New life for ageing cities 20151102 booklet final version by Vincent Nadin

URBAN city planning town planning urban design

NEW LIFE FOR AGEING CITIES 老化城市的新生

Proceedings of the Conference of the Urban Systems and Environment Joint Research Centre (USE) 城市系统与环境联合研究中心“老化城市”会议文集 Delft University of Technology and South China University of Technology

urban design

Editorial

ISBN / EAN - 978-94-6186-572-4 Editors: Vincent Nadin, Lei Qu, Jing Wang Language editing: Vincent Nadin, Yuting Tai, Guang Ye, Peng Gao Lay-out: Yizhe Guo Published by Urban Systems and Environment (USE) Joint Research Centre between SCUT and TU Delft Copyright ÂŠ 2015 by the contributors, unless otherwise stated. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form, photo print, microfilm or any other means without written permission from the copyright holder.

Table of Contents Introduction to the USE Joint Research Centre---------------------------------Vincent Nadin,

Lei QU

Infrastructures and Materials Ageing of Materials, Structures and Systems----------------------------------Klaas van Breugel Structural Health Monitoring of Ageing Infrastructures------------------------Cheng SU Ageing of Concrete Infrastructure ----------------------------------------------Rob Polder Peng GAO, Yong Design and Optimization of Durable and Environment-friendly Blended Concrete ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- ZHANG, Guang YE Systems and Networks Shenzhen II: Special Green Economic Zone (SGEZ)----------------------------Ronald Wall Smart MicroCity-------------------------------------------------------------------- Ton Venhoeven Housing in a Changing Society--------------------------------------------------- Marja Elsinga Past and Future Yesterday’s Cities-------------------------------------------------------------------Paul Rabé Varying Approaches to the Future of a Large Chinese “Ageing”City----------Haohao XU Planning and the Built Heritage in Ageing Cities --------------------------------Vincent Nadin Beyond World Workshop: Re-profiling Chinese Cities in the Pearl River Delta (PRD)-------------------------------------------------------------------------- Yawei CHEN Sustainable Smart Resilient Low Carbon Eco Knowledge Cities: A Remedy for Urban Ageing in the Greater Pearl River Delta?----------------Martin de Jong Planning and Governance Planning Issues of China's Ageing Cities---------------------------------------Jianyun ZHOU The Dilemma of the Chinese Planning System ------------------------------- Dongjin QI Governing Ageing Cities -------------------------------------------------------- Ellen van Bueren Irreversible Ageing of Cities----------------------------------------------------- Feng YU

3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 33

City and Society Caring for the Elderly in Chinese Cities ------------------------------------------Li SUN Urban Regeneration in Shenzhen in the Context of Migration---------------- Lei QU Regeneration of the Ageing Work-unit Housing---------------------------------Jinghuan HE

35 37 39

City and Water Adaptation VS Obsolescence. Cities and the Climate Change Challenge--Marcin Dąbrowski Rethinking Water Values for Urban Vitality---------------------------------------Yuting TAI Creative Ageing in World Ports----------------------------------------------------Wim Ravesteijn

41 43 45

City and Architecture Adaptability and Flexibility---------------------------------------------------------Yimin SUN Computational Design for Sports Buildings------------------------------------- Michela Turrin More than Infrastructure Hubs- the Challenges for Railway Stations in Roberto Cavallo Transforming Chinese Cities----------------------------------------Design of Educational Architectures under the Influence of Sunlight in South China------------------------------------------------------------------------- Yubo LIU

47 49 51 53

目录城市系统与环境联合研究中心简介 -----------------------------------------Vincent Nadin, 曲蕾基础设施和材料材料、结构与系统的老化 ---------------------------------------------------Klaas van Breugel 老化基础设施结构的健康监测 --------------------------------------------- 苏成混凝土基础设施的老化 ---------------------------------------------------- Rob Polder 耐久型和环境友好型复合混凝土的设计与优化 ----------------------------- 高鹏 , 张勇 , 叶光

系统和网络深圳 II: 绿色经济特区 (SGEZ)-----------------------------------------------Ronald Wall 智慧微城市 ---------------------------------------------------------------- Ton Venhoeven 社会变迁背景下的住房问题研究 ------------------------------------------- Marja Elsinga

3 5 7 9

11 13 15

过去和未来昨日之城 ------------------------------------------------------------------ Paul Rabé 未来中国大城市“成长”的不同途径 ----------------------------------------徐好好老化城市的规划和建成遗产 ----------------------------------------------- Vincent Nadin 超越世界工厂：中国珠江三角洲城市转型 -----------------------------------陈雅薇可持续智慧弹性低碳生态知识城：对大珠三角城市老化的拯救？ -----------Martin de Jong 规划和治理中国老龄化城市的规划议题 ------------------------------------------------周剑云中国规划编制体系的困境与建议 ------------------------------------------- 戚冬瑾治理老化城市 --------------------------------------------------------------Ellen van Bueren 不可逆转的城市老化 -------------------------------------------------------喻锋

17 19 21 23 25

27 29 31 33

城市和社会在老龄化城市中的老年人护理研究 -----------------------------------------孙丽移民背景下深圳的城市更新课题 ------------------------------------------- 曲蕾单位公房老化与改造 -------------------------------------------------------贺璟寰

35 37 39

城市和水适应还是废弃，城市与气候变化的挑战 -------------------------------------Marcin Dąbrowski 反思水在营造城市活力中的价值 ------------------------------------------- 邰玉婷世界港口的创造性老化 ---------------------------------------------------- Wim Ravesteijn

41 43 45

城市和建筑适应性和灵活性 ----------------------------------------------------------- 孙一民体育建筑的计算式设计 ---------------------------------------------------- Michela Turrin 超越基础设施的交通枢纽 - 火车站在中国城市变迁中所面临的挑战 ---------Roberto Cavallo 华南地区日照影响下的教育建筑设计 -------------------------------------- 刘宇波

47 49 51 53

New Life for Ageing Cities Report of the Ageing Cities Conference of the Urban Systems and Environment (USE) Joint Research Centre 老化城市的新生城市系统与环境联合研究中心“老化城市”会议报告 Delft University of Technology and South China University of Technology 9 April 2015, TU Delft 代尔夫特理工大学与华南理工大学 2015.04.09 于代尔夫特理工大学 In 2013 Delft University of Technology (TU Delft) and South China University of Technology (SCUT) created a joint research centre on Urban Systems and Environment. The joint centre provides a platform for research projects and advanced training on urban systems that provides practical contributions to the challenges of city planning and management in contexts of high urbanisation as in north-west Europe and Pearl River Delta. The USE Centre is bringing together researchers in the Netherlands and China with partners in government and private institutions to work on topics of joint interest. There have been many exchanges of staff on both sides, thirteen PhD candidates are working on joint projects, and a double PhD degree programme has been agreed that will drive the research agenda forward. Good progress has been made in key topics such as improving the environmental performance of large building structures through digital parametric design; the durability and sustainability of construction materials; urban governance and climate change, and eco-city strategies. In 2015, two joint conferences of the USE Centre concentrate on the critical issue of ‘ageing cities’. This report summaries the contributions to the first conference held at TU Delft in April 2015. It provides information on the expertise that partners in the Netherlands and China bring to this general problem for cities from a wide range of disciplines. For more details about the joint research centre contact: L.Qu@tudelft.nl 代尔夫特理工大学与华南理工大学于 2013 年创建了城市系统与环境联合研究中心。联合中心的目的是提供对城市系统高水平的研究和培训，为在高速城市化背景下的城市规划和管理的挑战做出实际贡献，诸如欧洲西北部和珠江三角洲地区。中心就共同关心的话题汇集了荷兰和中国的研究人员，以及政府和私营机构的合作伙伴。目前两边的教职员工已进行了多次交流，十三个博士生正在开展联合项目，双博士学位项目已经通过，将推动研究议程。一些重要课题已经取得了良好的进展，如通过数字参数化设计提高大型建筑结构的环保性能；建筑材料的耐久性和可持续性；城市治理和气候变化，以及生态城市战略等等。 2015 年，中心就“老化城市”的核心问题组织了两次联合会议。本报告总结了 2015 年 4 月在代尔夫特理工大学召开的第一次会议上取得的成果。荷兰和中国的合作伙伴为这一普遍城市问题上的跨学科研究提供了专业的信息。有关联合研究中心的联系方式，详情 : L.Qu@tudelft.nl

Introduction to the USE Joint Research Centre 城市系统与环境联合研究中心简介 Vincent Nadin Lei QU Cities are ageing. This observation applies to the physical infrastructure of cities - their built environment and urban systems – and also to their economic and social structures, to their populations and to their more intangible assets such as place identity. A major component of ageing is in the life cycle of the hard infrastructure – the materials that make up the physical structures, some of which are dealt with under routine maintenance and some which require more ad hoc and radical solutions. Cities also ‘age’ in relation to changing societal goals and technological change which may be more difficult to anticipate. For example, many cities that were designed around mobility through the motor car now need to adapt to more sustainable modes of transport. And cities age in relation to their ‘soft infrastructure’ - their social, economic and cultural systems. Cities which were constructed to meet the needs of heavy industry may need to change to facilitate economic restructuring to include more service based jobs. The urban cultural heritage of cities may be important for place attachment but it requires careful conservation and adaptation.

城市在老化。这体现在城市的基础设施 – 它们所处的建成环境和城市系统 - 经济和社会结构，人口和更多的无形资产，如地方特色等。老化问题主要体现在硬件基础设施的生命周期上 - 如物质结构的组成材料，其中一些只需要日常维护，另一些则需要更特殊和彻底的解决办法。城市的老化还与不断变化的社会目标和技术相关，这些可能更难以预测。例如，许多围绕城市流动性而设计的以机动车为主的城市现在需要适应更可持续的交通模式。城市的老化也和“软件基础设施”相关 – 它们所处的社会，经济和文化体系。例如，曾经为满足重工业需求而建设的城市可能需要转而辅助经济结构的调整，以提供更多的服务业工作岗位。城市的文化底蕴可能对地方依附感很重要，但需要精心的保护和适应。城市的老化会同时带来成本和效益。从积极的方面看，随着城市的老化，城市系统可以更有效地运作，

Ageing brings costs and benefits. On the positive side, systems may operate more effectively and a strong sense of shared identity may emerge. But many effects of ageing require intervention and maintenance, often at great cost, especially where elements of the city ‘come to an age’ at the same time, as in new towns. There can be no ‘future-proofing’ of the city, but it is certainly possible to plan and build cities that are more adaptable to unanticipated demands.

并可能产生较强的共同身份意识。然而，城市老化所

The many smart city, intelligent city and eco-city strategies around the world are responses to the common core challenge which is to give new life to ageing hard and soft infrastructure, to transform existing ageing districts and to plan and create more adaptable environments.

市策略都可以被视为对一些具有共同挑战性的核心问

Figure 1, 2, 3, 4. Ageing Cities Conference, April 9th, 2015

带来的很多问题都需要采取干预或者维护措施，这往往需要付出高昂的代价，尤其是当各种城市元素同时 “到了一定年纪”，即便新城也是一样。也许没有哪个城市可以完全应对未来的不确定性，但规划和建设更加适应未知需求的城市是完全有可能的。世界范围内的很多智慧城市，智能城市以及生态城题的回应，即赋予软硬件基础设施以新生，更新逐渐老化的城市街区，以及规划和创造具有适应性的城市环境。

Ageing affects both fast developing regions of Asia, and the established and relatively stable cities of Europe. In the Pearl River Delta the unprecedented magnitude of new construction in infrastructure and housing has led to rapid expansion and restructuring of city regions. Attention is now turning to questions of upgrading and transformation of the first waves of urbanization. In the Netherland, especially in the core metropolitan region of the Randstad, urban renewal and regeneration have been at the forefront of debate for many years. In both regions urban transformation in response to ageing cities is seen as an opportunity to improve their prosperity and sustainability. The two conferences on “Ageing Cities” consider the current and future challenges of transforming the built environment to repair ageing structures, to accommodate change and to anticipate and plan for more adaptable cities. The viewpoints come from the academic, practitioner and government sectors and range across many disciplines: materials science, digital design, urbanism, planning, architectural design, civil engineering, technology policy and urban management, and more. They discuss the challenges and new ways of planning, design construction and maintenance concerning the adaptability and resilience of the built environment. They propose new technologies that will improve the durability of materials, buildings and infrastructure, as well as new management models dealing with complexity and uncertainty in the transformation of ageing cities.

老化现象所影响到的不仅是快速发展的亚洲城市，还包括那些历史悠久，相对稳定的欧洲城市。在珠江三角洲，新的基础设施和住房建设规模空前，导致城市地区的快速扩张和空间重构。目前城市规划建设的重心开始转向第一波城市化所带来的城市地区的升级和转型问题。在荷兰，尤其是在兰斯塔德核心大都市区，城市改造和更新多年来一直处于讨论的最前沿。在这两个地区，应对城市老化的更新改造均被视为促进城市繁荣和可持续发展的机遇。这两次“老化城市”会议讨论了当前和未来的挑战，包括更新建成环境以修复老化的结构，接纳变化，预测和规划更具适应性的城市。来自于学术界，实践者和政府部门的观点汇集，涉及众多学科范围：材料科学，数字设计，城市规划与设计，建筑设计，土木工程，技术政策和城市管理等。与会人员讨论了规划，设计，建设和维护等方面的挑战和新途径，以提高建成环境的适应性和弹性。他们提出了能够提高材料，建筑和基础设施耐久性的新技术，以及应对老化城市转型的复杂性和不确定性的新管理模式。

Ageing of Materials, Structures and Systems 材料，结构和系统的老化 Prof.dr.ir. Klaas van Breugel Faculty of Civil Engineering & Geosciences / Section Materials & Environment TU Delft Email: K.vanBreugel@tudelft.nl

The omnipresence of ageing The nation’s infrastructure accounts for at least 50% of its national wealth. From that observation it has been inferred that the performance characteristics and quality of our infrastructure are of fundamental importance to urban sustainability and the well-being of our environment. This infrastructure, however, is subject to ageing. Ageing reduces the structures’ ability to withstand even normal life loads they had been designed for. Under extreme load conditions the gradually vanishing robustness of ageing structures will come to light in an abrupt manner. We have been faced with ageing since the beginning of history. Ageing is an inherent feature of nature, but also of all man-made products. Small consumer goods, electronic devices, power plants, electricity grids, infrastructural works and art treasures are all subjected to ageing. Although the consequences of ageing can be observed everywhere around us and many strategies have been developed to mitigate these consequences, no comprehensive scientific perception of ageing exists today. Moreover, the omnipresence of ageing and the often very slow progress of ageing phenomena are two reasons why we have got used to the obviously unavoidable presence of ageing. Ageing is a matter of fact and we have learned how to adapt to it. This attitude, however, seems to be on its way back. More and more we realize that ageing is a huge financial burden for modern industrialized societies. Ageing of our assets in the widest sense of the word, is a trillion-dollars issue and a burden for the environment as well. But maybe ageing phenomena also offer new and unexpected possibilities! Ageing not only for worse, but also for better. Whether ageing occurs for either better or worse, in both cases we want to be in full control of ageing phenomena.

老化无处不在一个国家的基础设施投入至少占国民财富的 50%，由此可以看出，基础设施的性能特点和质量对于推动城市可持续发展以及维护环境良好都至关重要。然而，基础设施却面临着老化的问题。老化降低了结构抵抗荷载的能力，甚至于抵抗起初所设计的正常寿命荷载的能力。结构在极端荷载条件下，其稳健性因老化而逐渐丧失的现象将会引起人们的重视。我们一直都面临着老化的问题。老化既是自然界所固有的特点，也是所有人造产品的一个特点。从小的消费品和电子产品，到发电厂和电网，再到基建工程和艺术精品，都面临着老化的问题。尽管老化所产生的影响在我们周围无处不在，而且我们采取了很多措施来减小这些影响，但目前对老化的研究还没有得到全面科学的认识。无处不在的老化以及极其缓慢的老化过程是我们对老化这一不可避免的现象变得习以为常的两大原因。老化是事实存在的现象，而且我们已经学会怎样适应老化。然而，这种对待老化现象的态度似乎是在回避老化问题的严重性。我们越来越认识到，老化对现代工业化社会带来了巨大的财政负担。房屋（从广义上说）的老化已经成了涉及万亿美元的大问题，同时也对环境造成了影响。但是，老化或许也会带来新的未预料的可能性。老化不只是产生不良影响，同时也会带来新的可能性。不管是好是坏，我们都要完全掌控老化的全过程。

Ageing of Materials, Structures and Systems For coordinated research on ageing of materials, structures and systems TU Delft has taken the initiative of creating the Ageing Centre. The idea for such a centre was launched first within the Delft Centre for Materials, DC-Mat. In February 2013 the Ageing Centre of the TU Delft had its kick-off event, followed by an international conference on ageing in Delft in 2014, AMS’14. This first international conference was considered a path-finding event, where we sought a sharper definition of ageing and where we articulated the essence and complexity of the ageing of materials and structures. Meanwhile a number of ageing studies have started and new funding options for more research are being explored. 材料、结构与系统的老化对于材料、结构与系统老化的联合研究，代尔夫特理工大学已经率先倡导建立老化研究中心（Ageing Centre）。建立这样一个研究中心的想法首先由代尔夫特理工大学材料中心（DC-Mat）提出。在 2013 年 2 月，代尔夫特理工大学老化研究中心举办了其揭牌仪式活动，然后于 2014 年举办了关于老化研究的第一次国际会议（AMS’14）。此次国际会议主要涉及老化研究探寻，比如急剧老化的定义和材料与结构老化的本质和复杂性。同时，启动了一些老化研究课题，并探索了新的筹措研究资金的方式。

Structural Health Monitoring of Ageing Infrastructures 老化基础设施结构的健康监测 Prof. Cheng SU 苏成教授 School of Civil Engineering and Transportation, SCUT Email: cvchsu@scut.edu.cn

Introduction By 2013, there were approximately 700,000 highway bridges in China, among which about 80,000 are in a dangerous condition. More than one hundred dangerous highway bridges are monitored by a structural health monitoring System (SHMS).

1. 背景

The SHMS system The SHMS is an extension of the bridge management system (BMS) which was proposed by the China Ministry of Traffic about 15 years ago to provide a periodic inspection of bridges. SHMS is established by adding an automatic monitoring system, early-warning and an evaluation function onto the BMS. A SHMS commonly consists of early-warning and evaluation system, provided through a self-organizing wireless sensor network. The SHMS provides early-warning by focussing on quick response and detailed evaluation of the real-time data.

SHMS 是桥梁管理系统（BMS）的延伸。中国

A Clustered SHM Platform A clustered SHM platform consists of a data storage and processing system, clustered high-performance computers, and a large-screen display. Sensor systems are connected by data acquisition and wireless transmission. In this study, a 4G network was used to connect the data acquisition and wireless transmission systems, in the clustered SHM platform. The project makes use of a design of a self-organizing wireless sensor network with each wireless sensing unit comprising a data acquisition subsystem, computational core, and wireless communication. Peer to peer communications are established, and all the sensors are organized automatically. This design reduces the cost of SHMS.

截至 2013 年，中国大约有七十万公路桥梁，其中约八万为危桥。一百多个危桥正被结构健康监测系统（SHMS）监测。 2. 结构健康监测系统（SHMS）架构交通部为了定期检查桥梁，在大约 15 年前推出了 BMS。SHMS 通过增加自动监测系统，预警，评估功能等在 BMS 基础上构建。一个 SHMS 通常由预警和评估体系，聚集 SHM 平台，自组织的无线传感器网络组成。 3. 预警和评估体系该系统具有两种不同的功能：预警功能和评价功能。预警着重于快速响应实时数据，而评价的重点是实时数据的详细的评估 4. 集群 SHM 平台集群 SHM 平台由数据存储和处理系统，集群高性能计算机及大屏幕显示系统组成。传感器系统与数据采集和无线传输系统相连。这项研究使用 4G 网络连接的数据采集，无线传输系统以及集群 SHM 平台。

Application: the SHMS of Guangzhou Xingguang Bridge Xingguang Bridge is a three-span continuous half-through arch bridge. It is the longest span of bridges of this type in China. The SHMS has five subsystems, and is capable of comprehensive measurements including stress, environment, vibration, and deformation. The hardware system of SHMS has a multi-layer distribution with different sensors and facilities set on different layers. A remote monitoring office which contains the clustered SHM Platform is located in the campus of South China University of Technology. A software system has been built to control the SHMS of Guangzhou Xingguang Bridge. Given the risks associated with the ageing of bridge infrastructure, a properly designed, constructed and operated SHMS can play an important role in life-cycle management. Future development will address questions about how to enrich the functions of the SHMS and how to reduce the cost of the hardware system, together with establishing common specifications for the design, construction and operation of the system.

5. 自组织无线传感器网络本研究采用了自组织无线传感器网络传感器系统的设计。该系统包含多个无线传感单元。每个无线传感单元由数据采集子系统，计算核心和无线通信组成。对等通信被建立，并且所有传感器被自动组织。这种设计减少了 SHMS 的费用。 6. SHMS 在广州市星光大桥上应用星光大桥是一座三跨连续半承式拱桥，在国内同类型拱桥中跨度最长。星光大桥 SHMS 有五个子系统，并且能够对包括压力，环境，振动和变形的数据进行全面测量。SHMS 的硬件系统具有多层分布，不同的传感器和设施被设置在不同层。其中包含了群集 SHM 平台的远程监控办公室位于科技的华南理工大学校园内。控制广州星光大桥 SHMS 的软件系统的也已经被建立。 7. 结语（1）经正确设计，建造和运行 SHMS 可以在老化的基础设施的生命周期管理中发挥重要的作用。（2）如何扩展 SHMS 的功能以及如何降低对硬件系统的成本是两个值得进一步研究的关键问题（3）有必要设置对于 SHMS 设计，建设和运营的国家或地方标准。

Figure 1. Guangzhou Xingguang Bridge

Ageing of Concrete Infrastructure 混凝土基础设施的老化 Prof. Dr. Rob B. Polder Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, TU Delft TNO Technical Sciences Email: rob.polder@tno.nl

Introduction Transport infrastructures such as bridges, roads and railways are vital for cities. These infrastructures are ageing and becoming old and outdates. One aspect of ageing is degradation. Due to environmental reasons, notably the penetration of CO2 and chloride, reinforcement corrosion is induced into these infrastructures. Consequently, the safety and usability of infrastructures are threatened. For this reason, the degradation of infrastructures is of growing concern in many countries. Infrastructure in the Netherlands There are 4,000 motorway bridges in the Netherlands that were mainly built between 1960 and 1980. According to the academic study by Gaal (TU Delft, 2004), 10% of bridges with a working life of 10 years and 50% of bridges with a working life of 50 years should be repaired. Based on these estimates, the number of structures that need repair in the Netherlands rises steeply between 2010 and 2050. In order to avoid the major traffic disruption due to the degradation of Infrastructures, we need to consider solutions and how best to take possible action.

Figure 1. Ageing of Concrete Infrastructure

1. 介绍桥梁，道路和轨道等交通运输基础设施都是城市中不可或缺的部分。这些基础设施都在老化，且这一过程持续不断。老化是一种劣化趋势 : 由于二氧化碳和氯离子渗透等环境因素，这些基础设施受到钢筋腐蚀的影响，进而导致它们的安全性和可用性受到威胁。因此，基础设施的劣化问题也受到了越来越多的关注。 2. 荷兰的统计数据在 1960 至 1980 年之间，荷兰大约建造了 4000 座高速公路桥梁。根据 Gaal（代尔夫特理工大学， 2004）的研究表明，分别有 10% 和 50% 的桥梁要在服役 10 年和 50 年后得到维修。根据荷兰的数据，在 2010 至 2050 年间需要得到维修的混凝土结构的数量将急速上升。我们必须采取可行的措施或解决方案，以避免由这些设施本身劣化造成的交通中断 .

Actions It is essential that we make a large scale survey to identify the ‘weak’ bridges where action is needed. This will need to be followed by large scale preventive measures such as hydrophobic treatment. Close monitoring of the condition of infrastructure and the effects of treatments will be needed for the most critical cases, and more durable repairs undertaken in certain cases – for example, cathodic protection.

3. 措施或解决方案 (1) 采取大规模的调研，识别出有潜在缺陷的桥梁。 (2) 采取大规模的预防措施，例如：憎水处理。 (3) 持续监控关键桥梁的数据。 (4) 采取可持续性的修复措施，例如：阴极防蚀法。 4. 如何延长现存设施的服役寿命

Given the costs involved in replacement of infrastructure, it is essential that action is taken to extend the service life of existing stock. This entails evaluation of the safety of infrastructure and how this changes over time including the extent of corrosion and quality of reinforcement. New methods are needed for determining with more certainty the remaining service life, together with data on service life and repairs. In the planning and design of infrastructure more understanding is needed on life cycle costs and effects of interventions on these costs.

(1) 在考虑腐蚀和钢筋性能的条件下，评估现有设

In summary, it is inevitable that in ageing cities and regions the maintenance costs of concrete infrastructure will increase as it is threatened by degradation due to the penetration of CO2 and chloride. We should avoid re-repair of old repairs and apply nontraditional methods for assessment, prevention and protection of infrastructure. Above all, we need a new mindset that that recognises the need for a long-term view and seeks innovation in our response.

素导致的劣化威胁。

施安全性及其随时间的变化。 (2) 寻找一种可判断剩余服役寿命的方法。 (3) 积累更多服役和维修的数据 (4) 深入了解服役周期成本，以及干预这些成本的效应。 5. 总结与结论 (1) 现有基础设施受到二氧化碳和氯离子侵蚀等因 (2) 对于基础设施的维护费用将会提高。 (3) 我们需要避免对于已修复部分的再次修复。 (4) 我们急需采用非传统的方式来评估，预防和保护现有基础设施。 (5) 我们要用创新和发展的思维来看待这一问题。

Figure 2. Age Need for Repair

Figure 3. Number of Structures That Need repair

D e si g n a n d O p t imiz a t ion of Dur a b le a n d Environment-friendly Blended Concrete 耐久型和环境友好型复合混凝土的设计与优化 Peng GAO 高鹏

PhD candidate (SCUT & TU Delft) Email: p.gao@tudelft.nl

Yong ZHANG 张勇

PhD candidate (TU Delft) Email: y.zhang-1@tudelft.nl

Guang YE 叶光副教授

Associate Professor (TU Delft) Email: G.Ye@tudelft.nl Department of Structural Engineering, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, TU Delft

Portland cement is a fundamental building material for modern cities. The production of Portland cement causes the emission of CO2 and the consumption of energy and natural resources. Ageing cities need to consider how they can reduce the usage of Portland cement. Supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs) e.g. fly ash and blast furnace slag can be mixed with Portland cement to prepare blended cements. This technique reduces the usage of Portland cement. However, the activity of SCMs is low, which limits the fractions of SCMs in blended cements. The blended concrete project aims 1. to improve the fractions (≥75%)of SCMs in blended cements with no loss of strength; and 2. to optimize the durability of blended concrete. Our starting points are two principles: The strength of cement paste is related to the packing density of cement grains. The fractions of SCMs can be increased by increasing the packing density of blended cement particles (with no loss of strength). The durability of blended concrete is related to the microstructure of cement paste. The microstructure of cement paste can be optimized by changing the fractions of SCMs. The durability of blended concrete can be optimized. The work on the project is divided between SCUT and TU Delft. At SCUT, fine blast furnace slag (25%wt), mid-sized Portland cement (36%wt), and coarse fly ash (29%wt) are mixed to prepare blended cement according to the theory of particle packing. The strength of blended cement is not reduced compared with that of Portland cement. At Delft, a numerical model has been established to simulate the hydration and microstructure of blended cement in order to optimize the mixture design of concrete. The influence of fly ash and blast furnace slag on the durability of blended cement are experimentally investigated. 9

项目背景：硅酸盐水泥是现代社会发展中最重要的建筑材料之一。但是水泥的生产消耗大量的能源和资源，排放大量的二氧化碳。可持续的城市发展需要考虑怎么减少水泥的用量从而减少二氧化碳的排放。辅助性胶凝材料例如热电厂所产生的副产物粉煤灰和高炉矿渣可以和硅酸盐水泥混合制备复合水泥。该技术可以大幅度减少硅酸盐水泥的用量。但是由于辅助性胶凝材料的化学活性普遍较低，限制了其在复合水泥中的掺量。项目目标：保证强度的同时，增加辅助性胶凝材料在复合水泥中的掺量 ( ≥ 75%)。优化复合混凝土的耐久性。理论依据 : 水泥浆体的强度和水泥颗粒的堆积密度相关。通过增加复合水泥的堆积密度，可以实现在强度不下降的同时，增加辅助性胶凝材料掺量。混凝土的耐久性和水泥浆体的微观结构相关。通过改变辅助性胶凝材料在复合水泥中的比例，可以改变水泥浆体的微观结构，从而实现复合混凝土耐久性的优化。项目分工 : 华南理工大学的课题组主要负责实验工作。根据颗粒堆积理论，需要制备含细粒径矿渣 (25%wt), 中粒径水泥 (36%wt), 和粗粒径粉煤灰 (29%wt) 的复合水泥。制备的复合水泥强度能达到硅酸盐水泥的强度。 TU Delft 的课题组主要负责模拟工作。需要建立复合水泥水化和微观结构发展的数字化模型，并且可以通过该模型优化水泥和混凝土的配合比。此外需要通过实验研究粉煤灰和矿渣对复合水泥耐久性的影响。

Figure 1. Simulated microstructure of cement paste (W/ C=0.4, 28 days, by Peng Gao) 图 1. 模拟的水泥浆体微观结构（蓝色：水；浅蓝：未水化水泥；浅橙色：内部产物；橙色：外部产物；红色：氢氧化钙； W/C=0.4, 28 天）

The project has already resulted in three journal and four conference papers. TU Delft and SCUT are applying for more research funding to support joint projects (from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC)) and an international Cooperation Project involving industry partners between China and The Netherlands. A four-year PhD candidate co-supervised by SCUT and TU Delft began work in 2015.

Figure 2. Simulated nanostructure of C-S-H gel (by Peng Gao) 图 2. 模拟的 C-S-H 纳米结构

项目成果和展望 : 复合水泥的配合比以及优化已经完成，耐久性的测试发现复合水泥具有优良的耐久性。复合水泥的水化和微观结构模型已经建立，该模型将用于预测复合混凝土的收缩。基于该项目，已发表三篇期刊论文和四篇会议论文。华南理工大学和 TU Delft 正在申请更多的资金来支持该联合研究项目，例如中国国家自然基金（NSFC）、中荷合作项目（包括和企业合作）。 2015 年华南理工大学和 TU Delft 将联合培养一名四年制博士。

Figure 3. Simulated water distribution of cement paste (by Peng Gao) 图 3. 模拟的水泥浆体水分分布状态（蓝色：固相；灰色：水；红色：湿度）

Shenzhen II: Special Green Economic Zone (SGEZ) 深圳 II: 绿色经济特区（SGEZ） Ronald Wall Economic Geographer Head of Urban Competitiveness and Resilience Department IHS/Erasmus University Rotterdam Email: wall@ihs.nl

Our world is increasingly connected. Through transport and IT, firms have developed an extremely complex global system to access resources, production and markets. Most of these economic activities take place ‘between cities’ and ‘within’ urban regions. Therefore, the fate of a city depends on its strategic position within this network system (figure 1). Furthermore, besides competitiveness, sustainable sectors that ensure jobs and social and environmental inclusiveness are needed.

我们所处的世界相互连接得越来越广泛了。通过交通和信息技术的支持，世界各国公司建立起极其复杂的全球经济系统，从而获取资源，产品和市场。这样的经济活动大多发生在一定区域内的城市之间。因此，城市的命运取决于它在这一网络系统中的战略性地位（图 1）。当然，城市除了需要具有经济竞争性，还需要具有可持续性，比如确保就业岗位，社会和环境的包容性等。自 80 年代开始，深圳发展成为经济特区，以吸引国内和国际投资方。这期间它担负着初级产业 “世界工场”的角色。直到今天我们仍然可以看到深圳吸引到的投资大部分集中在电子，汽车，交通等产业（图 2），还没有能够吸引到高附加值和可持续的产业类型，如医疗保健，药品，可再生能源等。这些产业在亚洲增长迅速，深圳应该着重吸引此类投资。此外，由于土地价格的上涨，深圳的许多旧工业转移到了中国其它内地城市，留下了一些废弃的工业用地。这些用地需要从经济层面进行重新规划和利用，为这座开始老化的新城重新注入活力。

Figure 1. GIS maps of foreign investment from the world to (a) Asia and (b) Guangdong Province (2003 – 2013): Source R. Wall, IHSErasmus University Rotterdam, 2014. 图 1. 世界各国向（a）亚洲和（b）广东省的投资 (2003-2013) GIS 地图。来源：R. Wall, IHS-Erasmus University Rotterdam, 2014. Wall, IHS-Erasmus University Rotterdam, 2014.

Since the 1980s Shenzhen developed into a special economic zone (SEZ) to attract domestic investors and later on foreign investors. It served as a “workshop of the world” in primary industries. Even today we see that investment into Shenzhen is mostly in such industries e.g. electronics, automotive and transport (figure 2). Shenzhen fails to successfully attract profitable and sustainable sectors like healthcare, pharmaceuticals and renewable energy. Shenzhen should attract these sectors because of their high growth rate in Asia. Furthermore, due to increasing land prices, many of Shenzhen’s old industries moved to inland Chinese cities, leaving behind underutilized industrial areas. These need to be economically reprogrammed and planned with sustainable industrial sectors. As such, this ageing new town can be invigorated. How to reinvigorate Shenzhen’s economy? The first step (growth) requires sectoral analysis on increasing investment demand (figure 3). In the example of the ‘environmental’ technology sector, the second step (comparison) would be to identify which global cities best attract investments in this sector. The third step (programming) would investigate which social, economic, environmental and policy factors, best explain environmental investments to these cities. In the fourth step (planning) the derived factors would be strategically and creatively integrated into Shenzhen, to make it more attractive to environmental technology investors e.g. an environmental technology faculty, adequate local suppliers, high-quality residential areas for environmental ‘knowledge’ workers, or intensive government support. The fifth step (design) would require smartly designating these new functions, and developing creative and inspirational areas. In this way the ‘workshop of the world’ can become a ‘SGEZ of the world’. Of course, this analysis can be done for any city. In this light, I would be keen to develop this concept together with TU Delft, and various Chinese universities.

如何盘活深圳的经济？第一步（增长）需要对逐渐增长的投资需求进行产业类型分析（图 3）。第二步（对比），以‘环境’ 技术产业类型为例，将是辨别哪些城市最能够吸引此类产业。第三步（方案）将是探讨哪些社会，经济，环境和政策因素最能够解释环境投资对这些城市的选择。在第四步（规划）中，这些相关因素将被战略性和创造性地整合到深圳的发展中，以便更能够吸引到环境技术投资方：例如一个环境技术学院，足够的当地供应商，适合环境‘知识’ 工人的高质量居住区，或者高度的政府支持等等。第五步（设计）将需要巧妙地布置这些新的城市功能，创造出具有创意和启发性的城市场所。通过这种方式的发展，‘世界工场’ 就可以成为‘绿色经济特区’。当然，以上的分析可以用于任何其它城市。我非常期待可以与 TU Delft 以及中国的大学合作，进一步研究和发展这项课题。

Figure 2. Foreign investment into Shenzhen (2003 – 2013) showing that Shenzhen primarily attracts FDI in older industries and not sustainable ones: Source R. Wall, IHSErasmus University Rotterdam, 2014. 图 2. 深圳的国外投资（2003 － 2013）显示深圳吸引到的国外直接投资主要来自旧的产业类型，而非可持续的产业类型。来源：R. Wall, IHS-Erasmus University Rotterdam, 2014

Figure 3 : Foreign investment into Pacific Asia (2003 – 2014) showing which ‘green’ sectors are most in demand: Source R. Wall, IHS-Erasmus University Rotterdam, 2014. 图 3. 亚洲太平洋地区的国外投资（2003 － 2014）显示最具需求的‘绿色’产业。来源：R. Wall, IHS-Erasmus University Rotterdam, 2014.

Smart MicroCity 智慧微城市 Ton Venhoeven CEO and founder of VenhoevenCS architecture+urbanism Email: t.venhoeven@venhoevencs.nl

The Netherlands is strongly interconnected with surrounding regions in north-west Europe. International networks of waterways, rail and road connect major ports, airports, urban clusters and production centres. With 26% of the land below sea level and 29% above sea level but close to major rivers, the country has always been forced to be prepared to avoid flooding. Even today with climate change causing more extreme weather and the sea level rising, large investment programs like ‘Room for the River’ and the ‘Delta Program’ are used to protect the country. An integral planning approach and quality of design - even at the largest scales - are important parts of the ‘Dutch Approach’ in planning. By combining requirements from multiple sectors and angles, integral and cost-effective, multifunctional and flexible design solutions are created for multiple challenges at the same time. Maintaining high quality standards is an important aspect of this integral design approach as it gains society’s support for clever design that serves all. For more than 200 years the Netherlands has developed this tradition through a chief government architect, and since 2004 government advisors on infrastructure and landscape. Together they form the college of chief government advisors.

Figure 1. Het gebouw, smart microcity, Leiden, NL, 2013

荷兰与西北欧相邻区域紧密相连。水路，铁路和公路的国际网络连接着主要港口，机场，城市群和产业中心。拥有 26％海平面以下的国土和 29％海平面以上，但靠近大江大河的土地，荷兰必须一直做好防洪的准备。甚至在当下，气候变化导致更极端的天气和海平面上升，大型投资项目被用来保护国家，如“还地于河” 和“三角洲计划”。整体规划的方法和追求设计品质－即使是在最大的空间尺度上－是“荷兰模式”规划的重要组成部分。通过结合多个部门和角度的要求，提出整体的，有成本效益的，多功能的，灵活的设计方案来同时应对多重挑战。保持高品质标准是这种一体化设计方法的一个重要方面，因为它服务于众的巧妙设计获得了全社会的支持。荷兰的这个传统已形成了 200 年以上，由一个政府的总建筑师，并自 2004 年由政府顾问对基础设施和景观提出建议。它们共同形成了政府的总顾问团。

In the Netherlands, smart city theory and practice can be seen as an extension of this design tradition. The Dutch Approach is based on the layered approach that distinguishes between soil and landscape (very long lifespan), physical networks (long term investment and lifespan) and occupation (medium term investment and lifespan). Successful planning is about optimising the use and the interactions between these layers. Smart networks and operations can be seen as extra layers, with the function to improve interactions and use by adding intelligence to them. This way smart city planning is not an alternative to traditional planning but an extra component that may improve sustainability of the whole system. With the help of smart technology the environmental performance of urban logistics can be improved by making use of a well-engineered set of multimodal hubs and electric and non-motorised vehicles. Also multimodal traffic solutions can thrive on Intelligent Transport Systems and in the circular economy demand for resources can be connected with waste flows. Smart grids connect energy production with demand, everything can be shared and matches can be made at a decentralised level. This perspective requires the transformation of existing urban tissue and organization of the city into mixed-use areas where sharing and re-use can be optimised by making use of short distance advantages. Smart city research in Amsterdam and Delft shows how the creation of mixed use urban zoning and the introduction of multimodal hubs can relieve pressure on large scale infrastructure and how the local metabolism of the circular economy can be improved at the same time. Transformation of existing mono-functional areas into Smart MicroCities that make maximum use of walking and cycling creates opportunities for multifunctional design and planning solutions. With the help of smart technology, attractive and healthy cities can be created. The development of Smart MicroCity as building block for Smart Urban Regions helps to prevent depletion of natural resources and diminishes stress on large-scale infrastructure, the world’s climate and biodiversity.

Figure 2. Smart City Wheel (Boyd Cohen) 在荷兰，智慧城市的理论和实践可以被看作是这种设计传统的延伸。荷兰的做法是基于分层的方法，来区分土壤和景观（很长的生命周期），物理网络（长期投资和周期）和建成区（中期投资和周期）。成功的规划是优化利用这些层并促进其之间的相互作用。智能的网络和操作可以被看作是额外的层，通过加入智能改善互动和使用。这样智能的城市规划并不替代传统规划，但可以额外提高整个系统的可持续性。在智能技术的帮助下，城市物流的环境性能可以通过使用精心设计的集多式联运枢纽和电动及非机动车辆来改进。此外多式联运的交通解决方案能促进智能交通系统。循环经济对资源的需求可与废物流连接。智能格网连接能源的生产和需求，一切都可以共享，在一个分散的尺度上进行匹配。这一观点要求对现有城市肌理进行改造，组织城市的混合用地，通过利用短距离的优势优化共享和再利用。在阿姆斯特丹和代尔夫特，智慧城市的研究展示了如何通过创造混合使用的城市区划和引进多式联运枢纽减轻对大型基础设施的压力，以及如何同时提高当地循环经济的新陈代谢。改造现有的单功能区成为智慧微城市，最大限度地利用步行和骑行为多功能的设计和规划创造了解决问题的机遇。在智能技术的帮助下，城市变得更有吸引力和健康。智慧微城市的发展有助于防止对自然资源的消耗和减少对大型基础设施，全球气候和生物多样性的压力。

Figure 3. Beijing South (www.news.cn)

Housing in a Changing Society 社会变迁背景下的住房问题研究 Prof. Marja Elsinga Department of OTB - Research for the Built Environment Faculty of Architecture and the Built Environment, TU Delft Email: M.G.Elsinga@tudelft.nl

The world is changing, and so does housing. What are the changes we address in particular in our research group? Of course economic development is very important. Housing is related to economy and to global financial crisis. “Ageing societies” is another important phenomenon. How can we adapt the housing stock to the needs of elderly people? In countries where pension facilities are not present or under pressure, can the equity in the house serves as an additional pension? A third challenge is urbanization and the needs for resilient cities. It is necessary to adapt the housing stock to the changing needs and developments. Another issue is the welfare state. In Europe, there is a welfare state with support for housing involved. The arrangement for the affordability of housing is an important element in redistribution of income. In China, the research group is involved in the thinking about how we can let housing contribute to welfare, asking what is the role of housing as pension, and what kinds of arrangement in housing policy are desirable?

Figure 1. Publications of the research group

世界处在不断变化的过程中，住房也是如此。我们的研究团队主要关注以下这些层面的变化。首先是经济发展，因为住房与经济和全球金融危机密切相关。其次，“老龄化社会”也是一个值得重视的现象。我们应该如何调整现有的住房存量以适应老年人口的需要？在那些养老服务设施缺乏的国家，房屋净值是否可以用作额外的养老金？第三个具有挑战性的课题是城市化以及对弹性城市的需求。在这一背景下，有必要调整现有住房存量以应对需求和发展的变化。最后是关于福利国家的问题。在欧洲，对于住房的支持是福利国家的一部分。可支付性住房的管理是收入重新分配的重要一环。在中国，我们的研究团队参与探讨住房对社会福利的贡献，包括住房的养老角色是什么，什么样的住房政策比较理想等问题。

Housing has different dimensions. In our research group, we address in each project at least two of these following dimensions. 1) We have the economic dimension: housing, the building industry, is an element in economic growth; in the context of urban development housing is also an important source of income, for example in the sale of land. The questions we address here are, how to safeguard this economic role of housing, and how to compare the economic aims with the welfare aims? How can housing contribute to competitive societies, and at the same time, inclusive societies? 2) We also have the urban dimension: the way housing system is built is very important for the resilience of cities and quality of life. The questions here are related to welfare needs of housing: how could policies contribute to affordable housing, and how can we best deal with housing equity that is built up for multiple house owners? 3) Last but not least, we have the energy and environmental dimension. How can the housing stock, which is a very important part of the built environment, be made more energy efficient? We aim to contribute to housing solutions in cooperation with partners in China. Policy solutions are the important products of our work, as well as contribution to theories.

住房问题包括诸多层面。我们的研究团队在每一个研究项目中至少会关注两个以下层面的问题。1）经济层面：住宅，或者说住宅产业，是经济增长的因素之一。在城市发展的背景下，住房也是收入来源之一，比如通过土地出让的方式。这里我们应对的问题是，如何维持住房的经济角色，同时平衡经济与福 Figure 2. Housing in the changing society

利层面的目标。住房如何在服务于城市竞争力的同时，也能够为社会福利作出贡献？ 2）城市层面：住房系统的构建方式对于城市弹性和生活品质而言是非常重要的。这里的问题涉及到住房的福利需求：政策应该如何扶持可支付性住房，以及如何处理由多个产权所有者共同建立的房屋净值？ 3）能源和环境层面：住房存量作为建成环境很重要的一部分如何能够变得更加高效节能？我们的目标是与中国的合作方一起探索住房解决方案。政策措施以及理论贡献是我们工作的主要成果。

Figure 3. Comparative Housing research Expertise Centre, http://www.otb.tudelft.nl/CHEC

Yesterday’s Cities 昨日之城 Paul Rabé Coordinator of the Urban Knowledge Network Asia (UKNA) at International Institute for Asian Studies (IIAS) Email: paulrabe@gmail.com

Ageing cities refer to outdated cities, primarily in relation to their physical environment. However we should distinguish these from declining cities, which are no longer relevant in the context of social and economic transformation. I would argue that ageing cities could be vital cities or declining cities. Perhaps the concept of ageing doesn’t tell us anything about the health of cities, economically or socially. To a certain extent, all cities are aging from the point of view of their material infrastructure and systems. All cities have to deal with the problems of infrastructure deficits, maintenance deficits, technology gaps, and governance structures. Hence, most cities are “yesterday’s cities”. The more interesting variable is “decline” vs. “vitality”. Vital cities are those with lives, where residents, visitors, industries and business want to be.

Figure 1. Typical “slum” areas. Source: Paul Rabé

老化城市描述的是日益陈旧的城市，主要指城市的物质空间环境。我们需要将老化城市与衰落中的城市区分开来，后者指的是那些不符合社会经济转型需求的城市。我认为老化城市可以是具有活力的城市，也可能成为逐渐衰落的城市。也许老化城市这个概念并不能从社会或者经济层面描述城市发展的健康程度。从物质基础设施和城市系统的角度来看，所有的城市都在一定程度上处于老化过程中，所有的城市都需要应对基础设施不足，缺乏维护，技术缺口，以及管理结构等方面的问题。所以，大多数城市都属于“昨日之城”。“衰落”与“活力” 程度反而是更有趣和值得关注的因素。这里我们所说的具有活力的城市指的是那些充满生活气息，无论居民，游客，还是工业和商业都易于聚集繁荣的地方。

In history vital cities have been those located along trade routes (waterways, railroads, roads). During the twentieth century, new views on vital cities appeared such as ‘skilled cities’ (Glaeser, 2009) with an idea-producing function, Jane Jacobs (1961) sees vital cities as having mixed uses, structures built over time, more density and short blocks. On the other side, declining cities lose their relevance and essence; where decline transcends the physical condition; and where decline is prompted by and affects society, economy, governance, environment, amenities and resources. We see cycles of rise and fall of great cities throughout history, for example Angkor Thom, Cambodia. I would argue that many ageing cities are vital, like fast growing cities in developing countries, slums in developing countries and skilled cities in the western world. For example the Whitefield in Bangalore, the IT ‘corridor’- where vitality is present in spite of congested infrastructure; Siem Reap, and the gateway to Angkor- which is a tourism gold mine in spite of decrepit infrastructure and sanitation system. On the contrary, many new towns are declining, especially during the first a few years of construction. Egypt is a famous case. New towns around Cairo were planned and deserted. There are many other such examples in the world, mostly related to supply driven development. To conclude, the challenge for planning in ensuring ageing cities remain vital cities requires a paradigm shift moving from ‘predict and control’ to ‘integrated and adaptive planning’, allowing for transformation and flexibility. It is not just about economic growth, but managing changes, quality of life, quality of the environment, and eventually human flourishing.

在历史上，具有活力的城市大都位于贸易之路（水路，铁路，公路等）沿线。20 世纪以来，关于活力型城市的新概念开始出现，例如具有产生创意功能的‘技术型城市’ （Glaeser, 2009）。Jane Jacobs （1961）认为活力型城市大都具有混合用地，经历时间建成的空间结构，以及高密度和小尺度的街区。与此对比的是，衰落中的城市大多失去了其相关性和重要性，社会经济的衰落超越了物质环境的老化程度。这些城市的衰落往往受到来自社会，经济，管理，环境，以及资源等方面因素的影响，同时也反过来影响到城市的这些方面。因此，我们可以看到一些重要城市在历史上不断起起伏伏，例如柬埔寨大吴哥城。这里我想强调的是，许多老化中的城市其实是非常具有活力的，包括发展中国家的一些增长迅速的城市以及贫民窟地区，西方世界的技术型城市等。例如班加罗尔的信息技术走廊 Whitefield，尽管这里基础设施不足，常出现交通拥堵状况，但城市活力仍然存在；暹粒，通往吴哥城的门户，尽管其基础设施和卫生系统老化陈旧，仍然被视为旅游业的金矿。与此相反，许多新城却显得衰落，尤其是在建设初期的若干年中。埃及是这方面的一个著名案例，源于开罗周边一些几近废弃的新城。世界上还有许多类似的情况，大部分都与供给驱动的发展方式有关。综上所述，为了使老化中的城市保持活力，规划范例需要从‘预测和控制’转向 ‘整合和适应’，允许变化且保持灵活性。这不仅与经济发展相关，还涉及到如何应对变化，提高生活质量，环境质量，以及最终促进人类繁荣。

Figure 2. Angkor Thom, Cambodia. Source: Wikipedia & Wikipedia Commons

Figure 3. Egypt’s New Towns. Source: Failedarchitecture. com, author: Daniel Zwangsleitner

Varying Approaches to the Future of a Large Chinese “Ageing” City 中国大城市“成长”的不同方法 Haohao XU Doctor, Lecturer School of Architecture, SCUT Email: arhaohaoxu@scut.edu.cn

The project is about a review of an international competition in 2011 and 2012 which was held in Shunde, one of the most developed industrial cities in South China. Four groups were selected to attend the project, including the School of Architecture from South China University of Technology (SCUT), OMA Hong Kong, ROCCO, and a joint group between NODE (Shenzhen) and SLAB (University of Columbia). The participants followed quite different approaches in understanding the role of urban design in addressing the issues of a rapidly growing city where industrial production is transforming and where the specifics of locality are becoming more important due to environmental degradation. The SCUT group was led by historians. The OMA group keeps a strong link with Koolhaas’ radical philosophy of confrontation; ROCCO is a Hong Kong Architects’ association with a focus on architectural design based on morphological interpretations; NODE+SLAB is more influenced by America , the results of their proposal are quite different. Shunde is located south of Guangzhou, the capital city of Guangdong Province, and is closer to the southern portion of the Pearl River Delta and Hong Kong. This makes Shunde a dominant position as a place of origin for industrial goods bound for the international harbour. It was important to answer in the context of the 2012 design competition: why is Shunde Shunde? Is there anything characteristic about the locality of Shunde that people can retain as a future scenario for a unique Shunde? We discovered several issues that helped us to understand the appropriate strategy for Shunde’s future.

本项目是对 2011 年到 2012 年间在广东佛山市顺德区进行的国际竞赛的反思和评价。四组不同的机构——包括华南理工大学、OMA 香港、严迅奇建筑事务所、南沙原创建筑事务所——针对已经高度发达的工业城市展开了不同的讨论：他们用不同的方法，指向了一个快速发展的城市，如何实现从工业“产品化”向生活化的“成长”，如何在环境考量中解决地方性特征的“延续”。顺德地处广州以南，珠三角、香港的位置优势，给予顺德成为世界性的工业产品加工基地。为什么顺德会成为顺德？顺德有哪些地方性特征，可以在转型和持续发展中继续“成长”？可以想见，作为改革开放政策的发源地而拥有的行政独立性、富含传统习俗的发达产业基地、大社会小政府的架构，是研究顺德的重要背景。

- the origin of the open policy and the administrative independence - a high advanced manufacturing basement with strong traditions and customs - a strong society and simplified government.

If we try to find a description for the modernity and locality in Shunde, we may say it is a strong society with a simplified government. This is also the most important slogan of the district government.

Figure 1. the new vision of Shunde with the traditional ideology (proposed by SCUT group) 图一 . 传统山水观下的顺德愿景（华南理工大学）

In order to gather more ideas and determine the future physical development path in Shunde, the local government proposed the re-development of the Desheng New Town in Shunde with a research activities area up to 45 km², as well as the development of several selected areas, about 4 km² on both side of the Shunde River. We recognized that all the participating groups, irrespective of their approaches and beliefs, asked how they could establish an identity for the urban centre of Shunde, making use of urban characteristics and morphology, and raise the significance of the place using events. There are several urgent problems in Shunde immediately appearing on the desk. First, how can we solve the conflict between the condensed old downtown and the flat but disorganized new town? Second, why do the natural elements in Shunde become a barrier between the old and new town? Third but not least, is the absence of a sense of identity and locality. From a government point of view, there is a more severe problem they are eager to solve. For ten years, the district government has tried many methods to encourage people to move to the New Town. including offering special policies for purchasing houses, cutting tax for setting up new businesses and even moving the district administrative center for the stimulation of the surrounding development. These efforts have realized a population of the area of over one million. In theory this would create a busy and active place. But if you take a look at the real situation, you only see beautiful but empty boulevards, huge but empty squares, great but empty public facilities. Why does that happen? Where are the 1,000,000 inhabitants in the New Town? After we go through all the changes on morphology, transport, management and life style, we start to recognize the difficulty of creating a successful city with a strong centre, supported by a high-speed transit system, offering happiness for the people, as the final goal we are aiming for.

顺德研究课题包含了德胜新城 45 平方公里的城市策略研究范围，以及 4 平方公里的特别城市设计研究范围。四组研究机构无一例外都提出了问题导向的研究方法，试图建立顺德的城市中心特征，在城市事件、城市内容和城市形态中找寻城市价值和意义。对顺德而言，致密的老城区和无序铺排的新城之间的冲突、自然元素在城市中的障碍，以及地方性的缺失，都是亟待解决的重要问题。作为政府而言，在过去 10 年间为德胜新城发展做出的建设努力，以及 100 万以上人口的迁入，却没有为本地产生积极而活跃的生活气氛，其中的原因又是如何。所以，对这种社会不断发展，形态不断演变，城市特征不断继承的中心型大城市，有效的交通体系、城市事件带来的生活意义，可能就是面对大城市“成长”的可能方式。

Figure 2. the structure of the four schemes (Shunde district government) 图二 . 四种不同的应对方法（资料来源：顺德区政府）

Planning and the Built Heritage in Ageing Cities 老化城市的规划和建成遗产 Prof. Vincent Nadin Professor of Spatial Planning, Faculty of Architecture and the Built Environment, TU Delft Email: V.Nadin@tudelft.nl with Wout van der Toorn Vrijthoff and Azadeh Arjomand Kermani

The historic urban cores of European and Chinese towns are critical cultural assets. Historic buildings, spaces and landscapes play an important role in creating social cohesion by connecting people to their cultural heritage and providing a sense of belonging to a place or ‘place identity’. The planning and management of historic cores varies significantly because of very different social and economic conditions. In the Netherlands, for example, historic urban cores have been carefully conserved since the 1960s with municipalities directly managing the built heritage. Irrespective of the approach to managing the built heritage many countries face similar pressures arising from the competition between the needs of urban transformation in pursuit of economic development and the conservation of important physical cultural assets that play an important role in creation of intangible place identity. In China very rapid urbanisation has often disregarded the cultural heritage. In both China and Europe there has been attention to preservation of the ‘jewels’ of the very important heritage assets but much less attention to the ‘everyday environments’ of citizens. The trend in Europe has been towards more liberal approaches to planning that allow for more market responsive change.

Figure 1. Reginalds Tower, Photo by D. Redmond

欧洲和中国城镇的历史城市中心是至关重要的文化资产。历史建筑，空间和景观在营造社会和谐上起着重要作用。它们把人们和文化遗产联系起来，营造出地方归属感或“场所认同”感。历史中心区的规划和管理在不同的社会和经济条件下差异很大。比如在荷兰，从 20 世纪 60 年代以来，历史城市中心被精心保护，由市政府对建成遗产进行直接管理。无论用何种方式来管理建成遗产，许多国家都面临着相似的压力。这些压力来自于为追求经济发展的城市演变的需求，与创造无形的地方认同的重要物质文化遗产保护之间的竞争。中国极快速的城市化往往忽略了文化遗产。在中国和欧洲，关注点都放在了保存非常重要的遗产“瑰宝”，但对市民的“日常环境”的关注要少得多。欧洲的趋势是以更自由的方法来规划，更多地让市场做出反应变化。

Figure 2. Delft, Photo by author

Figure 3. Utrecht, Photo by author

This presents serious challenges for the management of the cultural asset of the historic urban core, especially since past studies have pointed to the weakness of strategic approaches to coordinating the actions of a wider set of public, private and civil society actors in urban heritage management. There is a demand for a better understanding of the trajectory and impacts of planning and management approaches. TU Delft is cooperating with international partners in research projects funded by the EU Joint Programming Initiative ‘Cultural Heritage’ on urban planning and management of historic cities. We have asked what tools are available for managing the historic core and for resolving competition between development and conservation. We have investigated how approaches to the planning of the urban heritage are being reformed in response to changing political values, in particular the role of the state, and the extent to which the private sector and civil society have been engaged in conservation. Current research aims to advance understanding of how the intangible cultural heritage of cities and regions, particularly place identity, is affected by fundamental reforms in urban planning and governance. We are interested in the potential of cross-national learning and possibly policy transfer. We look forward to collaboration with South China University of Technology and other Chinese partners on these important questions about the management of the urban cultural heritage. Further details can be found at: www.planningandheritage.wordpress.com

这给历史悠久的城市中心区的文化资产管理提出了严峻挑战，尤其是因为过去的研究指出，在城市遗产管理方面协调更广泛公共部门，私营部门和市民社会的战略方法存在缺陷。因此，我们需要更好地理解规划和管理方法的发展轨迹及影响。代尔夫特理工大学正在与国际伙伴合作一项研究项目。该项目由欧盟关于历史城市规划和管理的联合研究计划“文化遗产”所资助。我们研究了什么工具可用于管理历史悠久的城市中心，来解决发展和保护之间的竞争。我们探索了城市遗产的规划方法是如何改革以应对不断变化的政治价值，特别是国家的角色，以及私营部门和民间社会在何种程度上参与对话。目前研究的目的是深入理解城市与地区的非物质文化遗产，特别是地方特色，如何被城市规划和治理的基本改革所影响。我们感兴趣的是跨国学习和政策转移的可能性。我们期待着与华南理工大学等中国合作伙伴在这些有关城市文化遗产的管理等重要问题上的合作。详情请见：www.planningandheritage. wordpress.com

Figure 4. Traditional Village in Guangdong, Photo by author

Beyond World Workshop: Re-profiling Chinese Cities in the Pearl River Delta (PRD) 超越世界工厂 : 中国珠江三角洲城市转型 Yawei CHEN 陈雅薇 Assistant Professor Department of Real Estate & Housing (RE&H) Faculty of Architecture and the Built Environment, TU Delft Email: y.chen@tudelft.nl

After three decades of rapid urbanisation and economic growth, the densely urbanized Pearl River Delta Region (PRD) is currently undergoing a process of re-positioning and re-profiling. The extensive labour-intensive manufacturing of consumer goods since the early 1980s has made the Pearl River Delta Region the manufacturing base for the world. This was encouraged by China’s open door policy and economic reform, with many industrial sectors involved ranging from light to heavy industry and involving hi-tech electronic equipment and machinery, chemical products and motor cars. PRD Cities like Guangzhou, Shenzhen and Dongguan benefited from industrial relocation from Hong Kong. Besides active private enterprises, foreign capital has played a key role in PRD’s industrial development. The labour-intensive manufacturing sector has also attracted mass migration from rural areas, which further stimulated rapid urbanisation of the region. The PRD’s success has made it one of the most densely urbanised regions in the world and one of the main hubs of China's economic growth. But the cities of the PRD face increasing challenges such as heavy pollution, a rapid increase in living standards and prices, as well as threat of economic relocation due to attractive low labour cost from neighbouring inland Chinese cities or cities in other South East Asian countries. The main challenge is to address the new doctrine of ‘ecological modernization’: enhancing ecoefficiency of manufacturing processes by making them smarter and more knowledge intensive. Hong Kong has experienced its deindustrialization process since the 1970s and transformed itself from a manufacturing centre to the most important financial centre in Asia. Both Guangzhou and Shenzhen have experienced rapid economic growth, industrialization and urban expansion and now encounter the challenge of economic restructuring to maintain their competitiveness within the region.

经过三十年的快速城市化和高速经济增长，珠江三角洲的各个城市正在经历转型重新定位的过程。从 80 年代初珠江三角洲得利于改革开放形成劳动密集型制造业企业集聚珠江三角洲，使得珠三角成为世界制造基地。这些企业从轻型到重型工业，并涵盖了高科技电子设备和机械，化工和汽车制造业。广州、深圳和东莞等珠三角城市得益于工业从香港向内陆的转移。除了私企的繁荣发展，外国资金也对珠三角工业的发展起到重要作用。劳动密集型企业吸引了大量从农村出来的流动人口，这一过程促进了当地的快速城市化进程。

Figure 1. Pearl River Delta

Figure 2. Hong Kong Science and Technology Park (source: http://www. master-dynamic.com/company.html)

Figure 3. ShenzhenHi-Tech Industrial Park (Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d7/ Shenzhen_CBD_and_River.jpg)

Cities like Dongguan, Huizhou, Shantou and Macau are also searching for their own re-profiling strategies. All cities have been engaged in the implementation of competitive urban strategies to create new entrepreneurial spaces since the 1990s. But they have evolved along different lines and attempts to address their respective challenges have been done in various path-dependent ways. Consequently, their policy orientations and action perspectives can be expected to diverge as well. This research has been initiated by Yawei Chen and Martin de Jong and is now carried out as a joint effort from researchers from TU Delft (Martin de Jong, Yawei Chen and Haiyan Lu) and SCUT (Miaoxi Zhao, Jinghuan He). The research aims to obtain an overview of how all cities within the Pearl River Delta self-profile themselves in the ecological modernization debate. Another objective is to examine what knowledge infrastructure and transport infrastructure investment programmes are actually implemented following the reprofiling strategy of each city and how far they have contribute to the self-re-profiling strategies each city attempts to achieve.

珠三角的成功发展使得它不仅成为世界上城市化区域密度最高地区之一，也成为中国经济增长的最重要基地。同时，珠三角的城市也面临诸如环境污染，城市生活标准和物价迅速增长，经济向周边内地省份以及其它东南亚国家更低价劳动力地区的转移。这些城市的最主要挑战是如何诠释生态现代化的新概念，即通过提高制造业知识积累度和智慧度来增强制造业的生态效率。自上世纪 70 年代香港经历了去工业化过程，并从制造中心脱胎换骨成为亚洲最重要的金融中心。无论广州和深圳都经历了快速的经济增长，工业化和城市扩张，现在则遇到经济转型的挑战，以维持区域内的竞争力。诸如东莞、惠州、汕头、澳门等城市也在寻找适合自己的重新定位战略。自 1990 年代珠三角各个城市都在试图通过实施各种城市竞争力战略来创造新的创业空间。他们沿着不同的线路，并试图解决各自面临的不同挑战。因此，他们的政策导向和行动可以预见有较大不同。这项研究已经开始由陈雅薇和马丁·德·容组织，研究人员来自代尔夫特理工大学（马丁·德容，陈雅薇，路海艳）和华南理工大学（赵渺希，贺璟寰）。这项研究的目的是对珠三角内的所有城市的生态现代化和选择转型的目标和路径分析。另一个目的是考查哪些知识基础设施和交通基础设施的投资计划在实际执行中，以及对各自城市的转型战略的帮助。

SUSTAINABLE SMART RESILIENT LOW CARBON ECO KNOWLEDGE CITIES a remedy for urban ageing in the Greater Pearl River Delta? 可持续智慧弹性低碳生态知识城：对大珠三角城市老化的拯救？

Prof. Martin de Jong Antoni van Leeuwenhoek research professor Faculty of Technology, Policy and Management , TU Delft Email: w.m.dejong@tudelft.nl

Policy-makers in metropolitan areas in emerging economies in general and in China in particular, worry about their outdated manufacturing industrial base, the low added-value of these industries, their high levels of pollution and the inadequacy of their transport and other infrastructure in the face of new demand and growing population numbers. In response, they engage in a multitude of initiatives aimed at upgrading their urban infrastructures and services in an effort to create better environmental, social and economic conditions and to enhance their cities’ attractiveness and competitiveness. Reflecting these developments, a plethora of new terms has entered the policy discourse: ‘sustainable cities’; green cities; digital cities; intelligent cities; smart cities; knowledge cities; resilient cities; eco-cities; low carbon cities; and even combinations, such as low carbon eco-cities and ubiquitous eco-cities. With this anti-ageing ‘city branding’, they aim to capture key aspects of ongoing urban ‘ecological modernization’. However, policy makers, planners and developers often use these terms interchangeably. The Chinese city of Guangzhou has undertaken a large-scale urban development programme in collaboration with the Singaporean government going by the name Guangzhou Knowledge City, but the indicators used to support the programme are referred to as ‘eco-city’ indicators. Elsewhere, in Shenzhen for instance, an international low carbon city is emerging, but driven to a large extent by promoting academic institutions and high tech industries. Which terms are used in what context and why?

通常在新兴经济体的大都市区，尤其在中国，决策者们担心过时的制造业基地，以及这些行业的低附加值，高污染，交通和其他基础设施的不足等问题难以适应新的需求和不断增长的人口。为此他们致力于提高城市的基础设施和服务，努力创造更好的环境，社会和经济条件，提高城市的吸引力和竞争力。这些发展表现在过多的新术语已经融入了政策话语中：“可持续发展的城市”；绿色城市；数字城市；智能城市；智慧城市；知识城市；弹性城市；生态城市；低碳城市；甚至是一些术语的组合，比如低碳生态城市和泛生态城市。基于抗老化的“城市品牌”，这些术语着眼于城市正在进行的“生态现代化”的重要方面。然而，决策者，规划者和开发商经常互换这些术语。中国广州市与新加坡政府合作开展了大规模的城市开发项目 - 广州知识城。然而用于支持该项目的各项指标被称为“生态城市”的指标。在其他地方，例如深圳，一个国际低碳城正在崛起，其很大程度上是依靠学术机构和高科技产业的发展。因此关键问题是，什么术语应在什么情况下使用，为什么？

New Pingdi, from Modest Beginnings

In the research that I undertake with colleagues such as Yawei Chen (TUDelft), Miaoxi Zhao (SCUT), Jinghuan He (SCUT), Haiyan Lu (TU-Delft), Changjie Zhan (TU-Delft) and Simon Joss (Westminster University), we ask how metropolitan areas and the cities these are composed of, react to this global challenge to ‘modernize’ themselves economically, socially and ecologically. • How do cities position/profile themselves in the whirlwind of competitive initiatives? What are the drivers and in which specific geographic context can they be understood? • How do self-chosen city brands affect urban infrastructure investment patterns? What programmes or projects are given priority for investment? • How are programmes coordinated with other public and private players, domestic and foreign? • To what extent are branding activities embedded in a broader regional development perspective? • What does the implementation of urban transport and knowledge infrastructure investments actually look like, i.e. what physical facilities are really emerging on the ground? • Can anything be said about the effects of ecological modernization on economic, social and especially ecologically performance, i.e. do the cities and the regions in which they are located indeed become more competitive, intelligent, liveable and green and is the ecological footprint reduced?

To a City of the Future…

这项研究的参与者有代尔夫特理工大学的 Martin de Jong、陈雅薇、路海艳、詹长杰，华南理工大学的赵渺希、贺璟寰，以及威斯敏斯特大学的 Simon Joss。我们研究大都市区和城市的组成，以及它们如何应对这一全球性挑战，在经济，社会和生态方面实现“现代化”。 • 城市在如旋风般相互竞争的倡导中该如何定位？有哪些动力因素？在怎样特定的地理环境中可以理解这些影响因素？ • 自我选择的城市品牌如何影响城市的基础设施投资模式？优先投资哪些项目或工程？ • 项目如何与其他的公众和个体，国内和国外的参与者协调？ • 在何种程度上品牌活动应从更广泛的区域发展的角度出发？ • 城市的交通和知识基础设施的投资是怎样实施的？例如哪些实体设施真的落成了？ • 生态现代化是否对经济，社会，尤其是生态成效有影响？例如，城市和它们所在的区域是否变得更有竞争力，智能化，宜居和绿色？生态足迹是否减少了 ?

Planning Issues of China's Ageing Cities 中国老龄化城市的规划议题 Prof. Jianyun ZHOU 周剑云教授 School of Architecture, SCUT Email: jyzhou@scut.edu.cn

中国一些主要城市如北京、上海、广州等已经进入老龄化社会，城市老龄化问题已经显现，整个社会自 1999 年跨入老龄化社会之后，人口老龄化的进程加快，预计到 2020 年 60 岁以上的老龄人口比例将达到 18%，甚至更高。人口老龄化是伴随经济和社会发展的普遍现象，而中国的特殊性在于自 30 年前实施计划生育与城市人口独生子女政策，与同期改革开放所带来的快速社会经济发展相叠加，导致中国城市老龄化的速度来的异常迅猛，而社会保障制度的滞后和城市物质环境设施不能适应这种社会变化，表现出复杂多样的老龄城市问题。

Figure 1. total population in China and the proportion of elderly from 2004-2030

Urban development should be people-oriented, the needs of elderly groups must be reflected in urban planning; however, the core issues of urban planning in China today are still economic development and urbanization. In this context, it is necessary to put more importance on aging population in urban planning. For urban and rural planning, the city ageing problem involves two core issues. Firstly, we need to construct an elderly-friendly urban environment. This requires improving urban public transport facilities and public service facilities for elderly people. The core task is to amend the planning and construction standards of urban transport infrastructure and public service facilities. Secondly, we must strengthen the study of the planning and design of facilities for the elderly and the pension community. We propose a study which will include two parts. 1) According to data released by the Ministry of Civil Affairs, the total number of China's pension beds is only 1.59% of the elderly population of the country, which much lower than the proportion of 5% -7% in developed countries. Therefore the lack of facilities for the elderly is the current outstanding problems of aging city which demonstrates that social welfare facilities for the elderly projects should be included in urban planning. At the level of master planning, land supply and reasonable space layout taking the elderly population into account should be ensured. At the level of regulatory detailed planning, public facilities for the elderly should be included as statutory construction projects. 2) We must investigate how to promote varied elderly community planning and construction, and actively explore the construction modes of the medical retirement community, elderly community colleges, elderly resort communities and family-support-elderly communities. This wil require policies to encourage mixed land use, clearly define the welfare facilities and commercial facilities. Overall, urban ageing problems should be included in the agenda of urban planning as soon as possible, the current planning practice should transfer the planning goals from single economic development to social, economic, environmental sustainable development.

城市发展应以人为本，将老年群体的需求及其社会特征反映到城市物质环境中是城市规划的任务，也就是城市规划应反映社会需求；但是，当今中国城市规划的核心议题仍然是经济发展与城市化，在此增长主义的规划语境下，讨论城市人口老化及其社会问题，以此促请各级政府在组织编制城市规划时将人口老龄化问题作为重要的规划议题。中国城市人口老龄化所引发的问题非常复杂，有养老设施不足等物质环境问题，而潜藏其后的是社会保障制度不完善；有不同城市之间保障水平的差异所反映的社会公平问题；也有老人群体的复杂性，比如失独老人的国家责任问题，空巢老人、失能老人和高龄老人的政府救助，单位养老解体之后的富裕和健康老人的社会关怀等，解决城市老龄问题是政府的责任与市场的机遇并存。对城乡规划而言，城市老龄化问题涉及两个核心议题，第一是规划建设老人友好性的城市环境设施。主要目标是针对老人身体机能的衰退情况改善城市公共交通设施和公共服务设施，核心的任务是修订城市交通设施和公共服务设施的规划建设标准。第二是养老设施和养老社区的规划设计研究。首先，养老设施匮乏是当前城市老龄化的突出问题，据民政部发布的数据，中国养老床位的总数仅占全国老年人口的 1.59%，远低于发达国家 5%-7% 的比例；为此，应将社会养老设施作为社会福利性公共设施项目纳入城市规划，在城市总体规划层面保证土地供给与合理空间布局，在控制性详细规划层面应纳入法定的配套公共设施建设项目。其次，提倡多样性养老社区规划建设，积极探索医疗养老社区、老年大学社区、老人度假社区和家庭养老社区等多样化的老人居住模式，这需要鼓励混合使用的土地政策，需要清晰界定福利设施、盈利设施的范围和明确政府的责任和市场的边界。总之，城市老龄化问题应尽快纳入城市规划议程，已进入老龄化的城市规划实践应探索规划议题从单一的经济目标向社会、经济、环境综合目标的转变。

The Dilemma of the Chinese Planning System 中国规划编制体系的困境与建议 Dongjin QI 戚冬瑾 School of Architecture, SCUT Email: djqi@scut.edu.cn

The legal planning system in China includes the urban system plan, the urban plan, the town plan, and the village plan. As shown in Figure 1 the urban and town plans comprise a master plan and detailed plan. Furthermore, the detailed plan includes a regulatory plan and a site plan. Thus the planning system is based on a systematic hierarchical structure of administrative levels. This seems reasonable, but in practice it creates many problems. Firstly, the organization of the planning system corresponds directly to the administrative levels. However, China's administrative hierarchy is very complicated, and thus results in repetitious plans prepared in the same geographical space, which ignore different development levels and planning needs of cities. For example, the administrative structure of Zhongshan city is city-town of two tiers. Therefore there will have to be a Zhongshan city master plan (including the urban and town plan and a central urban area master plan) and town master plans of 18 towns. As different areas of the town spaces have become more closely linked to each other under rapid economic development, the existence of twotiers of master plan has weakened the city government's authority in the coordination of space. The towns independent making of a master plan has also brought the phenomenon of ‘administrative area isolation’ as shown in Figure 2. Although Zhongshan city master plan tries to emphasize a cluster spatial development strategy, the cluster area covers several towns which do not match the practical administrative body. This makes for great difficulty in implementing the vision of the city's overall coordination.

中国法定城乡规划编制体系包括城镇体系规划、城市规划、镇规划、乡规划和村庄规划。城市规划、镇规划分为总体规划和详细规划。详细规划分为控制性详细规划和修建性详细规划。该体系是依据空间对象的等级结构进行划分，在形式上合理科学，但在实践中却反映出诸多问题。 1）规划编制体系依附于行政等级，忽略了不同城镇的发展差异以及对规划成果的实际需求。由于中国行政级别异常复杂，依据行政等级对应规划类型，导致在同一个空间地域上将会出现许多重复的规划类型。比如中山存在市 - 镇两级政府结构，因此在中山市域内需要编制中山市总体规划（含市域城镇体系规划和中心城区规划）以及镇总体规划。在中山经济快速发展，镇区空间联系日益紧密的背景下，两级总体规划的编制体系削弱了市政府的空间统筹能力，各镇独自编制总体规划也带来了 “行政区隔离”的现象。为了应对这个矛盾，中山总体规划试图强调通过组团式空间发展的思路以求突破单一镇的发展困境，实现城乡统筹发展的目标。但由于政策空间与行政主体错位，在规划类型与行政级别捆绑的机制下，市域统筹的愿景一直难以有效落实。当前中山的城市化水平已经超过 80%，在这个背景下要求社会的整体组织方式、政府的管理模式以及规划的体系结构等各类制度随之变革。为了应对发展的需求，建议打破现行规划编制的层级关系，以编制体系的变革推动行政机构的调整，建立新型空间规划体系，重新界定相关规划机构的行政职能。

Secondly, the form of master plan in China has remained as a comprehensive blueprint plan which has traces of the planned economy, emphasizing technical details and lacking responsive and flexible spatial strategies. In building the Chinese characteristic socialist market economy in China, the old planning system could not be completely changed but the planning tools do need to be organized and optimized in accordance with the basic principles of a market economic system where the government seek to influence the decisions of other private actors. A feasible way of planning reform may be to provide ‘policy guidance’ based on the ‘basic line of control’. This would transform the ‘ultimate blueprint’ style of plan to a ‘dynamic monitoring’ and promote the ‘land use plan’ towards a ‘spatial governance plan’. Thirdly, there is a potential contradiction between plans and the reality of planning management and decision making. The planning permission system in China was borrowed from UK with some discretion left to decision makers. However, the new version of ‘urban and rural planning law’ has strengthened the statutory status of the regulatory detailed plan in an attempt to solve the problems of the arbitrary adjustment of plans and underlying corruption. That will inevitably create a dilemma: when the statutory detailed plan became the strict and rigid basis for planning management, it actually also restricts the use of discretion and the permission system will lose much needed flexibility when facing uncertainty of future development.

2）规划编制内容依然停留在综合理性规划层面，强调技术特征的建设规划依然是我国城市规划的主要目标，在宏观层面缺乏灵活的空间规划政策。如何推动规划编制形式的改革，既要考虑在当代社会背景下对规划作用的要求，也要基于中国的体制背景，在制度延续中寻求突破。建设有中国特色社会主义市场经济对于中国来说，制度上不可能完全取消计划行为，关键是使用计划经济工具应该立足于市场经济，按照市场经济体制的基本规律进行优化。具有公共政策属性的城市规划，其出路在于实现刚性和弹性、引导和控制的合理平衡。总体规划改革的可行之道在于在 “底线管控”基础上给予“方向引导”，变“终极蓝图” 为“动态监测”，推动“土地利用规划”向“空间管治规划” 转变。 3）规划编制与规划管理之间存在潜在矛盾。我国采用的一书两证制度是借鉴了英国的规划许可制度，给予规划管理人员在审批规划中拥有一定的自由裁量权，新版《城乡规划法》通过控制性详细规划法定化的模式试图解决规划管理中任意调整规划以及可能出现的寻租行为，却难免会陷入一个自相矛盾的错位困境：解决行政中的腐败问题应寻求行政和法律手段，而城市规划管理应适应城市发展不确定性的特征，当法定的规划成为规划管理的直接依据，实际也就禁锢了自由裁量权的运用，削弱了管理机构在具体个案审批中对规划进行调整、修改的权力，“一书两证” 的制度成为多余的环节。要解决控规过于刚性与规划管理所需弹性之间的矛盾，需要从控规的表达形式寻求改革，例如引入 “城市规划管理单元”的概念，将城市细分为规模适度、界限明确的单元进行规划管理，以实现规划管理刚性与弹性并济。而在规范管理行为层面，有效的工具是出台相应的条例或法规。以法规的形式拟定规划管理程序，有助于管理人员明晰工作规程，也利于公众对规划管理工作的监督。面向大量建成环境中的开发行为，则建议出台开发规则，区分开发活动的类型和开发控制的手段，并且明确开发控制的依据。

Figure 1. the town and country planning system in China

Figure 2. The combined map of 18 town masterplans in Zhongshan city

Governing Ageing Cities 治理老化城市 Prof.dr. Ellen van Bueren Chair of Urban Development Management Faculty of Architecture and the Built Environment, TU Delft Email: E.M.vanBueren@tudelft.nl

European cities, like cities in other mature, industrialized societies, have come to a point where they have to renew and reinvent themselves. Cities suffer from ‘organized irresponsibility’: nobody can be held accountable for the negative effects of urbanization. Cities’ resource use exceeds their footprint by far. Liveability is under pressure: air pollution, congestion, and inequality are some of the key problems at stake. Urban economies are carbon-based and need to transform towards a bio-based, circular and closed-loop economy in order to remain competitive. Transformations are needed economically in tandem with infrastructure renewal and technological innovation. These changes involve urban planning, design and use; just think of the space needed for solar and wind energy, for decentralized sanitation and measures for infiltration and flood protection in buildings, streets and districts.

Figure 1. In 2015, twenty public, private and societal stakeholders have signed a manifest to redevelop the Amsterdam Buiksloterham area in a circular way. 图 1. 2015 年，20 个公共，私人和社会利益相关者共同签署了一个以循环方式发展阿姆斯特丹 Buiksloterham 地区的声明。

正如其他成熟的工业化社会一样，欧洲城市已经到了一个必须更新并重塑的阶段。城市受困于“有组织的不负责任”：没有人能为城市化的负面影响负责。城市的资源利用远远超过了它们的足迹。城市的宜居性饱受压力：空气污染，交通拥堵以及不公平是城市面临的关键问题。城市的经济以碳为基础，需要朝着以生物为基础，循环和闭环经济的方向发展，以保持其竞争力。城市更新转变是来自经济的需求，同时还需要进行基础设施更新和技术创新转变。这些变化涉及到城市规划，设计和使用；需要考虑如何利用空间来实现太阳能和风能的运作，分散式污水处理，以及建筑和街区的渗透和防洪。

Figure 2. De Ceuvel is a highly polluted area in Buiksloterham. Young urban creatives were granted permission to temporarily use the area. De Ceuvel has become a place that contributes to community building and serves as a testground for new ways of in-situ soil remediation. 图 2. De Ceuvel 是 Buiksloterham 的一个高度污染的区域。年轻的城市创意家获准临时使用这个地方。De Ceuvel 已成为有助于社区建设和原位土壤修复新方法的实验基地。

The transition towards sustainability is not merely a technical challenge, replacing old technologies, infrastructures and production processes with new ones. It requires changes at system level, reallocating resources, roles and responsibilities, and changing interdependent relationships between actors. There is no blueprint for these systemic changes. Each city has a unique configuration of infrastructure legacy, geo-physical opportunities, constraints and cultural preferences. Transition will result from the decisions and actions of many stakeholders. It will involve a process that cannot be controlled and enforced by a single stakeholder. Ownership and authority is fragmented as is decision-making power. And also the interests of those without formal decision-making power need to be considered to create support for the envisaged changes. Public, private and societal actors need each other’s knowledge, creativity and consent to find and implement appropriate solutions. At best, the transition process will be coordinated and guided. Legal instruments may be used to define bottom lines, but soft instruments are needed to envision and create joint ambitions. Within this transition process, we will have to learn about stakeholder configurations that work, that allow the development of symbiotic relationships between scales and between infrastructures. We will have to learn about governance arrangements between public, private and societal actors that encourage these actors to jointly solve problems with limited means. We will have to learn about new ways of sharing risks and benefits and supporting incentive structures. Learning-by-doing is a crucial approach in this; to learn how everyday decisions may add up to tipping points to systemic changes, but also to learn which ambitions require more revolutionary changes.

面向可持续性的转变不仅是一个技术挑战，更新旧技术，基础设施和生产工艺，它需要在制度层面的转变，重新分配资源，角色和责任，以及改变行动者之间相互依赖的关系。这些系统性的变化没有蓝图。每个城市都有基础设施遗产，地物机遇，局限和文化偏好的独特设置。转型是由许多利益相关者的决策和行动所带来的。这将涉及一个不能被控制，并由单个利益相关者执行的过程。所有权，公权和决策权是分离的。而且需要考虑那些没有正式决策权的个体的利益，从而增加对规划设想的支持。公共，私人和社会行动者需要彼此的知识，创造力，并达成共识来寻求并实施相应的解决方案。最好的情况是，在转型过程中会进行协调和指导。法律工具可以用来定义底线，但需要用温和的方法来设想和创造共同的目标。在这个转型的过程中，我们必须了解利益相关者的结构，允许不同尺度之间和基础设施之间的共生关系的发展。我们必须了解公共，私人和社会力量之间的治理安排，以鼓励这些行动者通过有限的方法来共同解决问题。我们必须了解分担风险和利益，并配套激励机制的新途径。在实践中学习是一个重要手段；需要了解日常的决定是如何累积到临界点而产生系统性的变化，更要了解哪些目标需要更多变革性的变化。

Irreversible Ageing of Cities 不可逆转的城市老化

Feng YU 喻锋

Associate Professor at School of Public Administration, SCUT Email: longyf2000@sina.com

The theme “ageing city” recalls personal experiences. Immediately after the spring festival the blocks around my apartment witnessed a series of “anti-ageing” events: the pumping station was reconstructed, water pipes replaced, housed re-decorated, an additional elevator and air-conditioner installed into old buildings. These events brought much activity, nuisance and noise and was mentally exhausting for the neighborhood. They are evidence that “ageing” is irreversibly coming to the my city, Guangzhou, the third biggest metropolis of China. Similarly, during my April visit to our partner city of Delft, I also found many traces of ageing among the attractive scenery in the historic town. Canal banks are in disrepair, there are dilapidated churches, and other signs of the need for renewal. Seemingly, the urban ageing process and the need for renovation at different scales are apparent across the world. Ageing problems include the functional deformation of construction materials, the degeneration of infrastructure, the obsolete formulation of urban planning. The responses are urban renewal, urban redevelopment, urban upgrading and even the reconfiguration of urban spatial-societal structure. In this scenario, “ageing” does constitute the undivided part of “changing”. Along with engineering and technological solutions, various policy instruments have being created to incorporate bargaining between diversified interests and differentiated structural solutions for the purpose of addressing urban ageing issues, e. g. public-private partnership practices in infrastructure construction, new town initiatives, immigration control and cross-sector planning coordination. Accordingly, for a city as a complex human settlement of high variation, history, heritage and tradition cannot necessarily rationalize ageing as a natural and physical process; urban ageing does not only mean finalizing a certain development pattern for one period, but also signifies the launch of a new development pattern and methods of realizing development. In this sense, the SCUT-TU Delft joint research initiative can pursue a multi-disciplinary approach for developing both knowledge increments and pragmatic strategies, in cooperation with the external partners in academia, government and the professions.

有关城市老化这个主题，我首先想到自己今年头几个月以来所经历的：我家所在的街区近来一直为各类“抗老化”的动静所困扰：河涌水泵重修、水管管线重布、旧房装修、老建筑电梯和空调加装等等，相应的，建筑垃圾、噪声和对人们心情的影响都让周围街坊觉着不安。所有这些迹象都表明：老化正在无可阻挡且扩散性地降临作为中国第三大都会的广州。无独有偶，在我四月访问有着友好联系的代尔夫特理工大学期间，令人叹为观止的老城古迹背后，似乎也有很多衰败的迹象：失修的运河堤岸、重建的教堂以及有些凌乱的功能分区等。似乎城市的老化及其相应不同类型和尺度的修整已然成为一种世界性的趋势。建材的功能变形、基础设施的陈旧、城市规划不合时宜的设计等，都促成了城市更新、城市再开发、城市升级乃至于城市空间社会结构的重塑等。在这个情境中，“老化”已然成为“变化”不可分割的一部分。与工程技术的手段一道，多样化的政策工具被创设出来以兼采多元化的利益博弈与多样化的结构操控，来应对城市老化问题。比如基础设施建设中的“公私伙伴关系”、新城建设计划、移民管控、规划中的部门协同等等。由此，对于城市这样一个充满变动性的复杂的人类聚落而言，对于自然和物理的因素使其老化我们所为有限，但它的历史、遗存和传统并不必然意味着就应该老化。城市的老化一方面意味着传统发展模式的终结，另一方面也意味着新的振兴模式的开启。在这个意义上，华南理工大学——代尔夫特理工大学的联合研究可以寻求与学术、政府和专业部门等外部合作者一道，协同探索一种跨学科的研究路径，以期产生知识增量和实务策略。

Figure 1. the establishment of Guangzhou Urban Renewal Bureau (www.xkb. com.cn) 图 1. 广州市城市更新局成立

Figure 2. Urban village transformation of Liede 图 2. 猎德城中村改造

Figure 3. Delft city centre 图 3. 代尔夫特市中心

Caring for the Elderly in Chinese Cities 在老龄化城市中的老年人护理研究

Li Sun PostDoc researcher Faculty of Technology, Policy and Management, TU Delft Email: L.Sun-1@tudelft.nl

The number of people aged 60 and over had reached 10 percent of the total Chinese population in 2000, making China an ageing society according to the international standard. However, the population in some Chinese cities such as Beijing and Shanghai has aged more rapidly than those in other regions of the country. By 1990, people aged 60 years or over already made up 10 percent of the population in Beijing, transforming the capital city to an “ageing” city 10 years ahead of the nation as a whole. Shanghai has the largest ratio of elderly of all Chinese cities, reaching an estimated 30 percent of the population by the end of 2015. With the increasing number of elderly in cities, this issue has drawn significant attention from the public. There has been an ongoing debate over who will care for the elderly, the individual family or the state?

按照国际标准，如果 60 岁及以上人口数量占到国家总人口的 10%，标志着该国为老龄化社会。中国于 2000 年进入老龄化社会。但是，一些城市的老龄化程度远远高于国家平均水平，如北京和上海。在 1990 年，北京市 60 岁及以上的人口已经占到全市总人口的 10%，意味着相比全国，北京市提前 10 年进入老龄化。从此，中国的首都城市为一座“老龄化城市”。至今为止，上海市是全国老龄化程度最高的城市，预计到 2015 年底，上海的老龄化程度将到达 30%。随着日益剧增的城市老年人口，老龄化问题引起了公众的广泛关注。近来年，相关讨论围绕着：护理老年人的责任应该由家庭还是国家承担？

Figure 1. A group of elderly sitting in a city park 图 1. 城市公园里的老年人 Source: http://news.xinhuanet.com/politics/2013-03/28/c_115186166.htm

Bearing and rearing a son for one’s old age (yangerfanglao) is a socially accepted practice in China, rooted in the Confucian culture,. Traditionally, the elderly live with their son and daughter-in-law, who are primarily responsible for providing care for their ageing parents. However, due to drastic changes in family structures, family based elderly care can no longer keep up in the ‘ageing cities’ as many unprecedented family types emerge, for example, ‘solitary old people’ (dujulaoren) live alone in ‘empty-nest’ homes (kongcaojiating), as their adult children have left migrated to other cities. Additionally, the OneChild-Policy, introduced in 1979, has led to a ‘4-2-1 family’ model: one adult child needs to take care of two parents and four grandparents. As a consequence, if the sole child should die, six elderly are left without a carer. However, as the family based elderly care model falls short, the government has not done enough to take on the responsibility for elderly care, especially for those losing the ability to perform activities of daily living. In 2012, there were around 41,800 public old age care institutes with a total of 3.65 million beds nationally, which is enough for only 2 percent of the elderly. Additionally, these old age care institutes have little or no professional nursing staff. Therefore, the author asserts that the government should take more responsibility for elderly care, and a transition should be made from informal family based care to state provided formal care.

一方面，受到儒家文化的影响，养儿防老的思想在中国社会根深蒂固，儿子和儿媳与老人住在一起并提供护理照看。但是，以家庭为基础的老年护理不能适应“老龄化城市”里的家庭结构变化，比如，独居老人，空巢家庭。除此之外，由于计划生育政策导致了 4-2-1 家庭模式，一个成年人需要照顾父母以及爷爷奶奶外公外婆。但如果单独家庭中的孩子去世，那六位老人没有后辈照料。另一方面，国家没有承担足够的老年人护理责任，特别是对失能老人而言。在 2012 年，全国一共有 41，800 个公共养老机构，365 万张床，这些只能满足 2% 的老年人口需求。除此之外，养老机构的专业护理人员严重欠缺。因此，作者认为国家应该在老年护理上承担更多的责任，护理模式应由家庭为基础的护理转为国家主导的正规护理。

Figure 2. the elderly losing the ability to perform activities of daily living 图 2. 失能老人 Source: http://www.boxun.com/news/gb/china/2015/01/201501150133.shtml#. VX6-QpMcieZ

Figure 3. A public old age care institute 图 3：公共养老机构 Source: http://www.tianya999.com/news/2014/0725/43227.html

Urban Regeneration in Shenzhen in the Context of Migration 移民背景下深圳的城市更新课题 Lei Qu Assistant Professor Faculty of Architecture and the Built Environment, TU Delft Email: L.Qu@tudelft.nl

Some of the major cities in China such as Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou have now entered the ageing society. It is expected that the over 60 year old population in China will reach 18 percent or even higher by 2020. Population ageing is a common phenomenon that accompanies economic and social development. The particularity of China lies in the one-child policy which began 30 years ago and which has combined with the rapid development of the social economy to result in high speed urban ageing in China. However, the social security system is not good and urban public facilities have not adapted to changes in society, which has caused many complicated urban aged population-related problems. After three decades of rapid development, land for further urban expansion in the Shenzhen municipality is almost exhausted, which forces the city to grow within the existing built up areas. Urban regeneration is therefore brought onto the agenda of spatial development of the city. Replacing urban villages with new urban functions is considered as a model for restructuring the city, transforming its profile from a ‘world factory’ to a ‘world city’. This model has proved to have dramatic impacts on the migrants who live in these urban villages. Alternative approaches are needed, that take into account the social consequences of urban regeneration.

中国在过去三十年时间里经历了快速城市化及不均衡发展过程，主要体现在大量跨省移民的出现和沿海地区广泛的新城建设等现象。受建设方式和建筑使用寿命期限等影响，这些正在建设中的新城在大规模发展的同时已经开始出现‘老化’问题，例如深圳城中村的现状。深圳是位于中国南部珠江三角洲区域的一个相对来说比较 ‘新’的城市。它从 80 年代的渔民村落发展到现今的大都市，人口从三十万激增到一千五百万，其中流动人口占到了人口总数 70％以上。从某种意义上讲，深圳奇迹般的快速城市化正是依赖于城中村的存在。这种由村民建设的非正式住区在快速城市化过程中为超过半数的人口提供了可支付性住宅。城中村的物质空间环境虽然存在着种种问题，但却承担着重要的城市居住功能，并且为城市提供着具有活力的场所。经过三十年的快速发展，深圳用于城市扩张的土地已经非常有限，城市需要在建成区范围内寻求进一步的发展。城市更新作为空间发展策略被提上议事日程。通过对城中村的改造引入新的城市功能成为城市重构的一种模式，目标在于逐步将深圳由‘世界工场’转变为‘世界城市’。这种改造模式对于居住在城中村中的大量流动人口将带来巨大影响。我们需要探索新的能够兼顾社会后果的城市更新模式。

Figure 1. Baishizhou Village, Shenzhen. Photo from author

This research project is part of the joint research programme ‘New New Towns’ initiated by the International New Town Institute in 2012. Partner institutes from the Netherlands and China have been collaborating on research, education and practice on the development of Shenzhen since 2013. Delft University of Technology has participated in this programme with a platform of research and education-“Shenzhen Scenarios”- for staff members and master’s students of the Department of Urbanism. We focus on issues related to migration and urban transformation, in three types of location: the central urban area, periphery and suburban new town.

这一研究课题是‘新新城’合作研究项目的一部分，由荷兰新城研究机构于 2012 年启动。中荷双方的研究机构自 2013 年以来在科研，教学和实践等领域就深圳的发展问题展开过多种合作。代尔夫特理工大学参与该研究项目的途径是通过“深圳场景”这一面向城市规划与设计专业教师和硕士生的科研／教学平台。我们关注与移民和城市转型相关的问题，以及反映这些问题的三种城市地带：中心城区，城市边缘和远郊新城。

Figure 2. Gangxia Village, Shenzhen. Photo from author

Figure 3. Hubei Village, Shenzhen. Photo from author

Regeneration of the Ageing Work-unit Housing 单位公房老化与改造 Jinghuan HE 贺璟寰 School of Architecture, SCUT Email: 42620120@qq.com

From the late 1990s onwards, the centre of Guangzhou has moved towards the east. New area developments such as Zhujiang New Town, Huacheng Boulevard, Canton Tower in Tianhe District and Pazhou Exhibition area in Haizhu District have shaped a new axis. Such newly developed areas have become new icons of Guangzhou alongside traditional architecture patterns such as sotto portico and the West Mansion, Zhutong Wu. The old city centre of Guangzhou, the districts of Liwan and Yuexiu are in a very controversial situation. On the one hand, they are experiencing the ageing process in both population and buildings terms. On the other hand, new real estate projects keep replacing old buildings. Thus the regeneration of the old city centre and the protection of historical buildings are drawing public attention, especially in the domain of urban planning.

自 90 年代后期至今，广州市中心区东移，天河轴线上珠江新城、花城大道、广州塔、琶洲会展区等一系列片区开发呈现出一派繁荣景象。它们几乎取代了骑楼、竹筒屋、东山老宅等历史建筑（群）成了广州的新名片。荔湾、越秀等老城中心地位虽逐渐让位，但其辖区内的房地产开发也如火如荼。大量历史建筑被房地产项目取代；剩下零星的老建筑和传统街区引来了规划界关于 “历史名城保护、城市更新”等议题的关注并成效卓越，如近年大量历史建筑贴牌、各类保护控规的出台、以及 2015 年广州更新局的成立。

Figure 1. Housing-reform house in Yuexiu District, Guangzhou, Source: Guangzhou Daily

Figure 2. Liuyun community, Tianhe District, Guangzhou (www.ganji.com)

In the process of either new urban development in the east of Guangzhou or regeneration of old city centre, redevelopment of the important traditional type of communities with Chinese characteristics is not given sufficient attention. This old type of communities called work-unit communities comprise welfare housing constructed and distributed by the national government, or work-units dating from the second half of the 20th century. They were the most common urban homes during the period. They also played a substantial role in urban development and the improvement of living quality in Guangzhou. Furthermore, they recall the old days of a generation. After the Deepen Housing Privatisation Reform at the end of the 1990s, workunit housing had different fates. Some of them were torn down and were replaced by real estate housing projects. Some were privatized and become tradeable in the secondary housing market. The rest are still occupied by the original owners who are, or are going to be, elders. This is because only people who were married were allowed to have work-unit housing. For instance, a couple who were given work-unit housing in the year of 1985 are now at least 55 years old. In other words, work-unit housing is the typical pattern of communities for elders now or will be in the near future. There are many common problems in the existing work-unit housing communities as they and their inhabitants become old. For instance, the living facilities break down more often; buildings become dilapidated; services are not always provided; property management is not efficient. Thus, improving the quality of work-unit housing is of great significance in the planning strategy for an ageing society and city, especially through urban regeneration. In due course this research aims to reveal the types, spatial structures and qualities of current work-unit housing in Guangzhou; and to identify appropriate and feasible spatial strategies for their regeneration.

Figure 3. Staircase in Tiyuxihenglu community

然而在经历新区的发展、老城区和历史建筑的保护及其转型为城市景点的过程中，广州的旧城区有一类具有强烈时代烙印并非常重要的住宅类型（单位公房）常被忽视。单位公房是新中国 20 世纪下半页最为主要的住宅建筑形式，也是国家福利分房的外在表现。如今，这类单位公房去向各异——许多被商品房取代；有的在住房私有化的过程中成为房改房流入市场；部分的公房仍由原业主居住。而这类原业主都在 2010 年后已经或者正在步入老年人的行列；也就是说，单位公房是老年人聚居的典型社区类型之一。现存的公房，无论去向如何，都经历着迅速的老化过程——基本居住设施缺乏、建筑陈旧不堪、社区服务设施缺失以及物业管理混乱。这类单位公房，如同西关大屋一样同样承载着一个时代的记忆；也作为上世纪最为典型的中国住宅形式对于广州城市发展和住房问题的解决起到了重大意义。然而对这类单位公房的保护、改造、更新问题并未能得到城市规划学界和相关部门的相应关注。研究公房的类型、空间分布现状及其使用情况、并探讨保护更新策略和适老性改造措施将是解决老年社区营造的重要突破口。

Adaptation VS Obsolescence. Cities and the Climate Change Challenge 适应还是废弃 , 城市与气候变化的挑战 Marcin Dąbrowski Research Fellow, Chair of Spatial Planning & Strategy Department of Urbanism, Faculty of Architecture TU Delft Email: M.M.Dabrowski@tudelft.nl

The risk associated with climate change is no doubt one of the biggest challenges facing cities. Cities make a huge contribution to climate change, being the main source of emissions of greenhouse gases, but also it is in the cities that its negative impacts of climate change are felt most acutely. These include heat island effects or water and food shortages, but the most alarming is probably the risk of flooding as a result of increasing precipitation, extreme weather and sea level rise. Flooding may obliterate parts of some cities altogether. Historically, urbanisation tended to concentrate in coastal areas. The sea provided coastal cities with access to trade routes that helped build their prosperity. Today, many of the iconic coastal cities, like Venice, Amsterdam, New York, Hong Kong, or Shanghai, host unique architectural heritage, an immense concentration of capital and real estate assets, and, most importantly, large populations. They have to cope with growing risk of flooding or the prospect of being partially engulfed by the sea by the end of this century. Thus, the ‘ageing’ coastal metropolises may end up becoming obsolete, with businesses and people moving out of them to safer higher ground.

与气候变化相关的风险无疑是城市面临的最大挑战之一。城市对气候变化的影响深远。城市不仅是温室气体排放的主要来源，而且气候变化的负面效应在城市更为显著。这些影响包括热岛效应，水和粮食短缺。但最令人担忧的或许是由降水量增加，极端天气和海平面上升所引发的洪水风险。洪水可能会彻底毁坏城市的某些部分。从历史上来看，城市化往往集中在沿海地区。海为沿海城市提供了构建繁荣的贸易路线。今天，许多标志性的沿海城市，如威尼斯，阿姆斯特丹，纽约，香港或上海，都拥有独特的建筑遗产，庞大且集中的资本和房地产资产，而重中之重是其巨大的人口。这些城市必须应对日益增加的洪水风险，甚至是本世纪末即将被海淹没的前景。因此，“老化”的沿海大都市可能终将被废弃，资本和人将迁移到更安全的高地之上。

Figure 1. Hong Kong - Kennedy Town's waterfront heavily exposed to coastal flooding (photo taken by the author)

Figure 2. Rotterdam - View over river Maas towards unembanked areas of Kop van Zuid (photo taken by the author)

图 1. 香港 - 坚尼地城滨水区面临沿海洪水的威胁（笔者）

图 2. 鹿特丹 - 马斯河岸堤防之外的 Kop van Zuid 景观（笔者）

Preventing the worst effects will require adapting to the future impacts that already seem inevitable. This is particularly challenging for ’ageing’ cities with rich architectural heritage. Upgrading the existing flood defences that protect them will require huge costs and additional space to accommodate wider dikes and create more room for excess water. However, considering the historical, cultural and monetary value of the existing buildings and infrastructure, there is a need to find innovative engineering, design and planning solutions to improve the level of flood safety in line with the growing risk. This should avoid demolition or relocation of the historical urban fabric, which would be massively expensive and socially unacceptable. Such innovations require a double shift. First, a shift away from the predominant (and ‘ageing’) approach to flood risk management in cities that focuses only on civil engineering and hard infrastructure. Second, a governance shift is needed towards closer collaboration across administrative boundaries, scales and the different actors operating in cities, including urban planners and designers, civil engineers, heritage and environmental experts, scientists, businesses and local communities. These transformations, however, remain hampered by conflicts of priorities and other difficulties typically associated with working across administrative, policy, and sectoral silos.

未来的发展趋势似乎已不可避免，因此我们需要适应这种趋势以防止气候变化的最坏影响。这对于拥有丰富的建筑遗产的“老化”城市特别具有挑战性。升级现有的防洪措施将需要巨大的成本和更多的空间，以适应更宽的堤坝和创造更多的水空间。然而，考虑到现有的建筑和基础设施的历史，文化和经济价值，有必要探索革新的工程，设计和规划解决方案，以提高防洪安全的水平，适应不断增长的风险。这过程中应该避免毁坏历史城市的肌理，否则将付出经济和社会的巨大代价。这种创新需要两个方面的转变。首先需要转变以主流的（和 ' 老化 '）的方式来管理城市的洪水风险，比如只注重土木工程和硬件基础设施。其次是治理转变，需要促进跨行政边界，尺度，和不同行动者之间更密切的合作。这些行动者包括城市规划师和设计师，土木工程师，文物和环境专家，科学家，企业和当地社区。然而这些转变仍然受到各方面冲突的重重阻碍，需要面对包括权重以及跨行政区域，政策和部门之间合作的困境。

Figure 3. New York - view on the Midtown Manhattan's skyline from Central Park (photo taken by the author) 图 3. 纽约 - 从中央公园看曼哈顿中城天际线（笔者）

Rethinking Water Values for Urban Vitality 反思水在营造城市活力中的价值 Yuting Tai PhD Candidate, Department of Urbanism Faculty of Architecture and the Built Environment, TU Delft Email: y.tai@tudelft.nl

Throughout history water has played a multifunctional role in delta cities, providing water supply, enabling transport, encouraging tourism, and supporting ecosystems. Water is the dominant cultural and economic factor in deltas. Water brings vitality to urban space, carries a diversity of spatial functions and structures attractive urban fabric. However, rapid urbanisation in the water environment has brought enormous challenges. There is a growing concern over water related urban issues including flooding, waterfront decline and gentrification, environmental deterioration, as well as the loss of the water-oriented cultural identity. Among the urbanised delta regions in the world, China’s Pearl River Delta (PRD) with Guangzhou as the central metropolis, is one of the most economically dynamic and densely populated. According to a World Bank report in 2015, China’s Pearl River Delta has overtaken Tokyo as world’s largest mega-region in both area and population. With a history of over 2,200 years Guangzhou has experienced extremely rapid urbanisation over the last three decades and faces great pressure in terms of threats to its vulnerable natural environment and sharp socio-economic transitions.

纵观历史，水在三角洲城市中扮演着多重角色，比如供水，交通，旅游和对生态系统的支持。水是三角洲城市中主导的文化和经济元素。水可以营造有活力的城市空间，承载多样的空间功能，组织有趣的城市肌理。然而快速城市化给水环境中的城市带来了巨大的挑战。与水相关的城市问题也引起了越来越广泛的关注，包括洪涝灾害，滨水区衰退和绅士化，水环境恶化，以及水文化特性的消失。中国的珠江三角洲是全球经济活力和人口密度最高的城市三角洲区域之一。据 2015 年的一份世界银行报告显示，中国的珠江三角洲已经超过了东京都市区，成为世界上面积和人口最大的城市区域。其中心城市广州拥有超过 2200 年的悠久历史。然而在近 30 年，广州经历了迅猛的城市化进程，面临着自然环境恶化和社会经济转型的双重压力。城市化进程给水 - 城关系带来了积极和消极的影响。例如在城市更新过程中，通过恢复老城区的历史河涌来复苏水的社会文化价值；在滨水区转型过程中，发展多功能的城市空间与保护滨水工业遗产同样重要；此外，城市扩张背景下的滨海新区发展也面临着洪水风险和环境保护的挑战。

Figure 1. Riverfront urbanisation in Guangzhou (photo taken by the author) 图 1. 广州滨江城市化（笔者）

Urbanisation and increasing prosperity has brought both advantages and disadvantages to water-city synergy. For example, ancient canals have been reopened in the historical centre so as to recall social and cultural meanings of water in the process of urban regeneration; waterfronts are undergoing major transformations where both the development of vital multifunctional urban space and the preservation of industrial heritage are both important; city expansion into new coastal towns faces increasing challenges of flood risk and the need for environmental protection. There are two main areas of public policy that contribute to tackling and resolving the main water challenges for urbanising delta regions; urbanism (urban planning and design) and water management. They are dominated by different and often separate professional disciplines. On the one hand, urban planners and designers are responsible for shaping new urban development and the transformation of older urban areas. They make use of water to connect urban functions or improve the aesthetics. On the other hand, hydraulic engineers are responsible for water infrastructures, both the provision of capacity to provide for new urban development, and the renewing of ageing hydraulic infrastructures especially to cope with the increasing uncertainties of flood risk due to climate change. In both urban planning and water management interventions stakeholders seek to promote and realise their values and objectives in relation to water and urban development. Questions are raised about the best ways to achieve a balance among competing values so as to provide for more vitality, liveability, sustainability and resilience in delta regions. It is essential to develop adaptive strategies that can not only integrate different values of water for a robust economy, a vital society, and a liveable environment, but also can deal with the changing contexts and great uncertainties in the future.

针对三角洲区域与水相关的城市问题主要有两类公共政策：城市规划与设计，以及水管理。它们归属于不同且分离的专业领域。一方面，城市规划师和设计师负责新的城市开发或旧城区改造，水往往被用来连接城市功能或美化城市形象。另一方面，水利工程师主管水利基础设施。包括调配城市发展所需的水容量，以及更新老化的水利基础设施，特别是需要应对气候变化带来的不确定性。无论是城市规划还是水管理，利益相关者通常在城市发展过程中寻求水对其利益的价值体现。因此，研究的核心问题是如何实现相互竞争的不同价值间的平衡，以促进三角洲城市的活力，宜居性，可持续性以及弹性。而发展适应性的策略则至关重要，其不仅可以整合水的不同价值，以实现经济活力，社会繁荣和宜居环境，并且可以应对未来的多变和不确定性。

Figure 2. Water and urban life in Guangzhou in the Qing Dynasty (photo taken at the East Moat Museum by the author) 图 2. 清代广州水与城市生活（笔者摄于东濠涌博物馆 )

Figure 3. Urban regeneration along with reopened canals (photo taken by the author) 图 3. 恢复河涌带动的城市更新（笔者）

Creative Ageing in World Ports 世界港口的创造性老化 Wim Ravesteijn Faculty of Technology, Policy and Management, TU Delft Email: w.ravesteijn@tudelft.nl

World ports are not only spearheads in globalization, they are also laboratories and hot spots of sustainability and responsibility from which academics can learn a lot. Because economic and technological developments change rapidly, these ports are the scene of impressive expansions. Super-container ships require depths of 20 m, beside advanced loading and unloading technologies as well as other modern infrastructure facilities. This especially applies to “emerging economies”, like China. Rotterdam Port once was the biggest in the world, now it may be lucky to be still in the top ten, supplanted by particularly Chinese harbours, like Shanghai Port. To consolidate its position, Rotterdam Port built into the North Sea, with its new Maasvlakte 2 Port expanding the Netherlands and changing its coastline. Shanghai Port goes a step further, transforming an archipelago in the Pacific Ocean into a new harbour, the Yangshan Port, which is connected with the mainland through a bridge measuring over 30 km. In such extensions, ports aspire to be sustainable and responsible, serving growing trade and economic growth, while respecting nature and involving citizens. The other side of these vibrant ports, is … ageing. Behind expansion, there is a loss of function. In Rotterdam, port operations more and more have moved towards the sea, leaving old harbour areas behind, especially close to and in the city. With the new ocean port, the old harbours of Shanghai become less connected with global trade and growth. These so-called “waterfront areas” invite port authorities and others involved to find and develop new functions, challenging them to do so in sustainable and responsible ways. Consequently, these areas could transform into centres of innovation. Rotterdam has its Innovation Dock, where educational facilities and business start-up activity have been established in buildings of a former shipbuilding company (Rotterdamsche Droogdok Maatschappij, RDM).

世界港口不仅是全球化的先锋，也是可持续发展和职责的热点和实验田。学术界可以从中学到很多东西。由于经济和技术发展的日新月异，这些港口扩展的场景令人印象深刻。超级集装箱船需要 20 米的水深，先进的装卸技术以及其他现代化的基础设施。这尤其表现在以中国为代表的“新兴经济体”发展中。鹿特丹港曾经是世界最大的港口，现在它逐渐被如上海港的中国港口取代，仍有幸跻身世界前十。为了巩固其地位，鹿特丹港延伸到了北海，新建的 Maasvlakte 2 港口不仅扩展了荷兰，也改变了海岸线。上海港则更进了一步，在太平洋的一个群岛上建设了新的港口 - 洋山港，与大陆通过 30 公里的大桥连接。通过这样的扩展，港口力求成为可持续和负责任的，服务于不断增长的贸易和经济，同时尊重自然，并推动公民参与。这些充满活力的港口的另一边，是 ... 老化。扩张的背后是功能的衰退。在鹿特丹，港口作业越来越多已转向深海，留下临近或在城市内的老港区。随着新海港的发展，上海老港区与全球贸易和增长的联系越来越少。这些所谓的“滨水区”邀请港务局和其他相关组织，挑战他们以可持续和负责任的方式寻找和开发旧港区新的功能。由此这些地区可能转化为创新中心。鹿特丹有其创新码头，这里的教育设施和企业初创活动都建立在以前的造船企业（RDM）的建筑里。

Figure 1. Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/ commons/thumb/9/9f/PxKohliColdIron.jpg/1280pxPxKohliColdIron.jpg

Waterfront areas in Rotterdam and elsewhere are also the scene of the development of onshore electricity provisions, especially for cruise-ships, reducing the harmful emissions from these ships (“cold ironing”). So in global ports, renewal, ageing and innovation go together. Such processes are being studied at the TU Delft. The contribution of the Values, Technology and Innovation department of the Faculty of Technology, Policy and Management is research, reflection and recommendations from the perspective of responsible port innovation, focussed on designing and developing technologies and institutions for a variety of sometimes competing and conflicting values, like employment, environmental protection, water safety and citizen participation.

在鹿特丹和其他地方的滨水地区正在发展岸上供电，特别是对于游轮，以减少这些船舶的有害气体排放（“岸电供应”）。因此，全球港口的更新，老化和创新相辅相成。代尔夫特理工大学正在开展针对这个发展过程的研究。TBM 学院的价值，技术和创新系从负责任的港口创新的角度研究，反馈并提出建议，专注于设计和发展技术和机构之间价值的平衡。而这些价值往往是相互竞争和相互冲突的，例如就业，环境保护，水安全和公民参与。

Figure 2. Hainan, China (source: http://pixabay.com/static/uploads/photo/2013/04/18/14/39/ hainan-105596_640.jpg)

Figure 3. Former engine workshop, RDM Innovation Dock, Rotterdam (Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/ wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/RDM_campus_001.jpg/1024px-RDM_campus_001.jpg)

Adaptability and Flexibility 适应性和灵活性 Prof. Yimin Sun 孙一民教授 School of Architecture, SCUT Email: arymsun@gmail.com

While Asian cities are developing rapidly, newly built large structures constantly appear within areas of old urban fabric, changing cities dramatically. For example, the winning proposal of the international competition for the National Stadium Japan is a super large-scale building designed by Zaha Hadid, which has generated objections from society. The question is raised of how we can successfully incorporate large structure and thus transform and improve our ageing cities. Looking back in history, both western and east Asian cities have created their own ways of planning and design to harmonize large symbolic buildings within the existing urban fabric. Large buildings have been used to revitalize downtown areas, to create new jobs and at the same time, to spatially connect surrounding small-scale districts. Inspired by these historical cities, my practice team combines architectural design with urban design for large-scale sports buildings. For some projects, we have located stadiums close to the existing urban fabric, and kept green space more in the center of the sites as parks for the neighbouring city areas. For other projects like the China Agricultural University Gymnasiumthe Paralympic Stadium in Beijing (2008), we shaped the building volume according to the context, with the intention to create good public space for students after the Games. In this case, we also worked on flexibility at the architectural level. The volume of the building could be easily reduced after the Games, which will lead to lower energy consumption and operating costs, therefore it could be used more frequently for students. Furthermore, some functions of the building related to the Games could be replaced, for better use in the university. Similar approaches were used in other practices, e.g. the Olympic Badminton Stadium in Beijing University of Technology. Another example is the design of SCUT Stadium, one of the stadiums of Asian Games 2010. We considered natural ventilation as an essential principle in the design, which reduced energy costs in the context of subtropical weather in Guangzhou.

亚洲城市由于发展迅速，新建的大型结构常常出现在老城区，极大地影响和改变着这些城市。例如日本国家体育馆国际竞赛中标方案是由扎哈·哈迪德设计的一座超大型建筑，引起了日本广大民众的反对。如何能够成功地将大型结构引入并且改变我们逐渐老化的城市？回顾历史，无论西方还是东亚城市都建立了自己的城市规划与设计方法，用以整合大型标志性建筑和周边已有的城市肌理。大型建筑被用于复兴城市中心区，创造新的就业机会，同时从空间上连接周边小尺度的街区。受到这些历史城市的启发，我们的实践团队在做大型体育建筑设计的时候通常会考虑建筑与城市设计的结合。在某些项目的设计中，我们将体育馆放在临近已有城市肌理的位置，而将绿色空间尽可能地保留在场地中央，作为周边城市地区的公园来使用。在另外一些项目中，例如中国农业大学体育馆 ( 北京 2008 年残奥会场馆 )，我们是根据周边建成环境来塑造建筑体量的，目的在于为大学生创造在赛后使用的良好的公共空间。在这一项目中，我们也探索了建筑尺度的空间灵活性。奥运会结束以后，该建筑的体量可以很容易地被缩小，从而减少能源消耗和日常维护费用，更多地为学生所用。此外，该建筑与奥运赛事相关的一些功能在赛后可以被替换，从而能够使建筑更好地服务于大学。类似的方法在其它项目中也有所运用，例如北京工业大学的奥运会羽毛球馆。另外一个案例是华南理工大学体育馆，2010 年亚运会场馆之一。在这一项目中，我们将自然通风作为一项重要的设计原则，在广州的亚热带气候条件下降低了能源成本。

As seen from these examples, urban design and architectural design are the two interlinked dimensions of our work. We seek to ensure that large structures are recognised as iconic buildings, while at the same time contribute in positive ways to the surrounding urban fabric, in terms of functions, jobs, public spaces and amenity. With such an approach, we have had success in competitions, like the Jiangmen Sports Center. We believe that by linking design at different scales, we can help cities to incorporate large structures more sustainably and deal more effectively with problems related to ageing of the physical environment.

从这些案例可以看出，城市设计和建筑设计是我们工作中密切相关的两个方面。我们希望确保大型结构作为标志性建筑的辨识度，同时对周边城市肌理作出积极正面的贡献，主要是在城市功能，就业机会，公共空间和环境舒适性等方面。通过这样一种方法，我们在过去的一些竞赛中获得了成功，例如江门体育中心项目。我们相信，通过连接不同尺度的设计，我们可以帮助城市以更可持续的方式引入大型结构，以更有效的方式应对与城市物质环境老化相关的种种问题。

Figure 1, 2, 3. China Agricultural University Gymnasium- the Paralympic Stadium3 in Beijing (2008) 图 1，2，3. 中国农业大学体育馆 - 北京 2008 年残奥会场馆

Computational Design for Sports Buildings 体育建筑的计算式设计 Michela Turrin Assistant Professor at Chair of Design Informatics Faculty of Architecture and the Built Environment, TU Delft Email: M.Turrin@tudelft.nl

Sports buildings are a great design opportunity but also present challenging tasks in meeting their special performance-requirements. The transformation of ageing sports facilities and creation of more sustainable venues faces many challenges. Structural performance must cope with the large spans, and climate control must deal with distribution of daylight, temperatures, humidity and airflows in very large volumes. The functional organization is challenging in relation to logistics for large events and to guarantee continuity of use over time. Sports buildings designed for large events face also well-known challenges in planning for their post-event use and longterm sustainability. Focusing on these interdisciplinary challenges, a group of researchers at the Department of Architectural Technology + Engineering of TU Delft and at the School of Architecture of SCUT are investigating the role of parametric modelling, performance simulations and computational optimization in enhancing the integration between architectural and engineering design. The general approach suggests the use of engineering performance to trigger creativity and innovation in conceptual design. This approach contrasts with postengineering processes, in which technical performances are considered in the late stages of design and tailored to preconceived architectural solutions. Computational methods support this approach. Specifically, parametric design is used for geometric modelling. Simulation software and numeric analysis are used for estimating the performance of design alternatives. Computational optimization is used to support the identification of well performing design solutions. The large set of data generated during the optimization is analysed, by looking also at sub-optimal solutions. These solutions may contain information relevant for the decision-making process of the specific design; as well as for extracting knowledge that can be used again in future designs.

体育建筑设计前景广阔，但同时也因其特殊的性能要求而充满挑战。这些挑战来自于改造陈旧的体育设施和建设可持续性更高的场馆。在体育建筑巨大的体量下，结构性能必须满足大跨度的要求，气候控制必须处理好日光、温度、湿度和气流的分布。功能组织在满足大型赛事要求和保证日后持续使用方面正面临挑战。专门为大型体育赛事设计的场馆同样面临规划上的挑战，尤其是赛后的使用和长期的可持续性。面对这些交叉学科的挑战，一个由代尔夫特理工大学建筑技术工程系和华南理工大学建筑学院所组成的研究团队，正在探索参数化建模、性能仿真以及计算优化在整合建筑设计和工程设计方面的作用。研究的总体方法是：在计算式设计（Computational design）过程中，以工程性能激发创造力与创新性。计算式方法可支持此种模式。这与在设计的后期阶段才针对已有建筑方案考虑技术性能的“后工程处理”（post-engineering processes）在思路上完全相反。具体来说，参数化设计用于几何建模；仿真软件和数值分析用于预估设计方案的性能。计算优化用于支持对性能优良设计方案的确定。通过对次优方案的重视，在优化过程中生成的大量数据得到分析。从这些次优方案中，既可能得到针对具体设计决策过程的有重要意义的信息，也可能提取到在未来的设计中可重复使用的重要知识。

Figure 1. Wuhu City Natatorium

As part of this overall framework, various specific aspects are being developed. As an example, a China Scholarship Council (CSC) funded doctoral research project (framed in the SCUTTUDelft agreement for double PhD degrees) is on-going. Ding Yang, a PhD candidate under joint supervision by the two universities, focuses on multi-objective and multidisciplinary design optimization for envelopes of sports buildings. Multiobjective optimization helps in the making of decisions regarding several design objectives, often conflicting. Multidisciplinary design optimization allows the replacement of sequential optimization processes by concurrent processes on multiple engineering disciplines while maintaining discipline autonomy. The research project aims at fine-tuning these potentials in relation to the specific design complexity of envelopes for energy-efficient sport buildings. The overall research is co-funded by USE, joint research Centre SCUT-TU Delft on Urban Systems & Environment; it includes collaborations with practice, among which the one with Yimin Sun Studio is on-going. It received an in-kind contribution by ESTECO for the use of an optimization platform named modeFrontier. It is co-funded by the Sports Engineering Institute at TU Delft, which supports interdisciplinary links between (toplevel) sports and technology.

这个总体框架包括正在发展的各个具体方面。例如，一个由中国国家留学基金管理委员会（CSC）资助的博士研究项目，正在华南理工大学与代尔夫特理工大学协议双博士学位的框架下展开。由两校联合培养的博士生杨定，正着重针对体育建筑围护结构进行多目标、多学科的计算设计优化研究。多目标优化有助于对几个相互冲突的设计目标作出决策。而多学科优化则支持在多个工程学科之间以并行优化过程代替串行优化，同时保持学科自主性。该研究项目旨在探索体育建筑围护结构具体设计的复杂性在节能方面的潜能。整个研究由华南理工大学与代尔夫特理工大学联合成立的“城市系统与环境联合研究中心” （USE）共同资助，它包括了与华南理工大学孙一民工作室在实践上的合作。另外，ESTECO 公司在 modeFrontier 优化平台的使用上提供了赞助。同时，该项目还得到了代尔夫特理工大学体育工程研究所的联合资助，该研究所主要支持研究（顶级）体育和技术之间跨学科的联系。

Figure 2. Wuhu City Natatorium

Figure 3. Wuhu City Natatorium

More than Infrastructure Hubs the challenges for railway stations in transforming Chinese cities 超越基础设施的交通枢纽

火车站在中国城市变迁中所面临的挑战

Roberto Cavallo Associate Professor Faculty of Architecture and the Built Environment, TU Delft Email: R.Cavallo@tudelft.nl

Contemporary cities are becoming increasingly complex. Globalization, individualization and decentralization, have remarkable influence on the way our cities develop and transform. In this framework, particularly projects connected with pivotal infrastructure nodes deserve special attention. The constantly increasing need for mobility makes the mutual synchronization between the development of infrastructure nodes with the transformation of their surrounding areas a crucial matter within the fields of architecture, planning and urban design. Particularly observing the case of growing Asian cities, it is clear that a critical perspective is needed in order to find ways of bringing forward new urban configurations able to reflect urban conditions and society’s needs now and in the future. The focus is on the Chinese scene, where we can find remarkable examples as well as interesting controversial aspects. China is working on the largest high-speed railway network of the world and is busy with the planning and the realization of several new stations along with the refurbishment of existing ones. All this has already great impact on the mobility of people as for instance in the conspicuous reduction of travel time on several main railway routes throughout the country. On the other hand, due to the implementation and the realization of the highspeed project, the existing balance between infrastructure and city needs to be reconsidered in order to cope with its new dimensions and challenges. This is particularly the case of cities where a completely new high-speed railway hub has been realized or is under construction. Some interesting questions arise about their role as urban catalysts as well as their impact on the future of existing (and usually centrally located) railway stations.

当代城市正在变得越来越复杂。全球化，个性化和空间上的扩散对城市的发展和演变影响巨大。在这样的背景下，与基础设施关键节点相关的项目值得特别关注。由于对流动性需求的不断增加，基础设施节点与其周边地区的转型发展之间的相互同步成为建筑、规划和城市设计领域内的关键问题。特别针对不断扩张的亚洲城市，我们需要一个批判的观点来促发新的城市结构，以应对现在和未来的城市环境和社会需求。聚焦中国，我们发现了值得关注的案例，以及有趣且有争议的课题。中国正在建设世界上最大的高铁网络，规划和设计新的火车站点，与此同时也在对原有车站进行更新。这些项目已经对人的流动性产生了巨大影响，比如在国内一些主要的铁路干线上，车站间的运营时间明显缩短了。另一方面，由于高铁项目的实施，现有的基础设施和城市需求之间的平衡需要被重新定义，以面对新的挑战。这个问题对于全新的高铁车站或正在建设的车站尤为重要。随之而来我们可以讨论一系列有趣的问题，比如探讨高铁站如何作为城市触媒带动周边地区发展，和对城市中心既有车站的影响力等。这项研究的主要目的是理解并讨论建筑和城市设计在复杂的建筑项目中可能发挥的作用。在了解建设新的铁路枢纽和更新现有车站必要性的前提下，关键问题是我们如何预判和应对这些项目带来的问题和挑战？如何实现复杂的城市项目与当地环境之间的平衡 - 这种平衡不仅体现在空间上，而且对建筑和城市设计学科也有重要意义。基于此，这个研究课题提出了针对上述问题的有趣观点，这对博士研究和设计教学都有重要意义。除了学术目标以外，这项探索对与市场相关的单位和组织同样具有价值。

The main objective of our research is to acquire knowledge and contribute to the discussion about the significance and the role of architectural and urban design in the realization of complex building assignments. Knowing that there will be the necessity of building new railway hubs and/or transforming the existing ones, an important question would be: how can we possibly anticipate and adequately react on the problems and challenges posed by these interventions? How we can achieve a balance between complex urban projects and their context â&#x20AC;&#x201C; and not only in spatial terms - is an increasingly important matter for disciplines as architecture and urban design. In this respect the research is bringing forward interesting perspectives on the matter, very fruitful for some PhD candidates and certainly suitable as background or framework for design studios. Next to the more academic targets, the outcome of this investigation could be very useful for institutional and market related parties.

Figure1. Square at Guangzhou railway station

Figure2. the new Guangzhou south station

Figure3. Viaducts at Guangzhou railway station

Design of Educational Architecture under the Influence of Sunlight in South China 华南地区日照影响下的教育建筑设计

Prof. Yubo LIU 刘宇波教授 School of Architecture, SCUT Email: liuyubo@scut.edu.cn

Professor Liu is professor of Architecture at School of Architecture, South China University of Technology and head of the Department of Architecture since 2013; and senior research fellow of the State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Building Science. Three designers have deeply influenced the form of the Chinese education campus: Henry Murphy, Paul Cret and Xia Changshi. Henry Murphy was invited to China by the ecclesia and designed lots of famous Chinese university buildings in traditional Chinese style. Paul Cret has deeply influenced Chinese architectural education over 100 years and even today there are many Chinese university buildings that follow his design. Professor Xia who was the tutor of Professor Liu’s tutor, Professor He Jingtang, paid more attention to the local climate in South China and designed many kinds of sun shades or visors, some of which are now used by Professor Liu who was a student of Xia.

Figure 1. The campus buildings in professor Liu’s design 图 1. 刘教授规划设计的校园建筑

刘宇波老师是华南理工大学建筑学院的教授， 2013 年起任建筑系主任。他同时兼任亚热带建筑科学国家重点实验室的固定研究人员。他最近的研究关注通过建筑设计提高自然采光和自然通风的可能性。相关的研究结果也反映在他在华南理工大学的教学和职业实践上面。刘教授的报告提到了三个深深地影响了中国校园建设的建筑师，他们是亨利墨菲、保罗克瑞和夏昌世。亨利墨菲被教会邀请来到中国，设计建成了中国第一批大学校园。保罗克瑞极大地影响了中国的建筑教育，直到今天中国的很多校园建筑还是在按照保罗克瑞 100 年前的设计方式在设计。夏昌世教授则是刘教授导师的导师。他关注中国南方的地域气候，设计了各种各样的遮阳板，很多探索一直延续到刘教授今天的设计实践中。

The National Natural Science Foundation is supporting research at South China University of Technology on a study of the Sustainable Design of Architectural Multi-layer Composite Facades based around the Lingnan Climatic Conditions. In this research, Professor Liu takes multi-layered composite façades as a special kind of sun shade which can also be used in the updating of older buildings in ageing cities. For example, the design of the Guangzhou Museum of Urban Planning, a 80,000 m2 cultural facility, uses specially designed multi-layer composite surfaces to create distinctive natural daylighting of the interior environment. Other research at South China University of Technology also supported by the National Natural Science Foundation concerns the ‘Sustainable Design of Primary and Secondary School Educational Buildings in Canton Based on Environmental Improvement Using Natural Light’. In south China, the specific angle of sunlight on windows and walls does not always provide a good light environment, so artificial lighting is used even in sunny days. In this context the lack of natural sunlight may do harm to children’s health, so alternatives have been proposed by Professor Liu. They propose the use of shaded skylights in primary and secondary school, which promises to lead to a new form design of educational buildings. 刘教授主持的一个主要研究项目是国家自然科学基金支持的《基于岭

Figure 2. The sun visors used in professor Liu’s design 图 2. 刘教授设计实践中运用的遮阳板

南地区气候条件的建筑多层复合表皮可持续设计研究》。在这项研究中，刘教授认为建筑物的多层复合表皮可以看作是遮阳板的一种特殊形式 , 也是一种在“成熟城市”中进行旧建筑改造的常用手法。在刘教授设计的广州市重要文化设施——广州城市规划展览中心中，特殊设计的多层复合表皮形成了展览空间需要的室内微光环境，也形成了富有特色的建筑形象。刘教授还介绍了他最近的研究，同样是中国国家自然科学基金资助的研究项目《基于自然光环境改善的岭南地区中小学校教育建筑可持续设计研究》。在中国南方，由于特殊的太阳入射角，侧窗采光往往会造成近窗区域的照度过强和房间内部的照度不足，这又往往会导致在大白天挂窗帘并使用人工照明。众所周知，缺乏阳光照射对孩子们的成长不利。现在刘教授的研究重点关注有遮蔽的天窗对上述问题的改善，尤其在中小学校的设计中。这也会导致教育建筑出现新的形式。

Figure 4. The design of nansha child’s palace which try to use much shaded skylight 图 4. 尝试运用更多天窗采光的广州南沙少年宫设计方案

Figure 3. Multi-layer Composite façade of the Guangzhou Museum of Urban Planning 图 3. 广州城市规划展览馆的多层复合表皮