SPAN: January 1972 by SPAN magazine

A STATE VISIl;

Landing in New York in a driving rain. left. Mrs. Gandhi is gree at the airport by U.S. Ambassador to India Kenneth B. Keating. her left is L.K. Jha, Indian Ambassador to America. Above, ea crowds await the Prime Minister's arrival at welcoming ceremon in the capital. Below, Mrs. Gandhi and Mr. Nixon at the White Hou

SPAN 2

Duke Ellington by Stanley Dance

Taking Jazz Back to the Streets

The Compassionate Clown

Tradition and Technology by Lee Kuan Yew

Nutrition for the Vulnerable by Sarojini Abraham

Soyabean: The Cinderella Crop by Preminda Sen

Cassette TV: Fntertainment

Unlimited

by Edward Kern

Mr. Bellow Considers His Planet by Jane Howard

The Path to a New Economic Policy by Sidney L. Jones

Los Angeles Times by John Poppy

Clinic on Wheels

New York's Gateway to India by Marjorie Anne Stimmel

Front cover: David Attie's photograph symbolizes the dawn of the age of cassette television in the United States. For story, see pages 24-29. Back cover: Artist Dee Fairchild draws humour 'from paper clips.

Editorial Staff: Carmen Kagal, M. Reyazuddin, Avinash Pasricha, Nirmal Sharma, Krishan Gabrani. Art Staff: B. Roy Chowdhury, Nand Katyal, Kanti Roy, Kuldip S. Jus, Gopi Gajwani, Gopal Mehra. Production Staff: Awtar S. Marwaha, Mammen Philip. Photographic Services: USIS Photo Lab. Published by the United States Information Service, Bahawalpur House, Sikandra Road, New Delhi, on behalf of the American Embassy, New Delhi. Printed by Arun K. Mehta at Vakil & Sons Private Limited, Vakils House, Sprott Road, 18 Ballard Estate, Bombay-!. Photographs: 2-<:ourtesy Columbia Records; 6-7-Margot Granitsas; 8-A. Pasricha; 9-Santosh Basak; lO-R.N. Khanna, A. Pasricha; II-David Stone Martin, courtesy CBS" R.N. Khanna, Bhawan Singh; 16-A. Pasricha; 18-t9-C.S. Gopal; 24-29-<:ourtesy LIFE Time Groshinsky; 25-Barry Blackman; 27-Michael Inc. 24 & 28-Henry Rougier; 29-John Zimmerman; 36-41-<:ourtesy Los Angeles Times. Use of SPAN articles in other publications is encouraged, except when copyrighted. For permission, write to the Editor. Subscription: One year, rupees five; single copy, fifty paise. No new subscriptions can be accepted at this time. For change of address, send old address from a recent SPAN envelope along with new address to the Circulation Manager, USIS New Delhi. Allow six weeks for change of address to become effective.

()IUII\I~1~ILILII~tl3lrt

"My music talks about the new people I keep meeting, the places I've seen, the places I've seen change." For Duke Ellington, the great jazz pianist, composer and orchestra leader, this is still true today. Now 72, the Duke constantly tours various parts of the world. On a visit to India 8 years ago, Ellington played. before sell-out audiences; he also tried his hand at the tabla. At that time, he said: "With so much beauty in India-the people, the colours, the scenery-there is bound to be some effect on my music." (Story overleaf)

Duke Ellington mistrusts. Besides being essentially restrictive, it has, for him, connotations of a past the music has long since outgrown. "If 'jazz' means anything at all, which is questionable," he said recently, "it means the same thing it meant to musicians 50 years ago-freedom of expression. I used to have a definition, but I don't think I have one any more, unless it is that it is a music with an African foundation which came out of an American environment." The world will probably go on obstinately referring to it as jazz for many years to come. It certainly typifies and belongs to the first half of the 20th century, but it has come a long way in a relatively short period, changing greatly and absorbing many alien idioms while maintaining its own identity. Nobody has done more to elevate this music than Ellington. The spontaneous character of the music perhaps accounts for the fact that it has produced so few composers of obvious distinction. Duke Ellington, in fact, has absolutely no rivals in terms of quality, quantity, and variety. Ellington's achievement is an unusually large body of written and recorded music, most of it conceived primarily for interpretation by his own orchestra, but much of it suitable for performance by others in widely different areas of musical activity. His versatility has enabled him to compose and arrange descriptive pieces that establish moods and atmosphere with little reliance on soloistic invention ("Mood Indigo," "Azure"); pieces that depict real and imagined people ("Black Beauty," "Old King Dooji"); instrumentals that owe their being to "You get this actual contact the association of jazz and the when you perform and somebody dance ("Rockin' in Rhythm," "Stompy Jones"), or to the sighs. And that contact becomes impulse of after-hours improvia part of your experience." sation (" C Jam Blues," "In a Mellotone"); numbers conceived as songs for specific purposes ("Jump for Joy," "I Got It Bad"), and others that resulted from the addition of lyrics to compositions originally designed to showcase his famous soloists ("Do Nothing till You Hear from Me," "Don't Get Around Much Anymore"); and the more ambitious works that met the challenge of broadening opportunities in the concert hall ("Black, Brown and Beige"). The circumstances under which all this has been accomplished make it even more impressive. For most of his adult life, Ellington has been pianist, leader, and arranger of his own band, constantly travelling back and forth across the United States and Canada, and after World War II, visiting Europe annually. Since then, he has madt: other triumphant tours abroad-through the Middle East, India, Ceylon, Japan, parts of Africa and South America. In 1969, after President Richard Nixon had fittingly recognized his 70th birthday with the Medal of Freedom and a dinner at the White House, he showed no inclination to reston his laurels. "Retire to what?" he asked. "To think about too drastic a change of pace could be dangerous. My father put it best when he said he'd rather wear out than rust out." His pace, indeed, seems to be accelerating. No sooner did he JAZZ IS A LABEL

complete the music for a recent film, "Change of Mind," than he was engaged in projects involving a ballet, an opera, a musical show, and a book. Surrounding all these activities is his regular routine of appearances on television, in nightclubs and concert halls, at military bases and dance halls, and with his sacred concert programme in churches, cathedrals and synagogues. The kaleidoscope of experience has undoubtedly provided Ellington with much of his inspiration. Although he likes to describe himself as "a primitive artist who employs the materials at hand," his life is a story of steady and intelligent acquisition of skills, of their application, and-perhaps most important-of hard work. Edward Kennedy Ellington was born in Washington, D.C., on April 29, 1899. Both his parents came from large families, so that aunts, uncles, and cousins figured importantly in the world of his childhood. "I was brought up in the palm of the hand," he often says, "and I didn't touch the ground until I was eight years old." As a boy, during a period when he was confined to the house with a cold, he "fiddled about on the piano" and came up with his first composition, "Soda Fountain Rag." By this time he had entered Armstrong High (Secondary) School, where his playing at a party won him the approval of the older student!'. When he was 15, he played professionally for the first time in Washington. "By then," he said, "I knew about four numbers, so I played them from eight to one, in all different tempos, on the worst piano imaginable, and I got paid 75 cents." He later took jobs as relief pianist for established musicians, and played in bands that provided music for society functions. "I was getting so big that I had to study music to protect my reputation," he reflected with typically quiet irony. "Then I got so smart I put an advertisement in the telephone book myself, and became a booker and a bandleader. I began to get work. A lot of people were from out of town, and the name looked good to them. It got so that I would sometimes send out four or five bands a night, and work in them, too. I had real good business sense then, and I managed to buy a house and an automobile." In 1922, Ellington left his birthplace with a little group of friends. The first descent upon New York by "The Washingtonians" was a failure, but when they returned later that same year at the instigation of the famous jazz pianist Fats Waller they were engaged at Barron's, one of the most popular clubs in Harlem. A better offer led to their moving downtown in 1923 to the Hollywood Cafe, later known as the Kentucky Club. The size of the Ellington band at the club had been dictated by the smallness of the room and the cramped stand, but it was often enlarged for recording purposes. When it opened at the Cotton Club on December 4, 1927, the band was increased from six to 11 men. The importance of the Cotton Club engagement and its effect on Ellington's career as a bandleader and composer cannot be overestimated. The club was the most luxurious of the Harlem nightspots at a time when Harlem was a fashionable entertainment centre, and the band attracted nation-wide attention. The bulk of the band's material was written by Ellington and it reflected not only the personalities of those around him, but also his own aspirations and increasing technical assurance. More often than not, his collaborator's contribution consisted merely of an arresting phrase or phrases blown on a saxophone, trumpet, or trombone. The writing and shaping of it was the leader's work. "I wrote 'Black and Tan Fantasy' in a taxi coming down through Central Park on my way to a recording studio," he remembers. "I wrote 'Mood Indigo' in 15minutes. I wrote 'Solitude' in 20 minutes, in Chicago, standing up against a glass enclosure, waiting for another band to finish recording. But when I wrote "Sophisticated Lady," it took me 30 days, because I couldn't decide which way I wanted to go in the 17th bar."

At a White House dinner to honour Ellington on his 70th birthday, President Nixon said, "In the royalty of American music, no man swings higher or stands taller than the Duke. " In 1931, Ellington wrote his first "extended work," "Creole Rhapsody," a composition with three themes. Four years later, after the shock of his mother's death, he wrote the much more controversial "Reminiscing in Tempo," a work that juxtaposed grief and pain with tender memories. These works drew attention to Ellington as a serious composer. But a more significant and far-reaching development took place in 1936 when he wrote and recorded what were in effect concertos for clarinetist Barney Bigard and trumpeter Cootie Williams. Hitherto, most jazz performances had featured several soloists, but from this time on there was an increasing tendency for Ellington and, years later, other leaders to feature only one soloist on each number. In providing settings that fit, as one of his men put it, "like a glove," Ellington inspired and was inspired. He knew the musical personalities of ills men intimately, and he knew how to highlight their strengths and conceal their weaknesses. Early in 1943 Ellington presented the first of a series of concerts at Carnegie Hall, premiering on this occasion a new, long work entitled "Black, Brown and Beige." This "tone parallel to the history of the American Negro" provoked much controversy, but its originality and the brilliance of its orchestration were generally acknowledged. "Black," the longest section, was concerned with the distant past, and it climaxed with a suggestion of the peace of Sunday, as depicted in one of Ellington's most beautiful songs, "Come Sunday." "Brown" ranged through the 19th century, the Civil War, migrations from the Caribbean, the joys of eman,cipation, urbanization, and the blues; "Beige" was concerned with the Negro's progress in the 20th century. "Harlem," probably the most skilful and best realized of all Ellington's long descriptive works, was commissioned for the

NBC (National Broadcasting Company) Symphony in 1950, when Arturo Toscanini was conductor. It is a continuous piece that masterfully interweaves many colours, textures, themes, and rhythms to portray the variety of life in the city within a city. The demands for Ellington's services were now in a crescendo. He and ills band had appeared in several movies, but in 1959 he was asked for the first time to write the accompanying music for a major motion picture, Otto Preminger's "Anatomy of a Murder." Further movie commissions followed this success. Ellington's affinity for the theatre was evident in 1963 when he produced a spectacular show called "My People" for the Century of Negro Progress Exposition in Chicago. It identified him very positively with the civil rights movement. In the same entertaining fashion that had distinguished "Jump for Joy," the message spoke of love. In this instance, he had not only written lyrics and music, but was responsible for much of the staging and choreography. During the past few years, Ellington has written an astonishing number of significant works. In 1960, he composed "Suite Thursday" for the Monterey Jazz Festival. The following year, he came out with his sensational "Afro-Bossa" collection, in which he examined the Afro-Iberian contribution to American music. Later there were his "Far East Suite," his first "Concert of Sacred Music," and the boldly impressionistic "Latin American Suite." If the sources of energy and imagination that go into ills staggering output are ultimately inexplicable, the method is not. "I write music just about every day," Ellington has tru thfully claimed. "I don't believe in a lot of elaborate plans. Just pour it out as it comes, and then maybe do some reshaping afterwards." The pouring out is done anywhere, often in hotel rooms, where an electric piano is drawn up beside his bed. Although much of his music is genuinely written for his own satisfaction, he would scarcely disagree with the character in a . Graham Greene novel who said, "A writer doesn't write for his readers, but he has to take elementary precautions to make them comfortable." EN P

The compassionate clown As with most clowns, a tenuous line divides the laughter from the tears. And so it was with Danny Kaye, when he entertained newspapermen at a recent press conference in Delhi. For all the familiar mimicking and wisecracking and grimacing, his message was deeply serious-as the quotes on these pages reveal. And as he spoke of the world's injustice to its children, he communicated a strong sense of outrage, a sadness that was tinged with despair.

"My mission is very simple. 1 am here to make a film for UNICEF, as I was 17 years ago when we made 'Assignment Children.' Incidentally, it has been shown more often than any single piece of film that has ever been made .... "Think of the initialsUNICEF. It started out as the International Children's Emergency Fund; it's now just the U.N. Children's Fund. But the initials still tell the story. Because the emergency is still with us, because suffering does not go out of style. UNICEF, of course,

has many, many programmesmilk, medicines, malaria eradication. And because of these, I think the lot of children has improved all over the world. But the point is, how fast is the improvement taking place? Can it keep pace with the children being born?"

"The Salt Lake camp near Calcutta-it's the same as any refugee camp anywhere; or any group of people with no shelter, no medical care, and where hunger is rampant. In things like this, it's always the children who suffer most, they are the innocent victims. I know that there are children in city slums who grow up in the same kind of squalor, but they somehow seem to have a better chance. The refugee children seem worse, perhaps because they've been uprooted from their homes."

"Let me tell you a story that will graphically illustrate the kind of work UNICEF does. In Thailand, 17 years ago, I visited a project to eradicate yaws. There was this little boy-1 call him Sam-who was ridden with the disease. He had great big eyes and he was covered with sores. But he was treated with penicillin and completely cured. At that time they took a picture. I was bouncing him on my knee, and there was a piece of candythe kind that stretchesbetween his mouth and mine.

"Nine years later, there was a UNICEF reunion in Japan, and I said: 'Why don't we try to find Sam?' And within a few days, Sam was there-tall and strong and healthy and dignified. He was asked, 'Do yOll know this man?' No, he said. Then he was shown the candy picture. He looked at the picture, then looked at me, then looked at the picture again. And then he smiled. From that time on, Sam never left me. And everywhere I went, I started to tell his story. One day, Sam was standing behind my chair, and he sensed that I was talking about him. He spoke no English, so all he did was to place his hand on my shoulder. It was the most eloquent gesture of love that I have ever known.

"Somewhere in his mind, as in the minds of thousands of other children, he realized that people of many nationalities, many faiths, many creeds, had joined together to help him. And it is a reasonable assumption to make that when these children inherit the earth, they will have a better idea of how people can live and work together."

;;;~;;;;~;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;. ;;;;~i~ld~re;;n~lV~h~o~h~av~e~d~iffi~e~re~n;t:la:n;g:ua:g:es. ;> Any time a chiid hoids "How do I communicate wIth ~h diffi rent envIronments. , , different customs, Ie, 'basis for communicatIOn. d d u heip hIm there IS a k out his han an yo 'i'i' tact iike an idiot. I ma e h Kids will iaug at any man WI mg 0 tremely competent I'd'10 t"â&#x20AC;˘ no other claims than t h'IS one.. I am an ex

in Kipling's limerick that "never the twain shall meet" finds an ironic rebuttal in over half a million Asians, Indians and Pakistanis, now permanently settled in Britain. The East has met the West. Together with over 50 million Britons, and another half a million Africans and West Indians, a whole second generation would have been born and bred in Britain, knowing nothing of India or Pakistan. Cheap, convenient and rapid mass transportation has. resulted in considerable immigration of peoples. From the former dependencies, peoples have moved into the high leisureseeking societies of Britain and France. They take up jobs mostly in the lower social and income brackets. East and West have met, albeit unequally, in one society. When the West first sailed out to the East, they met on unequal terms. Large areas of Asia were colonized by the superior naval, weapons and industrial strength of the West. The only country to repel Western domination was Japan. Even China had to cede e~traterritorial concessions in her main ports. The Thais weJ;e fortunate. The British in Burma could be played off against the French in Indochina, thus avoiding domination by either.

CONCLUSION

However, in 1972-25 years>after independence in India and Pakistan-East still meets West on unequal terms. Again the exception is Japan. China will dispute this. In fact, they probably consider themselves more than equal to the West. For the rest of Asia, whether it is the Westerner who visits the East, or the Easterner who visits the West, both are conscious of the inequality of their respective positions. s individuals, there are many Asians whose ability and competence in their professional fields excel and are equal to the best of the Europeans and Americans. But this is not the point. More relevant is the question why, in group performance as nation states most countries of the East, so far, have not been able to organize themselves, maintain effective administration, ensure political stability; provide proper sanitation, clean potable water and constant electric supply; control population growth, and raise the levels of education, training and expertise. Only then can they, by the use of machinery and equipment they can buy from the West, make the technological, economic and social progress to equal the West. The great Hindu and Sinic civilizations,

going back well beyond 2,000 and 3,000 B.c. respectively, could only have been created by peoples of considerable talent. They must have had the capacity for organization and administration to sustain cultivated living over long periods of time. They must also have maintained a surplus in agricultural and pastoral production, to enable a significant portion of their people to cultivate the arts. For music, literature, painting, sculpture and architecture flourished. The genius expressed in solid granite chiselled and carved into the Ellora Caves near Aurangabad in the 6th to 7th centuries, the temples of Mahabalipuram near Madras in the 7th and 8th centuries, or more recently, in the 17th century under the Mogul emperor Shah Jehan, the Taj Mahal-these monuments surpass any architecture of the same period in the West. And in modern times, the poetry of Tagore bears witness to Bengali artistry in both English and Bengali, whilst India was still under the British Raj. What is it that has made Japan such an outstanding exception to the long catalogue of other not so successful attempts at modernization and industrialization in the East? A century after the Meiji Restoration in 1868 Japan has the third-highest Gross

National Product in the world, although in per capita terms she ranks below West Germany. In order to learn the technology of the West, the Japanese sent scholars abroad. . They learned the languages of the advanced nations. In a thoroughly eclectic manner, they chose the best from each. From the Prussians their military system and strategic' doctrines, from the British ship-building. The French have also made a contribution to Japan's transformation. But, unfortunately, to this day grapes grown in Japan have prevented Japanese wines from being anything like the French. And this is not for want of trying. By the turn of this century the Japanese defeated the Russian fleet. They grew in strength and confidence. They systematically learned from countries more advanced than themselves. They brought the sophisticated products of the West, took them apart, studied the components, and then reproduced almost identical products, albeit of unequal quality. However, a generation is now growing up, where the label "Made in Japan" denotes high quality at medium prices.

Lee Kuan Yew, Prime Minister of Singapore since 1959,

was educated at Raffles College and Cambridge University, where he took first class honours in both parts of the law tripos. He has been secretary general of the Singapore People's Action Party since its formation in 1954. The next year he won a seat in Singapore's legislature, which h.e held till he became Prime Minister.

improving blood circulation to the legs. But first there are some harsh realities What can other Asian nations, with an- which must be recognized, and several cient and glorious civilizations, learn from contradictions which must be overcome by the experience of Japan? Can they in- the new countries. Then they can better dustrialize and modernize faster? What are refurbish their societies,' and create newer the mistakes they should avoid repeating, vei's'ions of their old civilizations, more like the despoliation of Japan's once beau- relevant to the mass-production, high-contiful and gracious environment, and the sumption societies. Looking at the great pollution of her air, rivers and beaches? . relics of past civilizations in Asia-Mahabalipuram near Madras, the Ellora and hina and India have attempted to Ajanta Caves, Borobudur near Jogjakarta catch up in science and technology in Java, Angkor Wat near Siem Reap in by two different political systems. The Cambodia-what is often forgotten is that Chinese have been successful in detonating there must have been long periods of order hydrogen bombs and sending a.satellite into and discipline, provided by a firm framespace whistling "the East is Red." But this work of administrative efficiency and disis in spite, not because, of the isolationism cipline. And whenever incentives failed to they have imposed upon themselves. The work, some coercion or compulsion must men who made possible their technological have been applied. Otherwise they could advance were scientists who worked long not have transformed to reality, in granite, ntrying to identify the elements that years in American research establishments or sandstone, or marb!e, the creative imagmade the West superior in the sciences on nuclear physics and aerospace sciences. ination of their artists, engineers and and technology, the Japanese even Furthermore, from 1949 to the time of architects. For some of these monuments copied the dress styles of the West. The their conflict.with the Russians in the early took several centuries, and five times as 1960s, they were receiving .Russian ma- many generations, to accomplish. black hat and grey gloves, striped trousers chinery and know-how. So until the split and black tails have become part of Japanese protocol. Now they tailor all these became openly acute, Russian was the seche first contradiction these societies out of their own felt, textile and leather ond language taught in schools and univerface is how to reconcile, how to remanufacture. At the same time, they have sities in China. gear their value systems and culture Theoretically it should now be easier for patterns to meet the needs of an industrial preserved as much as they could of their traditional forms of dress, architecture the less developed to develop. There is the society, based on the higher sciences.It is not and way of life. recent UNCTAD (United Nations Con- possible to move from the agricultural ecoAfter their defeat in World War II, and ference on Trade and Development) agree- nomies of Asia, somewhere at the level of during the years of Ameriqm occupation, ment in principle at Geneva. Now the de- 15th and 16th century Western Europe, into they decided that perhaps their diet was veloped countries .can reduce tariffs on the the "technetronic" era the Americans have deficient. This might have been a contrib- manufactured products of the less devel- entered, without jettisoning those parts of utory factor towards the better perform- oped, without having to give the same the value systems and culture patterns of ance of the Americans. So with customary concessions to all, including the developed, the traditional past which inhibit or impede thoroughness and zeal, their leaders set out as required by GATT (General Agreement the acquisition of scientific knowledge, to get the Japanese to consume more ani- on Tariffs and Trade). New countries engineering techniques and work discipline. _malprotein and wheat, in addition to their should therefore be able to sell more of Industrialized status can be achieved only traditional diet of fish, pickled vegetables their products for more foreign exchange, if new value systems and behaviour patand rice. It is not by accident that one of and buy more capital machinery for further terns are grafted on the old. Could it be the cheapest drinks available in Japan to- industrialization. World Bank .soft loans, that, in part, the difference between the day is pasteurized milk, subsidized by the United Nations agencies, bilateral and more intense and exacting Sinic culture, government to ensure that a whole ge"nera- multilateral aid programmes are all de- and the less intense and more benign leisure tion growsup taller, stronger and brighter. signed to ease the painful and difficult proc- values of Hindu culture, has made for the This change in diet has produced a taller ess of industrialization, to make it less difference in results of industrial progress generation. Some doctors say another strenuous and exacting an-effort. In theory be(ween Eastern and Southern Asia? It requires courageous leadership to cause has been sitting at tables instead of these concessions should also shorten the eradicate those values which hamper the squatting on the floor for their meals, thus time taken for industrial transformation.

continued

advance of a people into the higher sci- morale. These are essential ingredients of ences, and to inculcate new values and success. With independence cqmes a reviv.attitudes which will quicken the pace of alist, romanticist streak. The native langu~hange. Rapid acquisition of knowledge in age, modes of dress, even manners and the sciences and technology, higher manip- mannerisms, are resurrected and given preulative skills, management expertise and eminence. Often they are the external manimarketing know-how are not congruent festations of a supposedly glorious past. It with a relaxed culture. Further, these new is a phenomenon to be found not only in disciplines and techniques often need to be older civilizations. The preoccupation of modified to fit the different social and cul- the American Negroes with Afro-Amertural moulds which their different histories ican studies, new hair and dress styles may be an assertion of their right to a dignified have bequeathed them. To compound the problem for the less and not inferior past. It is worth rememberdeveloped, the Puritan ethics of the West ing that the Japanese preserved as much of which make virtues out of hard work, thrift themselves as was compatible with the and enterprise are at present being ques- industrial society. tioned in the West. The young of the developed countries are seen to be rejecting these virtues. The abundance of Western "IT REQUIRES COURAGEOUS post-industrial societies has been accomLEADERSHIP TO ERADICATE panied by the ostentatious flouting, by stuTHOSE VALUES WHICH dents and unionized workers, of these conHA.\lPER THE ADVANCE OF A ventional values, without which the abundance and leisure could not have come about PEOPLE. AND TO I~CULCATE in the first instance. NEW \'ALUES AND AITIThis confuses the students and young TUDES \VHICH \\'ILL QUICKEN workers of the less developed countries. THE PACE OF CHANGE." They prefer to believe that with the latest industrial innovations, hard work, thrift and industry are no longer necessary to In order to get access to this new knowltake their agricultural and pastoral economies into the industrial age. It is more edge, especially in the applied sciences, congenial if the impersonal application of men must be prepared and sent abroad to science and technology to industry could study in developed countries. This requires do the trick, because personal effort and . the learning of the languages of these developed countries, English, Russian, Gerdiscipline make for a strenuous life. man or French. The easiest course would nfortunately, despite aid from the be to conti.nue using the language of the World Bank and U.N. agencies, former metropolitan power, particularly despite the lowering of tariff walls where this happens to be English or French. surrounding the developed countries, with The contradiction between pride in one's few exceptions, the less developed have own language and the mastery of a foreign stayed less developed. For the less devel- language can be reconciled. The foreign oped to achieve standards of life compara- language the less developed have inherited ble to that of the post-industrial West, can continue to be taught and used, whilst two or more generations may have to toil the indigenous language, over the decades' away. The result is that many profession- can be modernized and enriched by extenally competent but impatient young men sively borrowing ideas and words, and in the less-developed countries choose the eventually developing its own modern litereasier way out. By migrating to the ature. Only in this way can scholars be sent developed countries, they can immediately abroad to learn new knowledge. More imenjoy standards of life of their counter- portant, the textbooks, journals and publiparts in developed societies. Too few take cations of the developed countries can be the patriotic road, for it means a long imported, enabling more students to acperiod of hard work, for which the real quire scientific knowledge. The best reason reward is the satisfaction of raising the for keeping up the learning and use of quality of life for one's own community. English or French is that prefessors and experts from advanced countries can visit The second major contradiction to be resolved is that of language. Pride in one's the universities and institutions of the less past is necessary for self-confidence and developed, and instruct much larger num-

bers of students than can be sent abroad. This is not inconsistent with what the Japanese did. They had some of their best students learn the languages of the advanced countries of the West, and sent them abroad to learn what the West had which Japan did not have. Then, after several decades, the Japanese 'Were able to build up their own technical institutes and universities, using Japanese language textbooks for even technical and scientific subjects. Even today they have their scholars studying English, French and German go abroad and keep abreast of the latest developments in the higher sciences. They also import foreign publications and keep in touch with contemporary work in all important fields. The assiduous learning of the language of an advanced country and the fostering of one's own are complementary, not inconsistent, policies. n the other hand, the deliberate stifling of a language which gives access to superior technology can be damaging beyond repair. Sometimes this is done, not to elevate the status of the indigenous language, as much as to make away a supposedÂˇ advantage a minority in the society is deemed to have, because that minority has already gained a greater competence in the foreign language. This can be most damaging. It istantamount to blinding the next generation to the knowledge of the advanced countries. Worse, it leads to an exodus of the bright and the promising who do not intend themselves or their children to be blinded from new knowledge. No matter how good the translation from the English, Russian, French or German text can be, it will often be three to five editions behind by the time it has been translated, sent to the printer, and finally published and available in the bookshops. And the range of books or journals that can be translated can never equal the access to direct sources, nor enable direct communication and a dialogue with specialists in the advanced countries. Whilst national pride requires that the indigenous language be revived and expanded for modern-day use, to deliberately drop the teaching and use of English or French and depend upon translations of scientific materials into an, as yet, inadequate language, is unnecessarily to maim themselves in their search of new knowledge. Western science and technology have created one ever smaller world. It has led

to mutual exposure of peoples of the developed and less-developed countries. It is difficult to ward off external influences. To close a society, rigid .controls have to be constantly maintained. Even the Russians have found this unprofitable. Their "Intourist" now encourages more wealthy tourists both to see their achievements, and to get more convertible currency. Their ballet and cultural troupes perform abroad. Their scientists and scholars attend congresses in the West, despite occasional defections. This trend is unlikely to be reversed. For the exchange of ideas leads to a cross fertilization of different disciplines and systems, often generating a creative stimulus. The question leaders of the less-developed nations have to answer is not whether or not to modernize. Affluent tourists and the mass media have already aroused the appetites of the peoples of the less-developed countries for the sophisticated products, particularly consumer durables, of the advanced countries. The question these leaders have to answer is how rapidly can they modernize their societies, and equally important, how much of their traditional past can they retain so that they are not just poor imitations of the West, with all the fads and fetishes, the disorders and aberrations of contemporary Western societies. One world need not mean one dull, grey, uniform world. The science, the technology, the computers, the automation, and the cybernetics for mass-production, high-consumption economies may have to be more or less the same. But architecture, social behaviour and styles of life need not be slavishly imitated. The intake of calories, proteins, minerals ,and vitamins may have to approximate certain optimum levels. But the cuisine, the culinary arts, need not be the same. The leadership of eachcountry must make up its owri mind just how much to keep and how much to jettison of the old, to make progress and yet keep enough to be one's own distinctive self. For cultural continuity is compatible with the absorption of new technology and will lessen the problems of disorientation consequent on rapid changes in ways of working and modes of life.

4 nother

major problem for many of the less-developed countries is that they have to raise not only levels of knowledge and skills, but levels of intelligence, ability and dexterity. The controversy over whether ethnic differences cor~

relate with low or high I.Q. levels' and manipulative skills may never be resolved either for academic or political considerations. But whether it is nature or nurture, one problem more acute in new, than in old, societies is that the abler and more educated segments of their population tend to have much smaller families than the less able and less educated, whose families are often five or more times larger than the more educated. Even if genetics has no bearing on ability, and it were the environment, the opportunities, the diet, the care and attention which determine performance, this still poses a grave problem. But if it turns out that nature as much as nurture decides the level of achievement, then some system of incentives and disincentives must be found to make sure that with each succeeding generation, standards of education and skill, levels of performance and achievement, will rise both as a result of nurture. Whether it is the genes, or the environment, or both, to catch up with technology and capital accumulation of the developed, this problem must be faced by the political leadership of the less developed, then alternative solutions defined, explained and vigorously implemented. Then the quality of life will rise as levels of education and performance are raised.

"HOW MUCH OF THEIR TRADITIONAL PAST CAN ASIAN NATIONS RETAIN, SO THAT THEY ARE NOT JUST POOR IMITATIONS OF THE WEST .... ONE WORLD NEED NOT MEAN ONE DULL, GREY, UNIFORM WORLD."

Over the next few decades there will be more in the East who can meet the West on equal terms. By the year 2000, there could be over a thousand million people in the East who will equal the West in the sciences, technology and in the arts. A danger to be avoided is the possible loss of their cultural distinctiveness which has made the civilizations of the East so different. In Asia, the basic social unit is the family. Strong family ties have, so far, enabled Eastern societies to avoid the maladies which are afflicting the West. The young in the West are being softened by an abundance of the necessities of life. Crea-

ture comforts are taken for granted. Parents usually have less control over their children. Different social mores have produced a younger generation who are only too ready to experiment on themselves with drugs and sex. Quite a numbermaybephysically and emotionally crippled for life. ontacts between peoples of the developed and less-developed countries are increasing in frequency, and spreading over wider groups of peoples. It is generating greater unease because of the consciousness of their unequal positions. Unless the standards of living between the fully developed and the less"developed countries become less unequal, there will be more inter-racial, inter-religious and international friction. These frictions could so easily be aggravated into acute conflicts if they were exploited by those revolutionary countries still in the feverish proselytizing period of communism. Disillusionment in the less-developed . countries has set in because of their failure to make the grade. The despondency is all the greater because of earlier beliefs that growth was the natural and effortless result of the transference of capital equipment and work techniques from the developed to the less developed. It was generally believed that all the less developed required was the advanced machines, preferably with automation and cybernetics, from the advanced countries on easy payment terms, and progress was assured. This has not happened because there never was this easy ride towards the industrial society. The willingness of the developed West, and of the developed East in the case of Japan, to pass on the technology, capital equipment and skills under terms which are not too onerous, may regenerate optimism and on a more realistic basis. An appreciation of each other's cultural differences, . which make for greater or lesser speed in developing the human and natural resources of each country and their peoples, will also help human relations across ethnic and national boundaries. When the less developed understand that the developed can, and are willing to help, but that the decisive factor is the quality of their leadership, the innate attributes of their people, their levels of education, their cultural ballast, then perhaps confidence and mutual respect will be established between East and West as appreciable and steady progress is achieved in the East. END

'TBE' LIEB1BLE Pre-school children, pregnant mothers, children in tribal areas and city slums-these are the sections of the population most vulnerable to the menace of malnutrition. And it is with these groups that the Government of India's Special Nutrition Programme is concerned.

THESCENE: Row upon row of little children, faces bright and shining, hair oiled and combed, in a shady mango grove in a Tamil Nadu village. On the fringes of the gathering, a few mothers and older sisters sit chatting in groups. Nearby, there is a small oneroom hut, with a thatched roof. Though it looks like one of hundreds of open-air village schools, this is a centre to feed preschool children. As the children sit quietly, each one is given a helping of CSM (corn, soya and milk) cooked in salad oil in the form of the favourite South Indian uppuma. (Indeed, uppuma seems to have gained international fame, largely due to the feeding programmes run by CARE, the Co-operative for American Relief Everywhere.) Each child is also given a teaspoonful of oil, to make up for the common deficiency in fatty acids. And it is this oil that accounts for their clear glowing skins, the absence of sores that so often disfigure other Indian children. Throughout the country, there are now thousands of such feeding centres, organized by some 30 different agencies. For size and logistic management, however, perhaps the most successful is the Special Nutrition Programme, inaugurated by Prime Minister Indira Gandhi in September 1970 and organized by the Government ofIndia's Department of Social Welfare. The programme now reaches over l4lakhs of India's pre-school children under six years. And, according to O.K. Moorthy, Director of the Department of Social Welfare, the final target is two million. The programme was recently expanded to cover pregnant women and lactating mothers. Mr. Moorthy says, "My objective is eventually to make it a packaged programme, so that in addition to feeding the children, there will be immunization and nutrition education campaigns."

OUNTING AWARENESS of the problems of malnutrition has pointed up the need for a well-nourished population, not only in humanitarian terms but also as an important factor in a country's development. Attention in recent years has been focussed on the most critical period" in the child's life: the nine months before birth and the three years after birth. Research suggests that 90 per cent of brain growth takes place during this time, and that mental damage may occur if a child is seriously malnourished during this crucial period. Paul Cifrino, chief of the Food and Nutrition Division of the U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID), narrows About the Author: Mrs. Abraham studied sociology and economics at the London School of Economics. For the last 10 years she has been conducting studies in such fields as hOl/sing, nutrition alld family planning.

it down further. "The greatest period for brain growth in humans," he says, "takes place in the last few weeks of gestation and in the first few weeks after birth. Children born of malnourished mothers usually have a smaller head circumference, and this probably translates into smaller brain size. Malnourished children show retarded bone development all through early childhood. There is increasing world-wide concern that these children may be mentally handicapped, and this seems quite certain for children who are very seriously malnourished in the last stages of pregnancy. Children malnourished in early childhood will probably adopt passive, inverted, behaviour response patterns, and many of them will be physically impaired." A poor Indian child starts with a handicap: a low birth weight -about 2.8 kilograms compared to about 3.1 kilograms in infants born to well-nourished mothers. Studies conducted by the National Institute of Nutrition, Hyderabad, indicate that the Indian infant grows parallel with an American infant during the first six months of life. After this there is a decreased rate of growth which continues during early childhood. Dr. C. Gopalan of the National Institute says that 80 per cent of pre-school children in India's rural areas suffer from malnutritional dwarfism. The culmination of all this research knowledge has resulted in the Government of India's nutrition programmes for pre-school children. Other projects have been in existence for some timeCARE-assisted school feeding, and feeding of industrial workers' families; the Applied Nutrition Programme; and several other government and voluntary efforts. The Fourth Five Year Plan, for the first time since independence, provides for an integrated nutrition programme. And the momentum for action has been accelerated by Planning Minister C. Subramaniam, who has asked the Planning Commission to evolve a strategy to co-ordinate all aspects of the nutritional picture-agricultural innovations, improvement of staple foods, storage and distribution practices, fortification, production of processed foods, feeding programmes, and research in nutri tion.

W HEN THE

PRIME MINISTER inaugurated the Special Nutrition Programme, she said that pre-school feeding would, in the first instance, cover the vulnerable sections of the population-those in tribal areas and in city slums. One indicator of this vulnerability: while the literacy rate in the country as a whole is 28 per cent, in tribal areas it is only eight per cent. City slums were included because the majority of Harijans live in them. While identification and logistics are relatively easy in denselypopulated slums, reaching children in tribal areas is a feat in itself. Most of these areas are remote, often without roads; the ter-

Food habits are part and parcel of a people's culture, and are so complex that they are just beginning to be scientifically analysed.

rain is rugged, and the people suspicious of outsiders. However, since Tribal Development Blocks were set up in 1963, these problems have lessened somewhat. Of the 500 blocks covering 50 million people, 140 are included in the nutrition programme. And in some states it has met with marked success. Thus in Madhya Pradesh, which has the most backward tribal areas, 80 per cent of the children come to the feeding centres. This, in fact, is the biggest problem encountered so far in the programme-to ensure that all children under three come to the centres. Some have to be brought three or four miles from home, and mothers are not willing or able to make the trip every day. When they do come, mothers prefer to take the food home, because of the superstition that others might "cast the evil eye" on their children and also because at home the food could be shared with others in the family. There are other problems as well. Food is not always cooked hygienically because of local water pollution; roads are bad in isolated areas or, where they exist, volunteers have no vehicles; there is a very real shortage of good voluntary help. And the person who runs the feeding centre is a volunteer, sometimes a Panchayati Raj official. At present, the programme operates 250 days a year, but the intention is to extend it to 300 days. The cost per child is 23 paise per day-l 8 paise for the food, five paise for administrative and transportation costs. The total budget allocated for the programme was recently raised from Rs. 4 crores to Rs. 10 crores. Organized through State Governments, the programme is carried out at the local level by voluntary agencies. Helping these agencies are several international organizations. CARE supplies milk, CSM, bulgar, salad oil and soya. UNICEF and Operation Flood (brainchild of AMUL's Dr. Verghese Kurien) provide four to six ounces of double-toned milk per child, mainly in city slums. Modern Bakery supplies milk bread. As milk is scarce in tribal areas, the children are given CSM and local pulses or Balahar (a mixture of cereal with high-protein ground nut flour, vitamins and minerals). The Department of Social Welfare is investigating the possibility of developing weaning foods which can be delivered to the home. This will certainly cut down cooking costs, particularly in tribal areas. Here, an exciting new development is the pilot production of a snack made from maize, rice and soyabean. The first machine to manufacture these snacks has arrived from America. It looks like a great big sausage grinder, and it 'extrudes' cooked dried snacks-curls, rings or chips, either savoury or sweet. If the experiment succeeds, it may meet the need for take-home food in the Special Nutrition Programme.

THESE DAYS of rapid technological development, it is far simpler to increase food production than to change people's food habits and attitudes. These are part and parcelÂˇ of their cultural environment and are so complex that they are just beginning to be an object of scientific analysis. Nutritional value has been shown to be a weak motivation for food choice even in educated society.

The taste of food must match the taste of the group, the food must find its place in the value system of the group. In most Indian communities, there are food taboos for children and pregnant mothers; there are "hot" and "cold" foods. Certain foods carry with them social prestige and are a conspicuous way of rising in the social hierarchy. Sometimes changes in food habits have a deleterious effect. One example is the shift from breast feeding to bottle feeding, which often happens when rural folk move to cities. The breast-feeding pattern in India is startlingly different from that of other countries. In their study of 12,000 people in Khanna in the Punjab, Harvard University'S Dr. John E. Gordon and Dr. John B. Wyon found that children are breast-fed for 26 months on the average. Another nutrition study in a hospital at Jammalamadugu, Andhra Pradesh, also found that mothers breast-fed their children for two years or more. In many parts of the country, the child is weaned only after the naming ceremony, which usually takes place when the child is 18 to 24 months old. While breast milk is a complete food for the first six months, the Children sit in the shade of a tree, while a volunteer serves them with the food that their young bodies need. The Special Nutrition Programme now covers over 14 lakh children under the age of six.

child needs supplementary feeding after that because the iron reserves in the body become depleted. An excellent source of iron and of Vitamin A is green leafy vegetables. In some parts of India various types of spinach grow wild, yet villagers do not eat it, either because they do not know it can be eaten or because they believe that eating spinach has ill effects. In the Punjab, on the other hand, spinach is eaten in quantities-but only after it has been cooked for anything up to seven hours, thus destroying its nutritional value.

LONG AS the population increases at the present rate, tackling the problems of malnutrition will be rather like the little hamster on the treadmill-lots of activity, but the tiny animal gets nowhere. Each year, there is a net increase of 13 million bi;Lbiesin India's population. Now generally recognized is the connection between wellnourished children on the one hand, and couples motivated to limit their families on the other. The Khanna study suggests that parents have a fairly complex method of working out how many children they need to have in order to have one or two surviving sons in their old age. The level at which births are limited is naturally a generous one, because almost 30 per cent of children do

not survive the first two years. Thus, to have two male children to look after them in their old age, parents feel they have to have perhaps six or seven children to begin with. The President of India touched on this problem in a speech in March 1971, when he said: "If the survival of the child can be assured through better nutrition, the basic step for family planning to get wide acceptance would have been taken." So, in order to make the breakthrough in population control, the villager has to be convinced that even if he has only two children, they will live to help him in the fields when he is old. Assessing the overall problem of malnutrition in India, Paul Cifrino estimates that "both the maternal nutrition programme and feeding of infants from six to 36 months would require approximately one per cent of the national food supply .... The problem is essentially one of knowledge and delivery, rather than a problem of overall food availability." And Alan Berg, USAID's former chief of Food and Nutrition, points OLlt,"The medical cost of treating malnutrition is probably greater than the cost of providing the necessary nutrients to begin with." The task is monumental, both in feeding programmes and in changing people's food beliefs and practices. But the signs are there that it can be done. END

The humble soyabean promises to blossom soon into "manna" for the undernourished millions in India.

the capital of Madhya PraIdesh,BHOPAL, state legislators recently took an N

unusual interest in a demonstration on the utilization of soyabean for the preparation of wholesome, nutri tious foods-an interest generated by their growing concern about the lack of protein in the diet of most people in the state. Soyabean has been grown extensively in Madhya Pradesh for six years as an inexpensive and economical source of protein-the most important and most scarce element of all food, ~oyabean, as a matter of fact, has the highest protein contentabout 40 per cent as against 20 per cent found in meat. Also an excellent source of oil, it has a multiplicity of uses-as a dal, an oilseed, vegetarian "meat" and milk. When compared to common foods, soyabean shows a much higher standard of nourishment. To give some examples: one kilogram of soyabean flour is equal to 12 kilos of milk, six kilos of rice, 3.5 kilos of eggs or two kilos of meat. Soyabean flour is also a great boon for

those on a medical diet. It is all excellent food for diabetics as the starch content is negligible and it is low in saccharides. Being high in phosphate content,.,soyabean products are also good for those suffering from nervous disorders. Alkalizing in effect, they reduce the acidity in blood. tissues. Realizing the great potential of soyabean in the Indian diet, the Jawaharlal Nehru Krishi Vishwa Vidyalaya (JNKVV) at Jabalpur, assisted by a team of American advisors from Illinois-the home of the soyabean in the United States-has recently made a concerted effort for the greater utilization and marketing of soyaProcessed soyabean /lour is being increasingly used for making nutritious biscuits, bread and cakes, top right. A happy child, at left, with her protein-rich biscuits. Centre right, Indian dishes, made by blending soyabean with wheat /lour, taste as well as the ones prepared with wheat. Right, soyabean oil is nutritious and good for cooking. Even the oil cake retains enough proteins. Far right, standing soyabean crop in a government farm near Jabalpur.

Âˇ

In the vanguard of soyabean research, JNKVV's work encompasst

Consumer acceptance surveys for soyabean products have been conducted by JNKVV under the direction of Dr. Sheldon Williams, an expert in agricultural economics and one of the team of advisors from Illinois. These have primarily been on the use of soyabean flour for making chapatis. Reactions were obtained from a cross section of citizens on the smell, taste, colour and texture of chapatis made from varying blends of soyabean with wheat flours ranging from 10 to 20 per cent. These flours included three types of soyabean flour with differing fat contents. "We always distributed straight wheat flour as well to act as a control measure, without consumers knowing it," explained Dr.Williams, "in order to get fair reactions. In most cases, our investigators found that the blended flours had been accepted as well as the straight wheat usually used for chapatis. Occasionally, there were objections to the taste or smell of the full fat soya flour." nder the experienced direction of Miss Dr. Williams explained that this was S. Kanthamani, a home science nutri- because the tests were carried out with tion specialist trained at the University of indigenous products which are not yet Illinois, the JNKVV has pioneered over a standardized. "If properly processed, I am hundred interesting recipes, available in a confident that these objections will be neat, comprehensive book that is fast eliminated. The problem we have faced becoming popular with institutions and with our consumer work is how to get housewives.The recipes of both Indian and standardized products which have been Western dishes, assembled and tested by properly processed." "But," he added, "we Miss Kanthamani, have been used exten- have developed here enough methodology sively in demonstrations given by sister to lick the problem of proper future universities in North India, colleges of processing." He explained that soyabeans home science and ladies voluntary groups. require careful processing before they are Wives of American faculty on the JNKVV acceptable for human consumption. The campus take pride in keeping their deep correct process gets the most nutritional freezes well stocked with soyabean prep- value from them and also greatly improves arations to offer chance visitors. These the flavour and digestability. range from ice cream and orange cake to n India, only about five firms are prespiced beans and puris. In an effort to make key citizens aware of the potential of soyasently making soyabean flour. Some sell the flour to bakeries for high-protein bisbeans as a family food, Miss Kanthamani recently arranged the demonstration at cuits and breads. Before processors are Bhopal. Legislators sampled her prepara- tempted to invest heavily in the industry, tions with a view to carrying the message it is important that the best and latest inback to their own districts throughout the formation be available to them on where state and promoting the soyabean pro- soyabeans are most likely to be produced gramme among consumers. in sizeable quantities.

bean as production of this protein-rich crop increases in the country. Soyabean is not new to India or to the Orient, for it has been used in this part of the world for centuries. It was introduced in Madhya Pradesh as far back as 1882,but remained very much the Cinderella crop, finding utilization only as animal fodder due to the poor, low-nutrition, black variety then in vogue. In the United States, other than soya oil, 90 per cent of the soyabean protein is still used primarily as meal for livestock and poultry. This, of course, is neither practical nor economical for Ihdia, for the need here is to have soyabean protein play an increasingly important role in the Indian diet. Inexpensive and economic ways of utilizing soyabean, so that it can help combat malnutrition in India and yet be readily acceptable to the Indian palate, are under active experimentation at Jabalpur's agricultural university.

The JNKVV is working on the economics of soyabean production to delineate the most promising areas for soyabean production. Under Dr. Williams the study is now in its second year and is procuring information from about 240 cultivators in Madhya Pradesh on the cost of production and returns, as well as similar details on competing kharif crops and those that follow the soyabeans. The purpose-to ascertain in which areas soyabeans have a comparative advantage and where they cannot compete. It has been found, for example, that wheat yields more when following a soyabean crop. o stimulate the marketing of soyabeans, additional information about the new industry is also being provided by JNKVV in the form of marketing newsletters dealing exclusively with soyabean uses, the economics of processing soyabean oil, meal and other general information badly needed by processors as they try to enter this new field. "Our experience with the soyabean crop here," said Dr. M.B. Russell, chief of the Illinois team, "has shown us that farmers have great interest in the crop and are enthusiastic about its cultivation." JNKVV has been one of the leading institutions in soyabean research since the time the crop was scientifically re-introduced into India. Most of this work so far has centred around scientific production of the crop to iron out old malpractices. In the mid-'sixties new varieties were introduced from America, and today, the Bragg genetic strain is most widely grown and has almost entirely replaced the former low-yielding indigenous varieties. Genetic stocks are still being improved with a view to even higher yields and improved "stands." It is hoped that within the next few years JNKVV will have evolved even better varieties.Some of the most valuable work that has been done is in the development of soyabean inoculum. The culture for inoculation of soyabeans has been made at Jabalpur university after careful experi-

all its facets-from developing high-yield varieties to marketing.

knowledge of the high-potential crop. It is not unusual for the university to receive urgent pleas for assistance for standing soya crops. Recently am Prakash Mol', an affluent farmer in Yeotmal district, sent a frantic SOS for his rapidly wilting soyabean crop. Indian and American faculty members responded by a 200-mile overnight dash to his farm. Although too late for remedial measures, Mor's crop has yielded valuable material for research on future preventive measures. s scientists continue to bend over laboratory flasks and peer through microscopes, the soyabean crops in Madhya Pradesh are already growing waist high on governmental experimental farms, where knowledge is translated into action. It is obvious, even to a casual onlooker, that the JNKVV, with co-operation from the Indian Council of Agricultural Research, U.P. Agricultural University, University of Illinois and U.S. Agency for International Development, has succeeded in waving a magic wand over the humble Cinderella of the fields. Today the soyabean shows very definite signs of turning into a money spinner of the future. Undoubtedly, there will be continuing problems on production, improving varieties, pests and diseases, but the dedication of research workers at Jabalpur has proved that these can be solved. The great feeling of confidence is perhaps best expressed in the words of Dr. Russell: "I think this university can take a great deal of satisfaction from the fact that it has demonstrated that an agricultural university can function as a catalyst to stimulate, encourage and evaluate the development of a new crop. It has demonstrated, too, what an agricultural university is all about, because its work involves not only discovery, but taking knowledge to the field and evolving a working relationship within itself and with other agencies-private, state and federal, and in bringing all that interest and knowledge to bear on solving the host of problems involved in the introduction of a new and valuable crop." END

Research worker, above, conducts experiments in the entomology lab of JNKVV to develop methods for fighting insect pests that attack soyabean crops. At right is a diseased plant.

mentation. It substitutes indigenous lignite for the peat generally used in the commercial inoculum, formerly entirely imported from the United States. A mixture of lignite, bacteria broth and gum Arabic, the culture is a finely granulated black powder and is applied to the beans before planting. Although pilot strains of the inoculant have already been produced and tested on the pattern of Purdue University in the United States, research for further improved cultures is still continuing. Like other crops, soyabeans are attacked by various diseases which ultimately affect the yield. Plant pathologists at Jabalpur keep a very close watch for them on crops, and they have isolated several pests and diseases. Chemical and biological controls have been developed. Trained scientists such as Dr. M.N. Khare and Dr. G.A. Gangrade-both with several years of Illinois experience behind them-keep an unceasing vigil to further improve control methods and to help increase man's

Top, from a simple roll of videotape television viewers in the United States will soon be able to select almost any sight or sound that they want. Packed into convenient cassettes that fit into a family's home TV set, the tapes will make it possible to watch movies, travelogues, circusesalmost anything-at the touch of a button.

The Ampex system permits both recording and playback. Left, cameraman videotapes a dancer and, with the same machine used to record, replays the scene immediately afterward on TV. At present the system records only in black-and-white.

20 YEARS, television has dominated American leisure time and dictated home entertainment-for a staggering national average of five hours a day. Now a new gadget promises to rescue the medium and the viewer from the wilderness of mass programming. Cassette TV, which lets a viewer choose his own programme as he might choose a phonograph record, is about to blossom into America's newest industry. Its impact on America's viewing continued

ALMOST

Abridged from "A Good Revolution Goes on Sale," by Edward Kern, Life magazine. October 16. 1970. Copyright ÂŠ 1970 Time, Inc.

Now developing into America's newest industry, cassette TV will let the viewer choose exactly what he wants to see-and when. habits and life-styles may be greater than anything since the advent of television itself. The potential for a revolution in quality is enormous. It is easy to see why. Regular broadcast TV depends on an audience of millions to justify its enormous expense. Cassettes, or cartridges as they are sometimes called, can be issued profitably in editions of as little as 2,000 and cater to the most diverse interests and tastes. With a player and a clutch of cassettes, a viewer can ignore commercial TV's rigid timetable and standardized fare. He can watch whatever he likes, including films he makes himself. And he can see it all a lot more sharply than most broadcast TV. Because of price, widespread home use of cassette TV is still some years off. (The earliest system, made by Columbia Broadcasting System (CBS), costs around $800 and is being sold at first for institutional use only; home systems may eventually come down as low as $200.) But rival manufacturers, intensely aware of those 90 million sets out there waiting to be plugged into cassette systems, are already racing for a part of the market. Each of the major contestants has developed his own system which he loudly proclaims to be better than everybody else's. This will leave customers a wide, somewhat confusing, choice of which brand to buy, since one company's cassettes usually won't fit another's player. CBS's system, known as Electronic Video Recording or EVR, is the brainchild of Dr. Peter Goldmark, the man who invented the long-playing phonograph record 23 years ago. The heart of the EVR system is a special photographic film with black-and-white picture frames imprinted upon it by an electronic beam. Inside the player, another electronic beam scans the passing frames and transmits impulses for sight and sound over a cable into the TV set. There, the regular TV mechanism takes over, converting the signals into a moving picture on the screen. A single EVR is less than a third as big

as the ones on ordinary 8-mm movie film. A 230-metre length of EVR film, which would fit into a single cartridge, has room for 180,000 frames-enough to record the entire Encyclopaedia Britannica and several other tomes besides, page by page. In use, the film can be advanced, reversed, stopped at any point, or even examined frame by frame. It would be ideal for analyzing a golfer's backswing or for studying details in a painting. Like a cloud of asteroids pursuing a planet-and moving fast enough to have forced CBS to advance its schedules a full year-come Sony, Ampex, Avco, Magnavox, Norelco and several other companies, both American and foreign, all of whom are betting that the future belongs not to film but to magnetic videotape. Tape, used for years in commercial TV, is easy to make and work with. Its technology is relatively simple: images are recorded as invisible electromagnetic charges on the tape's coated surface, and converted during playback into visible images on the TV screen. Videotape can be used to make recordings in the home: it is, in fact, the only known cassette material that can. It can be used to copy programmes straight off the TV set, and it can be electronically "erased" and used over and over again. For the time being, the stress with videotape is on building players and producing tapes for sale, both blank and programmed, in colour and black-and-white. At the same time some of the companies are attempting to standardize tapes and cassettes so that, in the videotape family at least, one maker's cassette will fit into another's player. RCA's system, though still at least a couple of years from production, is technically the most elegant and original of them all, and may in the end prove to be the most economical. RCA's SelectaVision uses ordinary cheap vinyl plastic as its raw material, the same kind that supermarkets use for wrapping meats and vegetables. Original programme material is transferred onto a master tape

for mass duplication by means of a laser beam split into two branches. One branch is beamed through the original film (a Technicolor movie, for example) in order to gather up the image, and then onto the moving strip of master tape some distance beyond. The other branch of the laser is beamed at the same spot on the tape but does not pass through the movie film. Instead, it is deflected and delayed by mirrors in such a way that when it reaches the tape it is no longer in phase with its twin. The conflicting waves of converging light produce an interference pattern which is burned into the smooth surface of the master tape. The result, an almost invisible landscape of cracks and ridges, is known as a hologram, and is in effect a threedimensional abstract model of the original movie. For mass reproduction, copies of this original hologram pattern are stamped out in vinyl. The vinyl copies are then wound up on spools and packaged into cassettes. During playback inside the SelectaVision home player, another laser, a very feeble one, shines through the tape and unscrambles the pattern without erasing it. Because of the complex equipment needed to make holograms, SelectaVision, like CBS's EVR system, cannot be used for home recording. The technology itself is so novel-it is the first time that lasers have ever been used in a mass-produced home product-that all RCA has to show so far is prototype machinery and some experimental holograms. By the time RCA is ready to begin selling, experts predict it will have invested $25 million. But RCA also expects to have something first-rate to sell. The vinyl tapes are almost indestructible: one can actually poke holes in them without destroying the resulting image on the screen. In addition, the vinyl is so cheap and the duplication process so fast and foolproof (copies can be run off in a few seconds) that RCA may be able to sell cassettes for $10 apiece, a fraction of what competitors will have to charge. RCA's prospects look even brighter for

One of the first TV cassette systems to go on sale in the United States will be Avco's Cartrivision, above, a combination TV set and cassette player-recorder. The cartridges, like those displayed on top of the unit, are slipped into the slot in front. At the push of a button, the show goes on any unused television channel.

the not-so-distant time when TV sets have grown into wall screens and 3-D is a reality. Fully three-dimensional still colour photographs have already been produced using the hologram process. Within 15 years it may be possible to apply the same technique to moving pictures-but only using RCA's system, or one like it. Then, as one expert suggests, viewers may gaze, in their own living room, upon a 2.4metre-tall image of the popular western actor John Wayne (presumably still going strong), and even walk around him. While the companies have been concentrating on hardware, they have given only passing attention to "software." This comprehensive if slightly distasteful term refers to everything that isn't hardware, including the programmes that will be put onto cassettes, and how and to whom they will be sold. But unless the pre-recorded programmes

are good enough to tempt people to buy them, all the rosy predictions and the already massive investment obviously will come to very little. CBS has signed up 20th Century-Fox to put 1,500 of its old movies onto EVR film. Avco has made a similar deal with United Artists and with the National Football League. RCA is building a huge library of canned entertainment for translation to hologrammed vinyl. SelectaVision's programme will be "the whole range of programming, embracing kiddie shows, the classics of the masters, serious music, ballet and an educational programme called 'How to'." On the assumption that the demand for this sort of fare will be insatiable, several companies have been formed for the sole purpose of supplying programme material for cassettes. As plans now stand, cassettes will be sold by mail, in music and TV appliance stores, in discount houses and eventually in emporiums devoted exclusively to cassettes, with separate sections for "how-to" films, children's shows, cultural features, and old classics like Humphrey Bogart and Charlie Chaplin. The real stumbling block in the beginning will be the price. Twenty-five dollars -about what an old movie will initially

cost on cassette-is steep, especially considering that except for "how-to" and children's programmes, customers are unlikely to want to play it over and over again. Several companies, knowing that their player systems won't sell unless customers take the cassettes too, have just about concluded that renting cassettes makes more sense than trying to sell them. Distributors figure rentals at ,about $4 to $8 for a week-end. Some of the videotape companies will have viewers mail in their old programmes to be erased and replaced with new ones. Avco has even devised a special rental cartridge that cannot be rewound at home, so that a viewer will get no more than a single performance. The question still remains whether people will take the trouble, even if the price is right, to operate a home mailing service or trudge repeatedly to the store for cassettes, when they can probably catch something just as good, or almost as good, on ordinary free commercial TV. The possibility that they might not has done much to calm the fears of network executives. At this point they are resigned to the loss of some viewing time to cassette-watchers and some loss of revenue as a result of it. But they are showing no inclination to upgrade the quality of TV in response to the challenge. At most there may be more network emphasis on current happenings-sports, news, talk shows-where cassettes cannot compete. Once cassette TV becomes a true mass medium, prices are certain to plummet, and new non-entertainment areas will open up. Various kinds of stores will then be able to carry a line of cassettes keyed to whatever they sell: programmes on gardening in seed stores, on family medicine and first aid in drugstores, on makeup and skin care at cosmetic counters. Travel agents could have racks of travelogues to give clients a preview of the countries they will visit and the hotels they will stay at. Since businesses would undoubtedly sponsor cassettes of this kind for their promotional value, they continued

Above, in the ReA system, a thin laser beam emerges from the "gun" (background) and is split in two. One branch goes through the apparatus in the centre of the picture, passing through the movie film to be recorded, then onto the strip or vinyl plastic tape (hanging vertically in foreground). The other half bypasses the movie and arrives at the vinyl tape, producing a complex code on the tape. Inside the player the tape runs through a laser beam. The beam converts the code into images which are picked up by a lenslike tube, right, and relayed to the TV.

Videotapes promise limitless fare for entertainment and education. could be very cheap. Thus, for instance, appliance dealers would conceivably be able to deliver free cassettes along with their goods to show customers how to unpack and assemble what they have bought. Whether to sell a product, to instruct, or to entertain, prospects for cassette TV seem almost endless. It could be made available, for instance, wherever people have to wait, as in doctors' offices, or to amuse hospital patients. Bus stations and airline terminals could even have video jukeboxes. Another software company, Videorecord, is assembling canned footage for future cassettes that it will rent, along with the players, to schools, hospitals, churches, social clubs, factories and entertainment centres. Cassette-of-the-month clubs are sure to spring up, including specialized news services for doctors, engineers and other professionals to keep them abreast of developments in their fields. Professional and industrial training is another vast area to be tapped. CBS hopes to use its commanding lead to establish pre-eminence in the industrial training field. Two hundred EVR players and 4,000 cartridges shipped to Equitable Life Insurance Company were used to train in-

sura nee salesmen in the field. And with about 50 other orders from government, business and educational institutions to transfer their old training films onto EVR, CBS says it already has enough work piled up to keep it busy for a full year. In the schoolroom, which CBS also plans to invade along with Avco and several other companies, cassette TV could easily touch off a small revolution in the ways of learning and teaching. Using cassettes instead of rigidly scheduled TV lessons, teachers could choose their own subject and time for instruction. They could stop the show to answer que3tions from the class, go over the trickier sections as often as they like in slow motion and send their pupils away with cassettes to study at home. With home-recording videotape systems the pupils, in turn, could create their own cassette reports to hand in as homework. Most of the thinking on cassette TV and its applications has thus far been limited to ways of packaging and presenting conventional material. Given the present fascination with films among young people, however, there is a real chance that cassettes may find a higher use as a creative medium. At least one youthful company, New

The film used in the CBS system, left, has room for two rows of frames, each one-third centimetre wide. For colour programmes, like the Peanuts cartoon here, only one row shows the picture; the other carries coded instructions for converting the images into colour. Inside the CBS's EVR player, above (right), the movie film passes an electronic scanner, which relays the images by wire to the antenna terminals of the television set placed next to it.

York's Raindance Corporation, is already producing original programmes for cassette TV that display, predictably, the rough-and-ready character of underground movies. As a means of recording personal feelings and doings for limited circulation, cassette TV could hardly be bettered, and the day may not be far off when thousands of cassettes will circulate much as underground newspapers do now, reaffirming youthful identity. But even this does not exhaust the possibilities for cassette TV. Just about when we are getting accustomed to it, other innovations will open up a whole new range of possibilities in the realm of information storage. Sooner or later, many experts believe, cable television, which already serves some five million homes, will replace overthe-air broadcasting altogether. The opportunity will then be open for every household to be plugged into a network of cable TV data banks containing-and available on call-all material on cassettes, all books and materials in libraries and museums and much else besides. Simple home computers will be able to retrieve material instantly for immediate presentation on the screen-a movie, a scientific article, the local grocery store's price list, an ancient Persian manuscript. Magazines and newspapers will no longer be delivered to the door, but will either be shown visually on TV or printed out in the home on a special machine. Technologically all this is within sight even now. What will delay its coming, perhaps for another generation, is the enormous investment needed to modernize the whole communications system. But whenever it does come to pass-when the computer, the cable TV data bank and the cassette reach their full conjunction-we will have gained the power of virtually limitless choice over subject matter for our entertainment and enlightenment. END

wouldn't exactly explode with excitement, but sparks, at least, were meant to fly. In one corner, so to speak, was the cerebrally mighty author Saul Bellow, formidably learned, notoriously quick-witted, recen,tlydeliye,red"ofhis seventh and most ambitious novel, Mr. Sammler's Planet. Facing him was a roomful of the keenest minds among Yale University's English majors. They had been hand-picked by their creative writing professor, Robert Penn Warren, to meet his old friend Bellow. Drinks and spaghetti had been served; now wits were to be matched. For Bellow, the evening was an abrupt departure from habit. Much more than most writers of stature, he cherishes his privacy. He has no taste for television interviews, and feels no kinship at all with "those long-isolated writers who yearn to become part of the cultural furniture of the scene." Nor does he frequent Little Literary Evenings anywherenot even in New York or Chicago (where he lives), let alone New Haven. Yet there he was, lured to edify the promising young. There he sat captive, donnishly tweedy, physically slight and boyish despite his white hair and 55 years. And there they sat, long-haired, languid and oddly unresponsive. Not that Bellow was dull. "Asking me what I might have been besides a writer," he told one student, "is like asking an earthworm what else he considered becoming." To another boy who sought Bellow's opinion of campus revolutionaries,

AYBE THE EVENING

Reprinted by permission from Life magazine, April 3, 1970. ÂŠ 1970 Time, Inc.

he said, "The trouble with the de- the intellectuals expressed nothing stroyers is that they're just as phoney but horror of mass media, but now, as what they've come to destroy. just as violently, that's what they're Maybe civilization is dying, but it embracing. This reflects their fadstill eXists, and meanwhile we have dishness, not to say their sneakiness our choice: we can either rain more and cowardice." Especially he disblows on it, or try to redeem it." trusts th~se of his colleagues who Silence. His audience seemed un- assume "defiant, radical, indepenmoved by Bellow's implied attacks dent points of view" for what he on the fashionable tenets that Black thinks are the wrong reasons. "A -and Youth and Social Consciousradical stance," he says, "is the ultiness and Relevance and Where It's mate luxury for those who already At and Spontaneity-is necessarily have everything else." Beautiful. "Well," he said, "I see I've reellow the public figure can be duced you all to silence." More acerb, aloof and elusive. But silence. "Well," he said, "it's late and in private he is different. At I have an early train to catch." home, in his five-room South Side It wasn't late at all; it was only Chicago apartment, he is as eager a 9 o'clock, but the group dispersed. host as a lonely child at his own "Ah well," said Bellow as he shrug- birthday party. Here's his soprano ged on his imposing sheepskin-lined recorder; would you like him to coat, "they and I don't talk the same play some Bach? Here's the medal language. " he got from the French Government; would, you like to see it? he present, as readers of Mr. Here's his family album; perhaps Sammler's Planet are finding you would like to look at his immiat best-seller speed, by no grant mother's passport? A tintype means enchants thy ,author. Bellow's of his Russian grandfather? (It is clearly to that grandfather that Bellatest novel reflects his wonderment that lunar voyages should be easier low owes his extraordinary deep to chart than unsmashed public chocolate eyes-eyes that miss phone booths are to find; that chaos nothing; eyes that can make men is everywhere so commonplace; that fidget and women blush. Those same eyes recur in snapshots of Belsocial and sexual lunacy prevail; that so urgent a question should be low's three sons, now aged 26, 13 and 7, each by a different ex-wife.) the very future of this whole earthThree divorces notwithstanding, which may, as the book ominously Bellow genuinely cares about his suggests, become "a memorial park, a merry-go-round cemetery." family and tries to k~p in touch With, That's the way Bellow thinks and all its generations and branches. The talks and writes, and if his uncom- rye bread he serves comes from his promising ideas don't sit right with father's cousin's bakery andis spread 20-year-old English majors, or critics with chicken liver chopped by a twice or thrice their age, then tough niece. His sons all live in different luck. Bellow is not to be seduced by cities, but "I see them as often as I can," he says, "and sometimes bring passing literary fashions. "I don't see any real avant-garde in sight," he says, "maybe because there isn't sufficient stability. Ten years ago all

them all together. When that happens we all get along fine. They're like each other's uncles." He shows you around his apartment: dark wood, green sofa, books, lake views. Then he offers to guide you around what he once called "that sombre city," only his tour, commencing with the obligatory view of the skyline panorama from the Outer Drive, isn't sombre at all. It proceeds to the open markets of Maxwell Street, whose proprietors Bellow addresses in fluent Yiddish. Next his IO-year-old Mercedes, which he bought last year for $1,000, heads south back to his own part of town, into neighbourhoods he says are being "cauterized" by the University of Chicago (where he teaches English to graduate students and belongs to the august Committee on Social Thought). esuggests lunch at a good, unsung Chinese place under the elevated tracks, then a beer at a student hangout named Jimmie's, where to his pleasure nobody recognizes him. Then back northwest to the part of town where Bellow grew up-as did the hero of The Adventures of Augie March, which won him the 1954 National Book Award for fiction. It also won him so much acclaim that "I could have exploited it, become a household name or standard brand, and ruined myself by never working any other vein." " Instead Bellow has burrowed in many literary veins. He has written plays, for instance, none of which have fared well in their brief Broadway runs. He has also written stories, criticism and essays. His favourite work of all, at this point anyway, is Mr. Sammler, whose aged and half-blind hero is a Polish refugee from the Nazis now

â&#x20AC;˘ e ow eonsideI-S his planet ensconced on the Upper West Side of New York City. "I had a high degree of excitement writing it," Bellow says, "and finished it in record time. It's my first thoroughly non-apologetic venture into ideas." deasalways outweigh plots in Bellow's novels. His people tend to be brooders, musers and writers of.letters more than they are doers. Of such action as there is they are witnesses and Victims, who always resemble, in some way or others,their creator. Bellow is himself Herzogian (Herzog won him the 1964 National Book Award for fiction) in that he is a Canadian-born intellectual, alluring to women and given to endless philosophizing. He is also Hendersonian (Henderson the Rain King) in that he is something of an anthropologist (Northwestern University granted him his bachelor's degree in that subject in 1937) and very much of a compulsive traveller. When Sammler was done, he considered celebrating with trips to Morocco, England, Mexico or all of the above and ended up sending postcards from Kenya. "I think I must have lived in upwards of 200 places in my life," he says. "I guess I could list them all for you, if I felt like it, but I don't." He will allow that "there are places, people, houses and women with whom I have a feeling of renewing very old antecedent relations. It's a sort of deja vu when something about the light, the moisture, the plants or the colour of stones gives me the sense of renewing an old and valuable connection-the Yiddish word is angenehm. The new not only recollects but becomes the old." Would he prefer to have lived earlier? "I have, in a way. My life in Canada was partly frontier, partly the Polish ghetto, partly the Middle

Ages. My second wife used to say I was mediaeval pure and simple. I've always been among foreigners, and never considered myself a native of anything. My father was the same way. fn Russia he imported Egyptian onions, in Quebec he bootlegged for American rumrunners, in Chicago he sold coal. I was brought up in a polyglot community by parents who spoke many languages.' iddish was the first of those languages, but Bellow is not preoccupied with his Hebraic origins, or with such questions as "Whither the Jewish Novel?" He would rather talk of subtleties. "One of the pleasures of writing," he volunteers, "is being able to deal in certain primitive kinds of knowledge banished from ordinary discourse, like the knowledge brought bysmells. I must be a great smell-classifier." He writes evocatively of the damp stench of the subway, the odour of tomatoes as they burst on a vine, and the multitude of scents generated by women who, he says, "smell more strongly and variously than men, and to me more pleasurably." Even so banal a topic as the weather can inspire Bellow. "I thrive on a certain amount of smoke, gloom and cold stone," he says. "Sometimes it's not good to see things too clearly." He seldom stays for very long in hot, bright places, and has no yen to "transport my neuroses to a more fertile climate; they're doing fine right here. A wave of gloom comes over me whenever I step out of a plane into California. I know it's just like the Midwest, only sunnier and gloomier. Here things are more strident and grisly." As a writer he wants to take sharp

cognizance of what goes on around him, "achieving stillness," if he can manage to, "in the midst of chaos." That is an ambition he shares with Mr. Sammler, an unwitting "registrar of madness," distracted from peaceful contemplation by the people whose lives intersect his. The book's other characters are as vivid a lot as Bellow has ever conceived. There is a Hindu scientist, from precisely the other side of the globe, who shares Mr. Sammler's concern for earth and earthlings. There are also: an elegantly sinister black pickpocket, an effusive young radical, a well-meaning widow who doesn't know when to shut up, a dying surgeon, and the surgeon's grown children-a ne'er-do-well son and a voluptuous daughter. Best of all, there is Mr. Sammler's own memorably loony daughter Shula, who carries shopping bags to free lectures and sermons, wearing a yak's hair wig. is t like Bellow to have made his new hero a septuagenarian. "The real problem," he says, "is the problem of death. If people don't know how to come to terms with it, and souls have no preparation, then the only thing is to be externally young and in pursuit of pleasure, and further sexual and hedonistic horizons." A nobler course is the obligation Bellow and Mr. Sammler feel they have: to reflect and consider and clarify-not so much to explain as to distinguish. Some fellow writers have always been among Bellow's friends, but others interest him less. Norman Mailer, for example, "has learned all one can from the modem masters, but he uses his skill and talent to present himself far too prominently for my taste. He's a public actor, swinger, a gladiator and

punch-trader, who brings a message of emancipation to his middle-class brothers. " hen another eminent writer's name came up, a visitor to Bellow's apartment said, "Oh, I met him once, he seemed nice enough." "We all do," said Bellow, "until you get to know us." Bellow often seeks out the company of men like Dave Peltz, an ascot-wearing contractor from Gary, Indiana, with whom he plays squash. "You know what my buddy is?" asks Peltz, who has known Bellow since they both were 14. "My buddy is one of the few unpolluted people left in the world." His buddy has, indeed, a Sense of Wonder worthy of the late Rachel Carson. With awe exceeding that of a child, he gazes at baby chicks pecking their exhausted way out of eggshells at the Museum of Science and Industry, or at exhibits extolling mankind's giant leaps in space, or at an exceptionally vivid colour television set, showing a basket-ball game." Bellow doesn't care a thing about sports, but his brown eyes stay transfixed to that screen. He notices things. His characters may seem passive, but their creator is not. "I'm a very determined struggler," he says. "I've always sought exposure, and never really been any good at taking cover." And he waits warily, to see what will happen. "Civilization," he says, "is standing on a tight, long rope over an abyss. There are too many crushing and possibly insoluble problems. Now seems a particularly chancy time to rock the boat merely for the sake of joie de vivre." END

In tracing the background of forces and events that led to President Nixon's dramatic decisions of last August, Sidney L. Jones, former staff member of the President's Council of Economic Advisors, notes that Mr. Nixon "had many options and he picked them all." Since the writing of this article, Phase II of the programme has gone into effect.

N ORDER to understand President Nixon's economic message of August 15-why it occurred and what it means-one has to understand what preceded it. Anticipating the end of the Second World War, many economists had predicted a collapse of the U.S. economy. They feared that removal of the heavy wartime production might cause the problems of the 1930s to return. To the contrary, the build-up of consumer demand and the return of military veterans created a tremendous boom in the economy and the surge into the 1950s continued the very strong economic expansion. The nation began to feel its first pangs of concern in 1953-54 as the economy suffered a mild recession. About 1956 inflation again became a serious problem for the first time since the Korean War. These preliminary signs were followed by the more serious recession of 1957-58, in which production declined very substantially and even the real Gross National Product (GNP-the total market value of all the goods and services produced by a nation during a specified period) turned downward. Economic planners then made the first major policy decision that would shape August 15, 1971. The Eisenhower Administration acted to restrict severely the federal budget for fiscal year 1959.The fear was that the economy would recover from the 1957-58 recession so quickly that demand pressures would trigger a renewal of the inflation of the preceding years.

As a result of the overheating of the econIronically enough, it may have been that deciomy, in early 1969 the U.S. economy entered sion which created the 1960 recession, which its fourth consecutive year of historically high many analysts believe was partially responsible rates of inflation and the trend was acceleratfor the defeat of the Republican presidential candidate Richard Nixon. The resulting eco- ing rapidly. In fiscal year 1968 the federal budnomic sluggishness did contribute to the price get recorded a massive deficit of $25 billion, during a period when economic resources were stability which the U.S. economy experienced already fully employed, particularly in human from 1958 until mid-1965. However, along terms, with unemployment well under four per with the price stability, there was widespread cent. A deficit of this magnitude during a unemployment, beyond what we are now experiencing. In fact, unemployment was the period when the nation's human and material number one national economic problem of the resources are already fully employed obviously creates strong inflationary pressures. early 1260s,just as inflation has been the major challenge in recent years. From 1959 until 1965 the U.S. economy suffered large losses of national output created by the "GNP Gap" By 1969, the problem was obvious. The -the difference between what the economy is capable of producing and what it was . mistakes of overheating the economy had built up strong inflationary expectations among actually producing. In 1965 national leaders made two more consumers and among businessmen. Inflation major decisions-first, to escalate the Vietnam was warping almost every economic decision. commitments and second, to increase the ex- The plan was to reduce temporarily the rate of penditures for social reform programmes. This expansion of the economy-in other words, to combination of decisions caused the federal once again open up a gap between the potenbudget to leap forward at annual rates of in- tial national output and the current rate of outcrease of about 15 per cent. To put the changes put. Because there is a constant growth of productive capacity in the form of additions to in perspective, if one takes the stimulative budget which was put forth for fiscal year 1972 by the national labour force and increasing productivity, a moderate reduction in the pace of the Nixon Administration, which programmes a heavy deficit, one sees a budget increase of economic output eventually creates the expected gap. By temporarily reducing demand, ecoabout 7.7 per cent-approximately one-half nomic planners hoped to cool off the overthe ~verage annual rate of increase during heated economy. After a time lag of six to nine fiscal years 1966, 1967, and 1968. months it was anticipated that the economy would then resume a more moderate, but sustainable, rate of expansion. The economy was exactly on track through the second quarter and well into the third quarter of 1970, as it

experienced a gTadual recovery. Then on September 15, 1970, came the General Motors strike, and a resulting GNP loss of $2 billion in the third quarter. In the fourth quarter of 1970 there was a loss of $14 billion of GNP (seasonally adjusted annual rate calculation) as the strike effects rippled throughout the entire economy. Such economic losses are the price of freedom. Company managements and employees must have the right to struggle for a settlement, by stopping production if necessary, if there is to be meaningful collective bargaining. Unfortunately, in this particular case, the strike against General Motors moved the embryonic recovery sideways and for a variety of political, economic, and sociological reasons it required the development of a new plan. In 1971 the Council of Economic Advisers prepared an economic forecast calling for a rapid growth of GNP to a level of $1,065 billion so that the economy could grow rapidly enough to reduce the unwanted unemployment which had oc-

curred during the dual transition from an over-' heated to a more normal economy and from a wartime to a peacetime economy. (In 1969 and 1970 the reduction of defence expenditures elimInated approximately two million jobs from the military payroll and the companies involved in defence products.) That plan was a compromise on both inflation and unemployment. The idea was not to go all out on either policy because a balance was needed. The $1,065-billion economy projected was a remarkable goal, the size of the GNP of the Soviet Union, Japan, the United Kingdom and, West Germany combined. The annual increment required to meet this goal would be approximately equal to Canada's total output in an entire year. As 1971 began it was clear that very rapid economic growth was required to achieve the goal. In the first quarter of 1971, the GNP gain was a record increase of about $32 billion, which is roughly equivalent to Sweden's total annual output. But much of that increase, of course, was the snap-back of output after the end of the General Motors strike. Thus, even the large first quarter gain did not remove the uncertainty about the future. When the secon<.l quarter figures were reported the evaluation was still mixed. There were many good signs, but there were also other indicators of economic sluggishness. Unfortunately for economists, this is the way the economy usually isa mixed bag of statistics. As the various second quarter economic figures were reported, it appeared to the Council of Economic Advisers that, although a

recovery was occurring, and although business conditions had significantly improved in most categories, there was still a very serious problem of business psychology. Uncertainty and controversy about the strength and permanence of the recovery were widespread, causing consumers and businessmen to curtail spending plans. Finally, in April the ÂˇU.S. reported a deficit in its international trade position. When similar deficits were subsequently reported for May, June, and July, the combination of international pressures and domestic economic problems created extensive concern about the future of the economy and resulted in speculation about the stability and strength of the dollar as the international currency. The combination of mixed domestic economic signals and the trade deficits caused the U.S. Ad,ministration to consider some new policy options. During the summer a diversified package of alternatives was carefully put together. As one news analyst said, with a straight face, the President had many options and he picked them all. That was on August 15. What was the setting of the August 15 decisions? The economy, with the appropriate time lags, had indeed responded to previous economic policies in the right sequence and in the right direction. The rate of inflation had levelled off, running in the first seven months of 1971 at a seasonally adjusted annual rate increase of 3.8 per cent, about half of what it was during the first six months of 1969 (6.3 per cent). But the rate of inflation was still too high. Even more ominous was the difficulty experienced in reducing the unemployment rate downJrom the 6.0 zone.

In the early 1960s full employment was generally considered to be achieved when unemployment was reduced to about four per cent of the labour force because there were not nearly as many 'women or teen-agers in the work force at that time. In the first quarter of 1970 the unemployment rate began to rise rapidly because women and teen-agers entered the workÂˇforce at about four times the normal annual rate. Today, about 45 per cent of American women are in the work force. Between 60 to 70 per cent of the women in the age group from 35 to 55 are now working. Similarly, there has been an extensive entry of teen-agers. Although teen-agers make up only about eight per cent of the total work force, . they account for over one-fourth of the current unemployment. Approximately one-half of the unemployed teen-agers are in school and lookcontinued

ing only for part-time work. For this reason, and not because {)f any social insensitivity, most professional economists now believe that full employment is achieved when the In general, then, as of August 15, 1971, unemployment rate is about 4.5 per cent. inflation was significantly improved, but omiWhat are the characteristics of this un- nous, because of the wage settlements which employment? The 1970 Economic Report of had occurred in steel and other sectors; unthe President prepared by the Council of Eco- employment was substantially too high, but nomic Advisers reported in 1969-when the showing preliminary signs of improving; and situation was examined in detail-that of those there was great concern among business and reported as unemployed, only 36 per cent of union leaders about the future development of them had involuntarily left their last job. This the economy. In this setting, the reports of group does include a relatively small hard-core trade deficits and the rising international prescategory that poses a serious social problem, sures on the status and convertibility of the the long-term unemployed. This tragic group dollar created great incentives for government can best be helped by designing specific man- policy decisions. power programmes and providing motivational, mobility and occupational assistance, not ortunately, alternatives had been preparby destroying the general stability of the ened and on August 13 Secretary of the tire economy. Treasury John B. Connally, Director of the Office of Management and But the vast bulk of the people reported as Budget George P. Shultz, Chairman unemployed during 1969 were in flux. About of the Council of Economic Advisers one-third were re-entering the work force, and another third were entering the work force for Paul W. McCracken and Chairman of the the first time or were moving voluntarily to a Federal Reserve Board Arthur F. Burns better job. In other words, about two-thirds joined the President at Camp David to put the of the people reported in 1969 as unemployed finishing touches on a package which had been were moving somewhere, and it took them an in preparation for some time. average of 4t weeks to find another job. By the . What is the New Economic Programme? summer of 1970,unemployment had increased There had to be three ingredients: policies that to an unacceptable rate of about six per cent, would alleviate the particularly serious inter. although more recently it has begun to move national problems; a group of domestic incendownward slowly. During the latter months of tives that would create jobs; and, an incomes 1971, the unemployment rate was expected to policy for dealing with wage-price problems to gradually decline. improve the business psychology. The immediate cause was international, but this part third factor which played a major role of the programme had to be buttressed with in the August 15 decision was a the domestic job package. Finally, in anbroader and a more easily defined nouncing the stimulative job package, it was one. A basic indicator of how well considered necessary to announce an incomes the American economy is functionpolicy to spur national confidence. ing is the productivity of the work The President moved on all three fronts. force. Throughout history the United States On the international problems, he took the has experienced economic expansion because most significant step in the last forty years by national productivity has increased an average announcing to the international financial comof 2! to 3 per cent each year (much of the diffi- munity that as of August 15 the United States culty in the recent period occurred when prowould no longer convert dollars presented by ductivity turned sharply downward in 1969). foreign treasuries into gold at the fixed rate This favourable trend has been the result of of $35 per ounce. Concurrently, he announced improved education, investment in plant and a surcharge of approximately 10 per cent on equipment, and skills accumulated through all imports cleared out of customs as of midexperience. In 1969 the decline in productivity night, August 15. occurred when wage rates moved rapidly upWhat do these two things mean? Envision ward. As rising wages were no longer offset by a boat going through the Panama Canal. It can productivity gains, unit labour costs rapidly only change its position if the locks are filled increased. By the first quarter of 1970 the with water and the boat is floated through a business community was deeply worried about lock. The dollar has been in somewhat the the inflationary effects of wage raises without same position for the last 25 years. There was increased productivity. Fortunately, producnothing the dollar could do to change its positivity gains have resumed as the pace of the tion, for it was the standard functioning as the economy has accelerated. international currency. The United States

could not change the standard. Other international currencies must change their relationship with the dollar before the existing exchange rates can be adjusted. Over the last 25 years, there has been a constant and pervasive devaluation of foreign currencies vis-a-vis the dollar-with the exception of two upward revisions of the mark and one of the guilder. The result of this series of devaluations has been that the dollar has become over-valued relative to the national currencies of many of our major trading partners. An undervalued currency is advantageous to exports, and the economies of many of our major trade partners are heavily influenced by their export industries. Although, by any definition, the United States is the largest exporter in the wodd, exports still account for only about four pel; cent of our trillion-dollar economy. As the export industries of our trading partners thrived, the over-valued dollar progressiveiy worsened the competitive position of American industry in the wodd market. This deterioration placed great strain on the international status of the dollar and finally triggered the strong American action.

The programme announced by President Nixon on August 15 presented three alternatives to foreign national governments. They may either hold dollars, which they are often unwilling to do; set new official exchange rates, which is often politically impossible for them to do because of the crucial importance of their export industries; or let the market set a viable, meaningful exchange rate (the floating rate). By making the dollar not convertible into gold, the President put the decision up to the foreign governments. Several of our major trading partners-now amounting to about one-third of our trading volume-have decided to float their currencies. J n a few isolated situations nations-such as Israel-have actually devalued their national currepcy. On the other hand the yen, which is probably the most undervalued currency, the mar.\<:and the pound have risen in value in amounts ranging from small percentage increases to rather substantial ones (in the case of the mark). This is our situation today. Looking towards the future, the U.S. hopes that the International Monetary Fund will first seriously consider setting exchange rates which will be meaningful and more closely reflective of the true value of international currencies and then develop a more flexible system to help prevent the periodic waves of international currency speculation which are so disruptive to internation~1 trade and monetary stability and to

domestic economic stabilization policies. The consumer spending. Following this approa,ch the Administration requested a 10 per cent immediate impact of the currency realignment, investment tax deduction for plant and equipthe U.S. import surcharge, and the discrimination against foreign equipment created by ment spending for one year, dropping to a exempting them from the proposed 10 per cent permanent 5 per cent level after the first year. investment tax credit has been to create severe The Administration also asked for the repeal strains on world trade patterns and to raise of the manufacturer excise tax on automobiles serious threats of international retaliation. It which should result in a very strong surge in consumerspending which in turn creates jobs. is obviously in the best interests of all nations The acceleration of increases in personal to correct the immediate distortions and then to turn to solving the underlying problems. income tax exemptions by one year was also The issues are so crucial that eventually real proposed so that the consumer would have solutions will be required. Fortunately, there ,even more incentive to increase spending. is general agreement on the basic issues: (I) that various international currencies do require a basic realignment; (2) that controls over the degree of fluctuation around the official. While attempting to stimulate the economy, exchange rates should be relaxed; (3) that the it was also necessary to improve the psychoU.S. import surcharge should be removed; (4) logical climate, and to do this the Administrathat new attempts at further reducing trade tion decided to develop an incomes policy and investment barriers should be started. The plan. Incomes policy is a general term that major p,oint of contention is the demand that economists use to describe a variety of actions the U:S. contribute to the currency adjustinvolving direct intervention in the marketments by completing a moderate devaluation place, particularly the use of wage and price of the dollar by raising the price of gold. This controls. Economists have carefully examined last point will undoubtedly be resolved, but the historical experience with incomes policies the negotiations will require many months of in Europe, Canada, and in the United States difficult bar~aining. during World War II, the Korean War, and The import surcharge in the President's the 1960s. The empirical evidence is overmessage had the double-barrelled impact of whelmingly negative. The consensus of nasuggesting to the world that th.e U.S. is serious tional and international experience is clear and, secondly, for a temporary period of time, that one of two things happens. Either labour of making American products more competiand management refuse to take the restraints tive. In the interim, of course, Americans will seriously-and wages and prices continue to be paying more for imported products. drift up-or, if wage-price restraints are enforced seriously, prices still drift up while n the domestic side, the crucial ele- wages suffer a temporary restraint. The result ment of the August 15 decisions was is a drop in the "real" wages of employees to create more jobs. It is true that throughout the economy as ~ages and salaries unemployment was beginning to turn fail to keep pace with upward drift of prices. down, but we were still wasting hu- This situation obviously creates severe tenman resources-and that's politi- sions. Then, when the government removes the cally, economically, and socially unacceptable. controls voluntarily or in response to growing One way to go about increasing jobs is by employee dissatisfaction, there is an upward increasing consumption. Changes in the tax explosion of wages and possibly prices. laws in 1969attempted to emphasize consumpNothwithstanding misgivings about the tion as a means of stimulating economic devel- long-term efficacy of wagâ&#x201A;Ź(and price controls, opment to create jobs. But the consumer has the Administration decided that to change the been saving at a substantially higher rate than business and political atmosphere it would the historical average which is generally very take something dramatic, something that stable. While Americans normally save about would be persuasive. And, as part of its over6 per cent of disposable income, during the all effort against inflation, it decided to proceed last year they saved over 8 per cent, an extrawith an incomes policy. All the alternatives ordinary development which reflects serious were considered-mandatory wage and price concerns about the employment situation. controls, voluntary wage and price controls, Since the consumer was holding back, or a wage-price freeze. The decision was to the Administration decided to take business implement a 90-day wage-price freeze and another route by encouraging business invest- prepare for Phase II, the post-November 13 ment which would more directly create jobs. period when a longer-term plan with greater It was hoped that such incentives would im- flexibility would be inaugurated. prove business sentiment and also encourage As the total economy continues its transi-

tion during Phase II it will not be possible to return to a completely uncontrolled system. General guidelines for significant wage increases' based on the productivity of workers in specific industries will be established. Similar guidelines will be created for price increases to be fair, but flexibility will be more difficult. Particular attention will be given to wage and price decisions in major industries. To administer these controls with a minimum of bureaucracy, the government has established a Pay Board and Price Commission composed of representatives from labour, management and the public sector. In turn, the specific decisions of the two boards will be ,co-ordinated by the Cost of Living Council to make sure that inflationary pressures are checked. The President has also indicated that Phase II guidelines will have "teeth" in the form of legalsanctions. Other economic payments such as interest rates, dividends, and long-term contracts will be subject to informal controls in which major exceptions to the general pattern will be investigated in detail. How long and how effective the Phase I I programme will be is; of course, impossible ~predict, but it is reasonable to assume that the goal will be to get back, as soon as possible, to the effective operation of free markets based on independent, private decisions. he result of the August 15 decision was a definite change in the psychological climate, and a surge of confidence in the United States' ability to control its economy. Public opinion polls reported an overwhelming initial support of the President's programme and the voluntary support of labour, management, and government officials to date has been remarkable. Over the next few months the economy will still be expanding along the broad lines that were established prior to August 15. What happens after the effects of the new programme begin to be recognized will be crucial to the future of the U.S. economy. If the international actions are effective and the competitive position of U.S. industry is restored, then the outlook will be considerably brighter. Similarly, if the job outlook is helped and business and consumer sentiment improves, then spending by both groups will accelerate, providing a very strong stimulus to an already strong economy. Finally, it is extremely important that Phase II of the wageprice programme be completed without severe distortions of the basic marker system. The degree to which we can return to the free market system following this necessary transition will be the measure of success of the President's New Economic Programme. END

Powerful voice in The largest newspaper west of New York and the second among all U.S. dailies, the Los Angeles Times' meteoric rise in quality over the past ten years has enabled it to carve for itself a place of pride in American journalism.

IN DOWNTOWN Los Angeles a couple of nondescript beige buildings squat solidly across an entire block. One is only five floors tall, the other 10, in a neighbourhood where tall new office towers and hotels have been sprouting skyward like cornstalks. Yet the two squat buildings seem to loom as massively as the , skyscrapers around them-perhaps because of the huge letters chiselled into the flank of the shorter one: THE TIMES. These buildings house a newspaper that sells 1,009,519 copies every weekday morning and 1,208,209 on Sundays. The average size of the weekday edition is 106 pages (it sometimes exceeds 200), while the Sunday edition averages 470 pages and weighs nearly two kilograms. Such numbers make the Los Angeles Times by far the largest of the 31 competing newspapers in its own regional area, the largest newspaper west of New York, and second among all U.S. newspapers in total circulation (behind the New York Daily News and just ahead of The New York Times). The controlling share of ownership of the big Western paper is held by the Chandler family of Los Angeles, who earn a substantial income therefrom. The newspaper is also, importantly, a source of profitable employment for nearly 4,000 employees. But sheer quantity is not the only measure of this newspaper. Its rise in quality over the past 10 years has given the Times a strong voice in the American press. As one professor of journalism at a leading university puts it, such a paper's popularity "is not built on voyeurism, sensationalism or prurience. It offers its readers facts in a meaningful context, ideas, interpretation; in short, it presents a continuing education."

A special-interest organ? No, says the "Times" What kind of education? Since the Times is owned by private' in-

dividuals, as are most of the 1,748 other daily newspapers in the United States, it would be natural to suspect that these persons use it as a trumpet for some special interest of their own. Various journals in the United States do speak just for rigid conservatives, or for violent revolutionaries, but their audience is severely limited by such narrow focus. A big newspaper such as the Times tries to serve all the people in its area, including a great many with whose viewpoint the newspaper owners will be in sharp disagreement. That means giving readers, as impartially as it can, facts about what is happening around them. Although the owners and the editors of the Times believe American society is on the right track, they do not hesitate to point out flaws when they see them. Is this a sign of altruism and strong conscience? Partly, but it is also good business. For the Los AngelesTimes, the key to success has been in winning the confidence of millions of readers and thousands of advertisers. The paper is written for the readers, but as we shall see, it is advertisers who make it profitable. "I think our readers want a newspaper to be candid," says Nick B. Williams, top editor of the Times. "They want to be able to trust what it tells them." In search of editorial integrity, Williams encourages reporters to write a story as they see it, not as they think he or the owners might want to see it. If that occasionally means news stories that annoy the owners' friends, or opinion columns that disagree with the paper's editorial policy, that is all right-as long as the writer has his facts straight. How does such a thing come about? Who translates these attitudes into the information that appears on a million breakfast tables around Los Angeles every morning? Let us follow a day's work and watch a ne\yspaper being born.

6.30 Jack Goulding, assistant metropolitan editor, allows himself one last yawn as he rides the elevator to the third floor of the Times building. His footsteps click softly on the red plastic tile floor as he walks, alone, through a large room populated at this hour only by desks, telephones,

typewriters and the other tools of a newspaper's "city room." In a seat facing the rows of desks at which reporters will soon be working elbow-to-elbow, Goulding starts reading wire-service stories, press releasesfromgovernmentagencies, businesses and civic-action groups. Writing in a loose-leaf notebook, he assigns the day's stories to the 55 men and women on the metropolitan staff. (At most American papers, this would be called the "city" staff, but the Times covers a sprawling conglomerate of cities and counties extending hundreds of square kilometres beyond the Los Angeles city limits.) Soon, three other assistant metropolitan editors arrive. Eric Malnic helps assign stories to 70 suburban reporters who do not have desks in the Times building; Matt Goree, newly hired from the Kansas City Star, talks with reporters about long-range features that may take we-eks to complete; Arthur Berman discusses articles with specialists in education, science, medicine, aerospace, automobiles, urban affairs, religion, civil rights and labour.

9.30 The room has filled with reporters, most of them surprisingly young. William Thomas, the metropolitan editor, is settling into his chair. Like other executives at the Times, Thomas trusts his staff; after setting the outlines of a task, he rarely undercuts an assistant's decision. Knowing this, and knowing that if displeased he will firmly order things done differently the next time, they work hard for him. "Quantity is not as important as quality," Thomas says, "and one way you can measure the success of the paper is by the respect it now has in the most sophisticated, literate circles in town. The calibre of our reporters has improved so much that I could hire 50 good journalists tomorrow who have applied here for jobs." Switching from one newspaper to another is habitual among U.S. journalists and the "Times" ranks high as a place where the action is. Down a long wing of the big room to his left, Thomas can see the copy editors of the national news staff that covers the United States outside Los Angeles, and the foreign

news staff. National and foreign operations are separate from metropolitan, each with an editor equal to Thomas in the hierarchy.

9.45 Managing Editor Frank Haven strolls through the busy room towards his comer office. Haven is top man on the third floor. Metropolitan, national and foreign editors report to him in frequent informal conversations and in a news conference at 3.30 every afternoon; in turn, he reports to Nick Williams, but only on matters of broadest policy. It is Haven who decides what the Times will look like tomorrow morning, Haven who decides as the day moves along which stories get on the front page, where they will be placed, how big the headlines will be. He is responsible for "hard news" about the day's events, the guts of the newspaper. He came to the Times in 1941, starting on the copy desk where the editor, Nick Williams, had also started. When the staff describes Haven, they use the most complimentary word one newsman can apply to another: "professional," meaning that he puts accurate transmission of news above any other interest. Heavy-set, tough-looking, he looks like an old prizefighter, squinting through the smoke of a freshly lighted cigar as he talks about the Times in an office decorated with

clippings and mementoes including plaques for three of the seven Pulitzer Prizes-highest award in American journalism-that his staff has won. One is for coverage of the violent racial disturbances in the Watts district of Los Angeles in 1965; the two others came in 1969 for public service and international reporting. "We try to cover all the news," Haven says, "but we leave the ordinary stuff, the car wrecks and press conferences, to the wire services (news organizations that provide to all subÂˇ scribing communications media coverÂˇ age ot local, national and international events). We want our own writers to spend their time going 'behind' the news, explaining why something happened and telling the reader things he didn't already know. Most people in Los Angeles know the 'what' of the news before we print it, because they can hear it on radio or television. "We don't consider ourselves a newspaper of record, like the New York 'Times'; half the time, they print the dullest stuff imaginable, just because they figure it isn't part of history until it appears in their paper. We are different. Above all, we want to be 'read.' We take great pains to make this a newspaper with something for everybody."

10.00 Down on the second floor, a pivotal event is about to occur. The continued

The paper's top board decides editorial policy. Facing camera, from left, are Norman Chandler, Otis Chandler and Anthony Day, an editorial writer.

top policy-makers of the Times-publisher, editor, editorial-page director -begin to gather with a half-dozen of their senior lieutenants for the editorial board conference that takes place five days a week. This is not a meeting to decide on news coverage; it is to decide what opinions the Times will express in the two lefthand columns of the editorial pages set deep in the middle of the newspaper, the only place where the editors openly commit themselves and the Times to positions on matters that concern them. Nick Williams walks 15 metres from his second-floor office to the small, modestly furnished meeting room where he meets Otis Chandler, the publisher-the boss at the top of the Times. Chandler stands 1.9 metres tall and weighs about 97 kilograms, much of it muscle from the barbells he has been lifting since college, and his thick blond hair gleams above a deep suntan. When he took over the publisher's job from his father in 1960, he was 33 years old, the great-grandson of a man whose first order after getting control of the Times in 1886 was "Push things."

Young publisher institutes vast changes During the three generations of Chandlers before Otis took charge, the newspaper pushed the industrial development of Southern California, pushed the sale of advertisers' products in its news columns (even going so far as to run stories about the openings of stores in an effort to curry favour with them), pushed political candidates who Shared the conservative, business-oriented views of the Chandlers, and laid the foundation for a publishing kingdom called the Times-Mirror Company. Printing maps, books and magazines, in addition to the newspaper, making its own newsprint from its own timberland, the company grossed $352 million in 1968. Part of that was from the Times. In its earlier years, the Times earned a reputation for being shallow and unfair. It gained great influence in Republican Party politics, but its local news coverage seldom ventured beyond the movie-star divorces and the fires, automobile accidents, and civic self-congratulation that mark a provincial journal.

"We tended to be very conservative, and we used to bias the news," Otis Chandler admits. "We didn't print both sides of labour-management disputes, we wouldn't print much Democratic Party news, were narrow in our religious coverage.â&#x20AC;˘â&#x20AC;˘â&#x20AC;˘ " Falling heir to all this, young Chandler set to work with Nick Williams, who had become editor in 1959, to change it. Before taking over as publisher, Chandler had worked his way through all departments of the newspaper as part of a self-imposed training programme, and had spent the most time-nearly two years-in editorial. Los Angeles was growing out of much of its provincialism; the two men determined that the Times should grow with it. With Chandler's approval, Williams put heavy emphasis on the news writing and editing staff. In ten years the news budget rose from $3 million to $12 million, and the news staff alone grew from 220 to more than 500. Significantly, the average age of a Times reporter dropped by about 15 years. Within one five-year period, most of the veteran editors and reporters retired on company pensions, and Williams replaced them with fresh blood. "It usually takes new people to change a paper," he explains. Williams himself, however, is not new. In striking visual contrast to Chandler, his 63 years show in thinning hair, paler face and a distinctly non-athletic physique. Still, the two men work together as if they were twins. Chandler speaks softly and listens carefully, moving with the easy grace of a man sure of his authority. Williams speaks with the assurance of a man who has devoted a lifetime to sharpening his trade. He has been at the Times since 1931, when Otis Chandler was four years old. "When I became editor," Williams recalls, "I started delegating much more authority than previous editors had, so that I wouldn't have to spend all my time making day-today decisions. The only thing my subordinates are supposed to take up with me is something they think will cause a problem. I don't like to be unpleasantly surprised. If the publisher asks me, 'How did that happen?' and I have to say, 'I don't know,' that's bad. But to a considerable degree, each department head runs his own operations. "

In the conference room, the hands of the clock point to ten as these two men are joined by the director of the editorial pages, James Bassett. Handsome under wavy, silver hair, and smoking a pipe, Bassett is the picture of confidence. He has been with the Times since 1934, with interruptions for World War II and work on several of President Richard Nixon's campaigns. Today, he will discuss the three editorials he intends to run in tomorrow's paper, and has brought with him the staff writers who are working on them. Behind Bassett come the men from the third floor: Frank Haven, Bill Thomas, national editor Edwin Guthman and foreign editor Robert Gibson. They are there not because they have a strong voice in the content of the editorial pages but because the publisher and editor want them as a sounding board; they frequently have facts the top editors need to form their opinions. "Besides," says Chandler, "it's a good chance for me to see everyone at once." Bassett begins the meeting without ceremony, reading in a low voice from handwritten notes. "We want to make some comment on the Middle East, but think we Should hold off until the Israelis and the Egyptians make up their mind on what they will do in the current crisis." That being the case, he wants tomorrow's first editorial to urge Los Angeles to expand its harbour facilities; though the city is already the leading port on the West Coast, it must keep building if it wants to stay ahead. Williams interrupts: "Not just to stay ahead. We need an expanded port to supply this area." Bassett makes a note, then turns to an editorial writer named Ernie, who talks about federal legislation proposed by President Nixon to improve America's postal service. The Times will support it in editorial number two. Back to Bassett for the third editorial: "Occidental Petroleum Corporation wants to drill an exploratory oil well at the foot of the Pacific Palisades, and got a permit for it from a zoning administrator despite the objection of local residents and all their elected representatives." The editorial he suggests would startle anyone who thinks the Times always supports its colleagues in big business: "We think we should ask

our mayor to persuade the Board of Zoning Appeals to overrule the administrator and reject the permit. After all, the mayor appointed the appeals board, so he should have influence there." Nick Williams snaps his head towards Bassett. "You're not going to put it that way, are you?" He is shocked, and shows it. "That would be a terrible precedent, to tell the mayor to interfere in the function of an appointed board. We don't want him meddling and telling city agencies how to do their jobs. Good God!" Bassett thinks a minute. "Well, okay, we'll address the editorial to the Board of Zoning Appeals and hope the mayor gets the word." "All right, do that," Williams agrees, and the meeting is over.

10.30 An eerie sight in the composing room: The keyboards of 80 typesetting machines, row upon row, working busily with no human operator in view. More than 90 per cent of all editorial matter and classified advertising type is set by computer, in a system the Times set up in 1966. Copy is punched onto a paper tape at one of several transmitting terminals throughout the building, then fed into an IBM Model 40

computer that "justifies" it-squares it off-by determining how words should be spaced to fill a newspaper column and where hyphenation should occur. The "justified" tape activates the typesetting machines, processing enough copy to fill a newspaper column in 17 seconds. Advertising copy has been flowing through the machines since early morning; now some early news stories are reaching them.

10.45 James Bassett is back in his office on the second floor, looking at a

proofof one of tomorrow's pages. The Times has two editorial pages, facing each other; they are separated from the news pages in the rest of the paper by both position and function. Except for the two columns of official Times editorials, these pages are devoted to an ample sampling of commentary by letter-writers, cartoonists and columnists who may or may not agree with the editors.

Use your independence, the newspaper tells editors "We try consciously for balance, " Bassett says. "We call ourselves an independent newspaper, and we take that independence seriously." How can he assert independence, considering his personal history of Republican Party associations? "My political service has not coloured the editorial pages. We have been vigorously critical of the Nixon Administration many times. For example, we have expressed displeasure with several features of their drastic new anti-crime proposals for Washington, D.C." The Sunday Times gives its readers a varied fare-from West, left, a colourful magazine of stories and photos to a listing of the week's programme in TV Times, below left, to Home which has illustrated features on trends in homemaking, food and crafts.

The Times supports two cartoonists and several full-time columnists of its own. It also follows the practice of most American newspapers in buying "syndicated" columns from writers whose work is distributed to dozens of newspapers simultaneously. In all, the editorial pages carry the work of 19 columnists. The editors classify three as "liberal," five as "conservative," six as "moderate" and five as "specialized" (dealing in topics like satirical humour, science, ethnic affairs). In an effort to more fully represent the viewpoints of minority groups among its readers, the paper runs several regular features about Negro affairs, and just started one for Mexican-Americans. Was Bassett abashed by the rebuke from Williams at the morning's editorial board meeting? "Oh, nothose meetings can get a lot more acrimonious than that. The meetings that led to our editorial urging the United States to leave Vietnam 'swiftly, wholly and without equivocation' got pretty violent at times! Of course, the publisher has the final say, if he wants it, but he doesn't insist on it often."

11.30 Upstairs, on the third floor, national editor Ed win Guthman smiles as he greets Stuart Loory, a reporter from the Washington bureau. Loory covers the White House and has flown across the country to stick with Richard Nixon during the President's lO-day stay at San Clemente, California, the "Western White House." On the other side of the room, a reporter talks excitedly about a different kind of news. He is telling his editor, Bill Thomas, about last night's adventures with a visiting circus. "I rode an elephant, and they didn't have a ladder for me, so climbing off was like sliding down a telephone pole." Thomas grins and turns back to his desk. "Put it all in the story," he says.

12.00 The day's first copy deadline is only 90 minutes away. Reporters and copy editors step up the pace of their work. Nick Williams, however, takes a visitor upstairs to the execu-

tive dining room for lunch. As he eats, he talks about his newspaper. "Los Angeles is a huge metropolitan area, and a lot more sophisticated than it used to be. Many of the people here came from other parts of the United States-and the world, for that matter. We have large numbers of Canadians, Mexicans, 40,000 Britishers, a good many French .â&#x20AC;˘.. More people come from New York and Chicago to Los Angeles than to any other American city. Los Angeles has a thick concentration of colleges and universities. That all adds up to an audience that wants a cosmopolitan newspaper." As the population of the Times circulation area grew between 1960 and 1970-6.7 million to 8.5 million -so did the breadth of the newspaper's outlook. Readers obviously approved, because the Times grew far faster than Los Angeles did. While population increased 26.4 per cent, Times circulation leaped by 92 per cent on weekdays and 44.9 per cent on Sundays. Unlike the New York Times, which has a large national circulation, the Los Angeles Times is overwhelmingly regional in circulation, selling about 700,000 copies a day in Los Angeles County, 130,000 more in Orange County-a 2,033-squarekilometre residential suburb to the, south-and the rest in scattered spots. Nevertheless, it has always carried substantial amounts of national and international news. Before 1960, most of it was wireservice copy. Now, the bulk is staffwritten. In 1960, the Times had three correspondents in Washington and one abroad. Now, it has 17 foreign bureaus, including one in New Delhi, plus a man at U.N. headquarters, and 30 "national" reporters in American cities other than Los Angeles. The Washington, D.C., staff alone numbers 17. Foreign correspondents, chosen for initiative and ability to generate thoughtful articles, get careful preparation for assignments abroad.

The "Times" sometimes angers readers The tone of "Times" reporting is forthright and sometimes controversial. As a result, its readers sometimes get angry. "We manage to offend everybody," Nick Williams continued

says with a wry grin. "StjJl, this is not a crusading or muckraking paper. Our basic concern is"seeing that the society runs better and more smootWy." The Times keeps a watcl,liul eye on politicians, even those it favours. Though it encouraged CalifQrnians to elect Ronald Reagan goyer:nor in 1966, it has criticized him.sharply on a number of occasions ~ince. Denouncing Reagan's plans to.cut the budget of the state's huge university system, Times editorials receptly accused him of "short-changing Culifornia's schoolchildren." On occasion, the Times h<\.salso given serious offence to its--major advertisers. After a Union OihCompany offshore well blew out;in the ocean near Santa Barbara in 1969, the Times ran an almost endless series of stories about the thick black goo that covered part of California's coast. Photos of dead seabirds, sick whales and an oil-coated sealwith a tear dropping from its eye stirred a public outcry against the polluters. Union Oil president Fred L. Hartley angrily objected to the "unfair" publicity. The Times printed his letter, then continued its coverage -which soon included editorials urging state and national officials to ban all further offshore drilling. It was inevitable, too, that the Times would have to report on air pollution, since Los Angeles contains more automobiles than any other metropolitan area in the world -some 3,611,000 at last count. "Much of our advertising comes from oil companies and car manufacturers but we cannot allow that fact to stop us from reporting such things," Williams says firmly. -"Any time we run a story about smog being 90 per cent due to automobil~ and gasoline, it definitely irritate's the manufacturers. There are - powerful people in Detroit who say this newspaper is anti-automobile. This is nonThis carrier uses a small truck to deliver the Times, which on an average weekdÂŁly is 106 pages.

sense. We aren't against automobiles, we're against smog." Do big advertisers ever retaliate by withholding business? "Rarely. They usually insist on presenting their side, as Fred Hartley did, and that's fine with us. Even if they do pull their advertising out, it's temporary. They don't advertise in the Los Angeles 'Times' because they love us; they do it because they want to reach a million readers a day. They need us as much as we need the income from their ads in order to pay for this staff." Readers paid about $17 million for their copies of the paper in 1969. Newsprint alone cost the Times more than twice that much, about $40 million. On top of that, ink, equipment, distribution costs, travel expenses and salaries cost a great deal more. What made the whole enterprise possible was the flow of income from advertisers, who paid $141 million-86 per cent of the Times' income. In 1970 the Times-Mirror Company of Los Angeles made its first move into news papering on the opposite coast. It bought Newsday, an innovative large-circulation daily serving the densely populated Long Island suburbs of New York City. Publisher Otis Chandler apparently plans to keep the strong local image of his new acquisition, saying "we have all but ruled out coming into the New York City field with Newsday." But there is no doubt that the new alliance gives the Los Angeles Times a formidable foothold in the backyard of the New York City newspaper advertising market, the richest in the nation.

13.30 Back at the Times building, reporters rush to meet the day's first deadline. Stories flow in to metropolitan, national and foreign desks, are quickly routed to the computers for typesetting, and then go to 96 gigantic press units deep inside the building. To make itself a more intimate part of its sprawling and fragmented community, the Times publishes five separate versions of the weekday paper-one for central Los Angeles, a special edition for Orange County, and three different suburban sections. Each version features news and advertising content of interest to its particular readers.

14.30 National editor Edwin Guthman, safely past that first deadline, muses about the contrast between his background and James Bassett's. "I can believe Bassett when he says his Republican work in the past doesn't hinder him, because my time as press secretary to Robert Kennedy has not bothered me here, even when Kennedy was still alive. As a professional journalist, I think I ought to be able to separate my past from my day-to-day news judgment."

"Times" policy: Leave reporters alone, let them do their job "Haven is a good, tough managing editor. I never have the feeling that he is trying to push me or my staff in a particular direction politically. Rather, he seems to be working to make sure the news coverage is balanced. And both Otis Chandler and Nick Williams believe that you hire people for what you think they can do, then leave them alone to do it. If they disappoint you, you get somebody else. "For instance, Otis Chandler will occasionally ask about a story during the board meeting, but not in a way that makes yOIl think he's trying to push you in a certain direction on it. When he gets calls from important people about things we have done, he usually just says, 'Well, I don't have anything to do with that. The publisher doesn't control the daily news coverage.' " Guthman tries to pass this attitude on to his own reporters. "I don't monkey with a man's copy unless there is some damn good reason to, because I assume he has thought carefully about it. The reporters are professionals who often risk their necks to get stories for us, and we should make as much of an effort as they make."

15.00 All day, the presses have been working on parts of next Sunday's paper, which is so bulky that some sections have to be printed during the week before it goes on sale: the full-colour comic pages on Monday, two rotogravure magazines edited for Southern California readers on

Tuesday, real estate section on Wednesday, and on Friday, seven distinct suburban sections for distribution to different suburban areas. Now, the presses pause. Workmen make them ready for the first of the editions of today's Times.

15.30 The presses start. A' runner delivers the first paper to Frank Haven, and he gathers his editors for the day's second important meeting: the news conference. The mood is relaxed. It is already 6.30 on America's East Coast; offices in Washington and New York are closed, and even in Los Angeles most of this day's stories-except for Nixon's evening press conference-have already happened. All Haven's men have to do is decide where to put them in the "home" edition that will go to subscribers. There is no fighting among metropolitan, national and foreign editors for the coveted space on page one.

16.00 The meeting ends. Guthman and Gibson leave to finish up the day by running a last check on wires and telephone calls from their correspondents. Thomas will stay at his desk until the night staff takes over. Below, at street level, newsboys in pickup trucks are bundling papers as they spout from conveyor belts. In the meeting room, Haven remains to work out some last-minute changes in the front-page layout. To keep readers comfortable, the format is predictable: The day's most important story goes in the upper right comer of the six-column page. An interpretive feature storytoday's is about the mood of "MiddleAmericans"in the rural Midwest, and how detached they feel from the New York-Washington-Los Angeles "Establishment"-always goes in the upper left corner. The rest of the page carries up to six other articles and at least one photograph. The rest of the paper is just as predictably arranged into five main sections, with features "anchored" in the same positions every day for easy reference. Part 1, the main news section, contains major stories from around the world. Part 2, the met-

ropolitan news section, contains local and regional news, editorials, analysis and statistics on the day's births and deaths. Part 3 gives news of sports and business. Part 4 covers community and cultural affairs, reviews of art, books, music, drama, films and schedules of the day's television programmes. Part 5 is the world's largest classified advertising section, packed with small notices.

19.00 Most of the daytime staff is gone now. Reporters with late-breaking stories turn them in to night copy editors and wait, under the bright, lonely lighting of the half-deserted third floor. At 9.45 p.m., the presses start running with the second edition.

23.30 The big press run of the day begins for the 700,OOO-copyhome edition. As newspapers stream from the high-speed presses, 20 conveyors move them to the mailroom, where automatic tying machines turn out a bundle of 50 newspapers every five seconds. Another set of conveyors moves the bundles at high speed to a loading dock, where a fleet of 177 heavy trucks picks them up and rushes them to distribution points all over Los Angeles.

ing gets ready to start another day in the city room ... thousands of delivery boys fan out across Los Angeles before the first light of dawn and start delivering the newspaper to the homes of factory workers, business executives, movie actors, auto mechanics, students, pensioners, the old and the young, the rich and the poor.

THUD! It hits the doorstep, one of the thickest and heaviest bundles of news and advertising produced by any American newspaper. Soon hundreds of thousands of West Coast Americans are plunging themselves into its freshly printed pages, to be variously informed, amused, delighted, and infuriated by what it tells them about the persons and events that make up their fast-moving and often bewildering world. So long as this huge cross-section of metropolitan humanity continues to find the Times a "must" for starting the day, the remarkable enterprise in the two plain buildings near city hall tower in Los Angeles will grow and prosper as one of the most powerful voices of American journalism. EN D

0.30 If necessary, the presses stop for "replating"-insertion of late news or changes in the old news. In special situations such as a national election or an unexpected news event of major importance, the replating process goes on at intervals all night as special editions are written.

3.00 The last normal press run for sale on newsstands a few hours from now. While Otis Chandler sleeps ... while Nick Williams, Frank Haven, James Bassett, William Thomas and Ed Guthman and hundreds of reporters, hundreds of helpers, dozens of bu~inessmen and advertising salesmen sleep ... while Jack Gould-

The Times photographers seem to be everywhere-top, on the campus with three mod girls; above left. on the racetrack; above, with two girls on the beach at sunset; and left, recording brush fire as it menaces a coastal community.

NNEW DELHI Miss Ella Perry is known as the American manager of the Butler Memorial Girls' Higher Secondary School. But for the inhabitants of Ganaur, a Haryana village 40 miles north of the capital, she is a saviour, and her weekly visit with a mobile clinic is a much-awaited event. Miss Perry takes Thursday off from her schoolroom duties to drive to Ganaur in a specially equipped Landrover-a clinic on wheels-with two doctors, a nurse and a lab technician. Though she makes it a point to arrive as early in the morning as possible, a sizable crowd is always present, patiently waiting for the Ganaur Family Clinic to open. "The clinic begins its day's work as soon as we arrive," says Miss Perry, "and ends when the last patient has been attended to-usually about the time the peacocks come out in the evening to eat the grain in the fields." Anywhere from 175 to 200 patients are examined and treated on a single Thursday and so popular is the clinic that the sick come

from the nearby towns of Panipat, Kamal, Sonepat and as far away as Ambala. The clinic on wheels is a self-contained unit. Its laboratory is complete with a microscope, and the lab assistant is capable of conducting tests for everything from venereal disease to tuberculosis and intestinal parasites. The nurse gives whatever injections the doctors call for. The services of the lab assistant, the nurse and the doctors are all free and patients at the Ganaur clinic need only pay for the medicines. . While the two doctors and the nurse look after the patients who crowd the clinic, Miss Perry gets behind a makeshift dispensing table to dole out the pills and the tablets. And because many of her patients are illiterate, she has evolved a colour code -pink for children, yellow for women and blue for men-and the pills are dispensed accordingly in coloured envelopes. The clinic on wheels, a voluntary service helped

by donations, was started 19 years ago by three Americans, Mr. and Mrs. Barney Thompson and Dr. Dorothy Chakko. "The first day there were 50 patients lined up," recalls Miss Perry. "Since then we have had a steady stream of people. In the beginning we had only one room and a verandah in Ganaur, but we now have acquired a cowshed which serves as a waiting room for women." Miss Perry has been associated with the clinic since its inception, and one of the doctors who rides with her every Thursday, Dr. B.N. Khanna, has been visiting Ganaur for the past 12 years. Countless others, especially American women volunteers, have given their time to the clinic. How they feel about the Ganaur clinic was summed up by Miss Perry when she said: "It is a pleasure to help those who are in need of medical attention; new courage and the chance to live a healthy life." END

It is always a full day for the clinic on wheels-from attending to emergencies, top left, to microscopic examinations, left. Above, the clinic staff pose with their Landrover. In the centre is Miss Ella Perry.

For three enchanting weeks the fashionable Fifth Avenue store of Altman's became

NewYoI-k:s gateway to ON MAY 1, 1883,23 years after he founded the original Altman store in New York, Benjamin Altman left on a two-year trip around the world. En route, he spent considerable time in India, and was so impressed with the wares the country had to offer that he laid the groundwork for Altman's buyers to make regular trips in the future. This was the beginning of a long and profitable relationship between ftJtman's and India, which reached its full flowering last September when the store opened a two-week "Gateway to India" presentation. Altman's "Gateway to India," which was larger than any previous collection of Indian merchandise shown in a New York department store, included special shops for fashions, home furnishings, accessories and foods. Almost all of the merchandise was especially made for the store, developed by the 11 buyers who travelled to India starting in January 1971. Under

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In a rare salute to a nation's creative talent, a New York store captured tJ

load, the colour and the feeling of India with a fabulous display of her crafts.

India and Miss V. Chandra, long crewel skirts with matching editor of India Abroad. stoles and contrasting shirts, Visitors to Altman's during sheer Kashmiri wool caftans, the presentation were greeted hooded coats in bedspread at the door by a 6' 7' Sikh, fabrics and one of a kind cotton reminiscent of the dashing door- embroidered skirts. manattheOberoi Intercontinental The fourth and fifth floors in Delhi. The main floor of the . contained treasures for the home store, which covers one square in two shops, The Mirror Palace block on Fifth Avenue across and The Handcraft Gallery. from the Empire State Building, They included mosaic and mirror was opulently decorated with embroidered animals, wall Indian hand-painted fabric coverings, toys, Madhubani covering 30 huge columns up paintings, rugs, wooden treasure the centre of the floor. Also on chests, old brass candlesticks, the main floor was the Taj kitchen utensils, hanging lanterns Mahal, a bazar offering stoles, and bells, crewel and patchwork jackets, belts and little evening bedspreads, draperies, tablecloths bags in colourful mirror and pillows and a collection of embroideries, silver jewellery, stoneware bath accessories from brass boxes and silk scarves. Jaipur. There was also a special The Delicacies Shop featured selection of fabrics by the yard basmati rice, gulab jamuns, vada, for home sewers-silks, cottons, kheer, pappadams and a variety gold-thread embroideries and of chutneys, along with recipes dress lengths with jewelled for their use. Eye-catching full-page ads On the third floor was the Sona shop for women's clothing, in the "New York Times" set the mood and provided a marvellous collection of saris, rajah coats with gold embroidery, the lure for things Indian.

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appliques. For several days a lovely Indian girl demonstrated how to drape a sari to avid American viewers. The single most opulent article on display was found on the seventh floor, a fabulous replica of Takht-e-Taaoos, or Peacock Throne, built in the 17th century by the Emperor Shah 'Jehan. Encrusted with no less than 32,000 precious and semi-precious stones, taking more than 74,000 man hours of work to complete, it was on loan from the world-famous jewellery firm of Ganeshi Lall and Sons in Agra. Mr. Gyan Lall, grandson of the owner of the firm, came all the way from India to supervise its assemblage and to speak to Altman's customers about the fine jewels of India. Also on the seventh floor were four model rooms inspired by India: one a sumptuous bath with handmade Indian tiles and its own swing; one a sitting room with gathered Indian

patchwork on the walls; 0 e a library with a sheesham wood window grille and crewel upholstery; and one a dining \room with numerous paisley motifs. On the eighth and highest floor was an exhibit of paintings by four fine contemporary Indian artists: Bal Wad, F.N. Souza, Bhagwan Kapoor, and B. Prabha, one of India's best-known women artists. Altman's was also fortunate to be allowed to display an extraordinary collection of photographs by the well-known Raghu Rai, which received, much critical acclaim. ' The presentation was so successful that it was extended for an extra week, and people from all over the country . contacted the store about the merchandise displayed. Altman's has many new customers for the products of India and its buyers will continue to bring back the finest which the country has to offer in the years to come.

CREATIVE CLIPS