SPAN: December 1971

and Bear Cubs

Mohini, the white tiger

prized by the Washington National Zoo, has become the virtual mascot of a unique "savethe-tiger" campaign. Launched by the Smithsonian Institution, which administers the zoo, the campaign will start with a thorough survey of India's dwindling tiger population. This, it is hoped, will produce data to help preserve the big cats. . According to wildlife authorities, the tiger is fast becoming extinct. The Bali tiger has vanished, the Javanese tiger is now represented by 12 animals and the Siberian tiger by 120 to 130. The Caspian tiger is "very scarce" and the Indo-Chinese tiger population is "rapidly declining." There are at most a few hundred Sumatran tigers, and Bengal tigers number about 2,000.

To raise funds for the Smithsonian's tiger survey, the zoo is selling colour prints of Mohini and one of her cubs (opposite page).

The prints, each of which costs $100, were reproduced from a painting by artist Edward J. Bierly.

At the Washington Zoo, a reception was held recently for some 1Q0persons who had bought prints of Mohini. With Indian music in the background, the guests saw a colour slide show which unfolded the story of Mohini. The rare white tiger was a gift from India in 1960 to the children of the United States.

An interesting sidelight of the reception was the presentation of a print to Bert Barker, head keeper of the zoo's large carnivore division. Mr. Barker has a special claim on Mohini, for he accompanied the tiger on her plane trip to America more than ten years ago.

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SPAN The Gir Forest¡ b:rStephen Berwick

It Could Only Happen in Manipal

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by M. Reyazuddin {'

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Man's Population Predicament

by Rufus Miles -

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Why Fathers Go Broke

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Harvest from Space

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Robert Redfield:' Man and Anthropologist

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Defender of Wilderness e<Jf\..~ "Lti '\

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Wyeth: Toward A Deeper Realitv ft'frs (J I (c{JlfhLI~la' I

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Front Cover: The Asiatic lion is threatened in the deteriorating ecology of the Gir Forest, a subject discussed on pp. 2-7. Photograph by T. Kasinath.

Back Cover: Christmas comes but once a year-which is just as well, considering the problems Santa has to face. Cartoons by Mickey Patel.

Cinnamon bears

have really nothing to do \vith the well-known spice-the name is used m,erelyto describe the reddish brown colour of their fur. Presenting a pair of these cubs to the New Delhi Zoo a few weeks ago, U.S. Ambassador Kenneth B. Keating said: "Cinnamon enriches every food to which it is added. Similarly, I am sure these cubs will enrich this zoo and add to the enjoyment of the visitors by their pranks."

A gift from the Washington Zoo, the bears were accepted by Mr. R.C. Soni, Inspector-General of Forests, Government of India.

At the presentation ceremony, Ambassador Keating referred to the animal exchanges that had taken place between the Washington and Delhi zoos. He said: "I am glad that the panda your zoo presented last April has made an excellent adaptation to life in Washington and that the American male bison which arrived here last February is rapidly gaining in weight and stature."

Editorial Staff: Carmen Kagal, M. Reyazuddin, Avinash Pasricha, Nirmal Sharma, Krishan Gabrani. Art Staff: B. Roy Chowdhury, Nand Katyal, Kanti Roy, Kuldip S. Jus, Gopi Gajwani, Gopal Mehra. Production Staff: Awtar S. Marwaha, Mammen Philip. Photographic Sen'ices: USIS Photo Lab. Published by the United States Information Service; Bahawalpur House, Sikandra Road, New Delhi, on behalf of the American Embassy, New Delhi. Printed by Arun K. Mehta at Vakil & Sons Private Limited, Vakils House, Sprott Road, 18 Ballard Estate, Bombay-I. Photographs: Cover-eourtesy Photo Division, Government of India.

I-LD. Beri. 18-19 top right and bottom-Arthur Schatz, LIFE; 19 bottom right-Richard Saunders. 21-Washington Post. 25 bottomFletcher Drake. 30-31 (split)-courtesy Radio Corporation of America.

33 left--:-Courtesy United Technology Centre. 41-Josef Muench.

Use of SPAN articles in other publications is encouraged, except when copyrighted. For permission, write to the Editor. Subscription: One year, rupees five; single copy, fifty paise. No new subscriptions can be accepted at this time. For change of address, send old address from a recent SPAN envelope along with new address to the Circulation Manager, USIS. New Delhi. Allow six weeks for change of address to become effective.

AFTERPRE-DAWNTEAthe Maldhari herdsmen and their sons hoot, cluck and whistle two dozen buffalo and cattle through an opening in the acacia thorn fencing and into the teak forest to graze, stopping at a waterhole wallow in time for a noon nap.

As dusk gathers, the herd returns in billowing clouds of hot dust to the four- or fivefamily settlement known as a nes. Sometimes, on the way to the hillsides where the

more palatable grasses are found, a 180kilogram lion will emerge from the nullahside shrubs and kill a buffalo or cow. As the men rush to the kill, the lion, which has been dragging his meal into the jungle, gives it up with a snarl and trots into the bush to join his companion by the nullah.

Before mid-morning tea, the hide-collector for this particular nes has stripped the carcass of skin and meat.

In perhaps 15 of the 135 neses of the Gir Forest, a similar scenario is enacted to the interest, satisfaction, or dismay of the principals in this daily drama-the Maldhari, the lion, the hide-collector, such second-hand beneficiaries as the leopard, vulture or mongoose and, for the past three years, the team of ecologists who have been investigating this unique and complex community of plants and animals. continued

A lion with its kill, above left.

With the arrival of the Maldhari tribesmen, partly silhouetted in the picture at far left, the lions have withdrawn from their kill. At left, cattle return homeward in billowing clouds of dust. They make for the nes, below, where the huts of four or five families cluster together. The carcass of a buffalo, right, stripped to the bone by lions and other predators.

The Gir Forest, in the Kathiawar peninsula of Gujarat, is unique as the only remaining home of the Asiatic lion, the national animal of India. This race of lions once ranged through similar semi-arid tracts from Greece to Bihar. The Gir is also the largest biologically intact, continuous tract of land in India reserved primarily for the conservation of its native wild fauna, encompassing an area of nearly 1,300 square kilometres. This sanctuary harbours remnant populations of many species which once constituted the magnificent faunal wealth of India-the spotted deer, sam bur, Indian gazelle, nilgai, wild boar and the world's only four-horned antelope.

T

he Gir Ecological Research Project is an integrated approach to the many stories which must be sorted out and related before an informed programme of wildland and wildli(~ conservation can be proposed.

The first phase of research, which began in 1968, is in its final months. Major activities in the past several years have been an inventory of the main components of the ecosystem, the identification of the more obvious factors limiting the populations of predator and prey species, and the training of Indian fellowship students in the art and science of ecological field studies.

With support from the World Wildlife Fund and the Royal Society, Toby Hodd, a British range ecologist, who monitored the effects of domestic grazing on the soil and vegetation near the nes sites, and Paul Joslin, a Canadian student of the factors contributing to the decline of the -lions, initiated studies in the Gir Forest. For nearly two years, under the sponsorship of the Yale University School of Forestry. the Smithsonian Institution and the Bombay Natural History Society, I have been attempting to identify the requisites for viable populations of deer and antelope.

My wife, Mary Anne, has studied the ecology of the Maldhari graziers. Current studies of the behaviour of wild ruminants (the hoofed, four-stomached, cud-chewing members of the deer and cow families), the ecology of vultures, and forage-plant ecology are being conducted by fellowship students N. Sanyal, R. Grubh and S. Chavan.

When collected, the data from the various studies should permit an overview of the characteristics of the Gir Forest ecosystem. For example, when the efficiency with which energy flows from one level of this system (green plants) to another (the animals which eat the plants) is compared to that in other areas of the world, we will have a quantitative notion of the relative "health" of the Gir Forest.

Ultimately, with the help of a computer, these data will enable us to construct models with which the effect of juggling a single characteristic (i.e., the number of lions) can be predicted for all other components of this system, from the number of domestic buffalo to the number of spotted deer or even the number of years the sanctuary will continue to exist in more or less its present form.

A sense of having previously visited such an area of savannah woodlands and thorn scrub followed our transposition from the concrete warrens of New Haven, Connecticut. Indeed, except for the teak forest the pastoral setting is strikingly similar to the

Modern modes of transport invade the Gir Forest, as a Maldhari research helper zooms around on his motor-bike, right.

His fellow tribesman on the opposite page follows a leashed deer to observe the kinds of plants it eats. The magn(ncent horns of the buffalo below contrast strongly with his emaciated condition.

American southwest. The analogy can be carried to the life-styles of the village,s, foresters, Maldharis and timber contractors who provided, in this case, a warm "Eastern" hospitality.

However, a more personal relationship had to be established with the forest-dwelling Maldharis if we were to collect the demographic, behavioural, nutritional, and economic information needed to assess' their impact on the forest environment and the environment's impact on them-for it soon became evident that their well-being is greatly dependent on the diversity and productivity of their natural habitat. Often, particularly when travel becomes difficult during the monsoon, our 20th century with all its attendant paraphernalia of progress seel"s hardly to have encroached upon them. Notwithstanding the occasional discomforts of malaria and camel-riding, some of our most scientifically and personally rewarding weeks were spent in the neses.

Wildlife studies followed much the same pattcrn.

The population dynamics of species under study were worked out by

observing free-ranging animals in the field.

The seasonal events of importance, such as the periods of birth and death of the different sex and age groups, were recorded.

Such information helps in determining causes of death. If, for example, l?oor survival is seen in female deer aged two years or more, nutritional deficiencies accentuated by the stresses of bearing and rearing fawns can be inferred. Also, optimal levels of exploitation by predators such as the lion or leopard can be calculated from such population data.

When studies of the productivity of forage plants were compared with Joslin's approximations of the numbers of domestic livestock, it became obvious that a tremendous over-use of the forage resources was taking place. The effects of such intense grazing can be seen in extensive areas of degraded, nearly barren sites near the neses, where Hodd has shown that often only one-tenth of the fodder found in wilderness, less-accessible tracts or in our fenced experimental enclosures is available for use by plant-eating animals.

Left, charred remnants of a forest fire. High grass of the project enclosure, top, contrasts with the sparse vegetation outside it. Above, author Stephen Berwick.

ducting feeding experiments with groups of lions, Joslin has determined that about 80 per cent of the diet of the 175 lions consists of buffalo and cattle-a direct result of their high numbers and availability when grazing away from the protection of the nes. The shift from feeding on native wild prey to domestic animals has required a behavioural adjustment for the lion. The lions are now daytime hunters instead of

portant part in the preservation of the Gir lion is not long in coming. The Gujarat State Forest Department, custodian of the Gir, is making vigorous efforts to establish a central portion of the forest as a sanctum sanetarum for wildlife, where the now overriding influence of human cultural practices will be excluded.

It is legitimate to question the policy of reserving such wild tracts as the Gir when

perFormance the Hvestock, the tremen- the nocturnal predator of wildlife of dous erosion-particularly during the mon- earlier times. The result is a formidable soon, when rivers of mud drain the soil array of new competitors which threaten from the sanctuary-the low densities of the existence of the lion population on a plant-eating wildlife living on the' nutri- day-to-day basis as much as the destruction tional margins of existence and, ultimately of forests threatens the entire ecosystem most significant, the loss of the forest itself. on a long-term basis. The lions now must Less than a century ago, the forests of compete for their kills with the Maldhari Gir covered three times the area they do owners of the livestock, the hide- and meattoday. One reason for the loss of forested collector who drives him from the kill, lands lies in the conversion of wildland to preventing so much as a single bite in over agriculture under the pressure of a popula- 20 per cent of the kills, and a vulture popution which has nearly quadrupled during lation which can consume the entire carthis time. However, in the remaining hillier cass of an adult buffalo in half-an-hour. tracts whi~p. are more resistant to the All these competitors are active only during spread of agriculture, over-use of the land the daylight hours.

Thus, to reduce the competition for the is leading to the elimination of the forest habitat of the lion and its wild prey (as kills of the lion by increasing the populawell as the Maldhari community) by a tions of wild ruminants to a point where subtle phenomenon familiar to ecologists they might again serve as the primary form throughout the world as xerification. This of prey, I began studies of the factors is simply a drying-up of the land due to serving to limit the wild deer and antelope. over-use of many kinds, but most often Why are there 4,000 spotted deer and not by grazing (grass-eating) or browsing 5,000-01' 3,000?

To facilitate studies of behaviour. food (shrub-eating) domestic animals. It is popularly known as "the march of the habits and the nutritional qualities of deserts" and has been postulated as a various forest plants, a large enclosure was primary cause of the decline of early civ- built on a small plateau near the forest ilizations along the Tigris and Euphrates guest-house. We raised 19 captive animals rivers. It can be seen today in such places representing all the wild ruminant species as eastern and sub-Saharan Africa, Mexico . of the Gir in addition to the lovely black and the southwestern United States, and buck which, with the cheetah or hunting much of India, including the Gir. leopard, has disappeared from the Gir. (The Indian cheetah is now extinct.) We often started them from the bottle, taming each to a degree which permitted following a leashed animal through the woods he ",ult for the wHddeer and ante- and recording the number of bites taken lope has been a decrease to generally low- from each species of plant. density populations which find it difficult to Now that the food habits of the natural compete for food on such intensively used prey of the lions and leopards at Gir are land. The domestic animals are tided over known, the forest can be manipulated by during the summer by additional food such practices as cutting, planting, burning bought from nearby villages. or fertilizing to promote the most favourBy identifying' the hair found in lion able array of forage plants. One hopes the droppings, cataloguing lion k\lIs, and con- day when wildlife can again play an im-

the land-use pressures generated by an increasing human population dictate rather well-defined priorities for such frequently competing interests as agriculture, watershed protection, grazing, forestry, wildlife preservation and recreation. However, different sites have capabilities limited by the ecological facts of life. Agriculture or grazing cannot be economically sustained

Fodder resources are heavily skewed in favour of domestic livestock. In fact nearly 90 per cent of the grass removed each year from the wildlife sanctuary is consumed by buffalo and cattle, while only about four per cent goes to the wildlife. Such grazing pressure is producing a community of unpalatable plants and very compacted, exposed soil, the results of which are evident in the poor milk yields and reproductive

or

T

Right, a lioness pounces on a buffalo calf. Competing with the lion for the killed â&#x20AC;˘ buffalo are the Maldhari and vultures. below. A I'ulture population can consume the carcass of a buffalo in just half an hour.

in perpetuity everywhere. Less than five per cent of Gujarat is covered by forest, although 30 per cent of the land area of the state for meeting fuel and timber needs is the declared goal. The Gir is also a major watershed in a state where silting has reduced the life of one reservoir catchment to one-eighth of its projected life-span.

But ultimately the question turns on preserving the quality of life by ensuring its diversity. The xerification into deserts and marginal, drought-prone agricultural enterprises of allied semi-arid tropical tracts around the world will soon lead to the extinction of the Asiatic lion and its varied faunal associates. However, studies in the Gir Forest have revealed the nature and extent of this conservation problem and helped indicate means by which the entire ecosystem can be preserved for future generations. It seems a logical course to pursue in the land of Ashokal who over two millenniums ago, gave to the world the first codes solely for ensuring the preservation of wildlife.

END

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It could only happen

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G--&-O

in Manipal A country doctor's .visionary zeal combined with the¡ business acumen of a banker transformed a barren hilltop into a unIque campus town.

THESUNNEVERreally sets in Manipal, for Manipal has the exuberance of youth, the vitality of morning. Built on a rusty outcroppi.ng'*"flaterite rock on the Mysore coast, Manipal basks in the knowledge that all it stands for is the result of community spirit, of sacrifice, of hard work.

Thirty-nine miles north of Mangalore and three miles northeast of Udipi, Manipal is a unique endeavour. It is, as Mrs. Indira Gandhi said in 1959, "the work of men of imagination, enthusiasm and drive, which is the greatest need of India today."

Manipal is primarily an educational centre-the hub of a complex of 30 educational institutions spread over several towns and villages-which has turned this remote corner of India into one of the best-educated areas of the country. All this has happened in less than 30 years. In 1942, Manipal's only source of income was the clay from a nearby pond used for making tiles.

Some say its name is derived from manna (clay) and palla (pond).

Whatever the origin of the name, Manipal today is a fountainhead of learning. It is a town of 10,000 with a medical college and hospital, an engineering college, a liberal arts college, a coliege of It was the vision, foresight and pragmatism of Dr. T.M.A. Pai, top right, which transformed a rusty outcropping of laterite rock on the Mysore coast into a fountainhead of learning, top left.

Manipal is also a resort town set amidst rolling hills with the misty blue Ghats in the distance. At left is a view of the anatomy museum whichfew medical schools in the world can match.

commerce, a school of music, three primary schools, one secondary school and two libraries. There are also a fine hotel, a weekly English paper and a Kannada daily with 25,000 circulation.

How this obscure village was transformed into a campus and resort town and the headquarters of one of India's leading banks is also the story of a remarkable man who put Manipal on the map of India. This transformation was brought about through the foresight and sheer determination of a country doctor named T.M.A. Pai, who spearheaded a fantastic drive by his farming community to ensure that future generations of the area would not be condemned to the poverty and illiteracy of the past.

"Dr. T.M.A. Pai," President V.V. Giri said in 1967, "is one of the best organizers for the prosperity of any movement in our country." First in his remarkable career came his involvement in the Canara Industrial and Banking Syndicate (later named Syndicate Bank) which he established in 1925 with a paid-up capital of Rs. 8,000. In 1928 Dr. Pai created a major savings scheme which later became the corner-stone of the huge edifice of Syndicate's growing resources. Known as the "Pigmy" saving scheme, it was designed to inculcate the habit of thrift among the people.

"Thrift," according to Dr. Pai, "is the best remedy for all economic maladies, and poverty is a result of want of thrift." He drafted with meticulous care the Pigmy deposit scheme and put it into operation with still another innovation: if the people could not come to the bank, the bank would go to the people. Even today it is not an uncommon sight throughout South Kanara to see continued

"As a penalty for deserting the medical profession, I have given the community a medical college, a hospital and doctors."

a dhoti-clad bank employee darting from shop to shop collecting daily deposits of a few rupees from his clients. Initially a person could open a Pigmy account with_as little as two annas (12 paisa).

Just as the Syndicate Bank was designed to give the people of South Kanara economic stability, each of Dr. Pai's subsequent schemes was geared to helping the people of his district on to a brighter and more prosperous future. "My concern," he often says, "has always been how I can wipe the tears of my people and make them happy."

The same pattern of multiplying growth and success that had distinguished Dr. Pai's business in the bank began to be repeated in the field of education. In 1942 he founded the Academy of General Education at Manipal. To Dr. Pai and his close associates it was apparent that progress of the area was dependent on education of the next generation. And as a constant reminder of the importance of education, a simple plaque in the Academy's office has these words of President Lyndon Johnson: "Education is man's only hope. Education is the imperative of a universal and lasting peace. Education is the key that unlocks progress in the struggle against hunger and want and injustice .... Above all. it is the wellspring of freedom and peace."

In its first attempt to create an awareness of the importance of education, the Academy started as a vocational centre, with classes in shorthand, typing, book-keeping, book-binding, printing and carpentry. Later, schools of music and fine arts were added.

The aims of the Academy, however, were to build schools and colleges, and Dr. Pai started a vigorous drive to enlist support and raise contributions from all sections of the commLll1ity for this purpose.

The Academy had its first great test in its campaign to build the Mahatma Gandhi Memorial (MGM) College, now an impressive group of buildings just beyond Udipi on the road to Manipal. The MGM College became, in the words of Dr. Pai, "a sort of bridge between Udipi and Manipal-the first step in the ultimate goal of building Manipal into an educational complex."

Establishing the college was not easy. At one point even Dr. Pai was ready to give up, but finally, after four years of arduous work in which the Pai family brought to bear their determination, charm and resources, the college was founded in 1949. In the early period, Dr. Pai, his brother and other members of the family even had to pitch in with shovels and baskets, moving gravel and mud. Initially people passing by stopped to look and wonder, but later everyone joined in, and soon week-end work parties attracted hundreds of people willing to help. With voluntary help and further donations, the campus of the first college was completed on schedule.

Four years later he astounded educators and laymen alike by setting lip India's first privately-sponsored medical college-that too in a rural area. Today the Kasturba Medical College is Dr. Pai's most significant achievement, the realization of his fondest dream. "It is," as he says, "a place where boys and girls could have the right type of education so that soon there would be an army of people who could develop the healing art to perfection."

The 33rd medical college,to be started in India, the Kasturba

College is the result of an unusual experiment in educational financing. Considering the scarcity of medical institutions and recalling his own student days when he had to go to Madras for a medical degree, Dr. Pai felt that government alone should not be depended upon to provide educational facilities and that people should also help bear the burden. He proposed that parents of those who wanted a medical education should contribute to the capital cost and some of the recurring costs of the college. Sceptics ridiculed him, critics laughed at him and, in the words ofthe Udipi A severely-burnt patient, left, receives treatment at the Americanaided Burns Centre. Below, Dr. c.c. Varkey, a cardiologist, gets ready for a cardiac catheterization operation. The equipment in the room was made available through a $50,000 grant/rom the Kaiser Foundation.

Rotary Club, "he shocked orthodox educational opinion."

But in 1953 they and others had nothing but admiration when the Kasturba Medical College opened its doors to students, not only from South Kanara, but also from other parts of India.

The first of its kind, the college is one of best regarded and equipped institutions among the 95 medical colleges in India today.

It has students from several countries in Southeast Asia, Africa and the United States. The college is recognized by the Medical Council of India and the General Medical Council of Great Britain. (The latter recognition means that graduates of Manipal can practise medicine in any part of the Commonwealth.)

It has also served as a model for 10 similar institutions in India.

Housed in modern buildings with a first-rate teaching hospital attached to it, the Kasturba Medical College has given the COUtlcontinued

Excellent facilities, personal care and attention combine to make the Kasturba Hospital Manipal's biggest lodestone. try nearly 1,500 doctors. With justifiable pride, Dr. Pai often remarks that "as a penalty for deserting the medical profession, I have given the community a medical college, a hospital and hundreds of doctors."

Though the college is small, some of its facilities are comparable to any other institution in the country. One example is the anatomy museum, which only a few medical schools in the world can match. Started less than eight years ago, there are some unique specimens in its 2,500-piece collection. The museum is a first-rate classroom, for the specimens are like three-dimensional photographs with the arteries painted red, the veins coloured blue, the nerves, yellow, and the glands, green.

The teaching hospital attached to the college came into being in 1961. Prior to that Manipal students received their clinical training at Mysore Government's Mangalore Hospital. The Manipal hospital started as a 150-bed facility in a newly-constructed building. In less than a decade, the hospital has expanded into several new buildings and its bed capacity.has shot up to 350. With new structures now under construction, the Manipal hospital will soon have beds for 700 patients.

Though not a free hospital, no patient is ever turned away, and

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Even though he is 74, Dr. Pai loves to visit the hospital ward every day. Here, at left, he examines a polio patient.

Below, Dr. K.L. Shourie watches a young dental surgeon at her work.

The Kasturba Medical Hospital, with 350 beds, may be relatively small but its facilities like the dental school and the orthopaedics department are comparable to any other institution in the country.

over half the number of beds available are given to those who cannot pay. And in keeping with Dr. Pai's idea of bringing things to the people, the hospital operates seven maternity centres around Manipal.

Administered by Dr. Pai's son, Dr. Ramdas Pai, who studied hospital administration at Temple University, Philadelphia, the Kasturba Hospital is a model of efficiency. Spotlessly clean, bright and well-lit, the first impression of a visitor entering the new Out Patient's Department is that he is walking into a reception lobby of a well-to-do commercial enterprise. The lobby is tastefully decorated and furnished with plastic-laminated furniture and potted plants (oxygen cylinders, acc.ording to Dr. Pai).

Two of the newer additions to the hospital are the School of Dental Surgery and a Burns Centre. Under the guidance or' Dr. K.L. Shourie, formerly of the Government Dental College, Bombay, the Manipal centre is fast becoming an important dental school in the country. Dr. Shourie, who had retired to his farm in Kotah, willingly came to Manipal and back to active life because the Kasturba College presented him a challenge and an opportunity to achieve what he had done in the past for the Bombay institution.

The Burns Centre, established in 1967 with a Rs. 1,000,000 grant from the Vocational Rehabilitation Service (VRS) of the U.S. Department of Health, Education and Welfare, provides the only specialized burns facility along India's west coast south of Bombay. The l2-bed centre has attracted patients from all over Mysure, Tamil Nadu and Kerala. The VRS grant, which also provided for research, has made it possible for the Kasturba Hospital to develop an antiseptic burns cream cal1ed silver sulphadiazine w1)ich, according to Dr. M.N. Nayak of the centre, "has been very effective for severe burns," and Manipal "is the first centre in India to manufacture this particular cream."

A $50,000 grant from the Kaiser Foundation of the United States is helping the institution build up an excellent cardiothoracic centre. American Rotary clubs are assisting in the establishment of an artificial kidney machine for the treatment of chronic nephritis.

These excellent facilities combined with great personal care and ~ attention by the doctors have made the Kasturba Hospital the biggest lodestone for Manipal. Only about 10 per cent of the hospital patients come from the town, another 20 per cent c;ome from nearby areas, but the bulk of the patients come from afarfrom Mysore, Bangalore, Bombay. Typical of the patients is H.N. Doshi, general manager of Estrela Batteries. Mr. Doshi chose to come from Bombay because he felt that he could combine his annual holiday with a complete medical check-up, something for which he never seemed to have the time.

With almost a complete diagnostic clinic in operation, the Kasturba Hospital offers a variety of medical services comparable on a modest scale to those of the famous Mayo Clinic in Rochester, Minnesota, according to Sheldon Menefee, the American author of The Pais of Manipal. Dr. Pai, even though 74, has plans to make Manipal an all-India medical centre which will draw patients from other countries as well, just as the medical col1egehas done. The Val1eyView International Health Club, a very fine hotel at Manipal, is the first step towards attracting tourists and parents of college students. All 'profits from the hotel and the health centre go to the hospital.

"No plan quite like this has been conceived anywhere else in India," writes Menefee. "It could only happen in Manipal." END

AN is slowly becoming aware of his pOPlllatien predicament.

He is gradually realizing that he is in a most extraordinary and abnormal period ofhuman development-a period of such rapid growth that it cannot long be sustained.

What,. then, is the probable outcome of present trends?

Essentially, there are three principal ways by which man may come into more stable balance with his environment. The first would be the most tragic for man and many other species of animal life. It might be called the "Population Crash Curve."

Population would continue to double at the current rate of about three times a century until we overshoot the carrying capacity of the earth. Many delayed adverse effects upon the environment would cumulate and culminate in a precipitous decline through extreme famine, excessive pollution, social chaos, high death rates, from communicable and chronic diseases, wars to hold or seizethe ey~r-scarcer resources of the earth; very low birth rates, and other factors.

In the process of severely overtaxing his environment, man would also undoubtedly continue the process-a process which is much further along than many now realize -of denuding the earth of nUIIlerousother species of animals. These animals have contributed to an ecological balance which'has sustained man through hundreds of millennia. Without them, we do not know what kind of an ecological balance would be possible for a very much smaller number of men in future centuries.

This kind of a population curve is similar to that of various animal spe.cies or groups when some factor disturbs environ- . mental relationships and causes the animal populations to expand at a rapid rate and overshoot the capacity of the environment to sustain the greatly enlarged numbers.

A group of scientists at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), working on a continuing "Project on the Predicament of Mankind," has constructed computer models of the future using a variety of assumptions. According to Dr. Dennis Meadows of MIT's Alfred P. Sloan School of Management, their preliminary models show that if current trends are not reversed it is possible that there would be a decline in population of 50 to 80 per cC!1t

"Over most of the globe ... birth rates would have to be cut in half or even more in a mere 15 years."

agement capability to achieve what has been called a "steady state" in which birt-hs match but do not exceed deaths ..

The lower and upper lines of Possibility No. 2 illustrate, well the nature of the worWs population predicament. The lower line is based on the assumption that worldwide fertility rates will drop to the replacement level by 1985, which means that parents will be having just enough children, on the average, to replace themselves. It means that over most of the globe where high birth rates prevail, these birth rates would have to be cut in half or even more during the twenty-first century. in a mere 15 years. And so great are the Today no one can predIct with any as- . numbers of young people approaching surance how likely Possibility No. I may their reproductive years (40-45 per cent under age I 5 in most of the developing be, or at what point the curve might turn sharply downward. A little simple arith- world) that even when fertility comes down metic, however, coupled with the judg- to the replacement level, there will be ¡a ments of specialists in the field of resources, second enormous population surge when will show that the possibility would be high the children of the first baby boom repl~ce of its happening in the twenty-first century themselves. if population were to continue to double at its current rate of approximately three HE MOMENTUM of population times a century'. World population in the growth is so great that even under year 2000 would be not less than six bilthis extremely optimistic assumplion; iri 2033 it would be 12 billion; in 2066 tion, the steady state could not it would be 24 billion; and in 2100 it would be achieved with less than about be 48 billion. It iithe judgment of resource experts that the earth simply could not sus- seven billion people. This, therefore, aptaih any such number as 48 billion human pears to be the lowest level at which popbeings at what we. think of as a humane ulation might conceivably level off without standard of living, and probably not at all. markedly increased death rates or subIf there is a significant chance that the replacement levels of fertility. The ultimate precipitous decline-a new dark age of un- steady state population of seven billion precedented bleakness-may come about would be reached under this assumption if the human population continues to about 70 years after the fertility rate reached doul:ileat near its current rate, a substantial the replacement level, or about 2055. part of man's intelligence should be diThe upper line of Possibility No. 2 is rected to assessing more ptecisely the im- based on an arbitrarily chosen upper liinit minence~of that possibility and trying to which would allow one more doubling of avert it. the population beyond the seven billion Possibility No. 2 might be called the level. Other assumptions could be used "Gradual Transition to Zero Population without greatly affecting the basic.concept.

Growth." It is based on several assump- This upper limit will be established by the tions: (l) that we have not already passed limitations of the earth as a food provider, the population level at which the earth can by the depletion of resources needed by continuously sustain mankind at a reason- industrial machines, by man's continued able level of health and culture; (2) that fouling of his oWn nest, and possibly by man can an.d will slow down his rate of reaching the upper limit of man's capacity to growth and level off the population within manage his ever more intricate and interrea limit which is continuously sustainable lated economic, political, and social system: by the earth's ecosystem; and (3) that wqen Agricultural analyst Lester Brown is world population does level off, there will becoming increasingly sceptical that the be enough resources and political and man- world can adequately feed even seven bil-

POSSIBILITY NO. 1 THE "POPULATION CRASH CURVE" Population in billions

lion people. Brown points t'o growing agri~cultural stresses on the earth's ecosystem c~.used by man's continuing efforts to expand his foOd supply-such as converting too. much forest land to crop land, and more extensive and intensive use of fertilizer-as causing erosion,eutrpphication of flakes (like the killing of Lak.e Erie), extermination of animal species, dust bowls, arid, other adverse .effectson the environment.

Nobel prize-winner Norman BorlSlug ,say~that the n~wmiracle seeds w~ich have ,generated the "Green Rev9Iut,io~ can, at 'most, buy only two or three decades within which to 1;>ringbirth rates down ,sharply.

AgriÂŤulturaJ resource expert Georg ,Borgstrom says' that fresh waler will become a limiting fac.tor much more rapidly than we realize and doubts that we can. sustain a world population at the high lev6ls described in the graph.

Not only is there the problem of adequate nutrition for the expanding world 2150 population; there is the problem of trying , ,to lift half to two-thirds of the world out of deep poverty. The industrialization of the developing nations would requi're, under present technology, very large amounts GROWTH" of increasingly scarce ,minerals, not to mention fossil fuels.

Th~ most important ,single factor which might materially increase the earth's capac~tyto support human beings would be the harnessing of the H-bomb for the generation of electricity. Whether this will ever be possible is not at all clear. The best current guesses are that if it should prove to be' technologically feasible, it will take at least two decades to develop fusion power and another decade to bring it into significant production.' It would not, therefore, have any impact on power production during the twentieth century. Meanwhile, the population clock keeps ticking on. Even with an almost inexhaustible supply of power, which the fusion process might provide, there are upper limits to food production, and these seem very likely to be reached in the twenty-first century.

Herman Miller, director of the population division of the U.S. Bureau of the Census, in a speech entitled, "Population, Pollution, and Affiuence," projected to the year 2000 the population growth and the i~come growth of the United States. He projected existing ,economic trends and c

36

34 32' ~30 28' 26

24 22 ,20

18 16 14

12 10 ' 8 6 4 2

o 1970

POSSmILITY NO. 2 "GRADUAL APPROACH TO ZERO POPULATION 18 16 14

12 10

8 6 4 2

o 1970

POSSIBILITY NO.3 THE "MODIFIED IRISH CURVE" Population in billions

14 12

to 8 6 4

2

o 1970

tJPRB

showed an average family income of $21,000 at the century's end. He gave no indication that he thought the increase in American affluence would level off at this figure; this would be a point on a continuously ascending scale. This brings out in bold relief the picture of a world in which the rich would be getting richer and the poor poorer, witli the numbers of the poor continuing to rise.

The third possibility is labelled the "Modified Irish Curve." Its name is derived from the experience of Ireland in the 1840s, when a disastrous potato famine occurred, and the country's most unusual response to that experience. Ireland's population before the famine reached more" than eight million of whom six~and-a-half million lived in what is now the Irish Republic and about one-and-a~half million in Ulster. In the ten years during and after the famine, the population dropped by 24 per cent ..

More than a million died from the direct and indirect effects of the famine; two million emigrated mostly to the United States, and the remainder changed their basic way of life.

Judging by their actions, they arrived at an unstated social consertsus that they would not agai~ over-populate their.isl!lnd, as they had done .prior to the potato famine; they would reduce their dependency on a single crop, potatoes, by developing dairy, beef-cattle, and other types of farming; and they would modify their family structure so as to produce fewer and smaller families. Their society shifted to patterns of non-marriage, late marriage, and small families, and has continued this pattern until today.

A somewhat similar fate might, be in' store for the world. Conceivably, the. overpopulated agrarian. countries might overshoot the carrying capacity of their land and, through a combination of drought, blight, and other factors, have famines which would be proportionate to the Irish famine.

Emigration very likely would not be a siinificant outlet, as it was for the Irish.

Deaths might be proportionately even more numerous. Food relief from the developed countries would be forthcoming but very small in relation to the need. The result might be a rapid shift in mores as occurred in Ireland. Such a shift might be preceded by, or perhaps succeeded by, a

"Man's population predicament ... overwhelms many people into inaction. They feel helpless .... "

Man"s' population predicament, to the extent that it is at least partially understood by people who have some concern for the future of their children and of mankind, seems to overwhelm many people into inaction: They feel helpless before a problem of such enormity. The situation is made even more difficult by the fact that the demands of all nations upon their political and social leaders are predominantly for short-range solutions to other critical problems. The population predicament is clearly not something that any national shift in mores in the developed nations leader can do anything significant about in which would bring about lower rates of the short run.

Nevertheless, the enormity and the longfertility-possibly sub-replacement levelsof fertility. Such sub-replacement levels might, range nature of the problem should not thereafter, by consensus become worldwide. lead to a fatalistic acceptance of its impliIt is difficult to predict the point at cations. Rather, the fact that population which a hypothetically declining popula- growth has such great momentum and such tion would level off or whether the curve profound implications for all mankind, but might turn back up. It might fluctuate for for young people especially, is all the more centuries. Some analysts have expressed reason for grappling with it immediately concern that a long decline would be diffi- and on world-wide scale.

It is a problem belonging to all nations cult to reverse. But a substantial downward readjustment in his numbers-not too and may have to be dealt with on a supraprecipitous-during the twenty-first cen- national basis for an extended periOd if the¡ tury might be the least hazardous of man's "Population Crash Curve" is to be avoided, in the twenty-first century. adaptive behaviour patterns.

On the individual level, the greater the number of people who understand the OSSIBILITY No.3 might be mo;dified gravity of the problem,.the more they talk to portray a smooth trend from to one another about it, the more inventive a maximupl height towards which and the more dedicated they become, th~ we are now heading, to some greater is the likelihood that we shall be level at which the entire world able to change man's age-long reproductive might have enough resources to provide, behaviour .patterns to contribute to his without severe famine or chaos, a steady survival rather than his self-destruction.

The question is whether the younger state at a level that was both in balance with the earth's ecology and high enough generation throughout the world can to provide extensive and varied' cultural quickly .unlearn the reproductive habits development over most of the globe. This and attitudes of ~housands of preceding would require the application of a degree generations and substitute a new perspecof human intelligence, foresight, mutual tive and a new conviction which is strong concern, co-operation, and forbearance enough to make a pervasive change in huwhich has not been in evidence in any pre- man behaviour. It is the younger generavious period of h\;lman history. tion which will decide. Some members of Any person who feels that these three the older generation may have the wit and iIIustr~tive,eraphs of the prospects for the wisdom to use their influence to hyl]?\'rine twenty-first century are unduly gloomy is about such a change. But the members of invited to try other assumptions and see the younger generation, if they are prowhere he comes out. It is likely that he vided the essential facts, may well have will discover it very difficult to find as- greater intuitive insight into the nature of sumptions within the realm of realism "Man's Population Predicament" than whicn make the prospects look much dif- most of their parents and teachers. Therein END ferent from those set forth above. lies the hope of mankind.

a

NOBELMEN OF THE YEAR 1971 Medicine

Economics

CURIOSITY-an impelling desire to know and understand-about the workings of certain aspects of the 'human body drove an American

physician into research work that won him the 1971 Nobel Prize in physiology and medicine.

There was no specific intent to discover ways to cure or prevent any particular disease, or find' a new method for improving health, on the part of Dr. Earl W. Sutherland, Jr., when he began his explorations 25 years ago into hormones, But his curiosity did lead him to discover the missing link in the biological control mechanism of the human body, qnd his achievement was acknowledged by the Royal Caroline Institute in Stockholm, Sweden, which administers the an-

controlled" to prove decisively the profound influences of cyclic AMP on the body. He showed that it is contained in exceedinglysmaH quantities in every living cell, influ-

Some drugs now in use are believed to alter the levels of cyclic AMP, and new drugs may eventually be designed to add or suppress cyclic AMP in the treatment of diabetes,

nual Nobel awards.

encing that cell throughout its life.

cholera,

01'

even. cancel', and a host

discovery put

"There are just traces of it in

simply is this: Cyclic AMP, a chemi-

you," said Dr. Sutherland while ex-

cal substance,

acts as a link or

plaining his discovery, "but it is

discoveries,

"messenger" between a large number of different hormones and the control and regulatory mechanisms of the human body. The letters AMP stand for adenosine monophosphate, and because the atoms in its molecules are arranged in a ring, the term cyclic is used.

When Dr. Sutherland first announced his discovery in 1960, his fellow scientists did not believe him.

"The general hypothesis at first met with strong criticism by scientists," the Caroline Institute said, "since it seemed to beimpossible that a single substance, for example, cyclic AMP, could lead to the numerous more or less specific effects that are known to be caused by different hormones."

In the late 1960s Dr. Sutherland, assisted by others who believed in his theory, conducted a series of experiments since described as "brilliantly designed and carefully.

what controls your cells-everything from your memory to your toes."

Dr. Sutherland found that hormones produce cyclic AMP as needed. For example, when fear and excitement increase the output of the hormone adrenalin in the body, the heart starts beating faster. Dr. Sutherland found that the adrenalin activated cyclic AMP, which in turn started the heart beat.

The discovery of cyclic AMP came to be recognized as a major advance in the study of life. Interest mushroomed to such an extent that today an estimated 2,000 scientists are conducting research on cyclic AMP. The promise it holds for leading to new medicines and other disease controls is so great that almost every major pharmaceutical laboratory in the world is believed to have a team assigned to cyclic AMP research.

diseases are now better understood," said Prof. Peter Reichard, one of the SO-member medical team that picked the Nobel laureate. Prof. Reichard said that Dr. Sutherland's work "could lead to a better understanding of cancer." But he warned against overestimating this aspect.

Dr. Sutherland, 56. is a professor of physiology at Vanderbilt University in Nashville, Tennessee. He has won numerous other awards for his research. He is the 40th American to have won the Nobel Prize in physiology and medicine, and is the first to win it on his own since 1961.

Though Dr. Sutherland's work was concentrated on only a small segment of biology, the avenues and approaches his discoveries have opened are so all-encompassing that their ultimate effect is bound to reach into almost every phase of the study of health and disease.

Dr. Sutherland's

of other diseases.

"As a result of Dr. Sutherland's

the proce s of these

was awarded to Dr. Simon Kuznet "for his empirically founded hiter pretations of economic growth."

"More than any other scientist: the Royal Caroline Institute em phasized, "he has illuminated witl facts and explained through analysi: the economic growth from the mid dIe of the last century." The Insti tute noted that Prof. Kuznets ha: shown "little sympathy" for abstrac theories that could not be tested.

Prof. Kuznets, who retired fron Harvard University on July.l, ha( shown that income derived from la bour was more important than capi tal income and that qualified labou: was an essential need of economies especially in developing countries.

In explaining the award the In

titute said that Dr,

Kumct5 had up,

set the belief that economic progres: "could be measured in dollars an< cents and that capital movement: were of major importance to na, tional income."

Instead, Prof. Kuznets had ShOW that the well-being of a nation i~ not dependent on its gross nationa product but on its structural ration, alization, technical development ane the quality of its labour.

In more than 30 books ane articles, the t 971 Nobel laureate ha~ developed theories for calculation 01 the national income and the grown of a nation's economy.

Born in Kharkov in what is no"" the Soviet Union in 1901, Prof.

Kuznets earned his bachelor of science and his doctorate from Colum¡ bia. He taught at the University oj Pennsylvania and Johns Hopkins be¡ fore joining Harvard in 1960. END

Dr. Kuznets' book Modern Economic Growth has been published ir India by Vakils. Feffer and Simons.

The two-day project involved months of careful planning, including rehearsal of "drop in" procedure with a scale . model of building, right.

Workers at left strip the old interior away and cut access -sbafts for pre-assembled kitchen-bathroom units. Far right, a tenant with daughter and her friend in their refurbished apartment. "It's wonderful," said the lady of the house, "just like a dream come true."

o~· S-2.(,~) 5

I~J- R- J3S-

TECHNOLOGY

eF'~3Jj

r-l.,

'>

S2.6~

i

.

TR'ANSF~Mi~liENEMEMT

AT TENO'CLOCK one recent spring morning in New York, construction engineer Edward Rice blew a whistle outside a squalid tenement on the city's lower East Side and the first workers of a 250-man renovation crew charged into the building. Their seemingly hopeless assignment: to transform the 72-year-old structure into a modern dwelling in just 48 hours. As an electronic clock ticked off the seconds in project headquarters next door, demolition men loaded debris into waiting dump trucks. Then, following a carefully plotted schedule, relays of carpenters, plumbers, electricians, painters and labourers swarmed into the building to race the 48-hour deadline through day and night.

"Hurry up, hurry up," the workers called to each other. Finally, as the last touch was completed, Rice stopped the clock-at exactly 47 hours, 52 minutes and 24 seconds. The five-storey building and its 15 apartments stood ready to be lived in.

Called "instant rehabilitation," the experiment was co-sponsored by the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development, New York City housing authorities and a private foundation. Before the rehabilitation got started, the building's 31 occupants were moved to a nearby hotel, their belongings stored in moving vans and pets left with willing neighbours. Then the operation began.

The key was prefabrication-walls, windows, floors, ceilings and complete kitchen-bathroom units. These 2,700-kilogram units had

!J ··5 ? b cf;

_ 0-

been put together at a nearby pier and trucked to the site. Then a 70· metre crane lowered them into the building through 2.4-metre-squan holes that had been cut through the roof and each floor. Once in place, the units were connected to existing water and power outlets, and ne'.' floors, ceilings and trim were installed. The central kitchen-bathroorr: core in the new quarters neatly divides sleeping and living areas fOI more privacy. This has not only increased the floor space, but alsc made the whole apartment more livable.

Returning only two days after the operation began, tenants at the "instant rehabilitation" project were thrilled at their shiny, newl) refurbished apartments. At a brief dedication ceremony, an official oj Housing and Urban Development said: "This may be the first hole· in-the-roof ceremony in the history of construction-but it won't be the last." And New York Mayor John Lindsay was so impressed he urged his officials to "put this system on an operational basis for wide application in New York City."

In costs the experiment had also paid off: only $11,000 per apart· ment against $13,000 for conventional renovation and $23,000 for tie'.' housing construction. More important, the people themselves were not displaced. As the official pointed out: "It is one answer-and one we have been looking for to get moving towards saving buildings, and therefore saving neighbourhoods for the people who live in them."

0--

5").6~ Y

4_

Giant mobile crane at far left lifts first of 15

kitchen-bathroom Unitli to

lit

rooftop, centre. Carpenters, left, patch flooring around the last unit to be installed in the "instanl rehabilitation" project.

by WILLIAM

McCORMICK

BLAIR,

JR.

General Director of the John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts

THE NEW KENNEDY CENTER ON THE BANKS OF THE POTOMAC IN WASHINGTON ANSWERS THE LONG-FELT NEED FOR A TRULY NATIONAL CULTURAL FORUM. DECORATED WITH GIFTS FROM MANY FOREIGN COUNTRIES, IT IS A GLITTERING SHOWCASE FOR THE PERFORMING ARTS.

Jewel on the Potomac ALEXIS DE TOCQUEVILLE, an astute and civilized visitor from France, wrote his impressions of the Uniteo States more than a century ago he noted the emphasis on industry and the general optimism of the people. But he felt culture was sadly neglected.

Thomas Jefferson, architect, violinist, inventor and third U.S. President, had foreseen the nation's capital, Washington, as a magnet for the arts, soon to rival the great capitals of Europe. For the nearly 200 years of America's existence, this remained a dream. During these years the nation has not been idle in the arts; it has prodigiously produced musicians, playwrights, filmmakers and performers whose

W

HEN

influence has been felt throughout the world. But until now there has not been a national showcase for their work.

Today in Washington the arts are beckoning to millions of Americans and citizens of all nations from a-new-vantage pointthe banks of the Potomac River where the John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts has recently been inaugurated.

"The arts are the spearhead of a nation's thrust towards greatness," President Kennedy once said.

The only official monument to him in Washington, the Center is a glistening rectangle of white Italian marble and glass, decorated with gifts from other nations.

The building encompasses an opera house, 2)... continued

3

Left, members of the Kennedy family watch the performance of"Mass. "Conductor AntolDorati, above, leads the Center's resident National Symphony Orchestra. The Opera House's crystal chandelier, at right, is a gift from Austria.

THE OPENING SEASON'S PROGRAMMERANGING FROM OPERA AND BALLET TO FOLK MUSIC AND JAZZ-REPRESENTS THE AMAZING DIVERSITY OF THE AMERICAN PERFORMING ARTS.

a concert hall, a theatre, a filmhouse, and restaurants and lounges. Tapestries and stunning sculptures donated from around the world grace its interior. Along the Hall of Nations and the Hall of States, which run the width of the building, stretch carpets of rich red.

The Grand Foyer, 192 metres long, is the largest hall in the world unsupported by pillars. Through the glass windows of this foyer, one sees the Potomac River and the bird sanctuary of Theodore Roosevelt Island-green trees and nature trails preserved from urban encroachment.

When the Center opened with a gala party last summer, Senator Edward Kennedy approvingly surveyed its magnificence, but commented that the true memorial to his brother would be found in the excellence of the performances to be staged there. esigned by one of America's outstanding architects, ~dward Durell Stone, whose work can be fou9d in the leading cities of the world, including the American Embassy in New Delhi, the Center has been carefully planned as an appropriate setting for the finest artistic achievements.

The architecture of the Kennedy Center has come in for some caustic comment, with writers describing it as "big, bland and banal" and "a concrete candy box."

Of relevance here, I think, is the remark of the Washingtonian who said: "There are many aspects one can criticize, ana yet what does it matter? It's here-that's what's important-and it's exciting."

A few weeks before his death, President Kennedy said: "I look forward to an

D

The 1958 act was extended in 1963 by President Kennedy. After his assassination, his successor, President Johnson, signed into law a bipartisan measure declaring the Center the sole official memorial in Washington to President Kennedy. President Nixon approved an additional authorization of funds in 1969.

Many cities in the United States have the facilities and talent available for outstanding opera, ballet and theatre productions, but unlike capitals of other countries, Washington has not had adequate stages and halls to accommodate the finest. Nor has there been the impetus of a centre specifically designed to encourage development of the performing arts in America.

Abroad, as ambassador to Denmark and the Philippines and a guest in many nations, I have been impressed by a number of national cultural centres. And I have been acutely aware of the dedication which sparks such endeavours.

It has also been a source of some personal embarrassment that there was not an appropriate stage in our capital. When the marvellous Royal Danish Ballet appeared' in Washington, the only stage available was in an old film theatre; it must have been a disappointment for the troupe in comparison with the Opera House in Copenhagen.

Like almost all undertakings in the United States, the arts have flourished under the aegis of private enterprise. Only recently has the government contributed to their support. But the idea has been ardently advanced by Presidents Eisenhower, Kennedy, Johnson and Nixon.

tastes and the standards of excellence represented.

The season began with presentation of an original work by the distinguished American composer and conductor Leonard Bernstein. It was commissioned for the occasion and took more than a year to complete. "Mass," dedicated to the late President Kennedy, combines the traditional choral elements of the requiem with multi-media effects. It is at the same time one of the most solemn and enduring forms of classical music and yet, as Mr. Bernstein has said, "It's a work without a precedent' -a pure theatre piece that could not conceivably be done in a concert haiL" Bernstein's "Mass" officially opened the Opera House on September 8. Its seating capacity of 2,174 is comparable to that of such famous opera houses as the Paris Opera and the Vienna State Opera. The stage is 30 metres wide and 20 metres deep.

The backstage mechanisms for scenery and props can accommodate four productions at one time. The stage has been set on a series of springs to allow dancers tlJ.e proper "feel," which cannot be attained on a concrete stage.

T

aramount in their considerations has been the principle that it must be

welve of the world's great orchestras will perform in the Concert Hall during the opening season, beginning with the New York Philharmonic, conducted by Pierre Boulez with pianist Andre Watts as guest artist. The Concert Hall will also be the permanent home of the National Symphony Orchestra, conducted

by Antol Dorati.

Representing the international language of the dance, ballet companies from around the world have been booked for the Center's opening season. From the United States, the Alvin Ailey Dance Company, the American Ballet Theater, the National Ballet Company and the Alwin Nikolais Dancers will be featured. Also expected are the Sierra Leone Dancers, the Broln Moravian Fok Dance Company, the Ossipov Balalaika Orchestra with stars of

<.

America which commands respectthrough-

P

a national centre, representing the

the Bolshoi Opera and Russian Dancers,

out the world not only for its strength but for its civilization as well.... I see little of more importance to the future of our country and our civilization than full recognition of the place of the artist."

The dream of a cultural centre in the nation's capital was nurtured by four U.S. Presidents beginning with President Eisenhqwer, signer of legislation authorizing the planning and construction of such a centre.

amazing diversity of the American performing arts, open to all the people. Although appropriately located in the capital, the Center is truly a national project.

Our opening season's programme gives a good conception of the Center's farranging artistic plans. A simple listing of those scheduled to perform would tell an impressive story. But first let me choose some examples to indicate the diversity of

the Ballet Folklorico and an Afro-Asian Dance Festival.

A unique programme of the Center is the Founding Artists Series. One of the Center's goals is to make the performances available not only to people from all parts of the country but also to those from all income levels. To those people living on a fixed income, such as retired persons or students, or others on relatively small

the splendour of Carrara marble within and outside the structure. A gift of the Government of Italy, each massive block was cut to specification before being shipped.

The glittering crystal chandelier of the Opera House is a gift of Austria; the floor- , to-ceiling mirrors touching off the elegance of the Grand Foyer were given by Belgium.

The richness of the artisan's imagination in Scandinavia is represented by the furnishings from Denmark of the Opera House's north lounge, and hand-blown crystal' chandeliers from Norway and Sweden. The tableware for the cafeteria is from Finland. orks of art given to the Center include two Matisse tapestries and two sculptures by Henri Laurens from France; a sculpture by Barbara Hepworth from Great Britain; two bronze panels. sculptured in relief for the entrance area commissioned by Germany; and twenty porcelain planters from Portugal.

For the Eisenhower Theater, Canada's artists have fashioned a red and black cur- â&#x20AC;˘ tain for the stage. A rug for the main lounge of the Opera House has been donated by Iran; the lounge of the Concert Hall will be furnished by Israel; India has given brass planters; Morocco is providing rugs. A magnificent red and gold silk stage curtain for the Opera House is a gift from Japan.

Their flags and those of all countries recognized by the United States hang on standards in the Hall of Nations, symbolic of the interdependency of our nation with our friends. Not only do these generous gifts of many lands enrich the Center physically but the spirit behind them represents the international language which the arts speak.

Perhaps Americans have been slow to recognize the value of art in transmitting what William Faulkner called "the eternal

W

salaries, tickets are offered at reduced rates.

The "founding artists" have donated their talents without fee; profits from their performances go into a special fund created to finance these reduced-rate tickets.

The initial¡ Founding Artists Series features eighteen programmes with some of the world's greatest jazz musicians and popular performers. They range from such titans of jazz as the pianist Ea~l "Fatha," Hines and Edward "Duke" Ellington to Dizzy Gillespie (at a rather young age one of the elder statesmen of modern jazz), the Modern Jazz Quartet and the cerebral pianist Bill Evans.

There will be rock concerts::-Chicago and the Fifth Dimension, for example; performances by composers whose music has sold millions of phonograph records and graced scores of motion pictures-Burt Bacharach and Henry Mancini; and the musical shenanigans of Victor Borge. In short, the series should provide music appealing to all age groups.

'71~

13/11

.

Scene from uies Sylphides" by the American Ballet Theater, which will be in residence for six weeks during the Center's first year. ,

President and Mrs. Eisenhower. It seats 1,100 persons and opened in October with Ibsen's "The Doll's House." The stage is 23 metres wide and 17 metres deep with a large backstage area and a rehearsal room the size of the stage. .

Above the Eisenhower Theater will be a SOO-seatfilm theatre, scheduled to open in 1972. In addition to films, it may be used for experimental drama, children's theatre and other attractions requiring an intimate setting.

he Concert Hall has a seating capacity 1,759. It IS a dIstinguIshed hal1

n the roof terrace are three restaurants where diners can overlook a panorama of the capital city. One is a gourmet restaurant, another is a b~ffeteria, a?d the third is a cafe. During the summer, diners can eat outdoors on the terrace.

It is the Center's goal to develop and encourage new artists as well as to present those who have already dIstinguIshed them-

without being austere, and its acous-

selves. Already the Center has been spon-

tion at home. And of course, it would be

tics are superb-the result of extraordinarily painstaking efforts to assure that the hall would bear comparison with such famous ones as Boston's Symphony Hall, the Musikverinsaal in Vienna and the Concertgebouw of Amsterdam. In the front is a 4,000-pipe organ.

Major plays will be presented in the Eisenhower Theater, named in 1J.onourof

soring and assisting college theatre, college jazz festivals and neighbourhood or "street" theatre groups. Henceforth these college festivals will be held in the Center.

The Kennedy Center could not have come into being without the active support and enthusiasm of people around the world, not just the American people. The first impressive sight that greets a visitor is

unrealistic to look upon the Center as a panacea to correct whatever cultural oversights the United States may have had. But it is an important step. A showcase, certainly, but it will also be an inspiration and we hope a beacon. We expect it to be a memorial to the aspirations for the arts cherished by our leaders and our people for nearly two centuries of our existence.

Tor

O

verities," Certainly there have been examples of American writers, film directors and musicians who have been acclaimed in other countries before they won recognI-

continued

Dominating the Grand Foyer, top, is Robert Berks' head of President Kennedy, Julie and David Eisenhower, above, arrive at the gala party for Center's preview. Below, premiere night audience is reflected in exterior pool.

Brilliant facade of the Kennedy Center, with its six-storey-tall windows, top. In the Hall of Nations, above, flags of many countries blaze overhead. A moment from Bernstein's "Mass," right, shows rock band and choristers.

~ SHIMMERING RECTANGLE OF MARBLE AND GLASS, THE KENNEDY CENTER IS AN EXCITING ADDITION TO THE WASHINGTON RIVERFRONT.

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munity is based on how many Barbie clothes she has for her doll.

The first time I took my daughter to the store I spent $3 on a dress for her and $25 to outfit her Barbie doll.

A week later my daughter came in and said, "Barbie wants to be an airline stewardess. " "So let her be an airline stewardess," I said.

"She needs a uniform. It's only $3.50."

I gave her the $3.50.

Barbie didn't stay a stewardess long.

She decided she wanted to be a nurse ($3), then a singer in a night club ($3), then a professional dancer ($3).

One day my daughter walked in and said, "Barbie's lonely."

"Let her join a sorority," I said.

"She wants Ken." "Who is Ken?" She showed me the catalogue. Sure enough, there was a doll named Ken, the same size as Barbie, with crew-cut hair, a vinyl plastic chest and movable arms and legs.

"If you don't get Ken," my daughter cried, "Barbie will grow up to be an old

by

maid."

Art Buchwald HAVENOTHI G against toy companies.

In their own way, they bring happiness to the hearts of our young ones and they give employment to thousands of people all over the country. It is only when they try to bankrupt us that I feel we should speak out. If my situation is duplicated around the nation, every father who has a daughter between the ages of four and twelve is going to have to apply for relief. This is what happened.

My seven-year-old daughter requested, four months ago, a Barbie doll. Now, as far as I'm concerned, one doll is just like another and since the Barbie doll costs only $3 I was happy to oblige.

I

I br,?ught the doll home and thought nothing more of it until a week later when my daughter came in and said, "Barbie needs a negligee."

"So does your mother," I replied.

"But there is one in the catalogue for opJy $3," she cried.

"What catalogue?"

"The one that came with the doll."

I grabbed the catalogue and, much to my horror, discovered what the sellers of Barbie were up to. They'll let you have the doll for $3, but you have to buy clothes for her at an average of $3 a crack. They have about 200 outfits, from ice-skating skirts to mink jackets, and a girl's status in the com-

So I went out and bought Ken ($3.50).

Ken needed a tuxedo ($5), a raincoat ($2.50), a terry-cloth robe and an electriO' razor ($2), tennis togs ($3), pajamas ($1.50), and several single-breasted suits ($27).

Pretty soon I had put up $400 to protect my original $3 investment.

Then one evening my daughter came in with a shocker.

"Barbie and Ken are getting married.

Here is the list of wedding clothes they'll need as well as a picture of Barbie's dream house."

"Seven ninety-five for a house?" I shouted. "Why can't they live on a shelf like the rest of your dolls?"

The tears started to flow. "They want to live together as man and wife."

Well, Barbie and Ken are now happily married and living in their dream house with $3,000 worth of clothes hanging in the closet. I wish I could say that all was well, but yesterday my daughter announced that Midge ($3) was coming to visit them. And she doesn't have a thing to wear.

END

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FART BUCHWALDthinks of fleeing to India to escape the demands of Barbie, he is in for a surprise. Because here Barbie can acquire a completely new wardrobe.

She can outfit herself as a Kashmiri, Punjabi or Rajasthani belle. She can choose from a bewildering array of garments-salwar-

kameez, churidar-kurra, gharara-kameez, lengha-choli and, of course, the sari. And

Lalita Dixit of New Delhi makes dolls and dolls' clothes to win the heart of any little girl.

the chances are she will be unable to resist the "see-through" kurra, made of gossamer voile with all-over embroidery.

These appeals to Barbie's vanity are made by Mrs. Lalita Dixit of New Delhi, who further undermines Barbie's willpower by trimming the clothes with beads and mirrors and sequins, with delicate embroidery in gold and silver thread. Even Ken will be put to the test in India. For the

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"I decided ... that I would design an Indian doll that would be beautiful, and that would reflect the heritage of India."

first time, he can buy himself a dhoti-kurta, a pyjama-achkan or a resplendent maharajah's costume, complete with turban.

Actually, the idea of making clothes for the dolls started when Mrs. Dixit saw Ken wearing a "fake" maharajah outfit. Since India is the authentic maharajah country, she figured, why not make the clothes here? ,Today the tiny items of apparel are available at branches of the Cottage Industries Emporium in Delhi, Bombay and Madras.

They are being sent abroad in small consignments, thus earning a modest amount of foreign exchange.

But the making of clothes is only a sideline with Mrs. Dixit, whose real business is producing dolls dressed in traditional Indian costumes. There are dolls representing all parts of the country, and doing all sorts of things-dancing, cooking, churning butter, fetching water from the well, smoking a hookah. There is even a bride and groom with a presiding pundit.

Twelve years ago, Lalita Dixit went to an exhibition in London, where she was appalled by the crude Indian dolls on display. "I decided then," she says, "that I would design an Indian doll that' would be beautiful and that would reflect the heritage of India."

It was not easy to begin. "I was given a Japanese doll by someone," Mrs. Dixit

recalls, "and I dismantled it, piece by piece, to see how it was made. I thought I'd pass this information on to the doll-makers, but they all wanted to know what sort of diploma I had, where I had learned doll-making.

"I had no diploma, no experience, so I thought it was time to take over myself. I employed one or two people and started experimenting with plaster moulds and papier-mache. It took 18 months before I could stand on my feet, and before the dolls could stand on their pedestals."

Today, Mrs. Dixit and her dolls have travelled around the world representing India at international exhibitions, at cultural and trade fairs. The dolls are found in homes scattered across the globe. And they once made a guest appearance on a U.S. television show sponsored by Trans World Airlines.

With 32 workers employed in her small factory on the outskirts of Delhi, Mrs. Dixit has her hands full. But one of her dreams remains unfulfilled. This is to give Indian children dolls that they can dress and undress, that they can really play with. They will probably be on the lines of Barbie and Ken and, says Mrs. Dixit, "Perhaps I ):Vill call them Rama and Sita." Judging by her past, this ambition may soon become reality. When that happens-Indian parents, beware!

END

/ - :2 ,'2 '0'2Various stages in the makfns?OJLalita Do Is. From top, stitching clothes on to the torso, removing heads from papier-mache moulds, and the painting of delicate facial details.

At left, Mrs. Dixit puts the finishing touches to one of her dolls. Opposite page, above, a worker adjusts the head-dress of a dancing doll. Below, bride and groom sit by the fire while the pundit recites the prayers.

IIalYCVt

MAN REAPS MANY PRACTICAL BENEFITS FROM SPACE TECHNOLOGY

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Using electrode configuration by the three-man Skylab space staWHAT CAN an orbiting space platform contribute towards the eradtion workshop to be orbited in 1973. for recording brain waves together with sound source to measure ication of yellow fever on earth? To Bothsets of experiments are largehearing, helmet, above, provides the discovery of oil or valuable ly based on the "multi-spectral" techimproved means for diagnosing minerals? To flood control? To the nique in which several images will be hearing disorders. Space research efficient distribution of fertilizer at obtained of each target, each in a also has spurred development of the beginning of the growing season? narrow portion of the visible optical tiny monolithic integrated circuit spectrum, as well as in the longer The common-sense answer would chip, resting on thumb at right, infrared wavelengths beyond the be: very little. After all, the orbiting containing equivalent of 15 satellite is several hundreds of miles sensitivity of human vision. These resistors, 13 transistors and enough pictures, as well as data on spectral above the earth, speeding through wiring for two complete circuits. space at 18,000 miles an hour. How intensities, will be recorded on film could it possibly provide informa- , or magnetic tape and physically re- become a tragedy for all mankind tion which could not better be ob- turned to the earth by the Skylab in the very near future. tained on the ground? Surely, first- crews. Similar coverage will also be Multi-spectral images covering hand study is far superior to any relayed by television from the un10,000 square miles at a time can long-distance survey, no matter how manned U.S. Earth Resources Satreadily distinguish freshly-ploughed powerful and discriminating the eflites. In both cases the material fields, on a daily basis if necessary, sensing instruments. will be m~de available to foreign to provide useful information on the Yet, like many things which have investigators who have submitted geographical pattern of fertilizer debeen learned from space research in timely proposals for its use to the mand, for example. This will allow the last dozen years, the commonU.S. National Aeronautics and suppliers to avoid shipping too much sense answer to these questions is Space Administration (NASA). to one area and too little to another. almost certainly incorrect. PhotoConfidence in the multi-spectral Detailed temperature and moisture graphs taken of selected areas of the technique is based on both ground measurements from space can assist earth by pilots of the U.S. Gemini and aerial studies which have shown in selecting the optimum time for and Apollo manned spacecraft since that individual types of crops, forest planting crops. Space surveys can 1965, using only small, hand-held and other vegetation reflect and indicate when land is being overcameras with a variety of colouremit unique, recognizable spectral grazed or under-grazed and even sensitive films and filters, have yield- signatures-during' the growing sea- keep track of the movement of loed a breathtaking volume of inforson. Not only is it possible'"to dis- custs and other pests. Using infrared mation to the trained eye of the tinguish between fields of maize, photography, scientists of Purdue photo-interpreter. The potential of oats, sorghum and wheat but it is University managed last year to these panoramic views from space also possible to distinguish between measure from the air the degree of is so great, in fact, that the United diseased and healthy crops, trees infestation of U.S. corn crops by a States is presently building two Earth and other vegetation, to predict rare fungus blight which had sudResources Technology Satellites to yields and-in a broad sense-to denly become widespread. Conceivbe launched in 1972 and 1973 and it inventory and monitor overall land ably, such techniques could even is placing heavy emphasis on sophisuse with a high degree of precision be extended to herds of animals. ticated earth studies to be conducted over the entire earth. The object of Thus it should become possible for this work will be to maximize the agricultural experts to predict crop, productivity of the biological earth fibre and meat yields with a world-both the lang and the seas-in wide accuracy now possible in only order to provide the Tood, fibre and timber the world must have, if its. explosive population growth is not to

a few advanced countries so that both surpluses and shortagesequally ruinous-can be avoided.

Similar services can be expected for the fishing industry. This was demonstrated a few years ago in the case of Iceland, whose fishing fleet was unable to find fish in traditional fishing grounds because of a shift in the Atlantic's Gulf Stream. This current of warm water, often 10 degrees Fahrenheit warmer than the surrounding ocean, acts as a barrier or fence for fish which they are reluctant to cross. It was discovered through the use of airborne infrared sensors that the Gulf Stream had meandered a considerable distance from its old course. On the strength of this information, Iceland's vessels were able to follow the new course of the Gulf Stream and locate the fish again. More recently, a Gemini'

photograph disclosed the course of the silt-laden fresh water of the Colorado River entering the Gulf of California, leading fishermen to rich, new tuna grounds and an increase in their catch.

The benefits of concentrated study of earth resources from space extend far beyond agriculture and fisheries. Consider flood control. A single Gemini photograph captured a river in the southern United States which was in flood stage. This unique photograph provided unsuspected revelations to hydrologists on the mechanics of the high-water behaviour of this particular river; it has

proved invaluable for locating levees and other flood control measures.

Geology from space? Even the low-resolution photographs taken

by Gemini and Apollo of the wellsurveyed United States have turned up major faults, fractures and other crustal features which had escaped previous aerial observation. Intersecting faults and fractures of major proportions have been photographed in southwest Africa and other areas. These are important because accessible mineral deposits are often found in these junctions of the earth.

Photographs taken from space are helping locate geological domes, often traps for natural gas and oil. The chart above, made from a photo of Saudi Arabia and Yemen, top, shows domes recorded in the space pictures. Intersecting faults and major fractures, usually sites of mineral deposits, have also been photographed.

And in Saudi Arabia, numerous vast structural domes have been photographed which were not previously suspected; these are often natural traps for gas and oil.

Medicine from space? Not at all unlikely, according to Dr. Archibald Park, a veterinarian and public health officer now serving with NASA. Take the case of yellow fever. In Africa, the reservoir of this disease is the monkey population which lives in the bush. The vector of the disease from monkey to man is a particular mosquito called Aedes simpsoni. The breeding ground for this mosquito is a specific type of vegetation, the false banana bush; where that plant does not exist, there is no yellow fever.

"Now where is the false banaD; bush?" inquires Dr. Park. "Unfor tunately, our present knowledge 0 that is even poorer than oUl:under standing of the distribution of bus] and grassland in Africa. Space stud ies may give us beautiful, precis maps and measurements, but th real value only comes when mal makes his interpretations and dedu( tions from this new material."

The impetus for increased eart resources studies stems in part fror the striking success of weather sate] lites which for a decade have bee mapping global weather witq a ease and speed which are still sUI prising. They have demonstrate, that no part of the earth can be cor sidered remote, at least when viewe from space.

To scientists, the most importar contribution of space meteorologic, observatories may be yet to com and will derive from their growin ability to make vertical temperatUI soundings of the atmosphere, di~ secting it layer by layer, so th, a vast mathematical comput{ "model" can be constructed of tb atmosphere. An accurate glob. model could form the basis of n liable weather forecasts, extend in 30 days or more into the future saving unimaginable amounts ( money for farmers, airlines an

SATELLITES HELP MAN CONTROL FLOODS, ASSESS EARTH'S RESOURCES, FIGHT ILLITERACY, EVEN ERADICATE DISEASE. other industries vitally dependent upon the weather.

For the public, however, the ability of weather satellites to photograph typhoons, hurricanes and other severe storms far from land and to televise this information to ground stations for warning purposes is at least as dramatic an advance as any model of the atmosphere. The tragic Indian Ocean typhoon which took hundreds of thousands of lives in East Pakistan last year was spotted by a U.S. weather satellite a week before it struck land and though ample warning time was available, commun"ications in the disaster area were too poor for effective evacuation measures or other safeguards.

One of the most useful features of the U.S. weather satellites now in operation is the Automatic Picture Transmission syste~,. or APT. As the satellite takes each picture and stores the information on a vidicon tube, it is read out line by line by the spacecraft electronics system and televised to APT ground receivers.

In this way a ground station may pick up as many as four or five daytime photographs on a single satellite pass over its area. A similar readout technique is employed with infrared and scanning radiometer images taken during night passes.

Because APT stations are relatively inexpensive-they cost 6,000 to $14,000 to purchase but have been built with second-hand parts for as little as S200-about 180 APT receivers are in operation around the world in 65 countries including India. They have been established by the United States and foreign government agencies, universities, television stations and commercial organizations. Because each new weather satellite incorporates more elaborate APT capability, the United States tries to notify all APT users of each advance and there is a fuIltime APT co-ordinator in Washington to deal with questions from all over the world.

Space has provided an even more obvious bargain in the form of communications satellites. Since the first 85-pound Early Bird went into service in 1965 on synchronous orbit over the equator (so that it exactly paces the earth's rotation and appears to hover motionless above a point on the earth's surface), eight more American commercial relay satellites have entered service, culminating early this year with the 1,544-poundIntelsatIV, which has a 5,000-circuit capacity or can handle up to 12 television transmissions.

The result has been that today about half of the world's long-haul international communications are now routinely handled by satellite while only six years ago these circuits didn't exist. And they are doing the job at considerably reduced cost.

Hand in hand with the explosive growth in relay satellites has been a jump in earth stations. * In 1965, there were only five of these large gtound antennas in fivecountries. Today there are some 50 installations around the world and by 1973 it is expected that about 70 will be operational in more than 50 countries.

The growing network of space communications at present finds its main use in the relay of telephone, telegraph and television communications but many experts think it will ultimately find its most powerful use in the relay of data in the special binary from employed by computers.

Though this use of space communications is in its infancy, it is already finding important use in the support of the U.S. Apollo lunar programme.

To assure intimate and positive ground control of all aspects of the lunar exploration missions, even on the moon itself, it is necessary that torrents of data continuously feed the large computers in Houston, Texas, and this is relayed by Intelsat communication satellites from Australia and Spain when the Apollo spacecraft cannot beam messages d~ectly to the United States. Looking further into the future to a time when a net work of earth resources

satellites is continuously relaying important data, clients will have to turn increasingly to computers to handle all the information in an expeditious way and this will surely I?ean a growing segment of pure data in space communications traffic. Moreover, as increasing amounts of medical, scientific, economic and other information are computerized in data banks on earth, accessible only to computers, the data component in space communications traffic between earth stations will similarly tend to expand.

Yet to be demonstrated is a capability for direct radio and TV broadcasting from space. Present relay satellites can transmit only very weak signals, requiring huge ground antennas to detect and amplify them.

This poses no problem for developed countries, which already have elaborate networks of domestic TV and radio stations to re-broadcast the space signals. But for less developed countries with vast geographical areas and no far-flung network of radio and TV stations, the problem of disseminating broadcast programmes is acute.

In an effort to see whether this barrier can be broken, NASA is presently building a large solarpowered Applications Technology Satellite which will carry an erectable 30-foot dish-shaped antenna

Dramatic example offorecasting ability of weather satellites is this photo of last year's devastating Indian Ocean typhoon, taken by U.S. satellite ITOS-I three days before storm actually hit East Pakistan.

Satellite spotted the storm a week bpfore it struck and relayed information to ground stations.

Inadequate communications in the disaster area, however, prevented effective evacuation measures.

to be pointed with great accuracy at the earth. When launched in 1973 into a synchronous orbit, the transmitter system should be able to radiate 200 watts of power, permit- > ting one good quality TV signal and two audio signals to be picked up with fairly simple ground receiving equipment.

NASA has entered into an agreement with India* in which the satellite broadcast system will be provided on a co-operative basis for a series of instructional TV broadcasts to reach some 5,000 remote villages which the Indian Government will provide with receiving equipment. India will originate the broadcasts which will cover subjects like family planning and improved agricultural practices. The agriculture programmes, for instance, will familiarize farmers with new high yield seeds, with fertilizers and pesticides, with water-management techniques and also provide timely weather and pest forecasts.

Indirect benefits have ridden hard on the heels of the direct benefits of

Result of space research, new reinforced plastic and sand mortar pipe, being lowered by helicopter at left, is lightweight, sturdy and almost maintenance free. Computer processing techniques used to correct distortions in TV pictures received from spacecraft have bl?en successfully adapted to bring out extra detail in X-rays. Photos above show original X-ray (top) and same X-ray with greater clarity, result. ing from computer enhancement.

space services and none more dramatic than the new medical instruments arising from the manned space programme. A version of the space helmet worn by astronauts on the airless moon is used to test oxygen consumption of children while undergoing hard exercise in a Kansas hospital and a version of the astronauts' multi-layered, flexible spacesuit is being explored as a pulsating device to assist in respiration for severely paralyzed patients-hopefully to replace cumbersome iron lungs. Based on early lunar mobility studies, a six-legged walking device

has been adapted for handicapped persons permitting them to negotiate curbs, stairs and other obstacles which would be impossible for ordinary wheelchairs.

A variety of other measurement and diagnostic devices have appeared which stem directly from the sensors and transducers invented for space research. A tiny instrument to measure pressures in wind-tunnel tests has been adapted for blood pressure measurements; it can be

inserted into an artery by hypodermic and manoeuvred into the¡ heart itself. A battery-powered personal health monitoring unit the size of a cigarette package strapped to a patient's arm can transmit blood pressure, temperature, respiration and other vital physiological information; a single nurse at a console can oversee the condition of as many as 64 patients in an intensive-care unit by means of this technique. An ambulance service has adapted the biomedical harness of the astronauts to radio electro-cardiogram data on patients to waiting physicians while the vehicle is still far away from the hospital. A computer technique, used to enhance Mariner pictures of

Mars, has been adapted with striking results to bring out additional detail in X-ray photographs.

Even more numerous are the less spectacular industrial benefits derived from space research. A tough coating developed for spacecraft has become the basis of a new, longwearing paint whose manufacture has been licensed to 25 U.S. companies. A plastic resin developed for rocket motor chambers has found wide use as a commercial adhesive and coating while special tooling devised for unique spacecraft and rocket construction tasks has found its way into routine industrial application.

Whether spectacular or mundane, the totality of the return from space has already proven itself a driving force in shaping a livable world today and the advances immediately in prospect promise much more, to the extent that the investment in space must' soon be regarded as indispensable to human welfare.

END

"JUST AS the young person who was a charming child does not quite seem to know what to do with arms and legs, so my own science, anthropology, as it develops, seems a little clumsy and unsure as to what to do with itself." So wrote the late Professor Robert Redfield, who contributed greatly to the progress of social anthropology in modern times.

Formerly anthropology was concerned almost exclusively with primitive societies, because no other science took a keen interest in the subject. But now it encomI'll

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man and is dealins more and more with large and heterogeneous societies and their changing forms and relationships. In recent years anthropologists hilVestudied and are studying communities forming parts of civilizations, national states like Germany and Japan, national character like that of Russia, the social base of political behaviour, peasant and urban societies.

Of course, the discipline is not without errors and limitations, but even in the case of the natural sciences the road which led to the phenomenal advances of today has not been an easy or straight one. What is required, therefore, is the use of the main weapons in the armoury of the scientist; namely, "free debate, the empirical testing of opposing views and a standing invitation to confront error with truth." Surely, we are in debt to the anthropologists for the body of new knowledge and the analyses and theories which they have placed at our disposal, and the best of them are entitled to rank among the pioneers of present-day science.

One such was the late Robert Redfield.

Born in Chicago on December 4, 1897, he received a law degree in 1921 from the University of Chicago. He was practising law in the United States when he visited Mexico with his wife in 1923.

This holiday stimulated his interest in anthropology so much that shortly afterwards he did graduate study in the subject, giving up law completely. He commenced field-work in Tepoztlan in Mexico in 1926 and was awarded the Ph.D. degree in 1928.

From Instructor in Anthropology at the University of Chicago in 1927 he became full Professor seven years later and the Robert Maynard Hutchins Distinguished Service Professor in 1953.

Redfield's dominant interest was the scientific study of the fascinating, if com- ; plex, processes like cultural disorganiza- . tion, secularization and individualization, : through which small communities became part and parcel of large societies and great traditions, each acting and reacting on the other. For this purpose he made the simultaneous comparison in a single cultural area of a tribal village, a peasant village, a town and a metropolitan city in Yucatan, a province of Mexico.

"India," said Dr. Robert LRedfieldJ "promised

to be most influential among the countries of the world in the future devel.. opment of anthropology."

"Yucatan," writes Redfield, "considered as one moves from Merida southeastward into the forest hinterland, presents a sort of social gradient in which the Spanish, modern and urban, gives way to the Maya, archaic and primitive." But he made it clear that "as you pass from village to town, or from town to city, you find the same elements ofliving that you left behind.

Only they are differently accented, differ- . ently worked 'into the whole of the local life. So the differences are not like those among the paint tablets in a paint box; they are like the colours of a spectrum."

Although Redfield developed several concepts in connection with his researches, he did not regard them as final and readily discarded those which were subsequently found unsatisfactory. While he built theories, he gave full weight to the empirical data, and in the study and synthesis of both he resorted to rigorous scientific principles. However, he admitted that "none of us can truly say that his way of work is necessarily the best way or that it either

should or will prevail over all others. . . .

To ~ee what is there with the .perceptions that our own humanity allows; to render our report so as to preserve the significance of these perceptions while submitting them to the questions and the tests of our fellows-that is our common duty, whatever the particular means we take to realize it."

Redfield was the author of several valuable books and the recipient of the Viking Fund and the Huxley Memorial medals, which are two of the highest honours in the field of anthropology. His well-known book, The Folk Culture of Yucatan, represented the first village study attempted by a professional anthropologist and served as a model for some of the best anthropological publications. Since then anthropological investigations of villages have proliferated like rabbits, particularly in India and Latin America, in keeping with the role of the discipline to grapple with the complexities of our new civilization.

Some years ago, in collaboration with Professor Milton Singer, Redfield started a programme of seminars and publications for the understanding of Asian civilizations. The first seminar on India was held in 1954 and dealt with the Indian village.

Since then more seminars have been organized and these have shown, among other things, that social change in India involves a gravitation towards a secular and cosmopolitan way of life on the one hand and the downward movement of ancient culture traits on the other. Thus in Mysore State the Brahmins have become more Westernized than the lower castes who have been largely adopting clistoms given up by the former. n1955 Professor and Mrs. Redfield came to India and took part in the AllIndia Conference of Anthropologists and Sociologists held in Madras. Speaking at the conference, he said that India promised to be most influential among the countries of the world in the future development of anthropology. In framing the new concepts that would make it a study not only of primitive peoples, but also of high civilizations, and in understanding the relationships between primitive, peasant and urban communities, India, he thought, offered a field which had few parallels in the world.

Although Redfield was wedded to the ethical neutralism and complete objectivity of the anthropologist, he did not hesitate

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to applaud any significant progress towards the good life. In Petalesharoo, a Pawnee .Indian who tried to stop human sacrifice in his community in the teeth of fierce opposition, he saw "a hint of human goodness."

He regretted that the Siriono of Bolivia abandoned their dying kith and kin without uttering even a word, although he realized the rigorous nature of their dayto-day life. He placed himself "squarely on the side of mankind" and "simply could not look neutrally at the ideas that move in history towards a more humane ideal and practice." "In me," he wrote, "man and anthropologist do not separate themselves

Redfield wanted the United States to develop what he called the civilization of the dialogue. "I think it is necessary to talk about one's self so as to appear in a good light. ... But I do think that our talking is insufficiently balanced by listening. I do not think that we listen enough to what other people are trying to say to us about themselves, and I do not think we listen enough to the sound of what we say in the ears of him to whom we say it."

Professor Redfield believed that a university should be reputed for dangerous radicalism. "It is good that university people make some other people a little un-

where often the process was repeated."

When free from the burdens of work, Redfield was the very embodiment of warmth and refinement. If the grind of field research permitted, he joined the people of his study in their ceremonies and . other activities and tried to share their thoughts and aspirations. The peasants' zest for life made a strong appeal to him and he remarked that though they "quarrel and fear, gossip and. hate, as do the rest of us, their very way of life, the persisting order and depth of their simple experiences, continue to make something humanly and intellectually acceptable of the world

sharply. I used to think I could bring about

easy because that uneasiness is a sign of

around them."

that separation in scientific work about humanity. Now I have come to confess that I have not effected it, and indeed to think that it is not possible to do so."

Just as Redfield was by and large a product of anthropology, so also was anthropology moulded to some extent according to his lights, and there is no doubt that he did add his mite to the totality of human knowledge. But, as he has himself stated, "We do not enact a science. It grows. If one declares that anthropology is to be done in such and such a way, then soon thereafter it will be done differently, and yet not entirely differently, for if the first conception of method is rigorous and relevant to fact, the later develop~ents will, grow out of it."

their activity in the public service." To him the duties of the university consist of: "The use of reason and special knowledge in reaching understanding and in deciding how to act. The unswerving faith that truth may be approached by the exchange of idea and the test of fact. An exaltation of the importance, both as means and as an end in itself, of freedom of thought and speech. A willingness-to listen to the man with an idea opposed to one's own. A disposition to attribute reasonableness to the other fellow."

edfield's intellectual efforts were by no means confined to the academic study of the science of his choice.

Over several years he and other social scientists helped the lawyers of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People to prove that the segregated schools gave separate, but not equal, facilities to the Negro, whom he considered "a responsibility to all men of all racial origins who want a peaceful and a just world." As an expert witness in a segregation case in Texas, he deposed that a nation which provided separate education to any section of its citizens could not expect all its constituent elements to live in unison-a view with which the Supreme Court of the United States, though not the trial court, fully agreed. A distinguished member of the National Legal Committee of the N.A.A.C.P. has acknowledged that his . "powers of analysis and unique ability to weld the ideas of social scientists and lawyers were major contributions to the legal work of the Association." .

R

"And man is human only as he knows the good and shares that knowledge with those to whom he is in humanity bound."

Both in the university and in his public activities Redfield was noted for his high sense of justice and fair play. While engaged in important deliberations he displayed great brilliance, originality and powers of logical analysis which commanded admiration and respect. He had the knack of grappling with the essence of highly complicated problems and stating it in as clear a manner as possible. Robert Maynard Hutchins, former President of the University of Chicago, says: "He would sit in silence while the rest of us were getting ourselves tangled up, and, when the tangle was hopeless, he would say, 'Let me see if I can get this clear.' There would follow one of those reasonable, fair and generous analyses, called thereafter 'the Redfield Statement,' which produced a general sigh of relief and understanding and enabled us to go on to the next stage of the discussion,

eenjoyed listening to music or reading aloud to his family and friends, and his favourite poem during his last days was one by William Butler Yeats entitled. "Sailing to Byzantium." He was deeply attached to his family and especially to his wife Margaret, a scholar in her own right, who often accompanied him in his field investigations.

He lived in an old detached house-"a mellow timber-beamed cottage" named "Windy Pines"-situated in a picturesque setting of trees about 50 kilo metres from Chicago. His household radiated beauty and charm with its antique furniture, the Indian bronzes on the mantelpiece and, last but not least, the bird-shelter outside a window with robins perching on it.

On the conclusion of the Madras conference, Redfield had asked me to work with him on a research project when he suddenly became ill and had to return to the United States for medical attention.

His ailment was diagnosed to be lymphatic leukemia to which he succumbed in Chicago in 1958 at the age of 60.

So lived and died a man who believed in all sincerity that the purpose of our existence is to develop "the fullest possibilities of humanity." "And man is human," he added, "only as he knows the good and shares that knowledge with those to whom he is in humanity bound ....

The movement of man cannot be stayed. We go forward, even towards uncertainty and doubt. . . . It is enough if we find the END effort a significant joy."

H

About the Author: Mr. Das is an anthropologist who has carried out several archaeological and anthropological investigations in India, some of which were under the advice of Dr. Redfield.

ON THE DAIS, a tall whitehaired man has just made a flat declaration: "I hate all dams, large and small."

From the back of the auditorium, someone asks, "Why are you conservationists always against things?"

"If you are against things," replies the speaker, "you are for something. If you are against a dam, you are for a river."

This is David Brower, the most powerful voice in the conservation movement in the United States, possibly in the world. And the incident typifies his unrelenting, intransigent, uncompromising stand on preserving the wilderness. Now nearing 60, he is president of Friends¡ of the Earth, an organization imbued with the same militant attitude in repelling attacks on the environment.

"The wilderness," Brower says, "is the most fragile resource we have. That's the one thing man cannot replace if he tears it apar,t-which he is busy doing."

Brower's love affair with the wilderness began long before ecology meant anything to anyone, long before today's environment-conscious young people were born. The clamorous concern now being expressed about conservation issues is an amplification-a delayed echoof what Brower has been saying for decades.

When David Brower was eight, his mother lost her vision, and he would take her for long walks in the hills.

"That looking for someone else," he says, "must have sharpened my appreciation of the beauty in nature." At 19 he dropped out of college and headed for the Sierra Nevada range of the Rocky Mountains. One result of these early wanderings was that he climbed 33 hithertounsealed peaks.

As a young man Brower joined the Sierra Club, a conservation organization founded in 1892 by the naturalist John Muir. But it was in 1952, when he became

Defender of Wilderness

continued

"I'm trying to do anything to get man back into balance with the environment.

He's way out-way out of balance. The land won't last, and we won't."

the club's executive director, that his rise to national prominence began. In the 15 years he held the post, membership rose from 7,000 to 75,000, and the club's budget grew from $75,000 to n~arly $3 million.

More important was the change Brower effected in the club's image. Before his time, it was known mainly for-its expeditions-hikes, climbs, outings, ski and pack trips. By the time he left, it was a fierce and devoted minority, a pressure group, a force affecting legislation that had to do with the land, the sea, and the atmosphere. As a newspaperman observed: "He changed the club from a posy picker's hiking society into a powerful lobby for conservation."

Chief monument to Brower's service with the Sierra Club is that the Colorado River still flows unimpeded through the Grand Canyon, the beautiful mile-high gorge of flame-coloured rock. He and the club successfully fought a proposal that the river be dammed in two places. "Saving the Grand Canyon" became a countrywide issue. "A national revolt, you might call it, took place;" Brower recalls. "There was attention paid to this battle that might never otherwise have been paid it....

I think it will be a long time before anyone else tries to put dams in the Grand Canyon."

In his campaign to save the Canyon, Brower used one of his favourite devices: the pl~cing of bold full-page newspaper advertisements. One of these asked: "Should We Also Flood The Sistine Chapel So Tourists Can Get Nearer The Ceiling?" Another appealed: "Now Only You Can Save The Grand Canyon From Being Flooded ... For Profit." The ads warned that the dams would cause the wild-running Colorado to become dead water, submerging some parts of the gorge 150 metres deep.

Brower's opponent in this struggle was the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation which accused him of capitalizing on literary hyperbole. The Bureau protested in vain that it intended to inundate only a fraction of one per cent of the figure Brower cited. But the fact that his statistics were not entirely correct did not slow down Brower. In the ensuing battle, he won, hands down.

Bureau of Reclamation chief Floyd Dominy complains: "I can't talk to Brower. ... Once after a Congressional hearing, I charged him with garbling facts, and he said, 'Anything is fair in love and war.' " Brower's tactics, in fact, have been spectacularly successful. There are many other prominent conservationists in the United States, but none with anything like his record of battles fought and won. Brower and the Sierra Club have resc,ued the central Great Smokies,

the Red River Gorge in Kentucky, the Allagash Wilderness in Maine, and the Everglades in Florida. They were also responsible for establishing North Cascades National Park in Washington, for obtaining National Seashores on Cape Cod and Point Reyes, and for initiating the Wilderness Act, under which 167wilderness areas in 13 states have been declared off limits to motor vehicles.

These victories were not won easily. And in the course of his crusading career, Brower made some powerful enemies in government. One immediate result ofthe Grand Canyon issue, for example, was that the U.S. Internal Revenue Service withdrew from the Sierra Club its tax-exempt status, on the grounds that it was engaged in lobbying activities.

He has also managed to consistently antagonize various industrial interests. Well aware of all this, Brower says: "Ah yes. We are known to the pesticide people as the Bambi Group, the highway interests call us 'the â&#x20AC;˘ prophets and priests of the pinnacles,' and the lumbermen refer to us as the Daffodil Fringe."

Brower himself has earned a choice array of epithets.

A skiing magazine described him as a blend of "Captain Marvel, Disraeli and the White Tornado." And he has been referred to variously as an extremist, a zealot, a crusader, a flaming firebrand, and an evangelist.

In a New Yorker profile on Brower, writer John McPhee says: "To put it mildly, there is something evangelical about Brower. He is a visionary. He wantsliterally-to save the world. He is an emotionalist in an age of dangerous reason." Indeed Brower does not seem unwilling to accept the role of high priest. He once said: "We are in a kind of religion, an ethic with regard to terrain, and this religion is closest to the Buddhist, I suppose." , From the very beginning Brower's missionary zeal aroused some unease within the Sierra Club. He was accused of arrogance, of high-handedness, of disobeying the directives of the Board, of financial recklessness.

(Each full-page ad, for example, cost the club $20,000.)

In reply Brower said with disdain, "They want to run this place like a bank." The outcome was that Brower was voted out of office by the Board two years ago.

But not even Brower's bitterest enemies in the Sierra Club will deny his impressive achievements. One of the most successful was the publishing enterprise which put out 20 big, handsome, expensive ($25) volumes. Combining superb photography with purple prose, the books cover some of the earth's most beautiful areas. The publishing programme has been continued in his new

Ghostly draperies of Spanish moss swathe the branches of trees in the Everglades, Florida's vast, sub-tropical "water-prairie."

This is yet another area saved by Brower and the Sierra Club.

organization, Friends of the Earth, which recently started a new series entitled The Earth's Wild Places. Its first two volumes, now available, are about the Hawaiian island of Maui and the European Alps.

Another book will be entitled A Sense of Place, with paintings by Allan Gusso and descriptions of what the places have meant to him. Says Brower: "Allan Gusso thinks that everyone has within himself 10 or 12 places that are terribly important to what made him a person,

07 - :37_b Lf

that are reference points in his life. And I think that it is this sense of place that is going to be the foundation of a really lasting conservation movement."

In this, as in many of his other attitudes, there is much in Brower of the mystic, the visionary. He seems at times impelled by a sense of urgency, by some force above and beyond him. Asked once why he drives himself the way he does, he replied: "I don't know. It beats the hell out of me. I'm trying to save some forests, some wilderness. I'm trying to do anything to get man back into balance with the environment. He's way out-way out of balance. The land won't last, and we won't."

END

''I've had some sad experiences," says Wyeth. "Things , disappear before I can get to them." That is the reasoning behind this portrait of the Olson house. It is a very real picture of the personality of a house.

Each detail, each window has a life of its own. The weathered clapboards in the sunlight are bathed in bright light; yet the house had to appear both solid and hollow, firm yet destined to disappear.

(1965) Tempera 121.9 x 71.1 ems.

Collection of Mr. & Mrs. Alexander M. Laughlin, New York City

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A DEEPER REALITY 1=11h

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"IN MY PAINTINGSthere is a quiet, personal tie-up, an echo of the past. The past gets richer and richer as I paint." Thus American artist Andrew Wyeth explains his approach to his work. The quality of that work has made him the most popular living artist in the United States. Even his critics, who don't know quite what to make of him, have to respect him for his technical excellence and broad appeal. Some call him a "realist" but he disagrees, saying, ''I'm a pure abstractionist in my thought."

Whatever word is used to describe his highly representational style, it requires little translation or explanation. His work is eagerly sought by museums and collectors. It has been exhibited in most of the top galleries in the United States. In mid-February 1970, he was recognized as no living American artist before him by a month-long, one-man show of 22 of his paintings at the White House. President

and Mrs. Nixon opened the show with a banquet and reception in Wyeth's honour.

Andrew Wyeth paints only what he knows well.

That is why he limits himself to subjects close to his home in Chadds Ford, Pennsylvania, and his summer place on the seacoast of Maine. Shown below in his Chadds Ford living room, Wyeth was born about 1.5 kilometres down the road from here on July 12, 1917, the youngest of five children. His father, Newell Converse Wyeth, was a muralist but far better known for his exciting illustrations for children's books.

A delicate child, Andrew Wyeth was taken out of school after only three months in the first grade.

From then on his education was provided at home -mostly in his father's studio. 'His apprenticeship, like that of Renaissance painters, was served at an early age and gave him a fir rounding in his craft.

I~

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continued

Teel's Island Henry Teel's house is in the distance. It was built from the timbers of a ship wrecked on the island.

A lobsterman, Teel's last chore before leaving for the mainland in autumn was to haul his boat above high water. In 1954, Henry was ill and Wyeth realized, when autumn came around again, that he probably would never use the boat again. So on a crisp, bright day near the close of autumn he painted this record of the past.

(1954) Dry brush 25.4 x 58.4 centimetres.

Maga's Daughter When Wyeth's wife put this 18th-century hat on one day, the effect delighted him-and this portrait is the result. He had planned to do a still life of it before that. One of the remarkable pictures of his mature phase, it characteristically unites past and present-he painted his wife's mother in 1956 during her last illness and says there is a great deal of the mother in this painting-for the resemblance between mother and daughter is very strong.

(1966) Tempera 67 x 76.8 ems.

Faraway Wyeth has often said that dry brush is a hard medium to control. And he considers this one of the first really successful pictures in this technique.

He had been out walking with his son Jamie, then five. The boy lost a lead soldier and, turning, Wyeth walked back to look for it. After a vain search, he looked for Jamie. The boy had already given up the search and was sitting on the dry grass, lost in dreams. He was wearing a fur hat, the type worn by the early American pioneers and frontiersmen . . (1952) Dry brush 34.3 x 53.3 cms.

Young Bull

My Young Friend

This painting began as a study of the animal's eye; went on to the head, the animal, the building above. It was painted in the barnyard of a Chadds Ford neighbour, and Wyeth feels it is true to the Pennsylvania landscape in wintertime.

A sudden kick from the not-always-patient bull once sent Wyeth's paints flying onto the unfinished painting.

A trace of the accident still appears on the animal's side.

(1960) Dry brush 50.16 x 104.77 centimetres.

This portrait of a shy young lady who works as a stable girl for a Chadds Ford neighbour was finished just in time for the White House exhibition in 1970. "One day I saw her riding bareback, her braided hair flying and those two long strands falling over her face:' recalls Wyeth. "She was wearing that raccoon hat as I have never seen any girl wear a hat. That look! That face! It snapped with me."

(1970) Tempera 80.64 x 62.23 centimetres. (Right)

Wind from the Sea Painted in an upper room of a house in Maine which Wyeth used as a studio. He went up there one day; the mom was dry and hot.

He raised the window to cool the room. After beginning the picture, he had to wait two months for another west wind to study the blowing curtains. "You can't make these things up. You must see how it was." "Everything was dry and hot; the shade, curtains, the window frame. I tried to get that quality, and the air blowing."

(1947) Tempera 46.9 x 69.8 ems.

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