SP's Aviation 3/2023

PUBLISHER AND EDITOR-IN-CHIEF

Jayant Baranwal

DEPUTY MANAGING EDITOR

Neetu Dhulia

PRINCIPAL CORRESPONDENT

Ayushee Chaudhary

CONTRIBUTORS

India:

Air Marshal Anil Chopra (Retd)

Group Captain Joseph Noronha (Retd)

Europe: Alan Peaford

USA & Canada: LeRoy Cook

CHAIRMAN & MANAGING DIRECTOR

Jayant Baranwal

PLANNING & BUSINESS DEVELOPMENT

Executive Vice President: Rohit Goel

MANAGER – HR & ADMIN

Bharti Sharma

DEPUTY MANAGER – CIRCULATION

Rimpy Nischal

GROUP RESEARCH ASSOCIATE

Survi Massey

RESEARCH ASSISTANT

Sarthak Baranwal

DESIGN

Holistic Directions: Jayant Baranwal

Sr. Designer: Vimlesh Kumar Yadav, Designer: Sonu S. Bisht

GROUP DIRECTOR – SALES & MARKETING

Neetu Dhulia

DEPUTY DIRECTOR – SALES

Rajeev Chugh

SP’S WEBSITES

Sr Web Developer: Shailendra P. Ashish

Web Developer: Ugrashen Vishwakarma

© SP Guide Publications, 2023

Subscription/Circulation

Annual Inland: `1,200 • Foreign: US$320

E-mail: subscribe@spguidepublications.com subscribe@sps-aviation.com

LETTER TO EDITOR editor@sps-aviation.com; expert@sps-aviation.com

For Advertising details, contact: neetu@spguidepublications.com rajeev.chugh@spguidepublications.com

SP GUIDE PUBLICATIONS PVT LTD

A-133 Arjun Nagar, (Opposite Defence Colony) New Delhi 110003, India.

Tel: +91 (11) 24644693, 24644763, 24658322

Fax: +91 (11) 24647093

E-mail: info@spguidepublications.com

Representative Office

MOSCOW, RUSSIA LAGUK Co., Ltd., (Yuri Laskin)

Krasnokholmskaya, Nab.

11/15, app. 132, Moscow 115172, Russia.

Tel: +7 (495) 911 2762

Fax: +7 (495) 912 1260

MEMBER / PARTNER OF

The presence of Prime Minister Narendra Modi at Aero India 2023 demonstrates Government’s determination to achieve self-reliance and reinforces its pledge to bolster the Aerospace and Defence sector in India

(Cover Photo: PIB)

COVER DESIGN BY: SP’s Team

2

The 14th edition of the biennial air show of India, the Aero India 2023 was held in Bengaluru from February 13-17. The air show showcased India’s growing capabilities in the aerospace and defence sector and provided an opportunity for Indian manufacturers to display their capabilities and forge partnerships with international manufacturers. According to the Ministry of Defence, the event attracted about 98 countries, 32 Defence Ministers, 29 Air Chiefs, and 73 CEOs of various Indian and international defence manufacturers, as well as MSMEs and startups. Additionally, the breathtaking air show took over the Bengaluru sky and caught the crowd’s attention who marvelled at the fighter jets, helicopters, aerobatic aircraft and drones maneuvering in the sky along with a wide spectrum of displays and exciting deals, launches that took place. The show strengthened India’s position of its advancement towards becoming a global defence manufacturing hub as well as the largest growing aviation market. A detailed show report has been included in this edition.

Continuing the fervour of India’s geopolitical standing strengthening globally, this issue covers the visits of the Italian and Japanese Prime Ministers to India during March 2023. In his report, Lt General P.C. Katoch (Retd) covers how India’s partnership with Italy is now seeing sunny days, after a turbulent past, and the defence relationship between the two countries is all set to grown significantly. In another article, Ranjit Kumar talks about India-Japan Bilateral Strategic relations as one of the success stories of Indian diplomacy in the first two decades of the 21st century. In the changing geopolitical dynamics this unique bilateral partnership, named a special strategic global partnership, is tilting the strategic balance in the Indo-Pacific.

Apart from strategic cooperations with foreign countries, this edition also highlights the status of the Indian Air Force (IAF) and where it needs to strengthen itself. Joseph Noronha analyses the IAF fighter fleet after the Rafale induction and the possible additions going forward as the fighter fleet of the IAF

continues to evolve. The report highlights that in the mediumto-long term, the entire IAF fighter fleet needs to change over to 4.5 and fifth-generation aircraft.

Even the civil aviation industry in India is on a roll with fleet exploration and expansion. According to CAPA, Indian airlines are set to put orders for up to 1,700 planes within the next two years. Air India, IndiGo, Akasa Air, Go First, and Vistara have together placed orders for at least 1,115 planes. The largest order that caught all eyes and ears is the most recent one by Air India that is in its transition phase. Air India’s acquisition of 470 wide-body and narrow-body aircraft is valued at $70 billion. The joint order from Boeing and Airbus is the largest ever placed by any airline. A detailed report by Ayushee Chaudhary is part of this issue.

Alongside aircraft, the issue also throws light on the carrier’s engine orders from GE, CFM, and Rolls Royce, with the largest being of over 800 CFM Leap Engines. Further expanding on the capabilities of the CFM engines, Joseph Noronha writes on the track record of delivering high-quality engines like the CFM56 and the LEAP-1.

All this and more in this issue of SP’s Aviation. Welcome aboard and we wish you many happy landings!

The inauguration of Aero India 2023 by Prime Minister Narendra Modi is a clear indication of the Indian Government’s strong support for the development of the Aerospace and Defence sector, its commitment to promoting indigenous manufacturing and also significantly boost Defence exports

JAYANT BARANWAL PUBLISHER & EDITOR-IN-CHIEF

NEED FOR DEFENCE INDUSTRIES TO JOIN HANDS

During his official talks with the Japanese Prime Minister, the Indian Prime Minister talked of the mantra of co-innovation, co-design and co-creation for a deeper and mutually beneficial defence cooperation

By RANJIT KUMAR

Deepening of India-Japan bilateral strategic relations is one of the success stories of Indian diplomacy in the first two decades of the 21st century, which the world is watching closely. The strategic bonhomie, developed over last two decades, is creating ripples in the Indo-Pacific waters. The latest visit of Japanese Prime Minister Fumio Kishida on March 20-21, 2023 has further given a new momentum to bilateral defence, security and diplomatic relations. The cordial but low key relations during the second half of previous century has now evolved into a close ally like partnership. The two countries, equally

impacted by the aggressive and expansionist Chinese behaviour are formulating joint strategies to counter the threats posed to them and are a part of a grand alliance of four democracies called QUAD.

The latest visit of Prime Minister Kishida has reaffirmed the resolve to not only move forward bilaterally but multilaterally also to jointly protect their national interests. In the changing geopolitical dynamics this unique bilateral partnership called the special strategic global partnership is tilting the strategic balance in the Indo-Pacific region.

JAPANESE PRIME MINISTER FUMIO KISHIDA MEETING WITH INDIAN PRIME MINISTER NARENDRA MODI ON MARCH 20, 2023

One of the by-product of this deepening strategic understanding is extensive exchange between the defence forces of the two nations. The level and scope of bilateral defence relations now encompasses joint maritime exercises, joint army exercises and for the first time the two air forces together conducted fighter exercises. Thus, the military interaction assumed a significant new dimension, when last January the two air forces conducted first ever joint air exercise. This reflects growing security cooperation between two countries. The inaugural air exercise included the conduct of various aerial combat drills between two air forces. This was another landmark step in deepening strategic ties and closer defence cooperation. The two air forces undertook multi domain air combat missions in a complex environment. During the exercise both forces learnt from each other their best practices. According to an official of Indian defence ministry the joint air exercise “Veer Guardian” will fortify the longstanding bond of friendship and enhance the avenues of defence cooperation between the two Air Forces.

Under the directions of the 2+2 dialogue of the defence and foreign ministers, the two countries have expanded the scope of their bilateral defence ties. However, the missing link in India-Japan defence relations is the defence industry cooperation. The technology rich Japan and human resources rich India has much to offer to each other for fruitful cooperation in defence industry not only for each other’s armed forces but for international export also. In the backdrop of increasing Chinese aggression, from land to the sea, not only India but Japan also needs to beef up their armed forces. Japan which calls its armed forces as self-defence forces is now looking outwards to protect it’s strategic and security interests. Hence it was natural for the two prime ministers, Kishida and Modi to discuss ways and means to strengthen cooperation between defence industries of the two nations. During his official talks

with the Japanese Prime Minister the Indian Prime Minister talked of the mantra of co-innovation, co-design and co-creation for a deeper and mutually beneficial defence cooperation. Defence industry experts are of the opinion that India and Japan could cooperate in the field of next generation warfare equipment and systems. Since both India and Japan missed the bus of fourth generation warfare systems as for platforms like advanced fighter planes, howitzers and advanced missiles, both are till now dependent on friendly defence partners, India and Japan could match their resources to take a lead in the fifth-generation warfare systems.

With this aim, during the 2+2 dialogue last September, Indian Defence Minister Rajnath Singh reviewed various aspects of bilateral defence cooperation. Rajnath Singh along with his Japanese counterpart Yasukaza Hamada acknowledged the importance of bilateral defence cooperation and partnership and the critical role it will play in ensuring free, open and rulesbased Indo-Pacific region.

Since India Japan relations are also driven by security issues facing democracies in the Indo-Pacific region, both the countries have taken several initiatives to deepen cooperation in various field. Presently five initiatives are in progress. They are:

• Agreement concerning defence equipment and technology transfer.

• Joint working group on defence equipment and technology cooperation (JWG-DETC)

• Cooperative research on Augmentation Technology for Unguided Vehicles (UGV)/robotics

• Japan India cyber dialogue to review policy and strategic planning for security

• MoU regarding space cooperation for surveillance and situational awareness

The two countries have also entered into a very significant agreement to enable reciprocal provision of supplies and ser-

PRIME MINISTER NARENDRA MODI ATTENDS DELEGATION LEVEL TALKS WITH THE PRIME MINISTER OF JAPAN FUMIO KISHIDA AT HYDERABAD HOUSE, IN NEW DELHI ON MARCH 20, 2023

vices between two militaries. The agreement known as The Acquisition and Cross Services Agreement (ACSA) between Japan’s Self Defence Forces and Indian military, signed in September, 2020, will drive closer military cooperation and contribute to security in the Indo-Pacific.

Since Japan is revising its national security strategy to stimulate the industrial base and focus on emerging technologies and India has recently opened its private sector for defence industries, both countries can align their policies and plans to bring them together. This will build trust and mutually beneficial partnership. The challenge is to provide a congenial ecosystem for them to work together.

The bilateral relations began an upward trajectory from the beginning of this century, when the then Japanese Prime Minister Yoshiro Mori visited India and established a very unique Global Partnership between India and Japan. In fact democratic values and respect for human rights and belief in rule of law in International domain brought the two countries further together. As both the Asian giants are facing a challenge and threat to territorial integrity from China, they find a common interest to work together. But China is not the only uniting factor between India and Japan. The deepening friendship between world’s biggest democracy and most prosperous, technologically advanced nation is because of common interests they want to pursue for mutual economic development, peace, security and stability in the Indo-Pacific region. To jointly work towards this, India and Japan began the tradition of holding annual summits in 2005, with the visit of the then Prime Minister Junichiro Koizumi, which is not only continuing till date, but also expanded the level of political interaction with the initiation of 2+2 dialogue in 2019 comprising of foreign and defence ministers of two countries. In Japan, there is bipartisan support for strengthening strategic and economic relations with India, hence the ties have evolved and matured

so fast. When the then Prime Minister Manmohan Singh paid a return visit to Japan for annual summit, the relationship was elevated as “Global and Strategic Partnership” And in 2014, when Prime Minister Narendra Modi visited Japan for the annual summit, the then Japanese PM Shinzo Abe proposed the elevation of the relationship to “Special strategic and global partnership” and when Shinzo Abe visited India next year, the two countries resolved to transform the Japan India special strategic and global partnership into a deep broadbased and action oriented partnership which reflects a broad convergence of their long term political, economic and strategic goals.

Shinzo Abe and Modi, giving a further boost to this deepening relationship announced “Japan and India vision 2025 Special Strategic and Global partnership working together for Peace and Prosperity of the Indo-Pacific region and the world, that would serve as a guide post for the new era in Japan-India relations.”

In order to meaningfully transform the special strategic partnerships the two countries have been strengthening cooperation in security fields also. In 2008, when the then Prime Minister Manmohan Singh visited Japan, the two countries signed the Joint Declaration on security cooperation. To bring this cooperation to visible ground level, the two countries have initiated various framework of security and defence dialogue, which includes the annual defence ministerial dialogue. Under these framework the armed forces of two countries started interacting together through joint exercises and Staff level talks. Japan is also a participant in the four nation Malabar exercises, initially started between India and USA in 1992. Today the two countries have expanded their partnership in the multilateral groupings like G-4, G-20 etc. Japan is also associating India with G-7 through a special invite to Prime Minister Narendra Modi during the Tokyo G-7 summit in May, 2023. SP

DEFENCE MINISTER RAJNATH SINGH, FOREIGN MINISTER DR. S. JAISHANKAR, DEFENCE MINISTER OF JAPAN YASUKAZU HAMADA AND THE MINISTER OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS YOSHIMASA HAYASHI AT THE JOINT PRESS STATEMENT AFTER THE INDIA-JAPAN 2+2 MINISTERIAL DIALOGUE, IN TOKYO

PROMOTING DEFENCE COOPERATION

This was

Italian Prime Minister

Meloni’s first visit to

India

during which she

was accompanied by Italy’s Deputy Prime Minister and Foreign Minister Antonio Tajani and a high-powered business delegation

By LT GENERAL P.C. KATOCH (RETD)

Italy’s Prime Minister Giorgia Meloni visited India from March 2 to 4, 2023 at a time when India and Italy are celebrating 75 years of establishment of diplomatic relations this year. At the age of 46, Meloni is the first woman Prime Minister of Italy. She led the ‘Brothers of Italy’ (Fdl) political party since 2014 and has been the President of the European Conservatives and Reformists Party since 2020. This was Meloni’s first visit to India during which she was accompanied by Italy’s Deputy Prime Minister and Foreign Minister Antonio Tajani and a highpowered business delegation.

PM Meloni held bilateral discussions with Prime Minister Narendra Modi, called on President Draupadi Murmu and was the Chief Guest and Keynote Speaker at the eighth Raisina Dialogue, a conference on geopolitics and geo-economics co-organised by the Ministry of External Affairs. A business roundtable

was also held, which was co-chaired by Tajani and India’s Commerce Minister Piyush Goyal.

Political relations between India and Italy were established in 1947. The two countries enjoy cordial relationship. There has been a regular exchange of visits at political and official levels between both countries. In November 2020, Prime Minister Modi and his then Italian counterpart Giuseppe Conte held a virtual summit to strengthen security and defence cooperation, work towards closer economic ties, enhance the opportunity for the mobility of talent, and give strategic guidance to ongoing collaboration in science and technology. The Action Plan 202024 set an ambitious agenda for an enhanced Partnership with Italy, to whose full implementation both countries remain committed. Prime Minister Modi visited Rome in October 2021. During his visit an energy transition and renewable energy partner-

PRIME MINISTER NARENDRA MODI ATTENDS DELEGATION LEVEL TALKS WITH THE ITALIAN PRIME MINISTER GIORGIA MELONI AT HYDERABAD HOUSE, IN NEW DELHI ON MARCH 2, 2023

BI-LATERAL INDIA-ITALY

ship was launched between the two countries.

In July 2021, General M.M. Naravane, then Chief of Army Staff, visited Italy. This visit took place after 14 years and at the Service Chief level this interaction was after more than a decade. At Cassino, Naravane dedicated the India Army Memorial to the 50,000 Indian soldiers who had fought for the liberation of Italy during World War II. An existing track was also renamed ‘Roorkee Road’. The Italian Defence Minister expressed the desire to reboot the defence relations with India.

The bilateral meeting by Italian Prime Minister Giorgia Meloni with Prime Minister Narendra Modi on March 2, 2023 has given a fillip to India-Italy relations. During this meeting, both leaders exchanged views were on bilateral, regional and international issues of mutual interest. They held broad discussions on bilateral cooperation, including political and security cooperation, defence, trade and connectivity, energy security and transition, the green economy, culture and people-to-people relations. It was acknowledged that both leaders underscored their firm commitment to democracy, freedom, human rights and rule of law as key values in promoting peace, stability and development.

The two Prime Ministers welcomed the steady deepening of defence cooperation between the two countries in the last two years, underscoring the need to further enhance mutual engagement in this field. Both agreed on the potential for defence equipment co-development and co-production in India. Modi invited Italian defence companies to actively participate under the ‘Make in India’ initiative. A series of bilateral agreements, including a memorandum of understanding (MoU) on defence cooperation, were signed, elevating India-Italy relations to a ‘Strategic Partnership’.

Both leaders expressed the intention to further advance cooperation in the spheres of economy, technology, space, energy security and transition, infrastructure, pharmaceuticals, food processing, education, and research and development. Positive impacts are expected from the new MoU on industrial property rights. Italy and India have called for the cessation of hostilities and expressed their serious concern about the humanitarian crisis in Ukraine. Both leaders discussed the destabilising effect of the conflict and its broader regional and global implications, plus the supply chain disruptions due to global developments.

Both leaders condemned terrorism in all its forms and manifestations and affirmed the need to strengthen cooperation between the two countries in the fight against global terrorism. India and Italy maintain a Joint Working Group on counterterrorism. The two leaders also agreed to expand cooperation in the field of space and establishing a bilateral cyber dialogue. After the bilateral meeting, PM Modi said, “Today, we’re announcing the establishment of a ‘Start Up Bridge’ between

India and Italy. We welcome this. There is one more sector wherein both the countries are beginning a new chapter, that is - defence cooperation.”

PM Modi expressed appreciation for Italy coming on board the Science, Technology and Academic Cooperation Pillar of the Indo-Pacific Ocean Initiative (IPOI). Addressing a joint press conference with Prime Minister Narendra Modi, Meloni said that India as president of G20 may play a central role in facilitating the negotiation process for cessation of hostilities for “just peace” in Ukraine. She added that Italy aimed to strengthen its partnership with India on defence and energy security, as well as cyber security and other areas. Meloni said Italy wants to further boost relations with India which is why both countries have decided to turn the partnership into a strategic partnership.

Meloni also said that India can very well, in terms of leadership, represent the requirements of the countries of the Global South. Referring to the trade ties with India, Meloni said it has touched a record figure of almost Euro 15 billion. She further stated that her government is planning to project intense activism in the Mediterranean Sea, which is connected to the Indo-Pacific.

The elevation of India-Italy cooperation to ‘Strategic Partnership’ is good for both the nations, India-EU partnership, as well as the Indo-Pacific. Italy is founding member of both the European Union and the NATO. India and Italy can now work more intimately in implementing the India-EU Connectivity Partnership, and cooperation in facilitating the ongoing negotiations for an India-EU Free Trade Agreement. Both nations have now identified the need for more cooperation in the strategic sectors of defence, space, cyber and sea. Work will now begin to identify specific areas of partnership in each of these domains. The India-Italy ‘Start Up Bridge’ will benefit both ‘Make in India’ and ‘Make in Italy’. Italy’s weapon exports in 2021 stood at Euro 4.7 billion. SP

PRIME MINISTER NARENDRA MODI ATTENDS THE CEREMONIAL RECEPTION OF THE ITALIAN PRIME MINISTER GIORGIA MELONI IN NEW DELHI ON MARCH 2, 2023

INDIA’S FAST GROWING ‘AEROSPACE & DEFENCE ECOSYSTEM’ SHOWCASED

Aero India 2023 proved to be a hotspot for national and international defence and aerospace industry, significant discussions and a display of the global aerospace prowess

By AYUSHEE CHAUDHARY

Aero India 2023, the largest event of its kind in India, was inaugurated by Prime Minister Narendra Modi on February 13. According to the statistics shared by the Ministry of Defence, the event showcased India’s growth in aerospace and defence capabilities, attracting 98 countries, 32 Defence Ministers, 29 Air Chiefs, and 73 CEOs of various Indian and international defence manufacturers, as well as MSMEs and startups. Exhibitors included Airbus, Boeing, Dassault Aviation, Lockheed Martin, Leonardo, Rolls-Royce, BrahMos Aerospace, and more. The focus of the event was on displaying indigenous equipment/technologies and forging partnerships with foreign companies, in line with the ‘Make in India, Make for the World’ vision. The show promoted the export of indigenous air platforms and showcased breathtaking air shows.

“When the country moves forward with new thinking, new approach, then its systems also start changing according to the new thinking”, said the Prime Minister while inaugurating Aero India 2023. He highlighted the event to be a reflection of the changing approach of New India. He stated that Aero India is no longer ‘just a show’ and a window to ‘sell to India’, rather today, Aero India is India’s strength that showcases the scope of the defence industry and the self-confidence of India.

Underlining the ambitions of India’s self reliant defence hub, he highlighted that the nation which used to be the largest defence importer for decades has now started exporting defence equipment to 75 countries in the world. Referring to the transfor-

mation of the defence sector in the last 8-9 years, the Prime Minister said that the aim is to take defence exports from 1.5 billion to 5 billion by 2024-25. “From here India will take rapid strides to be included among the largest defence manufacturing countries and our private sector and investors will play a big role in that”, the Prime Minister said.

Defence Minister Rajnath Singh asserted that India has become a promising manufacturing destination due to its business-friendly environment and cost-competitiveness. “India has become the fifth largest economy in the world due to the vision and is well on course to become the third largest economy in the next 4-5 years. India’s G-20 presidency this year is also a reflection of India’s growing stature on the international platforms,” he said.

The Prime Minister also inaugurated the India Pavilion and went through the displays showcasing India’s indigenous defence prowess and interacted with the CEOs present at the pavilion. An Ambassadors’ Roundtable conference, a CEO’s Round Table, Manthan Start-up event and featured displays of Artificial Intelligence, Radars, Drones, cyber-tech and other emerging areas were also a part of the event.

DEALS & LAUNCHES

The Bandhan event, held on February 15, saw the commencement of 266 partnerships, including 201 MoUs, 53 major announcements, nine product launches and three Transfer of Technology, worth around ` 80,000 crore. Some of the products launched during the event included Vertically

The event saw the debut of the US Air Force’s F-35A Lightning II and F-35A Joint Strike Fighter, alongside the presence of B-1B Lancers, the F-16 and F/A-18

(LEFT PAGE) PRIME MINISTER MODI AT THE INAUGURATION WATCHING THE FLY-PAST (TOP); HTT-40 TRAINER (BOTTOM LEFT) AND LCA TEJAS (BOTTOM RIGHT) HIGHLIGHTING THE FOCUS ON ATMANIRBHARTA DURING THE SHOW; (THIS PAGE) FIRST TIME: USAF F-35A 5TH GENERATION FIGHTER AIRCRAFT MAKING ITS DEBUT AT AERO INDIA.

Launch Short Range Surface-to-Air Missile (BDL), SAL Seeker ATGM for BMP II (BDL), and Jishnu (BDL), the indigenouslybuilt ‘Counter Drone Radar’ based on technology from DRDO (Astra Microwave Products Limited), 9-millimetre subsonic ammunition (Munitions India Limited), and Software-defined NAVIC/GPS receiver module based on indigenously-developed processors.

HAL signed a contract with the Argentinian Air Force (AAF) for spares and engine repair of legacy two-tonne class helicopters. Safran Helicopter Engines and HAL signed a workshare agreement for the joint development of the engine intended for the future 13-tonne Indian Multi-Role Helicopter (IMRH) and its naval version Deck Based Multi-Role Helicopter (DBMRH). Airbus and the Indian Institute of Science (IISc) in Bengaluru signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) to expand the country’s access to aerospace education and research.

The Defence Minister also launched the Ninth edition of Defence India Startup Challenges (DISC 9) on “Cybersecurity” with 28 problem statements, and the iDEX Investor Hub (iIH). More than 200 crores have already been pledged under iIH by leading Indian investors.

Speaking at the Start-Up Manthan, Defence Minister Rajnath Singh equated Start-ups with new energy, new commitment and new enthusiasm. Defence Innovation Organisation (DIO) also signed MoUs with leading investors at Manthan as well as with ISRO, IN-SPACe, and ISpA to further strengthen the Defence Space. Another MoU was signed with the Border

Roads Organisation (BRO) to potentially launch start-up challenges in the future. The fourth edition of Innovate4Defence internship (i4D) was also launched, inviting applications from students all over India. Defence Minister also released the Indian Army’s compendium of 110 Problem Statements for indigenous defence research, design, development and manufacturing ecosystem. The Problem Statements highlight Indian Army’s technological challenges and requirements in various domains ranging from Armament, Surveillance & Fire Control Systems to niche domains such as Artificial Intelligence, Blockchain, Metaverse, Robotics, Quantum Technology, Cyber, Smartisation of Ammunition etc. iDEX-DIO also signed its 200th contract with a winner of the Indian Navy Prime challenge launched under the SPRINT initiative.

THUNDERING DISPLAY

A fly past and a flying display were a part of the inaugural. From Sarang to Surya Kirans, LCH Prachand to LUH, Sukhoi to Rafale and MiG-29, ALH Rudra to LCA Tejas caught the attention and set the spirits high through various maneuvers and formations including the Tiranga formation by the Surya Kirans, Varuna, Arjun, Netra, Trishul and Gurukul formations.

This year’s elaborate flying display and outdoor display of aircraft at Aero India 2023 were the highlights of the event, drawing in crowds from all over the world. The five-day event showcased a wide range of aircraft, from fighter jets to helicopters, transport aircraft, and drones. The display was a visual

FIRST TIME: PARTICIPATION OF EMBRAER’S C-390 MILLENNIUM MULTI-MISSION TACTICAL AIR TRANSPORT AIRCRAFT AT THE SHOW

treat for the spectators, with the aircraft performing various maneuvers, including loops, rolls, and barrel rolls. The fighter jets, in particular, were a sight to behold, with their afterburners blazing and creating an impressive sonic boom. The spectators were treated to the sight of the Indian Air Force’s Tejas, Rafale, and Sukhoi-30 MKI fighter jets, as well as the F-35 Lightning II and F-16 Fighting Falcon from the United States, and Eurofighter Typhoon from the United Kingdom.

Another highlight on display were the drones that included the Rustom-2, a Medium Altitude Long Endurance (MALE) drone, and the Rustom-H, which is a High Altitude Long Endurance (HALE) drone. The drones showcased their surveillance capabilities, with live feeds being displayed on large screens during the flying display for the spectators to see.

The outdoor display of aircraft was equally impressive, with aircraft from various manufacturers on display including aircraft from Indian manufacturers like Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL), Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO), and BrahMos Aerospace, as well as international manufacturers like Airbus, Boeing, Dassault Aviation, Lockheed Martin, and Rolls-Royce. Apart from

the latest aircraft like the Airbus A380, Boeing 787 Dreamliner, and others, the latest in aviation technology, with displays of engines like the Rolls-Royce Trent XWB, avionics, and other components were also showcased. The outdoor display also included ground-based equipment like radars, missiles, and other defence systems. The Akash missile system, which is an indigenous surface-to-air missile system, and the BrahMos supersonic cruise missile, which is a joint venture between India and Russia were on display.

The event also saw the display of unmanned aerial systems (UAS) developed by Israel, showcasing the latest in UAS technology, including autonomous flight capabilities and advanced sensors.

Embraer showcased its C-390 Millennium military multimission tactical air transport aircraft, which made its Asia debut with the static display during Aero India 2023

GLORIOUS GLOBAL DISPLAYS

The United States Air Force’s newest fifth-generation fighters – the stealthy, supersonic, multirole F-35A Lightning II and F-35A Joint Strike Fighter –made their debut at Aero India 2023. Along with the F-35A, the presence of B-1B Lancers, the F-16 and F/A-18 attracted significant attention. The B-1B Lancers arrived in style on the second day of the show, turning heads. The B-1B Lancer carries the largest

GRABBING ATTENTION OF ALL AT THE SHOW WERE SU-30 MKI (LEFT); RAFALE (RIGHT TOP) AND THE US B-1B LANCER (RIGHT ABOVE)

conventional payload of both guided and unguided weapons in the US Air Force and is considered the backbone of America’s long-range bomber force. The B-1B had landed in India for the first time and conducted a fly-by on the inaugural day of Aero India 2021, escorted by an Indian Air Force Tejas fighter. The return of the long-range, supersonic, heavy bomber to India to participate in Aero India 2023 underscores the importance the United States places on the growing strategic partnership with India, read the US Embassy’s statement.

Embraer showcased its C-390 Millennium military multimission tactical air transport aircraft, which made its Asia debut with the static display during Aero India 2023. Complementing the C-390 Millennium’s presence at the show Embraer also offered a closer look at Embraer Defense & Security’s comprehensive portfolio and innovative solutions, which included the A-29 Super Tucano, the P600 AEW&C, and the radars & border surveillance solutions.

“We are proud to bring Embraer’s iconic C-390 Millennium to India for our guests to experience the true capabilities of this 21st-century military multi-mission aircraft. India is a key market for Embraer, and we are keen to establish partnerships in the country that can further boost India’s defence industries and capabilities. We look forward to engaging with India’s defence & aerospace ecosystem at this event,” said Bosco da Costa Junior, President & CEO, Embraer Defense & Security. The C-390 Millennium boasts of the ability to carry out a wide range of missions using the same platform, including Airto-Air (in-flight) Refueling (AAR) for fixed & rotary wing aircraft, airborne operations, troop & cargo transportation, humanitarian missions, medical evacuation, firefighting, and search & rescue, with simple and rapid reconfiguration between the different configurations using conversion kits and state-of-the-art built-in reconfigurable cargo floor systems. The aircraft was designed to operate on semi-prepared or damaged runways as well as in hostile environments, ranging from hot & humid to cold, dry conditions.

INDIA PAVILION

The India pavilion at Aero India 2023 was one of the major attractions of the event. The pavilion showcased India’s indigenous aerospace and defence technologies, as well as the ‘Make in India, Make for the World’ vision. The Pavilion had a new DefSpace section as well this year on how the space industry can align with the defence industry in India and bring about a further boost to India’s strengthening self-reliance defence capabilities. According to the official release, a total of about 115 companies displayed 227 products. The pavilion focused on the growth of India in developing an ecosystem for Fixed Wing platform which included the demonstration of various structural modules, simulators, systems (LRUs) etc of LCA-Tejas aircraft being produced by Private Partners. There was also a section for New Technologies and a UAV which gave an insight about the growth of India in each sector. The pavilion was divided into various sections, each showcasing different aspects of India’s capabilities in the aerospace and defence sector.

• The first section of the pavilion showcased India’s fighter aircraft, including the Tejas Light Combat Aircraft (LCA) and the Sukhoi-30 MKI. A full scale LCA-Tejas aircraft in Full Operational Capability (FOC) configuration was at the centre stage of India Pavilion. The Tejas LCA is a single-seat, single-engine, lightweight, high-agility, multi-role supersonic fighter jet, developed by Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL). The Sukhoi-30 MKI is a multirole fighter jet, jointly developed by HAL and Russia’s Sukhoi Design Bureau. The section showcased the various features of the aircraft, including their avionics, weapons systems, and capabilities.

• The second section of the pavilion showcased India’s transport aircraft, including the C-17 Globemaster III and the C-130J Super Hercules. The C-17 Globemaster III is a strategic airlifter, capable of carrying cargo and personnel over long distances. The C-130J Super Hercules is a tactical airlifter, capable of operating from unprepared runways. The section showcased the

The India pavilion showcased India’s indigenous aerospace and defence technologies, as well as the ‘Make in India, Make for the World’ vision

(LEFT) A UNIQUE PERSPECTIVE OF BOEING F/A-18 ON STATIC DISPLAY (RIGHT) NETRA AEW&C ON AN EMBRAER PLATFORM

DEFENCE MINISTER’S CONCLAVE

Defence Minister Rajnath Singh hosted the Defence & Deputy Defence Ministers of 27 countries at the Defence Ministers’ Conclave held on February 14, 2023 under the broad theme of ‘Shared Prosperity through Enhanced Engagements in Defence’ (SPEED). It sought to address aspects related to deepening cooperation for capacity building (through investments, R&D, joint ventures, co-development, co-production and provisioning of defence equipment), training, space, AI and maritime security to grow together.

Singh emphasised that the focus should be on providing assistance, in terms of building of institutions and capacities, so that bottom-up solutions can come up organically, in consonance with the ethos of the nations being assisted. He informed the Defence

various features of the aircraft, including their cargo handling capabilities, avionics, and mission capabilities.

• The third section of the pavilion showcased India’s helicopters, including the Advanced Light Helicopter (ALH) and the Light Combat Helicopter (LCH). The ALH is a multi-role helicopter, developed by HAL, capable of operating in various roles, including transport, combat, and search and rescue. The LCH is a dedicated attack helicopter, developed by HAL, capable of operating in high-altitude and hot weather conditions. The section showcased the various features of the helicopters, including their avionics, weapons systems, and capabilities.

• The fourth section of the pavilion showcased India’s unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), including the Rustom-2 and the Nishant. The Rustom-2 is a MALE UAV, developed by DRDO, capable of conducting surveillance and intelligence gathering missions. The Nishant is a Tactical UAV, developed by DRDO, capable of conducting reconnaissance and surveillance missions. The section showcased the various features of the UAVs, including their avionics, payloads, and capabilities.

• The fifth section of the pavilion showcased India’s missiles and missile systems, including the Akash missile system and the BrahMos supersonic cruise missile. The Akash mis-

Ministers that India is moving ahead working with this principle by offering enhanced defence partnership to its friendly countries. “We offer a partnership that is accommodative of the national priorities and capacities. We want to build with you, we want to launch with you, we want to create with you and we want to develop with you. We wish to create symbiotic relationships, where we can learn from each other, grow together and create a win-win situation for all,” he said.

Over 160 delegates from several countries, including Defence & Deputy Defence Ministers from 27 countries, 15 Defence and Service Chiefs and 12 Permanent Secretaries from 80 countries participated in the conclave attesting to India’s tremendous growth and engagement in the defence and security sectors, according to the Ministry. SP

sile system is an indigenous surface-to-air missile system, capable of engaging aerial targets up to a range of 25 km. The missile system has been inducted into the Indian Army and the Indian Air Force, and has been successfully tested in various conditions. The BrahMos supersonic cruise missile is a joint venture between India and Russia, capable of engaging targets up to a range of 290 km. The section showcased the various features of the missiles and missile systems, including their guidance systems, targeting capabilities, and mission profiles.

One of the leading technologies on display at Aero India 2023 was the TAPAS-BH, a medium altitude long endurance class tactical aerial platform developed by the. The platform is capable of conducting surveillance, intelligence gathering, and reconnaissance missions, and has a range of up to 4,000 km.

The show successfully concluded on February 17, 2023. Overall, Aero India 2023 showcased a range of cutting-edge technologies in the fields of aviation and aerospace, highlighting India’s progress towards achieving its ‘Atmanirbhar Bharat’ (self-reliant India) vision. Overall, the India pavilion at Aero India 2023 was a showcase of India’s growing capabilities in the aerospace and defence sector and provided an opportunity for Indian manufacturers to showcase their capabilities and forge partnerships with international manufacturers. SP

DEFENCE MINISTER RAJNATH SINGH HOSTED THE DEFENCE & DEPUTY DEFENCE MINISTERS OF 27 COUNTRIES AT THE DEFENCE MINISTERS’ CONCLAVE ON THE SIDELINES OF AERO INDIA 2023

STATE OF THE IAF FIGHTER FLEET AFTER RAFALE INDUCTION

Top IAF commanders as well as independent aviation analysts believe that the Rafale gives the IAF capabilities that the Pakistan Air Force currently has no answer to

By JOSEPH NORONHA

This is a good time for the Indian Air Force (IAF). For over 15 agonising years the service was forced to watch its fighter fleet progressively dwindle, yet was unable to obtain urgent replacements. The tide at last seems to have turned with the welcome induction of two squadrons of Dassault Rafale fighter aircraft.

The Rafale is unquestionably a formidable beast, normally classified as a 4.5 generation combat jet. What is more, the IAF’s Rafale comes with 13 India-specific enhancements (ISE) that make it the most advanced Rafale variant in the world. These enhancements are believed to include long-range Meteor air-to-air missiles, a low band frequency jammer, an advanced

THE NEWLY INDUCTED RAFALE FIGHTERS IN THE IAF

communication system, a more capable radio altimeter, a radar warning receiver, a flight data recorder, a high-altitude engine start-up system, a synthetic aperture radar, a ground moving target indicator and tracking system, an infra-red search and track system, a helmet-mounted display, missile approach warning systems, and very high frequency range decoys. The work of upgrading the IAF’s Rafale jets to ISE standards was entrusted to the Ambala air base which has necessary maintenance-cum-repair facilities.

The Rafale is significantly superior to other fighters in the IAF’s inventory. Being a relatively new aircraft (it entered service with the French Air Force in 2006) it also has a much longer operational life ahead. But what impact can just two squadrons have on the IAF’s combat capability?

RENDEZVOUS WITH RAFALE

The Rafale is the IAF’s first major fighter induction after the Su-30 MKI’s entry into service in September 2002. The number of Su-30 MKI aircraft built for the IAF has reached 272. A planned order for another 12 jets appears somewhat uncertain due to the Ukraine conflict. Nevertheless, especially if a proposed indigenous upgrade goes through, the Su-30 MKI will remain the backbone of the fighter fleet for at least another two

decades. The Rafale is unlikely to come anywhere close to these numbers.

It may be recalled that an inter-governmental agreement with France to purchase 36 Rafale jets at a cost of `59,000 crore was signed in September 2016. The first batch of five Rafales arrived in India on July 29, 2020, and were inducted into 17 Squadron ‘Golden Arrows’ at Ambala. Once 17 Squadron attained full strength, the IAF began equipping 101 Squadron ‘Falcons’ at Hasimara.

Top IAF commanders as well as independent aviation analysts believe that the Rafale gives the IAF capabilities that the Pakistan Air Force (PAF) currently has no answer to. In an attempt to counter the Rafale, Pakistan has started inducting 25 Chengdu J-10C multirole fighters from China, and more may follow. The US has also decided to upgrade Pakistan’s F-16 fighter fleet. However, neither aircraft can match the Rafale. The IAF’s other potential adversary, the People’s Liberation Army Air Force (PLAAF), now boasts of the Chengdu J-20 twinjet. Although China classifies the J-20 as a fifth-generation fighter, its stealth characterises are suspect and its other performance parameters are just about on par with the Rafale.

What makes the Rafale a fearsome fighter is mainly its avionics and arma-

FIGHTER FLEET OF THE IAF: (CLOCKWISE FROM TOP LEFT) SUKHOI SU-30 MKI; MIRAGE 2000; JAGUAR; LCA TEJAS.

HAL has set up a new assembly line to boost Tejas Mark 1A production from eight to 16 aircraft a year and delivery is due to start by February 2024

PHOTOGRAPHS: SP GUIDE PUBNS, DASSAULT AVIATION, IAF, IAF_MCC / TWITTER

MILITARY FIGHTERS

ment suites. It was the first European combat aircraft to use an Active Electronically Scanned Array (AESA) radar. Its SPECTRA Electronic Warfare (EW) system gives it outstanding survivability against the latest airborne and ground threats. It has net-centric capability, multi-sensor data fusion software and a secure data link. It is equipped with a range of advanced air-to-air and air-to-ground weaponry, including the MBDA Meteor beyond visual range (BVR) air-to-air missile, the Scalp cruise missile and the MICA BVR interception, combat and selfdefence missile.

PARLOUS STATE OF THE IAF FIGHTER FLEET

But what counts for any air force is not just capability, but capability with numbers. The last time the IAF had its authorised 42 combat squadron strength – the assessed minimum required to deal with a collusive two-front-threat from China and Pakistan – was in 2002. Thereafter the numbers have plummeted.

Currently the IAF has just 31 fighter squadrons:

• two Rafale squadrons

• 13 Su-30 MKI squadrons

• two Tejas Mark 1 squadrons

• three Mirage 2000 squadrons

• five Jaguar squadrons

• three MiG-29UPG squadrons

• three MiG-21 Bison squadrons.

However, several legacy fighters are falling due for retirement. All MiG21 Bison squadrons will be history by 2025 with a consequent fall in the IAF’s strength to 28 squadrons. Next in line are the Jaguars and MiG-29s, a squadron or two at a time, followed by the Mirage 2000s early in the next decade. The IAF would again try and delay the demise of these fleets as long as possible, as it was constrained to do with the MiG21s, MiG-23s and MiG-27s.

REASON FOR REASSURANCE

How will the IAF’s combat strength be enhanced?

• In February 2021, an order worth ` 46,898 was placed with Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL) for 83 LCA Tejas Mark 1A jets (four squadrons) to add to the 40 Mark 1 fighters (two squadrons) already under delivery. HAL has set up a new assembly line to boost Tejas Mark 1A production from eight to 16 aircraft a year. Delivery is due to start by February 2024 and be completed by February 2029.

• In September 2022, the government approved the LCA Tejas Mark 2 fighter programme and sanctioned an additional `6,500 crore for prototypes, flight testing and certification. Six squadrons are planned to be inducted into the IAF’s fighter fleet, replacing the current Mirage 2000, Jaguar, and MiG-29 squadrons. Four more squadrons may follow. The 15.5 tonne Tejas Mark 2 is a Medium Weight Fighter with improved aerodynamics and greater payload carrying capacity than the Mark 1A. It will be powered by one General Electric F414-INS6 turbofan rated at 98kN with afterburner. It is expected to emerge as a 4.5-generation machine with 70 per cent indigenisation as against 62 per cent in the Mark IA. The first flight is planned for mid-

2025 and series production should commence by 20272028.

• The Multi-Role Fighter Aircraft (MRFA) proposal has been around since the turn of the century, with many twists and turns. Responses to a Request for Information (RFI) for this 114-aircraft project sent to global aerospace majors in 2018 are being processed. The jets would be acquired under the ‘Make in India’ initiative of DAP-2020, ensuring substantial transfer of key technologies to an Indian Production Partner (IPP). Quite likely, 18 aircraft may be purchased outright, while the remaining 96 will be produced within the country. Once this project finally fructifies, it will bring in a very welcome six squadrons in a phased manner. However, the earliest these aircraft can commence induction is towards the end of this decade.

• The Aeronautical Development Agency (ADA) is also overseeing development of the Advanced Medium Combat Aircraft (AMCA) fifth-generation combat jet. The first flight is expected in the next five years and induction of the aircraft is expected to commence around 2035.

In September 2021, it was reported that the IAF would procure 24 retired French Air Force Mirage 2000 combat jets and the first two were received in November 2021. However, only 13 are in ‘ready-to-fly’ condition. The remaining 11 will be used for extraction of spares to maintain fleet serviceability. In July 2022, Russia made a commercial offer to deliver 21 mothballed MiG-29 fighters after upgradation. However, with the war in Ukraine dragging on, it is unlikely that a deal will be signed in the near future.

According to a statement by the Chief of the Air Staff, Air Chief Marshal V.R. Chaudhari, in September 2022, “With inductions of around six squadrons of LCA Mark 2, AMCA, and MRFA, we will be at 35 to 36 squadrons by the middle of the next decade.”

AIMING FOR THE 21ST CENTURY

With China periodically making aggressive moves on the border and the PLAAF rapidly modernising, there is no room for complacency. Pakistan is also unlikely to turn friendly – a tiger cannot change its stripes. Should there be a sudden skirmish with either adversary, the Rafale would prove invaluable.

However, in the medium-to-long term, the entire IAF fighter fleet needs to switch to 4.5 and fifth-generation aircraft. Apart from the Rafale, and to a certain extent the Su-30 MKI, the rest of the fleet clearly has a 20th century appearance. It is likely to be found wanting in an all-out air war. Consequently, any rejoicing over the acquisition of just two Rafale squadrons may be premature unless it is followed by speedy sanction of the MRFA and rapid progress of the Tejas Mark 2 and AMCA. For the MRFA project, the Rafale is probably the best bet because the IAF would not like to operate many different types of fighters. The IAF’s two Rafale squadrons are therefore only the first step towards its transformation into a 21st century force. SP

In the medium-tolong term, the entire IAF fighter fleet needs to switch to 4.5 and fifth-generation aircraft. Apart from the Rafale, and to a certain extent the Su-30 MKI, the rest of the fleet clearly has a 20th century appearance

AIR INDIA KICKSTARTS ITS TRANSFORMATION PHASE

The former national carrier has placed bulk orders with aircraft manufacturers Airbus and Boeing for aircraft as well as for engines with Rolls-Royce, GE Aerospace & CFM

By AYUSHEE CHAUDHARY

Air India, India’s former national carrier, has been on fire lately, going out and about its transformation phase. On February 14, 2023, Air India announced signing letters of intent with two of the largest global aircraft manufacturers, Airbus and Boeing, to acquire both widebody and single-aisle aircraft.

On January 27, Air India completed one year under the Tata Group. In a government-led strategic divestment programme, the Tatas purchased a 100 per cent stake in Air India and Air India Express.

The joint order from Boeing and Airbus is the largest ever placed by any airline, as Air India prepares to relaunch under the Tata group with a more fuel-efficient fleet. Air India’s his-

toric 470-plane purchase will benefit not only original equipment manufacturers like Airbus and Boeing, but will also open doors for equipment and technology providers like Thales, which supplies avionics services to Air India. Air India’s acquisition of 470 wide-body and narrow-body aircraft is valued at $70 billion, and the airline has invested between $400 million and $600 million on technology, platforms, and aircraft interior refurbishing.

THE FLEET

Air India is trying to extend its future fleet and advance its fleet strategy in the hope to service South Asia’s fast developing

AIR INDIA’S ACQUISITION OF 470 WIDE-BODY AND NARROW-BODY AIRCRAFT IS VALUED AT $70 BILLION

domestic and international air transport industry in a sustainable manner.

Air India plans to add more than 90 planes to its fleet by 2025, including 56 planes from mega-orders inked with Airbus and Boeing. They will be in addition to the airline’s previously planned leases of 36 planes in 2022.

Tata Sons and Air India Chairman, N. Chandrasekaran, said, “Air India is on a large transformation journey across safety, customer service, technology, engineering, network and human resources. Modern, efficient fleet is a fundamental component of this transformation. This order is an important step in realising Air India’s ambition, articulated in its Vihaan.AI transformation programme, to offer a world class proposition serving global travellers with an Indian heart.”

Vihaan.AI is Air India’s transformational roadmap over five years with clear milestones. It will be focussing on dramatically growing both its network and fleet, developing a completely revamped customer proposition, improving reliability and ontime performance. The airline will also be taking a leadership position in technology, sustainability, and innovation, while aggressively investing in the best industry talent. Vihaan.AI is aimed at putting Air India on a path to sustained growth, profitability and market leadership.

“These new aircraft will modernise the Airline’s fleet and onboard product, and dramatically expand its global network. The growth enabled by this order will also provide unparalleled career opportunities for Indian aviation professionals and catalyse accelerated development of the Indian aviation ecosystem,” added Chandrasekaran.

The first new aircraft will enter service in late-2023, with the majority arriving by mid-2025. In the meantime,

Air India has begun taking possession of 11 leased B777 and 25 A320 aircraft in order to speed fleet and network expansion. The airline emphasised that the new aircraft, which would have a totally new cabin interior, will complement Air India’s previously announced intention to retrofit its existing widebody B787 and B777 aircraft with new seats and in-flight entertainment systems. The first of these refurbished planes will go into service in mid-2024.

Under the ownership of the government, Air India had not purchased a single aircraft since 2005 and the last order was for 111 aircraft -- 68 with Boeing Co and remaining 43 with Airbus -- and that deal was worth $10.8 billion.

The Air India group currently consists of full-service Air India and two low-cost subsidiaries, Air India Express and AirAsia India, which are merging. Tata Sons also recently announced the merger of Vistara, a 51:49 joint venture between Tata Sons and Singapore Airlines, with Air India, with Singapore Airlines holding a 25.1 per cent share in the merged firm.

Vistara and Air India, both owned by Tata Sons, have begun their integration process in order to finalise the merger as soon as possible. A team of senior executives from Air India and Vistara, along with consultancy firm Deloitte, have reportedly begun the process of human resource integration, while law firm AZB Partners is working on legal and regulatory compliance.

Air India ordered 250 Airbus aircraft that includes 140 A320neo and 70 A321neo single-aisle aircraft as well as 34 A3501000 and six A350900 wide-body jets

AIRBUS

Air India ordered 250 Airbus aircraft that includes 140 A320neo and 70 A321neo single-aisle aircraft as well as 34 A350-1000 and six A350-900 widebody jets that envisions to mark a new era for the country as the all-new, longrange aircraft celebrates its debut in the

UNDER THE OWNERSHIP OF THE GOVERNMENT, AIR INDIA HAD NOT PURCHASED A SINGLE AIRCRAFT SINCE 2005

Indian market. Deliveries are set to commence with the first A350-900 arriving by late-2023.

“This is a historic moment for Airbus and for Air India. India is on the verge of an international air travel revolution and we are honoured that our partnership with the Tatas and our aircraft solutions will write that new chapter for the country’s airconnectivity,” says Christian Scherer, Airbus Chief Commercial Officer and Head of International. “The A350’s unique capability will unlock the pent-up potential of India’s long-haul market, its technology, long reach and second to none comfort will enable new routes and passenger experience with better economics and enhanced sustainability. Alongside the A350s, the A320 Family fleets will be the efficient, versatile asset to continue democratising and decarbonising air travel in the country – from domestic, regional, up to international levels. We salute Air India for its visionary strategy, picking the two reference aircraft types in each of their categories. We are thrilled and humbled to see these aircraft become the cornerstones of Air India’s renaissance. This fleet will propel the airline globally where it deserves to be - with the best,” he added.

The A350 is among the world’s most modern and efficient wide-body aircraft in the 300-410 seater category. The A350’s clean sheet design includes state-of-the-art technologies and aerodynamics delivering unmatched standards of efficiency and comfort. Its new generation engines and use of lightweight materials bring a 25 per cent advantage in fuel burn, operating costs and carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions, compared to previous generation competitor aircraft.

The aircraft offers a 3-class configuration cabin that holds the promise of being the quietest of any twin-aisle and

offers passengers and crew the most modern in-flight products for the most comfortable long-range flying experience.

The A321neo is the longest-fuselage member of Airbus’ best-selling, single-aisle A320 Family, comfortably seating 180 to 220 passengers in a typical two-class layout, and as many as 244 in a higher-density arrangement. The A320neo has already set the standards as the world’s most comfortable short-tomedium-haul aircraft that typically accommodates from 140 to 170 passengers, with a maximum capacity of up to 180 travellers. Its environmental performance allows for at least 20 per cent less fuel burn and CO2 emissions as well as 50 per cent noise reduction, compared to previous generation aircraft.

BOEING

Apart from Airbus, Air India also announced the selection of up to 290 Boeing jets to expand its future fleet with plans to invest in 190 737 MAX, 20 787 Dreamliner and 10 777X airplanes.

“This acquisition of nearly 300, highly advanced Boeing jets is a core element of Vihaan.AI, the comprehensive transformation and growth strategy we are pursuing at Air India. These new airplanes will enable us to dramatically expand our network, both domestically and internationally, and will come with a completely new, world-class onboard product enabling passengers to travel in the highest levels of comfort and safety. With this order, we are delighted to take our long relationship with Boeing to a new level,” said Campbell Wilson, CEO and MD, Air India.

The agreement between Boeing and Air India includes options for 50 additional 737 MAXs and 20 787-9s. This will be the largest Boeing order in South Asia and a historic milestone in the

Air India also announced the selection of up to 290 Boeing jets to expand its future fleet with plans to invest in 190 737 MAX, 20 787 Dreamliner and 10 777X airplanes

AIR INDIA PLANS TO ADD MORE THAN 90 PLANES TO ITS FLEET BY 2025

aerospace company’s nearly 90-year partnership with the carrier. The 737 MAX is likely to make way for flexibility across Air India’s domestic and international network while reducing fuel use and emissions by 20 per cent compared to the airplanes it replaces.

“Air India’s selection of Boeing’s family of passenger jets shows their confidence in our products and services in the world’s fastest growing aviation market, and their decision will support engineering and manufacturing jobs at Boeing factories in Washington state, South Carolina and across our supply base,” said Stan Deal, President and CEO of Boeing Commercial Airplanes. “With the industry-leading fuel efficiency of the 737 MAX, 787 Dreamliner and 777X, Air India is well positioned to achieve its expansion plans and become a world-class global airline with an Indian heart.”

The White House, in a separate release, also confirmed the signing of the Air India-Boeing pact. “This announcement reflects the strength of the US-India economic partnership,” it quoted US President Joe Biden as saying.

Air India has also contracted with Boeing Global Services for lifecycle support services, including digital solutions, spare parts and landing gear exchange programs, pilot and maintenance technician training, aircraft modifications and other services.

With a fleet of 27 787-8s, Air India has profited from the efficiency and flexibility of the 787 Dreamliner series. The larger 787-9 will have more capacity, a longer range, and 25 per cent higher fuel efficiency than previous generations of planes. The 737-8, which can seat 162 to 210 passengers depending on configuration and has a range of 3,500 nautical miles, is the most adaptable single-aisle airliner, capable of operating successfully on short- and medium-haul routes. The flagship 777-9 will be Air India’s largest plane, allowing it to fly passengers nonstop and in greater comfort to practically any long-haul destination. The 777X has a roomy cabin, unique bespoke architecture, and 787 improvements. With revolutionary aerodynamic and engine advancements, the 777-9 promises to use 10 per cent less fuel, emit 10 per cent less pollution, and have 10 per cent lower operating expenses than the competition.

ENGINES CFM

Air India signed the agreement for the largest ever CFM LEAP engine order, placing a record order of more than 800 CFM LEAP engines. CFM will exclusively power all single-aisle aircraft i.e. the airline’s newly announced fleet of 210 Airbus A320/ A321neo and 190 Boeing 737 MAX family aircraft. Air India’s firm order includes 420 LEAP-1A, 380 LEAP-1B, plus spares. Air India also signed a multi-year CFM services contract.

GE Aerospace

Air India also signed a firm order with GE Aerospace for 40 GEnx-1B and 20 GE9X engines, plus a multi-year TrueChoice engine services agreement. The deal was signed in coordination with the airline’s firm order for 20 Boeing 787 and 10 Boeing 777X aircraft. The latest announcement includes GE and CFM’s most technically advanced commercial engines. The GE9X engine offers the lowest NOx emissions in its class, 55 per cent below current regulatory requirements. It also boasts to be the quietest GE engine ever produced on a pounds of thrust per decibel basis. The GEnx, has an innovative lean burning twin-annular pre-swirl (TAPS) combustor that dramatically reduces NOx and other regulated gases below today’s regulatory limits, offering 15 per cent better fuel burn than the CF6 engine. Like all GE and CFM engines, the GEnx, GE9X and LEAP are compatible with all approved Sustainable Aviation Fuel (SAF) blends.

GE Aerospace also provides multiple systems for the Boeing 777X. This includes the Enhanced Airborne Flight Recorder (EAFR), the Electrical Load Management System (ELMS) and the Backup Generator, Backup Converter (BUG/BUC) and the Common Core System (CCS). The CCS is often referred to as the “central nervous system and brain” of the airplane and hosts the aircraft’s avionics and utilities functions, eliminating several boxes and reducing hundreds of pounds of wire. GE Aerospace also supplies the CCS and EAFR for the Boeing 787. Engineers at the John F. Welch Technology Centre (JFWTC) in Bengaluru, India, GE’s research and development center, have played a

(LEFT) CFM LEAP-1B ENGINE; (RIGHT) GENERAL ELECTRIC GE9X ENGINE. PHOTOGRAPHS: SAFRAN GROUP, GE REPORTS

key role in the technology development of the GE9X, GEnx, and CFM LEAP engines by providing analysis and test validation support. The center has close to 1,000 engineers working to support next-gen technologies to reduce CO2 emissions.

GE Aerospace has powered Air India since 1982, when the airline took delivery of its first CF6-powered Airbus A300. The airline currently operates a fleet of more than 150 aircraft, including GE90-powered Boeing 777s and GEnx-powered Boeing 787s.

Rolls-Royce

Rolls-Royce announced it has received an order from Air India for 68 Trent XWB-97 engines, plus options for 20 more. This is the biggest ever order for the Trent XWB-97, which exclusively powers the Airbus A350-1000. Air India has also ordered 12 Trent XWB-84 engines, the sole engine option for the Airbus A350-900.

This is the first time that an Indian airline has ordered the Trent XWB and the deal will make Air India the largest operator of the Trent XWB-97 in the world, Rolls-Royce stated.

The Trent XWB aims to support Tata Group and Air India’s ambitious growth plans for the airline, providing reliability, flexibility and efficiency to its fleet as well as the vision to become the world’s most technologically advanced airline. With a 15 per cent fuel consumption advantage over the first generation of Trent engine, the Trent XWB goes further on less fuel, and offers leading performance and noise levels. It is also ready to operate on a 50 per cent SAF blend.

CABIN CREW

Air India also recently announced plans to hire over 4,200 cabin crew trainees and 900 pilots in 2023. The cabin crew, who will be recruited from around the country, will undergo a 15-week programme imparting safety and service skills. The training programme will include extensive classroom and inflight training at the airline’s training facility in Mumbai as well as familiarisation flights. Notably, between May 2022-February 2023, Air India has hired over 1,900 cabin crew. Over

“Air India is on a large transformation journey across safety, customer service, technology, engineering, network and human resources. This order is an important step in realising Air India’s ambition, articulated in its Vihaan. AI transformation programme, to offer a world class proposition serving global travellers with an Indian heart.”

N.

1,100 cabin crew have been trained in the last seven months (between July’22- January’23), and in the past three months, approximately 500 cabin crew have been released for flying by the airline.

Commenting on the hiring plans, Sandeep Verma, Head - Inflight Services said, “With a sizeable aircraft order, more flights on international and domestic networks, and re-alignment of domestic routes with AIX connect, cabin crew will play a decisive role in shaping the present and future of the Air India group. Addition of fresh talent will also accelerate the pace of cultural transformation at Air India, which is an integral part of our Vihaan.AI transformation programme. We are also looking to step up hiring of more pilots and maintenance engineers.”

INDIAN AIRLINES

According to CAPA, Indian airlines are set to put orders for up to 1,700 planes within the next two years. Apart from Air India’s large order, IndiGo is said to have ordered roughly 500 jets for its development strategy, while Vistara would receive 17 more Boeing planes. In the 2022 December quarter, IndiGo added 22 passenger aircraft (net of deliveries) to reach the 300 aircraft mark. Akasa Air, which launched services in August last year, has placed an order for 72 Boeing 737 Max planes. Air India, IndiGo, Akasa Air, Go First, and Vistara have together placed orders for at least 1,115 planes. Prime Minister Narendra Modi had also said the country’s growing aviation sector would need over 2,000 aircraft in the next 15 years. Presently, the country has roughly 700 commercial aircraft, the vast majority of which are narrow-body or single-aisle planes. In India, approximately 470 Airbus jets and approximately 159 Boeing planes are in commercial service.

India is one of the world’s fastest expanding aviation markets, and Boeing forecasted that the country will require roughly 2,210 new planes over the next two decades, with annual domestic air traffic growth of nearly seven per cent until 2041.

According to CAPA’s report, the overall commercial Indian fleet of roughly 700 aircraft is smaller than some of the world’s largest individual airlines, and given the vast potential, it stands to reason that more aircraft are needed. SP

—

Chandrasekaran, Chairman, Tata Sons and Air India

ROLLS-ROYCE TRENT XWB-97 ENGINE PHOTOGRAPH: ROLLS-ROYCE

AIR INDIA ORDERS MORE THAN 800 CFM LEAP ENGINES

CFM will exclusively power the airline’s newly announced fleet of 210 Airbus A320/A321neo and 190 Boeing 737 MAX family aircraft

Tata-acquired Air India has been rigorously expanding the carrier’s fleet, advancing its transformation. After placing the order with aircraft manufacturers, Airbus and Boeing, Air India placed a record order of more than 800 CFM LEAP engines, signing the agreement for the largest ever CFM LEAP engine order. The aircraft order comprises 40 Airbus A350s, 20 Boeing 787s and 10 Boeing 777-9s widebody aircraft, as well as 210 Airbus A320/321 neos and 190 Boeing 737 MAX singleaisle aircraft. All single-aisle aircraft will be powered by engines from CFM International, a 50/50 joint business between GE and Safran Aircraft Engines. CFM will exclusively power the airline’s newly announced fleet of 210 Airbus A320/A321neo and 190 Boeing 737 MAX family aircraft. Air India’s firm order includes 420 LEAP-1A, 380 LEAP-1B, plus spares. Air India also signed a multi-year CFM services contract.

“CFM has been a longstanding partner of Air India, and we are delighted to take it to a higher level with this significant order for new engines. They will help power a key part of Vihaan.AI, Air India’s comprehensive transformation plan, by dramatically expanding our fleet and global network,” said Campbell Wilson, Air India CEO & Managing Director.

Air India has been a CFM customer since 2002, when the airline began operating Airbus A320ceo aircraft powered by CFM56-5B engines. In 2017, Air India began operating A320neos, becoming the first LEAP-1A powered operator in India.

“We appreciate Air India selecting CFM for this milestone order and are proud to continue our long standing partnership. With the LEAP engine under wing, Air India will be able to improve fuel efficiency and reduce emissions across its narrowbody fleet,” said H. Lawrence Culp, Jr., Chairman and Chief Executive Officer of GE and CEO of CFM parent company GE Aerospace.

LEAP operators are reporting more than 15 per cent improvement in fuel efficiency and CO2 emissions compared to the latest production of CFM56 engines, resulting in an average of more than 17 million tonnes of CO2 emissions reductions. CFM is supporting industry initiatives to approve and adopt 100 per cent Sustainable Aviation Fuel (SAF). LEAP engines are compatible with currently approved 50 per cent SAF blends and have successfully flown multiple demonstration flights with 100 per cent SAF.

“This historic order is enabling Air India to sustain continued growth and play an important role in the economic development of India. Through our current and future facilities as well as local partnerships, we are fully committed to supporting production and aftermarket activities of the LEAP engine in India,” said Olivier Andriès, chief executive officer of CFM parent company Safran.

The LEAP engine family has achieved one of the fastest accumulations of flight hours in commercial aviation history, amassing more than 27 million engine flight hours and 11 million flight cycles. SP

— By Ayushee Chaudhary

AIR INDIA AND CFM INTERNATIONAL SIGN AN AGREEMENT FOR THE LARGEST EVER CFM LEAP ENGINE ORDER. THE ORDER FOR 800 LEAP ENGINES INCLUDES 420 LEAP-1A, 380 LEAP-1B, PLUS CFM SERVICES CONTRACT.

THE SINGLE AISLE LEADER

CFM International has a proven track record of delivering high-quality engines like the CFM56 and the LEAP-1. With the CFM RISE likely to follow, the company will probably retain its position as single-aisle market leader for the foreseeable future.

By JOSEPH NORONHA

THE CFM56-7B FEATURES AN ADVANCED DIGITAL ENGINE CONTROL SYSTEM THAT OPTIMISES FUEL CONSUMPTION AND REDUCES EMISSIONS

ENGINES OEM

In February 2023, Air India made the dramatic announcement that it would buy 800 CFM LEAP-1A and LEAP1B turbofan engines to power 210 Airbus A320/A321neo aircraft and 190 Boeing 737 MAX aircraft. This order emanating from the world’s third largest and fastest-growing aviation market is one of the biggest ever commercial jet engine deals. It is proof, if proof were needed, of the continuing confidence of the world’s airlines in CFM International.

CFM International, a 50-50 joint venture between two of the world’s leading aerospace companies – General Electric (GE) of the United States and Safran Aircraft Engines (SAE) of France – accounts for about 39 per cent of the global commercial engine market. This makes it the largest such manufacturer in the world. A remarkable feature of the enduring transatlantic partnership that turns fifty next year is that its stunning success is based not on a variety of engines but on just two engine families – the CFM56 and the LEAP-1. Both are meant primarily for the single-aisle airliner segment, which constitutes 80 per cent of the global commercial fleet. In fact, of India’s total inventory of around 700 airliners, only 45 are twin-aisle jets, and the rest are single-aisle aircraft. CFM therefore is in a sweet spot where demand for engines continues to remain strong.

THE STORY SO FAR

CFM International was established on September 24, 1974. Since both GE and SAE (then known as Snecma) happened to be developing new engines, it seemed an excellent idea to pool their resources and expertise and develop an engine capable of taking on all competitors. The new high-bypass turbofan, initially known as the CFM56, combined GE’s high-pressure compressor and combustor technology with Snecma’s low-pressure turbine technology. The joint venture’s name also suggested itself: “CF” stands for GE’s designation for commercial turbofan engines, while “M56” was the name of Snecma’s original proposal.

However, CFM didn’t have it easy for several years. According to company lore, it was not until March 1979 that the first firm order came – just two weeks before the programme was due to be shelved. Thereafter there was no looking back. In quick succession the CFM56 was selected to power various military and civilian aircraft. Its main customers were the ubiquitous singleaisle aircraft like the Boeing 737 and the Airbus A320 families. Over 35,500 CFM56 engines in several different commercial and military variants have now been sold to more than 600 operators worldwide. If any engine exceeds this figure it will probably be the second CFM International product – the LEAP turbofan.

Since the LEAP (Leading Edge Aviation Propulsion) first entered service in 2016, it has experienced the fastest order ramp up in commercial aviation history. It has already secured over 17,500 orders and commitments against around 10,000 orders and commitments that its chief rival, the Pratt & Whitney PW1000G, has obtained. It is the second most-ordered jet engine ever, lagging only its predecessor, the CFM56.

CFM56 – THE RIGHT ENGINE AT THE RIGHT TIME

The CFM56 was a revolutionary engine that brought unmatched levels of fuel efficiency and reduced noise at a time when rising

fuel prices and green pressures were beginning to turn the heat on the aviation industry. Among the many reasons for the success of the CFM56 these stand out:

• Efficiency: The engine is highly fuel efficient, which translates into lower operating costs. CFM International constantly strives to further increase fuel efficiency.

• Innovation: CFM invests heavily in R&D to improve its offerings. The CFM56 engine has undergone several upgrades and improvements over the years to increase its performance and reduce emissions. The CFM56-5B and CFM567B feature a higher bypass ratio with advanced high-pressure compressors and combustors. Improved materials have helped reduce weight and increase durability. The CFM567B, which powers the Boeing 737 Next Generation family, features an advanced digital engine control system that optimises fuel consumption and reduces emissions. It carries 40 per cent more passengers almost 120 per cent farther using 23 per cent less fuel than the first CFM56 model.

• Reliability: The engine has a high dispatch reliability rate and a low rate of in-flight shutdowns.

• Durability: One of the key features of the CFM56 is that it can operate for long periods of time without major maintenance or repair. It has a modular design, so individual components can be easily replaced or upgraded as needed. This reduces maintenance costs and downtime.

• Versatility: Although the CFM56 engine mainly powers single-aisle airliners like the Boeing 737 and Airbus A320 it also equips a wide range of other aircraft, including twin-aisle airliners like the Airbus A340. The CFM567B is the exclusive engine for the Boeing 737NG airliner. Over 15,000 CFM56-7B engines have been delivered to power Boeing 737NG aircraft, making it the most popular engine-aircraft combination in commercial aviation history. The CFM56-5B was the engine of choice for the A320ceo family, having been selected to power nearly 60 per cent of the A320 aircraft ordered.

LEAP TAKES CENTRE STAGE

In July 2008, GE and SAE decided to extend their partnership well before it was due to expire in order to demonstrate their enduring commitment to the joint venture. Accordingly they announced an agreement to extend CFM International through to the year 2040. They established a single CFM services company to support all future CFM engines. They also announced the launch of the new LEAP-X engine, which at the time had no aircraft candidate. However, fairly soon thereafter Airbus followed by Boeing announced upgraded versions of their single-aisle planes intended to be 15 to 20 per cent more fuel efficient than their earlier models. And LEAP got the platforms it was anticipating.

While the Airbus A320neo may be powered by either the CFM LEAP-1A or the Pratt & Whitney PW1100G turbofan, the Boeing 737 MAX is exclusively powered by the LEAP-1B. The first LEAP-1A-powered Airbus A320neo entered service with Pegasus Airlines in August 2016. The LEAP-1B-powered Boeing 737 MAX followed in May 2017, entering service with Malindo Air.

The main reasons for the LEAP turbofan’s success are below. • Improved Efficiency: Thanks to its higher bypass ratio and advanced blade design, LEAP is over 15 per cent more fuel

Over 35,500 CFM56 engines in several different commercial and military variants have now been sold to more than 600 operators worldwide

efficient than its predecessor, the CFM56. The engine also has lower noise levels.

• Advanced Technology: LEAP features 3D-printed parts made from lightweight materials like titanium and are designed to be more durable and heat-resistant than traditional cast metal parts. Carbon fibre composites (CFC) and ceramic matrix composites (CMC) also help to improve efficiency and durability while reducing weight.

• Reduced Environmental Impact: LEAP’s use of a high-pressure turbine allows for greater power output. Its advanced combustion technology means lower emissions. Overall, LEAP has a higher thrust-to-weight ratio than previous engines, which translates both into better performance and efficiency.

• CFM’s Record: The CFM56 engine brought CFM International a strong reputation for high-quality, reliable engines and excellent service. This made LEAP a popular choice among aircraft manufacturers and airlines. It has quickly become one of the best-selling turbofans in history.

• Exclusive Customers: As of January 31, 2023, the Boeing 737 MAX had secured 5,314 orders and made 1,068 deliveries with the LEAP-1B as its exclusive engine. In the same period, the A320neo family had secured 8,689 orders and made 2,608 deliveries with the LEAP-1A as the preferred option. The Chinese COMAC C919 exclusively powered by the LEAP1C is expected to enter into regular service in spring 2023 and may emerge as a third major LEAP customer.

WHAT NEXT FOR CFM?

CFM is once again where it was in 2008 when it felt the need to look ahead. Although LEAP is doing extremely well it will eventually run out of steam as all engines must. Therefore on June 14, 2021, the CFM International RISE Program was launched with the aim of reducing fuel consumption and carbon emissions by more than 20 per cent compared to today’s most efficient engines, as well as ensuring compatibility with alternative energy sources. The RISE program is covered in detail elsewhere in this issue. Like the CFM56 and the LEAP engines, RISE will be initially for the single-aisle market. So the big question is what will Airbus and Boeing do?

In November 2022 Boeing CEO David Calhoun surprised industry observers by announcing that the company was not considering development of an all-new airliner until the 2030s. Since Airbus has already taken a substantial lead over Boeing in the single-aisle market, it too is unlikely to start on a new airliner anytime soon. Hopefully they will change their minds because shared intent and close cooperation between airframe and engine manufacturers is the best recipe for the progress of aviation.

CFM International’s phenomenal success over the past half century is attributable to its steely-eyed focus on commercial engines meant for the single-aisle airliner segment. It has a proven track record of delivering high-quality engines like the CFM56 and the LEAP-1. With the CFM RISE likely to follow, the company will probably retain its position as single-aisle market leader for the foreseeable future. SP

LEAP HAS A HIGHER THRUST-TO-WEIGHT RATIO THAN PREVIOUS ENGINES, WHICH TRANSLATES BOTH INTO BETTER PERFORMANCE AND EFFICIENCY

CFM RISES

By JOSEPH NORONHA

The commercial aviation industry is under growing pressure to clean up its act on emissions. Aviation is hardly a major emitter, accounting for just 2.4 per cent of global carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. However, its relative share of emissions is projected to at least triple by 2050 as air traffic surges and other sectors of the economy successfully decarbonise. Acutely aware of the danger of being branded a climate change “bad boy”, the industry has set its sights on achieving net-zero carbon emissions by 2050. In other words it aims to completely eliminate or at least offset its emissions by then. This ambitious goal (some would call it an impossible dream) rests on two main pillars – sustainable aviation fuels (SAF) and technological innovations, especially more fuel-efficient aircraft. SAFs produced from renewable sources can reduce carbon emissions by up to 80 per cent compared to conventional jet fuel. But they are expensive and their current production is pitifully low – around one per cent of the global jet fuel requirement.

When it comes to fuel efficiency, CFM International, a 50-50 joint venture between two of the world’s leading aerospace companies – General Electric (GE) and Safran Aircraft Engines (SAE) – has been in the forefront of technological advancement for over 40 years. Its first product, the CFM56, was a highbypass turbofan engine that entered service on April 24, 1982, and eventually became one of the most successful engines in history. However, in an effort to further improve efficiency, the LEAP engine, introduced in 2016, was 15 per cent more fuelefficient than the CFM56-5B and -7B engines. LEAP is doing exceedingly well, having logged over 25 million engine flight hours in just six and a half years of revenue service. It has left the competition far behind. Yet CFM feels the need to achieve a step change in efficiency over LEAP.

In the past, revolutionary change has been attempted only in response to rising fuel prices. When fuel prices declined there was a corresponding ebbing of enthusiasm and investment. How-

The CFM RISE open fan architecture is a radical innovation that seems to offer the best hope of achieving the large reduction in CO2 emissions for environment sustainability

THE OPEN FAN DESIGN IS ONE OF THE ADVANCED ENGINE ARCHITECTURES THAT CFM INTERNATIONAL IS EXPLORING THROUGH THE CFM RISE PROGRAM

ever this time the incentive to develop more advanced technologies is that of making aviation more sustainable. This motivation can only increase given the global anxiety about impending catastrophic climate change. Enter the CFM RISE programme.

RISE ARISES

The CFM International RISE (Revolutionary Innovation for Sustainable Engines) Technology Demonstration Program was launched on June 14, 2021. Its goals include reducing fuel consumption and carbon emissions by more than 20 per cent compared to today’s most efficient engines, as well as ensuring compatibility with alternative energy sources like SAF, electricity and hydrogen. RISE is developing new technologies that can significantly reduce the environmental impact of aviation, including emissions and noise, thus making aviation more sustainable. Although RISE is only a technology demonstrator, technologies matured under its aegis will serve as the foundation for the nextgeneration CFM engine that could be available by the mid-2030s. The RISE engine will produce around 30,000 lb of thrust, which puts it in the LEAP turbofan class. Clearly therefore CFM International’s initial focus will be the single-aisle market. But growth will probably be achievable by scaling up the fan blades and engine core.

AN OPENING FOR THE OPEN FAN

Central to the RISE programme is state-of-the-art propulsive efficiency achieved by adopting an open fan architecture. All previous efficiency breakthroughs were achieved by technologies that permitted a larger fan size and a higher bypass ratio. The larger fan required a huge fan case or nacelle to enclose

it, greatly adding to the engine weight and overall drag of the aircraft. But RISE is visibly different. At one stroke, its open fan design dispenses with most of the dead weight. The fan is expected to have a diameter of around 13 feet approximating to the outer diameter of the LEAP nacelle.

RISE’s single rotating open fan design has variable pitch carbon fibre composite blades, behind which is a row of static guide vanes. On the other hand, SAE’s 2017 Sage2 demonstrator had a contra-rotating second fan stage. The original open-fan design that GE Aviation flight-tested in 1988 under its Unducted Fan (UDF) project also had a direct-drive (gearless), contra-rotating, pusher fan. But the RISE design is much simpler and lighter because stationary outlet guide vanes replace the contra-rotating fan blades. This permits flight speeds similar to that using conventional turbofan engines. Acoustics, which were a major drawback of the earlier open fan designs, are also significantly improved.

Because of their large diameter, the fan blades of the RISE open fan will need to rotate relatively slowly so that their tips don’t reach supersonic speeds. A reduction gearbox between the low-pressure spool and the fan drive shaft reduces the shaft’s rotation rate compared with that of the low-pressure turbine. Under an agreement signed in February, Airbus and CFM plan to flight-test the RISE demonstrator using an Airbus A380. The A380 will be fitted with a large support pylon and a reinforced inboard wing structure to accommodate the open fan.

Another crucial feature of CFM’s RISE is a compact engine core. In 2021, NASA awarded GE Aviation contracts to test and mature new jet engine core designs, including compressor, combustor and high-pressure turbine technologies to improve thermal efficiency.

THE CFM RISE (REVOLUTIONARY INNOVATION FOR SUSTAINABLE ENGINES) TECHNOLOGY AIMS TO PRODUCE A DRAMATICALLY NEW GENERATION GAS-TURBINE ENGINE DESIGN THAT WILL HAVE AN OPEN ROTOR OR FAN WITHOUT THE CONVENTIONAL POD AROUND THE ROTATING FAN BLADES

BUILDING BLOCKS

Apart from its eye-catching open fan the RISE demonstrator will incorporate several advances in engine architecture, aerodynamics, and advanced materials that will help it achieve higher fuel efficiency and lower CO2 emissions than its predecessors. It also features technologies such as carbon fibre composites (CFC), ceramic matrix composites (CMC) and additive manufacturing.

GE Aviation and CFM International are the only engine manufacturers with CFC blades in commercial service. These fan blades are higher strength and lighter weight than the titanium fan blades they have replaced. Similarly CMCs, another advanced composite material containing silicon carbide fibres, are lighter and more heat resistant than traditional metal alloys. Engines built using CMCs can operate at higher temperatures with less cooling air. Exploiting both these technologies is additive manufacturing (also known as 3D printing) using new materials, which makes for lighter engine parts with higher capabilities and more complex designs than parts made by conventional manufacturing techniques.

RISE’s software-driven engine controls will ensure optimal fuel efficiency during each phase of flight – take-off, climb, cruise, etc. They will also monitor real-time engine health, allowing proactive resolution of emerging issues and thus improving the engine’s durability.

CFM’s RISE, from the outset, aims to reduce aviation’s environmental impact by permitting the use of 100 per cent SAF. RISE will also be capable of hybrid-electric operation, in which part of the thrust is provided by electrical power. And, most excitingly, it may be easily adaptable to run on hydrogen. Hydrogen, which is the most abundant element in the universe, produces no CO2 emissions when it burns and is therefore a potent ally in humanity’s ultimate quest to eliminate carbon emissions. Although the use of hydrogen as an aviation fuel presents daunting challenges, CFM engineers are confident that viable solutions can be found. According to GE Aviation’s CEO John Slattery, replacing conven-

tional jet fuel completely with SAF would reduce CO2 emissions by 80 per cent. And if hydrogen were the fuel, CO2 emissions would drop to zero.

ONLY THE BEGINNING

Since the world entered the commercial jet era on May 2, 1952, with the entry into service of the de Havilland DH.106 Comet, there have not been many major advancements in jet engine technology. In fact, when the Rolls-Royce Conway, the world’s first production turbofan, entered service in the late 1950s, it attracted hardly any attention because its bypass ratio was a mere 0.3. Since then technological progress has been evolutionary rather than revolutionary with the fan diameter inching up and the bypass ratio correspondingly increasing.

However, air transport is a crucial factor in deciding whether or not the world can avert climate change. Aviation therefore can no longer count on incremental progress. A sustainable future requires a propulsion system that will dramatically increase fuel efficiency as well as meet anticipated International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) noise and emissions standards. The CFM RISE open fan architecture is a radical innovation that seems to offer the best hope of achieving the large reduction in CO2 emissions that aviation urgently needs to become environmentally sustainable. With its larger blades and smaller core than that of other current engines, CFM expects the RISE open fan to have an astounding bypass ratio of 75:1. This is nearly an order of magnitude greater than the 11:1 ratio achieved by the CFM LEAP-1A and the 12.5:1 ratio achieved by the Pratt & Whitney PW1100G GTF engine.

CFM International believes that the RISE technology demonstrator is only the beginning. Although RISE will feature advanced technologies tailor-made for a futuristic single-aisle aircraft propulsion system, the technology suite it develops will probably find its way into commercial aircraft of all sizes and thrust classes for decades to come. SP

THE CFM RISE (REVOLUTIONARY INNOVATION FOR SUSTAINABLE ENGINES) PROGRAMME TARGETS MORE THAN 20 PER CENT LOWER EMISSIONS AND WILL DEMONSTRATE A RANGE OF NEW, DISRUPTIVE TECHNOLOGIES LIKE OPEN FAN ARCHITECTURE AND HYBRID ELECTRIC CAPABILITY FOR FUTURE ENGINES

LEONARDO DA VINCI (1452-1519)

In 2020, a University of Maryland engineering team designed and tested the technology underlying da Vinci’s hovering device. The result was Crimson Spin, an unmanned quadcopter drone that actually flew on several brief journeys.

What place can someone born in 1452 have in an aviation Hall of Fame, considering that the first powered flight happened only in 1903? As Dane Cook said, “Every great thing starts with an idea.” And Leonardo da Vinci, world famous for paintings like the “Mona Lisa” and “The Last Supper”, was certainly not lacking in ideas – ideas about aviation that were centuries ahead of his time. Long before the first person could take to the skies, theories about how this might be practically achieved germinated in his fertile mind.

Leonardo da Vinci was born on April 15, 1452, in the hill town of Vinci, Central Italy. Till the nineteenth century, he was generally regarded only as a painter. However, he was also an astronomer, sculptor, geologist, mathematician, botanist, inventor, engineer, architect and musician. All this came to light only after 1800, and not from any surviving works, but from his long-lost notebooks concerning science and technology. Thousands of pages of writings and drawings, today referred to as “Leonardo’s codices”, reveal that he was an intellectual and technical genius as well as an inspired inventor. Among his many pursuits was a quest for the possibility of human flight. It dominated his attention from the late 1480s to the mid-1490s.

When Leonardo da Vinci was employed by the Milanese royal court to work on military technology, he became fascinated by the potential value of reconnaissance from the air. So fascinated, that he produced more than 35,000 words and 500 sketches dealing with the properties of air, bird flight and flying machines. Although these studies are distributed throughout his codices, there is one work devoted almost entirely to the subject. “Codex on the Flight of Birds” c. 1505, now held at the Royal Library of Turin, comprises 18 folios. It has a detailed examination of avian flight, noting for the first time that the centre of gravity of a flying bird does not coincide with its centre of pressure. There are scores of pages analysing the motion of the wings of bats and birds whilst in straight flight, in turns, while gliding etc. He explained the behaviour of birds as they ascend against the wind and arrived at the basic concept of a stall. Long before Newton defined gravity, Leonardo hinted at the action of this mysterious force. His observations of gliding flight by birds led him to the basic principles of how a mechanical device that emulated bird flight would need to be balanced using wings

and tail-plane. He noted the crucial importance of lightweight structures, even though the technology of the day had no such possibilities. He actually constructed a number of potential flying devices and attempted to launch some of them from a hill near Florence, but without success.

One design was what is now called an ornithopter – a flying machine operated by flapping mechanical wings like a bird. Leonardo da Vinci’s ornithopter resembled a giant bat, with a wingspan of over 33 feet, and a frame of pine covered with raw silk to create a light but sturdy membrane. The pilot would lie face down and spin cranks connected to a rod-and-pulley system with both hands and feet while using a head piece for steering a small rudder. The contraption was remarkable for how the entire human body would be used to maximise the power generated by the lone pilot. However, as da Vinci himself would probably have realised, while the flying machine may have been capable of flying through the air, no human body could have generated enough power to get it off the ground.

Similarly, da Vinci’s proposed hovering device closely resembles a rudimentary helicopter, 400 years before such craft began to appear. It was to be built of wood, reeds and taffeta. He envisioned a spring, wound by crank turners, building up and storing energy. That stored energy could be released in a quick unwinding burst, spinning the screw rotor: “A small model can be made of paper with a spring like metal shaft that after having been released, after having been twisted, causes the screw to spin up into the air.” While Leonardo’s design was aerodynamically sound, he lacked the modern materials necessary to build a lightweight and durable blade. He described its helical screw as being made of linen, with the pores stopped up by starch – a rather impractical proposition. However, in 2020, a University of Maryland engineering team designed and tested the technology underlying da Vinci’s hovering device. They added a modified screw system to a modern drone. The result was Crimson Spin, an unmanned quadcopter drone that actually flew on several brief journeys.

Leonardo da Vinci died at Clos Lucé, France, on May 2, 1519. All in all, he was perhaps one of the most fascinating people history has ever known. SP

— JOSEPH NORONHA

MILITARY

RAJNATH SINGH REVIEWS PROGRESS OF INFRASTRUCTURE PROJECTS

APPOINTMENTS

ATR

• Bernard Marquez has been appointed Head of Quality at ATR, effective March 1, 2023. Bernard takes the lead of an integrated and independent Quality function.

• Daniel Cuchet has been appointed SVP Engineering effective from February 1, 2023 and Head of Design Organisation ATR effective January 1, 2023.

EMBRAER

Embraer announced that Andreza de Souza Alberto will be the new Vice President of People, ESG and Corporate Communications. The change becomes effective on February 1, 2023.

Defence Minister Rajnath Singh chaired a high-level meeting in New Delhi on March 14, 2023 to review the progress in construction of various infrastructure projects on the northern border areas. The Defence Minister called for expediting all pending projects on top priority, stating that ‘whole of nation’ approach should be adopted in matters of national security. To fast-track the pending projects, it has been decided to set up a committee of Secretaries which will meet at frequent intervals.

SUCCESSFUL FLIGHT-TEST OF INDIGENOUS POWER TAKE OFF SHAFT

CFM

CFM International has appointed Florence Minisclou as Executive Vice President. Florence is responsible for overseeing the CFM56 and LEAP programs and also serves as Vice President of CFM programs for Safran Aircraft Engines.

SAFRAN LANDING SYSTEMS

Jean-Michel Hillion is appointed Executive Vice-President Wheels & Brakes Division of Safran Landing Systems as of Feburary 1, 2023. Since January 2021, Jean-Michel held the position of Group Vice-President Strategy and Climate.

Box while accommodating misalignments that arise in the drive line.

Aeronautical Development Agency, Centre for Military Airworthiness and Certification, Directorate General of Aeronautical Quality Assurance and Hindustan Aeronautics Limited teamed along with CVRDE to achieve this feat.

CONTRACT FOR PROCUREMENT OF 70 HTT-40 BASIC TRAINER AIRCRAFT

Maiden successful flight-test of Power

Take off (PTO) Shaft was conducted on Light Combat Aircraft (LCA Tejas) Limited Series Production (LSP) - 3 aircraft in Bengaluru on March 14, 2023. The PTO shaft, indigenously designed and developed by Combat Vehicles Research & Development Establishment (CVRDE), Chennai is a critical component in the aircraft, and will support the requirements of future fighter aircraft & their variants and offers competitive cost & reduced time of availability.

The PTO shaft was designed with unique innovative patented ‘Frequency Spanning Technique’ which enables it to negotiate different operating engine speeds. The light weight high speed, lubrication free PTO shaft transmits higher power between aircraft engine gear box and Aircraft Mounted Accessory Gear

Ministry of Defence, on March 7, 2023, signed contract with Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL) for procurement of 70 HTT-40 Basic Trainer Aircraft at a cost of over `6,800 crore. The HTT-40 is a turboprop aircraft possessing good low speed handling qualities and provides better training effectiveness. This fully aerobatic tandem seat turbo trainer has an air-conditioned cockpit, modern avionics, hot re-fueling, running change over and zero-zero ejection seats.

The aircraft will meet the shortage of basic trainer aircraft of Indian Air Force

for training of newly-inducted pilots. The procurement will include associated equipment and training aids including simulators. Being an indigenous solution, the aircraft is configurable for upgrades to incorporate the futuristic requirements of the Indian Armed Forces. The aircraft will be supplied over a period of six years. The HTT-40 contains approximately 56 per cent indigenous content which will progressively increase to over 60 per cent through indigenisation of major components and subsystems. The HAL would engage the domestic private industry, including MSMEs, in its supply chain. The procurement has the potential to provide direct and indirect employment to thousands of people spread over more than 100 MSMEs.

MoD SIGNS CONTRACT FOR SIX DORNIER-228

Ministry of Defence, on March 10, 2023, signed a contract for procurement of six Dornier-228 aircraft for the Indian Air Force (IAF) from Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL) at a cost of `667 crore. The aircraft was used by IAF for Route Transport Role and communication duties. Subsequently, it has also been used for training of transport pilots of the IAF. The present lot of six aircraft will be procured with an upgraded fuel-efficient engine coupled with a five bladed composite propeller. The aircraft is ideally suited for short haul opera-

tions from semi-prepared/short runways of the North East and island chains of India. The addition of the six aircraft will further bolster the operational capability of the IAF in the remote areas.

AERONAUTICS SIGNS CONTRACT WITH FINNISH DEFENCE FORCES

egy to deliver the combat proven BARAKMX Air and Missile Defence (AMD) system providing effective defence to the ADF and Australian national assets, rapid initial operational capability (IOC), and a proven path to Australian industrial sovereignty in the AMD realm.

BOEING TO PRODUCE 184 APACHE

Boeing will build 184 AH-64E Apaches for the US Army and international customers, including the first Apaches for Australia. This $1.9 billion award brings the total current funded value of the contract to $2.1 billion, and has the potential to increase to more than $3.8 billion with future obligations.

for 12 jets and Lockheed Martin has received a contract to begin its long-lead activities. Bulgaria has also signed an LOA for an additional eight jets for its fleet. Once these are finalised, the backlog will increase to 147.

LOCKHEED MARTIN, KOREA AEROSPACE INDUSTRIES ANNOUNCE PARTNERSHIP

Lockheed Martin, Korea Aerospace Industries and Red 6 Aerospace announced a new partnership that will deliver advanced 21st Century Security capabilities across a spectrum of training and combat aircraft.

Aeronautics Ltd, leader in designing, developing and manufacturing Unmanned Aerial Systems (UAS) for the global defence, HLS, and markets announced that it has signed a mid-life upgrade contract with the Finnish Defence Forces (FDF) for its existing Orbiter 2 Mini UAS array. Under the terms of the contract, Aeronautics will provide the FDF with a comprehensive mid-life upgrade package that includes a full suite of sensors, avionics, and data-processing systems to enhance the system’s performance. The contract will also involve a substantial transfer of know-how, increasing the FDF’s level of self-sufficiency, and assuring the customer of Orbiter 2 array maintenance and support capabilities for the next decade.

IAI AND DARONMONT TECH SIGN MOU

The US Army will receive 115 remanufactured Apaches, with an additional 15 Apaches to be procured as options, ensuring significant savings to taxpayers. The additional 54 aircraft will be delivered to partner nations as part of Foreign Military Sales. This award comes on the heels of the US Army’s Apache fleet surpassing five million flight hours, a milestone proving the AH-64 is the most capable, reliable and versatile attack helicopter.

Boeing Global Services will continue to deliver optimal readiness for the warfighter including training devices, spare provisions, support and test equipment kits, depot support, field engineering and technical manuals.

BAHRAIN’S FIRST F-16 BLOCK 70 AIRCRAFT

The partnership will initially bring Red 6’s revolutionary augmented reality platform, the Airborne Tactical Augmented Reality System (ATARS), into the TF-50 and variants. The system gives pilots and ground operators new capabilities to see and interact with synthetic threats in real-time, high-speed environments. The TF-50A is configured as a light attack fighter/trainer with additional enhancements to include radar, electronic warfare system, tactical data link, and other capabilities to meet Air Combat Command requirements. While the ATARS system is initially targeted for the TF-50 and variants, it could eventually be applied to operational Lockheed Martin platforms such as the F-16, F-22 and F-35.

INDUSTRY

LOCKHEED MARTIN AND TATA GROUP SIGN MoU

Lockheed Martin and Tata Group have reached an agreement to begin the implementation of fighter wing production at the companies’ joint venture, Tata Lockheed Martin Aerostructures Limited (TLMAL), in Hyderabad, India. The Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) envisions production of 29 fighter wing shipsets, with an option of additional shipsets, and deliveries commencing in 2025.

Israel Aerospace Industries (IAI) has signed an MoU with defence leader Daronmont Technologies, to deliver advanced air and missile defence capabilities for the purchase of defence systems and other ADF programmes. The signing took place as part of the AVALON Australian International Airshow.

IAI will leverage Daronmont’s proven integration, development and manufacturing capabilities as part of its broad Australian Industry Capability (AIC) strat-

Bahraini, American and Lockheed Martin officials celebrated the first F-16 Block 70 for the Royal Bahraini Air Force at Lockheed Martin, South Carolina. This F-16 Block 70 jet is the first of 16 jets for Bahrain, and took its first flight on January 24, 2023. From here, it will begin additional flight tests at Edwards Air Force Base before arriving in Bahrain in 2024.

Six countries have selected Block 70/72 aircraft. In addition to the current official backlog of 127 jets to-date to be built in Greenville, Jordan has signed a Letter of Offer and Acceptance (LOA)

Lockheed Martin formally recognised TLMAL as a potential co-producer of fighter wings in October 2021 following TLMAL’s successful production and qualification of a prototype fighter wing shipset. That achievement further strengthened Lockheed Martin’s partnership with India; and supports its F-21 offering for procurement of 114 new fighter aircraft — exclusively for India and the Indian Air Force — by proving additional indigenous production capability. The India F-21 represents an unprecedented strategic and economic opportunity for the United States-India relationship to future advanced technology cooperation. l

MUST INVEST IN EW CAPABILITIES

Indian Air Force (IAF) must continue to invest in the development and deployment of advanced electronic warfare systems to remain competitive in a rapidly evolving global security landscape

Electronic warfare (EW) systems play a critical role in modern air force operations, and are essential for gaining and maintaining tactical advantages on the battlefield by providing critical capabilities for disrupting or neutralising enemy electronic systems and communications. By disrupting enemy radar systems or intercepting their communications, air forces can gain a significant advantage in both offensive and defensive operations. Electronic warfare systems can include a range of different technologies, such as radar jamming, signal intelligence, and electronic countermeasures.

Earlier this year, in an exclusive interview to SP’s Aviation on the occasion of Aero India 2023, Air Chief Marshal V.R. Chaudhari, Chief of the Air Staff, had said that, “there is a need to equip all aircraft with EW self-protection systems like Radar Warning Receivers, Airborne Self Protection Jammers (ASPJs), Missile approach and warning systems and Laser Warning Systems. Such self-protection measures also need to be complimented with an offensive EW capability.”

The Indian Air Force (IAF) has made significant strides in developing and deploying advanced EW systems in recent years. In 2019, the IAF successfully test-fired the Astra Beyond Visual Range Air-to-Air Missile (BVRAAM), which incorporates advanced electronic countermeasures (ECM) to defeat enemy radar systems. The IAF has also acquired a range of other advanced EW systems, including the DRDO-developed Netra airborne early warning and control (AEW&C) system, which is equipped with advanced ESM and ECM capabilities.

Overall, the IAF’s EW capabilities are likely to continue evolving and improving over time, as the force seeks to stay ahead of evolving electronic threats and maintain a tactical advantage on the battlefield. However, the effectiveness of these systems will ultimately depend on a range of factors, including the IAF’s ability to effectively integrate them into broader air force operations and adapt to rapidly changing electronic threat environments.

There are several areas in which the IAF could potentially invest to improve its EW capabilities and gain a tactical advantage:

• Advanced Electronic Attack (EA) Systems: The IAF could potentially invest in advanced electronic attack systems, such as high-powered jamming systems and directed energy weapons, to disrupt and neutralise enemy radar and communications systems.

• Cyber Warfare Capabilities: The IAF could potentially develop and deploy advanced cyber warfare capabilities,

By ROHIT GOEL

which would allow it to disrupt and destroy enemy computer systems and networks.

• Advanced Electronic Warfare Support (ES) Capabilities: The IAF could potentially invest in advanced electronic warfare support capabilities, such as advanced signal processing and analysis tools, to improve its ability to detect and locate enemy radar and communications systems.

• Advanced Electronic Countermeasures (ECM) Capabilities: The IAF could potentially invest in advanced ECM capabilities, such as advanced encryption and decoy techniques, to protect its own electronic systems and communications from enemy attack.

• Integrated EW Operations: IAF could focus on improving its ability to integrate offensive and defensive EW systems into broader air force operations, in order to maximise their effectiveness and gain a tactical advantage on the battlefield. It is important for the Indian Air Force (IAF) to focus on enhancing its Electronic Warfare (EW) capabilities to stay ahead in today’s modern warfare environment. EW capabilities are increasingly becoming critical for modern air forces to gain and maintain a tactical advantage over their adversaries, as electronic systems and communications are critical to modern military operations.

As technology continues to evolve and threats become more sophisticated, the IAF needs to continue investing in advanced EW capabilities and integrating them into broader air force operations to maintain its strategic edge. This requires ongoing research and development, as well as investment in personnel training and development, to ensure that the IAF is wellequipped to counter emerging electronic threats and maintain its position as a leading modern air force.

The specific EW capabilities that the IAF needs to enhance will depend on a range of factors, including its strategic priorities, budgetary constraints, and technological development. However, by investing in advanced EW technologies and integrating these capabilities into broader air force operations, the IAF can work to maintain a tactical advantage over its adversaries and protect its national security interests.

The IAF operates in a region with multiple potential adversaries, each with its own advanced military capabilities. To maintain its security interests and protect against these potential threats, the IAF needs to continuously upgrade and enhance its EW capabilities to stay ahead of the curve and be able to counter the evolving electronic threats effectively. SP

A clear choice

As an industry, we have committed to reaching net-zero carbon emissions by 2050. With customers seeing a 15 to 20+% reduction in CO2 emissions*, the LEAP engine family is a clear choice today for a more sustainable tomorrow. Extraordinary together.

CFM International is a 50/50 joint company between GE and Safran Aircraft Engines *Compared to previous generation engines.

cfmaeroengines.com/sustainability