJNBMT 'SBDUJPOT BOE 1FSDFOUT . . . . . . 7PMVNF PG 4PMJET 3FWPMVUJPO "CPVU B -JOF . . . . . . . . . . "QQSPYJNBUF 3BUF PG $IBOHF . . . . . . . . . .. .. .. ......... .. .. .. . . .. %JWJEJOH .JYFE /VNCFST . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . %JGGFSFOUJBCJMJUZ BOE $POUJOVJUZ . . . . . . . . . .. ......... .. .. .. . . .. 3BUJPOBM /VNCFST PO B /VNCFS -JOF . . . . . . 4PMJET XJUI ,OPXO $SPTT 4FDUJPOT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8PSE 1SPCMFNT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -PDBM -JOFBSJUZ. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $PNQBSJOH BOE 0SEFSJOH 3BUJPOBM /VNCFST . . . . . . . . . . $POTUBOU 4VN BOE %JGGFSFODF 3VMFT 1SJNF BOE $PNQPTJUF /VNCFST .. . .. .. .. ......... .. .. .. . . .. . . . . . . %JGGFSFOUJBM &RVBUJPOT 1PXFS 1SPEVDU BOE 2VPUJFOU 3VMFT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 'BDUPST . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . %JGGFSFOUJBM &RVBUJPOT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $IBJO 3VMF . .VMUJQMFT. .. .. .. .. .. .. ......... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ......... .. .. .. .. .. .. . . . . . . 4MPQF 'JFMET . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . %FSJWBUJWFT PG 5SJHPOPNFUSJD 'VODUJPOT . . . . . . . . . . . . . %JWJTJCJMJUZ 3VMFT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4FQBSBUJPO PG 7BSJBCMFT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . )JHIFS 0SEFS %FSJWBUJWFT &YQPOFOUT . . . . . . . . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ......... .. .. .. .. .. .. . . . . . . (SPXUI BOE %FDBZ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . %FSJWBUJWFT PG *OWFSTF 'VODUJPOT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1SJNF 'BDUPSJ[BUJPO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -PHBSJUINJD &YQPOFOUJBM BOE "QQMJDBUJPOT PG %FSJWBUJWFT 5SBOTDFOEFOUBM 'VODUPOT 3FMBUJPOTIJQT #FUXFFO G f â&#x20AC;² f â&#x20AC;³ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1PTJUJPO 7FMPDJUZ BOE "DDFMFSBUJPO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $VSWF 4LFUDIJOH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *NQMJDJU %JGGFSFOUJBUJPO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5BOHFOU BOE /PSNBM -JOFT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3FMBUFE 3BUFT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0QUJNJ[BUJPO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .FBO 7BMVF 5IFPSFN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . &YUSFNF 7BMVF 5IFPSFN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1212

%FSJWBUJWFT &YQPOFOUJBM 3VMF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . %FSJWBUJWFT -PHBSJUINJD 3VMF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . &YQPOFOUJBM *OUFHSBMT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -PHBSJUINJD *OUFHSBMT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *OWFSTF 5SJHPOPNFUSJD 'VODUJPOT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

5BCMFT GPS $BMDVMVT. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

4QFDJBM 'FBUVSFT 3BUJP BOE 1SPQPSUJPO

*O UIF 0UIFS #PPL

8SJUJOH BOE 4JNQMJGZJOH 3BUJPT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5BCMFT GPS 4UBUJTUJDT BOE 1SPCBCJMJUZ 8SJUJOH 3BUFT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... .. ... . . . &RVJWBMFOU 3BUJPT BOE 1SPQPSUJPOT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5BCMFT GPS "MHFCSB 4PMWJOH 1SPQPSUJPOT . ... .. ... .. ... .. ... .. ... .. ... .. ... .. ... .. ... .. ... . . . 4DBMF %SBXJOHT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8PSE 1SPCMFNT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . ... . ... . ... . . . 5BCMFT GPS "EWBODFE "MHFCSB .

1BUUFSOT 3FQFBUJOH 1BUUFSOT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5SJBOHVMBS BOE 4RVBSF /VNCFS 1BUUFSOT . . . . . . . . . . . . . .BUI T /FX .FUIPET (SPXJOH 1BUUFSOT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8IBU 1BSFOUT /FFE UP ,OPX 4ISJOLJOH 1BUUFSOT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... .. .. ... .. 1BUUFSOT XJUI 5XP 0QFSBUJPOT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 'PVOEBUJPOT PG 8PSE 1SPCMFNT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1FSDFOU 5BCMFT GPS $BMDVMVT. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1SPCMFN 4PMWJOH /VNCFST BOE 0QFSBUJPOT 'PVS 4UFQ 1SPDFTT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. .. . . 4USBUFHZ 8SJUF B /VNCFS 4FOUFODF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .FBTVSFNFOU 4USBUFHZ %SBX B %JBHSBN . . . . . . .. ... .. ... .. .. ... .. ... .. ... .. .. .. . . 4USBUFHZ .BLF B 5BCMF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (FPNFUSZ .. .. ... .. ... .. ..... .. ... .. ... .. ..... .. . . 4USBUFHZ -PPL GPS B 1BUUFSO . 4USBUFHZ (VFTT $IFDL BOE 3FWJTF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5SJHPOPNFUSZ . ... .. ..... .. ... .. ... .. ..... .. . . 4USBUFHZ 6TF -PHJDBM 3FBTPOJOH . . 4USBUFHZ 8PSL #BDLXBSET . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4USBUFHZ 4PMWF B 4JNQMFS 1SPCMFN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4USBUFHZ .BLF BO 0SHBOJ[FE -JTU . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4USBUFHZ .BLF PS 6TF B (SBQI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

.FBOJOH PG 1FSDFOUT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5BCMFT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 'JOEJOH UIF 1FSDFOU PG B 8IPMF /VNCFS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 'JOEJOH UIF 1FSDFOU 0OF /VNCFS *T PG "OPUIFS /VNCFS . . . (MPTTBSZ . . . . . . . ... .. ... .. ... .. ... .. ... .. ... .. ... .. ... .. ... .. ... .. ... . 'JOEJOH B /VNCFS 8IFO (JWFO B 1FSDFOU PG UIF /VNCFS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *OEFY. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1FSDFOUT < BOE > . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1FSDFOU *ODSFBTF BOE %FDSFBTF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4JNQMF *OUFSFTU . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $PNQPVOE *OUFSFTU . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8PSE 1SPCMFNT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

&TUJNBUF XJUI %FDJNBMT BOE 'SBDUJPOT &TUJNBUJOH UP 1SFEJDU PS $IFDL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . &TUJNBUJOH %FDJNBM 4VNT BOE %JGGFSFODFT . . . . . . . . . . . . &TUJNBUJOH %FDJNBM 1SPEVDUT BOE 2VPUJFOUT . . . . . . . . . . &TUJNBUJOH 'SBDUJPO 4VNT BOE %JGGFSFODFT . . . . . . . . . . . . &TUJNBUJOH 'SBDUJPO 1SPEVDUT BOE 2VPUJFOUT . . . . . . . . . . 8PSE 1SPCMFNT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

.BUIFNBUJDT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

5BCMFT GPS /VNCFST BOE 0QFSBUJPOT . . . . . . . . . .

1213

.BUI T /FX .FUIPET 8I BU 1B S FO U 4 O FFE U P ,O P 8

.BUI $VSSJDVMB BOE 1SPHSBNT 5P EBZ T * O T 5S V D 5*P OB M B QQS P B D I FT *O UPEBZ T NBUI DMBTT JU NBZ OPU

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4BYPO .BUI 5IF 4BYPO .BUI QSPHSBN XBT EFWFMPQFE CZ NBUI FEVDBUPS +PIO 4BYPO o *UT FNQIBTJT JT PO JODSFNFOUBM MFBSOJOH PG NBUI DPODFQUT 5IJT JODSFNFOUBM BQQSPBDI EJGGFST TJHOJGJDBOUMZ GSPN PUIFS NBUI QSPHSBNT *O NBOZ USBEJUJPOBM NBUI QSPHSBNT B DPODFQU JT JOUSPEVDFE QSBDUJDFE BOE BTTFTTFE JO B TQFDJGJFE CMPDL PG UJNF 0ODF TUVEFOUT BSF UFTUFE PO UIF DPODFQU UIF CMPDL JT GJOJTIFE BOE TUVEFOUT NPWF PO UP B OFX DPODFQU 4BYPO GFMU UIBU CJH NBUI DPODFQUT XFSF FBTJFS UP MFBSO BOE NBTUFS XIFO CSPLFO EPXO JOUP TNBMMFS DPODFQUT UIBU BSF JOUSPEVDFE TFQBSBUFMZ BOE SFWJFXFE DPOUJOVBMMZ 'PMMPXJOH UIJT BQQSPBDI UIF 4BYPO .BUI QSPHSBN JOUSPEVDFT B OFX DPODFQU FWFSZ EBZ 5IF DPODFQU JT QSBDUJDFE BOE SFWJFXFE DPOUJOVBMMZ UISPVHIPVU UIF ZFBS BOE JU JT FYQBOEFE PO JO TVCTFRVFOU MFTTPOT FOBCMJOH TUVEFOUT UP CVJME PO XIBU UIFZ LOPX Need More

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"O BMHPSJUIN JT B TUFQ CZ TUFQ QSPDFEVSF GPS QFSGPSNJOH B NBUI DPNQVUBUJPO

"O FYBNQMF JT 4BYPO T BQQSPBDI UP NVMUJQMJDBUJPO t 4UVEFOUT BSF JOUSPEVDFE UP NVMUJQMJDBUJPO BT SFQFBUFE BEEJUJPO BOE UIFO CZ NBLJOH B NVMUJQMJDBUJPO UBCMF t 5XP EBZT MBUFS UIFZ MFBSO IPX UP NVMUJQMZ CZ POF EJHJU OVNCFST 5IF NVMUJQMJDBUJPO DPODFQU SFBQQFBST B GFX MFTTPOT MBUFS XJUI BO FYQMBOBUJPO PO IPX UP NVMUJQMZ CZ NVMUJQMFT PG BOE t *O UIF OFYU BQQFBSBODF PG UIF DPODFQU TUVEFOUT MFBSO IPX UP NVMUJQMZ CZ UXP EJHJU OVNCFST BOE UIFO UISFF EJHJU OVNCFST t 8IFO UIF DPODFQU BQQFBST BHBJO TUVEFOUT MFBSO IPX UP NVMUJQMZ GSBDUJPOT t #Z UIF FOE PG UIF ZFBS TUVEFOUT BSF MFBSOJOH IPX UP NVMUJQMZ EFDJNBMT BOE NJYFE OVNCFST "MM BMPOH UIF XBZ TUVEFOUT BSF DPOUJOVBMMZ SFWJFXJOH BOE QSBDUJDJOH UIF NVMUJQMJDBUJPO DPODFQUT UIFZ WF BMSFBEZ MFBSOFE *O DPOUSBTU UP NBOZ PG UIF OFXFS JOTUSVDUJPOBM BQQSPBDIFT 4BYPO .BUI SFMJFT IFBWJMZ PO UIF USBEJUJPOBM PS TUBOEBSE BMHPSJUINT GPS UFBDIJOH UIF CBTJD PQFSBUJPOT PG BEEJUJPO TVCUSBDUJPO NVMUJQMJDBUJPO BOE EJWJTJPO

&WFSZEBZ .BUIFNBUJDT

4JOHBQPSF .BUI

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5IF UFSN i4JOHBQPSF NBUIw SFGFST UP B NBUI QSPHSBN EFWFMPQFE JO UIF FBSMZ T CZ UIF .JOJTUSZ PG &EVDBUJPO JO 4JOHBQPSF 5IJT QSPHSBN IBT TJODF CFFO SFWJTFE BOE FYQBOEFE *O JUT QSFTFOU GPSN 4JOHBQPSF NBUI BMJHOT XJUI UIF /BUJPOBM $PVODJM PG 5FBDIFST PG .BUIFNBUJDT /$5. QSJODJQMFT BOE TUBOEBSET .BUI JO 'PDVT 5IF 4JOHBQPSF "QQSPBDI JT UIF 6 4 FEJUJPO PG 4JOHBQPSF NBUI

"T XJUI USBEJUJPOBM NBUI QSPHSBNT TUVEFOUT PG &WFSZEBZ .BUIFNBUJDT DPNNPOMZ VTF BMHPSJUINT UP XPSL BSJUINFUJD QSPCMFNT #VU UIFTF BMHPSJUINT BSF OPU UIF TUBOEBSE BMHPSJUINT ZPV NBZ CF BDDVTUPNFE UP TFFJOH "T B QBSFOU JU JT JNQPSUBOU GPS ZPV UP VOEFSTUBOE UIFTF iOPO TUBOEBSEw BMHPSJUINT BOE UP CF BCMF UP TVQQPSU ZPVS DIJME JO BQQMZJOH UIFN 5IF GPMMPXJOH QBHFT QSFTFOU B CSJFG PWFSWJFX PG TPNF PG UIFTF QSPDFEVSFT

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5P SFWJFX CBTJD BEEJUJPO GBDUT HP UP "EEJUJPO 'BDUT JO 'PVOEBUJPOT PG .BUIFNBUJDT Q

BEE + "EE UIF IVOESFET + "EE UIF UFOT + "EE UIF POFT + "EE UIF QBSUJBM TVNT 5IF TVN PG BOE JT

XXX 48BEWBOUBHF DPN

+ +

5S Z *U This Way 5P TFF UXP PUIFS NFUIPET GPS BEEJOH + HP UP Example 5 on pageÂ 18 BOE &YBNQMF PO pageÂ 19.

"EEJUJPO

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5S Z *U This Way 5P TFF UXP PUIFS NFUIPET GPS BEEJOH + HP UP Example 3 on pageÂ 17 BOE &YBNQMF PO pageÂ 19.

"EE UIF EJHJUT JO FBDI QMBDF

)VOESFET +

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5SBEF UFOT GPS IVOESFE

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.BU I T O FX .FU I P E T X I BU 1B S FO U T O FFE U P ,O P X &Y "NQM &

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5SBEF POFT GPS UFO

5SBEF UFOT GPS IVOESFE

5P TFF TUFQ CZ TUFQ WJEFPT PG UIFTF QSPCMFNT FOUFS UIF QBHF OVNCFS JOUP UIF 48BEWBOUBHF DPN 4FBSDI #BS

5IF TVN PG BOE JT

0QQPTJUF $IBOHF "EEJUJPO 8IFO VTJOH UIF PQQPTJUF DIBOHF BEEJUJPO NFUIPd DIBOHF POF BEEFOE UP B OVNCFS UIBU FOET JO [FSP PS B TFSJFT PG [FSPT CZ BEEJOH PS TVCUSBDUJOH B OVNCFS /FYU DIBOHF UIF PUIFS BEEFOE VTJOH UIF TBNF OVNCFS CVU UIF PQQPTJUF PQFSBUJPO 5IFO BEE UIF SFTVMUJOH BEEFOET 5IF JEFB JT UP TJNQMJGZ B QSPCMFN UP SFEVDF UIF OVNCFS PG UJNFT ZPV OFFE UP SFHSPVQ &Y "NQM &

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5S Z *U This Way 5P TFF UXP PUIFS NFUIPET GPS BEEJOH + HP UP Example 3 on pageÂ 17 BOE &YBNQMF PO pageÂ 18.

.FU I 0E

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XXX 48BEWBOUBHF DPN

.VMUJQMJDBUJPO 1BSUJBM 1SPEVDUT Need More

HELP

5P SFWJFX CBTJD NVMUJQMJDBUJPO GBDUT HP UP .VMUJQMJDBUJPO 'BDUT JO 'PVOEBUJPOT PG .BUIFNBUJDT Q

8IFO VTJOH UIF QBSUJBM QSPEVDUT NVMUJQMJDBUJPO NFUIPd GJSTU CSFBL EPXO FBDI GBDUPS UP TIPX UIF WBMVF PG JUT EJHJUT 5IFO NVMUJQMZ FBDI QBSU PG POF GBDUPS CZ FBDI QBSU PG UIF PUIFS GBDUPS UP HFU UIF QBSUJBM QSPEVDU 'JOBMMZ BEE BMM PG UIF QBSUJBM QSPEVDUT FY B NQM E

.VMUJQMZ Ã&#x2014; 5IJOL + Ã&#x2014; +

.VMUJQMZ UFOT BOE UFO

Ã&#x2014; =

.VMUJQMZ UFOT BOE POFT

Ã&#x2014; =

.VMUJQMZ POFT BOE UFO

Ã&#x2014; =

.VMUJQMZ POFT BOE POFT

Ã&#x2014; =

"EE UIF QBSUJBM QSPEVDUT

+ + + =

5IF QSPEVDU PG BOE JT

FY B NQM E

.VMUJQMZ Ã&#x2014; 5IJOL + + Ã&#x2014; +

.VMUJQMZ IVOESFE BOE UFOT

Ã&#x2014; =

.VMUJQMZ IVOESFE BOE POFT

Ã&#x2014; =

.VMUJQMZ UFOT BOE UFOT

Ã&#x2014; =

.VMUJQMZ UFOT BOE POFT

Ã&#x2014; =

.VMUJQMZ POFT BOE UFOT

Ã&#x2014; =

.VMUJQMZ POFT BOE POFT

Ã&#x2014; =

"EE UIF QBSUJBM QSPEVDUT

+ + + + + =

5IF QSPEVDU PG BOE JT

.BU I T O FX .FU I P E T X I BU 1B S FO U T O FFE U P ,O P X

:PV DBO BMTP VTF B WFSUJDBM GPSNBU GPS UIF QBSUJBM QSPEVDUT NFUIPE BT TIPXO JO &YBNQMF BOE &YBNQMF CFMPX &Y "NQM &

.VMUJQMZ Ã&#x2014; 4U FQ 4U FQ

5IJOL + Ã&#x2014; +

8SJUF UIF QSPCMFN JO WFSUJDBM GPSNBU 5IFO NVMUJQMZ FBDI QBSU PG POF GBDUPS CZ FBDI QBSU PG UIF PUIFS GBDUPS

Ã&#x2014; = Ã&#x2014; = 420 Ã&#x2014; = Ã&#x2014; = 14 4U FQ

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62 Ã&#x2014;

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"EE UIF QBSUJBM QSPEVDUT + + + =

5IF QSPEVDU PG BOE JT

&Y "NQM &

.VMUJQMZ Ã&#x2014; 4U FQ 4U FQ

5IJOL + + Ã&#x2014; +

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Ã&#x2014; = Ã&#x2014; = 800 Ã&#x2014; = Ã&#x2014; = 120 Ã&#x2014; = 350 Ã&#x2014; = 20 4U FQ

â&#x2020;&#x2019; â&#x2020;&#x2019; â&#x2020;&#x2019; â&#x2020;&#x2019; â&#x2020;&#x2019; â&#x2020;&#x2019;

235 Ã&#x2014;

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"EE UIF QBSUJBM QSPEVDUT + + + + + =

5IF QSPEVDU PG BOE JT

XXX 48BEWBOUBHF DPN

.VMUJQMJDBUJPO

&HZQUJBO .VMUJQMJDBUJPO Need More

HELP

&HZQUJBO .VMUJQMJDBUJPO XBT EFWFMPQFE CZ UIF BODJFOU &HZQUJBOT BMUIPVHI UIFZ VTFE IJFSPHMZQIT SBUIFS UIBO OVNFSBMT *U JT WFSZ TJNJMBS UP BOPUIFS NFUIPE DBMMFE 3VTTJBO 1FBTBOU .VMUJQMJDBUJPO

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5S Z *U This Way

.VMUJQMZ Ã&#x2014; 45&1

:PV DBO XSJUF UIF GBDUPST JO BOZ PSEFS *O &YBNQMF ZPV DPVME XSJUF UIF QSPCMFN BT Ã&#x2014; BOE EPVCMF 'PS BOZ QSPCMFN MPPL BU UIF GBDUPST DBSFGVMMZ BOE EFDJEF XIJDI XJMM CF FBTJFTU UP EPVCMF 1MBDF UIBU GBDUPS PO UIFÂ SJHIU

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1 2 4 8 16 32

45&1

'JOE UXP OVNCFST JO UIF DPMVNO PO UIF MFGU XIPTF TVN JT 36. + = 'JOE UIF DPSSFTQPOEJOH OVNCFST JO UIF DPMVNO PO UIF SJHIU BOE

Ã&#x2014; 1 2 â&#x2020;&#x2019; 8 16 â&#x2020;&#x2019;

45&1

"EE UIF UXP OVNCFST JO UIF DPMVNO PO UIF SJHIU

+ =

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.BU I T O FX .FU I P E T X I BU 1B S FO U T O FFE U P ,O P X

-BUUJDF .VMUJQMJDBUJPO 5IF MBUUJDF NVMUJQMJDBUJPO NFUIPE VTFT B HSJE PG TRVBSFT XJUI FBDI TRVBSF EJWJEFE CZ B EJBHPOBM 5IF GBDUPST BSF QMBDFE BT GPMMPXT t 0OF GBDUPS JT XSJUUFO BMPOH UIF UPQ MFGU UP SJHIU XJUI B EJHJU BCPWF FBDI TRVBSF t 5IF PUIFS GBDUPS JT XSJUUFO BMPOH UIF SJHIU TJEF PG UIF HSJE GSPN UPQ UP CPUUPN XJUI B EJHJU UP UIF SJHIU PG FBDI TRVBSF .VMUJQMZ FBDI EJHJU JO POF GBDUPS CZ FBDI EJHJU JO UIF PUIFS GBDUPS 'PS FBDI QSPEVDU QMBDF UIF UFOT EJHJU BCPWF UIF EJBHPOBM BOE UIF POFT EJHJU CFMPX JU 5IFO BEE UIF EJHJUT BMPOH FBDI EJBHPOBM TUBSUJOH BU UIF CPUUPN SJHIU DPSOFS 1MBDF UIF TVN BU UIF CPUUPN PG FBDI EJBHPOBM PVUTJEF PG UIF HSJE *G OFDFTTBSZ DBSSZ UIF UFOT EJHJU UP UIF OFYU EJBHPOBM 3FBE UIF BOTXFS EPXO UIF MFGU TJEF BOE UIFO GSPN MFGU UP SJHIU BDSPTT UIF CPUUPN &Y "NQM &

.VMUJQMZ Ã&#x2014; 4U FQ

5S Z *U

1MBDF UIF NVMUJQMJDBUJPO PO B HSJE 'JSTU NVMUJQMZ Ã&#x2014; = 1MBDF UIF BCPWF UIF EJBHPOBM BOE UIF CFMPX UIF EJBHPOBM $POUJOVF NVMUJQMZJOH FBDI UJNF XSJUJOH UIF QBSUJBM QSPEVDU PO UIF HSJE

4U FQ

Ã&#x2014; =

This Way

Ã&#x2014; = "EE UIF QBSUJBM QSPEVDUT TUBSUJOH BU UIF CPUUPN SJHIU DPSOFS BOE NPWJOH MFGU *G ZPV FYUFOE UIF EJBHPOBM MJOFT ZPV DBO TFF UIF EJBHPOBMT CFUUFS

TU EJBHPOBM OE EJBHPOBM + + = SE EJBHPOBM + + + = 8SJUF JO UIF EJBHPOBM BOE QMBDF UIF UFO JO UIF OFYU EJBHPOBM UI EJBHPOBM + + + =

4&"3$)

5P TFF BOPUIFS NFUIPE GPS NVMUJQMZJOH Ã&#x2014; HP UP &YBNQMF PO QBHF

5P TFF TUFQ CZ TUFQ WJEFPT PG UIFTF QSPCMFNT FOUFS UIF QBHF OVNCFS JOUP UIF 48BEWBOUBHF DPN 4FBSDI #BS

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5IF QSPEVDU PG BOE JT

XXX 48BEWBOUBHF DPN

.VMUJQMJDBUJPO

-BUUJDF .FUIPE BOE (SJET 4PNFUJNFT MBUUJDF NVMUJQMJDBUJPO JT TIPXO VTJOH B HSJE GPS BMM PG UIF OVNCFST BT TIPXO JO &YBNQMF BOE &YBNQMF 5IF DFMMT PO UIF HSJE UIBU TIPX UIF QSPEVDUT NBZ IBWF B IFBWJFS CPSEFS PS UIFZ NBZ CF UJOUFE "MUIPVHI MBUUJDF TUZMFT NBZ EJGGFS TPNFXIBU UIF TUFQT GPS GJOEJOH UIF QSPEVDU SFNBJO UIF TBNF FY B NQM E

.VMUJQMZ Ã&#x2014; 4U FQ

1MBDF UIF NVMUJQMJDBUJPO PO B HSJE 'JSTU NVMUJQMZ Ã&#x2014; = 5IFSF BSF OP UFOT TP QMBDF B BCPWF UIF EJBHPOBM BOE UIF CFMPX UIF EJBHPOBM

$POUJOVF NVMUJQMZJOH FBDI UJNF XSJUJOH UIF QBSUJBM QSPEVDU PO UIF HSJE Ã&#x2014; =9

Ã&#x2014; =

Ã&#x2014; = 12

Ã&#x2014; =

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"EE UIF QBSUJBM QSPEVDUT TUBSUJOH BU UIF CPUUPN SJHIU DPSOFS BOE NPWJOH MFGU TU EJBHPOBM OE EJBHPOBM + + = 8SJUF JO UIF CPY BOE QMBDF UIF UFO JO UIF OFYU EJBHPOBM SE EJBHPOBM + + + = 8SJUF JO UIF CPY BOE QMBDF UIF UFO JO UIF OFYU EJBHPOBM

UI EJBHPOBM + + + = UI EJBHPOBM 4U FQ

'JOE UIF QSPEVDU 4UBSU XJUI UIF UPQ MFGU EJHJU PVUTJEF PG UIF HSJE .PWF EPXO BOE UIFO BDSPTT UIF CPUUPN PG UIF HSJE 8SJUF UIF EJHJUT JO PSEFS

5IF QSPEVDU PG BOE JT

.BU I T O FX .FU I P E T X I BU 1B S FO U T O FFE U P ,O P X &Y "NQM &

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'JSTU NVMUJQMZ FBDI EJHJU JO UIF GBDUPS CZ

/FYU NVMUJQMZ FBDI EJHJU CZ

5P TFF TUFQ CZ TUFQ WJEFPT PG UIFTF QSPCMFNT FOUFS UIF QBHF OVNCFS JOUP UIF 48BEWBOUBHF DPN 4FBSDI #BS

'JOBMMZ NVMUJQMZ FBDI EJHJU CZ

4U FQ

"EE UIF QBSUJBM QSPEVDUT TUBSUJOH BU UIF CPUUPN SJHIU DPSOFS BOE NPWJOH MFGU TU EJBHPOBM SE EJBHPOBM + + = 8SJUF JO UIF CPY BOE QMBDF UIF UFO JO UIF OFYU EJBHPOBM UI EJBHPOBM + + + + = 8SJUF JO UIF CPY BOE QMBDF UIF UFO JO UIF OFYU EJBHPOBM UI EJBHPOBM + + + = 8SJUF JO UIF CPY BOE QMBDF UIF UFO JO UIF OFYU EJBHPOBM

OE EJBHPOBM + + =

UI EJBHPOBM + + + = UI EJBHPOBM 4U FQ

'JOE UIF QSPEVDU 4UBSU XJUI UIF UPQ MFGU EJHJU PVUTJEF PG UIF HSJE .PWF EPXO BOE UIFO BDSPTT UIF CPUUPN PG UIF HSJE 8SJUF UIF EJHJUT JO PSEFS

5IF QSPEVDU PG BOE JT

XXX 48BEWBOUBHF DPN

8PSE 1SPCMFNT #PY .PEFMT Need More

HELP

'PS NPSF XPSE QSPCMFNT JOWPMWJOH XIPMF OVNCFST HP UP 8PSE 1SPCMFNT JO 'PVOEBUJPOT PG .BUIFNBUJDT Q

*O B CPY NPEFl UIF iCPYw JT B SFDUBOHVMBS CBS UIBU TIPXT UIF SFMBUJPOTIJQ CFUXFFO B LOPXO BOE BO VOLOPXO RVBOUJUZ 5IJT UZQF PG NPEFM DBO IFMQ ZPV WJTVBMJ[F XIBU PQFSBUJPO JT OFFEFE UP TPMWF B QSPCMFN 'PS NPSF DPNQMFY QSPCMFNT UXP PS NPSF CBST NBZ CF VTFE UP SFQSFTFOU UIF TJUVBUJPO FY B NQM E

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%BOJFM 4POZB

SPDLT SPDLT

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&Y "NQM &

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GFXFS

%FCPSB â&#x2C6;&#x2019; =

U GJSTU %FCPSB IBE " USBEJOH DBSET

C IPX NBOZ USBEJOH DBSET EP UIFZ CPUI IBWF OPX 5IF UPUBM OVNCFS PG DBSET JT + = 5IF DBSET BSF TIBSFE CFUXFFO -FF BOE %FCPSB "GUFS HJWJOH %FCPSB TPNF DBSET -FF IBT Ã&#x2014; BT NBOZ DBSET BT TIF IBT -FF DBSET %FCPSB

%FCPSB Ã· =

/PX -FF IBT DBSET BOE %FCPSB IBT DBSET

XXX 48BEWBOUBHF DPN

-FF = Ã&#x2014; =

5PUBM + =

$POUFOUT

(MPTTBSZ

/VNCFST BOE 0QFSBUJPOT . . . . . . . . . . . . . .adjacent . . . . . . . .arcs . . . . Q . . . . . . . . "SDT PG UIF TBNF DJSDMF UIBU . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "

TIBSF FYBDUMZ POF FOEQPJOU Decimals 'SBDUJPOT BOE .JYFE Numbers absolute maximum Q 5IF IJHIFTU QPJOU expression Q " NBUIFNBUJDBM 1MBDF 7BMVF UP 5IPVTBOEUIT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . algebraic 'SBDUJPOTÂ&#x2030;1BSU PG B 8IPMF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . PO B DMPTFE JOUFSWBM QISBTF UIBU DPOUBJOT POF PS NPSF OVNCFST POF 3FBEJOH BOE 8SJUJOH %FDJNBMT. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 'SBDUJPOTÂ&#x2030;1BSU PG B 4FU . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . PS NPSF WBSJBCMFT BOE POF PS NPSF BSJUINFUJD $PNQBSJOH BOE 0SEFSJOH %FDJNBMT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *NQSPQFS 'SBDUJPOT BOE .JYFE /VNCFST . . . . . . . . . . . . absolute minimum Q 5IF MPXFTU QPJOU PO PQFSBUJPOT 3PVOEJOH %FDJNBMT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . &RVJWBMFOU 'SBDUJPOT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B DMPTFE JOUFSWBM "EEJOH %FDJNBMT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . algebraic $PNQBSJOH BOE 0SEFSJOH 'SBDUJPOT BOE inequality Q " NBUIFNBUJDBM absolute value Q 5IF EJTUBODF PG B OVNCFS .JYFE /VNCFST . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4VCUSBDUJOH %FDJNBMT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . QISBTF UIBU DPOUBJOT BO JOFRVBMJUZ XJUI B WBSJBCMF GSPN [FSP PO B OVNCFS MJOF 3PVOEJOH 'SBDUJPOT BOE .JYFE /VNCFST . . . . . . . . . . . . .VMUJQMZJOH %FDJNBMT CZ 8IPMF /VNCFST . . . . . . . . . . . . exterior angles Q 5XP OPO . . . . . . . . . . . "EEJOH 'SBDUJPOT XJUI -JLF %FOPNJOBUPST .VMUJQMZJOH %FDJNBMT CZ %FDJNBMT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . alternate absolute value of a complex number Q

"EEJOH 'SBDUJPOT XJUI 6OMJLF %FOPNJOBUPST . . . . . . . . %JWJEJOH %FDJNBMT CZ 8IPMF /VNCFST . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . BEKBDFOU FYUFSJPS BOHMFT PO PQQPTJUF TJEFT PG B 5IF BCTPMVUF WBMVF PG B DPNQMFY OVNCFS B + CJ @@@@@@@ 4VCUSBDUJOH 'SBDUJPOT XJUI -JLF %FOPNJOBUPST . . . . . . %JWJEJOH 8IPMF /VNCFST CZ %FDJNBMT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . USBOTWFSTBM + C JT È¼ B%JWJEJOH %FDJNBMT CZ %FDJNBMT . 4VCUSBDUJOH 'SBDUJPOT XJUI 6OMJLF %FOPNJOBUPST . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . alternate interior angles QQ 5XP .VMUJQMZJOH 'SBDUJPOT CZ 'SBDUJPOT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . acre8PSE 1SPCMFNT Q " VOJU PG BSFB FRVBM UP TRVBSF OPO BEKBDFOU JOUFSJPS BOHMFT PO PQQPTJUF TJEFT PG .VMUJQMZJOH 8IPMF /VNCFST BOE 'SBDUJPOT . . . . . . . . . . GFFU aÂ tSBOTWFSTBM .VMUJQMZJOH .JYFE /VNCFST . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . /VNCFS 5IFPSy %JWJEJOH 'SBDUJPOT CZ 'SBDUJPOT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . acute angle QQ "O BOHMF XJUI 3BUJPOBM /VNCFST BOE /VNCFS 4FUT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . altitude of a triangle QQ 5IF %JWJEJOH 'SBDUJPOT BOE 8IPMF /VNCFST . . . . . . . . . . . . . NFBTVSF HSFBUFS UIBO Â¡ BOE MFTT UIBO Â¡ %FDJNBMT 'SBDUJPOT BOE 1FSDFOUT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . QFSQFOEJDVMBS EJTUBODF GSPN B WFSUFY UP UIF MJOF %JWJEJOH .JYFE /VNCFST . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3BUJPOBM /VNCFST PO B /VNCFS -JOF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . DPOUBJOJOH UIF TJEF PQQPTJUF UIBU WFSUFY acute triangle Q " USJBOHMF XJUI UISFF BDVUF 8PSE 1SPCMFNT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $PNQBSJOH BOE 0SEFSJOH 3BUJPOBM /VNCFST . . . . . . . . . . amplitude Q 5IF BCTPMVUF WBMVF PG IBMG UIF BOHMFT 1SJNF BOE $PNQPTJUF /VNCFST . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . EJGGFSFODF CFUXFFO UIF NBYJNVN BOE NJOJNVN add 'BDUPST or subtract . . . . . . .from . . . . . . a. .known . . . . . . . . fact . . . . . Q . . . . . . . . " XBZ . . . . . . . . . WBMVFT PG B USJHPOPNFUSJD GVODUJPO UP GJOE UIF QSPEVDU PG UXP OVNCFST .VMUJQMFT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . %JWJTJCJMJUZ 3VMFT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . angle QQ " GJHVSF GPSNFE CZ UXP SBZT addends Q 5IF OVNCFST UIBU BSF BEEFE UP &YQPOFOUT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XJUI B DPNNPO FOEQPJOU GPSN B TVN 1SJNF 'BDUPSJ[BUJPO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . angle bisector Q " SBZ UIBU EJWJEFT BO BOHMF addition QQ .BUIFNBUJDBM PQFSBUJPO JOUP UXP BEKBDFOU BOHMFT UIBU BSF DPOHSVFOU JO XIJDI UIF WBMVFT PG UXP PS NPSF OVNCFST BSF DPNCJOFE angle of depression Q 5IF BOHMF CFUXFFO B IPSJ[POUBM MJOF BOE UIF MJOF PG TJHIU GSPN BO addition method Q " NFUIPE PG TPMWJOH PCTFSWFS UP BO PCKFDU BU B MPXFS MFWFM B TZTUFN PG FRVBUJPOT UIBU JOWPMWFT BEEJOH UIF FRVBUJPOT UP FMJNJOBUF B WBSJBCMF angle of elevation Q 5IF BOHMF CFUXFFO B IPSJ[POUBM MJOF BOE UIF MJOF PG TJHIU GSPN BO additive identity Q 5IF OVNCFS [FSP UIF PCTFSWFS UP BO PCKFDU BU B IJHIFS MFWFM TVN PG [FSP BOE BOZ OVNCFS JT UIBU OVNCFS angle of rotation 4FF SPUBUJPO additive inverse Q 5IF PQQPTJUF PG B HJWFO OVNCFS angular velocity Q 5IF OVNCFS PG EFHSFFT SBEJBOT PS SFWPMVUJPOT QFS VOJU UJNF UISPVHI adjacent angles QQ $PQMBOBS BOHMFT XIJDI B QPJOU USBWFMT BMPOH B DJSDVMBS QBUI UIBU TIBSF POMZ BO FOEQPJOU BOE POF TJEF apothem Q 5IF EJTUBODF GSPN UIF DFOUFS UP B TJEF PG B SFHVMBS QPMZHPO 1168

arc Q 1BSU PG B DJSDMF CFUXFFO UXP QPJOUT PO B DJSDMF 3BUJP BOE 1SPQPSUJPO 8SJUJOH BOE 4JNQMJGZJOH 3BUJPT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . arc of a chord Q 5IF NJOPS BSD DVU PGG CZ B 8SJUJOH 3BUFT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . DIPSE PG B DJSDMF &RVJWBMFOU 3BUJPT BOE 1SPQPSUJPOT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4PMWJOH 1SPQPSUJPOT . . . . . . . .5IF TJ[F PG UIF TVSGBDF PG . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . area QQ 4DBMF %SBXJOHT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B GMBU GJHVSF PS TIBQF 8PSE 1SPCMFNT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

arithmetic pattern Q " QBUUFSO UIBU HSPXT XIFO UIF TBNF OVNCFS JT BEEFE UP FBDI 1FSDFOU TVCTFRVFOU UFSN .FBOJOH PG 1FSDFOUT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

'JOEJOH UIF 1FSDFOU PG B 8IPMF /VNCFS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . arithmetic sequence Q " TFRVFODF JO 'JOEJOH UIF 1FSDFOU 0OF /VNCFS *T PG XIJDI DPOTFDVUJWF UFSNT EJGGFS CZ B DPOTUBOU "OPUIFS /VNCFS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . BNPVOU E 'JOEJOH B /VNCFS 8IFO (JWFO B 1FSDFOU

PG UIF /VNCFS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

arithmetic series Q 5IF TVN PG UIF UFSNT 1FSDFOUT < BOE > . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . PG BO BSJUINFUJD TFRVFODF 1FSDFOU *ODSFBTF BOE %FDSFBTF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4JNQMF *OUFSFTU . . . . . . "O BSSBOHFNFOU PG PCKFDUT JO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . array QQ $PNQPVOE *OUFSFTU . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . SPXT BOE DPMVNOT XIFSF FBDI SPX IBT UIF TBNF 8PSE 1SPCMFNT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . OVNCFS PG PCKFDUT

&TUJNBUF XJUI %FDJNBMT BOE 'SBDUJPOT asymptote QQ " MJOF UIBU B HSBQI HFUT DMPTFS BOE DMPTFS UP CVU OFWFS UPVDIFT &TUJNBUJOH UP 1SFEJDU PS $IFDL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . PS DSPTTFT &TUJNBUJOH %FDJNBM 4VNT BOE %JGGFSFODFT . . . . . . . . . . . . &TUJNBUJOH %FDJNBM 1SPEVDUT BOE 2VPUJFOUT . . . . . . . . . . average value of a function Q &TUJNBUJOH 'SBDUJPO 4VNT BOE %JGGFSFODFT . . . .*G f . . . JT B . . . . . DPOUJOVPVT GVODUJPO PO <B C> UIFO UIF BWFSBHF &TUJNBUJOH 'SBDUJPO 1SPEVDUT BOE 2VPUJFOUT . . . . . . . . . . C WBMVF f D JT f D = . . . . . .â&#x2C6;« 8PSE 1SPCMFNT . . . . . . .â&#x20AC;&#x201D; . .B. f. Y EY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C â&#x2C6;&#x2019; B

axis of a cone Q 5IF MJOF TFHNFOU XIPTF FOEQPJOUT BSF UIF WFSUFY PG UIF DPOF BOE UIF DFOUFS PG UIF CBTF axis of revolution Q 5IF MJOF BCPVU XIJDI B UXP EJNFOTJPOBM GJHVSF SFWPMWFT UIBU SFTVMUT JO B UISFF EJNFOTJPOBM GJHVSF DBMMFE B TPMJE PG SFWPMVUJPO axis of symmetry QQ 5IF MJOF UIBU DBO CF ESBXO UISPVHI B QBSBCPMB TP UIBU POF TJEF PG UIF QBSBCPMB JT B SFGMFDUJPO PG UIF PUIFS *U JT QFSQFOEJDVMBS UP UIF EJSFDUSJY BOE QBTTFT UISPVHI UIF GPDVT

1BUUFSOT 3FQFBUJOH 1BUUFSOT . . . . . . . . . . . " HSBQI UIBU VTFT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . bar graph QQ 5SJBOHVMBS BOE 4RVBSF /VNCFS 1BUUFSOT . . . . . . . . . . . . . IPSJ[POUBM PS WFSUJDBM CBST UP EJTQMBZ EBUB JO (SPXJOH 1BUUFSOT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . DBUFHPSJFT 4ISJOLJOH 1BUUFSOT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1BUUFSOT XJUI 5XP 0QFSBUJPOT . . . . . . . . . . .&BDI QBJS PG . . . . . . . . . . . base angles of a trapezoid . Q 8PSE 1SPCMFNT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . BOHMFT UIBU MJF PO UIF TBNF CBTF PG B USBQF[PJE

base angles of an isosceles triangle Q 5IF 1SPCMFN 4PMWJOH UXP BOHMFT BEKBDFOU UP UIF CBTF PG BO JTPTDFMFT 'PVS 4UFQ 1SPDFTT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . USJBOHMF 4USBUFHZ 8SJUF B /VNCFS 4FOUFODF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4USBUFHZ %SBX B %JBHSBN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . base design Q " ESBXJOH UIBU TIPXT UIF 4USBUFHZ .BLF B 5BCMF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . CBTF PG B GJHVSF NBEF PG DVCFT BOE UIF OVNCFS PG 4USBUFHZ -PPL GPS B 1BUUFSO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . DVCFT JO FBDI QPTJUJPO 4USBUFHZ (VFTT $IFDL BOE 3FWJTF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4USBUFHZ 6TF -PHJDBM 3FBTPOJOH . . . . . ." OVNCFS UIBU JT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . base of a power QQ 4USBUFHZ 8PSL #BDLXBSET . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . VTFE BT B GBDUPS B HJWFO OVNCFS PG UJNFT 4USBUFHZ 4PMWF B 4JNQMFS 1SPCMFN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . base of an isosceles triangle Q 4USBUFHZ .BLF BO 0SHBOJ[FE -JTU . . . . . . . . . . .5IF TJEF UIBU . . . . . . . . . 4USBUFHZ .BLF PS 6TF B (SBQI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . JT OPU B MFH PS BOZ TJEF JG UIF USJBOHMF JT FRVJMBUFSBM base(s) of a geometric figure 4FF DPOF DZMJOEFS 5BCMFT GPS /VNCFST BOE 0QFSBUJPOT . . . . . . . . . . QSJTN QZSBNJE USBQF[PJE benchmark Q " SFGFSFODF OVNCFS TVDI BT â&#x20AC;&#x201D; BOE UP XIJDI PUIFS OVNCFST BSF DPNQBSFE

biased sample Q " TBNQMF UIBU PWFSSFQSFTFOUT PS VOEFSSFQSFTFOUT TPNF QBSU PG UIeÂ pPQVMBUJPO biconditional statement Q " TUBUFNFOU PG UIF GPSN Q JG BOE POMZ JG R Q JT USVF JG BOE POMZ JG R JT USVF binomial QQ " QPMZOPNJBM UIBU IBT UXP UFSNT binomial coefficient Q 5IF GPSNVMB GPS O O JUFNT UBLFO L BU B UJNF O$L = â&#x20AC;&#x201D; L O â&#x2C6;&#x2019; L

binomial experiment Q "O FYQFSJNFOU UIBU IBT FYBDUMZ UXP QPTTJCMF PVUDPNFT POF PG XIJDI JT DBMMFE B TVDDFTT

9 XXX 48BEWBOUBHF DPN

1169

$POUFOUT

4ZNCPMT

/VNCFST BOE 0QFSBUJPOT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

'PVOEBUJPOT PG .BUIFNBUJDT

Decimals JT HSFBUFS UIBO < 1MBDF 7BMVF UP 5IPVTBOEUIT . JT MFTT UIBO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . = 3FBEJOH BOE 8SJUJOH %FDJNBMT. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . JT FRVBM UP Â¡ EFHSFFT PG BO BOHMF $PNQBSJOH BOE 0SEFSJOH %FDJNBMT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + BEEJUJPO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3PVOEJOH %FDJNBMT â&#x2C6;&#x2019; TVCUSBDUJPO "EEJOH %FDJNBMT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ã&#x2014; NVMUJQMJDBUJPO 4VCUSBDUJOH %FDJNBMT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ã· EJWJTJPO .VMUJQMZJOH %FDJNBMT CZ 8IPMF /VNCFST . . . . . . . . . . . . EJWJTJPO .VMUJQMZJOH %FDJNBMT CZ %FDJNBMT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . FYQPOFOU QPXFS PG UFO %JWJEJOH %FDJNBMT CZ 8IPMF /VNCFST . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Â·

NVMUJQMJDBUJPO %JWJEJOH 8IPMF /VNCFST CZ %FDJNBMT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . JT QBSBMMFM UP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . â&#x160;¥ %JWJEJOH %FDJNBMT CZ %FDJNBMT . JT QFSQFOEJDVMBS UP @@@ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "# 8PSE 1SPCMFNT MJOF TFHNFOU "# >

@@@

MFOHUI PG "#

k@@l

MJOF "# AB /VNCFS 5IFPSy

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . SBZ "# AB 3BUJPOBM /VNCFST BOE /VNCFS 4FUT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . â&#x2C6; " %FDJNBMT 'SBDUJPOT BOE 1FSDFOUT BOHMF " 3BUJPOBM /VNCFST PO B /VNCFS -JOF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Â¡ EFHSFFT SJHIU BOHMF TZNCPM $PNQBSJOH BOE 0SEFSJOH 3BUJPOBM /VNCFST . . . . . . . . . . UBMMZ NBSL 1SJNF BOE $PNQPTJUF /VNCFST . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 'BDUPST . . . . .QFSDFOU . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .VMUJQMFT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . %JWJTJCJMJUZ 3VMFT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . /VNCFST BOE 0QFSBUJPOT &YQPOFOUT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Â· EFDJNBM QPJOU 1SJNF 'BDUPSJ[BUJPO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . @@l

HSFBUFS UIBO

< =

MFTT UIBO

FRVBM UP

SFBM OVNCFST

SBUJPOBM OVNCFST

;

JOUFHFST OVNCFST

XIPMF OVNCFST

/ @@ É&#x201E;

OBUVSBM OVNCFST

TRVBSF SPPU

SFQFBUJOH EFDJNBM

FYQPOFOU

â&#x20AC;&#x201D; B

SFDJQSPDBM

B C â&#x20AC;&#x201D; C

SBUJP

QFSDFOU

BOE TP PO

1128

.FBTVSFNFOU

'SBDUJPOT BOEEFHSFFT 'BISFOIFJU .JYFE Numbers Â¡$ 'SBDUJPOTÂ&#x2030;1BSU PG B 8IPMF EFHSFFT $FMTJVT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........ Ï&#x20AC; 'SBDUJPOTÂ&#x2030;1BSU PG B 4FU QJ â&#x20AC;&#x201D; BCPVU ............................ . . . ........ â&#x2030;&#x2C6; *NQSPQFS 'SBDUJPOT BOE .JYFE /VNCFST . JT BQQSPYJNBUFMZ FRVBM UP &RVJWBMFOU 'SBDUJPOT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $PNQBSJOH BOE 0SEFSJOH 'SBDUJPOT BOE (FPNFUSZ .JYFE /VNCFST . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . â&#x2020;&#x2019; 3PVOEJOH 'SBDUJPOT BOE .JYFE /VNCFST . . .......... NBQT JOUP OPU Q â&#x2C6;¼Q "EEJOH 'SBDUJPOT XJUI -JLF %FOPNJOBUPST . . . ........ "EEJOH 'SBDUJPOT XJUI 6OMJLF %FOPNJOBUPST JG BOE POMZ JG . . . . . . . . 4VCUSBDUJOH 'SBDUJPOT XJUI -JLF %FOPNJOBUPST JT DPOHSVFOU UP . . . . . . â&#x2C6; 4VCUSBDUJOH 'SBDUJPOT XJUI 6OMJLF %FOPNJOBUPST BOHMF . . . . Â¡ EFHSFFT .VMUJQMZJOH 'SBDUJPOT CZ 'SBDUJPOT . . . . . . . . . . ........ Nâ&#x2C6; $ NFBTVSF PG BOHMF $ .VMUJQMZJOH 8IPMF /VNCFST BOE 'SBDUJPOT . . . . . . . . . . JT QBSBMMFM UP k@@l .VMUJQMZJOH .JYFE /VNCFST . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . AB MJOF "# %JWJEJOH 'SBDUJPOT CZ 'SBDUJPOT . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........ â&#x160;¥ JT QFSQFOEJDVMBS UP ............ @@@ %JWJEJOH 'SBDUJPOT BOE 8IPMF /VNCFST . @@@ "# "# MJOF TFHNFOU "# MFOHUI PG "# %JWJEJOH .JYFE /VNCFST . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........ BSD "# AB 8PSE 1SPCMFNT .................................... Â¡'

DJSDMF "

"#$

USJBOHMF "#$

JT TJNJMBS UP

"â&#x20AC;²

JNBHF PG " " primeÂ

5SJHPOPNFUSZ â&#x20AC;² â&#x20AC;³

NJOVUFT TFDPOET

%.4

EFHSFFT NJOVUFT TFDPOET

TJO "

TJOF PG â&#x2C6; "

DPT "

DPTJOF PG â&#x2C6; "

UBO "

UBOHFOU PG â&#x2C6; "

Î¸

UIFUB BOHMF NFBTVSF

DTD "

DPTFDBOU PG â&#x2C6; "

TFD "

TFDBOU PG â&#x2C6; "

DPU "

DPUBOHFOU PG â&#x2C6; "

JOWFSTF TJOF

â&#x2C6;&#x2019;

TJO Y â&#x2C6;&#x2019;

DPT Y

JOWFSTF DPTJOF

UBO â&#x2C6;&#x2019; Y

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QSPCBCJMJUZ PG UIF FWFOU 8SJUJOH BOE 4JNQMJGZJOH 3BUJPT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . O GBDUPSJBM 8SJUJOH 3BUFT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . O1 S QFSNVUBUJPOT &RVJWBMFOU 3BUJPT BOE 1SPQPSUJPOT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . O$ S DPNCJOBUJPOT 4PMWJOH 1SPQPSUJPOT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4DBMF %SBXJOHT . UBMMZ NBSL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8PSE 1SPCMFNT . TUFN BOE MFBG QMPU LFZ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . â&#x2C6;&#x2C6;

FMFNFOU PG B TFU

â&#x160;&#x201A; TVCTFU 1FSDFOU â&#x2C6;© JOUFSTFDUJPO PG B TFU .FBOJOH PG 1FSDFOUT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . â&#x2C6;ª VOJPO PG B TFU 'JOEJOH UIF 1FSDFOU PG B 8IPMF /VNCFS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . â&#x2C6;¼ DPNQMFNFOU PG B TFU 'JOEJOH UIF 1FSDFOU 0OF /VNCFS *T PG @ Y NFBO PG B TFU "OPUIFS /VNCFS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . â&#x2C6;&#x2018; TJHNB TVNNBUJPO 'JOEJOH B /VNCFS 8IFO (JWFO B 1FSDFOU Ï&#x192; PG UIF /VNCFS . MPXFSDBTF TJHNB . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Î¼ NV NFBO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1FSDFOUT < BOE > . . QÂ&#x192; 1FSDFOU *ODSFBTF BOE %FDSFBTF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . TBNQMF QSPQPSUJPO z 4JNQMF *OUFSFTU . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [ TDPSF D $PNQPVOE *OUFSFTU . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 # "

QSPCBCJMJUZ PG FWFOU # HJWFO FWFOU " 8PSE 1SPCMFNT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

"MHFCSB &TUJNBUF XJUI %FDJNBMT BOE 'SBDUJPOT ]B] BCTPMVUF WBMVF PG B &TUJNBUJOH UP 1SFEJDU PS $IFDL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . PQQPTJUF PG Y â&#x2C6;&#x2019;Y &TUJNBUJOH %FDJNBM 4VNT BOE %JGGFSFODFT . . . . . . . . . . . . C B B = CBTF C = FYQPOFOU &TUJNBUJOH %FDJNBM 1SPEVDUT BOE 2VPUJFOUT . . . . . . . . . . @@ É&#x201E; QSJODJQBM TRVBSF SPPU B &TUJNBUJOH 'SBDUJPO 4VNT BOE %JGGFSFODFT . . . . . . . . . . . . Â± QMVT PS NJOVT &TUJNBUJOH 'SBDUJPO 1SPEVDUT BOE 2VPUJFOUT . . . . . . . . . . \ ^ 8PSE 1SPCMFNT . TFU OPUBUJPO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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1BUUFSOT Y Z [

PSEFSFE USJQMF 3FQFBUJOH 1BUUFSOT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . NBUSJY N SPXT O DPMVNOT N Ã&#x2014; O 5SJBOHVMBS BOE 4RVBSF /VNCFS 1BUUFSOT . . . . . . . . . . . . . B C (SPXJOH 1BUUFSOT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . NBUSJY D E 4ISJOLJOH 1BUUFSOT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . EFU .

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"SFB A 4VSGBDF "SFB SA % "SFB A 4VSGBDF "SFB SA

" = â&#x20AC;&#x201D; d d

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E JT MFOHUI PG PUIFS EJBHPOBM

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" = Ï&#x20AC;S

EJBNFUFS JVT EJVT SBE SB

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S JT MFOHUI PG UIF SBEJVT

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$VCF

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F JT MFOHUI PG FBDI FEHF $VCF

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1 JT QFSJNFUFS PG UIF CBTF 3FDUBOHVMBS 1SJTN I JT IFJHIU 1 JT QFSJNFUFS PG UIF CBTF # JT BSFB PG UIF CBTF I JT IFJHIU

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# #

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1145

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O @@@ @@@@@@ O >O = [ Yâ&#x2020;&#x2019;D MJN MJN <G Y O G Y ] Yâ&#x2020;&#x2019;D M JN G Y MJN G Y > Yâ&#x2020;&#x2019;D MJN É&#x201E;G Y = É&#x201E;Yâ&#x2020;&#x2019;D JG Yâ&#x2020;&#x2019;D

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'PS %FSJWBUJWF 3VMFT TFF UIF UBCMF PG %FSJWBUJWFT PO UIF OFYU QBHF PS HP UP QBHFT BOE GPS DPOTUBOU TVN EJGGFSFODF QPXFS 'PS %FSJWBUJWF 3VMFT TFF UIF UBCMF PG %FSJWBUJWFT PO UIF OFYU QBHF QSPEVDU BOE RVPUJFOU SVMFT PS HP UP QBHFT BOE GPS DPOTUBOU TVN EJGGFSFODF QPXFS 'PS *OUFHSBM 3VMFT TFF UIF UBCMF PG *OUFHSBMT PO UIF OFYU QBHF PS HP QSPEVDU BOE RVPUJFOU SVMFT UP QBHF GPS DPOTUBOU DPOTUBOU NVMUJQMJFS TVN EJGGFSFODF BOE 'PS *OUFHSBM 3VMFT TFF UIF UBCMF PG *OUFHSBMT PO UIF OFYU QBHF PS HP QPXFS SVMFT UP QBHF GPS DPOTUBOU DPOTUBOU NVMUJQMJFS TVN EJGGFSFODF BOE QPXFS SVMFT

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O @ O @@ BOE GPS D > XIFO O JT FWFO MJN É&#x201E;Y = É&#x201E;D GPS BMM D XIFO O JT PEE Yâ&#x2020;&#x2019;D

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= G Yâ&#x2020;&#x2019;D MJN G Y = G - *G MJN H Y = - BOE ( Yâ&#x2020;&#x2019;D Yâ&#x2020;&#x2019;D

MJN H Y ) = G - UIFO G H Y

= G (Yâ&#x2020;&#x2019;D

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Bâ&#x2020;&#x2019;

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C G â&#x20AC;² D = â&#x20AC;&#x201D; C C G Y EY â&#x2C6;&#x2019; â&#x2C6;« H Y EY = â&#x2C6;« <G Y â&#x2C6;&#x2019; H Y >EY " = â&#x2C6;« C â&#x2C6;&#x2019; B C

Y = ' C â&#x2C6;&#x2019; ' B

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C â&#x2C6;« G Y EY = G D C â&#x2C6;&#x2019; B

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1166

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1166

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1167

Southwestern Advantage

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Science

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Table of Contents MATH Math’s New Methods

Saxon, Chicago/Everyday, Singapore

Foundations of Math Numbers and Operations Arithmetic, Fractions, Decimals, Ratio & Percent

Measurement Geometry Trigonometry Formulas & Equations Statistics and Probability Algebra Advanced Algebra Calculus SOCIAL STUDIES & LANGUAGE ARTS US History Canadian History Government Economics World History Geography Grammar Writing and Research Vocabulary Reading Speaking Literature Foreign Verb Conjugations

1002-SouthwesternAdvantage.indd 1

SCIENCE Scientific Methods Biology Chemistry Earth Science Ecology Physics Space Science TOPIC SOURCE (including web access)

People Places Wars Animals History Science Writing Research Papers HONORS (including AP Tests DVD) English Language US History English Literature Calculus AB US Gov’t & Politics Biology, Calculus AB, Calculus BC, Chemistry, English Language, English Literature, Psychology, Statistics, US Government & Politics, US History.

)PX UP 6TF 4PVUIXFTUFSO "EWBOUBHF )PX UP 6TF 5IJT #PPL This book has been designed so that information can be accessed easily. Science has been divided into six â&#x20AC;&#x153;strandsâ&#x20AC;?: Biology; Chemistry; Earth Science; Ecology; Physics; and Space Science. Each strand is then divided into smaller units. The first navigational tool is the detailed, colorcoded Table of Contents. The contents pages also indicate separately where the special features of the book can be found, such as the Table of Physics Formulas and Constants and the Space Science time line. Next, above the heading on the right-hand text pages, you will see color bars that tell you exactly where you are in the book. The bar that extends all the way to the edge of the page is the color of the unit you are in; the other bar denotes the strand you are in. The strand color is repeated in a tab at the bottom of the page. When the book is closed, you can tell at a glance where each strand and unit begins and ends. When the book is open, headings on the pages also help to tell you exactly where you are in the book, for example, the Life section of Biology.

#*0-0(: BIOLOGY $)&.*453: CHEMISTRY &"35) 4$*&/$& EARTH SCIENCE

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An integral part ofÂ Southwestern Advantage is the accompanying Web site. Organized by subject areas, it is a comprehensive suite of online study helps, additional in-depth subject matter, tips for parents, and coaching for students on how to get better atÂ life.

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4DJFOUJGJD .FUIPE Scientists use a number of methods in making discoveries and in developing theories. Most scientific research involves some or all of these methods. They include the following:

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0CTFSWJOH /BUVSF Observing nature is one of the oldest scientific methods. For example, the ancient Egyptians and Babylonians studied the motions of heavenly bodies and so learned to predict the changes of seasons and the best times to plant and harvest crops. In the 1830s, Charles Darwin carefully observed plants and animals in many parts of the world while serving as a naturalist with a British scientific expedition aboard the H.M.S. #FBHMF Study of the specimens collected on the voyage helped Darwin develop his theory that modern species had evolved from a few earlier ones. (See pages 36â&#x20AC;&#x201C;39.)

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The relationships among observed facts can be revealed through the classification of data. In the mid1800s, Dmitri Mendeleev, a Russian chemist, classified the elements into families or groups in a chart called the QFSJPEJD UBCMF On the table, elements with similar properties appeared at regular intervals. Gaps in the table indicated elements that were not yet known. Scientists later proved the importance of Mendeleevâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s systematic classification when they discovered the existence and chemical properties of new elements that filled the gaps. (See pages 320â&#x20AC;&#x201C;323.)

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Scientists use logic to draw conclusions from existing information. In the late 1800s, a German physicist named Wilhelm Wien studied the relationship between temperature and the energy radiated by heated solids and liquids. After studying many specific examples, he noted that multiplying the temperature of a heated solid or liquid by the wavelength of greatest intensity radiated at that temperature always produced the same number. Although Wien could not test all solids and liquids, he used inductive reasoning (reasoning from specific cases to a general rule) to conclude that this number was a universal constant which was the same for all heated solids and liquids, regardless of their physical or chemical makeup.

Conducting experiments is one of the most important tools in developing and testing scientific theories. The Italian astronomer and physicist Galileo was one of the first scientists to recognize that systematic experimentation could help reveal the laws of nature. During the late 1500s, Galileo began performing carefully designed experiments to study the basic properties of matter in motion. By rolling balls of different weights down inclined planes, Galileo discovered that all objects fall to the ground with the same acceleration (rate of increase in speed), unless air resistance or some other force slows them down.

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4DJFOUJGJD .FUIPE 'PSNJOH B )ZQPUIFTJT A IZQPUIFTJT is a proposed explanation for a scientific question. Forming a hypothesis requires talent, skill, and creativity. Scientists base their proposed explanations on existing information. They strive to form hypotheses that help explain, order, or unify related facts. They then use experimentation and other means to test their hypotheses. The discovery of the planet Neptune in the mid1800s resulted from the formation of a hypothesis. Astronomers noticed that Uranus, which they thought was the most distant planet, was not always in the position predicted for it by the laws of gravitation and motion. Some astronomers concluded that the laws did not hold at such great distances from the sun. But other astronomers hypothesized that the force of gravity from an unknown planet might cause the variations in the orbit of Uranus. By calculating where such a planet would have to be located to affect the orbit, astronomers eventually discovered Neptune. (See page 932.)

&YQSFTTJOH 'JOEJOHT .BUIFNBUJDBMMZ Expressing findings mathematically can yield valuable insights about how the world works. Galileo used mathematics to express the results of his experiments with falling bodies and to enable him to determine the distance an object would fall in a certain amount of time. The English scientist Sir Isaac Newton developed a mathematical theory of gravitation in the 1600s that explained many types of motion, both on Earth and throughout the universe. (See pages 762â&#x20AC;&#x201C;763.)

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.PEFMJOH XJUI $PNQVUFST Modeling with computers helps scientists quickly analyze large amounts of data. A NPEFM is a set of mathematical equations that describes relationships between data. In the past, scientists computed these equations on paper or with a calculator. Many models were too difficult or time-consuming to attempt. But the development of highly powerful computers in the late 1970s enabled scientists to formulate complex models at great speeds. Using computer models, scientists can easily vary data to test scientific hypotheses. This use of a model is known as TJNVMBUJPO Scientists commonly simulate experiments that would be impossible to carry out in a laboratory. For example, meteorologists simulate the development of thunderstorms to test how changes in atmospheric pressure affect cloud movement. An engineer may simulate an airplaneâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s flight to find ways of improving its design. Simulations are also used to predict voting results, population growth, and stock market prices.

&6 3&, " In the early 1900s, the German-born physicist Albert Einstein found that mass is related to energy by the mathematical equation E=mc2. The equation states that energy (E) is equivalent to mass (m) multiplied by the speed of light squared (c2). This equation later provided the basis for the development of nuclear energy. (See page 853.)

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.JUPTJT WT .FJPTJT 4FDUJPO 4QSFBE .JUPTJT All eukaryotic cells except the sex cells divide through the duplication of the nucleus with its DNA and chromosomes. This process is called mitosis. The time between cell divisions is called JOUFSQIBTF Mitosis then takes place in four phases: QSPQIBTF NFUBQIBTF BOBQIBTF and UFMPQIBTF

*OUFSQIBTF The cell grows and carries out its regular functions. Each cell begins to grow to mature size. Each chromosome duplicates itself to form identical sister chromatids. The DNA is duplicated and proteins are synthesized. The cell becomes ready to divide and interphase ends.

1SPQIBTF The chromosomes condense or coil into short, thick structures. The nuclear membrane breaks down and disappears. The centrioles migrate to opposite regions of the cell, forming two poles. A football-shaped structure, the spindle, made of tubelike fibers, then forms between the poles.

.FUBQIBTF The double-stranded chromosomes migrate to the center of the cell, apparently pushed or pulled along by the spindle fibers.

"OBQIBTF The sister chromatids separate from each other. Each daughter chromosome, as they are now called, migrates toward opposite poles.

5FMPQIBTF The daughter chromosomes are at opposite poles of the spindle, and the spindle starts to break down. The individual chromosomes become thinner and longer. The nuclear membrane re-forms around each set of chromosomes. $ZUPLJOFTJT the division of the cytoplasm, usually begins during telophase. A furrow or groove appears in the membrane of animal cells and a cell plate forms in plant cells. In animal cells, the furrow curves inward until a complete membrane separates the two daughter cells. In plant cells, the plate expands until a wall is formed that separates the two cells. A new interphase then begins in each daughter cell.

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'JSTU .FJPUJD %JWJTJPO Each chromosome has duplicated itself. Each replicated chromosome seeks out its sister. The duplicated chromosomes pair up, forming a four-stranded group called a tetrad. Exchange of genetic material may happen at this time. As tetrads are forming, the nuclear membrane is breaking down and spindle fibers are forming. The tetrads migrate toward the center and line up randomly. Complete chromosomes gather at each pole and the cytoplasm divides either by furrowing or forming a cell plate. Each new cell now has half the chromosome number of its species. Humans, for example, have 46 chromosomes, so each gamete has 23 chromosomes after the first division.

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#JPMPHZ (MPTTBSZ BEFOJOF one of two major purines (nitrogen-contain-

CSBJO TUFN the part of the brain that contains vital

ing bases) found in both RNA and DNA. Also found in various free nucleotides, for example, adenosine triphosphate (ATP).

reflex centers that help to control heart rate, blood pressure, and respiration; connects the spinal cord to the forebrain.

BEFOPTJOF EJQIPTQIBUF "%1 a compound of

DBMZY the outermost portion of the flower; consists

adenosine and two phosphate groups, formed from adenosine triphosphate in the muscles.

of leaflike sepals, which are usually green and closely resemble small leaves.

BEFOPTJOF USJQIPTQIBUF "51 an enzyme found

DBSCPIZESBUFT water-soluble sugars; provide the

in all cells, especially muscle cells; a compound of adenosine and three phosphate groups.

main source of energy for the body.

DBSQFMT or pistils, make up the female reproductive

BMMFMF different forms of the same gene; may be dominant or recessive.

structure of a plant; develop the egg and ultimately a fertile seed.

BOBMPHPVT features of living things that have similar

DFMM the basic unit of all life; cells are self-reproduc-

functions but do not share a common origin.

ing, with new cells arising by cell division.

BOHJPTQFSN the flowering plants; seed-bearing plants that are the dominant and most varied division of plants on Earth today.

DFOUSJPMFT a pair of small, rodlike bodies in a cell that assist in the distribution of the chromosomes during the process of cell reproduction.

BOUJCJPUJDT substances produced by some molds

DFSFCFMMVN the part of the brain that aids in main-

that weaken or destroy bacteria and other organisms that cause disease.

taining body balance and coordination of muscle movement; located below the back part of the cerebrum.

BOUJCPEJFT protein substances produced by white

DFSFCSVN the largest portion of the brain; consists

blood cells that specifically bind to a single foreign antigen, neutralizing or destroying the invading microorganisms in the bloodstream.

of two large lobes, on the right and left sides of the brain.

BSDIBFB a group of single-celled organisms that

DIFNJDBM FWPMVUJPO theory that simple organic

make up one of the three basic divisions of life; rank among the oldest forms of life on Earth.

compounds formed naturally early in Earthâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s history and combined to form the complex structures associated with living things.

BTFYVBM SFQSPEVDUJPO the formation of new organisms from parts of a single organism; organisms that form through asexual reproduction have the same exact DNA structure as their parent.

DIPMFTUFSPM a sterol; fatlike substance found in

BVYJOT the prime growth-promoting hormones in

animal fats and oils, nerve tissue, bile, blood, and egg yolk; a normal constituent of bile, also produced in the liver.

plants.

DISPNBUJO substance found in the cell nucleus,

CBDUFSJB single-celled plantlike microorganisms

where it forms chromosomes; made up of DNA and proteins.

lacking chlorophyll; consist of single cells that are rodshaped, spherical, or spiral.

DISPNPTPNFT threadlike structures in the cells of

so that it can open and close.

organisms that carry the hereditary information of the organism.

CPUBOZ the study of plants, including their structure,

DMBEJTUJD TZTUFNBUJDT system of animal classifi-

CJWBMWF a mollusk with a shell that is hinged together

life processes, historical origins, geographic distribution, economic uses, and roles in the ecosystem.

304

cation based on how long ago two species shared a common ancestor.

GLOSSARY # *0-0( :

DPMMBHFO an insoluble protein that accounts for about

EPNJOBOU a gene which expresses itself when paired

30 percent of total body protein; found in the white fibers of connective tissue, cartilage, and bone.

with either a recessive or another dominant allele.

petals, which are often the most ornamental part of the flower; may secrete nectar.

EPSNBODZ a control mechanism in seed plants that keeps the seed in a state of suspended animation until the time of the year in which its chances for survival are best.

DPSUFY botany, plant tissue that forms the bulk of

FHH a female gamete.

stems, roots, leaves, and fruits; biology, the outer layer of an internal organ.

FNCSZP a stage in prenatal development; in humans, it includes the period from the second through the eighth week.

DPSPMMB organ of a flower; consists of the flowerâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s

DSFBUJPOJTN a set of beliefs based on the idea that a Supreme Being brought into existence Earth and all its life through a direct act of creation.

FOEFNJD describes infectious diseases that are

DZUPLJOFTJT division of the cytoplasm of a cell

FO[ZNFT proteins that act as biochemical catalysts;

which begins during telophase and leads to cell division.

DZUPQMBTN the cell material between the outer

always present in a particular region. speed up the chemical reactions of life; they help digest food, produce energy, and assist in building other proteins.

membrane and the nucleus; contains the organelles that perform many of the vital functions of the cell.

FQJEFNJD an unusually contagious illness that

DZUPTJOF a pyrimidine base found in nucleic acids;

FQJEFSNJT cuticle, or outer layer, of the skin; con-

an essential constituent of both RNA and DNA.

EFDPNQPTFS an organism, such as bacteria or fungi, that feeds on the dead remains of organisms and organic waste.

EFPYZSJCPOVDMFJD BDJE %/" the substance of which genes are made; a double-stranded macromolecule, located in the nucleus of eukaryotic (plant and animal) cells and in the organelles, mitochondria, and chloroplasts; often referred to as the genetic code. EJBUPNT single-celled algae; among the living things that comprise plankton.

EJDPU group of flowering plants containing two cotyledons, or seed leaves; includes oaks, maples, beeches, willows, mustards, roses, poppies, and mints.

EJffVTJPO the movement of a substance from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.

EJHFTUJPO the process by which food is broken

sweeps through a community or an entire continent. sists of four layers of skin, the stratum corneum being the outermost.

FVEJDPU group of flowering plants containing two cotyledons, or seed leaves.

FVLBSZPUJD means having a true nucleus. All multicellular animals and plants consist of eukaryotic cells, as do the fungi and some unicellular organisms. FWPMVUJPO scientific theory that states that all living things developed naturally from simple organisms over millions of years.

GFSUJMJ[BUJPO the process by which sperm and egg unite during reproduction.

fiYFE BDUJPO QBUUFSOT unvarying patterns of behavior exhibited by some animals in response to specific environmental conditions. flBWPOPJET substances in plants that are the basic

down, mechanically and chemically, and is converted into absorbable forms, in the gastrointestinal tract.

building blocks of many pigments; play a role in coloring flowers and in attracting insects that carry out pollination.

EJQMPJE having a homologous pair of chromosomes

GM XFS the part of a plant that produces the seeds.

for each characteristic except sex, the total number of chromosomes being twice that of a gamete.

XXX 48BEWBOUBHF DPN

305

"UPNT All matter is made up of BUPNT An atom is the smallest particle of an element that can exhibit the properties of that element. An atom is incredibly tinyâ&#x20AC;&#x201D;more than a million times smaller than the thickness of a human hair.

1BSUT PG BO "UPN A Greek philosopher named Democritus who lived in the fifth century BC pondered what would happen if a grain of sand were split again and again. He believed that ultimately one tiny piece would be left which could not be broken. He called these tiniest pieces of matter atomos, the Greek term for â&#x20AC;&#x153;unbreakable.â&#x20AC;? Although unable to confirm his hypothesis at the time by experimentation, Democritus was correct. Atoms are the smallest bit of a element that can exist. They are not the smallest particles, though. Atoms consist of TVCBUPNJD QBSUJDMFT

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6.94

9.01

23.00

24.31

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Magnesium

39.10

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91.22

92.91

95.94

98.91

Rubidium

Strontium

Yttrium

Zirconium

Niobium

Molybdenum

Technetium

3 4+

102.91

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Rhodium

183.85

186.2

190.2

192.2

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Hafnium

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Iridium

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106

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Seaborgium

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Bohrium

144.24

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Cerium

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(227)

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232.04

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231.04

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238.03

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(145)

6+ 4+

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237.05

108

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140.91

107

140.12

105

138.9

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109

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151.96

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88.91

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107.87

112.40

114.82

118.69

121.75

127.60

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196.97

200.59

204.37

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Lead

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114

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112

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115

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111

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162.50

164.93

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168.93

173.04

174.97

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100

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101

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102

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323

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325

AN ALPHABETICAL GUIDE TO THE ELEMENTS

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Unlike the periodic table of elements, which groups elements according to properties, this is an alphabetical listing of all currently known

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&BSUI 4DJFODF (MPTTBSZ BB flowing lava that is cool enough to have partially solidified; and moves as a slow, pasty mass. BJS NBTT a large body of air with uniform temperature and humidity.

BMMVWJBM GBO fan-shaped accumulation of sediment

DMBTUJD SPDL sedimentary rock formed from grains of sediment that have been pressed and cemented together. DMFBWBHF the ability of some minerals to break along smooth, flat planes.

that forms where a stream emerges from a narrow mountain canyon onto a flat plain.

DMJNBUF the average weather in a specific place over a long period of time.

BOUJDMJOF a fold or folds of rock layers that slope upward to form a crest.

DPOEFOTBUJPO the process in which water changes

BRVJGFS a body of saturated rock or sediment

DPOJGFS any of a group of trees and shrubs that bear

through which water can move easily.

cones.

BTUIFOPTQIFSF the thick layer of Earth’s mantle

DPOUJOFOUBM ESJGU the slow movement of large landmasses over Earth’s surface, caused by pressure that shifts them over the asthenosphere.

that lies under the lithosphere, thought to consist of a thick slush of partially melted rocks and minerals.

BUNPTQIFSF the envelope of gases that surrounds Earth; three gases essential to life on Earth—oxygen, nitrogen, and carbon dioxide—make up 99 percent of the atmosphere. BWBMBODIF a powerful, rapid rock slide. CBS a visible ridge of sand or gravel deposited in the middle or along the banks of a stream.

CFE MPBE the heavy sediment that travels on or near the bottom of a stream.

DBMEFSB a volcanic crater larger than 0.6 kilometers (about 0.4 miles) in diameter, produced when a violent volcanic eruption completely destroys the upper part of a volcanic cone.

DBMJDIF a layer of calcium carbonate that forms in soil in dry regions over 100,000 to 500,000 years.

$BNCSJBO &YQMPTJPO the dramatic increase in the variety of life found on Earth during the Cambrian period. DIFNJDBM XFBUIFSJOH the process by which rocks decay and decompose, and are eventually changed into substances with different chemical compositions and physical properties.

from a vapor to a liquid or a solid.

DPOWFDUJPO the movement of air from areas of high pressure to areas of low pressure.

DSFTU the highest part of a wave. DSVTU the relatively thin, brittle outer layer of Earth. DSZTUBM GPSN the distinctive geometric form of a mineral.

DZDMPOF a storm or winds that blow around in a spiral toward a calm center of low pressure, which also moves.

EFGPSNBUJPO the process by which plate movements cause horizontal layers of sedimentary rock to become tilted, folded, or cracked.

EFMUB body of accumulating sediment that forms at the mouth of a stream or river, where it flows into a lake or ocean.

EFOESPDISPOPMPHZ the study of tree rings to establish the ages of fossils and environmental conditions in the past.

EFOTJUZ a physical quality that reflects how tightly the atoms in a substance are packed.

EFX QPJOU the air temperature at which water condenses from vapor into liquid.

582

GLOSSARY &"35) 4$*&/$&

EJTTPMWFE MPBE mineral particles that dissolve within the water of a stream.

GPTTJM the remains or traces of prehistoric plants and

EPMESVNT the belt of light winds around the equator

GSPOU the boundary that forms when a warm air mass

characterized by frequent thunderstorms or squalls. The doldrums are located between the trade winds of the Northern and Southern hemispheres.

and a cool air mass meet.

FBSUIRVBLF a sudden, strong trembling, or shaking, of the ground, usually occurring as a result of the movement of tectonic plates.

FMFDUSPNBHOFUJD SBEJBUJPO energy from space that consists of waves of electricity and magnetism.

animals, usually preserved in sedimentary rock.

GSPTU XFEHJOH the process by which a rock splits after water freezes and expands in a joint, prying the rock apart.

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and history.

&M /JĂ&#x2014;P a periodic ocean current of warm water that

HFPTZODMJOF an elongated, downward curve of

flows south from Ecuador down the coasts of Peru and Chile, causing a decline in plankton, fish, and birds.

Earthâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s crust.

FRVBUPS an imaginary circle around the center of Earth, halfway between the North Pole and the South Pole.

FSPTJPO the removal of rock particles from exposed bedrock or topsoil by the impact of water, wind, or ice. Erosion is also the result of the impact on the landscape of rock particles carried by water, wind, or ice.

FWBQPSBUJPO the process by which water changes from a liquid into a vapor.

FWBQPSJUF a mineral that is deposited when water evaporates.

GBVMU a crack in Earthâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s crust that occurs at the boundary between two lithospheric plates.

flPPEQMBJO a broad strip of land built up by sediment deposited on both sides of a stream channel.

GPMET wavelike features in rock layers that resemble ocean waves. GPMJBUJPO a parallel arrangement of flaky and needlelike minerals characteristic of some metamorphic rock.

XXX 48BEWBOUBHF DPN

HFPUIFSNBM HSBEJFOU the regular pattern of temperature increase from Earthâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s crust inward toward the core. HFZTFS spring that erupts columns of water into the air at certain times.

HMBDJFST huge masses of ice that flow due to gravity and currently cover about 10 percent of Earthâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s total land area.

(14 the Global Positioning System, a worldwide navigation system that uses radio signals broadcast by satellites to pinpoint locations.

HSBWJUZ the force by which objects are attracted to one another.

HSPVOEXBUFS water that lies beneath Earthâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s surface, filling the cracks, crevices, and pores of rocks.

HZSFT enormous circular patterns made by winddriven ocean currents.

IBMG MJGF the amount of time it takes for half the atoms of an element to decay. IJTUPSJDBM HFPMPHZ the study of changes that have occurred in Earthâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s structure and appearance.

583

&OFSHZ T 0OF 8BZ 1BUI *OJUJBM &OFSHZ 'MPX In ecosystems, the source of almost all energy is sunlight, and only green plants, algae, and certain microscopic organisms are equipped to utilize it.

1IPUPTZOUIFTJT The mechanism by which green plants use solar energy is known as photosynthesis. The presence of the green pigment chlorophyll permits capture of energy from the sun and storage of that energy in the chemical bonds of glucose. Through further use of sunlight energy, molecules of glucose are broken down and linked with other chemicals. This results in the formation of the various carbohydrates, proteins, vitamins, and other substances that constitute the body of a plant. (See also pages 134â&#x20AC;&#x201C;135.)

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Some water accumulates on the surface of the ground and returns to the atmosphere through evaporation.

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Much water moves through the soil and runs into underground channels.

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In heavy rains, or when the soil is soaked, water may run off the surface and again be lost.

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Some water that enters the soil becomes bound to soil compounds and unavailable to plants. The water held in the soil provides not only the water but also the dissolved chemicals necessary for plant life. Only part of the solution that enters the plant roots is taken into the plant cells. The rest is lost through the leaves in the process of transpiration. From plants, the water is transferred to animals. Eventually, all of the water used by plants and animals returns to the soil or goes directly into the atmosphere SPPUT BCTPSC to begin another cycle. (See also XBUFS pages 538â&#x20AC;&#x201C;539.)

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Food chains provide pathways for mineral nutrients. From soil, fresh water, or saltwater, minerals can be taken up by green plants and introduced into food chains. Mineral nutrient flow is cyclical; the same atom or molecule may move from plant to animal, from animal to microorganism, and from microbe back to plant. When returned to the soil, it is taken up once again by some other plant. The supply of mineral nutrients in the soil is not limitless. There must be a continuing turnover of these materials if an area is to continue to support life. When soil nutrients are scarce, new growth depends on the decay of dead plants and animals. Organisms such as earthworms process great amounts of plant litter through their bodies. Their actions accelerate decomposition and make available the materials required for new growth. When the cycle is interrupted for any reason, the soil may become infertile.

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&DPMPHZ (MPTTBSZ BCJPUJD GBDUPST the nonliving aspects of an environment, such as water, soil minerals, and atmospheric gases.

DPNQFUJUJPO the simultaneous demand by different

BDJE SBJO rain and other precipitation that is polluted

DPOJGFSPVT a type of tree that bears cones.

by acids, particularly sulfuric acid and nitric acid.

BRVJGFST underground formations filled with groundwater.

CJPNF a major type of ecosystem; each type of biome shares common characteristics; biomes are scattered worldwide.

CJPUJD GBDUPST the living aspects of an environment, such as producer organisms, consumer organisms, and reducer organisms.

CJPUJD QPUFOUJBM the inherent capacity or maximum rate at which a population could increase under the best of conditions. DBSCPO EJPYJEF a colorless, odorless gas. It occurs in the atmospheres of many planets, including that of Earth. On Earth, all green plants must get carbon dioxide from the atmosphere to live and grow. Carbon dioxide is also created by the burning of any substance that contains carbon. Such substances include coal, gasoline, and wood.

DBSCPO NPOPYJEF a toxic gas produced by any process that involves the incomplete combustion of carbon-containing compounds; it is primarily emitted in the exhausts of gasoline-powered vehicles.

DBSOJWPSF an animal that feeds mainly on meat. DIMPSPGMVP PDBSCPOT $'$T a family of synthetic, nontoxic chemicals used as refrigerants, solvents, aerosol propellants, and so on. Highly volatile, they are not destroyed in the lower atmosphere but drift into the upper atmosphere, where their chlorine atoms destroy ozone.

DMJNBUF the weather of a place averaged over time. DPNNFSDJBM FOFSHZ power that is produced by businesses and governments to be sold to the public. DPNNVOJUZ in ecology, a group of animals or plants living together; any group of mutually related organisms.

746

organisms for food, places for habitation, and other vital factors.

DPOTFSWBUJPO the protection and improvement of natural resources such as forests and fossil fuels.

DPOTVNFS in ecology, an organism in an ecosystem that does not obtain its energy directly, but acquires it secondhand from energy stored in green plants. Primary consumers feed directly on plants. Secondary consumers feed on other animals and thus receive their energy after it has been processed by two or more organisms.

%%5 EJDIMPSPEJQIFOZMUSJDIMPSP FUIBOF the first chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticide. It is quite persistent in the environment and causes harm as it accumulates in food chains. Its use in the United States has been restricted since 1972.

EFDJEVPVT a type of tree that sheds its leaves each autumn.

EFDPNQPTFS organisms that decay and decompose organic matter by feeding on the remains of dead plants and animals; reducer organisms. Mainly bacteria and fungi.

EFTBMJOJ[BUJPO the process of extracting fresh water from seawater.

EFTFSU a dry region where evaporation exceeds rainfall.

EFFQ XFMM JOKFDUJPO the practice of disposing of hazardous fluid wastes by injecting them into rock formations hundreds of feet below Earthâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s surface.

EJTQFSTBM in ecology, the process by which members of a population spread out into unknown territory; helps to maintain a stable population.

EPNFTUJDBUJPO the transformation of animals or plants from wild to tame.

GLOSSARY &$0-0( :

FDPTZTUFN a system made up of a group of living

HSFFOIPVTF FffFDU the absorption by gases in the

organisms and its physical environment, and the relationship between them.

atmosphere of heat energy radiated from Earthâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s surface, causing the atmosphere to become warmer.

FOEBOHFSFE TQFDJFT living creatures threatened

HSFFOIPVTF HBTFT gases in Earthâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s atmosphere

with extinction.

FQJQIZUFT plants that grow attached to larger plants without deriving nourishment from the hosts.

FTUVBSZ a water passage where the tide meets a river current.

FUIJDT the study of the standards of right and wrong. FYUJODUJPO a state that occurs when every member of a species has died. Mass extinctions, or events in which large numbers of species suddenly become extinct, have occurred several times in Earthâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s history.

GBMMPVU radioactive material or other polluting particles that fall out of the atmosphere in dust or precipitation.

GM DDVMBOUT chemicals used in water treatment processes to improve the sedimentation or filterability of small particles. GPPE DIBJO the pathways along which energy is transferred from one organism to another; a group of interrelated organisms; each member of the group feeds upon the one below it and is in turn eaten by the organism above it.

that absorb heat from the surface. The primary greenhouse gases are carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, and chlorofluorocarbons, or CFCs.

HSPVOEXBUFS fresh water under the surface of Earth that fills aquifers and moves between soil particles and rock, supplying wells and springs. It is susceptible to contamination by leaching agricultural and industrial pollutants, by substances from leaking underground storage tanks, and so on.

IBCJUBU the kind of place in which an organism usually lives. A single habitat may satisfy the needs of many different types of organisms.

IBMG MJGF a measure of radioactivity, different for each element or isotope, defined as the average time it takes for half the atoms of a sample to undergo radioactive decay. Half-lives vary from trillions of years to fractions of seconds. For example, the half-life of samarium-152 is 1,012 years; that of polonium-212 is 3 Ă&#x2014; 10â&#x2C6;&#x2019;7 seconds.

IB[BSEPVT XBTUFT wastes that may cause illness or death or pose other threats to human health or that may harm the environment.

GPPE XFC a group of interrelated food chains in an

IFSCJWPSF an animal that feeds on plants.

ecosystem.

IZESPDBSCPOT compounds in fossil fuels such as

GPTTJM GVFMT coal, oil, and natural gas formed from

petroleum, natural gas, and coal that contain carbon and hydrogen; may be carcinogenic.

the remains of organisms that lived millions of years ago.

IZESPQPOJDT the growing of plants without soil,

electrical energy.

by the use of water containing the necessary mineral nutrients.

HFOPUPYJOT pollutants that interfere with cell

JODJOFSBUJPO the destruction of waste products by

GVFM DFMM a device that converts chemical energy to

reproduction.

fire in furnaces.

HMPCBM XBSNJOH an increase in the average

JOUFSDSPQQJOH an agricultural technique in which two or more crops are grown side by side in alternating rows in combinations that increase soil fertility and crop yields.

temperature at Earthâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s surface. People often use the term global warming to refer specifically to the warming observed since the mid-1800s. Global surface temperatures have risen chiefly because of a process called the greenhouse effect.

XXX 48BEWBOUBHF DPN

747

4FDUJPO 4QSFBE ENERGY, in physics, is a quantity

'PSNT PG &OFSHZ

related to work. Energy has many forms. For example, you use mechanical energy to toss a ball. Heat energy warms a room. Electric

Energy, the capacity for doing work, can exist in many forms. Two forms of energy are fundamental.

energy makes a lightbulb glow. And chemical

â&#x20AC;˘ QPUFOUJBM the energy an object or particle has due

energy provides the driving force for an automobile.

to its position

â&#x20AC;˘ LJOFUJD energy of motion

An object can posses both potential and kinetic energy at the same time. (See also pages 312â&#x20AC;&#x201C;313.)

1PUFOUJBM &OFSHZ 1PUFOUJBM FOFSHZ is the energy a body possesses by virtue of its location. Water in a reservoir, or a weight lifted to an elevated position, has potential energy that can be converted by a machine into a more desirable or convenient form. Gravitational potential energy is the most common form. Since Earthâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s gravity attracts all bodies, work is required to move an object farther away from the center of the earth. The physical work done to move the object represents energy that is then â&#x20AC;&#x153;storedâ&#x20AC;? in the object due to its farther distance from the center of gravity of Earth. Some other forms of potential energy include chemical potential energy which is energy contained in chemical bonds, and electrical potential energy. which is energy due to the relative position of two electrically charged objects. Frequently the symbol 6 is used to represent forms of potential energy.

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max potential energy = max kinetic energy

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,JOFUJD FOFSHZ involves motion. A bird in flight, a spinning wheel, and a speeding car all possess kinetic energy. The amount of work done to bring a moving object to rest, or the work required to produce the velocity at which the body moves, is a measure of its kinetic energy. Often the symbol ,& is used to represent kinetic energy.

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&OFSHZ $POWFSTJPO Energy can be converted from one form into another form. For example, a coal-burning power plant converts chemical energy to electric energy. The following description of that process will help you understand various forms of energy and how they can be converted.

The coal has potential energy in the form of chemical energy. That energy is stored in electrons of atoms that make up molecules in the coal. (Not pictured.)

When the coal burns, its molecules change as bonds break and other bonds form. As the molecules change, electrons release energy, which is immediately converted to heat energy. The hotter an object, the greater the kinetic energy of its atoms and molecules.

In the power plant, the molecular changes that occur when the coal burns create hot gases. In the next stage of the process, heat energy in the gases changes to heat energy in the metal that makes up a boiler, then to heat energy in molecules of water inside the boiler. As the water molecules absorb heat energy, they move more and more rapidly. Eventually, they move so rapidly that water turns to steam.

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The steam flows from the boiler through pipes to a device known as a steam turbine. The turbine has several wheels with fanlike blades. The steam rushes through the blades, pushing against them and thereby spinning the wheels. In this stage, heat energy of the steam is converted to mechanical energy of the turbine.

The turbine is connected to a machine called an electric generator. The generator converts mechanical energy of the spinning turbine to electric energy. That energy is partly kinetic and partly potential.

XXX 48BEWBOUBHF DPN

757

.PUJPO .PUJPO is a change of position in space. Moving things surround us. When we catch a ball or safely cross a busy street, we use our understanding of motion. Physicists study motion to better understand the world.

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'JSTU -BX PG .PUJPO Newtonâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s first law is known

All motion is relative. That means that an object can only be described as moving or stationary in relation to another object. On an airplane in flight, for example, two passengers sitting in their seats are moving rapidly relative to the ground. But they are stationary relative to each other. This concept, called SFMBUJWJUZ, presents special challenges to our understanding of motion.

as the principle of inertia. *OFSUJB is the tendency of an object to continue moving if it is moving and to remain motionless if it is at rest. Newtonâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s first law has two important parts.

In the 1600s, the relationship of force to motion was described in three laws formulated by Sir Isaac Newton. These laws can help us understand the kinds of motion we see every day.

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A body at rest remains at rest unless acted on by an outside force.

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A body in motion continues to move at constant speed along a straight line unless acted on by an outside force.

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762

force acting on an object produces an acceleration equal to the force divided by the mass of the object. This relationship is usually written as the equation ' NB, where ' is the force, N is the objectâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s mass, and B is the acceleration.

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"DDFMFSBUJPO JODSFBTFT XJUI GPSDF Imagine two people pulling two identical wagons. If one person exerts more force, that personâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s wagon will accelerate more. (See pages 764â&#x20AC;&#x201C;765.)

MECHANICS 1):4*$4

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"DDFMFSBUJPO EFDSFBTFT XJUI NBTT Imagine two people using the same amount of force to pull two identical wagons. One wagon is empty. The other is loaded with rocks. The full wagon will accelerate less than the empty wagon because the full wagon has more mass.

5IJSE -BX PG .PUJPO The third law states that for every action or force, there is an equal and opposite reaction or force. For example, rockets take off by expelling gases. The downward motion of the gases creates a reaction of the rocket upward. The reaction helps it overcome gravity and fly into space. In the case of Earth, the planet tugs at the sun in reaction to the sunâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s pulling on it. But because the sun has much more mass than Earth does, the sun accelerates little in response.

'SJDUJPO Many kinds of motion we encounter every day are more complicated. Imagine, for example, rolling a ball across the ground. Newtonâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s first law states that an object in motion will continue moving unless acted on by an outside force. However, we know from experience that the ball will eventually slow down and stop. According to Newtonâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s laws, some force must have acted on the ball. Physicists call this force GSJDUJPO. Friction occurs when one surface moves over another. As the ball rolls, its outer surface rubs against the ground. This rubbing generates a force of friction that slows the ballâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s movement. The effects of friction complicated early efforts to understand motion. Newton developed his laws by studying planets. The planets experience almost no friction as they move through nearly empty space. Friction is the reason why

â&#x20AC;¢ â&#x20AC;¢ â&#x20AC;¢

the tires of a car grip the road. a conveyor belt turns on pulleys without slipping.

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ice is more slippery than concrete.

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763

8PSL 8PSL, in physics, is a result of a force moving an object through a distance against a resistance. Work is a word used to describe many things in everyday life. People go to work, they do yard work, or they even work through problems. In physics, though, two specific factors define work:

â&#x20AC;˘ â&#x20AC;˘

the amount of force applied and the displacement an object achieves as it moves.

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For example:

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A truck does not perform work when it holds a load of bricks.

â&#x20AC;˘

A truck does perform work when it moves the same load up a hill.

â&#x20AC;˘

People do work when lifting, pushing, or sliding an object from one place to another.

â&#x20AC;˘

They do no work when holding an object without moving it, even though they may become tired.

Work occurs only when the force is sufficient to move the object. (See pages 764â&#x20AC;&#x201C;765.) If the object does not move, no work is done. In other words, work is a measure of what is done, not the effort applied in attempting to move the object.

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8PSL &OFSHZ 5IFPSFN When someone goes shopping at a grocery store, they often grab a shopping cart in which to put their groceries. The shopping cart is initially sitting at rest with a velocity of 0 m/s, then as a force is applied the cart begins to move. It accelerates from rest, so its velocity is no longer zero. Work is definitely done on the cart because it achieves a displacement while force is applied. When work is done, then the kinetic energy of the cart must change as it accelerates. This relationship between work and kinetic energy is called the Work-Energy Theorem.

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8PSL is done on the shopping cart as the man changes the cartâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s velocity which changes its kinetic energy.

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8 = Ä&#x203A;,& , where 8 refers to the total work done by all forces acting on an object, and Ä&#x203A;,& represents the change in kinetic energy of the object.

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Sometimes work is done quickly, like when an elevator is rapidly tugged upwards in a tall building. Work can also be done slowly, such as pushing a large piece of furniture across a room. The rate at which work is done is called power. Power is how much work is done or how much energy changes per unit of time. W P= _t where 1 stands for power, 8 for work, and U for time. Power is typically measured in watts but can also be measured in horsepower. A task requires the same amount of work or energy whether it is done quickly or slowly. But the faster the task is done, the greater the power required. For example, to push a load of bricks 10 feet in 10 seconds takes twice as much power as does pushing the same load the same distance in 20 seconds.

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907

#MBDL )PMFT BOE #JOBSZ 4UBST #MBDL )PMFT A CMBDL IPMF is a region of space whose gravitational force is so strong that nothing can escape from it. A black hole is invisible because it even traps light.

/FVUSPO 4UBS -JNJUT Just as there is a limit to the mass of a dwarf star consisting of electron-degenerate matter, there is an upper mass limit to the existence of a neutron star. (See pages 946â&#x20AC;&#x201C;947.) This limit is estimated to be about 3 solar masses. Above that value, the stellar core of neutron-degenerate matter cannot support itself and begins collapsing even further into a black hole.

3FMBUJWJUZ BOE #MBDL )PMFT The fundamental descriptions of black holes are based on equations in the theory of general relativity developed by the physicist Albert Einstein. Einsteinâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s theory describes gravity as the degree of curvature of space-time.

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1SPWJOH 5IFJS &YJTUFODF Astronomers have found compact objects that are likely black holes, but have not yet discovered a black hole for certain. To prove that a compact object is a black hole, scientists would have to measure such effects as severe bending of a light beam and an extreme slowing of time.

950

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THE SUN AND STARS 41"$& 4$*&/$&

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(IPTUMZ #JOBSJFT The star Algol, also called Beta

A CJOBSZ TUBS or a EPVCMF TUBS is a pair of stars that revolve around each other and are held together by gravity.

Persei, derives its name from an Arabic word meaning HIPVM likely due to the starâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s unusual periodic brightening and dimming. Algol appears to be a single star, but it is actually a type of double star called an FDMJQTJOH CJOBSZ In such a binary, a pair of stars revolve around each other so that one periodically blocks the light of the other. This action reduces the brightness of the double star as viewed from the earth.

#JHHFS $MPTFS 'BTUFS The orbital speed of binary stars depends mostly on two factors.

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.BTT The greater a starâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s mass, the stronger its gravity and the faster it pulls its companion around in orbit.

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1SPYJNJUZ The closer the two stars are to each other, the faster they revolve.

Some are so close as to almost touch and can go around each other in just a few hours or minutes. Other pairs may be separated by many times the diameter of the solar system and take a million years to revolve around each other.

5IF /VNCFST Perhaps as many as 25 percent of the stars in our galaxy have a partner. Some stars have more than one partner. The â&#x20AC;&#x153;starâ&#x20AC;? Castor in the Gemini constellation is at least six stars. Most stars belong to double or multiple star systems.

'JOEJOH #JOBSJFT The existence of close binaries can be revealed by a spectrograph.

â&#x20AC;˘

When, in its motion, a component approaches Earth, its spectral lines are shifted by the Doppler effect toward the blue end of the spectrum and reduced in wavelength.

â&#x20AC;˘

Half a cycle later, when this component recedes from Earth, the lines shift toward the red and the wavelengths increase.

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This Doppler shift can easily be measured. It has led to the discovery of many spectroscopic binaries.

$POUBDU #JOBSJFT The stars in some binaries are so close that they touch. In these DPOUBDU CJOBSJFT the gravity of each star distorts its companion, causing enormous tides to form on the surfaces of both stars. Violent events can occur in such close pairs.

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One star may become an 9 SBZ QVMTBS a star that radiates X-rays in precisely timed bursts.

â&#x20AC;˘ â&#x20AC;˘

Other close pairs radiate powerful radio waves. In others, one of the stars pulls matter to itself from the other star. This matter may explode in nuclear reactions, causing the star to flare brightly.

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951

THE 4FDUJPO 4QSFBE UNIVERSE is everything.

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It consists of all matter and all light and other forms of radiation and energy. It includes everything that exists anywhere in space and time. All stars, including the sun, are part of the universe. Some other stars also have planetary systems. In addition to planets, stars, and other bodies, the universe contains gas, dust, magnetic

In the 1920s, the American astronomer Edwin P. Hubble discovered that the universe contains many other galaxies beyond our own. The observable universe includes billions, possibly even trillions, of galaxies. Each galaxy consists of from hundreds of thousands to trillions of stars.

$MBTTJfiDBUJPO Galaxies come in a variety of sizes and shapes.

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4QJSBM (BMBYJFT About 17 percent of galaxies that astronomers can observe through a telescope have a structure with spiral arms comparable to that of our own galaxy or to that of the Andromeda galaxy. However, among the 1,000 brightest galaxies, almost 70 percent have a spiral structure.

&MMJQUJDBM (BMBYJFT Eighty percent of all galaxies are elliptical, with no spiral arms and little or no visible structure.

*SSFHVMBS (BMBYJFT A small percentage of galaxies have irregular shapes. The Large and Small Magellanic Clouds are irregular galaxies.

$MFBO PS %VTUZ Spiral galaxies and irregular galaxies contain large amounts of interstellar gas and dust and large numbers of newly formed stars. It is believed that supernovas, which occur much more frequently in elliptical galaxies, keep these galaxies clean of interstellar gas and dust and thus prevent the formation of new stars.

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Few galaxies are truly isolated. Most galaxies, including our own, inhabit HSPVQT containing dozens of galaxies, or DMVTUFST containing from hundreds to thousands of members. Groups and clusters, in turn, reside in large TVQFSDMVTUFST

â&#x20AC;˘

Over 2,000 clusters of galaxies are known, and it is believed that billions exist.

â&#x20AC;˘ â&#x20AC;˘

Most of the clusters contain at least 50 members.

5IF -PDBM (SPVQ Our galaxy has several neighbors, of which the Small and Large Magellanic Clouds are the closest. These galaxies are members of the so-called -PDBM (SPVQ which also includes the Andromeda galaxy and dozens of smaller galaxies in a diameter of about 6.5 million light-years. These galaxies are so close that they interact gravitationally. For example, the plane of the Andromeda galaxy is somewhat warped by the presence of two satellite galaxies and, under mutual gravitational attraction, it approaches our galaxy with a speed of 110 kilometers (70 miles) per second.

â&#x20AC;˘

They contain mainly E and S0 galaxies and have a total mass 10,000 times the mass of our galaxy.

XXX 48BEWBOUBHF DPN

Regular clusters are generally spherical, with more galaxies toward the center.

*SSFHVMBS DMVTUFST are less symmetrical and contain fewer galaxies. They usually contain about 100 times the mass of our galaxy. Irregular clusters with a small number of galaxies generally contain spiral galaxies. Those with a large number of galaxies generally contain elliptical galaxies.

4VQFSDMVTUFS The Local Group, the Virgo Cluster, and the Coma Cluster are relatively close and form a supercluster. About 50 superclusters, which are clusters of clusters, have been identified in the universe.

957

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1002-SouthwesternAdvantage.indd 1

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)PX UP 6TF 4PVUIXFTUFSO "EWBOUBHF )PX UP 6TF 5IJT #PPL These books have been designed so that information can be accessed easily. Social Studies has been divided into six â&#x20AC;&#x153;strandsâ&#x20AC;?: United States History; Canadian History; Government; Economics; World History; and Geography. Language has likewise been divided into six strands: Grammar; Writing and Research; Vocabulary; Reading; Speaking; and Literature. Each strand is then divided into smaller units. The first navigational tool is the detailed, colorcoded Table of Contents. The contents pages also indicate separately where the special features of the book can be found, such as the Table of Shakespeareâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Plays and the history time lines. Next, above the heading on the right-hand text pages, you will see color bars that tell you exactly where you are in the book. The bar that extends all the way to the edge of the page is the color of the unit you are in; the other bar denotes the strand you are in. The strand color is repeated in a tab at the bottom of the page. When the book is closed, you can tell at a glance where each strand and unit begins and ends.

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When the book is open, headings on the pages also help to tell you exactly where you are in the book, for example, the Nile Valley section of World History.

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70$"#6-"3: VOCABULARY

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XXX 48BEWBOUBHF DPN

INDEPENDENCE

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The Revolutionary War began on April 19, 1775, when British soldiers and American patriots clashed at Lexington, Massachusetts, and at nearby Concord. The war would last 8 years. Although the British won many battles, they gained little from their victories. The American patriots were able to form new forces and fight on.

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XXX 48BEWBOUBHF DPN

THE CIVIL WAR

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Between December of 1860 and February of 1861, six states seceded (withdrew) from the United States. They banded together to form the Confederate States of America. (Five more would leave the Union and join the Confederacy in

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March and April 1861.) In April 1861, Confederate

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XXX 48BEWBOUBHF DPN

119

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123

#JPHSBQIJFT PG 4FMFDUFE 1SFTJEFOUT 'SBOLMJO %FMBOP 3PPTFWFMU served from 1933 to 1945â&#x20AC;&#x201D;the longest tenure of any American president. After he guided the nation through the worst of the Great Depression, he helped lead the Allies to victory in World War II. Roosevelt was born January 30, 1882, in Hyde Park, New York. During his first years as president, he quickly developed and implemented a broad series of public programs called the New Deal. Designed to boost the economy and to broaden social benefits, the programs met with mixed success. Initially, Roosevelt focused on emergency relief and preliminary steps toward recovery by stabilizing banks, giving cash to the poor, helping farmers, and creating new jobs. Later, he worked toward the broader goal of laying the foundation for a stable financial future for all Americans. Ultimately, it was World War II that healed the economy as the country raced to manufacture materials for the war effort. Still, the soothing influence of Rooseveltâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s optimism over the American people through the darkest days of the Depression would be difficult to overstate. Before the surprise attack on Pearl Harbor in 1941, Roosevelt had provided extensive aid to Great Britain while maintaining an official policy of neutrality toward the conflict. After the Japanese assault drew the United States into the fray, Roosevelt proved himself an effective wartime leader. Roosevelt died of a cerebral hemorrhage on April 12, 1945, less than a month before the Germans surrendered and the Allied victory transformed the United States into a global power.

234

)BSSZ 4 5SVNBO (born May 8, 1884) became president following the sudden death of Franklin Delano Roosevelt on April 12, 1945. With the United States mired in World War II, the new leader faced many challenges. While the Germans surrendered mere weeks after Truman took office, Japan showed no sign of relenting. Appalled by the prospect of losing more American lives, he decided to hasten the end of the war by dropping atomic bombs on the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. The bombs killed more than 100,000 people instantly, and the war was over within the month. Truman continued to face tough foreign policy decisions throughout his presidency. He worked hard to contain the growing influence of the Soviet Union, which had become increasingly antagonistic toward the United States after the war. He supported countries in Europe that were vulnerable to Communist influence. He intervened in the Korean War with the support of the United Nations, which he had helped establish. On the domestic front, Truman dealt with public unrest as the economy switched gears after the war. While the transition was shaky at first, it was ultimately successful. Truman started pursuing his domestic program, the Fair Deal, in 1949. It called for a wide variety of public programs and reforms, including civil rights and national health insurance. While most of his wish list never made it past Congress, Truman was successful in raising the minimum wage and expanding Social Security. After Truman left office in 1953, he lived in Missouri until his death in 1972.

PRESIDENTS 6/*5&% 45"5&4 )*4503:

+PIO ' ,FOOFEZ who served from 1961 to 1963, is perhaps best remembered for his untimely death. The wildly popular presidentâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s assassination in Dallas, Texas, rocked and traumatized the nation. Kennedy was born on May 29, 1917, in Brookline, Massachusetts. He was only 43 years old when he became presidentâ&#x20AC;&#x201D;the youngest person to be elected president in American history. The threat of Communism was Kennedyâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s greatest challenge when he entered office. The Cold War was well under way, and Americans lived under the constant threat of nuclear attack by the Soviet Union. Kennedy tried to ease that strain by promising to eradicate Communism around the world.

In 1961, Kennedy secretly backed a group of Cuban rebels that tried to overthrow Fidel Castro. That failed attempt, known as the Bay of Pigs Invasion, was both an embarrassment and a setback for the American government. In 1962, the Cuban Missile Crisis erupted when it became known that the Soviets were building stockpiles of missiles in Cuba. A tense standoff eventually gave way to an important nuclear weapons treaty between the United States and the Soviet Union. At home, Kennedyâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s domestic agenda was thwarted somewhat by a lack of Congressional support. He enjoyed limited success in passing legislation that promoted economic and social programs. While Kennedy supported civil rights for African Americans, he felt he had limited power to introduce legislation during his first term. He enforced desegregation in Southern schools with military troops and upheld other antidiscrimination laws, but leaders in the civil rights movement, including Martin Luther King, Jr., pressed him for further action. The president started making more progress on this front shortly before he was killed.

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235

#JPHSBQIJFT PG 4FMFDUFE 1SFTJEFOUT 3POBME 3FBHBO a popular Republican, focused on the economy and the strength of the U.S. military during his two-term presidency (1981 to 1989). Born February 6, 1911, in Tampico, Illinois, Reagan spent his formative years in the Midwest before he moved to Hollywood to pursue a career in radio and film. As an actor and president of the Screen Actors Guild, he started moving in Republican circles. His anti-Communist stance helped launch his career as a politician. He served as governor of California from 1967 to 1975. In 1981, just 2 months into his presidency, Reagan was shot in Washington, D.C. While he was gravely injured, his positive attitude and quick recovery cemented his popularity with the American public. Throughout his presidency, Reagan’s domestic policy was centered on economic reform. He decreased government spending on public programs and lowered taxes. While the U.S. economy rebounded from a recession during his watch, the national debt increased and homelessness became a prominent issue. Reagan’s foreign policy was based on a strong defensive stance. During his 8 years in office, the U.S. defense budget was increased by 35 percent. Where his predecessors carefully handled the country’s strained relationship with the Soviet Union, Reagan was more bold. Still, by the end of his term, he had negotiated important arms reductions agreements with Mikhail Gorbachev, which helped end the Cold War. In 1994, five years after he left the White House, Reagan announced that he had been diagnosed with Alzheimer’s disease. He died in 2004.

236

(FPSHF )FSCFSU 8BMLFS #VTI T presidency (1989 to 1993) coincided with a tumultuous time in history. His foreignpolicy decisions helped the U.S. maintain its steady footing as the rest of the world changed. Bush was born June 12, 1924, in Milton, Massachusetts. Before college, he served as a distinguished Navy pilot during World War II. After establishing himself in the oil industry in Texas, he held a wide variety of prestigious political offices, including Ambassador to the United Nations and Director of the Central Intelligence Agency. These appointments culminated in the two terms he served as vice president under Ronald Reagan. His extensive experience in Washington proved valuable as Bush embarked upon his own presidency, when the world’s political landscape was rapidly shifting. He skillfully handled the country’s relationship with the East through the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991. He also removed Communist dictator General Manuel Noriega from power in Panama. Bush’s biggest accomplishment was his victory in the Gulf War, which curtailed the aggression of Iraq against Kuwait. Bush organized an international coalition of countries in a war effort that lasted less than 2 months, temporarily restoring stability to the Middle East. Meanwhile, on the domestic front, Bush faced challenges such as a large national deficit, a lack of funding for federal programs, and a failing economy. The public perceived him as placing too much emphasis on foreign affairs—a mistake that cost Bush the presidential election in 1992 to Bill Clinton.

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237

ECONOMIC CONCEPTS: SUPPLY AND DEMAND The supply of a product is the amount of it that businesses are willing and able to offer for sale at alternative prices. The demand for a product is the amount of it that users can and would like to buy at alternative prices. Because the amount that producers actually sell must be the same as the amount that users actually buy, the only price at which everyone can be

5IF .FBOJOH PG 4VQQMZ 4VQQMZ Supply is the relationship between the price of a product and the quantity firms will produce and offer for sale. Given the assumption that a company will produce goods and services for profit, it will typically produce more of an item at a higher price than it will at a lower one. This direct relationship between price and quantity supplied is called the law of supply. It is reflected in the positive, or upward, slope of supply curves. There are factors other than the selling price of the good or service that affect supply.

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6UJMJUZ How does a consumer make any choice at all in an entire marketplace of products? To explain how individuals evaluate the tradeoffs among competing products, economists use the term VUJMJUZ. Utility describes the amount of satisfaction an individual gains from consuming a product.

.BSHJOBM VUJMJUZ is the extra satisfaction that an individual gets from consuming one more unit of an item. For most goods and services, marginal utility decreases as the number of units increases. For example, while the first ice cream sundae a day may be just the thing for a hungry consumer, chances are the fifth or sixth dish will be much less satisfying. As a result, the rational consumer will not be willing to pay as much for the sixth dish as for the first. This ideaâ&#x20AC;&#x201D;that satisfaction from marginal units decreases as more units are consumedâ&#x20AC;&#x201D;is called the law of diminishing marginal utility. It is one of the reasons why demand curves slope downward.

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Soon after British forces evacuated Dunkirk in their retreat from the continent in 1940, the United Kingdom started to plan a return to France. In 1942, the United States and the United Kingdom began to discuss a large-scale invasion across the English Channel. Throughout 1943, preparations moved ahead for an invasion of northern France the following year. The invasion plan received the code name Operation Overlord. General Eisenhower, as supreme commander of the Allied forces, chose Monday, June 5, 1944, as D-Dayâ&#x20AC;&#x201D; the date of the Normandy invasion. However, rough seas forced him to postpone until June 6. During the night, thousands of ships carrying landing craft and more than 130,000 landing troops crossed the channel. Minesweepers had gone ahead to clear the water. In addition, about 23,000 paratroopers and glider troops began dropping behind German lines to capture bridges and railroad tracks. At dawn, battleships opened fire on the beaches. At 6:30 a.m., soldiers from the United States, the United Kingdom, Canada, and France stormed ashore on a 60-mile (100-kilometer) front in the largest seaborne invasion in history.

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The Allies began their final assault on Germany in early 1945. British and Canadian forces cleared the Germans out of the Netherlands and swept into northern Germany. American and French forces raced toward the Elbe River in central Germany. Hitler ordered his soldiers to fight to the death. But seeing the war was over, large numbers of German soldiers surrendered each day. By April 25, 1945, Soviet troops had surrounded Berlin. From a bunker deep underground, Hitler ordered German soldiers to fight on. On April 30, however, Hitler killed himself rather than face defeat.

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5IF )PMPDBVTU When Adolf Hitler became dictator in 1933, he instituted a crackdown on the Jewish population. Hitler and the Nazis made it impossible for Jews to remain in the professions, businesses, or universities of Germany. In 1942, the Nazi elite gathered in Potsdam to put the finishing touches on a plan called the â&#x20AC;&#x153;Final Solution.â&#x20AC;? This plan foresaw the killing of all Jews in lands controlled by Germany, as well as all physically and mentally handicapped people and all Gypsies. In death camps such as Auschwitz and Buchenwald, victims were led off to gas chambers or killed and then thrown into common ditches for graves. Six million Jews and about 2 million others died in this manner.

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The fighting in Berlin claimed the lives of over 70,000 Soviet soldiers. The Germans propped up their ramshackle remaining units with children and elderly reservists. Thousands of them died in that last week of fighting. On May 7, 1945, General Alfred Jodl, chief of staff of the German armed forces, signed a statement of unconditional surrender at Eisenhowerâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s headquarters in Reims, France. World War II had ended in Europe. The Allies declared May 8 as V-E Day, or Victory in Europe Day.

XXX 48BEWBOUBHF DPN

3FTJTUBODF Initially, the Jews tried to thwart the Nazis by nonviolent means. Also, it was difficult and dangerous for the Jews to obtain weapons. AntiSemitism was widespread, and Jewish resistance did not have popular support. Jewish fighters could not disappear among the population because non-Jews might betray them. But many Jews who managed to escape the ghettos joined secret bands of fighters against the Nazis. And some non-Jewish individuals risked their lives to smuggle Jews to safety. Some Jews in ghettos, slave labor camps, and death camps did fight. In 1943, thousands of Jews revolted in the ghetto in Warsaw, Poland. Although the Jews were surrounded and poorly armed, they held out for about 4 weeks. But the Nazis either killed or sent to death camps all of the 60,000 Jews in the ghetto. In 1943, uprisings took place at the Treblinka and Sobibor death camps. In 1944, prisoners at Auschwitz revolted and set fire to a crematorium. A few prisoners escaped during each uprising, but most were killed. Such revolts were often acts of desperation. They erupted when the Jews understood Nazi intentions and had abandoned hope of survival. The fighters also hoped to protect Jewish honor and to avenge Jewish death.

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The parts of speech are like building blocks for every sentence. Many kids enjoy playing with blocks to construct all kinds of things they have seen and learned about. They use blocks of different shapes, sizes, and colors to build houses, forts, castles, towers, bridges, and roads. By trial and error, they learn how to use the blocks correctly so the things they build will stand on a solid foundation and not wobble or fall down. At first, the structures they build with their blocks are simple, using just a few pieces. But as children grow, so does their understanding of the physical principles involved in building with blocks, and the things they construct become more interesting and complex. They may create an entire city with schools, roadways, airports, office buildings, hospitals, houses, stores, streets, and parks. When children start to speak, their sentences, like their early block structures, are simple and small and make use of only a few parts of speech. As young people grow, so does their ability to use words in speaking, writing, and reading. If you want to communicate well, learning how to correctly put together the different parts of speech is as important as choosing the right sizes or shapes of building blocks to use. Learning the principal building blocks of language provides a firm foundation for logical thinking and for clear communicating.

XXX 48BEWBOUBHF DPN

5", */( "1"35 " . ", & # &-*& 7& 4& /5 &/$ & 8IFO ZPV VOEFSTUBOE IPX B MBOHVBHF GVODUJPOT ZPV DBO JEFOUJGZ UIF QBSUT PG TQFFDI FWFO JG NPTU PG UIF XPSET BSF OPOTFOTF 5IF QMPNJD CBTJOLFST QJSLFE UIF MBNQJY BU UIF TJNUFS DJQUJDBMMZ &YDFQU GPS UIF BOE BU UIF TFOUFODF JT NBEF VQ PG XPSET UIBU IBWF OP EJDUJPOBSZ NFBOJOH :FU JU TUJMM SFBET MJLF B TFOUFODF *U CFHJOT XJUI B DBQJUBM MFUUFS BOE FOET XJUI B QFSJPE &WFO UIPVHI UIF XPSET BSF OPOTFOTF UIFZ GPMMPX B GBNJMJBS QBUUFSO BOE SIZUIN .PSF JNQPSUBOUMZ UIF XPSET BDU MJLF BO &OHMJTI TFOUFODF 5IF XPSE CBTJOLFST JT B OPVO CFDBVTF JU IBT B QMVSBM FOEJOH T *U BMTP JT NBSLFE CZ UIF BSUJDMF UIF *O UIF TBNF XBZ MBNQJY BOE TJNUFS BSF OPVOT CFDBVTF CPUI BSF NBSLFE CZ UIF BSUJDMF UIF 5IF XPSE QMPNJD JT QSPCBCMZ BO BEKFDUJWF CFDBVTF JU BQQFBST CFUXFFO BO BSUJDMF BOE B OPVO 1JSLFE JT QSPCBCMZ B WFSC CFDBVTF FE JT B DIBSBDUFSJTUJD FOEJOH PG QBTU UFOTF WFSCT 5IF XPSE BMTP IBT B QPTJUJPO JO UIF TFOUFODF UZQJDBM PG B WFSC 8F LOPX UIBU QJSLFE JT B USBOTJUJWF WFSC CFDBVTF JU IBT BO PCKFDU MBNQJY "U UIF TJNUFS DBO CF JEFOUJGJFE BT B QI BTF UIBU NPEJGJFT QJSLFE UFMMJOH XIFSF "U JT B QSFQPTJUJPO PGUFO GPMMPXFE CZ BO PCKFDU $JQUJDBMMZ JT QSPCBCMZ BO BEWFSC CFDBVTF JU FOET JO MZ *U NBZ NPEJGZ QJSLFE

653

1SPOPVOT 1SPOPVOT are words that take the place of nouns. They are often used to avoid repeating the same noun over and over. The ape used to live at the zoo, but the ape recently escaped. The ape used to live at the zoo, but it recently escaped. The noun that a pronoun replaces is called an BOUFDFEFOU In the sentence above, the noun BQF is the antecedent of the pronoun JU

5ZQFT There are five types of pronouns: QFSTPOBM, SFMBUJWF, JOUFSSPHBUJWF, EFNPOTUSBUJWF, and JOEFfiOJUF.

1FSTPOBM QSPOPVOT refer to specific people or things. They can be

â&#x20AC;¢

the person speaking (first person): I think itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s my fault.

â&#x20AC;¢

the person spoken to (second person): You should make yourself some cupcakes.

â&#x20AC;¢

the person spoken about (third person): Heather wants to teach her monkey some tricks.

$0. 106 /% 46 # +&$ 54 "/% 0# + &$ 54 .PTU QFPQMF XPVME OPU TBZ i.F IBWF B OFX IPVTF w #VU B TVSQSJTJOH OVNCFS PG QFPQMF XPVME TBZ i+BOF BOE NF IBWF B OFX IPVTF w 8IFUIFS B TFOUFODF IBT B TJOHMF TVCKFDU PS B DPNQPVOE TVCKFDU UIF QSPOPVO JO UIF TVCKFDU TIPVME CF JO UIF OPNJOBUJWF DBTF 4JNJMBSMZ UP NPTU QFPQMF i5IF SPDLT IJU *w TPVOET XSPOH XIJMF iUIF SPDLT IJU +BOF BOE *w TPVOET GJO 8IFOFWFS ZPV IBWF B DPNQPVOE PCKFDU PS TVCKFDU JODMVEJOH B QSPOPVO FMJNJOBUF UIF PUIFS TVCKFDU UP TFF XIJDI DBTF UP VTF *G UIF QSPOPVO JT JO UIF PCKFDU QPTJUJPO SFDFJWJOH UIF BDUJPO PG UIF WFSC PS TFSWJOH BT UIF PCKFDU PG B QSFQPTJUJPO VTF UIF PCKFDUJWF DBTF 4FF BMTP QBHF

3FMBUJWF QSPOPVOT

connect a noun in the main part of the sentence with another group of words. Mr. Baggins is the artist who paints peacocks.

1FSTPOBM 1SPOPVOT

.S #BHHJOT is the noun. 8IP is the relative pronoun. The mystery book, which was a gift from Claireâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s brother, held her spellbound from beginning to end. The committee that formulated this plan has been commended.

*OUFSSPHBUJWF QSPOPVOT are used to ask questions. The words are the same as relative pronouns.

/VNCFS 1FSTPO

/PNJOBUJWF 0CKFDUJWF 1PTTFTTJWF

What does this word mean?

4JOHVMBS first

mine

Who is going with you?

second

you

your

yours

third

him

his

she

her

hers

its

first

ours

second

you

yours

third

they

them

theirs

1MVSBM

656

3FMBUJWF BOE *OUFSSPHBUJWF 1SPOPVOT who which

whom whose that what

PARTS OF SPEECH ( 3 ". . "3

$BTF Personal pronouns and the pronouns XIP and XIPFWFS change their form depending on how they are used in a sentence. These changes show the DBTF of a pronoun. There are three cases: OPNJOBUJWF, PCKFDUJWF, and QPTTFTTJWF.

8"5$) 065 /FWFS VTF BO BQPTUSPQIF XJUI B QPTTFTTJWF QSPOPVO *ODPSSFDU ZPVS T JU T XIP T *U T BOE XIP T BSF DPOUSBDUJPOT NFBOJOH JU JT BOE XIP JT

$PSSFDU

ZPVST JUT XIPTF

%FNPOTUSBUJWF QSPOPVOT point out certain people, places, or things.

/PNJOBUJWF $BTF A pronoun used as the subject of a sentence is in the nominative case. I am the only one who knows how to get there.

/PNJOBUJWF $BTF 1SPOPVOT I

you

she

they

who

whoever

Pronouns used as predicate nominatives are also in the nominative case. It was I who called. Increasingly, people donâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t use the nominative case in casual conversation. For example, many people say â&#x20AC;&#x153;itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s meâ&#x20AC;? instead of â&#x20AC;&#x153;it is I.â&#x20AC;? Itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s also common to hear â&#x20AC;&#x153;thatâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s himâ&#x20AC;? instead of â&#x20AC;&#x153;that is he.â&#x20AC;?

0CKFDUJWF $BTF Use the objective case when a pronoun acts as a direct object, as an indirect object, or as an object of a preposition.

That is a huge pumpkin. Those are my favorite colors.

Kelly saw him at the dance.

This will be easy to fix.

%FNPOTUSBUJWF 1SPOPVOT

0CKFDUJWF $BTF 1SPOPVOT

this

that

you

these

those

him

her

them

whom

whomever

*OEFfiOJUF QSPOPVOT refer to people, places, or things in a more general (or vague) way than nouns do. Unlike other pronouns, indefinite pronouns have no antecedents. They are used when the appropriate noun is unknown or unspecified. The Lions Club sent invitations to everyone in the community.

*OEFGJ JUF 1SPOPVOT all

either

most

other

any

everybody

neither

several

anybody

everyone

nobody

some

anyone

everything

none

somebody

anything

few

no one

someone

XXX 48BEWBOUBHF DPN

1PTTFTTJWF $BTF The possessive case indicates ownership. My favorite number is four.

1PTTFTTJWF $BTF 1SPOPVOT my

mine

your(s)

his

her(s)

it(s)

our(s)

their(s)

whose

657

%JBHSBNT Diagramming is one way to grasp all the parts of a sentence and their relationship to each other. A sentence diagram is like a map of a sentence. It arranges the words in a way that makes it easy to see their relationships. Always begin your diagram with a horizontal line crossed with a vertical line.

.PEJfiFST If there are adjectives (including determiners) modifying a noun, put them on a diagonal line beneath the noun. Do the same with adverbs modifying the verb. " MJHIU TOPX GFMM TPGUMZ

1SFQPTJUJPOT 4JNQMF 4FOUFODFT On the left side of the horizontal line, write the simple subject of the sentence. The simple subject is either the main noun in a noun phrase or a pronoun. On the right side of the line, write the verb, including any auxiliaries.

When diagramming a prepositional phrase, write the preposition on a diagonal line beneath the word that the phrase modifies. Then write the noun or pronoun on a horizontal line, and put any adjective modifiers on diagonal lines below. 5IF XPNBO JO UIF SFE ESFTT IVSSJFE GSPN UIF SPPN

4OPX JT GBMMJOH

%JSFDU 0CKFDUT

*OEJSFDU 0CKFDUT

When the verb is transitive, draw a vertical line to the right of the verb. The vertical line should meet but not cross the base line. To the right of this line, write the main noun or pronoun of the direct object.

Diagram an indirect object as if it were a prepositional phrase with the preposition UP understood. Put UP in parentheses. 5IF FYQFSJFODF UBVHIU NZ GSJFOE B IBSE MFTTPO

-J[ MJLFT NF

-JOLJOH 7FSCT

$PNQPVOE 4VCKFDUT PS 1SFEJDBUFT

If the sentence has a linking verb, draw a diagonal line to the right of the verb. The line should meet but not cross the base line. To the right of this line, write the adjective complement or the predicate nominative.

To diagram compound sentence elements, place them on parallel lines. Connect the two lines with a dotted vertical line, and write the coordinating conjunction on it.

1FPQMF DBO CF OJDF

3BZ BOE #FSOJDF BUF MVODI UPHFUIFS UPEBZ

8F BSF TUVEFOUT 5IF DIJMESFO XBTIFE UIF EJTIFT BOE TXFQU UIe flPPS

682

SENTENCE PARTS ( 3 ". . "3

$PNQPVOE 4FOUFODFT

1BSUJDJQMFT BOE 1BSUJDJQJBM 1ISBTFT

To diagram a compound sentenceâ&#x20AC;&#x201D;that is, two simple sentences joined by a coordinating conjunctionâ&#x20AC;&#x201D; diagram each of the simple sentences, one above the other. Then connect them with a vertical dotted line and write the conjunction on that line.

A participle is diagrammed in a curve along a diagonal and a horizontal line. The complement of the participle, if any, is to the right on the horizontal line. -BVHIJOH +VEZ IBOEFE NF UIF TRVJSNJOH QVQQZ

5IF NBJM IBT DPNF CVU UIBU MFUUFS XBT OPU JO JU 5IF NBO TDSBUDIJOH IJT IFBE JT ZPVS OFX UFBDIFS

"QQPTJUJWFT

(FSVOET

To diagram an appositive, put the appositive noun or pronoun in parentheses after the noun that it renames or identifies.

A gerund is diagrammed the same way as a participle, except that it is placed on a pedestal. The bottom of the pedestal rests on the base line in a nounâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s position.

4BN BO PME GSJFOE PG NJOF TFOU UIJT CPPL

)JT CFJOH UIF DVMQSJU TVSQSJTFE FWFSZPOF

3FMBUJWF $MBVTFT

*nfiOJUJWF 1ISBTFT

To diagram a relative clause, diagram the clause on its own line below the main line. With a dotted line, connect the noun thatâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s being modified to the relative pronoun or relative adverb.

An infinitive phrase occupying a noun position is diagrammed the same way as a gerund. /PCPEZ XBOUT UP MFBWF UIF HBNF ZFU

5IPTF BQQMFT UIBU ZPV TFOU NF XFSF EFMJDJPVT

"EWFSCJBM $MBVTFT

5IJT JT UIF QMBDF XIFSF XF TBX IJN MBTU

An adverbial clause is diagrammed on a line below the base line. The subordinating conjunction is written along a diagonal dotted line that connects the word being modified to the clauseâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s verb. *G * XFSF ZPV * XPVME CF DBSFGVM

XXX 48BEWBOUBHF DPN

683

PUNCTUATION is

&OE 1VODUVBUJPO

the use of certain marks in writing. It has one purpose: to make writing clear and easy to read. Like traffic signs, punctuation tells readers when to slow down, when go carefully, and when to

There are three kinds of end punctuation: the period, the question mark, and the exclamation point. End punctuation brings the reader to a full stop. Every sentence must end with one of these marks.

1FSJPET are at the end of an ordinary sentence.

pause or stop. This section covers 13

Ben is a good dog.

types of punctuation.

We should leave.

â&#x20AC;˘ Periods â&#x20AC;˘ Question marks â&#x20AC;˘ Exclamation points â&#x20AC;˘ Commas â&#x20AC;˘ Semicolons â&#x20AC;˘ Colons â&#x20AC;˘ Dashes â&#x20AC;˘ Hyphens â&#x20AC;˘ Ellipses â&#x20AC;˘ Parentheses â&#x20AC;˘ Brackets â&#x20AC;˘ Quotation marks â&#x20AC;˘ Apostrophes

694

2VFTUJPO NBSLT ask for information instead of stating it. Is Ben a good dog? When should we leave?

&YDMBNBUJPO QPJOUT give a sentence extra â&#x20AC;&#x153;oomph.â&#x20AC;? Ben is a good dog! We have to leave now!

1VODUVBUJPO NBSLT BSF TJHOBMT UIBU UFMM SFBEFST UP TMPX EPXO TQFFE VQ PS UBLF B CSFBL â&#x2013;ź 1VODUVBUJPO .BSL

.FBOJOH

1FSJPE

4JHOBMT B TUSPOH QBVTF

$PNNB

4JHOBMT B XFBL QBVTF

4FNJDPMPO

4JHOBMT B NFEJVN TUSFOHUI QBVTF

$PMPO

*OUSPEVDFT BEEJUJPOBM NBUFSJBM

1BSFOUIFTFT

4FUT BTJEF JOGPSNBUJPO GSPN UIF SFTU PG UIF TFOUFODF

#SBDLFUT < >

4FUT BTJEF JOGPSNBUJPO XJUIJO QBSFOUIFTFT

%BTI o

4JHOBMT BO JOUFSSVQUJPO

&MMJQTJT QPJOUT y

4JHOBMT BO PNJTTJPO PS B QBVTF

( 3 ". . "3

1FSJPET Periods are plain punctuation placed at the end of sentences that are statements or commands. Letâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s see a movie. My cat caught a canary. Dad sold three pies at the bake sale. Periods signal the end of a thought, telling the reader to pause before moving on to the next sentence. They are also used in certain abbreviations, including initials, months, countries, titles, and other commonly abbreviated forms. T. S. Eliot Feb. Dr. and Mr. Green Finally, periods are used after numbers and letters on outlines and lists. Eating Contests I. Hot dog eating contests A. Dates B. Winners

2VFTUJPO .BSLT Question marks are placed at the end of sentences that ask something. Use question marks whenever you need more information. Were there lions at the circus? Whatâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s your favorite book? Is there time to stop for snacks?

&YDMBNBUJPO 1PJOUT Exclamation points are used at the end of sentences that show strong feelings. Use exclamation points for emphasis whenever you have a strong point of view. I donâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t want to go camping! Go away! What a great party!

XXX 48BEWBOUBHF DPN

3*( )5 "/% 830/( 16/$ 56"5* 0 / 5IFSF BSF UXP JTTVFT JO QVODUVBUJPO 5IF GJSTU JT B TJNQMF RVFTUJPO PG SJHIU BOE XSPOH " XSJUFS XIP FOET FBDI TFOUFODF XJUI B DPMPO SBUIFS UIBO B QFSJPE JT KVTU XSPOH CFDBVTF TFOUFODFT DBOOPU FOE XJUI B DPMPO *U T UIBU TJNQMF 5IF TFDPOE JTTVF JT MFTT DMFBS DVU JU T NPSF B NBUUFS PG TUZMF 4PNFUJNFT B XSJUFS JT GSFF UP DIPPTF QVODUVBUJPO UIBU TVJUT IJT PS IFS UBTUF 'PS JOTUBODF POF XSJUFS NJHIU DIPPTF UP VTF B TFNJDPMPO UP TFQBSBUF UXP DMPTFMZ SFMBUFE UIPVHIUT XIJMF BOPUIFS XSJUFS NJHIU DIPPTF UP VTF B QFSJPE 8JUI QSBDUJDF ZPV MM MFBSO XIJDI DIPJDFT NBLF ZPVS NFBOJOH NPTU DMFBS

695

THE SEVEN-STEP SYSTEM is a process you can use for

$IPPTJOH B 5PQJD

any writing project youâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;re assigned, whether

The first step is to choose a good topic. Spending extra time to set up a good writing project at the front end will help the later stages move faster. Most writing assignments demand a narrow topic so you have enough room for all the detail you need. For example, if you try to write a paper on a broad topic like the circulatory system, you will find yourself overwhelmed with information. A more manageable topic might be, say, how white blood cells fight disease.

itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s an informal essay or a long research report. The steps will help guide you through the process, including picking a good topic, constructing a strong thesis, and putting together your ideas in a logical order. Every time you write for school, organize your work according to this system. Eventually, the steps will become second nature.

1BQFS 5PQJDT 5PP #SPBE

.PSF .BOBHFBCMF

UIF DJSDVMBUPSZ TZTUFN

IPX XIJUF CMPPE DFMMT GJH U EJTFBTF

MJGF JO DPMPOJBM "NFSJDB

UPPMT VTFE CZ DPMPOJBM GBSNFST

TQBDF USBWFM

MJGF BCPBSE B TQBDF TUBUJPO

#BDLHSPVOE 3FBEJOH 8IFSF "N * JO UIF 4FWFO 4UFQ 4ZTUFN 5)& 4& 7&/ 4 5& 1 4 :4 5& . $IPPTJOH B 5PQJD (BUIFSJOH *OGPSNBUJPO $POTUSVDUJOH B 5IFTJT 0VUMJOJOH %SBGUJOH 3FWJTJOH 1SPPGSFBEJOH

If youâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;re having a hard time homing in on a topic, do some background reading to become more familiar with your subject. The 4PVUIXFTUFSO "EWBOUBHF 5PQJD 4PVSDF is designed for this specific purpose. As you read, think about what kinds of information you would like to include in your report and what can be left out. Itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s natural to find some sections that interest you more than others. This will help you pinpoint the aspect of the subject you would most like to write about. Make a list of points as you go to serve as a preliminary outline and research guide. Your list might just be a series of questions you hope to answer in your report. If youâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;re reading about life aboard space stations, you might ask questions like

â&#x20AC;¢ What does the inside of the station look like? â&#x20AC;¢ How big are the crewâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s quarters? â&#x20AC;¢ How do astronauts eat? â&#x20AC;¢ How do they spend most of their time?

4PNF PG UIF NBUFSJBM JO UIF 8SJUJOH BOE 3FTFBSDI TFDUJPO QBHFT o JT SFQSJOUFE XJUI QFSNJTTJPO PG ,FOEBMM )VOU 1VCMJTIJOH $PNQBOZ GSPN Research for Writers: Advanced English Composition CZ 'MPSJEB $PNNVOJUZ $PMMFHF BU +BDLTPOWJMMF $PQZSJHIU Âª CZ '$$+ 'PVOEBUJPO 'VSUIFS SFQSPEVDUJPO JT QSPIJCJUFE

706

83*5*/( "/% 3&4&"3$)

(FOFSBUJOH *EFBT

$VCJOH

Once youâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;ve settled on a topic, itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s time to think things through. Jot down some notes as you go. At this point, youâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;re just writing for yourself, so no one has to see. Techniques you can use to guide your thinking include CSBJOTUPSNJOH GSFFXSJUJOH and DVCJOH Give yourself about 15 minutes for each technique.

Cubing is like freewriting, but itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s more directed. It allows you to explore a topic from six perspectives.

#SBJOTUPSNJOH Make a list of words and phrases that relate to the topic as they come to mind. Donâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t censor yourself. Just write down ideas without thinking about them too much.

'SFFXSJUJOH Freewriting is another good way to generate ideas. The technique is based on the belief that we often limit or block our creativity by focusing on details like grammar and word choice. Let your ideas flow freely by concentrating on your subject and allowing yourself to write as fast as you can, without editing or evaluating your words as you go. When your time is up, read over what youâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;ve written. Youâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;ll find that some ideas seem more useful than others. Circle or underline the words and phrases that seem to be headed in the right direction and ignore the rest.

1. Describe it 2. Compare it to another topic 3. Associate it with another topic 4. Analyze it 5. Explain how it can be used 6. Evaluate it (argue for or against it) Each perspective brings different questions into play. Freewrite on each perspective for three to five minutes. Donâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t worry if you find yourself writing more questions than answers. The idea is to generate lines of inquiry, which will give you different ways to approach your topic. Keep in mind that there are other questions you can use to form the six sides of your cube. Journalists, for instance, often ask the questions XIP, XIBU, XIFO, XIFSF, XIZ, and IPX.

#SBJOTUPSNJOH JT B HSFBU XBZ UP HFOFSBUF JEFBT BT ZPV USZ UP DIPPTF B HPPE UPQJD â&#x2013;ś

XXX 48BEWBOUBHF DPN

707

(BUIFSJOH *OGPSNBUJPO Step 2 in the seven-step system is gathering information. This step is important enough to have its own section in this volume. (For more information, see the research section beginning on page 782.)

'JOEJOH 4PVSDFT Not all writing projects require research. For example, simple book reports rarely require you to consult outside sources. If youâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;re not sure what your project requires, check with your teacher. Most of the sources you use for your writing projects will be in the library or on the Internet. Common types of sources include

â&#x20AC;¢ â&#x20AC;¢ â&#x20AC;¢ â&#x20AC;¢ â&#x20AC;¢ â&#x20AC;¢ â&#x20AC;¢ â&#x20AC;¢ â&#x20AC;¢

books magazines newspapers encyclopedias Web sites dictionaries almanacs reference librarians original research (interviews, experiments, etc.)

8IFSF "N * JO UIF 4FWFO 4UFQ 4ZTUFN 5)& 4& 7&/ 45& 1 4 :4 5& . $IPPTJOH B 5PQJD (BUIFSJOH *OGPSNBUJPO $POTUSVDUJOH B 5IFTJT 0VUMJOJOH %SBGUJOH 3FWJTJOH 1SPPGSFBEJOH

708

5BLJOH /PUFT As you gather information, take notes about the different sources you consult. Make sure you differentiate between the ideas that belong to other people and the ideas youâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;ve had yourself. Also, be careful to mark direct quotes so you donâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t accidentally use someone elseâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s words as your own. Think about the kinds of evidence you might want to use to support your claim, which might include

â&#x20AC;¢ â&#x20AC;¢ â&#x20AC;¢ â&#x20AC;¢ â&#x20AC;¢ â&#x20AC;¢

examples definitions statistics descriptions stories explanation

THE SEVEN-STEP SYSTEM 83*5*/( "/% 3&4&"3$)

1SPDFTT BOE &WBMVBUF

(FU 3JE PG "OZUIJOH :PV %PO U /FFE

Approach your research materials with a critical eye. As you read, digest the information by thinking about how you might use it in your writing project. Questions you can ask yourself include

Donâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t assume you can use every source you consult. Itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s important that you use good judgment to choose only the best and most relevant sources. Put aside any research material that isnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t up to snuff; it will do more harm than good.

%PFT UIF BVUIPS IBWF B CJBT Everyone has a point of view that informs their writing. Think about the perspective the author has on the material and how that perspective might have influenced his or her writing. 8IBU LJOE PG FYQFSUJTF EPFT UIF BVUIPS IBWF Does the writer have training or other credentials that make you trust (or distrust) his or her claims? Has the author written anything else on a similar topic?

)PX EPFT UIF TPVSDF SFMBUF UP NZ UPQJD Think about how the source relates to your writing project. If the connection doesnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t seem strong, drop what youâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;re reading and move to the next thing.

)PX DVSSFOU JT UIF TPVSDF Check the publication date. If itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s recent, youâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;re in good shape. If itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s older, ask yourself how much the topic has changed over time. Some topics, like literature, probably havenâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t changed much. Others, like science, change so fast that an older source might contain outdated information.

%PDVNFOU :PVS 4PVSDFT Itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s important that you show your readers where to look for information that you use in your paper. As you take notes for your writing project, make sure to take down the details that will be required on your works cited page. Typically, this includes author, title, publication date, publisher, and page numbers. Note the url, page/topic name, and author (if listed) for Internet sources.

( "5)&3*/( */'03. "5*0/ 5IF HBUIFSJOH JOGPSNBUJPO QIBTF PG ZPVS XSJUJOH QSPKFDU TIPVME JODMVEF UIF GPMMPXJOH TUFQT

'JOE TPVSDFT 5BLF OPUFT 1SPDFTT BOE FWBMVBUF UIF JOGPSNBUJPO (FU SJE PG BOZUIJOH ZPV EPO U OFFE %PDVNFOU UIF TPVSDFT ZPV UIJOL ZPV MM VTF

8"5$ ) 0 6 5 'PS SFTFBSDI QSPKFDUT ZPVS UFBDIFS NJHIU CBTF QBSU PG ZPVS HSBEF PO UIF TPVSDFT ZPV DIPPTF

XXX 48BEWBOUBHF DPN

709

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As you read through the information you have assembled, you will begin to form certain opinions on your topic. You can use these opinions to develop a tentative thesis, which is a statement that summarizes the main thrust of the ideas in your paper. Think of your thesis as a work in progress. It can grow and change as your paper develops. The most important thing about a thesis is that it needs to make an argument. It would be difficult, if not impossible, to argue that the middle class pays 85 percent of the taxes in the United States. That statement is either correct or incorrect, so it is an ineffective thesis. Changing the thesis to assert that the middle class should pay more in taxes would be an arguable point.

There are three conditions that a good thesis should satisfy.

5IF UIFTJT TIPVME CF OFXT Your thesis should not be accepted as common knowledge. Obviously, the audience in this regard is crucial. It would seem entirely unnecessary to argue, for instance, that Earth circles the sun unless your audience consisted of primitive tribesmen, the Flat Earth Society, or thirteenth-century popes.

" UIFTJT NVTU CF VOEFSTUBOEBCMF Keep in mind that your readers probably donâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t know the topic as well as you do. Make sure you explain your ideas in terms that people will understand.

" UIFTJT NVTU CF TVQQPSUBCMF You already know you

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must support your thesis with evidence. But keep in mind that what seems like good evidence to one group of readers might not seem strong to another group. If your thesis depends upon support from data compiled by the American Veal Association, for instance, and your audience is People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA), you really do not have a supportable thesis because the veal industry, for that audience, is not an authority. (See pages 798â&#x20AC;&#x201C;803.)

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711

THE FIRST PERIOD

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In Shakespeareâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s time, the English didnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t care about keeping careful records about matters that didnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t relate to the affairs of the Church or State. The information we have about Shakespeareâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s

William Shakespeare was born in the small market town of Stratford-upon-Avon, the third of eight children. Traveling companies of professional actors began performing in Stratford.

life has been culled from records that are few and incomplete by modern standards,

He began attending the Stratford grammar school. Students spent around 9 hours a day studying mostly Latin. This might have been Shakespeareâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s first exposure to ancient Roman authors like Cicero, Ovid, Plautus, Seneca, and Virgil, who were major influences on his work later in life.

including church registers and accounts of business dealings. By relating these records to what they know about English history, scholars have put together a fairly comprehensive account of his life. Still,

Shakespeare received a license to marry Anne Hathaway, the daughter of a local farmer.

gaps remain.

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Anne gave birth to the coupleâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s first child, Susanna.

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Anne gave birth to twins, Judith and Hamnet. o The so-called lost years. Scholars have proposed a number of theories about Shakespeareâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s activities during this time, but no one knows exactly what he was up to. Shakespeare arrived in London and began to work in the theater. Turning to poetry because of the frequently closed theaters, Shakespeare published 7FOVT BOE "EPOJT, a volume of poetry that drew on the Ovidâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s .FUBNPSQIPTFT. It was so popular that it was reprinted at least 15 times during his life.

Shakespeareâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s son, Hamnet, died. The playwright purchased New Place, one of Stratfordâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s two largest townhouses. Shakespeare became one of six shareholders who signed The Globe Theatreâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s lease. Queen Elizabeth I died. She was succeeded by her cousin King James I, who actively supported the theater. He issued a royal license to Shakespeare and his fellow players that allowed the company to call itself The Kingâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Men. In return, the actors regularly entertained the king at court.

Shakespeare became a shareholder in the Lord Chamberlainâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Men, a theater company in London. His position as a shareholder helped him achieve a level of financial success unmatched by the dramatists of the age, many of whom lived in poverty.

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He published 5IF 3BQF PG -VDSFDF, another volume based on the works of Ovid. Despite the commercial success of these early publications, Shakespeare made no effort to make a career as a poet.

The writer bought a house in London.

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Shakespeare became widely known as Englandâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s most successful playwright. Shakespeare died.

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1590 –1591 The plays of William Shakespeare’s first period tend to follow their sources more closely than the plots of Shakespeare’s later works.1MBZ Generally,

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develop his own flexible poetic style. For example, his descriptive poetry in this period is more flowery than directly related to the development of the characters of the story. Speeches often use highly patterned schemes that involve word and sound repetitions.

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1595â&#x20AC;&#x201C;1600

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XXX 48BEWBOUBHF DPN

965

5IF 4FDPOE 1FSJPE 4IBLFTQFBSF T &OHMBOE

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Elizabethans believed in ghosts, witches, and magicians. No biographical evidence exists that Shakespeare had such beliefs, but he used them effectively in his works. Ghosts play an important part in )BNMFU +VMJVT $BFTBS .BDCFUI and 3JDIBSE *** Witches are major characters in .BDCFUI Prospero, the hero of )FOSZ 7 5IF 5FNQFTU is a magician.

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Elizabethans were keenly aware of death and the brevity of life. They lived in constant fear of plague. When an epidemic struck, they saw victims carted off to common graves.

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Yet death and violence also fascinated many Elizabethans. Londoners flocked to public beheadings of traitors, whose heads were exhibited on poles. They also watched as criminals were hanged, and they saw the corpses dangle from the gallows for days. +VMJVT $BFTBS 5SBHFEZ Elizabethan literature mirrored the violence and death characteristic of English life. Shakespeareâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s tragedies, like other Elizabethan tragedies, involve the murder or suicide of many of the leading characters.

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Shakespeareâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s works reflect the cultural, social, and political conditions of the Elizabethan Age. Knowledge of these conditions can provide greater knowledge of Shakespeareâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s plays and poems.

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In spite of their tolerance of cruelty, Elizabethans were extremely sensitive to beauty and grace. They loved many forms of literature, including poetic drama, narrative and lyric poetry, prose fiction, and essays. People of all classes enjoyed music, and English composers rivaled the finest composers in all of Europe.

968

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XXX 48BEWBOUBHF DPN

969

1VODUVBUJPO 4VNNBSZ *UBMJDT Words to be set in italics are indicated in typed or handwritten material by an underline. Italics are used to single out words, phrases, or even sentences for special emphasis. Titles of books, plays, magazines, and newspapers, and the names of ships, trains, and airplanes, are italicized. (Shorter works like poems and stories are put in quotation marks.)

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6TFE UP TFQBSBUF UXP DMBVTFT PG B DPNQPVOE TFOUFODF KPJOFE C B DPPSEJOBUJOH DPOKVODUJPO

5IF "EWFOUVSFT PG 5PN 4BXZFS )BNMFU /BUJPOBM (FPHSBQIJD the 5JUBOJD â&#x20AC;&#x153;Annabel Leeâ&#x20AC;? â&#x20AC;&#x153;The Masque of the Red Deathâ&#x20AC;?

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$BQJUBMJ[BUJPO All proper nouns

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(names of specific persons, beings, places, or things) are capitalized. In addition, capitalize the first word of every sentence; the first word of a direct quotation embedded in another sentence; the names of groups, associations, and businesses; the letters of some abbreviations; and all historic events, buildings, monuments, and documents:

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XXX 48BEWBOUBHF DPN

991

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