the Parker Project is shown in Figure 7. The main findings of the project were the following: Automakers such as PSA Group, Mitsubishi, and Nissan, together with DC V2G charger providers (e.g. Enel X), can support V2G implementation and are ready to provide advanced frequency regulation services to the grid. A field test in Copenhagen concluded that it is possible to commercialise this technology through the provision of a Frequency Containment Reserve1 (FCR). Further steps must be taken for universal support of V2G services across all EV brands, standards, and markets.
FIGURE 7: PARKER PROJECT V2G UNIT Source: Parker Project Report (Navigant Research, 2017)
3.3 Findings of other pilot projects There is an ongoing debate among experts regarding the feasibility of VGI. Some researchers question the economic attractiveness of VGI and its scope for implementation. Table 1 presents the key findings of the other international pilot projects on VGI. The details of those pilot projects are captured in Appendix A - List of International VGI Pilot Projects.
TABLE 1: FINDINGS OF OTHER PILOT PROJECTS Project name
Type of VGI
Findings
INVENT
V2G
DC CHArge de MOve (CHAdeMO) solutions dominate the market at present, but there is significant interest in AC solutions.
City-zen
V2G
Slow starters in the V2G chargers limit the inrush current, making the power quality more consistent.
V1G, V2G
Onerous interconnection requirements were flagged in this project.
Grid Motion Redispatch V2G
V2G
An intelligent load control system was developed and tested, facilitating grid stabilisation and providing cost savings for end users.
From the review of V1G and V2G pilot projects around the world, it is evident that V1G is ready for commercial deployment, whereas V2G is still at the testing and pilot stage. 1
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A frequency containment reserve is a production capacity (or any other machine) that can reduce or increase its output to contain any possible frequency deviations.
