SPAN: November 1964

Ranger brings Jules Verne's imaginary moon journey, below, nearer reality.

SPAN

OF EVENTS

PICTURE SEQUENCE ABOVE was made as Ranger VII raced towards the moon on July 31. These six photographs-all taken by one of the spacecraft's six television cameras-show the same area of the lunar surface as Ranger moves towards impact. The white lines indicate coverage of the succeeding photograph, and the pictures were taken from different altitudes. In the top row, from left to right across, the distances are from 770, 375 and 136 kilometres. In the bottom row the distances are shorter-from 54, 19 and 5 kilometres.

The scientists who developed Ranger expected its cameras to send back some 4,000 pictures. From these, they hoped for 2,000 usable views of the moon-and they would have settled for less. But the photographic system performed to the limit of its design capability, and yielded 4,316 photographs of high quality.

T

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CONTENTS FOR NOVEMBER 1964 VOLUME

THE

FUNERAL

Photograph

PROCESSION

V

OF JAWAHARLAL

NEHRU

4

by Madan M. Mehta

JAWAHARLAL NEHRU

6

by Chester Bowles

JOHN FITZGERALD

KENNEDY

7

by B. K. Nehru

HER LEGEND WILL LIVE

by Katherine

10

Anne Porter

'IN GOD WE TRUST

by Paul R. Hill

A WALK THROUGH HISTORY WITH HARRY TRUMAN 20

by Joe McCarthy

+

ANSEL ADAMS-ARTIST

WITH A CAMERA

by Anita Lee Blumenthal

THE PAST AND FUTURE OF THE MOON

by Virgilio Brenna The respective birth and death anniversaries of Jawaharlal Nehru and John F. Kennedy are observed this month (see pages 2-14). The cover portraits were made by Norman Rockwell, famous American artist.

As President Kennedy's casket was lowered into his grave last November 25, a National Geographic photographer made this picture of the Eternal Flame, lower left, which was lighted by Mrs. Kennedy during burial services in Washington D.C. On May 31, urns containing the ashes of Prime Minister Nehru, lower right, were photographed at his official residence in New Delhi.

BACK CoVER: With campaigns ended and candidates silent, the American people cast their votes this month to elect their leaders. See page 29.

FRONT COVER:

W.H. WEATHERSBY, Publisher; DEAN BROWN,Editor; V.S. NANDA,'Mg. Erlitor.

Dr. Gerard P. Kuiper of the University of Arizona's Lunar and Planetary Laboratory and a member of the Ranger scientific team, reported that the data returned to earth provided scientists with enough photographs for some three years of evaluation work.

Ranger's pictures, he said. have clarity and definition a thousand times better than those made by earth-based telescopic cameras. Topographic features less than three feet across are discernible and the photographs strongly support the theory that the moon's surface will support a landing craft when men first reach the moon later in this decade.

With the spectacular success of Ranger VII, man's knowledge of the moon has increased dramatically. For a review of what is known of the lunar surface, and an artist's concept of the moon journey, see page 42. •

EDITORIALSTAFF: Lokenath Bhattacharya, K. G. Gabrani, Avillash Pasricha, Nirma/ K. Sharma. ART STAFF: B. Roy Choudhury, Nand K. Katya/.

PHOTOGRAPHICSERVICES:USIS Photo Lab. Production Manager: Awtar S. Marwaha. Published by United States Information Service, Bahawa/pur House, Sikalldra Road, New Delhi-I, on behalf of The American Embassy, New De/hi. Printed by Arun K. Mehta at Vakil & Sons Private Ltd., Naralldas Building, Sprott Road, 18 Ballard Estate, Bombay-I. Pages 21 to 28 printed by offjet at G. Claridge & Co., Caxtoll Works, Frere Road, Bombay-I. Subscription rates for SPAN: One year, Rs. 4; two years, Rs. 7. Address subscriptions, including remittance to nearest regional distributor. NBW DELHI, Patrika Syndicate (Pvt.) Ltd., Gole Market; BOMBAY,Lalvani Brothers, Dr. Dadabhai Naoroji Road; MADRAS, The Swadesamitran Ltd., Victory House, Mount Road; CALCUTTA,Patrika Syndicate (Pvt.) Ltd., 12/1 Lindsay Street. Subscriptions are not accepted from outside India .• Manuscripts and photographs sent for publication must be accompanied by stamped, self-addressed envelope for return. SPAN is not responsible for any loss in transit. SPAN encourages use of its articles in other publications except where copyrighted. For details, write to the editor, SPAN.• In case of change of address, cut out old address from a recent SPAN envelope and forward along with new address to A. K. Mitra, Circulation Manager.

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.JOHN FITZGERALD

BY

B. K.

NEHRU,

India's Ambassador

to the United Stales

N NOVEMBER 22, 1963, on a clear, cheerful, sun;lY and peaceful day, J was attending ,a luncheon party at a Washington embassy. We had only just started the meal when someone came from 'outside and whispered into the ear of Senator Hubert Humphrey, He got up saying "My God, my God" and left the room. We learnt that there had been an attack on the life of the President of the United States but we did not know then 1t whether he had' actually been wounded. was not long before we learnt that he had been shot, a little later that he had been wounded seriously and moments after that he was dead. There was not a single dry eye, native or foreign, around that table as we slowly took leave of each other, mourning within ourselves,at the great tragedy¡that had befallen us all.

Th'ere was nobody one could have connccted less with the coldness of death than Jack Kennedy. He was the very embodiment of life; young, vigorous,' gay, alert, eloquent. handsome, elegant, graceful, charming, urbane and exuding vitality. The death by assassination of any great figure would have shocked the world. But that an assassin's bullet should have ended a life that was so young and so promising not only for his own country but for the world was a shock too difficult to bear.

The grief at the death of the President was not limited to the United States. There started coming,into Washington to attend the funeral Emperors, Kings, Presidents, Prime Ministers and representatives from all of the globe.

The President of the United States is a very" powerful man. He is one of the two human beings who can, by pressing a button, destroy the world a;ld extinguish the human race. He presides over, a COul1tfY-whose military and industrial power and economi$= strength is equal to that of the rest of the world combined. People fear power and they respect . power; but the powerful are not necessarily loved. The great gathering of world figures did not come to Washington because Presidcnt Kennedy was a powerful man. Nor did the anonymous millions of the 'world shed

O

KENNEDY

tears and mourn his passing as if they had lost a member of their own family because he was a powerful figure. People mourned in their homes and their hamlets and they came to Washington because they loved Jack Kennedy: and they loved Jack Kennedy because Jack Kennedy had demonstrated from the way he had spoken and the way he had acted that he loved them., He had given hope (0 a fear-ridden, frustrated and poverty stricken world; hope that the peace would not be broken, hope that the independence of nations would be safeguarded, hope that the misery caused by poverty would be ended.

In the world of separate national sovereignties in which we live the loyalties of national leaders are perforce often limited to their 0'\ n nation. But the vision of Jack Kennedy, like that of Jawaharlal Nehru, went far beyond his own nation and embraced the whole human race. The American Declaration of Independence had spoken out, not on behalf of Americans alone, but on behalf of all mankind.

The spirit of the American Revolution had long inspired all nations who suffered from political Qr economic injustice.

But the revolutionary image of America had over the years 'been dimmed. Jack Kennedy caught the imagination of men and women everywhere because he made them feel that America's concern for the Rights of Man was no less now than at the time of its own War of Independence.

Kennedy w"nted peace and while he recognized fully that military weakness was, hardly an adequate base from which to start the pursuit of peace, he realized that military strength alone was not its sufficient guarantor.

"Let us not negotiate out of fear," he said, "but let us never fear to negotiate."

The problems of the world had grown too difficult and the conditions of the world too complex for any imposed solution. There can no longer be an American solution for all problems, he answered, in response to those who urged that America's great power should 'be used to fashion the world to America's liking. To him non-alignment-or neutrality as it is still called in the United States-in the conflict between the great powers was by ~o means immoral.

He recognized that this policy was in the interests of the emerging world, that the United States itself had in its earlier history

followed a policy of avoiding foreign entanglements and that in present conditions the exercise of independent judgment in international affairs by militarily weak powers was helpful in the easing of international tensions, What he wanted from the "uncommitted" world was a commitment to the maintenance of its own freedom; and in the maintenance of that freedoJ'l.1 he was willing unstintingly to help. He gave abundant proof of this when we were invaded by China.

He recognized very clearly that political independence meant little without economic independence.

He had been powerfully affected by the extremity to which poverty had reached among two-thirds of the world's peoples. He knew that it was morally wrong that this poveTty~ould continue. He knew that its existence was politically dangerous and he knew also that the world today had the wherewithal to conquer this poverty if mankind set its heart to this goal. "Man holds in his mortal hands:' he said, "the power to abolish all forms of human poverty."

Jack Kennedy understood, as few people do, the importance of foreign aid, what it was meant to do and hO\'1 it should be organized.

He attempted-though the attempt was only partially successful-to put the American foreign aid programme on a rational basis, and he founded the Alliance for Progress in Latin America.' L remember saying to him once in the early part of 1960 that I did not quite understand how he, being a candidate for the Presidency and knowing that the foreign aid programme was so unpopular. could afford to support it as uncompromisingly as he did. His answer was characteristic'of the man. He, said that he was for foreign aid because it was right. It did not therefore matter whether he gained or lost votes by its advocacy.

In his Inaugural Address we find an echo: "To those peoples in the huts and villages of half the globe struggling to break the bonds of mass misery, ,we pledge our best efforts to help t hem help themselves, for whatever period is required ... because it is right."

President Kennedy's interest in and friendship for India is well-known. It antedated his accession to the Presidency by several years.

If originated not so much from a visit to India Continued on pa.l{e 9

JOH·N FITZGERALD ·KENNEDY

in the early 1950s as froni a subsequent desire Kennedy was one of the greatest ..,pleasures to understand ·the problerils of the world of any man collld,.ever have had. He.transacted which the econor:nically underdeveloped world his business at a very fast pace. His reading forms so great apart.

III studying these speed was J ,200 words a minute.H is capacity problems India became n"aturally a focus of to retain facts was enormous. He attempted attention, Nolonly did it contain more always fo put himself into t,he other man's people than the continents of Africa and position so as not only to understand but to . Latin America put together, but it had made feel what the other side felt and was trying the choice'dearly and unequivocally of followto say. There was no unnecessary diplomatic ing the path of democracy. It was' devoting verbiage, no talk of o~r two' great demo-, more of its energies and In a more enlightened cracies, of the bOl)ds that united us, of the' way to the removal of the .eurse of poverty , ' common ideals for whic~ we stciod-;-o-c1ich,es than many other countries somewhat similarly' : unfortunately common in diplomatic' life parti<:;ularly between those ;""hodo nor fully' placed. :There was' 'also the President's admiration for Jawaharlal'Nehru-:"'he referred share a cornmon base. The President would in his vei'y first speech to Congress to "ttie often sum up what 1 was ,trying haltingly soaring idealism of Nehru" and the ideals and inadequately to say ina few clear., short fOf which whether in. India or on the interand well articulated sentences. This, he would' national sc~ne our late Prime Minister stood. say, is your case. Then he would say, this is His 'knowledge of the basic problems of India mine.. Where do we' go from here, how much and his clear understanding of the difficulties can you move' and how much can we? It did of economic development under the demohappen sometimes, of course, that neither cratic system made him naturally a' vigorous of us could mov~. The President, acknowlproponent of foreign aid to India. As long edging the difficulties with which rulers of ago as 1960 he co-sponsored a resolution in . vast democracies, are faced, wrote ...to our Prime Minister once saying, '''Our re~pective the Senate of the United-States along with countries, Mr. Prime Minister, are not easy Senator Cooper; its preamble expresses in to govern." words understandable by the U.S. Congress He was informal in the extreme. There his approach to us: was the occasion when, owing fo the infor"Whereas the continued vitality and sucmality of his welcome, a visiting Indian cess of the Republic of India is a matter of dignitary did not realize till a good. two common Free World interest, politically beminutes afte'r he' had been talking to him cause of her 400 million people and vast land that he was in the presence o( the President area; strategically because of her commanding· of the United States! !;Ie once telephoned to geographic location; economically because of my wife on some trivial matter and insisted, her organized national development effort; over her objections, that she should telephone and morally because of her heartening back to him personally. "I never get a message commitment to the goals and institutions of democracy . in this place," he said by way of explanation.

His awesome responsibilities never allowed In my quest to gather external finance him to lose his sense of humour. There was for the fulfilment of our Third Five Year always a smile ilnd il twinkle and laughter Plan, Senator Kennedy before 1961 and no matter how serious the subject under President Kennedy after 1961 was somebody discussion might be. The President's wit WilS to whom I could turn unhesitatingly for famous and he' enjoyed a repartee though advice, counsel, guidance and help, and it few, and certainly not this writer, could always came in unstinting measure. Indeed equal him in this regard. his rep~esentations on our behalf to foreign, He once said to me when we were being governments were sometimes more vigorous unusually difficult about a matter which he than they appreciated! regarded as of grave importanc~ thathe had He extended to me throughout the pricome to the considered conclusion that Ken vileges of a friend. He was extremely liberal Galbraith and I would go down in history as with his time even at moments of great prethe two people who' had ruined the relationoccupation. And to work with President

ship between India and the United States!

SOme time later, at .a wholly social gather',ing, 'at which the French. Ambassador and myself were the o~ly two foreigners present, · the President in an impromptu toast explained to his g!1ests that the real reason for picking 'out these two Ambassadors from the ent"ire Diplomatic Corps in Washington was that "our reiations with tliese two COLfntriescould not" possiuly be worse!" " Jack Kennedy occupied the Presidency for two years and ten months. LikeJawaharial Nehru he, was a leader ahead of his people, ·"a leader who' had.§ee~ a vision of 'greatness far beyond that ,wjUch his country had so far achieved and a leader who was dragging, as it were, a vast and somewhat ,inert mass of people behind him. Like .Jawaharlal Nehru too, what the leader wishe'd to achieve he could ~-otachieve 'in his life time. There was too much opposition, too great a desire , not to change the old 'ways, tOQ much 'distrust of new fangled notions and ideas.

He would not, in spite of his vast personal popularity, take on a straight conflict with the Legislature. He would not, much to the disappointment of his liberal friends, appeal to the people over the heads of Congress as Franklin Roosevelt had done. He hesitated to do so' for he insisted that the narrowness ·'of his electoral victory showed that the country !lad not given him a clear mandate in favour of all the things he wanted to do. He was hoping, it seenis obvious, to achieve in his second term (when he would undoubtedly have been, elected by an unprecedented majority) all the objectives for which he was preparing the"couniry during his first term.

That opportunity never occurred. But the preparation has not gone in vain. The New Frontier has not been, reached but the road to it has been opened and there is little doubt that President Kennedy has had so abiding an impact on the AmeriCan mind that there is no other road ihat Amer:ca wil! in future follow.

As one crosses the Memorial Bridge over the Potomac, going from Washington into Virginia, one 'observes a flame directly in front, on the hillside, standing sentinel over the mortal remains of this great man. May it burn for ever as a symbol of the ideals for which he stood and a source of strength to those who follow them, •

HER LEGEND WILL L IV E Two memories of Jacqueline

SAWMRS.KENNEDY only twice-first, at the Inaugural Ball in the Armory in Washington; second, at the dinner in honour of the Nobel Prizewinners, in the White House. In each of these glimpses she looked like all her photographs, those endless hundreds of images of her cast on screens and printed pages everywhere through the short, brilliant years of her public career beside her husband; only, in breathing life she was younger, more tender and beautiful. She had the most generous and innocent smile in the world, and her wide-set eyes really lighted up when she spoke to her guests.

Old-fashioned character readers of faces believed that this breadth between the eyes was the infallible sign of a confiding, believing nature, one not given to suspicions or distrust of the motives of others. It might very well be true. On account of this feature, a girl reporter described her as resembling a lioness.

I do not think she resembles a lioness in the least, but I am ready to say she is lion-hearted. A merrier, sweeter face than hers never dawned upon the official Washington scene-so poxed with hardbitten visages, male and female, that bringjoy to nobody-but even the swiftest of first glances could not mistake it for a weak face. It was and is full of strong character and tragic seriousness lying not quite dormant just under the surface, waiting for the Furies to announce themselves.

Certain members of her family, and

I

Katherine Anne Porter is a distinguished American writer. This article is reprinted with permission from Ladies' Home Journal. Š 1964 by The Curtis Publishing Co.

I<.ennedyare cherished: the lovely look of vitality

long-time friends surmised these latencies, but could not name them-someone of them called her a "worrier." This is obviously not the word to name her special kind of hand-to-hand immediate concentration on the varied demands and emergencies of her days all through her life as we have known it-which may be called the ordeal by camera-but it is easy to see how a bystander, no matter how near the relationship, might misread her, never having seen in action the austerity, the reserve force and the spiritual discipline which no one expects in so young a creature. There had not been any occasion sufficient to call them out.

She had been such a fashionable sort of young girl, brought up in the most conventional way: the good schools, the travel, the accomplishments and sports, the prepared social life. The whole surface was smooth as satin; she even wore clothes ahnost too well, a little too near the professional model. But she outgrew this quickly and was becoming truly elegant at an unusually early age. She had the mistaken daydream that many very nice girls do have, that to be a newspaper reporter and go about pointing cameras at perfect strangers was a romantic adventure. She got over this speedily too, and became herself the target of every passing camera and every eager beaver of a reporter who could get near her. And what a record they gave us of a life lived hourly in love with joy, yet with every duty done and every demand fulfilled: nothing overlooked or neglected.

Remember that veiled head going in and out of how many churches, to and from how many hospitals and institutions and official functions without number: that endless procession of newly sprung potentates to entertain royally! And always her splendid outdoor life-waterskiing with Caroline, both their faces serenely happy, fearless; driving a pony cart full of Kennedy children, the infant John John on her lap; going headfirst off that hunter at the rail fence, and in perfect form too, her face perhaps not exactly merry, but calm, undismayed.

An expert, trained fall that was; one would have to ride a horse to know how good it was, and what a superb rider Mrs. Kennedy is. There is another snapshot of her going at a fine stride on her

beautiful horse; and always that lovely look of quiet rapture in her high-spirited, high-stepping play. She never seemed happier than when swimming or skating or water-skiing, or sailing, or riding, or playing with her children. Who will forget the pictures of her in sopping-wet slacks, bare feet, tangled hair, blissful smile, on the beach; with her husband near-by, rolling in the sand, holding Caroline, still in her baby-fat stage, at arm's length above him?

All of us heard, I'm sure, some lively stories of the pitched battles of early marriage, and there were dire predictions that little good would come of it.

Nonsense! What would you expect of two high-strung, keen-witted, intensely conscious and gifted people deeply in love and both of them with notions of their own about almost everything? It was not in the stars for that pair to sink gently into each other's arms in a soft corner, murmuring a note of music in perfect key. It seems to have been a good, fair, running argument in the openheaven knows there was no place for them to hide; eyes, ears and cameras were everywhere by then-and we know that things were coming out well. We could see it in their expressions as time ran 011, and the cameras intercepted their glances at each other, saw them off guard at moments of greeting, of parting, their clasped hands as they came out of the hospital after Patrick was born-anybody could see that the marriage was growing into something grand and final, fateful and tragic, with birth and death and love in it at every step. Their lives were uniting, meshing firmly in the incessant uproar and confusions of the most incredibly complicated situation imaginable. But they were young, they were where they wanted to be, they loved what they were doing and felt up to it; and they dealt every day, together, in their quite different ways, supporting and balancing each other, with a world in such disorder and in the presence of such danger, international and domestic, as we have not seen since Hitler's time. And the entertainments, the music, the dancing, the feasting-there hasn't been such a born giver of feasts in the White House, a First Lady who recognized that a good part of her duties were social, since DoIley Madison. Mrs. Kennedy had the

and rapture when with her family) and the final stately dignity shown at the terrible farewell.

womanly knack of making even dull parties appear to be pleasures. But the manner of the President and his wife to each other was always simple, courteous and loving, without gestures, without trying. It was a pleasant thing to see, and I began to be grateful for those swarming pestiferous cameras that could show me such reassuring steadfastness with such grace and goodness.

The only moment of uneasiness I ever saw in Mrs. Kennedy's pictured face was at the first showing of the Mona Lisa in Washington, when somebody concerned in the arrangements did something awkward, I forget what; she looked distressed.

We know now she was expecting her fifth child, five within a period of little more than seven years: she had already lost two, and was to lose Patrick. Every child had cost her a major operation or a serious illness. This is real suffering, and yet she ceded nothing to the natural pains of women, but bore her afflictions as part of her human lot, rose and went about her life again.

I remember so vividly how she looked at the Inaugural Ball. In that vast place more fit for horse shows than balls, the stalls where we sat were railed in with raw pine, champagne was chilled in large zinc buckets such as they water horses in at country race tracks; there were miles and miles of droopy draperies and a lot of flags, and a quite impressive display of jewels and furs and seriously expensivelooking clothes. Also we listened to a peculiarly pointless programme of popular songs: first, the Sidewalks of New York kind of stuff, then Negro jazz, not the best of its kind either; besides two or three blood-curdling little ditties dedicated to Mrs. Kennedy; and I believe, I am not certain, that they were sung and played by the composers, young women who should have been warned off. It was acutely embarrassing; and altogether it was the oddest mixture of international grandeur and the tackiest little county fair you ever saw. I love county fairs, and I love grand occasions; but I don't like them mixed. So I remarked on the spot -still having the Coronation of Queen Elizabeth II in mind's eye-tha~ we would never, it was clear, as a nation, learn how properly to conduct our ceremonial events.

The taking of the oath, outdoors in

January, if you please, had been a series of gaffes. But that was over, and the young First Lady came to the big Ball at the Armory, one of five or six, I believe, going on all over town, and sat there in her white gown, motionless as a rose on its stem, watching her husband adoringly. She went away early, for John John had been born seven weeks before.

Later, by a year or more maybe, at the dinner.given in the White House for the various Nobel Prizewinners, and runnersup, we were having cocktails in the East Room, and I saw and greeted all sorts of delightful old acquaintances I hadn't seen for twenty years and may never see again-I seem nearly always to be somewhere else !-when the strains of Hail to the Chief gave us the cue to set down our glasses and turn towards the great door.

There was no roll of drums, no silvertrumpet fanfare, no; just a wistful, rather wiggly little tune, very appealing and sweet, and there stood the President and Mrs. Kennedy before us, amiable and so good-looking and so confident, with all the life and all the world before them, and why should it ever end? Very happily and easily we formed a long line and went past them shaking their hands lightlythink of all the hands they had to shake every day!-and then we went on to dinner and a merry party afterwards, and it was all so gentle, and reassuring, in that lovely house, so well done and so easy.

Atmosphere, tone, are very elusive things in a house, and they depend entirely on the persons who live there. . . . The White House that evening was a most happy place to be, and I shall never see it again, for I wish to remember it as it was then. What style they had, those young people! And what looks ....

Then I went to Europe and came back a year later, on All Souls' Eve, to Washington. And now I am writing this, on the 22nd of December 1963, on the day of the Month's Mind Mass, and the memorial lighting of candles at the Lincoln Memorial. The perpetual light that Mrs. Kennedy set at the President's grave can be seen from almost any point in this city. This light is only one of the many things Mrs. Kennedy asked for and received during that night of November 22.

I have a dear friend whose beloved wife died not long ago, and he wrote me an account of her going away, and he

said: "I never heard of, or imagined, such an admirable performance!"

I knew exactly what he meant, and within a few days I witnessed Mrs. Kennedy's performance, at the great crisis of her life, and it was flawless, and entirely admirable; I have no words good enough to praise it. The firmness with which she refused to leave the body of her husband, keeping her long vigil beside him, but not idly, not in tears, planning and arranging for his burial to the last detail. What relentless will she showed, fending off the officious sympathy of all those necessary persons who swarm about tragic occasions, each anxious to be of service, true, but all too ready to manage and meddle.

She refused to be cheated of her right to this most terrible moment of her life, this long torment of farewell and relinquishment, of her wish to be conscious of every moment of her suffering: and this endurance did not fail her to the very end, and beyond, and will not fail her.

What I think of now is the gradual change in that lovely face through the fiercely shattering years when she and her husband raced like twin rockets to their blinding personal disaster which involved a whole world. Among the last pictures I remember is Mrs. Kennedy as she stood with her two children in the cold light of a late-fall day-and you don't have such perfectly well-behaved children at their age unless you have known how to love them and discipline them !-watching the President's coffin being carried from the White House on its way to the Rotunda. She stood there staring a little sidelong, as if she could not dare to look directly. The first shock was over, that head-oncollision with death in one of its most wasteful and senseless forms had taken place without warning, as it always does, but the dazed blind look was gone from her eyes, replaced by a look of the full knowledge of the nature of Evil, its power and its bestial imbecility. She stared with dawning anger in her eyes, in the set of her mouth, yet with the deepest expression of grief I have ever seen, a total anguish of desolation, but proud, severe, implacable.

No one who witnessed that three-day funeral service, in presence or by screen, can ever say again that we, as a nation, cannot properly conduct the ceremonies of our state. We have been well taught. â&#x20AC;˘

TWELVE STUDIES OF

NEHRU An American Fulbright professor made these photographs for two sculptures of Jawaharlal Nehru.

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ARLYIN 1957, MACK M. GREENE,then an American Fulbright lecturer in physical education at a Madras college, wrote a letter to Jawaharlal Nehru. He asked the Prime Minister to sit for a portrait bust, and when Nehru agreed, Greene was pleased and overwhelmed. "I have never fully recovered from his acceptance," he says. The first sitting took place in September 1957, at the Prime Minister's residence in New Delhi where Greene made thirty photographs of Nehru's impressive head from many angles. Twelve of Greene's study photographs appear on these pages.

Following the first sitting, Greene made two clay models for the bust. One was a free, impressionistic study; the other a realistic portrait. When the Prime Minister visited Madras in January, 1958, he agreed to a second sitting at the Governor's home, and in September he accepted the impressionistic study which is now in the National Gallery of Modern Art. New Delhi. A replica was presented to U.S. Senator J. William Fulbright during his visit to India in 1958 and is now in the U.S. Capitol Building, Washington, D.C. The realistic portrait bust, completed in 1959, is in the New Delhi office of the U.S. Educational Foundation in India. Photographs of both busts completed in bronze appear on the following page.

Greene marks his association with the Prime Minister among the most exciting of his life. "Nehru was one of the very great men of our time," he says. "He had the personal stature to withstand the ravages of imprisonment, human brutality and world-wide castigation to become the forceful leader of the world's largest democracy." A native of Dayton, Ohio, Greene returned to Madras in 1960. He is consultant on physical education to the National Council of Young Men's Christian Associations in India, and also associated with the Y.M.C,A. College of Physical Education, Saidapet, Madras.

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Photograph by A. C. PASRICHA. Courtesy U.S. Educational Foundation in India, New Delhi.

These remarkable studies of Jawaharlal Nehru's impressive head capture the magnetism and vigour of a unique personality.

Greene completed his work on a study of Jawaharlal Nehru in final sitting at Raj Bhavan, Madras, in 1958. Mr. Nehru later accepted this impressionistic study cast in bronze.

Photograph by A. C. PASRICHA. Courtesy National Gallery of Modern Art, New Delhi.

After presenting his credentials as India's new Ambassador at the White House on September 21, 1961, Braj Kumar Nehru is greeted by an old friend, the late John F. Kennedy.

SEPTEMBE.R N 1961, Braj Kumar Nehru presented his credentials from the President of India to President John F. Kennedy naming him India's new Ambassador to the United States, succeeding M. C. Chagla.

The seventh envoy to be sent by India to the United States since 1947, when India became a sovereign state, Ambassador Nehru has carried on the high traditions set by his predecessors, ably interpreted his country's basic policies to Americans and substantially contributed to the consolidation of IndianAmerican relations.

Before his present appointment he had held for three years the important position of Commissioner-General for Economic Affairs at the Indian Embassy in Washington. In this position he was the principal Indian negotiator for American economic aid and trade agreements between India and the United States.

Earlier he represented India in the U.N. General Assembly and served as executive director of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development. Following shortly after the appointment of the American economist, Prof. John Kenneth Galbraith, as U.S. Ambassador to India, B. K. Nehru's selection as the Indian envoy in Washington was hailed as symbolic of the close economic co-operation which has grown between the two countries in recent years.

Making clear his country's policies is a principal duty of any ambassador, but for B. K. Nehru, "selling" India to the world has been an all-consuming task for most of the last fifteen years.

Dedicated to the welfare and security of her millions of people and regarded by many as one of her most able career Continued on page 18

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Ambassador Nehru presents President Johnson with a set of Eleanor Roosevelt commemorative postage stamps issued by the Indian post office.

HOW AMBASSADOR

NEHRU DOES HIS JOB One of the most popular foreign diplomats in America, India's Ambassador to the U.S., B. K. Nehru, carries on the high traditions of his predecessors.

A large part of his job is to create a favourable climate for India's views. To this task he brings conspicuous ability, understanding and tact.

Ambassador Nehru signs rhe Nuclear Test Ban Treaty for India at ceremony attended by U.S. Under Secretary of Stare for Political Affairs, Averell Harriman, right, and Deputy Director of Arms Control and Disarmament Agency, Adrian S. Fisher, left.

To project India's image abroad has been an all-consuming task for B. K. Nehru during most of his last fifteen years. Among the many audiences in America to hear him explain his government's policy are educators and students, business executives, civic groups and service clubs.

Ambassador Nehru's busy day commences early in the morning, often lasts until late at night. civil servants since 1934, Ambassador Nehru earlier earned a reputation as India's greatest fund-raiser. Devoted to decreasing the poverty among his country's 438 million people, he was chiefly responsible, in the positions already mentioned, for obtaining substantial sums of money in foreign government and international loans for India's Five-Year Plans for economic progress.

"Every problem in India, whether political, social, linguistic or religious, has its roots in poverty," Ambassador Nehru has said. "To remove that poverty is not only to act morally, but also to act to make society stable and free."

Americans understand such talk from him because, then and now, the lessening of poverty in areas of the United States is also one of the American Government's chief objectives.

Again in 1962, the Ambassador was deeply involved in negotiating another kind of aid-U.S. military supplies to help India resist the Chinese communist invasion of her northern boundary. It was an extremely delicate task, calling for the highest degree of discretion and adeptness to protect his government's policy of non-alignment in the cold war, yet, at the same time, to obtain the necessary aid. The result of his efforts in this regard are now history.

It is the primary job of any ambassador to represent the head of his government at the highest levels in the country to which he is accredited. In addition there are the important

At Washington Cathedral, India's Ambassador to U.S. reads from Bhagavad Gita during memorial service for late Jawaharlal Nehru.

Guests arrive for reception given by Ambassador and Mrs. Nehru at Indian Embassy, their residence several blocks from Chancery.

functions of negotiation and reporting, rendered complex in the context of modem conditions. As in earlier times, an ambassador has still to participate in the almost never-ending round of official parties and entertainments and the ceremonial of official life, but he must also now establish friendly relations with a host of parliamentarians, newsmen, businessmen, educationists and others. It is no longer adequate for him to cover the affairs of the central government and the capital of the country to which he is posted. He is expected to have first-hand knowledge of the country's political, social and economic life, and must travel a great deal and have wide contacts in many spheres to acquire this knowledge. Of equal importance in modem diplomacy is to plan and carry out a programme of information-of so-called "image-making" of the ambassador's own country-to the end that public reaction to his government's policy is, if not immediately acceptable, at least correctly understood.

To project the many "images" of India to Americans, Ambassador Nehru makes frequent speeches and talks to select groups of government and private persons. Thus, such assem_blages as university educators and students, commercial and business executives, civic and service officials and those interested in foreign affairs and the United Nations, have been among the many audiences to hear the Ambassador.

In addition to his own public appearances, his embassy staff of cultural, commercial, press and military attaches make frequent talks to groups, which in turn, influence public opinion.

What are an ambassador's working hours? Often they begin early in the morning and last tmtil late at night. He is "working" when he attends an important conference and he may be "working" as he entertains a small group of influential people over tea or coffee in his office.

In Washington, Ambassador and Mrs. Nehru are frequent guests at the White House, the Department of State and the embassies of many other countries. In turn, they are hosts at the Indian Chancery for large formal receptions, and for many informal gatherings at their residence, described in diplomatic language as the Embassy to distinguish it from the Chancery where the Ambassador has his office.

What do extremely busy diplomatic executives do in Washington to relax in the few hours which they can really call their own ?

For many, participation in such sports as tennis and golf offers some surcease from the pressures of official business.

Others prefer such relaxation as trips into the countryside, the theatre and boating on the Potomac River. But for Mr. Nehru, a game of bridge and reading offer him the greatest relaxation.

What are his reading tastes?

"Anything from history to novels and biographies," he says. Like former American Presidents Franklin D. Roosevelt and John F. Kennedy, the Indian Ambassador reserves a special kind of reading for light moments-a good mystery story!-P.R.H.

'No nation can be strong except m the strength of God) or safe except in His defence.'

'IN GOD WE TRUST' N THE FACE of each United States coin and on every dollar bill is the motto: "In God We Trust."

Most Americans are aware of this, yet take it so much for granted as an avowal of a national sense of religion that it never occurs to them to wonder how the words happened to be put there. Accordingly, when visitors from other lands periodically "discover" this national declaration and ask "Why?" the answers they receive are usually vague.

At least one visitor of recent years, however, was not satisfied with the vague answers, and pursued the matter with the persistence of a story book detective, until he had the whole story. This was Professor D. Burman who teaches economics at Bangabasi College, Calcutta University. He visited the United States> for fiveweeks in 1961and returned home to write his American Diary, which was published in 1963. In it, he recounts his research into the origin of the motto, "In God We Trust."

Professor Burman discovered that in 1861, during the American Civil War, when the morale of Union Forces had been shaken by battlefield defeats, a Pennsylvania clergyman, the Kev. M. 'R. Watkinson, wrote to the Secretary of the Treasury, Salmon P. Chase, saying that "from my heart, I have felt our national shame in disowning God as not the least of our present national disasters." He also added that "no nation can be strong except in the strength of God, or safe except in His defence. The trust of our people>should be declared in our coins."

Mr. Chase agreed, and directed that suitable coin designs be prepared.

The phrase, "In God Is Our Trust," which was used by Francis Scott Key when he composed the National Anthem, The Star Spangled Banner, during the War ofl812 with England, was shortened to "In God We Trust."

After authorization by the U.S. Con-

O .

gress, the phrase appeared on the two-cent coins in 1864,disappeared and reappeared on various pieces until 1955, when Congress ordered that it be placed on all U.S. paper and metal money. A year later, the national legislative body designated "In God We Trust" to be the official motto of the United States.

So much for how the motto cam,e to appear on U.S. coins. The answers as to "why" are far more complex, for like India, the United States has a secular, government. Why then should its money bear a religious inscription?

The fact is that America is- a religious nation.

Approximately 63 per cent of its population holds church membership. Of this, 64.9 million are I?rotesta.pts, 43.~ million Catholics and 5.5 million Jewish.

Most of the remaining' populationapproximately 79 million~while subscribing either to no church or to 'one of numerous smaller denominations, believes in and acknowledges a Supreme Being, according to some authorities.

But in a sense, the United States' belief expressed in its motto is much older than the nation's comparatively young age of 188 years. It goes back to such groups of early colonists as the Pilgrims who, 0)1 a journey from England, were blown off their intended course to Virginia and forced to land on the rocky coast of Massachusetts in 1620. As might be expected from those willing to suffer the hardships of a cruel ocean crossing, . their first act was to kneel as a group and give thanks to God for a safe passage.

Later, their day of thanks for deliverance and a bO'untifulharvest was to become the "national holiday, Thanksgiving Day. The law of early America was the English law which colonists and immigrants brought with them, as were the traditions and, customs surrounding this law. Thus, solemn and binding agreements were made "on the Bible." And

although not required by law, all Presidents of the United States have taken their oath of office¡with the right hand raised, the left resting on the Holy Bible.

In like fashion, those' giving testimony in American courts of law, swear "to tell the truth, the whole truth and nothing but the truth, so help.me God." However, it was in writing the early "rules" by which the nation and its individual States govern themselves, that framers of these documents most clearly stated the national reliance on a Supreme Being.

The signers of the DeClaration of Independence, on July 3, 1776, for example, ended their historic document with the statement: "And for the support of this Declaration, with a firm reliance on the protection of Divine Providence, we mutually pledge to each other our lives; our fortunes, and our sacred honor."

In like fashion, each of 42 of the 50 State COhstitutions has in its prt)amble a mention of God. The others either have no preambles or do not refer to the Deity.

It remained for the drafters of the U.S. Constitution in 1787, to spell out in the First Amendment to that document, the relationship bS!?le~n the nation and religion in America. It reads, in part: "Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free,exercise thereof ... " While religion is ,therefore "left to the, people," each body of the U.S. Congress -the Senate and the House of Representatives-opens each, of its daily sessions with a prayer for Divine Guidance.

All of Which may help explain why to many visitors from other countries religion is not "obvious" in the United States.

It may also explain why a secular body, made up of men of different religions, found it possible to adopt the American motto and place it on the face of its coins: "In God We'Trust." â&#x20AC;˘

A WALK THROUGH HISTORY WITH HARRY TRUMAN HE MOST MEMORABLE exhibit at the Harry S. Truman Library in Inde. pendence, Missouri, for many of the 150,000tourists, students and school children who visit it every year, is Harry Truman himself, in person. The other living former Presidents, Herbert Hoover and Dwight D. Eisenhower, return only on special occasions to the home-town sites of their respective Presidential Libraries at West Branch, Iowa, and Abilene, Kansas. There, in keeping with the precedent set by the Franklin D. Roosevelt Library at Hyde Park, New York, documents, papers and historical mementos of their administrations are collected and exhibited by the Federal Government's National Archives and Records Service. Truman, of course, still lives in Independence, and, as Roosevelt hoped to do at Hyde Park, he has made his Library the centre of life and work of his retirement years. He greatly enhances the attraction of the Truman Library by being seen there almost every day and by delighting visitors of all ages with plain, informal talk about the things on display in the building from his period in the White House and about the Presidency, history, government, politics and the affairs of the world in general.

Retirement has not mellowed Mr. Truman and his outspoken opinions are as blunt as they always were. A visitor asked him one

T

Reprinted by special permission from Holiday. Š 1963 by The Curtis Publishing Company.

day recently about a statement in a foreign statesman's memoirs. "That book is nothing but a pack of lies," he said flatly. Such' free swinging comments delight the young college and school groups who visit the Library. A high school boy asked hi~ a few months ago if he was in favour of recognizing Red China.

"No, I am not," Truman said. "They are a bunch of thugs and crooks and they will cut your throat in a minute."

One of the high school students asked Truman if he had trouble dealing with the Russians at the Potsdam Conference.

"Stalin was a very pleasant man to talk to, and easy to make agreements with," Truman said. "We found out later why it was so easy to make agreements with him-he had no intention of keeping them. It was harder to make agreements with Churchill, but Churchill kept his agreements. At Potsdam, we were arguing about Poland, Czechoslovakia and Rumania. Churchill said the Pope wouldn't like it if those people weren't given free government. Stalin leaned over and said, 'Mr. Prime Minister, how many divisions has the Pope?' That's the only language those Russians understand. What are you going to do with an outfit like that? Just get ready to meet them head on, that's all you can do."

"Mr. President," one of the high school boys asked earnestly, "how do you get to be President ?"

Truman grinned and said, "Well, I'll tell you, young man. Get all the history and information about the country that you can,

and get acquainted with all your neighbours and all their friends. Next thing you know you'll be in politics. Being President is a very, very difficultjob. I worked at it thirteen hours a day, and wished I had twenty-eight hours a day to work at it. It has the greatest responsibility in the world because every move and every utterance made by the President affects not only our country but the whole world."

In his talks about government and politics, Truman does not bother to observe such inhibiting niceties as a polite non-partisan decorum. "They'll never make a kindly statesman out of me," he says. One day a schoolboy at the Library asked him to describe the difference between the Democrats and the Republicans. "Democrats work to help people . who need help," he said. "That other party, they work for people who don't need help.

That's all there is to it."

"Then how come so many Republicans are elected to office?" the boy said.

"Because they had the most votes," Truman said smiling.

A girl in the group asked if Truman would consider running for President again.

"Well, I could," he said. "The Twentysecond Amendment, which limits the President to two terms, does not apply to me so there's nothing to stop me from running again Continued on page 22

Truman walks jauntily past a cheering crowd followed by his five-year-old grandson. He carries himself erectly even at the age of 80.

Truman: 'In 1953 I was paying rent for an office in Kansas City out of a salary I didn't have. ' if I wanted to. I've said that I'm going to run again for President when I'm ninety. You know some fools took me seriously, and looked into that, and said I couldn't run when I'm ninety because there is no election tliat year. No, young lady, it wouldn't be possible for me to be President again because I'm eighty years old and that is too old for a man to start new in the White House. I might not live long enough to finish out, don't you see?

Well, I hope you enjoy your visit to this Library. We established it especially for you young people, so you can learn more about the Presidency and your government. It is your government. You didn't get it for nothing. It cost blood, sweat and tears, as Winston Churchill said about Britain, and we whippe~ ourselves for four years, from 1861 to 1865, to keep it together for you. You've got to get yourselves ready to keep it running as the greatest free government in the history of the world."

Truman ends his talks urging his young visitors to study their government and the decisions of its past leaders. He explains that he raised the money for the Truman Library and turned it over to the Federal Government with his administration's documents and papers so that future young Americans could have a place for such study.

"All I got in return was a rent-free office back there in the far end of the building," he said to one group of listeners a while ago.

"But thars a mighty nice thing to have. When I first came back here from Washington in 1953, I was paying rent for an office in Kansas City out of a salary I didn't have. You know, somebody finally realized in 1958 that Presidents weren't getting any retirement pensions like other Federal employees, so they passed a law and gave me one."

The Federal pension for living ex-Presidents gives Truman $25,000 a year, and an allowance up to $50,000 for office expenses.

He lives modestly in the same house at 219

North Delaware Street in Independence, six blocks from the Library, that he and his wife have occupied since their marriage in 1919.

Mrs. Truman's grandfather owned the house and she has lived in it since girlhood. TrumaIt also receives an income from his writings; he does syndicated newspaper articles and he is now working on a book about the Presidency for children. He usually donates the fees he receives for speaking engagements, mostly at college seminars, to the Harry,S. Truman Library Institute, a non-profit corporation that supplies funds to the Libr.ary and awards study grants to history scholars.

Truman began to plan the Harry S. Truman Library ("It's not really a library-it's an archives," he says) when he was still in the White House. The Truman Library was turned over to the Federal Government in 1957 after it had been completed and furnished. It cost about $1,750,000, contributed by private individuals and organizations from all over the country. The names of the do~ are listed, by their States, in a big, black 600k in the Library's entrance lobby.

The Truman Library is a long and low onestorey building, curving in a crescent shape for 525 feet around the top of a hill overlooking U.S. Highway 24, about ten miles 'east of Kansas City. It has a deep and spacious full basement that' makes it twice as roomy as it looks from the outside. The building is divided into three compartment-like sections.

Its east wing is a museum, open to the public; among its many exhibits is a reproduction of Truman's oval-shaped White House office as it looked during his administration. On one wall of the museum's lobby is a huge, impressive mural by Thomas Hart Benton, the Missouri artist, depicting pioneers heading westward from Independence to the Santa Fe and Oregon trails.

In a second large section of the Library, closed to the public but open to historical researchers, are filed some seven million docu-

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ments and papers of the Truman administration, along with several thousand books, magazine articles and newspaper stories, relating both to Truman's Presidency and the Presidency in general, and a collection of motion-picture films, photographs, recordings of speeches and interviews. The Library's archivists are also building up an oral-history collection of' information from Truman's friends and government associates. Because Truman's years as President, from 1945 to . 1953, cover the era of the atomic bomb, the beginning of the Cold War, the establishment of the United Nations, the Marshall Plan, NATO, the Berlin airlift, the stand against communist aggression in Korea-the archives at Independence attract historians, biographers and writers of masters' and doctors' dissertations from all over the world.

The third section of the Truman Library, beyond the archives at the north end of the curving building, is Truman's own. private suite of offices and book-crammed storage rooms, where his. more personal papers and belongings are kept. Here he receives callers and writes syndicated newspaper articles and works with Miss Rose Conway, who was his secretary in the White House, on correspondence.

Truman drives alone to the Library early every morning. His physical appearance has not changed noticeably since he retired from the limelight of public office in 1953. As a matter of fact, Truman today, at the age of eighty, looks very much the same as he does in photographs taken when he was an Army officer in World War I. In 1962 he had a hernia operation and a severe siege of iflfluenza but he snapped back in the spring to his usual brisk and bright alertness. He carries himself erectly and he is always fla,shing the well-known Harry Truman grin that was seen in almost every news picture of him as President. Even when he is strongly and seriously disagreeing with something that someone has

just said, he grins broadly and his eyes shine with a triumphant amusement behind his thick glasses. Age has not made him hesitant or uncertain; he is as firm and decisive and as sure of himself as he ever was.

Truman parks his car and goes to his desk in a large, sunny room that is comfortably cluttered with books, family pictures and knick-knacks. On the wall facing him as he sits down, the only wall in the room not lined with tightly filled book shelves, are pictures of Sam Rayburn, his closest friend in his Washington days, Lewis and Clark, Thomas Jefferson and Andrew Jackson, his favourite Presidents, and his cousin, the late Maj. Gen. Ralph E. Truman, one-time commander of the 35th Infantry Division, the Kansas-Missouri National Guard outfit in which the former President served as an artillery captain in World War I. In an outer reception room are autographed pictures of the two recent Democratic Presidents with whom he was not personally close.

John F. Kennedy, whose candidacy Truman opposed before the 1960 convention, wrote on a photograph of Truman, Lyndon Johnson . and himself, taken in the White House in 1962, "To Harry Truman, who helped put me here." Truman's formal photograph of FDR has a formal inscription, "To Harry S. Truman, from his friend-Franklin D. Roosevelt."

Truman speaks of Roosevelt with reverence. A visitor¡ at the Library mentioned to Truman a while ago the observation in the memoirs of Lord Chandos, Oliver Lyttelton, Churchill's wartime Minister of Production, that Roosevelt's brains were not of the calibre of Stalin's or Churchill's. Truman scoffed at Lyttelton's opinion.

"Roosevelt had much more brains than the other two," he said. "It was just that sometimes when he was with Stalin or Churchill, or with Britishers like Lyttelton, he deliberately tried to make them think he was just a country boy. But he wasn't missing a trick."

Among the papers in the Library are what the archivists call "public-opinion mail"unsolicited letters from private citizens that poured daily into the White House while Truman was President, praising him or damn- . ing him for his stand, or for not taking a stand,

on this or that issue of the time. Truman's public-opinion mail shows that his most controversial single act as President was not, as might be supposed, the dropping of the first atomic bomb or his decision to fight in Korea; it was his dismissal of Gen. Douglas MacArthur from the Far East command on April II, 1951.

As President, Truman received about 10,000 letters a week dealing with a wide variety of topics-taxes, civil rights, his daughter Margaret's ability as a singer, the displacedpersons policy, the Saint Lawrence Seaway or the renovation of the White House. After he fired MacArthur, Truman was deluged by 17,000 letters and postcards a week on the MacArthur question alone, divided almost evenly pro and con. During the week of April 20, 1951, for example, he had 8,637 letters and 800 postcards applauding him and 7,734 letters and 2,000 postcards defending MacArthur.

"I voted for you, even got up at five o'clock in the morning to see you at our railroad . station," a woman wrote to Truman from California, "but I can see nothing right in the way you treated MacArthur." In the same mail, a letter from a lawyer in Albany, N.Y., said: "It took more courage for your action, knowing that a terrific storm would ensue, than it does to face the enemy on a field of battle. Congratulations!"

A college student once asked the former President why he fired General MacArthur.

"Because he disobeyed orders," Truman said.

"If heid had a brigadier general under him and if the brigadier general had done to him' what he did to me, he'd have had the brigadier general court-martialled. I didn't have him court-martialled. I should have, maybe."

Truman himself does not regard the removal of MacArthur as one of his most difficult decisions. (For the benefit of those whose memory of that once-hot incident has dimmed, the General was relieved because he expressed public disapproval of the administration's unwillingness to risk an enlargement of the Korean War by sending Nationalist Chinese troops against Red China, after he had been instructed not to make public statements on such subjects.) Truman points out that his action had several precedents in U.S. history.

"Lincoln fired four generals during the Civil War," he says. "One of them, George B. McClellan, ran against him for President in 1864." Truman feels that his hardest and most important decision as President was sending American forces into combat in Korea.

"That involved the whole free world," the former President told a visitor at the Library a few months ago. "If we didn't save Korea, we would have been in the same fix as we . were in when Mussolini went into Abyssinia and when Hitler went into Austria. Dropping the atomic bomb didn't require much of a decision. It was a big artillery weapon, that's all it was. We used it to stop the war and to save the lives of about two hundred and fifty thousand young men who would have been killed if we had to make a, landing on the Tokyo plains. That's all there was to it. All . this hooey and conversation about it today doesn't mean a thing in the world."

Truman often drops whatever he is doing and leaves his desk to appear before groups of college students and school children in the Library's auditorium, adjoining the museum, offering to answer any questions that are put to him. He even talks with polite patience to children as young as the third-grade level who ask him if the White House was spooky at night. He gives these conversational sessions priority over whatever other work may be occupying his attention because he has decided that inspiring a lively interest in history and government among young people is the most important duty of his remaining years.

A more special treat than the question and answer periods comes to tourists who happen to be visiting the Library at a time when Truman decides to show a personal friend or a notable guest around the building. As he 'passes from one exhibit to another in the museum, pausing to explain or reminisce abollt the historic documents and mementos of his and other Presidencies on display in the showcases, fascinated by-standers begin to trail along behind him, hanging attentively on his words, until, like the Piper of Hamelin, he is being followed by a crowd. A walk through the Truman Library's museum with Harry Truman is indeed a stimulating walk through history.

These guided tours usually begin at the reproduction of Truman's White House office, beyond the Benton mural near the museum's lobby. Truman presses a button in the doorway of the room that starts a recording of his voice explaining that most of the things in the office, except the duplicated furniture, were in the White House when he was President.

On the desk, a copy of the one used by the Presidents since Theodore Roosevelt, is a small cannonball from the Battle of Bunker Hill. The chair behind the desk is the one Truman sat in as President; an ou~going President must leave his desk but may take his chair with him.

On the wall of the office is a significant historical document which turned up in the attic of Truman's house in Independence 'in I947-a certificate of his election in 1922 to his first public office, a county judgeship. It was an administrative rather than a judicial position as its title implies. Truman tried for this elective office after the failure of his men's haberdashery shop in Kansas City.

From the President's office, Truman steers his guest towards the museum's Presidential exhibit room, stopping on the way to show him displays of gifts he received from foreign nations while in the White House.

"Pe'ople ask me whether it's proper to turn these gifts over to the Library instead of keeping them myself," Truman oJten says.

"I say it is proper because they weren't given to Harry Truman, an old Missouri farmer. They were given to the President of the United States, so they belong to the American people."

Truman is especially proud of a Greek vase, said to be 2,400 years old, given him by the Greek Government. It acknowledges the economic ,and military aid that he rushed to Greece under the Truman D,octrine in 1947 to keep that¡ country from falling into the Soviet sphere of influence after it lost Britain's support. Truman became a national hero in Greece; in May 1963 a statue of him was unveiled in Athens.

Truman beams when he leads his visiting guest into the Presidential room because it is concerned with his favourite field of American history. He wants the Truman Library to be .a centre for the study of the Presidency rather than for the study of Harry S. Truman. "Don't play up the Old Man too much," he says to Philip C. Brooks of the National Archives staff who serves as Director of the Library.

"Build up the history of the Presidency."

One side of the museum's Presidential' exhibit room has a display of original Presidential documents, representing all of the past Presidents. Among them are Jefferson's request to Congress for funds for the Lewis and Clark expedition, Lincoln's suspension of the writ of habeas corpus, Wilson's proclamation of war against Germany, and the

Campaigning for the Presidential election in 1948, Truman was confident of victory in spite of many forecasts to the contrary.

To inspire interest in history and government among young people is Truman's preoccupation. typewritten first draft of Franklin D. Roosevelt's message to Congress after the attack on Pearl Harbour, edited and revised in Roosevelt's own handwriting. The message originally began with the words, "Yesterday, December 7, 1941, a date that will live in world history .... " Roosevelt scratched out "world history" and wrote instead "infamy," making the sentence one of the memorable lines of all time.

Probably Truman's favourite in the exhibit, a docume.nt that he regards as one of the greatest in the history of the Presidency, is Andrew Jackson's Nullification Proclamation, warning South Oirolina against using armed force in its avowed refusal to obey the Federal tariff laws of 1828 and 1832. Truman often comments with admiration on Jackson's threat, "Disunion by armed force is treason.

Are you really ready to incur its guilt?"

"In other words," Truman says, "Jackson was telling the people of South Carolina that if they didn't do what the Federal Government was telling them to do, he'd go down there and hang them. They knew he would, too."

Visitors at the Library often ask Truman to name his favourite Presidents and to mention those he considers not so good. He says that the great oRes were Washington, Jefferson, Jackson, Lincoln, Cleveland, Theodore Roosevelt, Wilson and Franklin D. Roosevelt.

"Washington was one of the. most abused men in the White House," he said recently.

"He took-an awfu1 beating from Congress and the newspapers, just like some other Presidents I know. We shouldn't overlook James K. Polk. He bought the Southwest for the same price Jefferson paid for the Louisiana Purchase. That expanded the country to the Pacific and made us a continental power Cleveland restored power to the office of the Presidency. After the war between the States, an old man up in Pennsylvania named Thad Stevens tried to take away almost all of the powers of the Presidency and he almost succeeded. Cleveland restored them. He refused to be browbeaten by Congress. Teddy Roosevelt had the courage to fight against control of the government by the financial institutions, the banks and Wall Street. He was the first President I ever saw. He came to Kansas City in 1904, when I was working at the National Bank of Commerce, and I ran down to the comer of Tenth and Main Streets to see what a President looked like.

After I became President myself, I found out that people ran like that to see the President, not the man. The great Presidents were followed by Presidents not so great-and the reason I can say that is because I followed a great President." .

Truman often expresses his high opinion of Andrew Johnson, Lincoln's successor whom Congress tried to impeach. He reminds visitors

that Johnson's troubles as President stemmed from the often overlooked fact that he was a Tennessee Democrat, sympathetic towards the defeated South, battling in the post-Civil War period against a Congress dominated by radical Northern Republicans who wanted \ to persecute the Southern States. "Because Johnson was Lincoln's Vice President, everybody assumes he was a Republican like Lincoln," Truman explains. "He wasn't.

Lincoln and Johnson ran on a Union ticket in 1864, not a Republican ticket. Johnson was an upright, Constitution-minded President who had one of the hardest administrations in our history."

Truman feels identified with Johnson; he, too, was a Democratic President who had to contend with a Republican Congress during a postwar period, and his Missouri family, border-State Democrats, like Johnson, were sentimentally tied to the South in the Civil War. Truman often recalls that when he joined the Missouri National Guard as a private in 1905, his maternal grandmother asked him not to wear its blue Army uniform in her presence. His younger brother, Vivian, playfully warned his mother, when she was preparing to make her first visit to the White House in 1945, that she would have to sleep in Abraham Lincoln'S bed. "You tell Harry if he puts me in the room with Lincoln's bed in it, I'll sleep on the floor," she said.

Truman believes that the Civil War could have been averted if Lincoln's predecessors, Franklin Pierce and James Buchanan, had dealt as firmly with the South's first threats of secession as Jackson did earlier. For this reason, he puts Pierce and Buchanan at the top of his list oJ "do-nothing" Presidents, along with John Tyler, Millard Fillmore, Zachary Taylor, Ulysses S. Grant, Warren G. Harding and Calvin Coolidge.

The Presidency is described by Truman as a combination of six different jobs. The main exhibit in the museum's Presidential room, . along the wall opposite the Presidential documents, illustrates in a series of graphic displays the various functions of these six roles--chief of the executive branch of the government; commander-in-chief of the armed forces; director .of foreign policy; head of State (the ceremonial chieftain who welcomes foreign dignitaries, ...pins medals and throws out the first baseball of the season); legislative leader who proposes, pushes, prevents, approves and vetoes acts of Congress; leader of his own political party. Truman apologizes to visitors. because the illustrations used in the exhibit happen to be' documents, proclamations, newspaper headlines, photographs, correspondence and historic mementos connected with events of his own Presidency. "Just bear in mind that every President of the United States has to do all these different kinds of

things you see me doing here," he says.

As it was obviously intended to do, the exhibit leaves viewers wondering how a President manages to squeeze the overwhelming variety of his official duties into a dawn to midnight seven-day week, and still find a few minutes, now and then, to think. The, scenes in the lighted showcases, focusing on memorable happenings of the 'forties and early 'fifties to explain a Chief Executive's work, also make it stunningly clear that Harry Truman, great or not so great, weathered eight years of heavy going in the White House that few American Presidents have been called upon to face.

Passing by the displays showing him as commander-in-chief and maker of foreign policy-the maps and documents of Korea and the Berlin airlift, the pictures of Potsdam, the round table on which the United Nations charter was signed, fused silicates from the nuclear explosions in Nevadil, New Mexico and Eniwetok, his conversion of the Air Force to jets and his christening, in 1952, of the first atomic-powe~ed submarine-Truman sees things that give him a laugh of happy reminiscence and other' things, reminders of moments of grim crisis, that he would rather forget.

"Stalin gave a big dinner for us over there," Truman says as he pauses before a picture of the Potsdam Conference,. "and all the Russians were drinking a lot of vodka. Stalin kept pouring all night from a special bottle he had in front of him and drinking one drink after another. Finally I asked if I could taste what he had in that bottle. You know it was nothing but a light French white wine!"

The wide, round table of the United Nations charter-signing ceremony has Jo Davidson's bronze head of FDR placed in its centre.

In the centre of the room, beside the large round table is a glass case containing the two Bibles used by Truman when he took the oaths of his two terms as President. As he looks at the Bible on which he was sworn in hurriedly at the White House after President Roosevelt's death, he is likely to recall that Roosevelt's confused secretarial staff made a long frantic search before they found it. "If I'd known what was afoot, I'd have used Grandpa Truman's Bible, which was in my office bookcase," he wrote later in a letter to his ninety-two-year old mother and his sister, Mary Jane.

The letter,· which Truman published in his memoirs, gives a moving account of that day: Dear Mamma and Mary: Well, I have had the most momentous, and the most trying time Continued on next page ·Courtesy Life Magazine.

All Rights Reserved.

© 1955 Time Inc.

'The only thing that kept the White House standing was habit.' anyone could possibly have, since Thursday, April 12th.

Maybe you'd like to know just what happened.

We'd had a long, drawn out debate in the Senate and finally came to an agreement for a recess at 5 p.m. until Friday, April 13th.

When I went back to my office, a call from Sam Rayburn, Speaker of the House, was awaiting me. Sam wanted me to come over to the House side of the Capitol and talk to him about policy and procedure and, as Alice in¡ Wonderland would say, "Shoes and ships and sealing wax and things." ...

But-as soon as I came into the room Sam told me that Steve Early, the President's confidential press secretary, wanted to talk to me.

I called the White House and Steve told me to come to the White House "as quickly and as quietly" as I could. Well I told Sam I had to go to the White House on a special. call and, that he should say nothing about it.

I ran all the way to my office in the Senate by way of the unfrequented corridors in the Capitol, told my office' force that I'd been summoned to the White House and to say. nothing about it....

When I arrived at the Pennsylvania entrance to the most famous house in America, a couple of ushers met me . . . and then took me up to Mrs. Roosevelt's study on the second floor.

She and Mrs. Boettiger, her daughter, and her husband the Lt. Col., and Steve Early. were there. Mrs. Roosevelt put her arm on my' shoulder and said, "Harry, the President is dead."

It was the only time in my life, I think, that [ ever felt as if I'd had a real shock. I had hurried to the White House to see the President, and when I arrived, I found I was the President.

No one in the history of our country ever had it happen to him just that way....

And when Truman recovered froin his shock, he said to Mrs. Roosevelt, "Is there anything I can do for you?" "Is there anything we can do for you?" Eleanor Roosevelt said. "For you are the one in trouble now."

"The first decision I had to make as President, fifteen minutes after I was sworn in," Truman says, "was whether the conference in San Francisco to set up the United Nations should go on as Ptesident Roosevelt had planned it. The decisions I had to make came thick and fast after that."

When he looks at the display of Presidential. documents in the Library's museum, Truman talks about the Presidents of the past as if he knew each one of them personally. He has immersed himself in American history since he was eight years old, when the need to wear glasses turned him from outdoor games to books. "By the time. I was thirteen or fourteen," he has said, "I had read all the books in the Independence Public Library."

Turning from the past to his contemporaries, the other living ex-Presidents, Truman speaks of Herbert Hoover with warm admiration. During World War II, Hoover felt offended because President Roosevelt never offered him a position of service in the war effort. Shortly after Truman became President, he read in a newspaper that Hoover was at , the Shoreham Hotel in Washington. He picked up a telephone and invited Hoover to come to the White House. Truman asked Hoover to plan a programme for meeting the food shortage then crucial in many parts of the world, a task Hoover accepted eagerly. The two men have been close friends ever since.

An exhibit in the Library's museum commemorates Truman's decision to rebuild completely the interior of the White House, a decision that saved the Executive Mansion from the danger of a disastrous collapse.

If Truman's daughter, Margaret, now the wife of Clifton Daniel of The New York Times, had not been musically inclined, the structural weakness of the White House might not have been discovered in time to avert a possibly tragic crash.

Late in 1947, two floor beams cracked and sagged under the weight of a piano that had been installed in Miss Truman's sitting room at the Northwest corner of the second floor.

This confirmed Truman's earlier suspicions that something was wrong with the building.

He called in architects and engineers to examine the mansion. Their findings caused Truman to move his family hurriedly to the Blair House, across Pennsylvania Avenue, and, between 1949 and 1951, to tear out the inside of the White House, erecting within the familiar and historic shell a new supporting framework of steel and concrete on new and deeper foundations. Alterations and additions ordered by various Presidents over the years, particularly a roof of one hundred and eighty tons added by Calvin Coolidge, had made the White House too heavy for its original walls.

"My heart trembles when I think of the disaster we might have had with sixteen hundred people at those White House receptions, none of them knowing that the hundred-and-eightyton roof might drop on their heads at any moment," Truman has said. "The only thing that kept the White House standing up was habit."

When he takes a visitor through the museum, Truman usually ends the tour at an exhibit of the greatest of all the documents of his Presidency, the surrender agreement with Japan that ended World War 11,signed aboard the battleship Missouri in Tokyo Bay in 1945.

Truman makes no. bones of the fact that he picked the Missouri for the surrender ceremony because it was named after his native State and because his daughter, Margaret, had christened the ship.

Harry Truman, left, and Mrs. Johnson leave White House for Greece to represent President Johnson, right, at funeral of King Paul.

The basement corridor in the Library building, leading from the Missouri surrender exhibit, is lined with cartoons dealing with Truman and the events of his administration.

One of them, which Truman delights in pointing out to visitors, is a co loured caricature by Al Hirschfeld, captioned "Two Views of Harry Truman." It shows Truman, kneeling by a pool in a Narcissus-like pose, a lily-pure and modestly smiling beatific angel. But the image' reflected in the water is of a 'red and villainous devil. The cartoon was an accurate appraisal of how America regarded Truman back in 1951, when the caricature was published; many peopl~ admired and respected him as a President and many others could not stand him.

Longevity softens and dissolves politicaJ bitterness. Some of the people who couldn't stand Harry Truman ten or fifteen years ago are now beginrling to have second thoughts about him. "The more I think about it the more I think that Harry Truman will go down in history as one of the greater Presidents," Senator Barry Goldwater said recently. Clare Booth Luce, a severe Republican critic when he was President, was moved last May to acclaim Truman. Noting that the Greeks were erecting a statue of him in Athens to acknowledge the economic and military aid he rushed to that country to keep it out of the Soviet sphere of influence, Mrs. Luce wrote in the New York Journal-American: "The Athens' statue of Truman shows him holding a copy of the Truman Doctrine. This doctrine, proclaimed in 1947, and soon supplemented by the Marshall Plan, certainly saved Greece, Turkey, Italy and France-perhaps all of Europe-outside the Iron Curtain. And equally certain, Truman's decision to stand in Korea saved at least half of that countryand probably the Philippines and Japan. The Berlin airlift rescued West Berlin from strangulation and absorption by the communists.

These are no mean deeds. Reflecting on them, one begins to ask why is not all Europe studded with statues of Mr. Truman?"

Truman himself might not be inclined to go along with that. "I do not believe that monuments should be erected to a living person," he has said.

He has also said, "I wasn't one of the great Presidents, but I had a good time trying to be one, I can tell you that." â&#x20AC;˘

Beginning in March, primary elections helped determine voter preferences for possible party candidates for President. The decision was made at party conventions, right, where supporters of individual candidates sought votes of delegates, above, on behalf of their favourites. Finally, each State delegation cast its ballots, and the winner of a majority of votes was declared party's candidate lor President.

((The people know their rights, and they are never slow to assert and maintain them when they are invaded .... " * "In leaving the people's business in their own hands, we cannot be wrong." * "This country, with its institutions, belongs to the people who inhabit it.

Whenever they shall grow weary of the existing government, they can exercise their constitutional right of amending it or their revolutionary right to dismember or overthrow it." * "I freely acknowledge myself the servant of the people according to the bond of servicethe United States Constitution-and that, as such, I am responsible to them." * ((The people of these United States are the rightful masters of both congresses and courts, not to overthrow the Constitution, but to overthrow the men who per'vert the Constitution.')

-ABRAHAM

LINCOLN,

Sixteenth President of the United States.

From early September to election day, candidates for public office make scores of appearances, above, where they discuss current issues, state their views, and answer voters' questions. They also attend party rallies, picnics. and ride in torchlight parades, right, in efforts to win support at polls.

"1 consider the people who constitute a society or nation as the source of all authority in that nation; as free to transact their common concerns by any agents they think proper; to change these agents individually or the arganization of them in form or function whenever they please.... " -THOMAS

JEFFERSON,

Third President of the United States.

On election day voters cast ballots using machines in some States, left, written ballots in others. Election returns are broadcast by television. centre, to some 60 million homes. Crowds of partisans fill election night headquarters, right, as national vote is tallied.

Electors vote for candidate who won popular vote in their State during Novemqer election.

HEFORMAL BALLOTING for President takes place long after po!ling day through the machinery of the Electoral College.

The Founding Fathers of the Constitution originally intended that the voting should be by this indirect method with the Electors chosen from the leading citizens of each State coming together away from the emotional heat of the direct democratic process and casting their ballots in a sober fashion for President and Vice President. In some States the names of these rival sets of Electors rather than the rival candidates for President and Vice President appear on the ballot. The practice now is for the Electors to vote for the candidate who carried their State in the November Presidential election, though in certain Southern States a deliberately unpledged slate of Electors has beaten both major party groups. In 1960 the Mississippi slate was elected unpledged (it eventually voted for Senator Harry Byrd of Virginia) and the Alabama Electors were split-five for Kennedy and six for Byrd. These however are very unusual exceptions. The prevailing rule is that the candidate receiving a majority of the popular vote in each State receives that State's complete bloc of votes in the Electoral College. Kennedy led Nixon by less than 9,000 votes out of four million cast in Illinois in the last election but picked up all the State's twenty-seven electoral votes. In 1964 there will be a total Electoral College vote of 538 (the District of Columbia will take part in the election for the first time and have three votes). The number needed to elect will be 270. Should any candidate fail to obtain the necessary majority the President would then be chosen by the House of Representatives, voting in delegations under the unit rule on the basis of one vote for each State. This has happened only twice-in 1801and 1825. It is mathematically possible for a candidate to win a bigger proportion of the nation-wide popular vote than his opponent and still lose in the Electoral College, but this too is extremely rare and has happened only twicein 1876 and 1888. The pattern was nearly repeated in 1960 when Kennedy beat Nixon by 303 votes to 219 in the Electoral College despite a wafer-thin national popular vote majority of 112,803. (Eisenhower had been triumphant over Stevenson by more than nine and a half million four years earlier.)

THEELECTORAL COLLEGE does not actually formally meet. The votes of the Electors, certified by the State authorities, are sent to the Senate where the presiding officer opens the registered certificates and has them counted at a joint session of both Houses of Congress early in January. The formal announcement of the result is usually made by the retiring Vice President. In the absence of a Vice President on this occasion the duty will probably be performed in 1965 by the President pro tempore of the Senate, Senator Carl Hayden of Arizona. The new President will be inaugurated at noon on January 20, 1965, and will commence a four-year term in office. The colourful inauguration ceremony on Capitol Hill marks both the beginning of the new Administration and the final act in a profoundly democratic process which has engaged the efforts of the whole American nation for several months. But long before the new President takes over, the American nation has already settled back in its usual order of business, accepting the will of the majority as to its leaders and working together as a united people. â&#x20AC;˘

T

Perhaps the finest American landscape photographer, Ansel Adams practises his craft as an art form. In photographing

an object,

he applies both technical and artistic ability to reveal not only its outer shape but also its inner form. A portfolio of his photographs appears

on the following pages.

ANSEL ADAMS Artist

with

Camera

HOTOGRAPHY AS PRACTISED by Ansel Adams is an art.

Long recognized as one of America's most outstanding creative photographers, he has pictured the natural beauty of the western United States more eloquently than any photographer or artist.

Adams has a reverence for the special world he photographs -a world that holds the magnificence of the out-of-doors. His love of nature and enthusiastic interest in conservation were revealed early in his youth, when he discovered the grandeur of the Sierra Mountains and Yosemite Valley, located in California.

Born in San Francisco in 1902, Adams first photographed the Sierras with a simple box camera when he was a boy of fourteen. Since then, he confesses, his life "has been coloured and modulated by the great earth-gesture of the Sierra." His favourite photographic subject is mountain country and this special preoccupation has been strengthened by his life-long interest in the Sierra Club, founded by the great American naturalist, John Muir.

Ansel Adams is generally regarded as perhaps the finest American landscape photographer. The natural splendours he has photographed become works of art as he observes "the beauty of wide horizons and the tender perfection of detail. ... " This artist-photographer chooses his subject before he ever sets up his camera. For him, light is the most elemental part of his creative work; for him, photography is perception. His whole purpose is dedicated to perfection and he sees the final Continued on next page

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Ansel Adams believes m the principle that the limitations of the camera are its strength. photograph in his mind's eye as he studies his subject.

Adams' sensitivities as a musician-he is a pianist-and poet blend with his artistic ability to express drama in a thunderhead, spectacular loveliness in granite slopes glistening with ice and snow, or the beauty of light on a dead tree. Mood is virtually created by the sparkle of the light and the organization of space. In this sense, he imparts a personal emotional interpretation that graphically communicates a magic appeal to his onlookers and makes an important contribution to the conservation of outdoor beauty.

This master's most basic technique is determination of

optimum exposure while he strives for objectivity. Technically based upon the classical principles of sensitometry, Adams has introduced another important factor: he has based his system on aesthetic as well as scientific demands. He is a purist or classicist, adhering to the principle that the limitations of the camera are its strength. Since discipline and excellence are basic to his art, Adams rejects the "push-button approach."

As a classicist, Adams continues to strongly influence current photographic work, along with fellow-classicists Edward Weston and Paul Strand. In turn, the work of all three was strongly influenced by the pioneer American photographer Alfred Stieglitz

(1864-1946), champion of photography as an art. Like Stieglitz, Adams is a brilliant teacher and technician who wants "to help people to see the world more clearly."

In promoting his belief that photography can be as pure an art form as any other, he annually conducts a ten-day "how-to-do-it" workshop in picturesque Yosemite Valley in June.

Helping him teach technical skills are Nancy Newhall, who has written many books with Adams, and her husband, Beaumont Newhall, Director of George Eastman House in Rochester, New York, and a leading historian of the art and Continued on page 40

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technique of photography.

The photographs of Ansel Adams have been exhibited in the world's principal cities. The November 1963 exhibition at the M. H. DeYoung Memorial Museum in San Francisco may rank as one of the largest one-man photographic shows of all time.

Spanning forty years of Adams' work, the display included 454 photographs, ranging in size from contact prints to murals, that filled ten galleries of the museum.

The life of Adams and the recognition of photography as a significant art form is beautifully documented in a new book titled Ansel Adams: The Eloquent Light. Nancy Newhall, who has collaborated with Adams on five books, has fused word and photograph into a life-size portrait of a man she has known for twenty years as a photographer, musician, mountaineer, teacher, conservationist and writer-always the "constructive bellig-

erent" who rebelled against the fashionable arts. She has written more than a biography, however, because the new book tells the graphic story of the coming of age of photography in our time. She eloquently portrays the growth of Ansel Adams as a man and artist and his constant striving towards an ideal shared by a devoted wife and friends, and the major role he played in revolutionizing concepts and vision, along with other outstanding artists.

A lean, tall, black-bearded man of sixty-two, the boots and Stetson hat he wears properly suit the "constructive belligerent," but boldly contrast with the sensitive artist who is humbled by what his camera can accomplish for him.

Ansel Adams has made a significant contribution to the national heritage of his country-and to photography everywhere -with his eloquent photographs of the great out-of-doors. â&#x20AC;˘

Since this article was written the prospects of a manned landing on the moon by the end of this decade have improved by the successful flight of the u.S. Ranger-7 spacecraft and the historic pictures it transmitted of the lunar surface. A preliminary study of these pictures, described as 2,000 times more detailed than any taken by the world's most powerful telescopes, indicates that the sUlface of the moon where Ranger-7 landed isfirm and would be safe for astronauts to walk on. The data provided by these photographs will be checked and supplemented by further investigation. The

Surveyor series of unmanned spacecraft, scheduled for launching in 1966, are designed to land gently on the moon, televising pictures for a month after landing. Surveyor will also be equipped to dig and analyse samples of soil and to radio its findings to earth. Another series, the Orbiter, will circle the moon at an altitude of about eighty miles and transmit photographs over long periods. These projects are planned to supplement the knowledge of the moon described in the following article, which is based on the book THE MOON by Virgilio Brenna, published by Golden Press, Inc.

The Past and Future of Our Neighbour the Moon The first rocket landings on the moon will provide answers to many questions that have puzzled scientists for centuries.

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Saturn V roars skywards, its first stage burning 15 tons of fuel each second for two and a half minutes. Then it drops off and the second stage is ignited to carry the crew towards moon course.

Saturn V is ready for launch.

Escape tower at top will separate from rocket in case of an emergency, take crew to safety.

Man's maiden known world. men are being The pictures astronauts are

NCE THE MOON WAS ACCESSIBLE only to flights of fancy.

Today, it lies within range of existing rockets, and most of the groundwork is well under way towards landing space explorers on its strangely pocked and furrowed surface.

In a relatively short time- 1970 is the target date for an American landing-men will explore the surface of the moon. The first rocket landings there, even of unmanned spacecraft, will provide answers to many questions that have puzzled scientists for centuries.

How was the moon created? When? Of what is it made? Is there life on the moon? Was there ever? Is there a lunar atmos-

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With vehicle on lunar path, protective casing is ejected, exposing Lunar Excursion Module which will land on moon while Command Module orbits the moon.

voyage to the moon will be an adventure to a little But plans are completed, equipment is being tested, trained, problems of space travel are being studied. on these pages show, step by step, how U.S. planning to make a lunar landing later this decade.

phere? Was there ever? How were the surface features of the moon formed-the great craters and mountains, and the socalled "seas"? Is the cosmic dust, which has been settling on the lunar surface since the time of the moon's creation, a centimetre thick, a metre thick, or even deeper-a kilometre? When man arrives, how will he be able to survive?

The most natural first question to ask about the moon is how it came to be. Unfortunately, the reports of the first lunar explorers will probably provide very little information. Man has had the earth to examine for scores of centuries, but as long and as deeply as he has studied it, no one has offered a completely satisfactory account of its origin. The moon can be expected to Continued on next page

Lunar Excursion Module (LEM) with a crew of two astronauts begins iis journey to moon. Third astronaut orbits moon in the Command Module.

Inside the vehicle the crew take star sightings. Guidance system in the ship and tracking system on ground correct the craft's deviation, if there is any, from the desired flight path.

Studies of the moon reveal that it must be a weird, still and silent world, totally unlike anything life on earth can show us. be no less stubborn in denying satisfaction to man's curiosity about its beginnings. But there are theories.

The theory most recently to come into favour with astronomers and cosmologists is the Dust Cloud Hypothesis. We know that space, though a more nearly perfect vacuum than can be created in laboratories with the most modern equipment, is not entirely free of matter. Tiny "dust" particlesatoms and molecules-are scattered thinly' throughout interstellar space. According to the Dust Cloud Hypothesis, all celestial bodies were created from the coming together of vast clouds of interstellar dust into solid, liquid and gaseous form.

These clouds in turn had been formed from the joining of atoms into molecules, of molecules into groups of molecules, and of small groups into larger groups.

The pressure of light drives the atoms of gas and dust together in space. The dust cloud will grow in mass and density until the force of gravity within it is greater than the force of light pressure exerted upon it. Then it will start to contract, or collapse. In short, the dust cloud condenses; most of it goes to form a sun, the centre of the resulting system of bodies. But some parts do not, and these are the planets. The time it would take for the formation and collapse of a giant dust cloud has

been estimated at less than a billion years.

However the moon came into being, most astronomers agree that, originally, it must have been a sphere of molten or very hot material and that, as time passed, it cooled and took on the appearance we know today. Astronomers believe that the earth and moon were born at about the same time-between four or five billion years ago.

There the similarity between earth and moon ends. The lunar surface is fixed and unchanging; the earth changes with each day, month and season. Let a single leaf fall from a tree on earth, and there will have been a greater change than may occur on the moon in a hundred autumns. Water covers almost three quarters of the earth's surface; on the moon, there can be none.

On earth, there is life; on the moon, there can be none.

A vast distance lies between the earth and the nearest star.

By comparison, earth and moon are so close in space as to be practically touching. And yet, it is a very great distance by earth's standards of measurement: 384,551 kilometres. Imagine travelling ten times around the earth at the equator; that is the length of a voyage to the moon.

It would take approximately 465,000 full moons to light our nights as brightly as the sun does our days. The moon's brightness

This picture shows LEM in three positions as it makes approach for touchdown. Landing speed is reduced to II ki!ol1lelres per hour by firing retro-rockets.

Most exciting moment is reached when astronauts step out of LEM for man's first personal view of lunar surface. They may spend 24 hours before returning, leaving behind instruments that wil! continue to send information to earth.

is deceptive: a candle 100 centimetres away burns four times more brightly than the moon.

The moon, of course, does not burn, nor is it correct to speak of its "lighting" our nights. The moon does not generate any light at all. It merely reflects the light of the sun and sometimes, very faintly, the light of the sun reflected to it from the earth. This latter light is called earthshine.

Observation of the moon with a heat-sensitive device called a bolometer-which is attached to a large telescope-shows that the surface temperature during the day rises to at least 107 centigrade, and during the night falls to as low as minus llr.

From these figures, we get our first indication of what future lunar explorers must be equipped to withstand. The figures also give a strong indication that the moon is without life, certainly without any form of life we know on earth.

The extremes of hot and cold measured on the moon imply something vastly more important to the survival of future lunar explorers than the need to be bundled up by night and airconditioned by day. By their very existence, such extremes of temperature on the moon tell us that there is no appreciable lunar atmosphere. The moon must be a weird, still, silent world, totally unlike anything life on earth can show us. There can be no weather on the moon-no wind, no snow, no rain, no fog, no clouds, none of the common changes that make one day different from the next on earth.

Even without the aid of a telescope, we can see that the 0

Its landing gear acting as launch pad, the craft now blasts away from moon to meet Command Module.

surface of the moon is mottled, with patches of white and dark.

What we see as dark patches are what Galileo saw and first called seas. The idea that the seas were actually bodies of water so struck the fancy of early selenographers (geographers of the moon) that even when later scientists showed that the moon must be waterless, the designation remained, resisting all efforts to replace it with a more, appropriate name. What are called seas are actually deserts"desertsi more arid and inhospitable to life than any we know on earth; Of all the features of the moon's surface, its mountains bear the greatest similarity to their counterparts on earth. There are moon mountains towering higher than Mt. Everest, but in appearance, they are quite different. The mountains of earth, exposed to the wear of weather for millions of years, are worn relatively smooth. The mountains of the moon, however, are thrust into a vacuum, and can be expected to look today about as they did when they were created.

The famous German selenographer Julius Schmidt completed a map of the moon in 1878 that showed almost 33,000 craters and craterlike formations. Schmidt said he thought as many as 100,000 would be visible through a more powerful telescope than his. Today, modern telescopes have drawn the moon closer than Schmidt thought possible. The correct figure for the total number of craters is probably well over 1,000,000.

Walled plains are the largest of the lunar craters, rivalling Continued on next page

This interior view of LEM shows two-man crew as it makes final approach "to Command Module for rendezvous in space. Radar aboard both craft helps astronauts rejoin their ships for earth journey. Command Module orbited moon while LEM made its lunar landing.

If man does not by his own hand destroy himself first, he has practically infinite time to look for another habitable world. some of the smaller seas in area. They are, as the name suggests, vast deserts bounded by a ring of massive mountains, and are usually the older of the lunar formations. A typical walled plain is Clavius, which is 235 kilometres in diameter, with a mountain ring that rises from 3,600 metres to 5,100 metres above the floor. Clavius is so vast that from the centre only the tops of the mountains ringing it would be visible.

As the telescope brought the moon closer to man, man's reasoning about what he observed there brought him closer to the truth about the lunar surface. But a gap still exists. Rockets and rocket-borne equipment will provide information to narrow the gap further. But until the substance of the moon has been weighed and measured, until the lunar mountains have been climbed and the great craters explored, a gap will always exist between what is and what is known.

Astronomers agree on one sobering fact: the earth, the moon, the earth-moon system. even the sun, all together and each individually, are doomed. The death of the moon impends for two different reasons, each independent of the other. One is the action of tidal friction. The other has to do with the evolution of the sun.

The beating of the oceans against the shores is but a small fraction of a total activity called tidal friction that each year, by infinitesimal amounts, is slowing the rate of earth's rotation about its axis. As the earth's rate of rotation decreases, the moon in its orbit pulls farther away into space. Today, the moon is increasing its mean distance from the earth at the rate of approximately 12.7 centimetres per year.

Should nothing interrupt the gradual retreat of the moon and slowing of the earth's rotation on its axis, there will come a time when the length of the day, based on the earth's rotation, and the month, based on the moon's revolution around the earth, are the same-about forty-seven of our present days.

By then, because of increased distance, the moon's tide-rising influence on the earth will have dwindled. And the sun's tiderising force will become the dominant cause of tidal friction.

The day will become longer than the month, and the moon's tidal forces will be applied in the opposite direction. This opposite force will cause the earth's rotational velocity to increase, and once it increases, the moon's .orbital radius will decrease. As it now spirals out away from the earth, the moon will then spiral in towards us.

Preparing to re-enter the earth's atmosphere, the astronauts in Command Module jettison the Service Module, and approach the 64-kilometre re-entry corridor.

During one of the most hazardous Periods of flight following turn-around manoeuvre, Command Module re-enters earth's atmosphere, its glowing heat-shield protecting the astronauts from tremendous re-entry temperatures.

This inward spiral path will carry the moon to its destruction. As it draws closer to the earth, the earth's attraction on it will grow stronger. This will finally become more than the moon can stand. It will fragment into countless pieces, each piece following its own orbit, and all together forming a ring around the earth, perhaps similar to the rings that encircle Saturn. However, 50 billion years would not be enough to complete the lunar evolution to destruction; there is little chance that either the earth or the moon will survive long enough for it to happen. The reason is the evolution of our sun.

The sun is now a stable star, one of many millions in our galaxy. It ranks as a very ordinary member of the star tribe, and its greatest, perhaps only, distinction may be that it sheds life-giving light on man. Other stars may own much greater or prouder distinctions.

Our sun will remain stable for about another five billion years; then it will begin to expand. It will become either what is known as a red giant or a super giant. If it becomes a red giant, it will expand to 20 or 30 times its present radius. It will then be big enough to boil all our oceans and rivers and lakes dry, leaving earth lifeless and incapable of giving rise to new life. The earth and moon will survive intact, but no one will remain to rejoice in that. As a super giant, the sun will expand to 200 or 300 times its present radius. At the greater radius, earth and moon will be engulfed by the sun. Vaporized, their

Three main parachutes open at 3,000 metres above earth, help the spacecraft float gently to the landing area.

substances will mingle with the sun's. Even jf the sun expands only as far as Venus, the end of life on earth will be quick.

After remaining a red giant or super giant for a short while, the sun will burn up its remaining supply of hydrogen and will rapidly decline to the status of a faintly luminous white dwarf, possibly first passing through a stage, in which brief, explosive bursts will finish off whatever remains of the already-dead earth and moon.

The sun's career as a white dwarf will be long in timelasting 50 billion years-but insignificant. Its pale light will be a poor, dim show in the universe, its vast bulk shrunk to no more than moon size, its fires spent, its furnaces banked and cooling. In the end, the sun will become but another in the myriad of dark unworshipped stars that abide in outer space, perhaps attended by its retinue of equally dead planets and moons.

Whether man and life on earth must share the doom of their planet will depend on the ability of science and the willingness of man at some future time to migrate to another body in space, to another solar system that can sustain life after it has become impossible in our own solar system.

Although the time available for science to look for another habitable world is practically infinite-if man does not by his own hand destroy himself first-the need ultimately to discover such a world makes the conquest of the moon, as the first step, meaningful. Will such another world be found? â&#x20AC;˘

THE

ARTS

A capsule revzew of cultural highlights zn the United States.

American Poster '63, published by the Art Director's Club, Chicago; Editor: Jack Amon.

BALZAC,THEFRENCHnovelist, was once said to have remarked contemptuously: "Is there anything under the sun which people will not collect? They collect buttons, walking sticks, fans, political pamphlets and newspapers. One day they may even collect posters."

But since the days of Balzac much has happened to the poster, which has increasingly come to be regarded not only as a very effective advertising medium but also as an art form.

In recent years the design of posters has become a challenge to the artist. In many countries, including America, there is now a growing awareness of the need for aesthetically satisfying commercial posters.

This fascinating annual, American Poster '63, edited by Jack Amon and published by the Art Director's Oub of Chicago, offers a glimpse of the heights attained by recent American poster designs. Some of the posters reproduced in this collection are a monument to commercial art.

Chicago, geographically America's "halfway point," has been the venue of national poster exhibitions for the last thirty years.

Such shows, the sponsors have felt, have different appeals to different groups of people: the advertiser, the designer, the art director, the student of advertising, the prospective buyer of the product advertised, or the simple viewer. Taken as a whole, the different attitudes and reactions which such poster exhibitions evoke in these divergent groups of people lead invariably towards effective poster communication.

This particular annual, a kind of posters' anthology, includes forty-nine illustrations, many in colour reproductions, which are selecte'dfrom last year's poster show sponsored

by Chicago's Art Director's Club. Of those included in the volume, a panel of judges has chosen five posters as best exhibits and an additional seven meriting special mention.

But nearly all are outstanding, all exercise that fundamental ability of the successful designer: imagination.

The exhibits reveal one more aspect of the poster which clearly distinguishes it from other media of advertising. Whether meant to be plastered on country barns or brick walls or pasted on the space specially provided for in cities, these posters, like all good posters, have an essential and easily recognizable quality: as samples of effective outdoor advertising they playa role as an intrinsic, integrated part of a community.

From the point of view of subject matter the posters, all experiments with ideas, cover a vast range of fields-from hotdogs to automobiles, and from spectacles to telephones.

Graphic, dramatic and hard-hitting, they tell a story of human, not merely commercial, interest.

In this aesthetically produced and intelligently edited publication, it is the illustra-

boat in the background, and "Summer Twilight," a street scene wittily punctuated by a delightfully long-beaked pigeon and an intestine-like cloud overhead.

Humour was always evident in Stuart Davis' painting, even when it became moreabstract, with planes of solid, bright colour interwoven with a tracery of lines-"colour spaces," he called them.

tions which most often do the talking, the editor's notes or comments or biographical sketches of the judges being simple and short, rendered always in a humorous, attractive prose. In short, this is a valuable publication which will be of interest to the general public as well as those actively engaged in the advertising field.

DEATH HAS TAKENan artist who, for more than four decades, amazed the art world with the perennial freshness and inventiveness of his work.

Stuart Davis, recognized as one of the leading American abstract painters and a forerunner of "pop" art, is dead at the age of sixty-nine. He completed a painting only the day before his fatal heart attack.

He once defined his work in these words: "Paris school, abstraction, escapism? Nope, just colour-space compositions, celebrating the resolution in art of stresses set up by some aspects of the American scene." Those aspects included skyscrapers, taxicabs, the brilliant colours of gasoline stations, fast travel by train, auto and airplane, electric signs, kitchen utensils, motion pictures and radio, and jazz music-all of which appeared in his paintings in one form or another.

A life-long city dweller, Mr. Davis drew much of his artistic inspiration from aspects of urban life. He was born in Philadelphia, the son of a cartoonist and art editor of a local newspaper. Not unexpectedly, art interested him at an early age, and when he was sixteen he began studying in New York with Robert Henri, leader of the group of realists later to be known as the "Ash-Can School" of painters.

By 1919 he had, in his own words, "learned to think of colour more or less objectively, so that I could paint a green tree red without batting an eye." At one stage of his exploration he painted tin cans in a naturalistic manner, at another he created a collage with pieces of cotton and a button sewed on the canvas, and a piece of tin.

In 1927 he began his most famous experiment: a series of abstract variations on a theme involving a rubber glove, an electric fan and an egg beater. For a year he explored, distorted and transformed the objects into endless arrangements of flat planes and geometric shapes. "My aim was to strip a subject down to the real physical source of its stimulus," he once explained. "Everything that I have done since has been based on that egg-beater idea."

During the 1920s and much of the 1930s, he portrayed the American urban scene in new, pungent ways, by distorting, simplifying and combining various natural objects into colourful, unnaturalistic designs. Among these works were "Garage Lights," comparatively realistic with its gasoline pumps and a ferry-

In his lifetime, Mr. Davis received many honours, among them the Guggenheim International Award in 1958 and 1960, the 1962 American Institute of Architects Fine Arts gold medal, and the 1964 Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts gold medal. His work -fresh as that of the youngest painterhangs in important collections, both public and private, throughout the United States.

Katherine Anne Porter, by Ray B. West, Jr., University of Minnesota Pamphlets on American Writers, No. 28, 1963; 65 cents.

SPEAKING RECENTLY INNew Delhi of Katherine Anne Porter, Dr. James B. Hall, a visiting American writer, reported that Miss Porter could keep an audience of 2,000 entranced for a full hour just by talking from memory.

Katherine Anne Porter (see SPAN March 1963, and page ten in this issue) not only talks, but also writes "from memory." She has, as the noted literary critic Glenway Wescott once remarked, "a kind of style of the mind, rather than the voice or the eye, never perceptibly a manner." This distinctive style, a harmonious combination Qf strict objectivity and an essentially feminine sensitivity, have marked her literary achievements for nearly four decades.

Now a review of Miss Porter's work is available in the University of Minnesota series of pamphlets on American writers. The titles of the University of Minnesota pamphlets include some of America's most distinguished writers: William Faulkner, Ernest Hemingway, Sinclair Lewis. They are helpful guides not only to readers beginning to study American literature but also to mature students desirous of penetrating more deeply into the subject. Each pamphlet provides a brief biographical sketch of the author discussed, a worthwhile critical summary of his or her

writings and a select bibliography.

Since the publication of her widely acclaimed first story, Flowering Judas, in 1930, memory, Mr. Ray B. West points out in his study, has remained the key word in Katherine Anne Porter's method."When,"says Mr. West, "a remembered incident strikes her as having significance, she makes a note; when details accumulate, she adds more notes. At some point in the process, all the details seem to merge into a pattern. With her notes about her, but seldom used, she writes the story.

Most of her notes begin simply: 'Remember l' " Born and educated in the American South --she was born on May 15, 1890-Katherine Anne Porter retains the Southern reflexes of mind. Even as a child, she recalls, she was "precocious, nervous, rebellious, unteachable." And she also knew, from the very beginning, the true vocation of her life. "As soon as I learned to form letters on paper, at about three years," she has said later, "I began to write stories, and this has been the basic and absorbing occupation, the intact line of my life which directs my action, determines my point of view, and profoundly affects my character and personality, my social beliefs and economic status, and the friendships I form."

In spite of this unusual zeal for her craft and the years she has been writing, Miss Porter's published output has not been great. But her preparation as a writer has been long and careful. A prime example of Katherine Anne Porter's extra-careful method of work is Ship of Fools, her only long novel. The novel, an allegory meaning, in the author's own words, "ship of the world, bound for eternity," was published in 1962, but before being finally written down it was in the making for three full decades, in Miss Porter's creative imagination.

Elsewhere, referring to the same devotion to her craft, she says: "All my growing years were lived completely outside of literary coteries; I knew no writers and had no one to consult with on the single vital issue of my life. This self-imposed isolation, which seems to have been almost unconscious on my part, prolonged and made more difficult my discipline as an artist. But it saved me from discipleship, personal influences, and membership in groups."

Brahms: Symphony No.1, in C Minor, Op. 68.

Boston Symphony Orchestra, Erich Leinsdorf conductor. Catalogue number RCA Victor LSC 2711.

BRAHMS' FIRST SYMPHONY, a long-time favourite of American listeners, has been recorded many times by most leading U.S. orchestras. But a new recording by the Boston Symphony Orchestra has been rated by several music critics as "sensational" and "the most impressively recorded Brahms First yet."

Maestro Erich Leinsdorf, the fifty-year-old Vienna-born U.S. conductor now beginning his second season as music director of the Boston Symphony Orchestra, had once been Toscanini's assistant at Salzburg.

Leinsdorf's interpretive genius, product of a successful synthesis of the best in the central European and in the ToscaniniAmerican traditions of music, makes this disc, recorded under his direction, an astonish-

ing feat of perfection. In terms of orchestral synchronization, exquisite detail or the texture of sound, this recorded performance, says David Hall in HiFi/Stereo Review (August 1964), "beggars adequate description" and "must be heard."

THE MOSTEXCITINGtheatre during a New York summer is not on Broadway, or even off-Broadway, but in the city's playgrounds, parks and streets.

No famous stars are involved, and no opulent costumes and scenery dazzle the eyethe performances, after all, are free-but the bewitchment of the audience is as complete as though both elements were present. And that is what makes the experience so exhilarating.

Making free theatre available to the people is not a new idea, of course. New Yorkers have been enjoying Shakespeare in Central Park each summer since 1957, when producer Joseph Papp launched the New York Shakespeare Festival with the aid of public-spirited citizens and organizations. Since then it has achieved both popular and critical success

Truck caravan converts to stage for outdoor presentation of plays near a New York bridge. and become an eagerly anticipated part of the city's summer cultural scene.

But for Mr. Papp this has not sufficed.

He has been keenly aware of the fact that for many people theatre-going is not a way of life. His dream of a mobile theatre has at last materialized, thanks to the help of publisher George T. Delacorte, Jr., city officials and other supporters, and its effectiveness is proved nightly before capacity audiences.

Even before the theatre arrives at its scheduled location-a baseball field, a neighbourhood park, a playground-the people are aware of its coming, for posters and handbills have been distributed by community cen.tres and housing projects' tenant organizations.

The play begins at eight o'clock. It isappropriately for the summer season-A Midsummer Night's Dream, and its magic soon makes itself felt. The company accepting the challenge of the unusual situation, plays broadly, not only because of the large open setting but because it realizes that the audience for the most part is unaccustomed to poetry and Elizabethan language. Some of the lyricism is undoubtedly lost, but not

the humour and gusto-the same qualities that appealed to the untutored audiences of Shakespeare's day.

Shakespeare-on-wheels has proved to be such a success that plans have already been made to expand the operation in 1965.

Meanwhile, work is progressing on another facet of Mr. Papp's festival. Later this season, after the mobile theatre has completed its Shakespearean itinerary, it will be used for seven performances of a double bill in Spanish: The Shoemaker's Prodigious Wife and The Puppet Play of Don Cristobal, both

by Federico Garcia Lorca. This company is headed by Mirian Colon, Puerto Rican actress. It is hoped that a Spanish-speaking company will become a permanent part of the annual festival. .,

Music in America: An Anthology from the Landing of the Pilgrims to the Close of the Civil War, 1620-1865, compiled and edited with historical and analytical notes by W. Thomas Marrocco and Harold Gleason; W. W. Norton & Company, Inc., New York, 1964.

THISANTHOLOGY OF 139 musical compositions, transcribed here for the sake of convenience into conventional notations, spans nearly 250 years of American history. It is a broad collection of information, presented in a style which is at once scholarly and lively. The period covered in this volume attests to a surprising amount of activity in all media of music, conceived within the vast periphery extending from Massachusetts to Georgia, Louisiana and Ohio.

The panorama of American musical landmarks presented here includes, broadly, the first metrical psalms of New Englanders, psalm-settings, sacred and secular choral works, solo songs, keyboard pieces, opera, and music for small instrumental groups.

The concise introductory notes, explaining the historical background of each piece, help the reader understand how some of the spiritual, social and artistic aspirations of early Americans found expression in their music.

A work of this magnitude could only be undertaken by one who is not merely a practising musician, however skilful, but also a scholar of music. The editors of the present anthology fully satisfy both these requirements. Dr. Gleason and Dr. Marrocco have been teaching music for a considerable time and are also practising musicians of repute.

While this is a useful work, there are some omissions which mar its general excellence.

Folk music is, the editors have felt, beyond the scope of this volume. Also not treated here are the music of "New Spain," tribal music of the American Indian, music of the Negro, Gospel songs, ragtime, blues, jazz or the music of many religious sects such as the Quakers, Mennonites, Pietists, Dunkards, and others. Some of these, if not all, could perhaps have been profitably included to make the coverage more comprehensive. Their omission is noticed particularly for two reasons: they possess enough artistic excellence of their own; and they also have a musico-historical significance in precisely that period of American history which this volume covers. But this does not mar the usefulness of the anthology, which will be a valuable guide in history and music classrooms. â&#x20AC;˘