SPAN: December 1975

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H Frauds Coppola's epic:fiIDl 'The Godfather' was one of the great movies of the early seventies, most crides agree that its ',sequel, 'The Godfathel', Part H,' is even better.

Film critic Pauline Kael reviews 'Godfather II' on page 40 of this issue. On this page, stills from tile movie show star 'AI Pacino, as, Mic~el Corleone, in various moods--happy (right), compassionate (below left) and pensive (bottom). He is also shown (belo~ right) with Lee Strasberg, who plays a businessman-gangster. Strasberg bas trained dozens 'of stars in his famous Actors Studio.

A LEITER FROM THE PUBLISHER

SPAN News'& Views-

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Everyone seems to be taking an interest in current discussions between the industrialized nations and the Third World. Economic problems of a North-South nature have, in fact, pushed older East-West ideological considerations into the background. We felt it was about time SPAN dealt with these economic problems in some depth, so this month we have an American policy maker discussing some of the general issues in his article "The United States and the Third World" (page 5).

Focusing on specific problems, the interview with economist Gustav Papanek (page 8) analyzes a question that may be the heart of the matter for most developing countries: "How can you improve a nation's income distribution without hurting its economic growth?" And on page 11, an interview with economist Lawrence B. Krause examines the problem of commodity prices-one of the bones of contention between the industrialized economies and the developing nations.

News of the last few weeks, however, is optimistic. On pages 45-48 you will find U.S. Secretary of State Henry Kissinger praising the "unanimous agreement produced by the Seventh Special Session of the General Assembly on measures to improve the economic condition of mankind." Addressing both developed and developing countries, Dr. Kissinger said: "Let us fashion together a new world order."

As for relations between India and America, there too news in recent weeks has been positive. In early October, India's Minister for External Affairs, Y.B. Chavan, had friendly and useful talks in Washington with U.S. President Gerald Ford.

Minister Chavan was in Washington as head of the Indian delegation to the October meeting of the Indo-U.S. Joint Commission. This latest meeting of the Jpint Commission resulted in an agreement for an increased number of es;onomic, scientific, cultural and educational projects between the two nations. ,(See story on page 2.)

And speaking of Indo-American educational exchanges, we've actually had 5,000 years of those-according to S.R. Madhu in his story on page 28 of this issue, which commemorates the 25th anniversary of the U.S. Educational Foundation in India. In the last quarter century, some 5,000 Indians and Americans have received Fulbright grants for study, teaching and research in each other's country. Assuming an average of one year for each grant, that's 5,000 person-years of IndoAmerican educational links !

In the August SPAN we mentioned in this cQlumn that Indian readers often ask us to print more profiles of working, Americans, people in interesting occupations doing interesting things. In that issue we published "A Week in the Life of an American Truckdriver."

This month we're running a profile (page 20) ofa buyer of women's fas,hions (or one of New York's 'most stylish stores, Lord & Taylor. The buyer is Ann Rogers, and some of the clothes she purchases are worn' by models on the front cover and on pages 24-25.

There's a lot more in this issue-a review of the movie Godfather II (page 40), a little American history (page 14), a trip to the Grand Canyon (page 49), and a romp through modern American poetry (page 34). On the lighter side, don't forget to read what novelist Nergis Dalal says about that mysterious language called American English (page 26). It's an especially useful article if you want to "rap" with your "farout" teen-agers who might speak some of this "turned on" language of the "hip" young (which even many middle-aged Americans ,do not understand !). You'll probably agree with Mrs. Dalal that it's often a pretty "cool" and "trendy" lingo-although now and then it might sound like "glop from the schlock .opper."

-A.E.H.

The United States and the Third World

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Adventures of an AmerIcan in an Indian Village 33 Edtt ~f Conscience 34 APc Poetty . !f.,. itt L ,{ / logy of in/Anthology Lf I 38 Anth pt/e ~ It

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Front cover: Brilliant green dress worn by fashion model is one of several chosen

by Lord & Taylor buyer Ann Rogers whose hectic day is described on pages 20-23.

Back cover: In giant-sized rubber rafts, tourists ride the raging torrents of the Colorado River as it flows through Arizona's Grand Canyon. See story on page 49.

Managing Editor: Carmen KagaI. Assistant Managing Editor: S.R. Madhu. Editorial Staft': Mohammed Reyazuddin, Avinash Pasricha, Nirmal Sharma, Krishan Gabrani, Murari Saha, R<x;queFernandes.

Art Direc/or: Nand Ka/yal. Art Staft': Gopi Gajwani, B. Roy Choudhury, Kanti Roy, Suhas Nimbalkar.

Chief of Production: Awtar S. Marwaha. Photographic Services: USlS Photo Lab. Published by the United States Informa/ion Service, 24 Kas/urba Gandhi Marg, New Delhi 110001, on behalf of the American Embassy, New Delhi. The opinions expressed in this magazine do not necesSarilyreflect the views or policies of the United States Government. Printed by Arun Mehta a/ Vakil & Sons Private Ltd., Vakils House, Sprott Road, 18 Ballard Estate, Bombay 400 038.

Pbotograpbs: Front cover-Tomas Sennett. Inside front cover-courtesy Paramount Pictures.

4 bottom-Avinash Pasricha. 14·15-The Bellman Archive. 18·J9-Robert E. Smallman, courtesy Friends magazine. 28-Amn Ganguly; Avinash Pasricha (2). 30 first column-Avinash Pasricha; second column-Homi Jal (2); third column-Amn Ganguly, C. Gajaraj. 31 first column-Avinash Pasricha; second column-Homi Jal, Arun Ganguly; third column-Avinash Pasricha, Homi Jal. 41-42-<:ourtesy Paramount Pictures. 45-Fred Comegys. Inside back cover & back coverJames A. Supr.

. Use of SPAN articles in other publications is encouraged, except when copyrighted. For permission, write to the Editor. Subscription: One year, 18 rupees; single copy, 2 rupees 50 paise. For change of address, send old address from a recent SPAN envelope along with new address to A.K. Mitra, Circulation Manager, SPAN magazine, 24 Kasturba Gandhi Marg, New Delhi 110001.

NEWS& VIEWS A NEW ERA IN INDO-U.S. RELATIONS¡ On October 6, 1975, India's Minister for External Affairs, Y.B. Chavan, met with U.S. President Gerald Ford at the White House in Washington. A statement issued by the White House after the meeting said that the President "welcomed this opportunity for a full and constructive exchange of views with Minister Chavan on the development of Indian-American relations." President Ford reaffirmed his support for the efforts of India and other states in the area "to normalize relations in the interest of continuing peace and stability in South Asia." The President viewed the Indo-U.S. Joint Commission as "a promising mechanism for expanding areas, of cooperation for the mutual benefit of our two countries."

Minister Chavan was in Washington to attend a meeting of the Indo-U.S. Joint Commission, of which he and U.S. Secretary of State Henry Kissinger are cochairmen. The Joint Commission, which was established during Dr. Kissinger's October 1974 visit to India, is composed of three subcommissions: economic and commercial; scientific and technological; educational and cultural. Meetings of these subcommissions have been held during the past year, and both Secretary Kissinger and Minister Chavan commended them for the "excellent beginning" they have made.

At the conclusion of these latest IndoU.S. meetings in Washington, which lasted two days, a joint communique was issued outlining the progress that has been made by the three subcommissions.

In the field of science and technology, both countries are interested in "intensifying cooperation" in agriculture; energy and natural resources; health; electronics and communications; environment; and exchanges of scientists and information.

The communique stated that more than 20 joint projects in science and technology have been approved by the U.S. and India since January 1975. The SU,bcommission on Science and Technology will hold its

next meeting in December 1975 in New Delhi.

In the field of education and culture, two joint seminars are being organized for the near future: "Museums as Educational Resources" and "Methods in History, Old and New." The former will be held in the U.S. and the latter in India. Two other seminars are being planned for 1976: "Educational Technology" and "Linkages of Agriculture and Education." The Joint Commission endorsed a system of scholarships and "visitorships" to enable professionals to pursue specialized studies in the other country. An exhibition of Indi~n culture and art will tour the U.S. in 1977; a comparable presentation of U.S. culture and art will tour India in 1978. Finally, it was decided to set up a U.S. secretariat for the Subcommission . on Education and Culture at the Asia Society iriNew York City, and an Indian secretariat at the Indian Council for Cultural Relations in New Delhi. The Subcommission on Education and Culture will meet again in May 1976 in New York City.

In t~ field of commerce and trade, there were many new developments. The Joint Commission endorsed plans to: I. Increase trade between the United States and India. This expansion is to be led by increased Indian exports to the U.S. of manufactured goods and modern industrial machinery and American exports to India of high technology products and capital equipment.

2. Stimulate trade promotion in each country through special missions, trade shows, exhibits and catalogue shows.

3. Actively encourage joint ventures between Indian and U.S. firms in third countries.

4. Conduct talks on a tax treaty between the U.S. and India.

5. Continue the mutually beneficial consultations on agricultural inputs. The Agricultural Inputs Working Group met in February and October 1975 and made recommendations concerning an international seminar on fertilizer usage, IndoU.S. cooperation in fertilizer research, and joint Indo-U.S. fertilizer projects in third countries. The working group will meet again early in 1976.

But perhaps the most interesting development in the field of economics and commerce is the establishment of a Joint Business Council that will bring together business leaders of both countries. The Council's first meeting will take place in New Delhi in February 1976, a few weeks before the next meeting of the Economic and Commercial Subcommission, which is scheduled for March 1976 in New Delhi. The cochairmen of the Joint Business Council will be two distinguished business personalities-Orville Freeman and Harish Mahindra. The Chamber of Commerce of the United States and the Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce and Industry, together with organizations from the Indian public sector, have

agreed to participate in the Council.

At the signing ceremony that made all this progress "official," Dr. Kissinger called the agreement an "auspicious occasion" and hailed the work of the Joint Commission as signaling a "mature and new relationship" for both sides.

Minister Chavan said he shared the view of Dr. Kissinger that hthe Joint Commission provides an institutional framework for developing our relations on a mature, realistic and stable basisfree from day-to-day fluctuations."

While in Washington, Minister Chavan delivered an address at the National Press Club in which he pointed out that despite "the ups and downs in our relations, there has been a continuity of friendship between our two countries. ~Our two countries share the common ideals of world peace, stability, international cooperation and understanding." Discussing the importance of the Joint Commission, Minister Chavan said: "This institutionalization of relations is already proving useful. If various ideas thrown up during the last year are implemented, the Joint Commission would open a new era in our relations. Both our countries have come a long way from the relationship which existed in the fifties and early sixties. An approach based on a narrow aid relationship is beneficial to neither country. We both have to adopt more mature and realistic attitudÂŤs toward each other. In pursuance of its policy,

India seeks the friendship and co- sions which have brought the Foreign operation of the United States on the Minister here play a vital role in this basis of mutual understanding and process because they focus on some of respect that must exist among sovereign the permanent and long-term issues that have to be dealt with between two nations."

On October 7, the U.S. Secretary of societies .... And it is significant that State hosted a luncheon for India's despite some disagreement earlier this Minister for External Affairs at which year, the work of the Commission has Secretary Kissinger made the following gone on and has brought good results' and will now be accelerated. We are remarks: "The relationship between our two bound to have disagreements now and great countries' has, in our view, reached then, but we will always keep in mind, a new level of maturity. We have tried and we should always keep in mind, to free it from sentimentality, and we the basic community of purposes, the have tried to relate it to the permanent fact that we are representing two great . interests and values of both coun- nations who have a major contribution tries .... We have emerged from some to make to peace in the world and an difficult years with, I think, a more indispensable contribution to developreliable understanding of each other ment." than has ever existed previously. That In responding to Secretary Kissinger's understanding is based on the fact that remarks, Minister Chavan said: both India and the United States have "Mr. Secretary, I fully share your an overriding interest in peace in the view that the Joint Commission has world and that they can cooperate from provided another mechanism which has quite different national perspectives on helped to insulate our relations from that objective.We have an interest in ... day-to-day problems. I would even the big issue that is before us all today, go a step further and say that it has which is how the developing nations added an extra dimension to our recan join the progress of the developed lations, which can be of tremendous nations and how that can be achieved benefit to both our countries in the with an attitude of cooperation rather months and years ahead. India attaches than through confrontation. India, as great importance to friendship with the one of the most mature of the developing United States. We share many common nations, with an advanced scientific ideas and objectives, and there is much base, can provide a very useful role of that our two countries can do together leadership and be a very important for peace, cooperation and international partner in the dialogue. The commis- understanding. " I

NEWS& VIEWS

INDRANI CAPTIVATES U.S. AUDIENCES

"A marvelous dancer, Indrani is also an actress of depth and imagination ... and a theatrical presence ... to mesmerize any audience." This is the verdict passed several years ago

by Walter Terry, generally recognized as America's foremost dance critic.

His opinion was echoed several times over during the famous Indian dancer's recently concluded tour of the U.S. From September through November, Indrani Rahman an'd her troupe gave a series of performances at Bowie State College, Maryland; Hunter College, New York; the Massachusetts Institute of Technology; the University of Indiana at Bloomington; the University of California at Los Angeles and Berkeley; and several high schools throughout the United States. The tour, arranged by the Indian Council for Cultural Relations, was made possible by a grant from the Ralph E. Ogden Foundation which supports a wide range of artistic acti vities.

Indrani and her company of dancers and musicians presented a program which included items of Bharata Natyam, Kuchipudi, Orissi, Mohini Attam, and Kathakali. The dancer is known to have played a major role in the current resurgence of Orissi dance.

Reviewing the troupe's Hunter College appearance in the New York Times, Don McDonagh wrote: "Indrani's regular visits here began in 1961 and she has quite thoroughly captivated her audience each time. A climax was reached when she received the key to the city of New York two years ago.

This time she presented her mixture of styles and dances with assurance and flair."

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.. MODERN JAZZ Lookout Farm, an American jazz group, visited India last October on a two-week tour of the country, and gave performances before appreciative audiences in Calcutta, New Delhi, Madras, Bombay, Poona and Goa. The five-member group brought to India the jazz of the seventies-a confluence of jazz and rock, electronic sounds and polyrhythms.

Led by 28-year-old Dave Liebman (saxophone and flute), Lookout Farm included Richard. Beirach (acoustic and electric piano); Jeff Williams (drums); Frank Tusa (acoustic and electric bass), and Badal Roy (tabla). The young Indian, whose virtuosity critics commended, plays an important role in the troupe.

"True jazz has, and always will, come from the U.S.A.," wrote the music critic of the Statesman, "and Lookout Farm, in spite of the addition of the tabla, plays milsic in this genre -that is, jazz-as it should be played."

Lookout. Farm evokes varied moods, styles, traditionsand the musicians succeed brilliantly because of the stunning immediacy of their playing and their innate ability to convey music as a basically emotional experience. Ian Zachariah, writing in JS magazine after their Calcutta performance, said he had "not heard anything like this before." He added: "The first thing that strikes one is not that this is a collection of stars and superstars, but that it is a well-knit team where there is a fabulous rapport between the members. And the music that they make is very human-it conveys a lot of colors, flavors and textures, and it really gets you I" Where did Lookout Farm get it from? "Well," said Lieb-

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Lookout Farm jazz group performs in New Delhi. Dave Liebman (right) plays the clarinet and Jeff Williams the drums. man, "maybe it all started in 1957 with the release of a Miles Davis record. Miles played full compositions on just one melodic scale. I've played with him and other jazz masters.

After playing with Miles one's days of apprenticeship are over. The only thing left for you to do is to go out on your own and create your own music!"

Miles Davis blessed him and told him to go ahead. Liebman has been doing just that.

The author, a member of the U.S. State Department's Policy Planning Council, argues in the article overleaf that America 'cannot withdraw into a golden ghetto of the affluent and the powerful: It faces too many problems that must be addressed jointly with the less developed countries in the context of partnership.'

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osingle grand strategy, be it leadership, partnership or disengagement, is adequate to guide the foreign policy of a nation as complex as the United States, a nation that must operate in such a wide variety of circumstances.

American ties of interdependence with the other advanced countries are intimate; those with the socialist states are much more tenuous and hopes for expanding them are realistically modest. The third broad (and hence oversimplified) area of the world comprises those states that, by and large, are economically underdeveloped and politically nonaligned with the communist or the noncommunist world.

During the 1950s and, especially, the 1960s, the less developed countries (LDCs) loomed large on the horizon of American policy. In 1960, the year of uhuru [freedom], it seemed that the future of the world would be settled in Africa. Two years later, the United States was prepared to rush to defend India against feared invasion across the Himalayas. The slogan "Alliance for Progress" caught the imagination of people throughout the Western Hemisphere.

In the last half of the decade, the United States plunged deeper and deeper into the defense of Vietnam. To most, these actions and attitudes made good sense at the time. The United S'tates saw its leadership mission as largely undifferentiated in terms of both geography and substance. U.S. resources still seemed limitless. A coup in a small Asian nation was only quantitatively of-less concern than was a threat to Berlin, and was responded to almost as vigorously.

Obviously things have changed. Vietnam has been a bitterly sobering experience, and equally important have been the changes in the world situation and U.S. recognition of them. With the decline in bipolarity, events in countries that are not intrinsically of great importance to the United States have become matters of less concern. The realization that the main focus of attention must be where the nation's vital interests lie has manifested itself in concentration on relations with U.S. adversaries during President Nixon's first term, and the later concentration on relations with the country's close allies.

The Nixon Doctrine was enunciated with particular regard to the LDCs. It set forth the view that these countries generally would have to cope with their own problems. It was not to be a washing of hands out of pique or disinterest on the part of the United States, but a sober recognition of the limitations on U.S. capabilities and the increasing capabilities of individual LDCs to take care of themselves.

Indeed, the best guarantee that the LDCs will not at some future date fall prey to enemies of the United States is their own strident nationalism¡ and the considerable power and political skill that many of them have.

This attitude on the part of the United States looks suspiciously like "disengagement," and in many respects the country has disengaged itself from the problems of the LDCs. U.S. troops are leaving Southeast Asia; U.S. aid pro-

grams have been cut back sharply; and U.S. concern for the political attitudes and situations of most LDCs has become markedly more relaxed. Given the exaggerated degree of U.S. concern in the past, some disengagement has been necessary to restore a proper balance to U.S. foreign policy.

Now, however, the United States faces a new problem: How far should it disengage? Has the pendulum swung too far?

There is considerable evidence that the swing has, predictably, gone well beyond the mid-point and has the momentum to go still farther.

But extreme disengagement is neither necessary nor desirable. It would be possible only if the United States could isolate itself from the less developed world. But it cannot withdraw into a golden ghetto ofthe affluent and the powerful: It faces too many problems that must be addressed jointly with the LDCs in the context of partnership.

Peace may not be indivisible, but the United States has learned over time that advanced countries cannot ignore eruptions in the LDCs. It is naIve to assume that the superpowers will in all instances refrain from taking unilateral advantage of targets of opportunity in the Third World.

Even were this happy state to come about, the problems of the Third World could still surge over to affect the advanced countries, as the recent Arab-Israeli conflict has so clearly shown.

The United States and its closer allies have come to depend on the raw materials that come from the LUCs; oil is

'Trade and investment are neither altruism nor exploitation; they are sensible means of meeting a critical problem in partnerships that are mutually beneficial.'

the best known example. In most cases, ingenuity could find substitutes were these sources to dry up, so the United States is not in a position of abject dependency. But present interdependent relationships make economic sense, and alternative arrangements would entail large real costs to both sides.

Many specific problems of the United States must be handled jointly with the LDCs. There is a correlation between low per capita gross national product (GNP) and poppy growing: Without the cooperation of LDCs, the United States cannot solve its narcotics problem. Some LDCs have long coastlines and others control maritime choke points, so U.S. freedom of navigation depends on their cooperation.

Ecological problems know few boundaries. Weather modification is only possible in cooperation with other countries, many of which are less developed. Ocean pollution must be dealt with similarly.

The most important ground for concern is the simple one that the LDCs are there and cannot be wished away.

The United States has learned at home how costly-and impossible-it is to ignore the disadvantaged. They have come to be heard, as will the disadvantaged nations of an interdependent world.

What then should be done?

In the first instance, the requirement is for transfer of resources in the various forms of aid, investment, trade and other techniques. The United States was long a leader in the aid field; over time, others have assumed a more commensurate share of the burden, al1,dU.S. contributions have understandably fallen off. By any reasonable standard, however, things have gone too far. The United States now ranks 12th among the 16 major Western aid-giving countries in terms of GNP devoted to aid, and the domestic constituency for the aid program is almost nonexistent. There is a high priority requirement to gain public support for a renewed aid effort, alld this support must be sought in realistic terms.

Much of the U.S. public dissatisfaction with the program has resulted from the false claims that were made for it. Aid in itself cannot buy friends, stop communism, ensure stability or result in dramatic growth. Its purpose is simply to contribute in small but important ways to economic growth.

The only benefit that the United States can confidently expect from it is that recipient nations will in the long run be better neighbors to share the planet with. This is a perfectly adequate rationale, and the government should have enough confidence in the maturity of the American public to offer the aid program in these terms.

Similarly imaginative ways must be devised to improve other resource transfer techniques, especially trade and investment. The models that have served among countries of roughly the same stage of economic development are not always appropriate for relations between highly developed and less developed countries. The LDCs, for their part, must take a more realistic approach. Trade and investment are neither altruism nor exploitation; they are sensible means of meeting a critical problem in partnerships that are mutually beneficial.

Almost as important as gradual economic integration is the need for integrating the LDCs politically into the international system. This is not simply a matter of United Nations membership, but one of giving the LDCs a sense of real participation-of finding a balance between participation and ability to contribute. The logic of one-man-one-vote does not extend to one-nation-one-vote. More realistic solutions will have to be found, both for voting and for consultation on matters of broad international concern. The U.N.

system probably provides the LDCs with too much illusory power; in the more real arena of consultation they are often badly slighted. Junior partners, too, must have a voice if they are to have a stake in the partnership.

In relations between the United States and the LDCs, the need for common purpose and consultations is evident.

This is necessary both to ensure efficiency and because U.S. relations with the LDCs are qualitatively different from those it has with the advanced countries. However, the United States must avoid the image of jointly patronizing the LDCs or determining their futures over their heads.

The problems of the LDCs can only be solved in the long range. Although the short-run implications for the United States often do not appear pressing, these problems are perhaps the most difficult ones that the nation faces. If

'If the United States does not succeed in drawing the less developed countries into partnership, the long-term effect could be worse than an economic crisis and scarcely better than nuclear war.'

the United States does not succeed in drawing the LDCs into partnership, the long-term effect could be worse than an economic crisis and scarcely better than nuclear war. In an interdependent world, the explosive potential of overpopulated, impoverished, embittered and increasingly well educated and organized nations would be tremendous. Naturally, each country's first interest is for its own security, but this interest can also be enlightened. At a minimum, this entails the recognition that one can do better when one's associates are also reasonably content: Hence it is sensible to help them become content.

The United States has to its credit the enlightened selfinterest it has shown over the past several decades. It was, and is, one of the few countries with a global point of view and with the outlook (or perhaps the abundance of resources) that permits a policy of substantial sacrifice in a larger cause. It has a vision, however imperfect, of what a desirable world would be and the willingness to playa leading role in moving in that direction. Also, it has the willingness and capability to take unpopular actions when they are required. To recognize this is not to succumb to the arrogance of power but to accept the realities of the world in which we live.

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lOW OAN A NATIONIM.IOYI INCOMI DISTIIBUTION WITIOUT IUITING 100NOMI0 GIOWTI' This complicated problem faced by all developing countries is examined by a prominent U.S. economist, Dr. Gustav Papanek, who is interviewed here by SPAN's Washington correspondent John Harter. Dr. Papanek also discusses whether Third World countries can modernize their economies without external aid.

QUESTION: On the basis of your experience) do you think economists know what works and what does not work in economic development programs?

PAPANEK: We have learned a great deal over the last 15 or 20 years about the policies and programs needed to increase the rate of economic growth-the per capita income.

But the answer is less clear for other objectives such as income distribution. There is a great deal of uncertainty about how governments can improve the incomes for the poor without at the same time setting back the process of economic growth.

QUESTION:

What are the principal objectives of economic development programs in the developing countries?

PAPANEK: Growth of per capita income is still a terribly important objective, but probably not the single most important objective, as it was 15 years ago. Most governments have been giving considerable weight recently to two other objectives: income distribution and national control over economic resources. Governments are prepared nowadays to make significant sacrifices in terms of their other objective in order to limit the role of foreigners in their economy.

Some people are more concerned with the absolute income of the poor-whether their welfare is improving-than with the difference between the income of the rich and the income of the poor.

It is difficult to say how much of one of these objectives you must give up in order to achieve more of another. But there are clearly trade-offs.

QUESTION:

What can governments do if their principal objective is to achieve growth?

PAPANEK: It has become increasingly clear in recent years that the efficiency with which an economic system functions depends a great deal upon decentralizing economic decisions, to insure that those who make decisions will have the necessary facts. But decentralization requires incentives-to induce people to work hard, to save, to take risks, and above all to innovate-to do new things in new ways.

To date, governments have found it difficult to base an economic system entirely upon noneconomic incentives-altruistic motives and ideology-for any length of time. Some have tried, most notably Cuba and China.

In the long run, such governments have experienced serious difficulties. In China, there has been a constant struggle to determine how large a role to permit for economic incentives. And most other governments do not . have the same ability to rely on noneconomic

PAPANEK: Well, savings certainly are essential for any economic growth to take place.

And it is becoming increasingly difficult to get foreign savings through foreign aid. It is also becoming more difficult for countries to accept foreign savings in the form of foreign QUESTIO : Just what do you mean by private investment. Many countries therefore ÂŤeconomic incentives?" must rely more than in the past upon' the PAPANEK: This refers to rewards for doing savings they produce internally. things deemed desirable. For example, an ecoAnd here again there is some conflict benomic incentive should insure that a farmer tween the objectives of growth and equity. or a peasant who adopts a new variety of rice The rich tend to save more than the poor, and that gives higher yields, but involves more therefore if you rely on private savings, you risk and more work, will get enough addition- have to accept considerable differences in al income to motivate him to take the risk income, so that the rich will have enough inand do the added work. But inevitably eco- come so they can save. nomic incentives will produce inequality in The alternative is to put savings in governincome distribution. This is one ofthe reasons ment hands-savings generated through the it is difficult to achieve economic growth and tax system. A government that imposes heavy greater equity simultaneously. taxes upon the rich and the middle class is A private enterprise strategy can provide likely to be taxing its own political leadership incentives to increase production, but it also and the bureaucracy. tends to make income distribution less equal.

Like all people the elite do not like to pay So some governments use a public enterprise high taxes, and they have the political power strategy: They nationalize industry and other and influence to mount effective resistance. economic activities. They then have a very In those less developed countries where difficult time managing the economy efficient- agriculture accounts for a large share of total ly, because it is hard to provide appropriate production, a lot of taxes must be collected economic incentives to managers of public from agriculture. And in many of these counenterprises. tries the larger farmer, and the middle-sized Over the last five years or so a number of farmer also, has a good deal of political influgovernments have faced this dilemma: how ence and is able to resist the imposition of to achieve, simultaneously, an adequate rate those taxes which hit him hard.

And so there have really been only a limitof growth, an acceptable distribution of income and the desired national control over ed number of countries that have been able the economy. Clearly, if a government per- to solve this problem of achieving equitable mits foreign private investment to take place, savings through taxes. it may achieve a higher rate of economic QUESTION: Can you explain a little further growth-but at the cost of reduced national why external assistance is important to the control over the economy.

incentives. They therefore find that only through the use of economic incentives can they decentralize decisions sufficiently so that the economic system will function reasonably effectively.

developing countries?

QUESTION: Considering the complexities and trade-offs you have described, do you believe developing countries need some kind of strong government mechanism for assessing the problems and recommending actions?

PAP ANEK:¡ Countries do need some kind of planning apparatus to do the necessary professional and staff work to insure that government policies and programs are consistent with each other, and efficient means toward the objectives the government seeks to accomplish. But even the best planning apparatus won't help much unless the government has the will and the political backing to put the necessary measures into effect.

QUESTION: When you speak of political will, do you mean to imply the need to encourage people to sacrifice some of their own living standards to achieve the national goals?

PAP ANEK: External assistance can be important, if it is really designed to help further economic development. But in many past cases, external assistance has been provided to achieve particular political, strategic or military purposes. And to me it is a great mystery that people in donor and recipient countries have expected aid provided for these purposes to assist economic development. It would only be accidental that aid could achieve these very different purposes simultaneously.

There are other examples of wasted aid: where external assistance was provided for development purposes, but achieved very little because the recipient government was too corrupt, too little interested in its own economy, more preoccupied with foreign adventures or political change or what have youor where the donors of aid insisted on mistaken or wasteful policies and programs.

'The structure, integrity, and policy of the government are more important than the magnitude of the aid it receives.'

But I think one can cite many more examples of countries whose economic development was substantially boosted by aid. For every case like Vietnam-where aid was obviously not designed principally for economic development purposes-one can cite three examples, such as South Korea, Taiwan, and Jordan, where the intended purpose of speeding up the rate of growth was indeed achieved.

And, of course, aid did this by adding to domestically raised resources for savings and investment, and by financing imports and technical skills-all of which are critical for any kind of development program.

The possibilities for using aid efficiently have increased because our understanding of it has improved. We know more than we used to about how to use it in order to insure its effectiveness, both in terms of over-all economic growth and in terms of improving the welfare of the poorer people of the population.

QUESTION: Is it possible for del'eloping countries to modernize their economies without any concessional aid from the outside?

PAPANEK: Oh, absolutely. Generally speak-

ing, in order to 'develop, a country has to be rich in resources, or it has to be heavily financed from external sources, or it has to have the kind of government which will be capable of imposing on its people the short-term hardships that will bring long-term benefits. But there are very few governments that are capable of imposing further hardship in countries that are already poor.

Certainly the structure, integrity, and policy of the government are more important than the magnitude of the aid it receives.

But for a country that is really poor-with a very low per capita GNP-outside resources can playa very significant role, by making it easier to avoid some of the hardship that would otherwise have to be imposed on the population to set the economy in motion.

The income per head in some of these countries is $100 a year-and to squeeze resources from people at this level to benefit future generations is a very difficult process.

QUESTION: In what ways-other than through concessionalloans and grants-can industrialized countries speed the process of economic development in the developing countries?

PAPANEK: Well, as resources available for

external ,assistance have declined in recent years, some people in both the developed countries and the developing countries have

been casting about for alternative ways of helping these countries. There is a very widespread belief that the world should not consist of a few wealthy countries and a great majority that are desperately poor.

So there has been a search for other policies that might work.

The developing countries themselves have been proposing a rise in the price of goods they sell to the developed countries.

But a major problem with this approach is that it is neither fair nor efficient. It benefits those countries that have resources that developed countries badly need. In many cases, these are countries with relatively small populations that were already quite well off. It does nothing for the poorest developing nations ..

For example, India, Bangladesh and Pakistan export very little in the form of raw materials whose prices could easily be raised, so a program to raise the prices of commodities exported will not help them very much.

Raising commodity prices would not only be inequitable, it would also be inefficient, because it would be extremely difficult to keep those prices up. Nobody has really succeeded in doing this in the past, except the oil-rich countries.

There are good reasons the other commodity producers have not succeeded. For example, if India, Sri Lanka, and Bangladesh should succeed in pushing the price of tea up in order to get more resources to finance their economic development, they would risk such a great increase in tea production elsewhere that the price would soon fall again, and they might be worse off than at the beginning. This is why I say this approach would be inefficient, as well as inequitable.

Nevertheless, some of the developing countries are pushing hard on this approach-and if they see no alternative possibilities, they will continue to push here. I think this would increase the confrontation between the developed countries and the developing countries.

It would benefit some of the developing countries to the detriment of others-especially the poorer ones. And over the long term, it will not work.

A third approach is through foreign private investment. This has, generally speaking, played a constructive role, and it is increasingly important.

It can help the developing countries get modern technology, capital, machinery, managerial skiIIs, and access to foreign markets.

At the same time, it entails some sacrifices in

terms of national control over the economy, and many developing countries are determined to put sharp limits on this. In some cases it has not represented a positive contribution.

QUESTION: PAPANEK:

Why has it failed in some cases?

Some foreign investors have taken advantage of incompetent or corrupt officials and negotiators representing host governments through arrangements which insured that they themselves would receive a disproportionate share of the benefits of their ,investment. In such cases, the investors paid almost no taxes, provided little training, and invested very little of their own money. Others have been able to earn huge profits by selling their output in the host country at very high prices, through arrangements which kept competitors out. And some foreign investors have tried to intervene directly in the political affairs of the host country.

There are enough examples in all three of these categories so that foreign private investment is a declining or disappearing source of resources for many poor countries.

QUESTION: Are there other possibilities?

PAPANEK: I think the most promising pos-

sibility for the future is a lowering of tariff and nontariff barriers by the developed countries. This is very promising indeed, because it would help the developed countries themselves, as well as the developing countries. All countries are concerned about inflation, and one way to reduce prices is to import goods produced in other countries at lower cost. " QUESTION: Do you think the Tokyo Round of trade negotiations will produce benefits of this kind?

PAPANEK: Oh, certainly-but it remains to¡

be seen how deep and widespread these benefits will be. Reducing barriers to trade through these negotiations would be particularly helpful to the poorest of the developing countries, because these countries have much unskilled cheap labor, and with reduced trade barriers they should be able to produce goods for the markets of developed countries.

D About the Author: Dr. Gustav Papanek is Chairman of the Economics Department at Boston University.

He was formerly an adviser to the Governments of Pakistan and Indonesia. He is also the author of several books including Pakistan's Develop-

ment: Social Goals and Private Incentives; Development Policy: Theory and Practice; and Decision Making for Economic Development.

I CLOSIR LOOK 1'1'111

COâ&#x20AC;˘â&#x20AC;˘ OBITY PROBLI. One of the most pressing issues discussed at this autumn's Special Session of the U.N. General Assembly was the problem of prices for raw ma teriaIs. In the following interview, SPAN's Washington correspondent John Harter talks to another eminent economist, Dr. Lawrence B. Krause, who has some ideas of his own-including stockpiling commodities under international controls.

QUESTION: Around the world, governments are giving much thought to possible new approaches to economic relationships between the developed and developing countries. What is the significance of all this?

KRAUSE: I think we have just begun our explorations of what is involved in remaking our international economic system. The 'systern operating since the end of World War IT has served much of the world very well. But there are many countries whose well-being has

not advanced very far in this period. We are beginning a new exploration of how the benefits of the world economy are in fact divided among the countries of the world. We are asking questions-or certainly the less developed countries (LDCs) are asking questions -about the basic nature and structure of the system.

In the past we viewed the interests of the developing countries very simplistically. We used to think that if a developing country's gross national product grew faster than its population, indicating an over-all rise in per capita income, that the system would be seen as adequate. And if the percentage rise in per capita GNP should be higher for the developing countries than for the developed countries there would be some hope-over some long horizon-that the LDCs could eventually catch up with the more advanced countries.

But many of the less developed countries recognize that much more is involved in economic development than just income growth.

They are seriously concerned about how income is distributed within their own societies and about the structure of their growth. And furthermore, they have found that the dependence they felt on the richer co.untries in an earlier period has not been lessened at all by their economic growth.

The LDCs are seeking more from the economic system than just income growth. Their goals are a lot more sophisticated and complex than we previously thought.

QUESTION: Could you identify some of the major specific issues the developed countries and the developing countries confront in this international process?

KRAUSE: I think we should start by looking at the issues the developing countries themselves are raising. The focus of world politics for many years to come is likely to be the issues the developing countries want to discuss and which the developed nations are also prepared to discuss.

At the top of the agenda are commodity arrangements. There are other issues: trade, access to markets, questions relating to control over industry, multinational corporations, and a whole series of other issues. But at the very top of the list we find commodities.

QUESTION: Developing countries sometimes claim there is a secular trend for the prices of

their imports to rise more rapidly than the prices of their exports. Is this a valid complaint?

KRAUSE: Raw material prices in general have not deteriorated relative to the prices of manufactured products. But prices for the raw materials that developing countries export have deteriorated, with the notable exception of petroleum.

One should recognize that developed countries also export raw materials. The United States is a major exporter of food, coal, and other raw materials. An index of the temperate agricultural products-plus some metals exported by developed countries such as aluminum-would reveal that there has not been a deterioration of these prices relative to the prices of exported manufactured goods.

Why are the developed countries so lucky as to be exporting these kinds of raw materials, while developing countries are so unlucky as to export other kinds? When producers in a developed country see the price of a raw material they are producing start to deteriorate, they shift out of the production of that commodity into commodities whose prices are stable or rising. For example, as cotton prices in the southern United States started to decline, cotton farmers shifted 30 to 40 per cent of their acreage into soybeans, because soybean prices have been rising.

Poor countries, almost by definition, don't have this capability. They practice traditional farming methods. Even if they wanted to shift to soybean production, they would have no way to get soybean seeds, or the credit they would need to learn how to produce soybeans.

Poor countries are poor essentially because they cannot adjust their production to changes in the market system, and therefore they lose the market opportunities they could have if their economies were more flexible.

Now is there any way to break out of this cycle? I think there probably is-but we haven't quite found the political secret yet.

The ability of a poor country to transform its economy can be helped from the outside. But this involves a fair amount of interference in a way that is politically unacceptable to both host and donor countries. This is a very difficult problem.

QUESTIO

: Secretary of State Henry Kis-

singer has advocated the setting up of producerconsumer groups for every key raw material.

Why is this necessary?

KRAUSE: I think we now realize that we need to take a fresh look at commodities 'and devise a new international system. We have to take the initiative here. I believe that a system to deal with commodities will work only if it is compreh('nsive.

There has recently been a condition approaching anarchy in commodity markets.

We need international obligations and procedures to safeguard supply access as well as market access. In commodities, we must recognize the need to re-establish the rule of law that bears equally on producers and consumers.

This is not only an issue between developed countries and developing countries, because developing countries import raw materials, besides exporting them.

Traditionally, the United States approach to commodities has been to rely upon supply and demand factors in competitive markets.

In fact, the two or three times internatibnal commodity agreements have been in effect, they proved very difficult to maintain. There were administrative problems, and substantive problems, and many observers concluded that any such arrangement was not practical.

I think that conclusion is wrong.

Even theoretically I think free market ideology would not be a correct basis for commodity policy for products from exhaustible natural resources.

In a competitive market, you are unlikely to get the proper price for an exhaustible resource unless there is a forward market that anticipates the exhaustion of the resource.

The commodity will bring prices that are too low, and as a result the present generation of consumers will benefit at the expense offuture generations of consumers. The market has also shown itself susceptible to price instability, interruptions, and disruptions. I believe we can make arrangements for dealing with commodities that will work better than the free market.

QUESTIO

: In practical terms, do you think commodity agreements can be devised that will help developing-country exporters and also be acceptable to developed-country importers?

KRAUSE: I think our objective should be to design a system that will be acceptable to producers and consumers, whether they are developing countries or developed countries. I believe that is wh~ Secretary Kissinger is

'There has recently been a condition approaching anarchy in commodity markets.

We need international obligation and procedures to safeguard supply access as well as market access. In commodities, we must recognize the need to re-establish the rule of law that bears equally on producers and consumers.' aiming at in his proposal for buffer stocks for some commodities.

I think we would want a scheme that involves stockpiling under international control, so that producers can always be assured of a market for their current production at some minimum price and consumers could be assured of more stable prices. The consumer would benefit also from the guarantee that his supplies would not be interrupted, because the stockpile would meet market requirements in the event of a shortfall in current production.

The internationally controlled stockpile should be large enough to accomplish these purposes. Once a producer has invested in a particular commodity he should be guaranteed an outlet for all of his output.

Secondly, there should be agreed principles for setting the prices that would trigger intervention by the managers of the stockpiles-a minimum price that would trigger purchases, as well as a maximum price that would trigger sales. â&#x20AC;˘ There should also be agreed principles for changing these margins. For exhaustible resources-such as oil and mineral ores-these trigger prices should rise over time: There are theoretical reasons, but there are practical reasons too: Unless the prices of exhaustible resources rise, the resources will be consumed too quickly and we would not develop substitutes to replace the resources as rapidly as they are exhausted. But this does not mean that you would put artificially high prices on these commodities, which I would see as a design for disaster.

QUESTIO : Why? KRAUSE: Because production would be stimulated greatly in excess of consumption forcing the stockpile to buy ever-increasing amounts. Eventually the system would collapse.

QUESTION: Why do you say that a commodity system will work only if it is comprehensive? Would you explain what you mean by comprehensive?

KRAUSE: You would want to trade off producer interests and consumer interests within each country to build up support for maintaining the whole series of agreements. As long as agreements on commodities are fragmented and handled on a case-by-case basi~ they will

fall apart when put under stress. What I am suggesting is a scheme that has interacting elements that re-enforce one another and form a viable whole.

It will take a fair amount of money to finance all of this, and here is where I think some resource transfer can come in. Obviously, this money should come from the rich countries. The poor countries will benefit from such a scheme also, but they should not be asked to contribute to its costs. Furthermore, if the scheme works properly, it will make a profit, because the international stockpile will buy goods when they are relatively cheap, and sell them after their prices have risen. The profits should go to the poor countries, becoming a mechanism for transfer of resources.

If you seek to effect a resource transfer from rich to poor countries, you should be very careful not to tie the transfer closely to the commodity itself, because this might end up as a transfer from poor countries which import commodities to rich countries which export them.

QUESTION:

You have an extremely tious concept here.

ambi-

KRAUSE: Well since it is so far-reaching, I think you would have to approach it through two phases of actual negotiation.

In the first phase, you would just try to establish principles and the general mechanism. You would have to negotiate individual commodities sequentially-but with an obligation on the part of participants to take part in all of the agreements on all commodities.

It doesn't have to be created in one stepthere are ways of easing into it. . In fact, larger stockpiles would help to moderate future inflation. Therefore, I think we should seize the present opportunitywhile prices are low for many minerals-to build up stockpiles. It would help to strengthen anti-inflationary pressures, as well as benefit, for instance, tin and copper producers around the world.

You would clearly need at least four different patterns of agreements.

One for oil alone, because so much has happened here that it must be handled separately.

Another pattern will be needed for other commodities from exhaustible resources, such as lead, tin, bauxite.

You would need a third pattern for ~grjcultural products with long production cycles -tree crops, such as rubber, coffee, and cocoa. There is a significant problem here resulting from the failure of the market to provide good signals for current investment, because the output from investment does not mature for six or seven years.

Agricultural products involving a much shorter production cycle, such as wheat or soybeans, pose different problems. It might be possible to begin simultaneous negotiations in each of these four areas, leading into separate commodity negotiations within each of the patterns.

Clearly some products could not be handled through any such arrangements, because the market behavior has not been unstable or unsatisfactory-products such as coal or uranium. One should not go out of the way to interfere in markets that seem to work satisfactorily, from both the producers and the consumers point of view.

QUESTION: Some developing country spokesmen have long urged developed countries to embargo or place special taxes on all new production of synthetics and substitutes that compete with commodities exported by the Third World countries. Do you think anything like this is likely to happen?

KRAUSE: I don't think anything like this is likely to happen. It goes counter to the whole thrust of modern history.

If the market incentives to develop a possible alternative to a natural resource are great, I think it will be done. There is just no way to stop it. One may well argue that governments should not subsidize the replacement of imported raw materials through research and development, simply because they are importing these goods.

A well working scheme guaranteeing the availability of supplies might reduce the security need governments feel to develop synthetics at high cost to replace imports.

I think this argument re-enforces the value of the kinds of arrangements we have been discussing.

D About the Author: Dr. Lawrence B. Krause is a Senior Fellow at the Brookings Institution in Washington, D.C .. and frequently contributes atticles on economics to scholarly journals in the United States.

The People and the Times On the eve of America's Bicentennial Year, SPAN looks back 200 years to the birth of the nation- a time that spawned radical ideas about popular government and the rights of man.

A:r - R. -

14~ It i difficult for contemporary Americans to realize that the United States in its infancy was viewed abroad with a mingling of hope and distrust.

For Europeans to have had mixed emotions is understandable.

The characteristics of 18th-century America would have kept the devil in turmoil-instability, rebellion, currency "not worth a Continental," an army composed of citizens who fought and ran away, an excellent navy sometimes inclined to be piratical. Their viewpoint that the new nation was a product of hare-brained theory, a stirrer of dissention, wily in diplomacy, and a hotbed of discontent, was not without foundation. There was uniform agreement that, in dealing with any country boiling with odd, revolutionary notions about law, language, landholding, loyalty oaths, the rights of man, representative government, and the disestablishment of religion, one would be wise to keep one's silverware counted.

John Adams was one of the first Americans to realize that "The Revolution was effected before the war commenced. The Revolution was in the minds and hearts of the people .... This radical change in the principles, opinions, sentiments, and affections of the people was the real American Revolution."

That the time was right for revolt was indicated in an editorial in the Pennsylvania Journal which greeted delegates to the First Continental Congress in Philadelphia in 1774: "The Times are Dreadful, Dismal, Doleful, Dolorous, and Dollar-Less."

But revolution and independence weren't in the minds of a majority of the delegates meeting in the colonies' largest city (population: 30,000). In general, their goals were to "wish for a permanent union with the mother country" and "to devise ... and adopt measures to secure their rights, and to restore that peace, harmony, and mutual confidence which once subsisted between the parent country and her colonies." (To which Samuel Adams added, "but only on the terms of liberty and truth.")

Massachusetts, however, wasn't waiting for a restoration of peace and harmony. Garrisoned by 4,000 British troops, who arrived in Boston in 1768 to protect Royal officials and to guard against Boston's "Treasonable and Desperate Resolves" (which later included the Tea Party), the Bay Colony, and particularly its Committee of Safety, headed by John Hancock, and its minutemen (militia subject to instant call}" openly prepared for "The Shot Heard Round the World."

News of the colony's defiance spread through the colonies.

"The War is actually begun!" predicted Patrick Henry in March 1775. "The next gale that sweeps from the north will bring to our ears the clash of resounding arms! Our brethren are already in the field!"

The "next gale" blew down from Lexington and Concord on April 19, 1775, to mark the end of an era and the begimling of a

'The colonies were contiguous, with men and goods moving freely. Tides of trade drew men together, and stagecoaches, wayside inns, and a regular post sped communications .....

Newspapers passed from town to town, providing a common fund of information and ideas.' nation. From that day onward, Patrick Henry spoke for thousands of his countrymen: "I am not a Virginian but an American."

On the eve of the Revolution it was a new nationality that held together the people of the New World. Their language, laws, and customs were mostly English, but that heritage did not establish an identity with the mother country.

There were many reasons to set Americans apart. They seemed to welcome a constant mobility; in fact, many sought a life in the wilderness. They faced the necessity of adjusting to strange conditions that nurtured novel customs, manners, and social forms.

The colonies were contiguous, with men and goods moving freely.

Tides of trade drew men together, and stagecoaches, wayside inns, and a regular post sped communications, as did numerous seacoast vessels. Newspapers passed from town to town, providing a common fund of information and ideas. Governments, although of many variations, were never feudal in nature.

Yet diversities were as striking as uniformities. Differences in antecedents, life style, history, habits, and religion set the New Yorker off from the Pennsylvanian, the New Englander from the southerner.

Land was one key to the wealth of American society, with each colony's economy resting on an agrarian base, and eight out of ten men made their living from the soil. Even those with other interests made part-time use of the soil or speculated in the lands to the west. Before the Revolution only five cities had more than 8,000 people, and these contained less than five per cent of the entire population.

The area of the Middle Colonies, bounded roughly by upstate New Yark in the north and Baltimore in the south, enjoyed the best balanced economy, with farming (benefiting from soil, climate, and topography) sharing prosperity with manufacturing.

Farms in the Delaware, Susquehanna, and Schuylkill river valleys became the breadbasket of the colonies, and the natural resources of the Hudson River Valley reached Manhattan Island in a stream of 60-ton river craft.

The southern colonies were most influenced by ties with England. Lacking industries, they were dependent upon the mother country for manufactured goods, while supplying in return onecrop staples like tobacco, cotton, rice, and indigo (which, in turn, depended upon slave labor for processing). There were a few exceptions. Maryland and Virgirua exported pig iron and milled wheat, North Carolina had a flourishing trade in naval stores, and cattle-raising was gaining strength in South Carolina.

By 1775, the planters of Tidewater Maryland and Virginia were heavily in debt to the system. Having pledged future crops to British businessmen to obtain credit, their economic condition depended on prices set by London merchants. Their plight made them "uneasy, peevish, and ready to murmur." Equally unhappy were the settlers living west of the Tidewater, although their feelings were determined more by their resentment of the land-holding planters than by their opinion of the Crown. They readily accepted the risk of moving into the Appalachians and beyond.

In New England, where trade and fishing employed the energies of thousands, the seacoast gave growth to a powerful and wealthy merchant class whose business practices were most irksome to the British. These men developed and encouraged artisans and

craftsmen (Parliament was asked to "crush these native talents and keep them in a constant state of inferiority") and they manufactured their own goods instead of shipping the raw materials to England. In addition, they came to the fore as middlemen and cut into the lucrative colonial trade with British businessmen. Their knowledge and use of coastal waters and the Atlantic (combined with a willingness to dabble in smuggling) infringed on prosperous British shipping interests. As could be expected, Parliament's expanded controls increased and hastened the area's resistance to the Crown.

Although, as has been stated, 80 per cent of all pre-Revolution Americans had an interest in farming, history records that most farmers had not yet developed a green thumb. Our national abundance, which in later years encouraged an experimental spirit, served to discourage it during the 18th century. The author of American Husbandry, the best survey of colonial agriculture, wrote in 1775 that "the American planters and farmers are in general the greatest slovens in Christendom." Even Washington was critical, stating in a letter that "An English farmer must entertain a contemptible opinion of our husbandry, when he is informed that not more than eight or ten bushels of wheat is the yield of an acre."

Part of the blame rested with inheritance. Most of the men who farmed in America were amateurs who, when they got money, took land and turned farmer. Theirs were farms where stunted cattle, with no carry-over feed for winter, ran at large through broken fences, falling prey to wolves and bears. Unfortunately, these farmers were also poor hunters, having come from countries where hunting was largely an upper class monopoly.

The best farmers were German settlers, who used efficient farming methods and specialized skills to advantage. They were to suffer the depredations of opposing armies during the war but were compensated in part by the liberal gold payments made by the British for supplies. (Their descendants still farm the fertile fields of central Pennsylvania.)

Still, in this land of abundance where people worked long and hard, food was substantial and plentiful. Meat was usually served twice a day and included supplies of game provided by professional hunters. There were lots of vegetables, bread, and pastries, often flavored and sweetened with fruit rather than by sugar and spice which were scarce. Milk was considered fit for babies and calves, so cider, beer, and tea (until the tax) were drunk with meals.

There was no ready-made clothing but most housewives were adept with a needle and were able to spin and weave much of their own cloth. Finer materials were imported and made up by tailors.

Like almost everything else in colonial life, entertainment was largely a do-it-yourself project. Music was extremely popular and featured a variety ranging from country fiddling to chamber music groups, with the most common instruments the violin and harpsichord. Church choirs and choral groups were common and dancing-country, minuets, waltzes-was widely enjoyed. (One dance in Norwich, Connecticut, included 92 jigs, 52 country dances, 45 minuets, and 17 hornpipes.) Gambling was prevalent, and men's clubs met frequently in local taverns.

Even in colonial times, Americans placed great emphasis on sports. In Puritan New England, where bearbaiting was banned not because of the pain it caused the bear but the pleasure it gave

the spectator, sports enthusiasts found ways to compete. On Training Day, for example, when all the able-bodied men were mustered, there was wrestling, running and jumping contests, and target practice. In the Middle Colonies, games that had been outlawed in New England had flourished for decades: horse racing, bowls, golf, boat racing, ice skating, cricket, and lacrosse (the only game that was invented in America, by American Indians).

In the South, a visiting Frenchman wrote, "Horse racing, cockfighting, and boxing matches are standing amusements, for which they neglected all business."

He could have added fox hunting, for the southern colonies were preoccupied with it. (In his diary, Washington mentions that in one two-month p~riod in 1769 he rode to hounds IS times.)

Although planters tried to imitate English gentry galloping across well-kept fields, the rough terrain, swamps, and woods of their countryside made fox hunting a rugged sport. A visiting Englishman who witnessed the return of some Virginia fox hunters described them as battered troops who had lost the battle.

Facing multiple problems in troubled times, as might be imagined, the colonial was in little mood for the light touch in his day-to-day life. Puns, slang, and bad spelling made his day a little brighter. Typical: "Ben Battle was a soldier bold and used to war's alarms.

A cannon ball took off his legs, so he laid down his arms."

Also: "A drunken man in a tavern picked up a meat pie and threw it against the mirrored wall. 'There's food for reflection,' said a bystander."

Slang was native to the day. For example, "babes in the woods" described criminals in the stocks; to "die from barrel fever" meant to succumb to too much rum; "bran-faced" referred to a freckled one; "collar day" was execution day; and "hen-house" was a house where the woman ruled.

There were major changes in ~he colonial educational system just prior to the war. The New England religious town and school had begun to disintegrate and a local type of school and academy arose. In the North this expressed itself in modifications of all established educational systems to make them conform more closely to American thinking; in the South there was a move to discard schools altogether.

Education suffered badly with the outbreak of war. Colleges were soon deserted as students took up arms; most rural and parochial schools closed while private and charity schools continued in some cities. All New York City schools closed, however, under British occupation.

Book culture was a foreign import and, accordingly, books were chiefly confined to the eight coasta1 cities: As a res.ult, a literary culture grew in response to local interests and problems.

Booksellers, college and general libraries, and "social libraries" (a kind of book club whose members paid dues to borrow books; it was developed by Ben Franklin) offered readers a selection of history, literature, travel, law, science, and fiction.

Colonial printers faced too many problems to make a success of book publishing. They faced a shortage of ink and type, which they had to buy secondhand in limited supply from England and paper was scarce and of poor quality. (Washington wrote memos to his generals on scraps and there were no envelopes to enclose dispatches.)

The 18th-century printer was the servant of literacy rather than of literature. For instance, colonial printers issued more than 1,000 copies of a Bible translation "in the American Indian tongue" in 1663, but they did not produce a complete Bible in English until 1782. Many issued their own almanacs in competition with

Poor Richard. Well received, they provided the farmer the services now performed by agricultural extensions, magazines, newspapers, and radio. To the farmer, his almanac rested next to his Bible.

The major expression of American life, however, was the property of the newspapers. Widely circulated, they were the means of conveying to all classes of society items of knowledge which increased general knowledge. In addition, their ads, wrote a printer, "described new books, inventions, discoveries, and improvements ... calculated to enlarge and enlighten the public mind."

The shortages of materials which plagued book publishers had an equally bad effect on newspaper printers. In 1779, when Franklin received American papers in France, he said the only thing he could see clearly in them was that American printers badly needed new type. He complained, "If you should ever have any Secrets that you wish well kept, get them printed in those Papers."

Another highly valued publication was the medical guide for laymen: "Every Man his own Doctor-Plain and easy means for persons to cure themselves of all distempers, the medicines being chiefly of the growth of this country." Franklin printed three editions of this book.

In colonial America, trained physicians showed great interest in botany and a botanical garden was standard equipment for medical institutions. Pharmacists who couldn't afford to import expensive drugs sent their apprentices into the woods to find native ingredients; being homemade, their medicines were less likely to disturb the healing course of nature.

Smallpox was a major threat to colonial health. As early as 1724, Cotton Mather of Boston had urged inoculation, but it wasn't until 1780 that the colonies came to regulate rather than prohibit the practice. At the start of the war, the army carried smallpox throughout the colonies. At the urging of the chief physician of the army, Washington ordered the inoculation of all troops. By the end of the colonial era, the smallpox menace was under control in America; it increased in severity in England until 1800.

For many Americans the war brought tragedy of a different sort. Tories who remained loyal to the Crown alienated themselves from friends and from their community. Born in the New World, they were not part of it. Personal situations accounted for the differences: landowners who valued stability on their estates, men who retained political or religious standards, merchants whose business connections were secure, and those who refused to surrender the social standards of the Old World.

New York City became the chief haven for loyalists during the war as seaboard cities were evacuated in the face of the Continental Army. When General Howe set up headquarters there in 1776, New York's population was 5,000; when he pulled out his army of 10,000 men in 1783, the city's population was 33,000.

The final disposition of the Tory situation at the close of the war is not a proud chapter in American history.

Seven thousand loyalists settled in England-"banished under pain of death ... cut off from his profession, from every hope of importance in Life ... in a Station much inferior to that of a Menial Servant, without the assistance of Government."

In 1776, Americans could do little else but agree that "nothing will save us but acting together." Behind it all was the conviction that the American brought to his mission an entirely new political and social system. Unhampered by a feudal past, he had created forms of government grounded on natural law and universally applicable. His situation made him a trader. He had space-one day to advance agriculture to its summit of perfection and to 'welcome, in limitless numbers, immigrants from all over the world who, becoming free, would all become American.

0

GRecreating the Life of

Recently the people of the small town of Croton-on-Hudson in New York State staged a pageant, in the authentic dress of colonial America, to recapture what it was like to live and work in the same community two centuries ago. Scenes from the pageant are shown in the photographs on these pages.

A couple at a typical home.

Eight out of 10 men in colonial America made their living from the soil.

A man pounds flax on a toothed board to separate fiber. The fiber would be used to make coarse linen.

A young girl cleans freshly sheared wool of burrs and dirt. Every colonial family had to make its own clothes.

A child learns basket weaving from her mother. Children had to know essential skills at an early age.

Children wore clothes that were miniature versions of adult garments. These were usually made from hand-woven fabric of wool and linen.

Ann Rogers, young and attractive, wearing a conservative dark dress set off by a gold chain and bracelets, her blonde hair backcombed and sprayed, sits at a writing table taking notes and making sketches and occasionally asking a question of the man in front of her.

He is Marvin Levan, in his early 50s, wearing a well-cut dark suit, very-correct black loafers. His well-trimmed hair, perhaps a bit longer than he would have worn it a few years ago, is touched with distinguished gray. He would look like a successful banker, except that his face is creased by a grin and he is holding in front of him a silk dress that looks vaguely like something from a 1930s movie.

All of this is taking place in a long, brightly lit, mirrored room, and if the scene is more reminiscent of a royal court than a modern business, there are good reasons. Ann Rogers buys fairly expensive women's wear for a speciality store called Lord & Taylor (New York City and 18 other branches), and Marvin Levan sells for a company manufacturer whose garments are labeled Kasper for Joan Leslie, and if Ann decides not to buy-or not to buy enough-of the line, Marvin and his company will suffer.

It is hard to estimate how many times scenes like this take place around the world each year. Ann Rogers, whose "Contempora" department at Lord & Taylor is just one of 67 women's wear sections in that store (including such items as shoes and lingerie, but not including another 15 departments of accessories and other necessities of women's fashions), estimates that she makes some 400 visits a year to, her "resources" (to use her word). If each of her fellow buyers makes a like number of trips, that is more than 32,000 visits from buyers to resources from just one store.

And Lord & Taylor is not a particularly large store. It is far smaller than the complete department store--like Gimbels, say, which sells stoves and refrigerators as well as clothing.

Lord & Taylor is a class-as opposed to mass-appeal store. It is not for the woman of no sophistication, for she will find little

one buyer is like, and how she operates.

I showed up at the Contempora departAnn Rogers works for the ment a few minutes before the store was due to open and found Ann giving a pep talk to prestigious New York fashion her sales staff. She held up a newly arrived store Lord & Taylor, garment, pointed out some of its features and and her job is to anticipate told the sales people that it would be advertised two days later. the needs of an exclusive The staff scattered and Ann and I walked clientele. This report tells back to her small office. Before we started on what she does on a typical her round of activities, I wanted to find out a little about her, and to ask some questions hectic day as she moves from that had occurred to me as soon as I found morning sales conferences to out I would be talking with someone who the hurly-burly of the garment buys clothing that retails for $60 to $200 and more. district and back to the store Some buyers are graduates of business where computer printouts tell schools, but many are not. Ann, for example, how merchandise is selling. graduated from Vassar College with a major in fine arts and a specialty in architecture.

That was in the period just before the womhere that is just "plain"; neither is it for the en's liberation movement became a strong devotee of the avant-garde, for she will not influence on work patterns, and a girl like find clothing that is far-out enough to suit Ann-attractive, articulate, well-educatedher. But for the quietly chic-the woman had limited career horizons if she did not whose clothing fits in beautifully with her marry quickly. style of life, which is itself neither gaudy nor While she was in college, though, Ann had unduly restrained-Lord & Taylor has long spent a couple of summers working at Lord & been the place to go.

Taylor and had enjoyed the experience. More One day last September, I went up to New than that, she knew that Lord & Taylor had York to spend a day with Ann to find out an executive training program; she applied for what she does and some of her predictions it and was accepted into the "course," which of what would be fashionable a few months consists mostly of on-the-job training. Over hence. the next few years, she bought for the store's On its face, it sounded like a delightful pre-teen, teen and "Young New Yorker" assignment: sit and talk, take copious notes departments, moving from a very junior asand, while typing the story up, add a few sistant buyer to an assistant buyer and, finally, transitional sentences. In fact, as I soon to buyer. In February 1974, she became the found, Ann did not-could not-sit and talk buyer for Contempora, which carries clothing for long periods of time; there were just too at about the midpoint of Lord & Taylor's many interruptions. Nor could she talk about price structure. her job in long, consecutive sentences, as There was a time when a woman who though she were dictating a letter. Interrupreached Ann's position would have hit the tions and the need to move from place to top of her possibilities for advancement in place, added to my desire to pick up a feel retail merchandising. Above the buyer's level for the locale, resulted in data being fed out there are merchandise managers, responsible in short spurts, often with many minutes and for a number of buyers, and the top levels events between them. What resulted, then, of executives, but once it was simply assumed is less a textbook description of the role of a that no woman could hold a job like that. buyer than one reporter's impression of what Lord & Taylor broke with that tradition years

Left: At a desk cluttered with sketches to aid her memory, buyer Ann Rogers plac('s orders for clothes that will be on the racks a few months later. Below: Ann holds a pre-store-opening meeting with her sales staff to tell them about new items so they can speak knowledgeably with prospective customers. Bottom: During one of her forays into the wholesale market, Ann watches and listens as a salesman describes the merits of a trans-seasonal dress. Bottom left: One of a busy buyer's daily tasks is to visit the Lord & Taylor advertising department to discuss layouts being planned for upcoming newspaper advertisements.

ago; it was the first store to have a female hours to looking over the upcoming season's president, and Ann's predecessor at Con- line, making notes and quick sketches to tempora moved on to merchandise manager. pelp her decide what her final orders will be.

Thus Ann's ambitions, which extend far But to give me an idea of the different types beyond her present job, are achievable. of resources she visits, she had arranged for And after a day with her I had no doubt us to visit three different places: Kasper for that she would. Without suggesti,ng that she Joan Leslie, which is one division of a large is not feminine, or that she has no outside manufacturing concern that produces a interests, one must say that above all Ann is variety of lines in different styles and price extremely efficient. ranges; Jerry Silverman, a house well known Not that she doesn't have other interests. for its handsome designs; and Albert Capararo But during the hours I spent with her, her for Jerry Guttenberg, a fairly new establishchief interest was her work. We were going ment whose designs show a dramatic flair. to visit some of her resources, mostly to give To get to these resources, we had to walk me a feel of the market. Nonetheless, while only a few short blocks to reach "the market" we were in a showroom Ann gave most of her -that small area of midtown Manhattan attention to the salesmen who were show- that is given over almost entirely to the garing their company's latest creations. Most of ment industry. what she said was to the salesmen, and though Walking those "few short blocks" from she expressed appreciation of some fashions Lord & Taylor's front door, on Fifth Avenue (and disdain of others), she made it clear that she was just beginning to make decisions.

During our first few minutes of conversa- Ann's customers 'are concerned tion, I had told Ann I had a number of queswith whether a dress is washtions I wanted answered.

First of all, I wanted to know who the and-wear, whether it will customers for garments that sold at $60 and hold up in use and whether it up are. Since many lines of women's clothing sell for less, why would a person spend that will still look good after it's been packed in a suitcase.' much money?

Secondly, I wondered why it always seemed that stores of all sorts would-at just about the same time-start showing the same and 38th Street, to the market is, however, not a simple act. colors and style changes. .

Fifth Avenue, of course, is crowded with And third, I wanted to know what would happen if a new fashion failed; specifically, shoppers, window-shoppers, celebrities (or what would happen to Ann Rogers if she people who look amazingly like them), and a spent a good deal of Lord & Taylor money few crooks. But when one turns the corner and heads westward toward the Hudson on a style her customers wouldn't buy?

To an extent, these are the questions of an River, it's like stepping through a looking inveterate window-shopper who wonders why glass and into bedlam.

First to disappear are the handsome disit is that, though he thinks his wife looks great in green, there are years when the main colors play windows of large stores. In their place -everywhere!-seem to be red, purple and are small storefronts containing anything orange. But they are, too, an attempt to find from cigarette stands and sandwich shops to out how the American fashion industry meets umbrellas-c~eapest in town!-and barber such basic beliefs as freedom of choice for shops ("Razor Cut Our Specialty"). The entire street, two sidewalks plus roadbed, is consumers.

As to the question about the fashion that far narrower than the avenue, but it contains bombs out, well, it wasn't too many years just as many people, cars and trucks that ago that the fashion industry had its version are double- and triple-parked. Sidewalk-toof the Edsel (the Ford Motor Company car basement elevators gape open, waiting for that Ford's sales people were sure would new shipments to be loaded on. Half the grab a huge segment of the auto market but people are pushing large racks filled with instead"did so badly that it was quickly dis- clothing, and they're using their pushcarts as continued). In fashions, it was the midi-a battering rams, scattering pedestrians right skirt' 'length that fell to midcalf. Women and left. avoided it in droves and a number of stores It's a good introduction to the market that had stocked midis to the exclusion of itself. Shouldering our way into one of the every other length went bankrupt. newer buildings, we head up toward the floor Ordinarily, Ann said, she visits 0nly one where Kasper for Joan Leslie is located. of her resources at a time, devoting several First of all, you must realize, the people

who work in the garment trade are not like you and me; they're different. I say that with neither adulation nor contempt. It's just true. Take Marvin Levan, for example. He was the first salesman I met, and he was, as I've said, quite usual-except that he became alive over material and responded to a style the way a poet does to the first day of spring.

How can I put it? When he showed Ann a three-piece costume in silk (which has been in scarce supply recently), he was as proud as a new father. Every other salesman I met that day felt exactly the same way about the best items in his line.

If the salesman doesn't think Ann will truly appreciate the garment just hanging limply, he has a model put it on and walk through the room. Any garment looks its absolute best in such a situation-not because of the magic aura of a showroom, but because the garments on display are made to fit the model exactly. You may not like the design or color or price, but you can be sure that your feeling is not based on a badly fitting sample.

Salesmen, as I say, are nice but frenetic.

Designers, being artists, are still further away from the paradigm of the typical businessman.

Owners, having to deal with designers, salesmen, buyers, bankers and just about everyone else, are friendly, sincere, cooperative and-there's no other word for ittheatrical. At Jerry Silverman, for example, we were offered tea, coffee, soft drinks, and diet soft drinks while Silverman outlined the schedule he would be following the next few days. His plans would leave an electioneering politician gasping for breath, but he seemed to think they were just dandy and would be even better if he could add a few more stops to his itinerary.

It was from Jerry Guttenberg, our last stop, that I got the answer to my question about the same colors showing up everywhere at the same time.

There are a few large shows each year, said Guttenberg, attended by most designers and manufacturers, where fabric houses display their latest wares; knowing what would be available, the designers then went ahead with their plans.

As to what would happen if Ann guessed wrong about a fashion, well, Lord & Taylor was a good employer. In the ¡first place, because of her involvement with other departments' buyers, Ann would be unlikely to choose things very different from what was generally agreed to be the look for the season.

If there were some outfits that Ann liked, but which she was unsure would sell, she would order very few of them-perhaps as few as four, in different size ranges-for the' New

York store; if they sold and the manufacturer could provide more pieces in a relatively short time, she could always reorder. As long as her over-all buying was successful, no one would question her experimental buys.

Besides being a good employer, Ann pointed out, Lord & Taylor is a good place to shop, as it has been since Samuel Lord and George Washington Taylor went into business in 1826. The sales staff for her department, for instance, is as large as some stores would provide for three or four times more area. But Lord & Taylor believes that customers should not have to fight for attention.

In the same vein, the store assumes the customer is always right; a woman returning a dress to Ann's department would have no trouble doing so, unless there was obvious customer-caused damage, and even then, for an old and valued client an exchange might well be made.

Most interesting of all was Ann's discussion of who buys clothing that sells for $60 to $200 or more. My mental picture (like most preconceptions, wrong) was of a stout, older woman whose husband was earning enough to allow her a splurge now and then.

Ann did not deny that there were a few of these. But she said her customers started with women in their late 20s and went on from there; younger women would probably find clothing more to their needs in other Lord & Taylor departments.

Probably, the main reason for buying a more expensive version of anything is the same, she noted: By paying more, you get a better product. In clothing, that translates into better fabrics and superior production, resulting in a garment that fits better, lasts longer and is less likely to be seen on every street corner.

Her customers, said Ann, are not only women with a good deal of expendable income. A young, unmarried secretary in New York will probably want at least a few rather good garments and can easily afford them.

But another factor is that over the last decade or so the idea of coordinating styles has made great headway. A woman buys, say, a two-piece dress in blue and another in orange. Her cash outlay, let's say, is $130.

But she can also wear the blue top with the orange skirt, and vice versa. Thus, she has in fact four different ensembles and her unit cost is not $65, but $32.50.

These component-part outfits, Ann said, are one of the fashion trends she sees being very important in the next few years. Beyond that, she predicts that softer, more feminine looks and (the return of another fashion that did not do well when it was first introduced) the chemise or waistless dress will dominate

the fashion horizon for the immediate future.

And, though silks and other fine fabrics are in use, blends of synthetics or synthetic-andnatural fibers will be used increasingly. As Ann put it, though, the people who buy in her department obviously have money to spend on clothing and the care of it, they are concerned with whether a dress is washand-wear, whether it will hold up in use and whether it will still look good after it's been packed in a suitcase.

By that time we had battled our way back to the store. I wondered what the original entrepreneurs would think of their "fashion emporium" today, for it is not the rather staid operation that it once was. Reaching out toward a new generation of customers, the store has made some changes. The teen department, for example, is now called

And, said Ann, if a m~gazine were to decree, say, that women should no longer wear black, she would continue to buy styles in that color, because there are women who are going to wear black no matter what a magazine says.)

This being an age of technology, the computer, too, plays a part. At regular intervals Ann receives reports on how each style is selling in every store-not just the numbers sold, but broken down to size and color as well. From this data, she can tell whether a particular fashion is doing well, and if it is doing well in some areas but not others.

A very necessary bit of information, because if an item is not selling it wiII eventually .be marked down until it's sold. More importantly, if Ann sees that a style is selling well, she can try to reorder it during the season.

But all these aids are just aids. Ann Rogers is a very successful buyer of high-priced fashions because of her own esthetic and business judgments, not because she can read 'If there were some outfits that a printout.

Ann liked, but which she was All afternoon I had seen Ann's esthetic unsure would sell, she would judgment in action as we looked over clothing order very few of them. As long lines, and I had gotten an inkling of the business side of her work as she estimated what as her over-all buying was garments would sell for and, on the basis of successful, no one would question past experience, how likely a particular item was to be a big seller. Now, I saw another her experimental buys.' aspect of the buyer's job-one considerably less glamorous than a showroom visit, but "Pizzazz," and is marked by a large, neon sign. equally important.

A truckload of fashions, destined for a The beauty salon and snack bar are planned newly opened Lord & Taylor store in Texas for the chic woman on the go.

Which is not at all to suggest that Lord & had not arrived on schedule, and sometime Taylor is any less a home for fine fashions or other the next day Ann and her assistants than it used to be. Ann Rogers's department, would have to track it down. on the store's third floor, is surrounded by Which would increase the hectic pace of other tastefully decorated departments, some what already promised to be a frenetic day, offering slightly less expensive clothing, others for it would be a religious holiday and some with base prices higher than Ann's top level. of the Contempora sales staff would be abLord & Taylor buyers meet with each sent. Ann would have to spend a good deal other at the start of each buying season to of time waiting on customers, as well as takdecide on some basic parameters-in essence, ing care of the rest of her responsibilities. what will make up the "look" of the store's That would take care of Tuesday. Wednesfashions during the future period. For exam- day, Ann would be off to Boston to show ple, because it takes longer to manufacture some new fashions at the Lord & Taylor store shoes (than clothes), buyers for those de- there; the next week she'd make a similar partments will have already seen what foot- trip to Washington, D.C. Computers may wear styles are going to be like; from their have entered the Lord & Taylor world, and descriptions, clothing buyers can get an idea the store now has facilities for videotaping of what sorts of dresses will go with them. sales talks and showing fashions. But today, That's only the beginning. The buyers also as in the days when Samuel Lord went to meet with editors from the best women's auctions to buy the fabrics he wanted for his fashion magazines to find out what styles will store, the buyer remains the key person in be featured prominently. (Though, as Ann bringing the latest and best fashions to Lord pointed out, just because the fashion maga- & Taylor's discriminating public. zines are playing up certain fashions there's no guarantee people will buy them. The midi About the Author: Arthur Parientp is the Dearrived to paeans from the magazines and puty Editor of America Illustrated, a monthly departed when cash registers remained silent. magazine published in Washington, D.C.

'For the quietly chic-the woman whose clothing fits in beautifully with her style of life, which is itself neither gaudy nor unduly restrained-Lord & Taylor has long been the place to go.'

Among the clothes chosen by Ann Rogers for her store are the elegant outfits shown on these pages.

Above: An acrylic jersey print, designed by Susan Shineman for Papil/on. Pants styles in sofier, flatteringly feminine moods have become popular for home entertaining.

Left: An evening slip dress, by Mario Forte for Rona, is washable polyester matte jersey, making it wrinkle-resistant, light and excellent for travel. Slender straps are held in place by rhinestone clips.

Right: Designed by Kasper for Joan Leslie. this three-piece outfit consists of a velveteen jacket. a polyester shirt, and a wool tweed skirt.

A well-known Indian writer discusses the strange language that is American English.

Is it a cool, trendy and turned-on language or is it just glop from the schlock hopper?

Whatever it is, it's not an uptight language even though it may sound far-out. And knowing a little of this language may help Indian parents understand their children better.

GETTING HIGH ON AMERICAN ENGliSH

"What must one do to be with it in England today?" asked the Guardian.

"Dress like an Italian, speak like an American, eat like a Frenchman, and talk incessantly of Brecht."

The highly colored and many-flavored words and expressions of American lifeof the beat generation, Madison Avenue, baseball players, astronauts, jazz musicians and fans, college students, show-business people, hippies and immigrants-have influenced the American language and made it what it is today. Literary English, often referred to as "Mandarin English," )s much the same on both sides of the "Atiantic; it is the spoken language that differs so ~idely and causes feelings to run high, making outsiders complain that it is so esoteric it can hardly be understood.

The purpose of all spoken language is to provide precision and speed of communication which is at the same time evocative and yet informal. But the seductiveness of new words is impossible to deny. In a society with constantly shifting patterns, new areas of experience need to be defined and explored.

Many Indians, especially of my generation, are what John Wain calls "native English-speakers, "having learned English in their very early years, taught by teachers who were themselves English.

In the last decade or so, however, American English has established itself as a parallel lan-

guage and has become increasingly popular with the affiuent younger crowd who slip from one idiom to the other, using many American words and expressions, which to the older Indian generation mean nothing and which they tend to regard with the utmost suspicion. I personally, for instance, would find it difficult to use the word gotten, although I say easily enough that I am working on a new novel and in fact only realized it was an Americanism when I heard that the English writer

Pamela Hansford Johnson took such strong objection to the phrase!

I read American and English novels in about equal quantities and find that the new vocabulary in American writing often causes environmental obstacles to understanding, complicated by the fact that American English is the accepted language in which to describe show business (showbiz) and the whole world of symbolist art.

To me this is both amusing and entertaining and I collect new words and phrases as others collect postage stamps.

The United States as a separate nation, speaking English but influenced by .the many immigrants who have made it their home, and with a position of world influence in politics, science, trade and the popular arts, began to coin many new words that either had a parallel vocabulary in British English (lift, elevator; pavement, sidewalk; petrol, gas) or were completely new words that were absorbed into the language as international currency. No one today thinks of words such as ice cream, jeep, jazz or containment as specifically American. But they are.

Most new words go through three distinct stages from original appearance, to cliche, to unremarked inclusion into the language. The trouble sometimes lies in the fact that these new words can become like a private language-too private some may feel, like the girl who lived and worked in the States for eight years teaching English but found TV comedies largely unintelligible. Everyone knows what a dropout means and also what is meant by opting-out. But how about such commonly used words as camp,fuzz,pig,

pizazz, uptight, kitsch, vibes

and buff? What is a teach-in, a love-in or even a pray-in? And then there is the story of the London Observer's television critic, an addict of "Amerenglish," who wrote about a new TV show as being glop from the schlock hopper. A reader wrote to him: "I'd like to use these new words, but what, oh what, do they mean?"

To a lesser extent the British are running

into the same sort of trouble with their own language. Against loud public protests, the famous Windmill Theatre, under new management, will no longer star English comedians, since their cockney patter "is too esoteric for international audiences."

The group of young people known to the world as beatniks, flower-children or hippies developed a new, very trendy language of their own which caught on like wildfire all over the world.

They were cool or uninvolved, they turned-on not only with drugs but with more artistic activities such as music. They were dropouts not only from schools but from life itself, escaping into a world of personal consciousness. They were, they claimed, the very antithesis of square. The origin of square as it is used today is interesting. A marijuana cigarette was "straight" or "slim" as opposed to a regular tobacco cigarette which was square. Therefore a square was originally a person who did not use, or approve of others using, drugs. It is now extended to mean someone who is naIve, unsophisticated, old-fashioned, ignorant of or antithetical to current trends and interests.

The term jazz originated from a form of folk music in the American south. It gave rise to many familiar terms-blues, boogiewoogie, bop, ragtime, rock'n roll, and swing.

When I was in school a monitor meant a senior prefect or perhaps even a giant lizard. Today everyone is aware that to monitor is to eavesdrop by means of an electronic device and a bug is no longer a beetle but a hidden listening device in a room. To tap may mean to rap lightly, but it also means to cut into a telephone circuit and secretly intercept conversations or messages.

We are constantly reading of happenings, here in India as well as in other parts of the world. It began as far back as 1959, with a group of New York artists and sculptors who created a theater-and-art form known as happenings, which assimilated into a scripted or a theatrical format a field of art that could be music, dance, film, poetry, painting, sculpture or even monologues.

One of the first happenings was Alan Kaprow's "18 Happenings in 6 Parts" which took place in the Reuben Gallery in New York.

Linguistic scholars know that words change in meaning according to time and place and two such words are camp and uptight. Camp (not a bivouac!) began by being restricted strictly to homosexual behavior. It went on however to mean anything that was artificial, vulgar or banal, especially in serious art or literature, but could also be used to express amazement, scorn or admiration in a way-out sort of way. A very complicated word indeed. No

wonder Susan Sontag needed a whole article to explain it! In the context in which the word is used, you guess the meaning.

Uptight was originally jazz musicians' slang and meant so cool, confident and relaxed that one could play without sheet music. It now means the exact oppositeto be tensed up and nervous like a too-tight guitar string.

Way-out andfar-out, both words which mean anything that is a sharp departure from the norm, are generally used in an approving way. To sit fat is to be in a powerful or commanding position and soul is an adjective that is used mainly in connection with feelings, moods, etc., that are basically Negro-thus, soul food.

As one who runs a regular cookery column for young people, I enjoy trying out the recipes from American magazines. But in the beginning I needed an interpreter!

Americans use cornstarch instead of corn flour, jelly instead of jam, gelatine instead of jelly. All the vegetables have different names-okra, zucchini, squash, peppers, eggplants. They baked cookies instead of biscuits, and biscuits were hot breads. Most

puzzling of all however was an ingredient that turned up time and time again, called half and half. What on earth was half and \ half, I wondered? It took me a long time to discover that it meant equal quantities of heavy cream and plain milk.

Americans visit with people, they live in high-rise apartments and they strive toward an integrated society. They despise anything gimmicky, often wear custommade shoes and have odd-ball pets. But it is not only foreigners who have trouble understanding some of the newer, cooler and trendier words. Writing about folk singer Bob Dylan, one American commentator said: "American adults still have difficulty digging his off-beat language and its message of alienation-but the young continue to tune-in and turn-on."

Indian papers are full of matrimonial ads offering hqmely girls in marriage to eligible bachelors. Jane, a young American student from the University of Pennsylvania was baffied by this-in American terminology homely means plain or ugly, "entirely lacking in any appealing or distinguishing feature." Why were Indians so desperately keen on marrying only ugly girls, Jane asked?

Jane lived with us for three weeks as one ofthe students from American universities who were spending a year traveling around the world as part of their college curriculum. When she enjoyed herself she had herself a ball. She used delightful phrases such as ginger-peachy (fine, admirable in a sentimental sort of way), and was constantly saying with -resignation,

"Well, that's the way the cookie crumbles."

Most of my knowledge of and confrontation with American English comes through the dialogue in books, and sometimes this can be confusing. Reading an article on Frank Sinatra the author wrote: "He is an Eric Hoffer buff, a bestseller addict." I don't know who Eric Hoffer is and I wouldn't recognize a buff if I met one. I don't think there is any desire to be ambiguous or opaque-it is merely a testimony to the flexibility of the language, a groping for contact and identity that cannot be explained in terms of deliberate commercial manipulation. One expert explains this as "the verbal modification of visuals."

Do you remember the controversy that started years ago with the Winston cigarette ad? The ad said: "Winston tastes good-like a cigarette should." The Saturday Review wrote: "The latest turn in the story of like as a conjunction comes to us in the new advertising campaign for Winston cigarettes, those villains who above all others have been guilty of trying to eradicate as, as if and as though from our language and put like in their placepreposition or conjunction be hanged."

The controversy raged for some time, eminent professors of English speaking up for both sides. Today the whole thing is virtually forgotten and like as a conjunction is bein~ used by everyone except purists.

A word that almost everyone now uses the American way is contact. We say, "I'll contact him right away," rather than "I will make contact with him right away."

Trendy words such as fab, pop, mod, trip, fix, cat, pad and swinging are used all the time by India's younger generation. But in spite of all that our youth are doing to teach us American English, one still finds, in reading American books, many colloquial terms unintelligible to the Indian reader.

Take this review of the film Thunderball: "If you happen to be one of the two or three zillion buffs who get a bang out of Bond, this one is an absolute must.

Adolf Celli plays the mastermind menace who finally meets his wet Waterloo in a spectacular underwater donnybrook between his aquanaughties and the Navy's quaparatroops, led by Bond in a jetpropelled, rocket-launching Buck Rogers backpack." Get it?

D About the Author: Nergis Dalal, a journalist and novelist, has contributed articles, stories and literary essays to most English-language newspapers in India. Tn1954 she wonfirst prize in the World Prize Stories competition series for her story "The Sacrifice."

Threefacets of USEFI in India. Right: Heads down. pens busy, students seeking admission to U.S. universities take an examination supervised

by USEFI. Far right: American schoolteacher Carole A. Sawyer examines Indian handicrafts in New Delhi. Above: Dr. Robin Brooks, all American history professor from San Jose State University, San Jose, California, talks with his students at Viswabharati University, Santiniketan.

A few of the Indians who have visited the U.S. on Fulbright grants are shown in the photographs on pages 30-31.

5,000 Years of Indo-American lelations The u.s. Educational Foundation in India celebrated its 25th anniversary this year. During the past quarter century, USEFI has awarded some 5,000 Fulbright scholarships3,000 for Indians going to America, 2,000 for Americans coming to India. Since each grantee spent on the average one year abroad, that's at least 5,000 man-years devoted to strengthening the bonds of understanding and friendship between the United States and India.

It was an unusual silver jubilee. No souvenirs, no advertisements describing hurdles crossed and achievements recorded, no VIPstudded functions. The U.S. Educational Foundation in India (USEFi) completed 25 years of its existence this year, but few people knew it besides the staff at Fulbright House, the Delhi headquarters of USEFI, and the 3,000 "USEFI alumni" in India. It was in tune with USEFI's spirit of unobtrusive service to Indian education.

What does USEFI do? In the main, it administers the Fulbright program of educational exchanges between America and India. It sends Indian students, teachers and scholars to the United States; it brings American students, teachers and scholars to India. Only those with outstanding merit can 'survive the rigorous selection process for USEFI grants.

Which is why India's Fulbright alumni include key decisionmakers in many areas of national life. What some of these people are now doing is described later in this article.

The USEFI story actually began 29 years ago. When the U.S. Congress convened in July 1946, there were many suggestions for aiding a world exhausted by World War II, but few had as far-reaching effects as the speech of a young Senator from Arkansas named J. William Fulbright. He proposed nothing less than the biggest international cooperative venture in education that the world has ever seen. His proposal led to what is popularly known as the Fulbright Act, which became law on August 1, 1946. The new law empowered the United States to start a program of educational exchanges with foreign nations. It would be run by binational foundations in the participating countries, and supervised by a Board of Foreign Scholarships in Washington. The program was "brilliant in its simplicity," said Dr. Henry Kissinger recently-"an expansive con.cept founded on a global vision." Dr. Kissinger felt that it expressed, far ahead of its time, ~he growing interdependence of nations.

The Fulbright program came to this coun-

tryon February 2,1950, when Prime Minister ings to thousands of America's young. They Jawaharlal Nehru and u.s. Ambassador Loy have also promoted Indian studies in AmerHenderson signed an agreement establishing ican universities. And there is probably no the U.s. Educational Foundation in India. way to assess how much they are responsible "Since then, USEFI's main business has been for the tremendous renaissance of interest in educational exchange," says USEFI Officiat- Indian culture and¡thought in American high ing Director C.S. Ramakrishnan. "In the last schools and colleges.

In a way it is unfair to list specific names 25 years it has sent more than 3,000 Indians to America and brought more than 2,000 from the legions of Americans who have Americans to India-for study, for teaching, studied Indian culture and history on Fulfor research. [These 2,000 include teachers bright grants. To choose a few names at sent by the U.S. Office of Education.} But random, however, there is dancer Georgia USEFI has also promoted specific projects Cushman who studied' Bharata Natyam at such as the teaching of American studies in Kalakshetra and now gives performances all Indian universities. The establishment of the over the United States. There is Tamil scholar American Studies Research Centre in Hyder- Ronna Brown who went to live in a South Indian -fishing village to record the people's abad was one ofUSEFI's happiest initiatives."

American teachers and professors visit folk tales [see story on page 33]. There is vocalist Jon Higgins whose mastery of the inIndia every year to prepare material-phototricacies of Carnatic music astounded critics graphs, slides, tapes, instructional aids-for use in classrooms in the U.S., and to strength- here, and who is now teaching it in the U.S. en the curricula on India in American schools There is painter Roy Craven who is helping and colleges. This program is sponsored by contemporary Indian artists get exhibited in the U.S. so that he can "in some slight way the u.s. Office of Education but administered repay the debt I owe India and my many in India by USEFI. "USEFI maintains close links with the friends there for enriching my life and work."

Perhaps it's not unrepresentative to take Indian student community," says Director Ramakrishnan. "It answers students' queries the words of one American scholar who was about America and advises them on admis- powerfully influenced by India-Professor sion requirements to U.S. universities. Walk Jack Adamson. He came to India to teach into the USEFI office any afternoon: The English in 1968. The girls at Delhi Univeryoung men and women taking notes from the sity's Miranda House remember him best for his lectures on Milton. But Professor Adambooks in our reference library are aspirants for study in the United States. Every year son, who died last September, remembered USEFI handles some 60,000 enquiries from India in a larger sense. "There is in India," students regarding admission to American he said, "a slower and gentler way of life. where human values of personal integrity, colleges."

But the Foundation's main business is spe- playful affection and love are endlessly encific educational exchanges between America dearing. No one who has lived-really lived and India. We have the quantitative impact in -in India will ever be the same again."

As for the Indians who have been to Amerthe statistics already quoted-5,000 man-years of Indo-American educational relations. But ica on Fulbright grants, they too, like the Americans, have brought back to their homehow about the qualitative impact?

American Fulbright scholars to India have land new ideas, new skills, new perceptions. developed an abiding affection for this coun- They have, to paraphrase Walter Lippmann, try. Since many of them are teachers and helped to alter the pictures in people's heads.

Who are these Indians and where are they scholars, they have communicated their feel-

now? To find a representative sampling, we interviewed nine Fulbright alumni in various occupations. We asked them about their American experience. Here are their answers.

Dr. Madhuri Shah, one of India's leading educators, is Vice-Chancellor of S.N.D.T. (Shreemati Nathibai Damodar Thackersey) Women's University, Bombay. She went to the U.S. as a Fulbright scholar in 1960 to study Princeton University's special.program on devising tests for children. She also took a course in educational psychology at Stanford and a computer course in Chicago.

"The months I spent in America," said Dr. Shah, "gave me many ideas that I transplanted to India when I was Education Officer of the Bombay Municipal Corporationideas such as universal promotion in primary school and multilevel teaching materials.

"Today, in the Bombay school system, primary school children in the first three standards are promoted even if they fail.

Some extra classes are aU they need to make up. Formerly, those who failed were detained, and 90 per cent of them stopped attending school-and perhaps took to the streets. This loss of time, effort and money is a thing of the past. Thousands of children are being saved from psychological damage. It's an idea I adapted from the Chicago school system."

Dr. Shah also tested the use of "multilevel teaching materials"-a common feature in U.S. schools. "There are as many as 10 intelligence levels among students," she said, "ranging from very bright to very dull. Traditional teaching methods give aU students the same lessons. The result is that the very bright student finds the pace too slow and the dull student finds it too fast. Both lose interest.

agement is all about. In the U.S. I learned a lot about people in general. I also learned a great deal there about labor economics and statistics. I learned about personnel management and industrial organization from experts like Professor Ernest Dale, who taught me at Columbia."

But multilevel teaching materials make it possible for bright students to move quickly to tougher lessons. The not-so-bright are allowed more time to learn."

J.P. SaigaI is divisional head, Personnel and Training Division, at Britannia Biscuit Company Ltd. in Bombay. In 1951, he was awarded a Fulbright grant to study economics and allied subjects at Columbia University.

Today he develops training and personnel policies for Britannia.

"Rapid economic development," said Saigal, "is inconceivable without a wellplanned program to train managers and supervisors. America is a pioneer in training and development programs for all cadres of personnel. The American methodology is instructive but it cannot be simply transplanted to India. It has to be adapted and modified.

Understanding people is what personnel man-

S.V. Chittibabu is Vice-Chancellor of Madurai University. He went to the U.S. under a Fulbright grant in 1965, when he was Joint Director of Secondary Education in Tamil Nadu.

"I got a fine overview of American education by visiting several universities and secondary schools. In the process my own educational ideas changed considerably. The educational system of America is responsible for most of that country's achievements.

American educators build the individual's personality characteristics-intellectual cour¡ age, judgment, curiosity, pragmatism. They don't ignore human values either: They give him the ability to determine courses of action with a sense of justice and a respect for human worth. All this prepares American youth to meet a changing world. It makes them innovative, imaginative, inventive."

On returning to India, Chittibabu proffered several ideas to education authorities in his area-a new curriculum, a new methodology, a new approach on the part of teachers.

The changes he recommended were well received. In 1972, a new curriculum was introduced in Tamil Nadu schools-one that enables students to take a more active part in the learning process.

"I don't take credit for all that happened," said Chittibabu, "but I had a part to play."

Dr. Aroop Mangalik of New Delhi's All India Institute of Medical Sciences is in charge of clinical hematology at the institute.

Dr. Mangalik lived for four years in the U.S. (1962-1966), studying at the Un{versity of Chicago on a Fulbright grant and doing research in Salt Lake City, Utah.

"I had the privilege of working with Dr. Wintrobe, one of the world's big names in hematology and author of several standard works," said Dr. Mangalik. "I'm presently doing a comparative study of blood cancer in India and America-similarities and dissimilarities. I hope it will provide some clues into the causes of leukemia-one of the great areas of ignorance in medical science. Only a concerted international effort can forge the weapons to fight blood cancer."

Dr. Surajit Sinha, Vice-Chancellor of Santiniketan's Viswabharati University, has an international reputation as an anthropologist. It's been two decades since he visited the U.S. on a Fulbright grant.

Dr. Sinha has fond memories of his three years in America: the courses he took in anthropology, linguistics, social psychology and sociology; his association with Professor Robert Redfield in developing a program on comparative civilizations at Chicago University; his friendship with anthropologists Milton Singer, David Mandelbaum and McKim Marriot.

How did the American experience benefit Dr. Sinha? Born in a tribal area, he has a keen interest in India's tribal communities, in problems of cultural anthropology. His Fulbright grant taught him the latest research methodology in these areas. "Exposure to modern anthropology," he said, "helped me to design courses in that discipline when I returned to teach at Viswabharati and at the Indian Institute of Management, Calcutta. The U.S. experience e~panded my perspective."

Dr. Sinha has revisited the U.S. several times and renewed his "Fulbright friendships." As head of an institution with a worldwide reputation, he feels his American experience gives him the global outlook needed for such a position.

Dr. Madhav Sadashiv Gore is Director of the Tata Institute of Social Sciences in Deonar, a north Bombay suburb. Dr. Gore was twice awarded USEFI grants-to study at Columbia University in 1951, to teach at the University of Wisconsin in 1960. He has worked with such eminent social scientists as Robert Merton, Seymour Lipset and

Herbert Hyman. He is the author of the celebrated book, Social Work and Social Work Education.

Talking about the American influence on social sciences in India, Dr. Gore said: "It's part of a worldwide phenomenon of increasing American influence in many aspects of life. But it also springs from the great strides made by the social sciences in the U.S. during and after World War II. In India there's now a new interest in psychological studies. In political science, emphasis has shifted from study of government to understanding the political process. There's been a shift from rural to urban studies. All this is a result of U.S. influence. Instruction in most applied sciences has borrowed heavily from American models.

"It would appear that while in Europe social sciences grew out of philosophic speculation, in America they grew out of an effort to find solutions to day-to-day problems.

American social scientists have sought to find

out what their knowledge can contribute to education, industry, religion, social welfare, -every form of organized human activity."

Dr. Amales Tripathi is chairman of the Department of History, Calcutta University. In 1951-52 he visited the U.S. on an ll-month Fulbright grant, at which time he received his master's degree in American history at Columbia University. He said: "I was associated with leading American historians such as R.L. Schuyler, Henry Steele Commager and Richard Hofstadter. I was stimulated by the bright and somewhat unconventional ideas of Jacques Barzun. The visit widened my interests, and created in me an abiding curiosity about historiography through the ages. Perhaps I imbibed a bit of historical relativism, then much in the academic air in America. I've used my Fulbright experience to write a book, The Evolution of Historiography

in America, 1870-1910."

Dr. Anant Rao is Deputy Director General of the Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR), New Delhi. In 1954 he received a Fulbright grant to teach, study and do research in agriculture at Rutgers University in New Jersey. He also worked on American farms and observed crop production practices, particularly those relating to plant nutrition and weed control. He discussed with U.S. ex:pertsthe best way India and America could work together on farm projects. Dr. Rao toured the famed American land grant colleges.

"Their unique contribution to mal1kind," he said, "is the fusion of research, teaching and extension work-the tripod on which modern agriculture rests."

All this was superb training for the key leadership role Dr. Rao was to play in indian agricultural education. In 1960, he was appointed Dean of Agriculture at Pantnagar's agricultural university, the first in India modeled on U.S. land grant colleges.

"I was aware," he said, "that the future of the 'fusion concept' in India-integrating research, teaching and extension work-might well depend on the success of the experiment at Pantnagar. My Fulbright ex:perience had shown me how such an institution could be built. I set up a training program for the Pantnagar staff, and over the years sent some 100 scientists to the U.S. for training and experience in land grant colleges."

The fusion concept worked at Pantnagar.

It brought Indian farmers, scientists and government closer together in working for the common goal of better crop yields. Dr. , Rao and his scientists persuaded farmers to try tecbniques devised at the university's research farms; the farmers did so, improved their crop performance and thus won other farmers over to the new methods. "In another approach," said Dr. Rao, "researchers stu-

1

died farmers' problems, tben worked out solutions at the university's farms. Some scientists were asked to devote their time exclusively to extension work-meeting farmers, assessing their needs and problems, selling ideas. 'Take the college to the farmer' has been the formula for America's achievements in agriculture. The U.S. did this for 80 years.

We learned it from them."

The Pantnagar university, of course, has become one of independent India's greatest achievements. It produced a cadre of trained scientists who spread out and took the new ideas to every agricultural university in this country. Encouraged by the Pant nagar experiment, the Government of India began setting up agricultural universities all over India. Today there are 19.

Dr. Rao is now in charge of agricultural

Senator Fulbright congratulates USEFI Senator J. William Fulbright, founder of the Fulbright program of educational exchanges, sent a telegram of congratulations to the U.S. Educational Foundation in India on its 25th birthday. The text of the telegram follows:

I am particularly pleased to be able to congratulate the U.S. Educational Foundation in India (USEFI) on its 25th anniversary.

I am convinced that more and improved programs for exchange of persons and intellectual interchange around the world offer the best prospect for mutual understanding.

In my view such exchange-of-persons programs are among the most significant activities now going on in the world.

The character of relations between two countries is no stronger than the bond between peoples. The USEFI has provided such a relationship throughout the years.

From modest beginnings in February, 1950, the U.S. Educational Foundation in India has grown into an important focus for scholarly ties between the United States and India.

From 1950 to December, 1974, a total of 4,472 grants were processed by the Foundation. Some 3,116 Indians traveled to the United States while 1,356 grants [excluding teachers sent by the U.S. Office of Education] were made to Americans traveling to India.

I trust that this quarter century of activity has enriched the experiences of all concerned and that such activity will continue to flourish under the USEFI aegis.

education at¡ the Indian Council of Agricultural Research, which plans, finances and coordinates the work of India's agricultural universities.

Dr. Sarang Iyer, Laboratory Manager of Johnson & Johnson in Bombay, went to the University of Iowa in 1954 on a Fulbright grant for his Ph.D. in microbiology. "Being a Fulbrighter gives you a psychological advantage," said Dr. Iyer. "Everyone knows that you've been picked for your competence and ability, not because you have money to throw around. Professionally, the American experience gave me a wider perspective, a keener perception. But the U.S. also influenced me in terms of human relationships. The informality that prevails in an American company permits a free expression of opinion, a free airing of differences. I have tried to create the same atmosphere here. My colleagues or subordinates can walk into my office any time. and I ask them to be frank and forthright."

Of Dr. Iyer's many friends in the U.S. perhaps the closest is his "guru," Dr. J. Roger Porter, chairman of the Department of Microbiology at the University of Iowa. "We used to have long talks on all kinds of subjects. One episode in particular brought us close. A fellow student of mine had lost his father, his sole source of financial support.

Dr. Porter told me that I would soon be entitled to a full fellowship. But would I like to share it with my colleague so that he could continue college? He put the proposition frankly, and I had no hesitation in offering to share the fellowship. Dr. Porter was delighted.

My colleague got his degree and today he is a highly respected scientist. What I'm trying to explain is that the Fulbright grant not merely opened the door to opportunity and a career, but I think it also made for an enriching human experience."

Several world leaders have hailed the foresight, wisdom and humanity of the Fulbright program and its contributions to knowledge, progress and international understanding. But one of the most perceptive statements on the program comes from the man who started it.

Senator Fulbright said in Oslo, Norway, recently: "Perhaps the greatest power of educational exchange is the power to convert nations into peoples and to translate ideologies into human aspirations. I do not think educational exchange is certain to produce affection between people .... It is quite enough if it contributes to the feeling of a common humanity, to an emotional awareness that other countries are populated not by doctrines that we fear but by individual people-people with the same capacity for pleasure and pain, for cruelty and kindness, as the people we were brought up with in our own countries."

0

Adventures of an American in an Indian Village Ronna Randall Brown is a young American Fulbright scholar who lived for 10 months in Mandapam, a Tamil Nadu fishing village on the Gulf of Manaar near the town of Rameswaram. She was researching Tamil folklore for a Ph.D. in anthropology from the University of Washington in Seattle. Her thesis: "A study of the content of oral traditions of a South Indian village."

"For the 10 months I lived thereSeptember 1974 through July 1975-1 was like any of the 5,000 Mandapam residents," said Ronna. "I visited their homes, ate their food, wore their dress, adopted their ways. I lived in a rented house, and did my own cooking and cleaning."

Ronna's interest in India goes back to 1967, when she first read the Gila. She later did a two-year course in Tamil at the University of Washington for a degree in linguistics. Her tutor was Harold Schiffman, one of America's best known Tamil scholars. Why did she choose Tamil folklore for her Ph.D.? "Because I was fascinated by Tamil stories I had read-and also because. no one seems to have researched Tamil folklore before. Actually I had an advantage over men in doing research in a place like Mandapam where the women don't speak to men. And it's women who know all the folklore!"

But the women weren't exactly loquacious-at least not to begin with. Ronna had to coax them to tell her the stories they knew. "They were shy," she said, "because it's so unusual for a foreign girl to live there, even more so for her to pester them for stories! And they were put off by my camera and my tape recorder. But they gradually got used to them and then they opened up."

Ronna recalled that the women of the village used to be quite concerned about her safety. "They advised me not to go alone to the market, and I stopped doing so. They suggested I send away my 10year-old daughter, who is as tall as I am and looks older than she is. So I finally sent her away to a private residential school.

Before this happened many young men in the village used to regularly call on me, and I was quite flattered. Then I realized that they were coming to see my daughter!"

Apart from the people of Mandapam, there was another source that Ronna tapped for folklore-itinerant Muslim fakirs who make a living tellilfg stories.

"They were very systematic, of course.

Ronna Randall Brown with her friend, Seenikathira Ammal, in the village of Mandapam.

~N

-'1- ~- - 11..- -OJ, '3>

They remembered details, they never oacktracked, and their stories were very long.

Sometimes a single story took six hours."

Ronna Brown formed many beautiful friendships in Mandapam. Her best friends were two of the first people she met-a young fisherman and his pretty dark-eyed wife, Seenikathira Ammal. Ronna often ate at her place, shared her work, helped look after her children. And they talked endlessly. What about? Work, women, worship, habits, customs-anything.

"When she told me one day, Nan ungalai ramba nechikkiren (I like you very much), I knew she was speaking the simple truth, because I liked her very much too.

"When the time came for me to leave Mandapam, I was given a send-off I'll never forget. I was loaded with presentsa necklace, ear rings, a nose ring, a thaU. They had tears in their eyes. So did 1."

Ronna collected some 150 stories in all, and hopes to get a few of them printed by a Calcutta publisher. For her doctorate, there's a long way still to go-she has to do a phonetic and dialectic study in addition to her research on folklore.

Ronna told SPAN one of her favorite Tamil folk tales: Once there was a king. He had two queens, but neither of them bore him a child. He went to the forest and meditated.

A goddess appeared, blessed him, and gave him a mango with divine power: the queen who ate it would beget a child.

Delighted, the king gave the mango to his younger queen. She ate a part of it and put the rest aside. The elder queen saw it and took a bite. So did the maid, a dog

a

.. .

and cow. They all became pregnant.

The king was puzzled about the elder queen getting pregnant. He suspected her of infidelity, and ordered that her head be chopped off. But the king's brother had pity on her, took her secretly to a forest, and arranged for her to live there. In time, she bore a son-who grew up to be very intelligent and handsome. And the younger queen bore seven children-all dullards.

The elder queen's son was teased by his friends about his having no father. He asked his mother and his uncle who his father was, and he came to know that it was the king himself. "I will make the king accept me as his son," he vowed.

He asked the king for a job as tutor of his seven dull children. The king said yes.

So the youth taught his stepbrothers all they should know-archery, antelope shooting, science, and everything.

One day all eight of them met a beautiful woman in the forest and fell in love with her. But she had eyes only for the elder queen's son and ignored his seven stepbrothers. Whereupon they complained to the king about him, and he ordered the tutor's head chopped off.

But the king's brother again intervened.

"Do you know you are murdering your own son?" he said. And he told the king the whole story: how the elder queen had chanced to eat a part of the mango, how he had saved her from execution. The king was full of remorse. He invited the elder queen back again, her son married the beautiful woman from the forest and continued to teach his stepbrothers, and they all lived happily ever after.

-S.R.M.

An eminent Indian man of letters reviews a remarkable -a:nth.ologyof modern American poetry-'The Voice That Is Great Within Us,' edited by Hayden Carruth -an anthology that Robert Lowell says is 'safe from the competition of rivals.'

A POETRY OF CONSCIENCE The last 60 years «have been a high moment of the creative spirit" for American verse, says Hayden Carruth in the introduction to the impressive anthology he has compiled

(The Voice That Is Great Within Us: American Poetry of the 20th Century, Bantam Books, New York, N. Y.). A poet himself, and a crit ie, Carruth continues: «This book is supposed to be a collection of poems to represent these remarkable years . .To say, as some anthologists in the past have said of theirs, that this is the best, or that it is a (treasury' . . . would strike me as arrogant. It is what . one moderately experienced and immoderately diligent reader has selected during two and a half years of reading." It is an informal and highly subjective anthology (in choosing the poems Carruth gave «primacy among all criteria to my own feeling").

We asked Chidananda Dasgupta, similarly, to select his favorite poems-and let his feelings be his guide.

-Ed.

I started reading this 722-page anthology of 20th-century American poetry from the end, and I never reached the beginning.

The beginning of The Voice That Is Great Within Us is concerned with poets we know better-Frost and Sandburg, Pound and Eliot were names to be conjured with in India in our college days, and for decades later. This is why I started reading from the end-to improve my scrappy knowledge of the poets of later generations. In fact I read the last two lines first, and was very struck by them: Like Samson, I'm in the dark, and continue to ride the bus.

-JOEL

SLOMAN,

"In a Remote Cloister Bordering the Empyrean"

Personally to me, an interesting image, that; when I returned from the United States for the first time I summed up my impressions saying, "I felt I was sitting in the rear seat of a very long bus. I could not see the driver, and I did not know where the bus was going."

One can read this book like the Bible, opening at any page, to see what the message is. .

Turn to page 633, if you like:

You've gotten in through the transom and you can't get out till Monday morning or, worse, t/ll the cops come.

-PHILIP

LEVI E,

"To a Child Trapped in a Barber Shop"

Have you seen an intelligent invalid-that look about the eyes and temples?-one who knows damn well death is coming-in the guise let's say of a carpenter, coming to fix him for good with his big hammer and sharp nails.

Death, war, futility, loneliness, social ills, the future of man-the concerns remain the same as in the age ofT.S. Eliot. Yet it is possible to see the entire poetry of the post- World War II era in the United States as a retirement from the global and the ultimate, from the vibrancy of both the despair and the faith of the prewar era to a sense of the futility in trying to change the world, to a renewed longing for God, family and garden, to childhood, to joy in simple things. The humor has become sardonic, the anger feeble, the objective detail surrealist, the vision apocalyptic. In some there is a return-or an attempted one-to that fountainhead of American poetry, Walt Whitman. Not only to Whitman, but also to Wordsworth.

In general, it is a poetry of dissent. The war poems make few generalizations. The nuclear sword that hangs above the head is hardly ever mentioned as such, yet it is a permanent background to the mental process; the possibility of nuclear holocaust casts a weird white glow on most of the writing. Perhaps this is why so many of the poets are reconciled to the fate of man. The nostalgia for the time when father worked in the garden and mother baked bread is often quite marked and does not seem-as pathetic as it should. It is pathetic, on the other hand, to weave grand generalizations and to exult in the power of thought: Certain stars, of stupendous size, are said fo be such and such distances away,oh,farther than the eyes alone would ever see.

Thus magnified, the whole evidence of our senses is belied. For it is not possible for miles to add miles to miles

Hundreds upon hundreds, sitting on each other, Huddled together, silent, ominousJ And heard the sound of rushing wind.

-WELDON KEES, "The Coming of the Plague" War poems as such are surprisingly few, and often obvious, almost banal (is Hayden Carruth, the editor of the anthology, tired of war poetry?) although not without a certain force. I found myself liking the comment of the descriptive-surrealistic rather than the satirical or the more pompous. For me the best is of this kind: From my mother's sleep I fell into the State, And 1hunched in its belly till my wet fur froze.

Six miles from earth, loosedfrom its dream of life, I woke to black flak and the nightmare fighters.

When I died they washed me out of the turret with a hose.

-RANDALL JARRELL, "The Death of the Ball Turret Gunner

God love you now, if no one else will el'er, Corpse in the paddy, or dead on a high hill In thefine and ruinous summer of a war You never wanted.... . . . But, in another year, We will mourn you, whosefossil couragefills The limestone histories: brave: ignorant: amazed: Dead in the rice paddies, dead on the nameless hills.

-THOMAS MCGRATH, "Ode for the American Dead in Korea" I have not read a better poem of loneliness (alienation, if you like), a very common theme among these poets, for a long time: A clock strikes midnight and the street lamp burps, Calms and hums again and tries to light This soot-clogged, rain-flecked, unangelic air.

I lean on the iron rails above the river But stare at the emptied road: bar closed, whores home.

I am always waitingfor something 1do not know And may as well wait here as any place.

Back streets are better than main streets for waiting And night is better than day, being privateI', Vacated by all I am not looking for.

forever, not even if expressed as the speed of light.

The fault lies partly in the idea of miles.

It is absurd to describe the world in sensible terms.

-WILLIAM BRONK, "Aspects of the World Like Coral Reefs"

I'm melted down into a black ooze created by the silent flood, the center of which is occupied by those three shots that just rang out.

What was it? When will the flood come?

-JOEL SLOMAN, "In a Remote Cloister Bordering the Empyrean"

And one day in afield I saw A swarm of frogs, swollen and hideous,

As the worldpitches east I'm on a line Between 0'Ryan's darkened bar and the light Storm-hid but drumming of the star Orion.

Romantic-Classic, and me in the middle: Not much, but all there seems to be tonight.

-WINFIELD

TOWNLEY SCOTT, No.2 from "Five for the Grace of Man"

The retirement from the cosmic concerns of the famous prewar poets is not merely in the outlook but, inevitably, in the style as well.

The expressions are, except in the case of some imagists, less involved, less allusive; there is much more of simple description, reflection and narration, logical development of thought with the links in the chain spelt out. The grand style has given way to a simpler syntax. Many have simple, delightful rhyme, rhythms and meters from earlier centuries, particularly Wordsworth. What could be more Wordsworthian, more expressive of a reaction away from Eliot and Pound than this: When despairfor the world grow,s in me and I wake in the night at the least sound. infear of what my life and my children's lives may be, I go and lie down where the wood drake

rests in his beauty on the water, and the great heron feeds.

I come into the peace of wild things who do not tax their lives with forethought of grief I come into the presence of still water.

And I feel above me the day-blind stars waiting with their light. For a time I rest in the grace of the world, and am free.

-WENDELL

BERRY,

"The Peace of Wild Things"

Kenneth Rexroth is so Wordsworthian that he might drive one into the arms of Wordsworth himself. I find him a little too self-consciously in pursuit of that 19th-century romantic. The titles of his poems are themselves evidence: "Strength Through Joy," "Time Is the Mercy of Eternity," and so on. As the nature-poet of this period, he has a unique place in American poetry; yet I find him a little hard to take. The excerpt below is from a poem which seems a little too personal in sentiment and a little too much in the past tense: NolV It is almost ten years since You came here to stay. Once more, The pussy willows that come After the New Year in this Outlandish land are blooming.

There are deer and raccoon tracks In the same places. A few New sand bars and cobble beds Have been left where erosion Has gnawed deep into the hills.

The rounds of life are narrow.

War and peace have past like ghosts.

The human rac~ sinks towards Oblivion. A bittern Calls from the same rushes where You heard one on our first year In the West; and where I heard One again in the year .

Of your death.

-KENNETH

REXROTH,

"Andree Rexroth, Mt. Tamalpais"

Stanley Kunitz, a poet ofthe same generation as Rexroth and Roethke, also sports a 19th-century manner:

o ruined father

dead, long sweetly rotten Under the dial, the time-dissolving urn, Beware a second perishing, forgotten, Heap fallen leaves of memory to burn On the slippery rock, the black eroding heart, Before the wedged frost splits it clean apart.

-STANLEY

KUNITZ,

"For the Word Is Flesh"

Another poet of the same generation who fascinates one is Robert Penn Warren. In the following extract he seems to embody Townley Scott, Rexroth and Kunitz all to~ether: Long since that time I have walked night streets, heel-iron Clicking the stone, and in dark in windows have stared.

Question, quarry, dream-I have vented my ire on My own heart that, ignorant and untoward, Yearns for an absolute that Time would, I thought, have prepared, But has not yet. Well, let us debate The issue. But under a tight roof, clutching a toy, .My son now sleeps, and when the 'hour grows late, I shall go forth where the cold constellations deploy

And lift up my eyes to consider more strictly the appalling logic of joy.

-ROBERT

PENN WARREN,

"Debate: Question, Quarry, Dream"

It is one of the youngest poets, Ronald Johnson, featured toward the end of the collection, who directly invokes Walt Whitman: /, too, have plucked a stalk of grass from your ample prairie, Walt, & have savored whole fields of a summer's hay in if1 have known your Appalachian length, the heights of your Sierra -I have unearthed the roots of calamus you left at the margin of many, hidden ponds, & have exchanged it with the few, select, lovers.

I have lain in the open night, till my shoulders felt twin roots, & the tree of my sight swayed, among the stars.

I, too, have plucked a stalk of grass from your ample prairie, Walt.

-RONALD

JOHNSON,

Over the gulfs of dream Flew a tremendous bird Further and further away Into a moonless black, Deep in the brain, far back.

"Mirrors of the Dark Water"

This is not to suggest that all the poetry or most of it harks back to the past. The excerpts from Sloman or Lipsitz, Levine or Levertov, Bronk, Kees, Jarrell or Scott I have given are far removed from the Wordsworthian reaction (if one can call it that). The reaction away from the Eliot generation is only a useful starting point. Take for instance Theodore Roethke who, singly, holds the most powerful appeal for me. His father was a flower grower, and he has written a lot of nature poetry that has nothing to do with the Wordsworthian Rexroth and other kindred spirits. Besides, he has so many facets that he is always capable of surprising you with his next poem. Let us look at a few examples (I wish I could quote all his poems). Sometimes he speaks of nature with a conscience: But something always went out of me when I dug loose those carpets Of green, or plunged to my elbows in the spongy yellowish moss of the marshes: And afterwards I always felt mean, jogging back over the logging road, As if I had broken the natural order of things in that swampland; Disturbed some rhythm, old and of vast importance, By pulling off flesh from the living planet; As if I had con;zmitted, against the whole scheme of life, a desecration.

Is it soft like a mouse?

Can it wrinkle its nose?

Could it come in the house On the tips of its toes?

Take the skin of a cat And the back of an eel, Then roll them in grease,-: That's the way it would feel.

-THEODORE

ROETHKE,

"The Lost Son"

Sudden renewal of the self-from where?

A raw ghost drinks the fluid in my spine; I know I love, yet know not where I am; I paw the dark, the shifting midnight air.

Will the self, lost, be found again? In form?

I walk the night to keep my five wits warm.

-THEODORE

ROETHKE,

"The Renewal"

Kisses come back, I said to Papa; He was all whitey bones And skin like paper.

God's somewhere else, I said to Mamma.

The evening came A long long time.

I'm somebody else now.

Don't tell my hands.

Have I come to always? Not yet.

One father is enough.

Maybe God has a house.

But not here.

-THEODORE

ROETHKE,

"Where Knock Is Open Wide"

The poets born in 1900 and afterward span some 40 years in the collection. What is striking-quite apart from the reaction to the prewar period, the harking back to older spirits and the new simplicityis the quality of the poetry, no matter what the subject or the style. It is genuine, shorn ofthe pompous and the formal; it is inventive, skillful, and often very pure. The sheer quality of the writing delights. Whether they are imagists or nature poets, surrealists or members of the "Black Mountain" group, the poets are all genuine poets. Not all of them are markedly American. They belong to the mainstream of poetry in the English language. The presence of the whole of English poetry, with its great variety, can be felt in the background of their writing. Their American origin becomes evident only when the subject concerns an American ambience or when images reflect an American environment. A number of poets are women; but with one or two exceptions you would not know that fact from the poems themselves. Some are black, and the same is true of them (except those like Langston Hughes-"I, too; am America"). For me, there are some exceptions. I find myself unable, for instance, to respond to Allen Ginsberg; of the Beat group, Lawrence Ferlinghetti appeals to me more. Despite these exceptions, there is no doubt that Hayden Carruth is right when he says in the foreword to the book that this is a glorious period of American poetry.

Individually, none of the poets are "great" in the sense of a Whitman or an Eliot-absolutely unique in style and statement and thus outstanding on a universal plane; they achieve their greatness together in the large body of meaningful and compelling poetry which they have created over a period. As far as post-World War II poetry is concerned, it is far more remarkable than English poetry written in England, or anywhere else. Its further social significance lies in the fact that it is throughout a poetry of dissent; it is America's conscience.

D

7 S - 10 r-:r ,.. '").J Chidananda Dasgupta, one of Calcutta's most respected literary critics, has published numerous articles and books. He has translated Bernard Shaw's play Mrs. Warren's Profession into Bengali. His English translations include 101 Poems of Rabindranath Tagore, a collection of Bengali short stories titled Green and Gold, and the poems of Jibanananda Das. He is equally well known as film critic and filmmaker.

About the Author:

Or with this vision of a crow-strangely reminiscent of the Bengali poet, Jibanananda Das. In fact Roethke, in most of his works, reminds me a lot of Jibanananda Das. When I saw that clumsy crow Flap from a wasted tree, A shape in the mind rose up:

Select my favorite poems from The Voice That Is Great Within Us. That was what SPAN asked me to do. It is as tempting as it is difficult. Or it is not d(lJicult at all, once one accepts the fact that such choice is never immutable, always subject to mood, to rereading after a lapse of time. It also gives me a chance to include some poets whom I have not quoted in my article but do not, for that reason, like them any less. In some cases, I find I like them more.

-CHIDANANDA

DASGUPTA

ANTHOLOGY OF AN ANTHOLOGY Hurts me as the world hurts God. I am a lanternPure? What does it mean?

The tongues of hell Are dull, dull as the triple

My head a moon Of Japanese paper, my gold beaten skin Infinitely delicate and infinitely expensive.

Tongues of dull, fat Cerberus Who wheezes at the gate. Incapable Of licking clean

Does not my heat astound you. And my light.

All by myself I am a huge camellia Glowing and coming and going, flush on flush.

The aguey tendon, the sin, the sin.

The tinder cries.

The indelible smell Of a snuffed candle!

Love, love, the low smokes roll From me like Isadora's scarves, I'm in a fright

I think I am going up, I think I may riseThe beads of hot metal fly, and I, love, I Am a pure acetylene Virgin Attended by roses,

One scarf will catch and anchor in the wheel.

Such yellow sullen smokes Make their own element. They will not rise,

By kisses, by cherubim, By whatever these pink things mean.

Not you, nor him

But trundle round the globe Choking the aged and the meek, The weak

Not him, nor him (My selves dissolving, old whore petticoats)To Paradise.

Hothouse baby in its crib, The ghastly orchid Hanging its hanging garden in the air, Devilish leopard!

Radiation turned it white And killed it in an hour.

Greasing the bodies of adulterers Like Hiroshima ash and eating in.

The sin. The sin.

Darling, all night I have been flickering, off, on, off, on.

The sheets grow heavy as a lecher's kiss.

Three days. Three nights.

Lemon water, chicken Water, water make me retch.

I am too pure for you or anyone.

Your body .

NATIONAL COLD STORAGE COMPANY The National Cold Storage Company contains More things than you can dream of.

Hard by the Brooklyn Bridge it stands In a litter of freight cars, Tugs to one side; the other, the traffic Of the Long Island Expressway.

I myself have dropped into it in seven years Midnight tossings, plans for escape, the shakes.

Add this to the national totalGrant's tomb, the Civil War, Arlington, The young President dead.

Above the warehouse and beneath the stars The poets creep on the harp of the Bridge.

But see, They fall into the National Cold Storage Company One by one. The wind off the river is' too cold, Or the times too rough, or the Bridge Is not a harp at all. Or maybe A monstrous birth inside the warehouse Must be fed by everything-ships, poems, Stars, all the years of ('Uf lives.

-HARVEY

SHAPIRO (1924-

Copyright Š 1964 by Harvey Shapiro. Reprinted from Battle Report by Harvey Shapiro, by permission of Wesleyan University Press.

THE DOVER BITCH: A CRITICISM OF LIFE So there stood Matthew Arnold and this girl With the cliffs of England crumbling away behind them, And he said to her, "Try to be true to me, And I'll do the same for you, for things are bad All over, etc., etc."

Well now, I knew this girl. It's true she had read Sophocles in a fairly good translation And caught that bitter allusion to the sea, But all the time he was talking she had in mind The notion of what his whiskers would feel like On the back of her neck. She told me later on That after a while she got to looking out

At the lights across the channel, and really felt sad, Thinking of all the wine and enormous beds And blandishments in French and the perfumes.

And then she got really angry. To have been brought All the way down from London, and then be addressed As a sort of mournful cosmic last resort Is really tough on a girl, and she was pretty.

Anyway, she watched him pace the room And finger his watch-chain and seem to sweat a bit, And then she said one or two unprintable . things.

But you mustn't judge her by that. What I mean to say is, She's really all right. I still see her once in a while And she always treats me right. We have a drink And I give her a good time, and perhaps it's a year Before I see her again, but there she is, Running to fat, but dependable as they corne.

And sometimes I bring her a bottle of Nuit d' Amour.

-A}~THONY

HECHT (1923-

From the book, Tlte Hard Hours by Anthony Hecht.

Copyright © 1960 by Anthony E. Hecht.

Reprinted by permission of Atheneum Publishers.

THE ANIMAL THAT DRANK UP SOUND One day across the lake where echoes come now an animal that needed sound came down.

He gazed enormously, and instead of making any, he took away from, sound: the lake and all the land went dumb. A fish that jumped went back like a knife, and the water died. In all the wilderness around he drained the rustle from the leaves into the mountainside and folded a quilt over the rocks, getting ready to store everything the place had known; he buriedthousands of autumns deep-the noise that used to come there.

Then that animal wandered on and began to drink the sound out of all the valleys-the

croak of toads, and all the little shiny noise grass blades make.

He drank till winter, and then looked out one night at the stilled places guaranteed around by frozen peaks and held in the shallow pools of starlight.

It was finally tall and still, and he stopped on the highest ridge, just where the cold sky fell away like a perpetual curve, and from there he walked on silently, and began to starve.

When the moon drifted over that night the whole world lay just like the moon, shining back that still silver, and the moon saw its own animal dead on the snow, its dark absorbent paws and quiet muzzle, and thick, velvet, deep fur.

2 After the animal that drank sound died, the world lay still and cold for months, and the moon yearned and explored, letting its dead light float down the west walls of canyons and then climb its delighted soundless way up the east side. The moon owned the earth its animal had faithfully explored.

The sun disregarded the life it used to warm.

But on the north side of a mountain, deep in some rocks, a cricket slept. It had been hiding when that animal passed, and as spring came again this cricket waited, afraid to crawl out into the heavy stillness.

Think how deep the cricket felt, lost there in such a silence-the grass, the leaves, the water, the' stilled animals all depending on such a little . thing. But softly it tried-"Cricket!"and back like a river from one act flowed the kind of world we know, first whisperings, then moves in the grass and leaves; the water splashed, and a big night bird screamed.

It all returned, our precious world with its life ana sound, where sometimes loud over the hill the moon, wild again, looks for its animal to roam, still,

down out of the hills, any time.

But somewhere a cricket waits.

It listens now, and practices at night.

-WILLIAM

STAFFORD (1914-

From Tlte Rescued Year (1966) by William Stafford copyright © 1964 by William E.Stafford. ' Used by permission of Harper and Row, Publishers,Inc.

The whiskey on your breath Could make a small boy dizzy; But I hung on like death: Such waltzing was not easy.

We romped until the pans Slid from the kitchen shelf; My mother's countenance Could not unfrown itself.

The hand that held my wrist Was battered on one knuckle; At every step you missed My right ear scraped a buckle.

You beat time 'on my head With a palm caked hard by dirt, Then waltzed me off to bed Still clinging to your shirt.

-THEODORE

ROETHKE (1908-1963)

Last night I spoke to a dead woman with green face.

She told me of her good life among the living, with a faithful man. He was right there beside her as tall as I, and moving like me, with kind motions. If she did breathe, it was just to talk and tell her life in their basement smelling moist like freshly opened earth. He was good to her and she had worked as a typist every day and came home to cook.

It was a good life with her husband, he was kind; and she took hold of his hand and said, "In this basement we've made a home, with me working as typist and he studying his music." She was dead, that much she understood herself by her tone; and she looked at me with green eyes.

-DAVID

IGNATOW (1914-

Copyright © 1964 bv David Ignatow. Reprinted fwm Figures of tlte Human by David Ignatow by permission of Wesleyan University Press.

•

, 'The whole picture is informed with such a complex sense of the intermingling of good and evil ... that it may be the most passionately felt epic ever made' in America, writes the author.

The movie won six Oscars, and made Francis Ford Coppola Hollywood's most sought-after director.

At the close of The Godfather, Michael Corleone has consolidated his power by a series of murders and has earned the crown his dead father, Don Vito, handed him. In the last shot, Michael-his eyes clouded-assures his wife, Kay, that he is not responsible for the murder of his sister's husband. The door closes Kay out while he receives the homage of subordinates, and if she doesn't know that he lied, it can only be because she doesn't want to.

The Godfather, Part II begins where the first film ended: before the titles. there is a view behind that door. The new king stands in the dark, his face lustreless and dispassionate as his hand is being kissed. The familiar "Godfather" waltz theme is heard in an ambiguous, melancholy tone. Is it our imagination, or is Michael's face starting to rot? The dramatic charge of that moment is Shakeยง15~~.l'eIlH.III ~1t ffiifitl, hHlingly

ominous.

By a single image, Francis Ford Coppola has plunged !IS baCKinto the sensuality and terror of the first film. And, with the relentlessness of a master, he goes farther and farther. The daring of Part II is that it enlarges the scope and deepens the meaning of the first film; The Godfather was the greatest gangster picture ever made, and had metaphorical overtones that took it far beyond the gangster ~~ . I Part II, tli f theme are no longer merely implied. The second film shows

fa

t~

~~uences or the acbons ln he Rrst; it's all one movie, in two great big pieces, and it comes together in your head while you watch. Coppola might almost have a pact with the audience; we're already so engrossed in the Corleones that now he can go on to give us a more interior view of the characters at

the same time that he shows their spreading social influence. The completed work is an epic about the seeds of destruction that the immigrants brought to the new land, with Sicilians, Wasps, and Jews separate socially but joined together in crime and political bribery. This is a Bicentennial picture that doesn't insult the intelligence. It's an epic vision of the corruption of America.

After the titles, the action begins in Sicily in 1901, with the funeral procession of Michael's murdered grandfather, and we realize that the plaintive tone that was so unsettling in the opening music is linked to funeral drums and to a line of mourning women. The rot in Michael's face starts here, in his legacy from his father. The silent nine-year-old boy walking behind the coffin with his strong, grief-hardened mother is Vito, who will become the Don, the Godfather (the role played it\ the first film by Marlon Brando). Shots are heard, the procession breaks up-Vito's older brother has just been killed. And in a few minutes Vito, his mother dead, too, is runnjng for his life. The waltz is heard again, still poignant but with a note of exaltation, as a ship with the wide-eyed child among the hordes in steerage passes the Statue of Liberty.

The sallow, skinny boy has an almost frightening look of guarded intelligence; not understanding a word of English, he makes no

he died. It is the rich princeling's First Communion, and there is a lavish celebration at the Corleone estate on the shore of Lake Tahoe. The year is 1958, and the surviving members of the Corleone family, whose base of operations is now in Nevada, are gathered for the occasion.

The first film covered the period from 1945 to the mid-fifties. Part II, contrasting the early manhood of Vito (played by Robert De Niro) with the life of Michael, his inheritor (AI Pacino), spans almost 70 years. We saw only the middle of the story in the first film; now we have the beginning and the end. Structurally, the completed work is nothing less than the rise and decay of an American dynasty of unofficial rulers. Vito rises and becomes a respected man while his son Michael, the young king, rots before our eyes, and there is something about actually seeing the generatlOns 0 a amI y III counterpolDt t hat IS emotionally overpowering. t's as if the movie satisfied an impossible yet basic human desire to see what our parents were like before we were born and to see what they did that affected what we became-not to hear about it, or to read about it, as we can in novels, but actually to see it. It really is like the past recaptured. We see the characters at different points in their lives, with every scene sharpening our perception of them; at one moment

sound unt:! he's all alone, quarant:ned with smallpox on Ellis Island. Then, in his hospital

:chael embraces his young son, at another Vito cradles young Michael in his arms. The

celL he ooks out t e arre wIn ow and, III a thin, childish soprano, sings a Sicilian song.

As he sings, we see the superimposed face of another dark-eyed little boy, a shining princeling in white with a pretty flower-face-Michael's son, the little boy who had been playing in the garden with the old Don Vito when

whole picture is informed with such a complex sense of the intermingling of good and evil-and of the inability to foresee the effects of our love upon our children-that it may be the most passionately felt epic ever made in this country.

Throughout the three hours and twenty

I

r

I

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minutes of Part II, there are so many moments of epiphany-mysterious, reverberant images, such as the small Vito singing in his cell-that one scarcely has the emotional resources to deal with the experience of this film. Twice, I almost cried out at acts of violence that De Niro's Vito committed. I didn't look away from the images, as I sometimes do at routine action pictures. I wanted to see the worst; there is a powerful need to see it. You need these moments as you need the terrible climaxes in a Tolstoy novel. A great novelist does not spare our feelings (as the. historical romancer does); he intensifies them, and so does Coppola. On the screen, the speed of the climaxes and their vividness make them almost unbearably wounding.

Much of the material about Don Vito's early life which appears in Part II was in the Mario Puzo book and was left out of the first movie, but the real fecundity of Puzo's mind shows in the way this new film can take his characters further along and can expand (and, in a few cases, alter) the implications of the book. Puzo didn't write the novel he probably could have written, but there was a Promethean spark in his trash, and Coppola has written the novel it might have been. However, this second film (the script is again by Coppola and Puzo) doesn't appear to derive from the book as much as from what Coppola learned while he was making the first. In Part II, he has had the opportunity to do what he was prevented from doing before, and he's been able to develop what he didn't know about his characters and themes until after he'd made the first picture. He has also been able to balance the material. Many people who saw The Godfather developed a romantic identification with the Corleones; they longed

for the feeling of protection that Don Vito conferred on his loving family. Now that the full story has been told, you'd have to have an insensitivity bordering on moral idiocy to think that the Corleones live a wonderful life, which you'd like to be part of.

The violence in this film never doesn't bother us-it's never just a kick. For a movie director, Coppola has an unusual interest in ideas and in the texture offeeling and thought.

This wasn't always apparent in the first film, because the melodramatic suspense was so strong that one's motor responses demanded the resolution of tension (as in the restaurant scene, when one's heart almost stopped in the few seconds before Michael pulled out the gun and fired). But this time Coppola controls our emotional responses so that the horror seeps through everything and no action provides a melodramatic release. Within a scene Coppola is controlled and unhurried, yet he has a gift for igniting narrative, and the exploding effects keep accumulating. About midway, I began to feel that the film was expanding in my head like a soft bullet.

The casting is so close to flawless that we can feel the family connections, and there are times when one,could swear that Michael's brother Fredo (John Cazale), as he ages, is beginning to look like a weak version of his father, because we see Marlon Brando in the wide forehead and receding hair. 'Brando is not on the screen this time, but he persists in his sons, Fredo and Michael, and Brando's character is extended by our seeing how it was formed. As Vito, Robert De Niro amply convinces one that he has it in him to become the old man that Brando was. It's not that he looks exactly like Brando but that he has Brando's wary soul, and so we can easily imagine the body changing with the years. It is much like seeing a photograph of one's own dead father when he was a strapping young man; the burning spirit we see in his face spooks us, because of our knowledge of what he was at the end. In De Niro's case, the young man's face is fired by a secret pride.

His gesture as he refuses the gift of a box of groceries is beautifully expressive and has the added wonder of suggesting Brando, and not from the outside but from the inside. Even the soft, cracked Brando-like voice seems to come from the inside. When De Niro closes his eyes to blot out something insupportable, the reflex is like a presentiment of the old man's reflexes. There is such a continuity of soul between the child on the ship, De Niro's slight, ironic smile as a cowardly landlord

Young Oreste Baldini (left foreground), who will grow up to be the Godfather, mores toward the ship's rail with other immigrants to see the Statue of Liberty when he arrives in New York from Sicily, in Coppola's The Godfather, Part II. The movie unfolds the saga of the Corleone family's 70 years of Mafia power.

tries to appease him, and Brando, the old man who died happy in the sun, that although Vito is a subsidiary character in terms of actual time on the screen, this second film, like the first, is imbued with his presence, De Niro is right to be playing the young Brando because he has the physical audacity, the grace, and the instinct to become a great actor-perhaps as great as Brando. In Mean Streets, he was a wild, reckless kid who flaunted his being out of control; here he's a man who holds hImself in-and he's just as transfixing. Vito came to America to survive. He brought nothing with him but a background of violence, and when he believes the only choice is between knuckling under to the gangsters who terrorize the poor in Little Italy-just as gangsters terrorized his family in Sicily-and using a gun, he chooses the gun. In his terms, it's a simple matter of selfpreservation, and he achieves his manhood when he becomes a killer. Vito has a feudal code of honor. To the Italians who treat him with respect he's a folk hero-a Robin Hood you can come to in times of trouble. No mat-

ter what he does, he believes he's a man of principle, and he's wrapped in dignity. The child's silence is carried forward in the adult.

De Niro's performance is so subtle that when he speaks in the Sicilian dialect he learned for the role he speaks easily, but he is cautious in English and speaks very clearly and precisely.

For a man of Vito's character who doesn't know the language well, precision is important-sloppy talk "vould be unthinkable. Like Brando's Vito, De Niro's has a reserve that can never be breached. Vito is so secure in the knowledge of how dangerous he is that his courtliness is no more or less than noblesse oblige.

The physical contrasts between De Niro's characterization and Pacino's give an almost tactile dimension to the theme. Driving through the streets of Batista's Havana, which he's buying into-buying a piece of the government-Michael sees the children begging, and he knows what he is: he's a predator on human weakness. And that's exactly what he looks like. He wears silvery-gray nubby-silk suits over a soft, amorphous body; he's hidden under the price tag. The burden of power sits on him like a sickness; his expression is sullen and withdrawn. He didn't have to be what he is: he knew there were other possibilities, and he chose to become a killer out of family loyalty. Here in Part II he is a disconsolate man, whose only attachment is to his children; he can never go back to the time be-

fore that moment in the restaurant when he mands attention. It's possible that she didn't shot his father's enemies. In the first film, we impose herself more strongly in the first film saw Don Vito weep when he learned that it because Coppola, through a kind of reverse was Michael who had done the killing; Mi- nepotism (Miss Shire is his sister), de-emphachael's act, which preserved th.efamily's pow- sized her role and didn't give her many closeer, destroyed his own life. Don Vito had re- ups, but this time-pinched, strident, whory coiled from the sordid drug traffic, but since -she comes through as a stunningly controlcrime is the most competitive business of all led actress. Kay (Diane Keaton), Michael's (the quality of what you're peddling not being New England-born wife, balks at becoming a conspicuous factor), Michael, the modern- the acquiescent woman he requires, so he ist, recoils from nothing; the empire that he shows her what his protection means. It's deruns from Nevada has few links with his pendent on absolute fealty. Any challenge or young father's Robin Hood days. It's only betrayal and you're dead-for men, that is. inside himself that Michael recoils. His tense, Women are so subservient they're not considflaccid face hovers over the movie; he's the ered dangerous enough to kill-that's about man in power, trying to control the lives the extent of Mafioso chivalry. The malearound him and feeling empty and betrayed. female relationships are worked out with a Jacobean splendor that goes far beyond one's He's like a depressed Brando.

There are times when Pacino's moodiness expectations.

There must be more brilliant strokes of isn't particularly eloquent, and when Michael casting here (including the use of a batch of asks his mother (Morgana King) how his father felt deep down in his heart the question Hollywood notables-Phil Feldman, Roger doesn't have enough urgency. However, Pa- Corman, and William Bowers-as United cino does something very difficult: he gives States Senators), and more first-rate acting an almost immobile performance. Michael's in small parts, than in any other American attempt to be the man his father was has aged movie. An important new character, Hyman him, and he can't conceal the ugliness of the Roth, a Meyer Lansky-like businessmancalculations that his father's ceremonial man- gangster, as full of cant and fake wisdom as a ner masked. His father had a domestic life fund-raising rabbi, is played with smooth conthat was a sanctuary, but Michael has no viction by the near-legendary Lee Strasberg [see "The Actors Studio," SPAN, August sanctuary. He cannot maintain the traditional division of home and business, and so the 1974). Even his breath control is impeccable: light and dark contrasts are not as sharp as when Roth talks too much and gets more in the first picture. His wife knows he lied to excited than he should, his talk ends with a her, just as he lies to a Senate investigating sound of exertion from his chest. As another committee, and the darkness of his business new major character, Frankie Pentangeli, an dealings has invaded his home. Part II has the old-timer in the rackets who wants things to be same mythic and operatic visual scheme as as they were when Don Vito was in his heyday, the first; once again the cinematographer is Michael V. Gazzo (the playwright-actor) gives Gordon Willis. Visually the film is, however, an intensely likable performance that adds far more complexly beautiful than the first, flavor to the picture. His Pentangeli has the just as it's thematically richer, more shadow- capacity for enjoying life, unlike Michael and ed, more full. Willis's workmanship has de- the anonymous-looking high-echelon hoods veloped, like Coppola's; even the sequences who surround him. As the bland, despicably in the sunlight have deep tones-elegiac yet loyal Tom Hagen, more square-faced and lyrical, as in The Conformist, and always sturdy now, Robert Duvall, a powerful recesserving the narrative, as the Nino Rota score sive actor, is practically a genius at keeping himself in the background; and Richard also does.

Talia Shire had a very sure touch in her Bright as Al Neri, one of Michael's henchwedding scenes in the first film; her Connie men, runs him a close second.

Coppola's approach is openhanded: he was like a Pier Angeli with a less fragile, bolder nature-a spoiled princess. Now, tight with doesn't force the situations. He puts the mateanger, dependent on her brother Michael, rial up there, and we read the screen for ourwho killed her husband, Connie behaves self- selves. But in a few places, such as in the destructively. She once had a dream wedding; double-crossing maneuvers of Michael Cornow she hooks up with gigolo playboys. (Troy leone and Hyman Roth, his partner in the Donahue is her newest husband.) Talia Shire Cuban venture, it hasn't been made readable has such beauty and strength that. she com- enough. There's a slight confusion for the

audience in the sequences dealing with Roth's bogus attempt on the life of Pentangeli, and the staging is a little flatfooted in the scenes in which the Corleone assassin first eliminates Roth's bodyguard and then goes to kill Roth.

Also, it's a disadvantage that the frameup of Senator Geary (which is very poorly staged, with more gory views of a murdered girl than are necessary) comes so long after the provocation for it. Everywhere else, the contrapuntal cutting is beautifully right, but the pieces of the Senator Geary story seem too slackly spaced apart. (The casting of G.D. Spradlin in the role is a juicy bit of satire; he looks and acts like a synthesis of several of our worst Senators.) These small flaws are not failures of intelligence; they're faults in the storytelling, and there are a few abrupt transitions, indicating unplanned last-minute cuts. There may be too many scenes of plotting heads, and at times one wishes the sequences to be more fully developed. One never wants less of the characters; one always wants more-particularly of Vito in the 1917 period, which is recreated in a way that makes movies once again seem a miraculous medium.

This film wouldn't have been made if the first hadn't been a hit-and the first was made because the Paramount executives expected it to be an ordinary gangster shoot-'em-up.

When you see this new picture, you wonder how Coppola won the fights. Maybe the answer is that they knew they couldn't make it without him.

After you see it, you feel that they can't make any picture without him. He direct~ with supreme confidence. Coppola is the inheritor of the traditions of the novel, the theater, and-especially-opera and movies.

The sensibility at work in this film is that of a major artist. We're not used to it: how many screen artists get the chance to work in the epic form, and who has been able to seize the power to compose a modern American epic?

And who else, when he got the chance and the power, would have proceeded with the absolute conviction that he'd make the film the way it should be made? In movies, that's the inner voice of the authentic hero.

0 About the Author: Pauline Kael, one of America's most respected film critics, writes movie reviews for the New Yorker magazine. Recipient of the George Polk Memorial Award for Criticism, she has published several books on the cinema: I Lost

It at the Movies; Kiss Kiss Bang Bang; Going Steady; The Citizen Kane Book (see SPAN, April and May 1974); and Deeper Into Movies.

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"I just can't get used to calling her a chairperson. it makes me think s 's in the upholstery business," © 1973. RllPrinted by permission of Saturday Rniewand

Brenda R. Burbank.

"To be perfeetly(rank, I've been trying so long to get hold of you that l'Yf:f~rgotten who you are and "rhot 1.{incalling about."

C ~971.R$priDted by pet'Qliasion of StJbn'diiy ReView and Henry Martin.

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R"lew and Bill Hoest.

On September 22, 1975, U.S. Secretary of State Henry Kissinger addressed the 30th Session of the U.N. General Assembly. Citing the Assembly's unanimous agreement 'on measures to improve the economic condition of mankind,' he praised the new 'spirit of conciliation' and 'sense of common purpose' at the U.N. His concluding words: 'We say to all peoples and ,governments: Let us fashion together a new world order.' Excerpts from the address follow.

As we deliberate the future, an event of potentially vast implication has just been achieved in this organization: The unanimous agreement produced by the Seventh Special Session of the General Assembly on measures to improve the economic condition of mankind.

Despite differences of ideology and approaches to economic development, the nations assembled here began the move toward the recognition that our interdependence spells either common progress or common disaster; that in our age no nation or group of nations can

achieve its aims by pressure or confrontation and that the attempt to do so would damage everyone. They agreed to transcend the stereotypes of the past in the search for a cooperative future.

The Special Session forged a sense of common purpose ba~ed on the equality

and cooperation of states. Now we must dedicate ourselves to implement this consensus.

Let us carry forward the spirit of conciliation into the deliberations of this regular session. Let us address the issues of world peace-the foundation of all else we do on this planet-with this same consciousness of our common destiny.

It'is our common duty to avoid empty slogans and endless recrimination. We must instead sustain, strengthen and extend the international environment we and our posterity will require for the maintenance of peace and the furtherance of progress.

Only in a structure of cooperation can disputes be settled and clashes contained.

Only in an atmosphere of conciliation can the insecurity of nations, out of which so much conflict arises, be eased, and habits of. compromise and accommodation be nurtured. Social progress, justice and human rights can thrive only in an atmosphere of reduced international tension.

The United States stands ready to dedicate itself to cooperative efforts to harmonize the different perspectives of the worla' community in creating a new sense of security and well-being. We do so not out of fear, for we are better able to sustain ourselves in 'situations of con~ frontation than most other nations. Nor do we do so out of a sense of guilt, for we believe that we have on the whole 'Used our power for constructive ends.

We affirm our common destiny because of our recognition of global interdependence and because global peace requires it.

Indeed there is no realistic alternative to shared responsibility in dealing with the international agenda of peace, security, economic well-being and justice.

Let me set forth the views of the United, States on the work we face in each of these areas.

Our first and transcendent concern is for peace in the world.

Peace is never automatic.

It is more than the absence of war.

And it is inseparable from security.

A world in which the survival of nations is at the mercy of a /ew would spell oppression and injustice and fear.

There can be no security without equilibrium and no safety without restraint.

Only when the rights of nations are respected, when accommbdation supplants force, can man's energies be

devoted to the realization of his deepest aspirations.

The United States will pursue the cause of peace with patience and an attitude of conciliation in many spheres.

-We shall nurture and deepen the ties of cooperation with our friends and allies.

-We shall strive to improve relations with countries of different ideology or political conviction.

-We shall always stand ready to assist in the settlement of regional disputes.

-We shall intensify our efforts to halt the spiral of nuclear armament.

-We shall strive to improve man's economic and social condition and to strengthen the collaboration between developed and developing nations.

-We shall struggle for the realization of fundamental human rights ....

of a convention on the prohibition of military or any other hostile use of environmental modification techniques.

These techniques are still at a primitive stage of development, but man's mastery of environmental forces continues, to advance. Misuse of this knowledge might open new avenues of military competition and wreak untold and irreversible harm upon all humanity. We urge the conference to complete its consideration rapidly.

Another urgent task is a substantial reduction in the high levels of military forces now confronting each other in various parts of the world ....

The world faces a paradox with respect to the proliferation of nuclear energy.

Men have fashioned 'from the atom weapons which can in minutes end the civilization' of centuries. Simultaneously, the atom is fast becoming a more and moreess~ntial source of energy. It is International security clear that the cost and eventual scarcity of oil and other fossil fuel will increasingly Peace in the world will be fragile and tenuous without a curb and eventually spread nuclear power around the world â&#x20AC;˘ an end of the arms race. This is why the in the decades ahead.

But the spreading of nuclear power United States has embarked, with the poses starkly the danger of proliferating Soviet Union, upon the difficult and nuclear weapons capabilities-and the complex negotiation to limit strategic related risks of the theft of nuclear arms. Our objectives are to prevent blackmail by terrorists, unchecked destabilizing competition in materials, incidents of the injection of the nuclear strategic armaments; to achieve reduction of these arms; to lessen further the likeli- threat into. regional political conflicts. hood of hasty decisions in time of crisis; Now is the time to act. If we fail to and to ease the economic burden of the restrain nuclear proliferation, future generations will live on a planet shadowed nuclear arms race.

The Vladivostok accord of last fall by nuclear catastrophe.

Over the past year, the United States marked a major step toward achieving these goals. When the agreement in has repeatedly urged new efforts among principle is translated into a treaty, agreed the supplier states to strengthen and ceilings will be placed on strategic force standardize safeguards and controls on levels for a IO-year period. This un- export of nuclear materials. We must precedented step will slow the pace of not allow these safeguards to be eroded new arms programs, especially those by commercial competition. We¡ must driven by fear of major deployments by ensure the broad availability of peaceful the other side. And it will enhance nuclear energy under safe, economic and prospects for international stability and reliable conditions.

The United States has intensified its for political accommodation in other efforts within the International Atomic areas.

Energy Agency [IAEA] and with other The United States is actively engaged in other arms control negotiations. To- nations to broaden and strengthen intergether with the Soviet Union, we have national standards and safeguards and made progress toward establishing a has proposed an international convention setting standards to protect the physical regime for peaceful nuclear explosions. security of nuclear materials in use, And we have agreed to set a threshold on the underground testing of nuclear storage or transfer.

The United States continues to urge weapons. These are significant steps tothe widest possible adherence to the ward a verifiable comprehensive test ban.

Nonproliferation Treaty and the assoIn addition, the United States and the U.S.S.R. have presented to the Conference ciated safeguard measures of the IAEA. The. greatest single danger of unof the Committee on Disarmament texts

restrained nuclear proliferation -resides in the spread under national control of reprocessing facilities for the atomic materials in nuclear power plants. The United States therefore proposes-as a major step to reinforce all other measures -the establishment of multinational regional nuclear fuel cycle centers.

These centers would srrve energy needs on a commercially sound basis and encourage regional energy cooperation.

Their existence would reduce the incentive for small and inefficient reprocessing facilities, limit the possibility of diverting peaceful nuclear materials to national military use, and create a better framework for applying effective international safeguards.

We urge that groups of nations begin now to explore this concept and that all states support the IAEA's work in this field.

Economic well-being In the last two years, the world community has been reminded dramatically to what extent economic relations are an essential foundation of the international order. Economic conditions not only underpin every society's ability to achieve its national goals, but all national economies are sustained by the global economic system. The conduct of our economic affairs will therefore determine to

an extraordinary degree whether our political relations will be based on cooperation or conflict.

It would be one of history's most· tragic ironies if, at a time when we are putting behind us the tensions of the cold war, we are to enter a new period of conflict between North and South, rich and poor. At the recently concluded Special Session, the United States called for an end to the sterile confrontation of the past. We stated that when the ancient dream of mankind-a world without poverty-becomes a possibility, our moral convictions also make it a duty. And we emphasized that .only cooperation-not extortion-can achieve this goal.

The Special Session gives us ground for hope that-at least for the immediate future-a choice has been made to turn away from confrontation toward co~ operation. The United States is proud to support the final document which is the product of the arduous effort and dedication of so many in this chamber.

The United States considers the achievements of the Special Session a beginning, not an encl. As recommended by the final report, we must now move forward in available forums to give reality and content to the objectives on which we have agreed. In the difficult negotiations ahead, my government will participate energetically, in a cooperative and conciliatory way.

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HIGHLIGHTS

Justice Beyond peace, security, and prosperity lies a deeper universal aspiration for dignity and equal opportunity. Mankind will never be spared all the tragedies inherent in the cycle of life and death.

But we do have it in- our power to eliminate or ease the burden of social tragedy and of organized injustice.The United States has therefore traditionally been an advocate of extending the reach of international law in international affairs. We have offered our help to the victims of disease and natural disaster. We have been a champion of liberty and a beacon to the oppressed.

There is no longer any dispute that international human rights are on the agenda of international diplomacy.

The reach of international law must extend to the last frontiers of our planet, the oceans. They are the common heritage of mankind, but they can turn into arenas of conflict unless governed by law.

They hold untapped sources of energy, minerals and protein: their environmental integrity is crucial to our survivaL The United States welcomed the United Nations mandate for a comprehensive treaty governing the use of the oceans and their resources. Last month in Montreal I set forth our approacp. to this negotiation and urged that next year's session of the Law of the Sea Conference

SPAN

OF THE NEXT ISSUE:

• Are Computers As Smart As We Think?

• The Mystery of Human Wisdom,

by Dr. Jagjit Singh • What's Happening to Hollywood

Films?

• How to Understand Economics

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move matters to a rapid and successful conclusion. No international negotiation is more vital for. long-term political and economic stability and the prosperity of our globe.

International law must also come to grips with international terrorism. Innumerable innocent lives have been lost as a consequence of the lack of internationally accepted standards specifically designed to avert unlawful and dangerous interference with civil aviation. The hijacking of aircraft, the kidnaping and murder of innocent civilian victims for presumed political gain remain a plague on civilized man. This remains one of the underdeveloped areas of international law which merits the most urgent attention of this organization.

Compassion for our fellow men requires that we mobilize international resources to combat the age-old scourges of mankind-disease, famine, and natural disaster. We are pleased that a concerted effort has been undertaken by the World Health Organization and interested governments, in response to our initiative at the last General Assembly, to control schistosomiasis, a disease which afflicts and debilitat~s over 200 million people in 70 countries, and imposes a great human and economic cost.

The great human rights must be recognized, respected, and given reality in the affairs of nations. The earliest United

Nations declarations, and the recent Helsinki Conference, leave no doubt that these are matters of international concern.

The United States will support these principles. Throughout the worid, in all continents, violations of human rights must be opposed whether they are inflicted by one race upon another-or upon members of the same race. Human rights must be cherished regardless of race, sex .or religion. There can be no double standard.

The U.N. Human Rights Commission has taken its first steps against gross violation.s of human rights where serious and reliable allegations are submitted by individuals. We support these steps. The organized concern of the world community can be a potent weapon in the war against degradation of human values.

One of the most persistent and serious problems is torture, a practice which all nations should abhor. It is an absolute debasement of the function of government when its overwhelming power is used, not for people's welfare but as an instrument of their suffering. The United States urges this Assembly to adopt the declaration of the recent world congress on this -issue in Geneva. In addition, we propose that this General Assembly establish a group of experts, to be appointed by the Secretary-General, to study the nature and extent of torture in the world today ....

SPAN ORDER FORM

Mr. President, this organization was created in the beiief that the universality¡ of the human race can be refl~cted in the conduct of international ¡affairs. This , chamber symbolizes the hope that mankind places in the force of nations work- , ing together in the common interest, with l reason, responsibility and mutual respect. It The problems we face are complex and perilous. The sterile slogans of yesterday, the solutions of the past, the dwelling upon old resentments can only widen the gaps between us and allow the dangers to peace and the well-being of our peoples to fester and grow.

We have it in our power to prove to future generations that the last quarter of the 20th century was not an era of violence and conflict, but one of the creative epochs of world history.

My country's history, Mr. President, tells us that it is possible to fashion unity while cherishing diversity: that common action is possible despite the variety of races, interests and beliefs we see here in this chamber. Progress and peace and. justice are attainable.

So we say to all peoples and govern- r ments: Let us fashion together a new world order. Let its arrangements be just.

Let the new nations help shape it and feel it is theirs. Let the old nations use their strengths and skills for the benefit of all mankind. Let us all work together to enrich the spirit and to ennoble mankind. 0

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TOURING AMERICA

GRAND CANYON ADVENTURE Long hailed as one of the wonders of the world, the Grand Canyon of the Colorado River in Arizona has always been a "must" for tourists visiting America.

Formerly, they would just stare in awe at the incredible 1,600-meter-deep gorge, or at most descend down the trail to the canyon's floor. Today, however, more and more tourists are "shooting the rapids" of the river in rubber boa:ts for one of the greatest adventures in American tourism.

They don old clothing and life preservers and set out in huge rafts (see back cover) to tackle the wild waters with the help of professional guides and boatmen. Though designed to withstand extraordinary punishment, these rafts are tossed about like fragile .¡corks by the river's foaming "white water" that often reaches speeds as high as 30 kilometers an hour. At day's ~ ,. ~d tourists camp for the night on the n I~river's bank (left), and enjoy a morning shower under a waterfall (right). It's a vacation adventure few tourists ever forget.