SPAN: May 1966

a matchless sense of vision ..."

Rare amity prevailed between the two world leaders

Overflow audience heard the Prime Minister speak

during several hours of talks in the American capital.

The two leaders also posed for news photographers at the White House entrance. As the Washington Star commented, "Seldom has any foreign dignitary hit it off so well, or achieved such instant rapport, with LBJ." Later, at a state dinner given in her honour in the White House. President Johnson referred to the Prime Minister as "a woman with an understanding heart ... a leader with a matchless sense of vision."

before Washington's National Press Club, below, which for the first time lowered its traditional barriers against women. At the conclusion of her eloquent speech, outlining India's hopes and ambitions, Indira Gandhi said, "India is as important to the U.S. as the U.S. is to India. Let us both recognize this cardinal truth and let us work together to strengthen the ideals in which we believe."

In picture at bottom, Mrs. Gandhi addresses members of the Indian community in Washington.

Solemn moment during arrival ceremonies at the White House came as Mrs. Gandhi, below, flanked by President and Mrs. Johnson on the platform, received military honours. Behind them are Ambassadors B. K. Nehru and Chester Bowles, Secretary of State Rusk.

Among dignitaries at left are Defence Secretary Robert McNamara, former Ambassador to India Ellsworth Bunker, Mrs. Rusk, Vice President Humphrey, Foreign Secretary C. S. Jha, and Secretary to the Prime Minister L. K. Jha. In picture at right, Mrs. Gandhi stands at attention before ascending steps to place wreath at the Tomb of the Unknowns at Arlington National Cemetery. The large wreath of carnations contained colours of Indian flag. In background, servicemen form archway of state government and regimental flags.

NEHRU MUSEUM: GATEWAY

TO HISTORY

The second anniversary of Jawaharlal Nehru's death this month will focus attention on Teen Murti House, New Delhi, where the late Prime Minister lived and worked during his seventeen years in office.

The house is now a memorial museum. The rooms recall Nehru's dynamic life for which the house was a setting until his death there on May 27, 1964. The Nehru Memorial Museum was formally inaugurated by President S. Radhakrishnan on November 14, 1964, the 75th birth anniversary of the late Prime Minister.

Since then it has seen an unending stream of visitors from this country and abroad.

Forming the nucleus of the museum are the study, and bedroom in which Nehru died. Both rooms are kept as they were during his life time.

The exhibits capture remarkably the magnetism and vigour of a unique personality, and inspire a visitor with Nehru's ideals. Photos by Raghubir Singh.

A stubborn extravagance His family-and

the freedom struggle

Rare photographs and manuscripts of Nehru attract many visitors. At right below is 1927 photo taken in Geneva showing him with wife, daughter Indira, and sisters. Children reflected by glass show-case in former ballroom, bottom, view Nehru's statement made during trial in 1940.

Bookshelves lining corridors suggest Nehru's catholic interests. ÂŤOne extravagance which I have kept up will be hard to give up, and this is the buying of books," he had confessed long ago. Photo of daughter Indira decorates bookshelf. On his desk is a bronze cast, bottom, of the right hand of Abraham Lincoln. ÂŤI look at it every day and it gives me strength," he said.

Reminders of esteem-and

prison

Gifts presented to Nehru include photograph inscribed, "To his excellency Jawaharlal Nehru with the esteem and best wishes of John F. Kennedy." Gold box from President and Mrs. Kennedy, silver bowlfrom President Eisenhower are among gifts from world leaders. Many photos also show Nehru during the decade he spent in prison, including bottom picture made at Naini prison in 1930.

A simple approach to living Nehru's bedroom, simple and devoid of ornamentation, creates moving moments for visitors. A pink-embroidered bedspread appears to be the only expensive item in entire room. Wrist-watch, writing pad, and copies of Gita and Bible lie on table.

His spinning wheel, bottom photo, is displayed along with fabric he wove.

A most moving document ...

Jawaharlal Nehru's last will and testament, below, is displayed in fourteen Indian languages as well as in English. The poetry of its words reflects his deep love for India and makes it one of the most moving documents of its kind. A t bottom is a rare photograph of Nehru's wedding in 19/6. ~l..,rq

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Sources of inspiration ...

Focal point of the study where Nehru often worked far into the night is his crowded desk. On it are symbols of two sources of his inspiration-a bronze cast of Lincoln's hand and a small ivory statue of Buddha.

A procession of men ...

For most visitors. an object of reverence is the Jawahar Jyoti, the eternal flame, lighted by the late Prime Minister Shastri on the 75th anniversary of Nehru's birth.

To the people of India, who showered him with love and affection, "he was not one man but a procession ofmen"-hero, statesman, historian, educator, adviser and friend.

CONNIE FRANCIS has a rich contralto -probably one of the most familiar female voices in the world. She has sold over 35 million records and, singing in several languages, has been named by many foreign disc jockeys as their listeners' favourite American songstress. She appears on TV, in movies and in nightclubs.

BARBARA McNAIR first attracted attention and won favourable notice as a nightclub singer who specialized in a repertoire of sophisticated songs. Later, Barbara impressed Broadway theatregoers with her acting talent when she took over the lead in the hit musical extravaganza No Strings-a role first created by Diahann Carroll.

DIAHANN CARROLL achieved stardom playing the singing and acting roleof highfashion model in the Broadway musical No Strings-a romance set in Paris.

Now an established star in all the entertainment media, Diahann is noted for her ability to dramatize a song, bringing fresh meaning to long familiar lyrics.

SIX IN THE SPOTLIGHT EVERY YEAR dozens of female vocalists sing their way into the spotlight, but only a handful stay on to make a lasting mark in the world of popular music. The six girls shown here have proved their ability to catch an audience-and hold it. All of them have talent and beauty. But for each, enduring popularity depends mainly on an elusive quality called style-a distinctive way with a song that keeps customers clamouring for more.

LESLIE UGGAMS, still in her early twenties, can belt out a tune, above, or croon with equal assurance. Says bandleader Mitch Miller, who first starred Leslie on television: "She is the only singer outside of Ella Fitzgerald who takes a song and does it as it was really written, and still adds something special."

NANC Y WILSON carries on the great tradition, begun with the late Billie Holiday, of translating popular songs into the jazz idiom. Equally successful in nightclubs and on records, she is, according to Time, "all at once, both cool and sweet, both singer and storyteller .... Her repertoire is a treatise on variety and taste."

BRENDA LEE, already a veteran at only nineteen, has more than nine years of entertainment experience behind her and is a top favourite with teen-agel's in the United States and also abroad. Brenda, according to one television critic, "looks like a little girl, sings like a womanand carries her spotlight like a lady."

Veteran NEW YORK TIMES reporter Jack Raymond sketches a provocative wordpicture of U.S. Defence Secretary Robert S. McNamara-a brilliant and controversial man who runs his huge Department with.maximum efficiency.

OF All THE MEN who came to Washington with the Kennedy Administration in 1961, Robert Strange McNamara most epitomized the intellectual,· non-political approach to government. Yet this former Harvard Business School professor and Ford Motor Company president has been at the centre of a constant swirl of controversies, political as well as non-political, from the moment he stepped into the Pentagon as Secretary of Defence.

The opening rounds of Congressional hearings on the defence budget and the war in Vietnambrought out again the Seeminglyendless disputes that have marked McNamara's tenure in office.

Some of the disputes have dealt with basic strategy, such as the nuclear defence of Europe and the conduct of American policy in Southeast Asia. In that connection Senator Wayne Morse, leader of Congressional opposition to American intervention in South Vietnam, has demanded McNamara's resignation. Some disputes have dealt with details, such as the cutbacks of military bases that have affected local economies and the reshaping of the politically powerful Army Reserves.

All of the controversies have been fierce, and a less determined man might long ago Reprinted by permission of the New York Times Magazine. © /965 by the New York Times Co.

have gone back where he came from. But McNamara not only has stubbornly survived in the politically supercharged atmosphere of the Lyndon Johnson Administration, he is regarded by many as a strong man of the Cabinet.

President Johnson has certified his high regard for McNamara in unparalleled terms.

President Kennedy called him "a very good Secretary of Defence, with a great deal of courage." And former Representative Carl Vinson. the long-time chairman of the House Armed Services Committee, called McNamara, with· whom he had fought tooth and nail. ··the best Secretary of Defence we ever had."

What endeared Secretary McNamara to President Johnson, however, was not only the efficiency with which he runs his department and the huge savings he has reported. Of greater significance was the unhesitating loyalty he transferred from President Kennedy to his successor. It took a while for some of the "Kennedy people," even those who were close to McNamara and thought they knew him well, to r~alize that this kind of impersonal dedication to his job was characteristic of the man, one who demanded nothing less in the way of dedication from his own subordinates.

As Secretary of Defence, McNamara presides over an annual budget of close to Rs. 25,000 crores. manages more than Rs. 75,000 crores worth of missiles, planes,

ships, tanks and real estate all over the world. and is responsible for the combat and logistical operations of the armed forces. with their 2,690,000 men in uniform and nearly one million civilians.

He is by law the President's principal adviser in defence affairs and a member of the National Security Council. In this role, McNamara has asserted himself so forcefully that he. rather than the uniformed service Chiefs of Staff. has had the last military word at the White House.

In his role as defence manager, he has introduced "cost-efficiency" techniques that not only have cut costs but have afforded him, more than any previous Defence Secretary. a tight. personal control of all the country's sprawling military functions.

McNamara has a mandate for his strong rule. Titanic interservice struggles after World War II had produced a feeling in the country that the admirals and generals needed their heads knocked together. When President Kennedy took office in 1961, a report by one of his pre-inaugural task forces said:· "Throughout all proposals, past and present, to make more effective the Department of Defence organization. has run one central theme-the clarification and strengthening of the authority of the Secretary of Defence over the United States military establishment. ....

CONTINUED

HI have always believed that if I have more facts than the other guy I would be ahead. I won't tolerate an emotional approach to any problem."

It is the conclusion of this committee that the doctrine of civilian control will be compromised as long as doubt exists on this point."

Under McNamara the doubt no longer exists, although he is not exactly what the defence doctors had ordered. As one of them, Prof. Samuel P. Huntington of Harvard, observedin his book The Soldier and the State. a Secretary of Defence ideally should be a wellknown figure of government or industry conduding his career-and thus unable to use his powerful job as a steppingstone. McNamara, however, was young, without government experience, just beginning a new stage in his career in industry and virtually unknown to the public. President Kennedy had never met him.

A native of the San Francisco Bay area and a Phi Beta Kappa at the University of California, McNamara had studied and taught at the Harvard School of Business Administration. During World War II he was a statistical expert in the Air Force. Despite poor eyesight, he wangled a commissiQn and became a lieutenant colonel. After the war, he and nine other veterans succeeded as a management team at the Ford Motor Company.

McNamara was the leader of the band. He became the first non-Ford named president of the company on November 9, 1960, one day after John F. Kennedy was elected President of the United States. A nominal Republican, he had supported Kennedy in the heavily Republican world of auto magnates and the fact made an impression in Washington.

His smooth, bespectacled, carefully combed appea'rance and didactic manner gave the impression that he was still a young professorand a rather brash one at that-when he arrived to take over the Pentagon. The lines of his face are a little deeper now, but he is still slim and trim, young-looking for his age-fifty next June 9. And he still has a classroom manner.

He is a spouter of knowledge, a fountainhead of statistics and percentages. He emits these in such impressive quantities that they can make the listener's head spin. Henry Ford II said of him: "He has the ability to keep in his head facts and figures that most people have to go to the records to get."

He is naturally friendly and quick to join in a laugh. He insists upon being addressed as "Bob" by his administrative associates, high and low. But he can be short with those who come to him without having done their homework. The blue eyes turn dull gray; the mouth

tightens. "That's not at all what I wanted," he interrupted a general who was briefing him, and then he fired a series of questions. his voice rising: "How?" "How much?" "How do you know?" "What are the options?"

(Options are a favourite demand.) Then. he sent the general to get the answers. .

Facts, not rhetoric, he insists, are his tools of judgment. Disappointments in oral briefings-"They're all stereotyped,''' he sayshave impelled him to rely increasingly on written reports. Sometimes he finds even the voluminous reports of his own huge department inadequate,. even though they may have been the products of hundreds of working hours. In the studies of several proposed naval shipyard closings, he engaged an outside auditing firm to prepare additional material he felt he needed to make his decision.

From 7 a.m., when he begins his workday with a business breakfast, to 7 or 8 p.m., well past Washington's cocktail hour, he attends meetings; appears before Congressional committees or locks himself in his office to pore through the mountains of written reports he has demanded.

Late in the day, alone, in his shirtsleeves

at the huge desk that once belonged to Gen. John J. Pershing of World War I fame, he jots notes on index cards to prepare the next day's business.

In private, interdepartmental sessions, it is McNamara who comes on with theJacts. He is the one.who is first with a proposal, first to offer to get more information, first to tackle a difficult project. He apparently does not hesitate to speak up even to the President. A White House visitor who brought up the subject of a certain military action purportedly ordered by Mr. Johnson received not only a denial but an assurance: "Why, do you know what would happen if I ever ordered that?

Bob McNamara would tell me to go jump in the lake!"

McNamara's critics charge that he cares more for computerized statistical logic than for human judgments. There are men at the Pentagon who feel he has so steeped the place in studies and analytical reviews that he has also, for all intents and purposes, stultified it.

Indeed, his taut management has led to the charge that he has gone beyond desirable efficiency to undesirable one-man rule.

Military men also resent such regulations as

r McNamara direcTsdefence establishment from Pentagon. foreground. In background. from lefT. Washington Monument. Jefferson Memorial. U.S. Capitol.

a recent one barring them from accepting lunches from former associates and others now in defence industries. They resent the insinuation of possible wrongdoing.

On Capitol Hill. although McNamara has dazzled members of Congress with his mastery of detail, he also has irritated them for the same reason. He has been touted in the Senate as a Presidential candidate and jeered on the floor of the House as Robert S. (I've Got All the Answers) McNama'ra.

Representative F. Edward Herbert of Louisiana, chairman of a subcommittee holding hearings on the controversial Army Reserve reorganization plan, expressed a typical mixture of Congressional respect and resentment when he told an Air Force Academy audience recently: "Never in my twenty-five years have I seen such contempt for Congress as exhibited by Secretary of Defence McNamara. He is a friend of mine. I like him. He's brifliant. He's the strongest Secretary of Defence we ever had-and therein lies the danger."

Although often described as a mechanical man, McNamara apparently has a low threshold of anger. There are many reports of his

raising his voice in arguments in his office.

And once he felt provoked enough to engage in a shouting contest with a reporter in a room full of newsmen. He later graciously autographed a picture of the scene.

This reporter has covered McNamara for more than five years and finds it hard to evoke the man-so much of what he does and says takes place behind closed doors. The life and death decisions he makes for America demand secrecy, but McNamara also ha's been successful in establishing a personal privacy that has reinforced one of Washington's most recurrent questions: "What is McNamara really like 7" He himself offered a capsule answer when he told an associate: "I have always believed that iflha'd more Jacts than the other guy I would be ahead. I won't tolerate an emotional approach to any situation or problem."

McNamara's striving for facts is thus not an end in itself but a means to winning a point, and the record of the past few years indicates that he has won far more points than he has lost.

Secretary McNamara, the other day, was in his shirtsleeves as usual and busy at his desk

when the visiting reporter reached it. Then the Secretary sprang to his feet. offered a warm hello and a handshake and a smile of welcome that could have disarmed a regiment of generals. No computer smiles like that!

And these were the questions and answers: Would Mr. McNamara answer the charge that he has instituted a dangerous one-man rule at the Pentagon? Many of his critics claim tha~ by streamlining various agencies, combining their functions and concentrating the decisionmaking process at the top he has stilled useful voices of dissent. They also claim that he ignores military advice.

"In any large organization-and I have often said that running a big organization like this one is not much different in method from running a big industrial company or, let's say, the Catholic Church-in any large organization, it's absolutely essential that there be a c1earcut statement of objectives. policies and programmes.

"This statement of objectives, policies and programmes must come from the top. Allegations of 'one-man rule' and 'overcentralization '-those are relying on colour words. They CoNTINUED

"The administrator must choose between aD essentiaDy passive roI~ in which he acts as judge 0 recommendations made by others, and an aggr-essive role, in which he leads by proposing tiedives aDd stimulating progress. . • .~~

tend to carry connotations which confuse the issue. The question is simple: Is there a united policy or isn't there? And is there absolute loyalty to that policy? There must be.

"The administrator must choose between an essentially passive role, in which he acts as judg{: on recommenda,tions made by others, and an aggressive role, in which he leads by proposing objectives and stimulating progress.

"I know that responsibility must be decentralized. But tbis responsibility millst relate ,to the knowledge avai,lable to the person given authority to make the decision. It is impossible, for example, to decentralize to the Secretary of the Navy and the Chief of Naval Operations the responsibility for deciding the size of the Polaris submarine force. That is because the number of Polaris missiles is related to the number of Minuteman missiles, which are operated by another service. Neither missile force can be established independently of the other and the decisions rdating to each therefore must be referred to the Secretary of Defence.

••As for ignoring military advice, that's boloney! The Chiefs have repeatedly testified that their views are heard and fully considered. In fact, in the method of operation we have now, military advice has a better chance of being put forward and accepted than ever before. I meet with the Chiefs rt:!gularly. Their own presentations ,afe nQw more factual and persuasive. "

What about the view of bint that he is .a'Cold, unyielding, I.H.M. computer of a person?

McNamara's face froze as he listened to the question.

"1 don't care to appraise myself," he said.

Rut when the questioner pointed out that this . feeling about him was widespread and surely not a secret to him, he iJ'elented. ~'I~ust 'Work hard," he began, 'Softly.,hut his voice 'grew firmer as he continued. ~'I do what I can do to intelligently direct the aotivities for which 1 have responsihilit.y.lIhav.e:to 'have high standards and] aim to f.eUll1lil'Y·oroth of office.! must deal'in speoifics,notgoner.a!ljtiies:" W.ell, what :about JlDDtary morale.? It is dlarged that \JIe does not tCODceJlD ibimself 1SUIlidentJywith /the miJitar.y~'Spersonal ;geeCls" par'ticWarly with J'espee.t to sldarJes ~ana <Oiber benefits.

The Secreta:ry"'5.answ.erwas Ji'QgTytfuis 1iime: "'y 011 tell me what 'other 'Seor-eta'IYdfDel"elilce lras .got as :much honsin,g, ,compensatiiGD ;and allowances fOT the WIlifurmed military.. Just read the rec0Td. 1 don"t((;arewitrat snmell.e:0;ple

choose to say about me. When I leave her.e the record will be written in legislation.---'1963, especiaUy-the biggest pay increase in mriiritary history-fourteen per cent; 1964, for the third ye~lTin a row, another increment."

What «lid the rec:eat years

.dd up to1 'MIat

were the cbief acoompliSllments

fIBs uiana.ge-

doing that, and we have been doing it with reports 'Signed by experts. In, the past, such analytical reports were non-existent, so politkal pressures could be built up. But I cut the pressure with facts and both Presidents Kennedy and John~nn baeked me up. And we ha,vea system of independent auditing that proves we a,re saving :the money we claim to be saving."

The Secretary leaned back. He doesn't smok.e, ,and he doesn't fidget. He dQolks straight.at you, and yOIl!l be;giiiD10 worry about w.astin,g ihis time.

meat to date?

He was glad to answer this one, and h.e leaned forward, characteristicaUy enumerating the maim iP@ilmt'S on h.is fiitgers: "'First, the most important, was the increase in military strength. We suhstaintiailly i,Dcreased the combat r.eadiness of the '3.1lDWd What of die future'? forces. We sl!'ent Rs. 7,500 CRi>reSm0l'e in '"On, I oon't ldke crystai baUs," he anthree yeMS from theprevious.bel ofefence swered. "'f'm OOm'lOmed a'bout ~f(!)blems of spending, but we bought for it additions (<(I) l'roliff.et"ation of nuc1ear weapons. I know we both our nuclear andmon-nuclea,r fO:l'cesmustc0ntinue to seekme.aas1tro control armaadditions related to the requirements «I)four meDts, but I am womed by narrow nationforeign policy, and additions which meant we alism in many parts of the world. I think the were not committed to automatic nuclear war Comm.unist Chinese will continue to strive t,(j) in case of provocation. We ,gained options. develop iDucleaT w.eat'ons and this will endan"U1C second important achievement was ger the peace ·of the world even though they the rationalization of our military prowin not be a major physical threat for some grammes. We did not determine the number time to come. of airplanes, missiles and divisions based on "More serious is the Chinese and Soviet hunches. We determined wha~ was required support for so-called wars of national libera,tion such as the one in 'South Vietnam-wars by relating strategy to foreign policy and by translating strategy into force structuIleaIDm which are nothing but outright Communist force structure into budgets. Out of such 'a,n- aggression. 'Some people have been call1ng the alyses came the decision to realign the Naone in South Vietnam 'McNamara's war.' 'I ,don't mind. [ strongly support our policy of tional Guard and drop the B-70 and Skybdlt. programmes and others. I was confident in helping South Vietnam fight off the Com- . the arguments that ensued because I had the munist insurgency. But it's not 'McNamara's facts. I knew whether we needed the forces. or war,' it's a 'Communist war, and a dangero'us one, and if we don't meet it now it may endanthe planes.

"Third-well, 1 ought to mention the high ger us more seriously at a later date."

Away from his work, Defence Secretary quality of people we recruited, perhaps .even McNamara is an amiable, often jolly person. ahead of the first two points. I did much of His best friends ~n Washington have been the recruiting JJlyself. When several ,did not Sonator Rio'bert F.lK.ennedy and former Secrework out, we c(\)!l'Ifectedthe situation. The ,quailityof people lis very important,amd we wy 6f the 'trea,sury Douglas Dillon-:-two .men hardly cast from the same mould and w.ere success6a'l iD :getting .qualified men. each significantly different from McNamara.

"Well, to go on, associated with the rationHe :has maintained close relations, also, with atization ·oflf,Jl1rceswere cba~es in the mallagement of tlhe de,partment. We shifted ll'<e- Dr. WJIlard Goodwin, a college pal with . S})Qnsi'biHties:and improved tbe dhannels of whom 'he shipped out on merchant steamers .c@mmand :anlil consultation between <the seiv<dming summer vacations. Dr. Goodwin is dces, the J;Q)]ntGiefs of 'Staff a'Dd my office. lD.0W chief ,of urology at the University of Call it ~:ca'tii0m 6r anythiilmg y.(i)'U 'mh. The OdiEfornia Medical 'School in Los Angeles.

If-e'snaitwas ;aJ1'1Dmp11ovemen1. .JMcN8ImaTa and his wliifeand t.hree children ''''Fd'1il'~lJl:y.,ttlketr.e'WAS 111he 'ClilIll"hasi-s -OiR ItlCl!Jml~ jOOiD tUbe Goodwin ~i:ly on vacation ;@lJIlY.• lI'¥e ~:said ~ JP,r,.esidentiK.-etrone.ltly,ttw1!Js. M.cNamara ,likes mOltmUin climbing. ;a'11'G.ilarer lPTesJident jJt\)'l1:nson,:gave me two &((;aIDpingltPips he is an eager beaver, always basic 1nstr·m:ttiioos-t6 ~ine lthe nii1\Jitary m:S1ll1jplinthe morning, ready to get going and He ·has, a fellow vacationer flCilNre n-ec~ to Sll:Pj)OOit ,00l!f fMcign }1)o'licy "'ail-a'l>l!JJiJlflthimg."

And, ihav.in.g~0D.Cthat, 110 ipToCliW..e<a1Jld '<ilJIIre1'a1ealilce Wl"yly ,observed, "the faults of his i,t'1lt t!be ~w.e&t possill<)le.cost. We have lbeen virtues." lEND

.THE VIEW

FROM SPACE

Space photographs, perhaps the most remarkable ever made, have opened a new window on the world.

While it may take several years before the scientific data contained in these photos is fully analysed, it is expected that they will provide valuable clues to many phenomena that affect the lives of millions on earth. In the photograph. above, taken from Gemini 6 as it approached Gemini 7 last December for man's first rendezvous in space, the earth's curvature is clearly visible. Other views of the earth made by Gemini astronauts appear on the next six pages, with text by Margaret Lawrence.

HOTOGRAPHY MUSTHAVEseemed a relatively minor matter to John Glenn as he performed the many demanding duties necessary to keep his spacecraft, Friendship 7, aloft during the first American orbital space flight on February 20, 1962.

Yet he found time only nineteen minutes after liftoff to photograph the Sahara desert. Twenty minutes later, as the sun slipped below the horizon during the first of the four sunsets that Glenn saw, the camera caught and preserved a moment of flaming beauty. During the second of his three orbits Glenn aligned'his ship with the centre star of Orion's belt and made a number of fifteen-second exposures with the ultraviolet spectrograph, an optical device with a special quartz lens and prism.

Thus, with the advent of space photography, a new window to the world was opened through which scientists in the areas of geology, weather, topography, astronomy, hydrology and oceanography may make discoveries that will ultimately affect the lives of millions of people.

By June 1965, when astronauts James McDivitt and Edward White orbited the earth sixty-six times in Gemini 4, the value of space photography was thoroughly appreciated. However, it was still listed as a secondary objective, understandably less important than evaluation of spacecraft performance and effects on the crew of prolonged exposure to the space environment.

During this flight McDivitt used a 16-mm. sequence camera fitted with a wide-angle lens to take pictures of White as he strode with giant steps across 6,000 miles of space. Attached to the ship with a golden umbilical cord and carrying a 35-mm. camera attached to a hand jet that enabled him to change his position at will, White stepped from Hawaii to California, then to his home State, Texas (of course he took a picture), then to Florida, the Bahamas and Bermuda.

Of first importance was the Synoptic Terrain Photography experiment, flown on every mission since Wally Schirra's 1962 Mercury flight. These experiments have provided invaluable photographic data for research in geology, geophysics, geography and oceanography. The primary purpose of the experiments was to obtain high quality colour pictures of large land areas that had been previously well-mapped by aerial photography, such as the United States, the Arabian Penninsula and East Africa.

A comparative study of the photographs will then provide a guide to interpretation of similar features discovered in photos of less well-mapped areas, and may help geologists answer questions of continental drift, structure of the crust and upper mantle of the earth, the rills on the moon and overall structure of the continents.

Gemini 4 crewmen were told to try to get fifty pictures, but they were able to return with more than one hundred.

Experiments on later flights included some of the same areas, as well as coverage of Mexico, Australia, Northwestern Africa, the shallow water around the Bahamas and the Red Sea, with special emphasis on rift valleys extending from Turkey, through Syria, Jordan, the Red Sea area and Eastern Africa.

Study of sand dune contours may give clues to the direction and velocity of the prevailing winds, and not only provide information as to possible shifting patterns, but also make it possible to chart routes through them.

I! is believed that these photographs will help scientists evaluate surface pictures of the moon and planets, and will aid in the development of remote sensor systems, which will be used to survey the moon's surface from a lunar orbit prior to the landing of scientific parties.

For these Synoptic Terrain Photography experiments various modifications of the Hasselblad -single lens reflex camera were used.

The nose of the spacecraft was tilted straight down, thus giving CONTINUED

P

These photos of earth terrain, made by manned space flights, show: above, view of Acklin Island, Bahama Islands; below, the Colorado River as it empties into the Gulf of California; right, Cape Kennedy, Florida.

Astronaut McDivitt holds modified Hasselblad camera, lIsed in space photography.

Photographed continent-wide coverage when the individual frames were mounted on a continuous photographic strip.

Pictures of the Southwestern United States and Mexico showed previously unknown earthquake-fault lines, volcanic areas and other geologic features that might be useful in predicting earthquakes and volcanic eruptions. Study of photographs such as these may prevent a repetition of recent dam failures in various parts of the world that had been blamed on lack of fracture pattern data.

Dam sites can be chosen more intelligently, and even in the case of dams partially constructed, designs can be altered to meet problems that are discovered in this manner.

During the Gemini 5 flight in August 1965, astronauts Gordon Cooper and Charles Conrad took 237 pictures of selected cities, highways, harbours, rivers, lakes, illuminated night-side sites, ships and their wakes with their 35-mm. Zeiss single lens reflex Contarex, and about seventy pictures with the camera attachment of the Questar, a telescope with a focal length of fifty-six inches and a system of mirrors which allows the light beam to be folded into a barrel only eight inches long. In Northern Mexico, they discovered two volcanic areas that had been suspected by only a few individual geologists, and were completely unknown to the Mexican Government.

It was during this flight that gegenschein was photographed for the first time. Astronomers have known for many years of a mysterious glow in the sky, which they have cal1ed gegenschein, or counter glow. A milky haze on the film exposed by Cooper and Conrad indicates that gegenschein is composed of reflections from back-lighted particles of comets or asteroids, but not particles from earth.

Zodiacal light, a cone-shaped glow near the horizon at sunrise and sunset, was also photographed by the American astronauts. This phenomenon is caused by sunlight, reflected from dust particles.

Earlier, during the flight of Gemini 4, McDivitt and White photographed the earth's limb, which is the outer edge of the bright band caused by absorption and refraction of the sun's light as it passes through the varying density of the earth's air mantlea factor in horizon definition. Results of this experiment will prove useful as a navigation guide in future manned space flights. The pilot used a hand-held Hasselblad camera with black and white film, and a special filter mosaic which allowed the central portion of each picture to be taken through a red filter, and the side portions through a blue filter.

Oceanographers from the Mediterranean to the Gulf of California have identified topography of the shallow sea floors from photographs made by Mercury and Gemini astronauts.

Several pictures of the Gulf of California showed the outline of CoNTINUED

from Gemini spacecraft

En orbit, full

Camera fitted to self-manoeuvring unit permits space photography.

the sea floor clearly thirty miles from the coastline. The scientists have noticed the distribution of sediment from rivers into gulfs, and they are studying the possibility of limited depth mapping through space photography. Improved oceanographic mapping will be able to show the distribution and temperature of ocean currents, and the location of ice that could be a danger to shipping.

Future experiments call for the use of new advanced camera systems, and may include the use of a short focal length camera similar to the Hasselblad, a long focal length camera for high resolution photographs and a multi-spectral camera that would take photographs in nine different wave bands. Multi-spectral cameras may some day be used for vegetation disease surveys and ice pack reconnaissance.

The much-maligned weatherman who has been so long accused of inaccurate predictions will gain new stature with the information brought to him through space photography. Astronauts Conrad and Cooper reported Typhoon Doreen in mid-Pacific during their sixty-fifth orbit of the earth when nobody else knew where the storm was. Their information was transmitted to the ground, and the U.S. Weather Bureau in San Francisco sent out a warning the same day to air and sea traffic.

Effects of Hurricane Betsy on sub-surface features adjacent to the Bahama Islands can now be determined by a study of beforeand-after photographs taken by Gemini 5 and Gemini 6 crewmen.

Future flights will concentrate on photographing the same cloud masses during several consecutive orbits to see how various weather phenomena move and develop.

The Synoptic Weather Photography experiment is designed to make use of man's ability to photograph cloud systems selectively -in colour and in greater detail than can be obtained from the meteorological satellites. Although the satellites are providing information where few or no other observations exist, such pictures are essentially television views of large areas taken from an altitude of 400 miles or more. Gemini photographs, taken from a height of about 100 miles, provide photographs of selected subjects in finer detail. .

Space photography has, in effect, allowed scientists to step back and take a wide-angle view of the entire world. It is no wonder they are asking for more. END

Edward White, right, becamefirst astronaut to guide his movements as he "walked" in space. With camera attached to selfmanoeuvring unit, he also made photos.

Dow two men and a H'onuan who knew im lone and weD ememberthe ate President·

.UThe 'first time I met .John Kennedy, I was immediately impressed by his "ordinary' demeaD0ur-a lfIuatity ~hat in itself is extraordinary :among politicians. He spoke easily, but almost -shyly, without the customary verbosity -and pomposity .•...•..

He did not try to impressm~ as officeholders so often do on first meetings" with the strength of his handshaKe, Dr the importance of his .omce, or the sound ,of his vok.e. ", -THEODORE

SORENSEN His AiiJe

'''He had some habits I didn',t are for~and l.am :sure he - "t like _me of my eounlry-bred Nebraska 'ways.

For example, :he was ar:eless in keeping bck ,of'ihings. ,He had fire habit of writing a telephone DIIIllber on :any 5t118y slip f paper and then

die paper in ms 1\f.8Detor ~ Later~ when he Deeded e mn:nber, he tv. d 01InqJ OUlns .of sll.ch lVJl"inkled slips 0 t of -s lV.al~ add <Stillothers from , •s '\Variouspockets,

d

~..ateb amund· :thepile.. ]If he eecnlldn"1 d the ODehe was -se:ekriD,g" he would .ea I, "Mr.&.lLine.oln, w.hat~s 'Tom'<s melephone timmber1' More (oliten

hnlIla~I ,didn"! e~en !mOll' 'Mlho "[.om M"a:s,much ~ess where if ~ght .findhis Dumber ..,,~ -EVELYN

LINCOLN J9Jis Secli.e1orjl

"'Kennedy always wanted to know how things lVorked. Vague Jinswers :never 'contented !him. 'This ,curiosity was led Ibyc811YersatioB but ,even more I~)' re.adin,g. He \Wasnow :a ,fanatical Iieader, 1,'200 'words a minute, , at .only at the normal times aud places, but at meals, in the bathtub~ sometimes e¥eIl 'walking. Dressing in fhemoJ1~g, he would prop OpeD Ji book on his bureau and read while he put ,On his 'Shirt

and tied ibis necktie. .•.... ".. .•• he read his YODDg wife his favourite poem.. .... .and he 'used t'O 10Y~ to ha"e her 8a'y it: "" "It may he ihe 'Shall take ~ hand 'And lead me into his nark land "And close my ,eyes :and guencb my bre.ath. •.• ";B,ut:Pye a If-enduvious iWithdeath." "'" -A1JlTBUR.

JR. .SCHLESINGER" I.t His:tar.ian

The first is that of Theodore Sorensen.

He was just twenty-five years old when he came to work for Kennedy. Over the years he became his closest aide, ever at his side in his travels, in hours of tense deliberation and of relaxed conversation that, he says, "forged a bond lof intimacy in which there were few secrets and no illusions."

The second of the memoirs is by Evelyn Lincoln, the President's personal secretary from 1953 onwards. Her voice mixes compassion and fretfulness.

She fusses about Kennedy's untidy ways and records much that is inconsequential-except that it provides the brush strokes to fill in blank spaces left by more ambitious portraits.

The third voice is Arthur Schlesinger, Jr., Harvard historian and a special assistant to the President, more distant than the others from his subject, but a thoughtful and intense student of him.

Three voices, recalling so vividly the thousand days of John Kennedy's Presidency and the years before it, awake afresh the bitter memory of that young man's death in the November sunshine. But that is acceptable for they also bring him to life, as a friend who lived life to its fullest, who looked out across the world and understood what it was suffering and what it wanted, who loved the rattling battle of politics-and who gave us all hope that the world is for the young, the active, and showed us a kind of gay courage that seemed to melt away apathy and hopelessness.

Of the three, Sorensen's memoir is by far the most interesting. Of the three he shares most deeply the late President's habit of mind and expression . ."1 cannot single out anyone day as the time I began to understand John Kennedy as a human being," he writes. "For all his ordinary ways, he was an enormously complex and extraordinarily competent man. I came to marvel at his ability to look at his strengths and weaknesses with utter detachment. ... He hated no enemy, he wept at no adversity.

He was neither willing nor able to be flamboyant or melodramatic. But I also learned in time that the cool, analytical mind was stimulated by a warm, compassionate heart. ...

Beneath that seemingly fortunate and gay exterior lay an acute awareness of the most sobering kinds of tragedy. He lived with the memory of a much-admired older brother killed in the war, and the memory of a sister killed in a plane crash overseas. Add to this a history of illness, pain and injury since childhood, and the fact that another sister was confined to a nome for the mentally Iretarded, and one understands his human sensitivity."

Although he minimized it in public, Kennedy suffered excruciating¡ pain throughout his political career from back injuries received when playing football and when his PT boat was rammed by a Japanese ship during the Pacific war. Rather than accept life as a cripple, he underwent surgery that, because of an adrenal insufficiency, he knew could easily take his lifeas it very nearly did. He never complained of pain, but his near associates could sometimes see the colour drain from his face and his eyes go sharp as his old injuries wracked him.

Although he was certainly proud of the wartime feats that had such an agonizing aftermath, he never reminisced about them, Sorensen tells us. Though his heroism in the rescue of his crew was a rich political asset, he could respond to a reference to it with a gay refusal to find anything awesome about it.

Sdrensen recalls that he once answered, when a boy asked him how he hid become a hero: "It was easy-they sank my boat."

Despite or because of the suffering of his life-or perhaps unrelatedly-Kennedy was driven by a strong will, Sorensen' observes, both "to enjoy the world and a desire to improve it; and these two desires, particularly in the years preceding 1953, had sometimes been in conflict." But gradually Sorensen saw the satisfactions of serious concerns crowding out the pleasures that wealth, charm, position, and youthful verve provided in such abundance. Kennedy found himself, Sorensen notes, considered with "some disdain" an intellectual by politicians, mid a politician by intellectuals. "But he had little interest in abstract theories. He primarily sought truths upon which he could act."

All the portraits of Kennedy give considerable attention to his family: the forceful, wealthy, patriarchal father; a charming

and politically astute mother-and eight brothers and sisters, boisterous, active and able. Speaking of Kennedy's character and career Schlesinger asks: "How had it all come about?

Part of the answer, of course, lay in Kennedy's upbringing.

He was born into a family that was large, warm, and spirited.

Moreover, it was an Irish family. This came out in so many ways-in the quizzical wit, the eruptions of boisterous humour, the relish for politics, the love of language, the romantic sense of history, the admiration for physical daring, the toughness, the joy in living, the view of life as comedy and tragedy.

"The father. .. regarding money as a means and not an end, forbade its discussion at the dinner table. He confronted the children with large questions and demanded their opinions make sense and instilled convictions of purpose and possibility."

Kennedy once said of his father, "He held up standards for us, and he was very tough when we failed to meet those standards."

While none would deny that Kennedy bore the mark of his family, it would be a mistake, as Sorensen concludes, to lean too heavily upon heritage in explaining the man. In his great reserve and bookish turn of mind he was as different from his father as a man could be. But the impact of the father's teaching to strive and achieve is suggested by his son's comment that "once you say you're going to settle for second, that's what happens to you in life, I find." "Jack Kennedy never settled for second if first was available," Sorensen observes.

It was this sort of determined aspiration, plus the drive and shrewdness that characterized his father that made Kennedy exciting to be with-equally for a member of his staff and his friends, his countrymen and supporters. Sorensen recalls, somewhat wrily, that in his customary last minute rushes to the airport; Kennedy drove with such abandon that his chauffeur refused to sit in the front seat of the car. But it is Evelyn Lincoln who seems to have borne most intimately, and thus reflects most vividly, the ravenous pace at which Kennedy pursued the many purposes of his life as he saw them. "The Senator never stopped to think that I was new at my job," she rather plaintively recalls. "He started right out as though there had been no change at all~It was 'Mrs. Lincoln get me this ... get me that ... where is this ... where is that ... ~' ... My head whirled."

But the job was of her own choosing. For it was she who, as a secretary to a Congressman, had decided that she would like to work for a President. In a remark curiously like Kennedy's, she tolo her surprised husband: "I've decided there's no use settling for anything less." And quite systematically she began to read the speeches and follow the actions of Congressmen who might have what it takes to be a President.

He was thirty-five and self-conscious

One night she announced to her husband: "The man I'm hoping to work for, the man who will some day be President, is John F. Kennedy." And after a concentrated campaign to land the job, she found herself, indeed, personal secretary to John F. Kennedy, just after his election to the Senate. Her first task was to attend his swearing-in ceremony, where she noticed her new boss, then just thirty-five years old, "seemed a little self-conscious standing with all those gray-haired, more experienced politicians, and I noticed him trying to button hili coat to hide his necktie, which was hanging down far below his belt."

Mrs. Lincoln pictures the young Senator bursting into the

office each morning, rattling off orders and ideas before he had taken off his coat, always in motion, pacing about his office while he dictated long replies to letters that attracted him, "sometimes picking up a golf club to swing at an imaginary ball, without in the least slowing down the stream of words."

As Sorensen is drawn to thoughtful characterization of his chief, Mrs. Lincoln, simply by the accretion of the details of their office life, gives, perhaps, the most vivid picture of Kennedy's personal style as a politician. If he was an idealist and "bookish," he was also a political fighter of skill and subtlety when it came to achieving his ends.

His feeling for the substance of the practical political arts is reflected in his comment that while many mothers want their sons to be President, few want them to be politicians.

"I am announcing my candidacy â&#x20AC;˘â&#x20AC;˘â&#x20AC;˘ "

In all his campaigns, Mrs. Lincoln travelled with him as he criss-crossed the country, and she was present for almost all of the climactic moments of his political career. As 1960, the election year, approached, it was clear that Senator Kennedy would seek his party's nomination to run for President. On January 2 he scheduled a press conference for 12:30 p.m.

"We could sense his exuberance when he arrived at the office a little after ten that morning," writes Mrs. Lincoln. "His barber was waiting to cut his hair. When the Senator sat down, he said to me, 'Mrs. Lincoln, I'd like to dictate to you.' I sat down near him. " 'I am announcing my candidacy for the Presidential nomination in 1960,' he dictated, and suddenly the significance of what he was saying hit me. I realized that it was a turning point in my life as well as his. He calmly went on dictating, while the barber snipped his hair. But the rest of the morning the Senator was fidgety. He walked from room to room, picking up papers, reading a little. Then he would sit down at his desk, move the papers around . . . stare at the ceiling, then thump his fingers on the arm of his chair and look at the clock. He was like a thoroughbred race horse waiting for the starting gate."

Just before the press conference began, his staff trooped into his office and, one of his assistants, Ted Reardon, said, "I just took a poll in the office, and I have good news. Th~y are all for you." "This," Mrs. Lincoln recalls, "brought a smIle to the Senator's face." He was keenly aware of how much support he still needed to win the nomination, much less the election.

As Sorensen recalls, Professor John Kenneth Galbraith, the Harvard economist who later became Kennedy's ambassador to India, once noted that, as a Harvard undergraduate, the future President was "gay, charming, irreverent, goodlooking, and far from diligent." As he became less lighthearted-as he became, in fact, one of the most thoughtfully diligent men ever to hold public office-he nevertheless maintained his irreverence-as a short path to the truth, as a way of cutting through bureaucracy's buffoonery. Though he had the greatest respect for able military men, he had early developed a towering scorn for ponderous rank-encrusted military procedures. Sorensen quotes some salty comments he made while still hospitalized for his PT boat injuries in 1944, on "the superhuman ability of the Navy to screw up everything they touch.

"Even the simple delivery of a letter frequently overCONTINUED

burdens 1his heaving j)'ufling,war machine or ours. God ~ve this country of ours from those' patriots whose war cry is "What this country needs is to be run with military efficiency: It is thus; no surprise to learn of his exasperation with the circumlocutions of diplomacy and bureaucracy during his Presidency. Schlesinger recaUs wilth some relish his comment on a State Department draft of a Presidential message to Congress.-about a proposed National Academy of Foreign AWairs-which fell victim to the' mordant KeJlJiledywit i,n the following terms: "This is only the latest and worst of a tong number of drafts sent here for Presidential signature. . . . A message to Congress is a fairly important foml of Presidential communication ....

At the'very least, each message should be (a) in English, (b) clear and trenchant in its style, (c) logical in its structure and (d) devoid of elaborate government jargon. The State Department draft on the Academy failed each one of these tes1s (including, in my view. the first):' y

,y

He prepared thorougI1Jy for press .:01Iferenees

As a one-time journalist and the author of two excellent books. Kennedy shared Churcbm's high regard for languagewritten or spoken. And nowhere was it more in evidence than in the televised press conferences in which the President is subjected to any questions, no matter how difficult and unexpected, that the press corps wishes to hurl at him.

Kennedy felt intensely the potential for Presidential embarrassment in these unrehearsed battles of wits and his performance was usually brilliant. He would have Sorensen and others quiz him prior to appearing before the press.

Although the challenge was keen and the moment tense. the President would sometimes suggest satirical or humorous answers to the questions his aides asked. If these questions came up at the press conference, Sorensen could see the President momentarily considering the funny answer. He confided to his aide: "It is dangerous to have them (the humorous answers) in the back of my mind," One felt he relished the challenge of these press confrontations. Of one woman correspondent¡ who had asked what he considered a particularly scurrilous question, Kennedy remarked: "I'd like to pass her by, but something always draws me to recognize her:' Sorensen sums up Kennedy's ambivalencies towards the press in an almost poetic set of paradoxes: "He regarded reporters (he had once been one) as his natural friends and newspapers as his natural enemies .... He had an inexhaustible capacity to keep on reading more than anyone else in Washington. He always expected certain writers to be inconsistent and inaccurate, but was always indignant when they were. He could find and fret over one paragraph of criticism deep in ten paragraphs of praise. Few if any Presidents could have been more objective about their own faults, or objected more to seeing them in print. Few if any Presidents could have been so utterly frank and realistic in their private conversations with reporters (or) ... so skilful in evading or even misleading the press whenever secrecy was required."

"Always remember," he told Sorensen, "that their interests and ours ultimately conflict:' Or as a White House reporter put it: "We're looking for flaws, and we'll find them. There are flaws in anybody:' "As President," Sorensen observes, "he preferred to correct his errors before they were exposed; the press preferred to

expose them before they coufd be corrected."

Reading the memoirists' accounts of Kennedy's White House years, one senses the tremendous demands that the role makes.on a President's sense of proportilon. Here, Mrs. Ullcoln's vasion, mixing Kennedy's family life, his awesome official burdens, and the smalJ contretemps (his daughter's pony trampling tbe garden, a fireplace'billowing smoke in the midst of an important conference) suggests the importance of his private life to his sense ofhumour"and balance. As the pressures mounted he liked to see his children pfaying on the White House lawn. Often. when he had a moment between meetings, he would go to the portico and clap his hands, a signal to his daughta. Caroline. to come running for a moment of play with her father. One day in October 1962. at the very height of the Cuban missile crisis, he did this. but Caroline. who was then abnost five. did not appear and he went on to his next meeting. ''In about five minutes:' Mrs. lincoln remembers, "Caroline came flying in. looked at me, and said, "Where's my Daddy?' " tHe's in a meeting in the Cabinet room, but 1 wouldn't go in there: " 'But I have to: With that she opened the door and blurted out, 'Daddy, I would have come sooner, but Miss Grimes wouldn't let me.~ "There was laughter, and the President said, "That's all right, Caroline.' " And she went back to play on the lawn. y

Kennedy was no paper saint

More than a hero, who after all exists so largely in the eye of the beholder, the man who emerges from these so varied impressions is a man who hurled himself into the moil of life, by huns suffering harsh injuries and tasting victory, a man who mixed the powerful drive towards personal aspirations with equal hopes for his country, and mankind itself. Above all he was an example of manhood-one who, like his predecessor Abraham Lincoln, had the capacity to laugh at himself. He was no paper saint. "Nor did he." Sorensen writes, ""in his moments of utmost pride and solemnity ever pretend to be free from human vices and imperfections; and he would not want me to so record him."

In a day when it is fashionable to think that the .savage jaws of fate have been muzzled by science and technology, fate is a word that suits John F. Kennedy well. Given his best efforts, there were still so many truly fateful things, happy and tragic, along the way that took him on and on and finally, grotesquely, brought him down.

The last voice here is Evelyn Lincoln's as she returns to Washington to an office where the late President's belongings were temporarily being kept. From the window she could see the White House. "I had thought there could not be any more tears to shed, but they began to come again. Yet, as r sat and wept, I felt he would come dashing through the door at any moment to ask me about the mail.

"Where was his proper place? What had we lost?

"Everyone remembers President Kennedy's rocking chair.

But I think of his black briefcase, battered and always full of . papers. It is tlie better symbol for him. It suggests the kind of man he really was, a man who. found his happiness through, as he once said, 'full use of your powers along the lines of excellence.'" END

His father called him John-John, and the little boy loved to play under the Presidential desk.

As the idea of family planning gains acceptance

District, West Bengal. Run co-operatively by health and information officers of the Government of India, the State of West Bengal and the Hooghly District, it was a large-scale campaign combining intensive publicity with the setting up of family planning clinics. The project aimed at reaching large numbers of people within a limited area during a relatively short period of time-to saturate the population with information and to produce widespread results as quickly as possible.

Despite their differences in approach, the success of these two pilot projects has several important implications. Clearly, growing numbers of Indians will accept family planning if sincere and effective attempts are made to reach them. When technical and traditional problems of communication are overcome, resistance diminishes.

The most important common feature of the Mehrauli and Hooghly projects is the loop-an Intra-Uterine Contraceptive Device (IUCD), developed by Dr. Jack Lippes of the Planned Parenthood Centre in Buffalo, New York. A small double-S shaped piece of plastic, the loop is inserted into the woman's uterus by a doctor. While it is in place, the loop prevents pregnancy, and it may remain in place for years if desired. Once it is inserted, no additional precautions are necessary. Moreover, loops are extremely inexpensive, each one costing only a few paise to manufacture. Because of its simplicity, its low

KNOWS that "the loop" prevents pregnancy, but even doctors do not yet know exactly how it works.

One theory is that it speeds the passage of the egg from ovary to uterus, so that the egg is immature and fertilization cannot take place. Whatever the reason, research has found that of every 100 women¡ using the loop, less than three become pregnant.

The loop belongs to a family of plastic devices known as Intra-Uterine Contraceptive Devices (IUCDs) which have been in use for the last forty years.

They are variously shaped-as joined triangles, rings and spirals. But the loop, developed by Dr. Jack Lippes of the Planned Parenthood Centre in Buffalo, New York, has been found most effective and practicable.

This double-S shaped device is made of polyethylene, a plastic material that is non-toxic, non-tissue reactive and extremely durable.

One of the loop's greatest advantages

III

India, traditional

attitudes are cast away.

cost and its effectiveness, the loop has been hailed as a great new advance in family planning methods.

The people of Tughluqabad are accustomed to a simple life.

Gone is the glory of the great Sultan Tughluq, whose impressive fortress now gives the village its name. The villagers' days are spent in the fields, tending the crops on which they subsist.

Their lives are an endless cycle of births, marriages and deathsovershadowed always by the constant presence of sickness.

Their main source of enjoyment is their families. Yet without some effective means of family planning, they seem destined to see their loved ones suffer from disease, starvation and deprivation.

Although medical assistance had reached Tughluqabad several years earlier, it was not until February 1965 that an intensive family planning programme first appeared. And with the introduction of the loop, this programme received its major impetus.

The guiding spirit of the Mehrauli project is Dr. Padma Kashyap, its director, who assumed charge in September 1964.

Energetic and idealistic, Dr. Kashyap was trained at Lady Hardinge Medical College in Delhi and later studied public health administration and health education at the University of Michigan. In addition to her work at Mehrauli, she supervises the maternal and child welfare services of the Municipal

I--~VERYBODY

THE

LOOP: A MEDICAL ENIGMA

is its simplicity. No surgery, no complex procedures and no loss of time for the individual is involved. Insertion takes only a few minutes. The loop straightens out as it is fitted into the tube of a flexible plastic inserter. It is then introduced into the cervical canal, after which the plunger of the inserter pushes it gently into the uterine cavity, where

it resumes its characteristic shape.

The device may remain in place for years and the woman is assured of almost complete protection without giving it another thought. However, if she desires to have another child, she need only have the loop removed by a doctor. Removal, like insertion, takes only a few minutes.

Another major advantage is that the loop is extremely inexpensive. Each one costs only a few paise to manufacturefar less than any other contraceptive device. While supplies of other contraceptives have to be replenished from time to time, the loop requires only one simple one-time procedure.

One million loops are already in use in India and a factory capable of manufacturing 14,000 loops per day has been set up in Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh.

Lippes' loop today is widely regarded as the biggest advance in contraception, the best device yet found for mass population control.

Corporation for the entire New Delhi South Zone.

When Dr. Kashyap is making the rounds of other clinics, a Lady Health Visitor (LHV) and a trained dai assume medical responsibilities in Tughluqabad. The LHV has been trained to examine cases, dress wounds, dispense medicines, give injections and advise on pre- and post-natal care for mothers. In this she is assisted by the dai, who also delivers babies, and carries the family planning message into the homes she visits.

A typical day at the Tughluqabad clinic-held on Thursdays and Saturdays-begins at about 10:30, after the cattle have been sent out to graze. The mothers congregate on the verandah of the clinic, carrying babies or followed by toddlers and many of them pregnant again.

The first patient is twenty-five years old and childless.

From neighbours she learned that the doctor had helped another woman, barren for twelve years, to have a baby. She is examined, encouraged, and an appointment is made for her husband's examination. These sterility cases are just as important as the loop cases; the doctor wants the villagers to realize that she is not merely trying to stop babies from being born-she is working to help women in other ways as well.

Mos~patients in the clinic are visual reminders of the urgent need for family planning in the villages. Shanti's baby, the next patient, is nearly three years old, yet weighs barely four kilos.

His tiny skeleton clearly visible, his bones malformed from lack of calcium and Vitamin D, he does not even have the strength to cry. He has not had milk since he was weaned, because his parents must feed their five other children on their forty-rupeea-month income. Yet this mother has not yet begun to limit her family.

Like Shanti, there are many women in the village who seem to hold a "survival" view of pregnancy. The high rate of infant mortality encourages them to have large numbers of babies as potential replacements for those who may die of dysentery, pneumonia or malnutrition. Some women also feel it worthwhile to become pregnant simply to gain favour with their mothers-inlaw, to enjoy the somewhat better food-pure ghee, fruit and milk-ordinarily denied them, or to relax for a few weeks, away from the hard work of the fields. Such women are realists: to them death and deprivation are an accepted fact of life. Many of them have never stopped to consider the elementary fact that fewermouths to feed means a larger share for each member of the family.

Yet the picture in Tughluqabad is far from bleak. The Corporation-trained dais have been successful in recruiting more and more women to use the loop; and in many others, interest in the loop is being slowly but surely awakened. Throughout the village, the signs of change are numerous.

Sita, for example, is only thirty, but she already has seven children and realizes she must not have any more. Even more heartening examples are women like Santosh and Bimla, who have obtained loops though they have only two and three children and are both less than twenty-three years old. Another

young woman of twenty-four slipped away from her post in the field to get a loop, making sure to enter the clinic by the rear door so that she would not be seen by any disapproving eyes. Still others have come for loops, and have endured insults and ridicule about their "infertility" rather than admit they were using loops and risk being forced to remove them.

Sometimes help is sought too late, and many mothers of four or five children come for loops only to learn that they are pregnant once again.

Dr. Kashyap's efforts have swayed even some of the most conservative elements in Tughluqabad. When the loop first arrived in the village, says the doctor, "fifty or sixty village women rushed over to the clinic, shouting and waving their fists and wanting to beat me." But gradually their attitudes changed as they were reminded of the countless children who die of malnutrition and disease, of their own weakness and premature aging due to almost continuous child-bearing, of the opportunities open to their children and grandchildren if they were fewer in number.

And now on an average Thursday morning, seven more women have loops inserted at Tughluqabad, and the clinic is always crowded with former patients coming in for periodic follow-up examinations. Regular visitors to the clinic usually become more interested in general health habits and more aware of their children's needs. One result is that more women are now willing to alter dietary patterns-to somehow manage to buy that one egg a week which will provide their children with a little much-needed protein.

Dr. Kashyap forecasts ultimate success for family planning in Mehrauli, but not without considerable frustration and delay in the process. Dedicated workers willing to endure the hardships of village life are difficult to find. However, the 1,000loops which have already been distributed throughout the block are proof that, with an effective staff, the programme can achieve its goal.

While the "Mehrauli method" has been extremely personal, the "Hooghly plan" utilized an entirely different approach.

This ten-week intensive campaign launched in April 1965 was based on the view that modern methods of communication could provide the optimal means of introducing the loop on a large scale.

The Hooghly District was carefully chosen as the pilot project area. It has an urban as well as a village-agricultural population, and the district headquarters is only twenty-five miles from Calcutta. Most important, however, the district clearly represents the "population explosion" in India. During the ten-year period between 1951 and 1961, the district population increased 39.1 per cent-an annual rate of increase of 3.9 per cent, according to the 1961 census. The total population is over 2,231,000 in an area of 1,213.12 square miles, and the area has a sharp deficit in food grains.

The objective of the Hooghly project was mass education.

"Saturation" use was made of all modern communications CONTINUED

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Workers are engaged in various phases of production at the IUCD factory in Kanpur. At right, a loop is fitted into the tube of a plastic inserter.

In addition to family planning assistance, the Tughluqabad clinic otlers many other health services. Here, Dr. Kashyap interviews a proud mother.

media so that the greatest number of people could be reached in the shortest period of time. The publicity campaign featured intensive use of large attractive exhibitions, newspaper advertising and publicity, radio broadcasts and motion picture showings, touring audio-visual vans and sound trucks, public meetings, cinema slides, street banners, posters, hoardings and mass distribution of simple leaflets.

Three large travelling exhibits, which visited sixteen different locations, provided the focus of the campaign. Their theme was dramatized by the words of Tagore: "It is a cruel crime to bring more children into existence than could properly be taken care of." Supplementing the exhibits were attached guidance rooms where doctors explained methods of contraception through pictures and scientific displays. Explanatory pamphlets in Hindi, Bengali and English were also distributed.

The people in the area were bombarded with several kinds of radio broadcasts-spot announcements of exhibit and clinic locations and hours; discussions of the history and merits of the loop as well as its success in other parts of the world; interviews with doctors who had performed insertions and mothers who had been fitted with loops; and brief plays on the general subject of family planning.

Pres.s publicity included news and feature stories as well as cartoon strip advertisements. Slides announcing loop services were shown at cinemas throughout the district. A flood of posters covered walls in shops, post-offices, police stations, theatres and markets. Many group meetings and lectures were held by individual workers.

Thus the campaign employed every possible means of attracting public attention, of educating the people about family planning, of providing facilities to serve them, and of encouraging them to act.

They did-and they have continued to do so. More than 500,000persons visited the exhibits and by October 1965, nearly 10,000women had adopted loops. Though these were available initially at only three centres-Chinsurah, Serampur and Chandernagore-distribution was soon extended to fifteen additional locations. As of October, the number of clinics distributing loops in the entire State of West Bengal had grown to 200, and insertions-many made by male doctors-have been continuing at a rate of about 4,500 to 5,000 a week. To date, nearly 200,000 loops have been distributed throughout West Bengal.

The Hooghly campaign reached far into surrounding villages. In all, sixty per cent of those obtaining loops were from outside the urban areas where the campaign was most concentrated, with many women travelling from other districts and even other States. The response of the young, as in Mehrauli, was particularly heartening. A twenty-year-old cultivator and his eighteen-year-old wife requested a loop though they had only one child. Another young husband, father of a young daughter, sent his wife for a loop, demonstrating that his desire to plan his family took precedence over his immediate desire for a son.

One of the most encouraging aspects of the Hooghly project was the fact that illiterates comprised roughly eighty per cent of those visiting the clinics. The great majority of these were in the low-income group to whom family planning offers the greatest benefits. It was initially feared that the high illiteracy rate would nullify the effect of the campaign, but this proved to be a false assumption-much to the relief of the planners.

Ninety per cent of the cases had never before practised any type of family planning. Indeed, the typical woman who visited the Hooghly clinics was between twenty and thirty years old and illiterate, had an income ofless than Rs. 100 a month, had been pregnant five times but had only four living children.

Estimating the efficacy of the various communications media, the Hooghly planners concluded that radio and word of mouth were the most successful vehicles of information.

The results of the Hooghly project have been long-lasting, as is evidenced by the continuing public interest in family planning, both in the district and throughout the State of West Bengal. Only recently, the¡ State Chamber of Commerce arranged a conference between business leaders and family planning experts to encourage the establishment of contraceptive programmes for the employees of large industrial organizations. Similar programmes are already under way in some of the tea-producing areas where many thousands of women are employed.

The implications of the Hooghly test are manifold. This was the first time that Indians had been introduced to the advantages of the loop on so wide a scale. This was the first time that a real co-ordination of efforts on the part of district, State and centre authorities was achieved. This was the first time that equipment and facilities of various ministries were shared. This was the first time that back-country villagers, those most in need of family planning, were approached and brought into clinics in large numbers.

The success of both the Hooghly programme and the Mehrauli project suggests that there is no single method by which the public must be educated about family planning.

Experience in Mehrauli has shown that human relationshipsclose personal contact-can be an invaluable aid in the fight against superstition, tradition and ignorance. It has also demonstrated that the earnest, hard-working individual is the cornerstone of the family planning programme.

Yet experience in Hooghly has proved that the combined efforts of such individuals-the sincere co-operation of various government departments and segments of society-can produce dramatic results on a larger scale. Modern methods of communication can, moreover, extend these efforts to larger numbers of people than was ever possible before.

India has long recognized the need for family planning.

The newly-named Ministry of Health and Family Planning is but the latest sign of this realization. According to Indian officials, one million loops are being used in the country today.

Clearly, Indians have begun to answer the call. But it is, of course, only the beginning. END

MASTER BRONZES

Image of Ganesh reveals perfect craftsmanship of South Indian bronzes during the Chola period.

OF INDIA The first comprehensive showing of Indian bronzes in the U.S. testifies to the rapidly-growing interest of Americans in the arts of the Orient.

NRECENT years, the world of art has seen a perceptible lowering of national barriers-a far greater receptivity to the art of other peoples, other cultures.

Representative of this trend is the exhibition "Master Bronzes of India," recently organized by the Art Institute of Chicago, the Cleveland Museum of Art, the Asia House Gallery, New York, and the Nelson Gallery in Kansas City, Missouri.

With the exception of three pieces, the sixty-one bronzes in the exhibition are from the permanent collections of U.S. museums and represent the finest in Indian sculpture.

The exhibit is the first of its kind ever assembled in the United States.

The bronzes constitute a sampling of the religious art of the Hindu, Buddhist and Jain faiths from the second to the sixteenth centuries. They reflect two main traditions, one centred in North and Western India, the other in the South.

In the early Northern bronzes, a lingering influence from the Greco-Roman classic period can be traced in some of the figures.

A group of images from Bengal, dating from the ninth to the thirteenth centuries of the Pala period, shows the survival of Buddhist art in the area.

By far the greater part of the exhibit comprises South Indian bronzes, which attained fullest development in the tenth century under the Chola rulers. The vigour of this Southern art¡ carried on through the eleventhto the thirteenth centuries.

For Americans, the bronzes revealed significant differences between the self-revelatory, personal art of the West and the anonymous craftsmanship of India. Bound by tradition, Indian artists had orthodox rules that determined the physical proportions, stance and other attributes of the deity.

With all this, the inspired craftsman could still express his individuality and genius.

As Laurence Sickman, director of the Nelson Gallery, commented, "However remote the religious concepts and intent of the art may seem to American viewers, the quality of pure sculpture gives the exhibition of Indian bronzes a universal meaning."

I

This superbfigure of the goddess Parvati was lent by the Metropolitan Museum of New York.

"The truth of the artifact includes an awareness of physical movement implicit in the theological imagery and in human fact. The layers of meaning and context, extended into depth, demonstrate the complexity of the pieces. " -JOHN

MAXON,

Director of Fine Arts The Art Institute of Chicago

Right: Nataraja of the Vijayanagar period (13361546) is examined by Laurence Sickman, director of the Nelson Gallery, one of four sponsoring museums, which lent nineteen of the sixty-one bronzes to the exhibit. Below: visitors to the gallery study an eleventh century figure of Rama.

Letter from a reader compares Indian thought with the philosophy of Wait Whitman, whose 147th birth anniversary is observed this month.

Dear Sire

Several articles, a few dissertations and â&#x20AC;˘ some books-not too many though -have been written on the subject of Walt Whitman and India. Resemblances and parallels have been traced and seized upon between the American poet's thought and that of India.

Curiously, this scholarship for the most part has been either inhibited or extravagant, because on the one hand it confines itself to listing similarities and on the other to fitting Whitman into the framework of Vedanta, the Bhagwad Gita, Hinduism in general. By viewing Whitman in the Oriental mirror, it errs, I think, in the direction of highlighting resemblances. Criticism should also, however, consider the subtle differences that Whitman strikes vis-a-vis Oriental thought, even where he resembles it in depth and detail.

In short, the agreements must be rigorously qualified before valid generalizations on the subject of Whitman and India can be made.

Whitman's loving-kindness easily passes into sympathy and compassion for one and all.

Identification is the habitual mode through which Whitman's sympathy and compassion operate.

This identification is a recognized principle in the religious disciplines of India. But the curious thing is that identification comes to Whitman easily and naturally; he does not have to practise it. It was perhaps augmented by his cosmic philosophy which enabled him to flow in and out of the veins of nature, and by American democracy; but in the final analysis, it stems from his personality which was available to all life from fish-eggs to unborn galaxies.

In the range, variety, and manner of his identifications, Whitman stands differentiated from the writers of the East. The Orientals, be it Omar Khayyam, Hafiz, Tagore, Puran Singh, Bhai Vir Singh, have an extraordinary talent for identification, but they are not comparable to Whitman in the reiterative burden of this theme and the passion with which he projects it.

Second, their identification is with a personal God or impersonal Brahma or the principle of creation, so that it does not manifest itself as largely as that of Whitman which ensures a place to all things, all qualities, all objects.

What he identifies himself with is a totality, and not a fragment.

The key to the presence of the sublime moods of loving kindness, sympathy, and compassion is provided by the sentiment of impartiality which Whitman expressed powerfully in Leaves of Grass. Although it is not a pervasive note, it is present and a measure of Whitman's detachment.

Through this mood of impartiality Whitman, the most involved, becomes the non-involved spectator. The impartial Whitman frees himself from all fluxes and dynamisms, frees himself from all kinesis of will, mind, and heart, and is content to witness and watch. He voids himself

of all effort and strain, reposing It1 a vacuity This is superbly expressed in the "Song of the which is a kind of freedom.

Open Road": "Why are there men and women that while A parallel to this attitude of Whitman is provided in the Upanishads; the story of a bird who they are nigh me the sunlight expands my just sits on a tree without enjoying any of its fruit blood?" As a result, the sublime sentiments are while a companion beside him is busy eating, diffused; they are not the property of a handful enjoying and participating. In Buddhism, the few, but are possessed by a great majority of what mood of impartiality is especially valued because he chooses to call, significantly, "Companions." involvement in the phenomenal denotes subNoble sentiments alone are not enough for mission to that which is relative and momentary.

Whitman; they are reality-oriented and must be The Buddhist must maintain impartiality, must practised in life. He espouses active and militant be free from any incitement to action. It is not virtues as opposed to those of quietism and necessary to impinge upon reality, initiate action asceticism. The sublime, so to speak, is converted into the real. Thus Whitman sings not of sadhus even against pain and misery.

Whitman approximates this condition of im- and fakirs living in some space-world of unity, but of crusaders and soldiers in the time-world partiality in the poem, "I Sit and Look Out;" of freedom and possibility. he manifests impartiality not only philosophically The fascinating transitions from loving-kindin the sense of not taking sides in controversies, but also from the depths of his being while ness to rebellion and dialectical struggle make Whitman's espousal of sublime moods more in confronting pain and suffering which would normally elicit an active response from his consonance with the facts of life. By freeing them from any closed system of beliefs and making dynamic personality.

But when all is said, Whitman does not have them operate in what today would be called an open and expanding universe, he orients them to the sublime mood of impartiality to the extent reality. The compassionate Buddha of Whitman it is to be found in the Buddhist practice. That stillness which goes beyond the still point of is not withdrawn and aloof, but becomes wholly committed. As a result, it has the look of an Eliot's turning world, beyond even Rilke's ardent revolutionary. The yogi does not rest in Eurydice in the poem, "Eurydice, Hermes, Orpheus;" that stillness where silence vibrates to superior wisdom,¡ but lives jnstead in society impinging upon life and crusading, if necessary. silence and returns into greater silence, which What we have therefore, in Whitman's espousal perhaps bothered W. B. Yeats, and in which a of the sublime moods, is a Gestalt of the spiritual Buddha habitually reposes, curled in non-being, beyond desire and beyond manifestation, is and the existential, the moral and the social, the ethical and the practical. Whitman offers a beyond Whitman.

Whitman is too richly endowed with the senses, synthesis of the old and the new, of the Eastern and the Western. This kind of synthesis was too much enmeshed in the sense-stimuli, has too realized in India in the nineteenth and early much ardour, is too passionate, too sensate and extraverted, too much caught up in the deluge 'twentieth centuries by Gandhi, Vivekananda, of feelings to have come anywhere near a Bud- TiJak, Ram Mohan Roy who derived their mystique from the past, but activated it and dhist's mood of impartiality and quiescence gave it a contemporary relevance because of which is perhaps the negation of all action.

And just as well. their Western training.

It is this synthesis which is usually ignored by The fact that Whitman affirms these sentiments, some in depth and some superficially does Whitman students who reduce him either to the not make him a Buddhist. And this brings me position of an American sadhu, not realizing that to the differences that Whitman strikes with Whitman's espousal of the sublime cannot make him into a Buddhist any more than the cosmic Buddhist thought. philosophy, pantheism, the theory of Karmas Whitman does not share the Buddhist outlook or the Buddhist world view, nor the despair of make him into a Hindu. Others, with Arthur the Buddhists. Life is not a heartbreak affair Briggs, maintain that Whitman owes nothing to the East; he is wholly Western, being derived with him in which birth, age, sickness, and death are evils to overcome through the attainment of from the French Revolution, American demoNirvana. He does not use the sublime moods for cracy and Quaker Christianity.

The truth is that Whitman belongs to both hastening his graduation from the phenomenal East and West. Vivekananda and Swami Ram world and entering into the birth less and deathTiratha may see in him the great American less state of the Enlightened Man. For Whitman, I submit, it would have been sanyasin, but Americans must recognize in him the greatest bard of democracy and revoluabsolutely impossible to accept the basic assumptionary ethic. tion of Buddhism. He would have equated it with Both viewpoints are right because Whitman evading that which he crusades against. To him life is instinct and vitality, with the energies of affiliates himself with India and America, fusing intuitively the best of both the cultures, and it is the Brahma, and he would not have budged from this central position. Whitman could grieve, but in this fusion of the two traditions that the mean of Leaves of Grass should be sought. He is of the there could be no question of accepting sorrow and disillusionment as the binding aspects East and the West, of India and America, and today he is sorely needed in both places. of existence.

Whitman does not express these sentiments from a position of aloofness. He explicitly lays Som P. Ranchan Reader in English down that these sentiments have to be realized Punjabi University, Patiala. in the open, in active intercourse with men.

A NEW BOOST FOR INDIAN EXPORTS

Famed for shipbuilding, Visakhapatnam bustles with a new activity as Asia's biggest ore handling plant speeds up loading of iron ore for export to industrial, iron-short countries, earning vital foreign exchange for India. Text by Mohammed Reyazuddin, photographs by Avinash Pasricha.

Above left: a forty-jive-wagon iron ore special from the Kiriburu mines at the Visakhapatnam railway yard. Above right: a mechanical stacker stockpiles the ore. The stacker can be moved in an arc of 180 degrees and can stockpile on both sides of the main belt. Right: the ore is fed by two electric shovels to the conveyor belt which is. n.f!arly half a mile long, forty-eight inches wide and moves at a speed of 500 feet per minute.

ESTLINGBETWEEN THEgreen hills of the Eastern Ghats, the port-town of Visakhapatnam in Andhra Pradesh is a refreshing break from the monotonous, almost straight coastline of Eastern India. Located about midway between the ports of Madras and Calcutta, Visakhapatnam is generally acknowledged as the finest natural harbour on the east coast, and is rapidly becoming one of the busiest.

But it has not always hummed with its present activity. Twenty years ago Visakhapatnam had only three ship berths; today it has seventeen. Its handling capacity has shot up in the past few years from less than two million tonnes to nearly eight million tonnes this year-and is still rising. The city is also taking on new importance as a centre for shipbuilding and oil refining.

Perhaps the biggest boost to the port has come from the export of iron ore to Japan, one of the world's largest users of the ore. At an average price of forty-five rupees per tonne, iron ore exported from Visakhapatnam will earn for India up to Rs. 360,000,000 a year in foreign exchange, much of it from Japan.

To meet these growing export opportunities, a new mechanical

N

ore handling plant was recently installed at the port. The first of its size in Asia, it was designed to move six to eight million tonnes of iron ore a year from rail sidings to ships.

Commissioned last August, the new facility is, according to A. W. de Lima, Chief Mechanical Engineer of the Port Trust, "a gem of mechanization and automation." It has taken over handling and loading tasks which were once difficult and time consuming.

When the 21,480-tonne S.S. Tachikawa Maru, a Japanese ship, arrived in Visakhapatnam last November 18, it was loaded in only two days-and with only one of the two wagon dumpers working.

"A ship the size of Tachikawa Maru usually requires seven days to load, working twenty-four hours a day, under normal conditions in this country," de Lima reports. "But with the new mechanical handling plant, and with both dumpers operating, we can load at the rate of 2,660 tonnes per hour."

At present, only two ore-train specials per day arrive at Visakhapatnam from the Kiriburu mines. "But once the Bailadilla mines in Madhya Pradesh start production and the ore is railed down, we may be handling as many as eight or nine trains a day," CONTINUED

"A gem of mechanization andautomation," the new plant has cut operating costs, reduced the time previously required for handling ore, and completely streamlined the entire operation.

Japanese ship, Tachikawa Maru, above, arrives at Visakhapatnam harbour where it will be loaded with iron are for shipment to Japan. Right, the are is fed on two conveyor belts for direct loading into ships, after it is automatically weighed. thoroughly checked and analysed for its quality.

de Lima says. With each special bringing in 2,S0O tonnes of ore, "there will be a larger quantum of direct loading to ships from trains." .

-'.:' The Visakhapatnam iron ore handling plant, railway link lines connecting the port with the Kiriburu iron mines in Orissa, and twenty-five diesel electric locomotives were made available to India with a U.S. credit through the Asian Economic Development Fund.

Visitors to the new ore handling plant are impressed with the efficiency of the entire operation. The iron ore specials are hauled into Visakhapatnam by American made diesel locomotives, and once a special arrives in the marshalling yard, two General Electric 660-horsepower diesel electric locomotives move it into the port railway yard. There the train is broken up into two rakes to feed both' wagon tipplers (dumpers) simultaneously.

Each diesel pushes one wagon at a time into a pick-up position, where a "beetle"-a travelling winch-moves the wagon onto the dumper platform and into position for dumping. Then its arms retract and the beetle returns to its starting position, ready to push forward another wagon.

When the beetle is clear of the dumper platform a light in the control Toom tells the operator that the wagon can be dumped.

He presses a button and the ore wagon is lifted in a ISO-degree are, dropping its fifty-eight tonne contents into a large hopper.

Even before the empty wagon is back in position, the beetle

begins moving another wagon into posItIOn, and by the time it reaches the platfonTI, the empty wagon is ready to be pushed down a slight incline by the full wagon-a procedure which is completed in only ninety seconds.

Once the ore is dropped into the hoppers, it is fed onto a conveyor belt which takes it to a transfer house. There it is weighed and fed onto another belt, the largest in the system, for the final journey to a ship. This belt-2,399 feet long-allows ample space for stockpiling ore when there are no ships ready for loading.

Ore that is to be loaded directly onto a ship travels to two transfer points where it is weighed and checked for quality. At the last transfer house, the ore is divided onto two belts so that it can be loaded through two ship-loaders. But when stockpiling is required, the ore is transferred from the main belt onto a stacker which piles the ore on either side of the belt. It can later be reclaimed by two electric shovels, capable of lifting eleven tonnes in each bite.

"We have a carrier wave communication system connecting all control points in the plant," de Lima explains. A transistorized pulse is used to control the various elements-automatically.

No equipment can be started unless the correct starting sequence is followed, and in the case of malfunction anywhere in the system, the whole plant automatically shuts down. Some ninety men working in two shifts operate the plant, including maintenance staff, operators and engineers. END

easing realiza 1:, 'an unchecked growth of E, . ulation will abso h of the benefit which planned development Q, country would otherwise confer. Besides, family h 'ness cannot grow in an environment of want and mi:s&i:V.Conscious limitation of the size of the individuaFfamily is, therefore, as important as planned development. . . . Yet this is not a probl~m which is suscep'~ble of remedy by legislation. Public consciousness haS'to be roused .... " -DR. S. RADHAKRISHNAN,'PRESIDENT

OF ]NDIA