2365 Harrodsburg Road, Suite A325 • Lexington, KY 40504 Telephone 866-544-2822 • Fax 859-226-4338 www.avca.org
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June 15, 2008 Ms. Geraldine Knortz, Chair Committee on Women’s Athletics NCAA Dear Committee, Following is a report on the sport of beach volleyball that has been compiled by the American Volleyball Coaches Association. We ask for your endorsement of beach volleyball as a separate and emerging sport for women based on the following reasons: 1. Beach Volleyball has been an Olympic Sport since 1996. Since introduction in Atlanta, the sport has increased in popularity with each Olympic cycle. In the 2004 Athens Games, beach volleyball was the fourth most popular spectator sport and garnered the highest television rating of any Olympic sport. 2. There have been professional opportunities for women in beach volleyball in the United States for over twenty years. 3. Of the 491,000 beach volleyball players under age eighteen, 221,184 are female, 63% do not play indoor volleyball, and 32,654 identify themselves as frequent participants. 4. The United States Olympic Committee, USA Volleyball (National Governing Body), and the Association of Volleyball Professional (domestic pro league) support beach volleyball as an emerging sport and are sponsoring programs and initiatives to assist with the growth of the sport. 5. 50% of Division I campuses currently have beach volleyball courts for student recreational use, and adding courts is relatively affordable. 6. Participation in NGB-sponsored youth Beach Volleyball Tournaments increased by 35% in 2007 and is on pace to jump by 60% this summer. Collegiate participation in beach events increased from eight (8) doubles teams in 2007 to over one hundred fifty (150) doubles teams in 2008. 7. Multiple institutions from several conferences and two NCAA Divisions are endorsing the sport and encouraging CWA to recommend beach volleyball be added to the emerging sports list. Thank you for your consideration of this matter. Sincerely,
Kathleen J. DeBoer, Executive Director
BEACH VOLLEYBALL Outline for Presentation July 14, 2008, Philadelphia, PA NCAA Committee on Women’s Athletics
1. Introduction: AVCA Advocacy Position Presenter: Kathy DeBoer, Executive Director, American Volleyball Coaches Association a. Principles i. Increase participation at all levels in volleyball ii. Stimulate more investment in the sport iii. Protect and Enhance the Competitive Equity of the Indoor game. b. Current Participation and Trends i. SGMA Report on Beach Volleyball ii. USA Volleyball Board Restructure and Investment in Beach iii. Collegiate Participation Trends a.) Indoor program growth b.) Frequent Player Growth 1996-2006 2.
The Game and Skills Presenter: Bonnie Kenny, Volleyball Coach, University of Delaware, Past President, AVCA a. Number of Players b. Surface, court size, and weather conditions c. Generalists (beach) v. Specialists (Indoor) d. Attire for practice and competition e. Collegiate Beach Events
3. Campus and Community Presenter: Wright Waters, Commissioner, Sun Belt Conference, Chair of the DI Collegiate Commissioners Association a. Popularity of Sport b. Multi-functionality of Facilities c. Reasonable Cost to Add d. Improve Existing Indoor Programs 4. Format and Playing Rules a. Competition Format b. Draft of NCAA Legislation using Div I parameters 5. Conclusion: Beach volleyball in comparison to other NCAA Sports 6.
Q&A
BEACH VOLLEYBALL REPORT CWA Meeting Cover Letter Outline for Verbal Presentation: Kenny, Waters, DeBoer TABLE OF CONTENTS I.
The Beach Volleyball Marketplace a. Sporting Good Manufacturer Association Reports b. Popularity of the Sport
II.
USA Volleyball a. Letter of Endorsement b. Board of Directors Reorganization c. Report: Ali Wood Lamberson, Director of Beach Programs d. Article on AAU & USAV Junior Beach competitions e. 2008 USAV Junior Beach Tournament Schedule
III.
Collegiate Volleyball a. Women’s Sports Foundation Research b. Growth of Juniors v. Collegiate Programs c. Format for Collegiate Beach d. Attire Options e. Draft of Playing Rules f. Height Comparison: Indoor All Americans v. Professional Beach Athletes g. 2008 Collegiate Events / 2009 Save the Date
IV.
Facilities Options a. Article: How to Build a Sand Volleyball court b. Costs for Sand Courts
V.
Beach Volleyball in Comparison to Other NCAA Sports
VI.
Letters of Endorsement and Support Institutions Conferences USOC & Association of Volleyball Professionals (AVP)
Tab 1
According to the 2007 report by the Sporting Goods Manufacturers Association, 589,000 Americans were frequent beach volleyball participants in 2006. Of that total, 325,000 (55.1%) are female and 118,000 are under the age of 24. Of that group, 37% also play court volleyball, leaving 74,000 female beach volleyball players under the age of 24 who play the sport frequently. 1 Cutting that number to those females under 18 years of age that are frequent participants and, therefore, more likely to compete for college roster spots in the future, the count is 32,654. Beach volleyball is not currently a high school sport, however, the number of girls playing only beach volleyball with frequency compares very favorably with other emerging sports participation in high schools. Beach Volleyball Other Emerging Sports Bowling Water Polo Badminton Ice Hockey Crew Equestrian
32,654 2006-07 High School Participation 2 20,931 17,791 10,888 7,350 2,685 1,341
In a 2008 Participation Report, SGMA showed that beach volleyball had increased by 35% among core participants since 2006. This compared with only a 2.3% increase in the court game. 3 A competing group, the National Sporting Goods Association, which does not track court and beach volleyball separately, reported that volleyball grew by 8.7% indicating that much of the new growth is on the beach site of the sport. 4
1
USA Sports Participation Study: Beach Volleyball, Sporting Goods Manufacturers Association, Insight 07 2 High School Sports Participation Report, 2006-07, National Federation of High Schools 3 SGMA 2008 Sports and Fitness Participation Report 4 Sports Business Research Net, AGB Update, April 9, 2008
VOLLEYBALL (BEACH)
Volleyball (Beach) – Fast Facts • There are 3,072,000 Volleyball (Beach) participants in the U.S. • There are 589,000 frequent (25+/year) Volleyball (Beach) participants in the U.S. • 55% of all Volleyball (Beach) participants are male but only 45% of frequent (25+/year) Volleyball (Beach) participants are male. • 86% of all Volleyball (Beach) participants are 18 years old and over; 84% of frequent (25+/year) Volleyball (Beach) participants are 18 and over over. • 60% of all Volleyball (Beach) participants have a household income of under $75,000 per year. • 48% of all Volleyball (Beach) participants reside in a market size of 2,000,000+. • 39% of all Volleyball (Beach) participants have a college degree or higher. • 42% of all Volleyball (Beach) participants also participated in grass volleyball, 37% in court volleyball, and 10% in surfing.
3
Profile Detail Frequent (25+/year) Volleyball (Beach) Participants p
Total # of Part. (000s) 589
Segment % 100%
Index vs. Total Pop. -
Participation Rate by Group 0.2%
Male Female
265 325
44.9% 55.1%
92 108
0.2% 0.2%
6~12 13~17 18~24 25~34 35~44 45~54 55~64 65+
25 70 119 161 180 20 13 1
4.3% 11.8% 20.2% 27.3% 30.6% 3.3% 2.2% 0.2%
42 148 196 186 191 21 19 2
0.1% 0.3% 0.4% 0.4% 0.4% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0%
Under $25000 $25000 to $49999 $50000 to $74999 $75000 to $99999 $100000+
116 139 87 121 126
19.7% 23 6% 23.6% 14.8% 20.5% 21.4%
109 92 73 151 96
0.2% 0 2% 0.2% 0.2% 0.3% 0.2%
New England Middle Atlantic East North Central West North Central South Atlantic East South Central West South Central Mountain Pacific
62 51 95 69 150 18 44 17 84
10.5% 8.7% 16 2% 16.2% 11.7% 25.4% 3.0% 7.5% 2.8% 14.2%
213 63 103 171 133 52 67 40 91
0.5% 0.1% 0 2% 0.2% 0.4% 0.3% 0.1% 0.1% 0.1% 0.2%
Non-MSA MSA <500,000 MSA 500,000-2,000,000 MSA 2,000,000+
50 95 153 292
8.4% 16.0% 26.0% 49.5%
45 85 116 124
0.1% 0.2% 0.3% 0.3%
8th Grade or Less 1-3 years of High School High School Grad 1-3 years of College College Grad Post-Grad Studies
130 0 81 182 102 94
22.1% 0.0% 13.7% 30.9% 17.3% 16.0%
157 0 79 121 91 126
0.3% 0.0% 0.2% 0.3% 0.2% 0.3%
Total
7
Profile Detail Female Volleyball (Beach) Participants
Total
Total # of Part. (000s) Segment % 1397 100%
Index vs. Total Female Pop. -
Participation Rate by Group 1.0%
6~12 13~17 18~24 25~34 35~44 45~54 55~64 65+
67 150 398 375 256 128 22 1
4.8% 10.8% 28.5% 26.8% 18.3% 9.1% 1.6% 0.1%
61 291 267 133 96 53 15 1
0.6% 2.9% 2.7% 1.3% 1.0% 0.5% 0.2% 0.0%
Under $25000 $25000 to $49999 $50000 to $74999 $75000 tto $99999 $100000+
329 408 347 180 133
23.5% 29.2% 24.8% 12 9% 12.9% 9.5%
102 105 123 103 58
1.0% 1.0% 1.2% 1 0% 1.0% 0.6%
New England Middle Atlantic East North Central West North Central South Atlantic East South Central West South Central Mountain Pacific
113 143 315 116 259 29 172 56 194
8.1% 10.2% 22.6% 8 3% 8.3% 18.5% 2.1% 12.3% 4.0% 13.9%
175 75 147 121 95 35 108 59 87
1.8% 0.8% 1.5% 1 2% 1.2% 0.9% 0.4% 1.1% 0.6% 0.9%
Non-MSA MSA <500,000 MSA 500,000-2,000,000 MSA 2,000,000+
183 303 387 525
13.1% 21.7% 27.7% 37.6%
69 111 124 96
0.7% 1.1% 1.2% 1.0%
8th Grade or Less 1 3 years off Hi 1-3 High hS School h l High School Grad 1-3 years of College College Grad Post-Grad Studies
187 111 212 341 387 159
13.4% 7 9% 7.9% 15.2% 24.4% 27.7% 11.4%
126 219 80 84 136 103
1.3% 2 2% 2.2% 0.8% 0.8% 1.4% 1.0%
9
Volleyball (Beach) Participation by Region
10
The popularity of beach volleyball at the Olympic and professional level is documented regularly by publications like the Sports Business Journal and others. Also a full television schedule including significant network time makes beach volleyball a very visible sport from a media perspective. The somewhat surprising component was the immediate commercial success of the collegiate events. Sports Business Journal, 5-20-08 Countdown to Beijing â&#x20AC;&#x153;Endorsers must translate to global audienceâ&#x20AC;?
POWERADE 2007 Collegiate Beach Volleyball Championships Broadcast Schedule on CSTV Sunday, May 6 - 5:30 p.m. Collegiate Nationals Preview Show Saturday, May 12 - 9:00 p.m. Collegiate Nationals - including Premier of Beach Volleyball Pool Play Friday, May 18 - 9:00 p.m. Collegiate Nationals - including Premier of Beach Volleyball Semifinal #1 Saturday, May 19 - 9:00 p.m. Collegiate Nationals - including Premier of Beach Volleyball Semifinal #2 Sunday, May 20 - 9:00 p.m. Collegiate Nationals - including Premier of Beach Volleyball Finals
2008 Collegiate Nationals Programming Schedule May 29th: Beach Volleyball Semifinal May 30th: Beach Volleyball Semifinal June 1st: Beach Volleyball Finals, June 14th: Beach Volleyball Championship, Semifinals and Finals 8pm-10pm
Tab 2
May 15, 2008 NCAA Committee on Women’s Athletics Attn: Karen Morrison, NCAA Director of Gender Initiatives National Collegiate Athletics Association Indianapolis, Indiana To Whom It May Concern: USA Volleyball understands that the Committee on Women’s Athletics (CWA) is reviewing materials relative to beach volleyball as a separate and emerging sport. We enthusiastically encourage the CWA to recommend beach volleyball be added to the list of emerging sports for women. Beach volleyball has been one of the most popular sports at the Olympic Games since its addition to the program in 1996 – selling out 10,000 seat stadiums for virtually every session. The sport has been played professionally in the United States for over twenty years and the current tour, the Association of Volleyball Professionals, draws large crowds and network television in at its events conducted across the United States. Beach volleyball is a sport that, when structured as a team event similar in format to collegiate tennis doubles, will provide additional participation opportunities for young women on our campuses and could easily be added as a high school sport in most parts of the country. There is a large pool of available athletes—indoor volleyball players—with the necessary skills to become rapidly proficient at the beach game, many of whom who may not be tall enough for roster spots in the indoor game. High school participation in volleyball continues to climb, increasing by over 30,000 girls in the last 10 years. Further, the number of girls engaged in “club volleyball,” a training option for the more serious athlete has increased by 50,000 girls in the last five years. During this same five year window collegiate participation opportunities grew by only 628 roster spots due to the fact that 95% of NCAA institutions already sponsor indoor volleyball teams. Given there will be a number of crossover players when the sport is first introduced, we recommend that the NCAA add scholarship opportunities gradually to allow the beach discipline to develop a talent pool over a period of years and to avoid elite programs “stock piling” volleyball players. The availability of a talent pool and the relatively low cost of uniforms, equipment and facilities, makes this sport an attractive addition for institutions as the expenses associated with adding a team in relation to other alternatives are not prohibitively high. Thank you for your consideration of this matter. Sincerely, Douglas P. Beal Chief Executive Officer
In January of 2007 the USA Volleyball Board of Directors voted to restructure to more accurately reflect the emergence of beach volleyball as a discipline with equivalent stature to the indoor game. The resultant 16 members board will be split with equal representation from the indoor and the beach disciplines. USA Volleyball also hired 3 full-time staff members to manage elite and junior beach development and beach coaching education. This focus by the National Governing Body on beach volleyball will help speed the growth of the collegiate game.
USA Volleyball Announces 12 New Board Members B.J. Evans Manager, Media Relations and Publications Phone: 719-228-6800 E-Mail: bj.evans@usav.org COLORADO SPRINGS, Colo. (May 8, 2008) – USA Volleyball has announced 12 of the 16 people who will make up the new USA Volleyball Board of Directors following the conclusion of the 2008 Olympic Games in Beijing. In January 2007, the USA Volleyball Board of Directors voted to restructure itself, reducing its size from 30 voting members to 15 voting members and one non-voting at-large member and eliminating the Executive Committee. Four more new Board members will be elected by their constituents over the next several weeks. “I am pleased that we were able to put together a group with significant and varied backgrounds from areas that are important to our sport,” said USA Volleyball CEO Doug Beal. “I think every member has the experience needed to lead USA Volleyball in the next quadrennium.” Adam Rymer from Universal Pictures, David Schreff from Bedare LLC and Steve Simpson from Fox Sports Network (FSN) WEST and FSN PRIME TICKET will serve as independent directors on the new Board. Kevin Twohig, the Executive Vice President of the currently seated Board and the general manager of the Spokane Arena, will be the non-voting At-Large Director. Jeff Benz, Chief Administrative Officer and General Counsel of the Association of Volleyball Professionals (AVP) will serve as the National Beach Tour Director. Ted Leland of University of the Pacific will be the Indoor High Performance Director. John Dunning of Stanford University has been selected as the Coaching Director. Three-time Olympic volleyball gold medalist Karch Kiraly will be the Elite/Development Beach Director. AVP and international beach volleyball players Tyra Turner and Sean Scott will continue to serve as the Athlete Directors for the beach volleyball discipline. U.S. indoor national team members Reid Priddy and Sarah Noriega will be the new Athlete Directors for the indoor volleyball discipline. The four Board members still to be elected are the Officials Director, the Junior Elite Indoor Director and the two Regional Volleyball Association Directors.
NCAA Beach Volleyball Information Ali Wood Lamberson, Director Beach Programs 04/05/08
What? As the NCAA investigates sports that can potentially increase programming for women, beach volleyball is a perfect fit. With over 200,000 USAV registered junior girls participants the national talent pool is certainly deep enough to support a second volleyball discipline. The high profile and international exposure that beach volleyball has received through the Olympics, FIVB World Tour, and AVP Tour (Association of Volleyball Professionals) has made the beach game one of the worldâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s fastest growing sports. With the athletes in place, the primary need for a program is a facility with two or more beach courts. Once the facility is created, running a beach volleyball program is relatively low cost when compared to other sports. While it seems apparent that there will be recruiting advantages to warm weather and coastal institutions, many of the international programs, China, Germany, and Holland, have traditional winters and utilize indoor or covered beach facilities. Ultimately the successful institutions will be those that embrace the concept of beach volleyball regardless of location. USAV looks forward to working with the NCAA and member institutions to bring this project to fruition and to ensure the long term success of NCAA Beach Volleyball.
Who? Athletes Institutions should start with a small squad of ten to twelve athletes, five pairs and one or two alternates, and evolve towards a squad of sixteen, seven pairs and two alternates. At the outset beach volleyball athletes are likely to come predominantly from existing indoor programs, but institutions should encourage a minimum of 25% of the roster to be beach only athletes. As in any sport, athletes will start to specialize naturally, although a timeframe should be set for 50% and ultimately 75% of athletes to be beach specialists. The potential to add scholarships for beach volleyball is limited only by squad size (ultimately 16) and budget. However, in order to encourage all institutions to add beach volleyball and to discourage the majors from dominating both beach and indoor with cross over athletes, scholarships should be added gradually starting with two. A timeline should be established for increasing scholarships annually as the number of institutions sponsoring beach increases. The dominant athlete in the indoor game is not always the best beach athlete. Coaches will need to recruit athletes who possess: a high level of proficiency and consistency in all skills, excellent ball control, good core strength, kinesthetic awareness, excellent problem solving skills, the ability to self motivate, a strategic mentality, the ability to handle diverse situations (wind, rain, heat), aerobic endurance, muscular endurance, exceptional reaction speed, solid
footwork, the ability to change direction quickly, and excellent interpersonal skills. These skills outweigh height, vertical, or arm speed when assessing the beach athlete. The benefits to existing indoor athletes include the increased number of days of training and competition. In addition, beach improves ball control, footwork, all around game, problem solving skills, etc. NCAA beach volleyball can help graduating athletes make the transition to the USAâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s only professional league, the AVP. As USAV continues to increase summer Beach National Team programming, beach athletes will have the ability to make a smooth transition between NCAA and National Team competition. Staff At the onset, the Head Coach of an institutionâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Beach Team would likely come from the staff of the indoor team. A part-time assistant could be brought up to full-time by coaching beach in the spring. However as the athletes begin to specialize, so will the coaches, and it can be expected that at some point a full-time beach coach will be needed. At this time USA Volleyball is developing a beach coach training and accreditation program, and will be prepared to educate NCAA Beach Volleyball coaches as early as winter 2008.
How? Competition Format Like tennis, a team beach volleyball competition should have a flighted format in which each team has 5 (at the onset) or 7 pairs. Each pair is ranked/seeded by prior inter-squad competition, and will match up against the same seed from the opposing institution. Matches should follow FIVB international format and rules, and be played three out of five, switching sides every seven points, to 21 points, no cap win by two. Full FIVB rules can be found at: http://www.usavolleyball.org/RulesOfficials/outdoor.asp While typically there are no subs in beach volleyball, the use of replacement athletes as subs could be considered in case of injury or other reasons. It will need to be determined whether the replacement athlete(s) can be substituted only before the start of a match, or as a one-time substitution during an on-going match. Assuming ten teams in a conference, each team would play twice against each opponent, with two days of competition per week, thus a ten week competitive season. Ideally competitions would be held on Saturday and Sunday. To save on travel costs, one institution could host a four team match up, as in the example below. Saturday:
Stanford vs. UCLA USC vs. Cal
Sunday:
UCLA vs. Cal USC vs. Stanford
A four school, two-court competition will require five referees, two referees per court and one rotating off, for 5-6 hour protocol. Ideally there would be 2 linemen per court as well. (Matches last 40-70 minutes with a 10-15 minute on court warm-up protocol.) Practice Schedule
In order to conduct a high level practice with 10-16 athletes, two courts minimum are recommended. Practice sessions should range from two to three hours, but should not exceed more than 12-15 hours a week depending on competition schedule. Although beach is considered an individual sport, all athletes can practice concurrently. Other training activities should include agility training, strength training, plyometrics, and sprint work.
When? Season Beach volleyball should be held in the spring season. Competition should occur either as early or as late as possible, allowing for a program with cross-over athletes to have the least amount of overlap between their non-traditional indoor season and traditional beach season. Benefits for later in the spring season include capitalizing on better weather. Benefits for earlier in the spring season: allows cross-over athletes to attend May indoor competitions (USAV Nationals, etc.), prioritizes beach season over non-traditional indoor season, allows beach only athletes the opportunity to attend early national team events (NORCECA, etc. typically held April-May.)
Where? Beach volleyball competitions can be held on a natural beach so long as the beach is level and the sand is at least 9 inches deep and free from rocks, gravel, and other hazardous objects. Another option is to build sand courts in an open area. Both options have been successful at the national and international level. The decision is contingent on the institution’s location, space availability, and resources. Building non-beach sand courts is more costly. The costs of using a natural beach are minimal and include standards (if not already present), nets, court lines, and antennae. Portable nets systems are not recommended. If using a natural beach the institution will need to find one with pre-existing standards or to form an agreement with the local government to construct standards. Permit costs vary but are usually reasonable for non-profits not charging admission or other fees. In some situations, an institution may be able to obtain sand, gravel, and/or delivery at reduced or no-cost from construction companies, local beaches, golf courses, or professional volleyball tournaments. Because the quality of the sand is the most important feature of a manmade court, it is the most cost-prohibitive item. When considering finances, it makes sense for an institution who will undertake construction of a court(s) to share costs with institution’s campus recreation department or a local park by offering the courts during hours of non-use. Quality sand courts also afford fundraising opportunities of hosting recreational level tournaments and summer beach camps. Below are three examples of per court costs based on the AVP’s average sand costs and current pricing of equipment from Homecourt (www.homecourt.com) and Funtec (www.funtec.com). Several other manufacturer’s have permanent outdoor net systems available.
2008 USA Beach Junior Schedule June 6-8: International Selection Camp (El Segundo, Calif.) June 14: Mountain Open (Vail, Colo.) June 14-15: Desert Open (Phoenix, Ariz.) June 21: Central Open (Milwaukee, Wis.) June 21-22: Western Open (Seattle, Wash.) July 12: Eastern Open (Long Island, N.Y.) July 13: Southern Open (Fort Lauderdale, Fla.) June 15-18: USA Beach Performance Camp (El Segundo, Calif.) July 19: USA BEACH JUNIOR OPEN CHAMPIONSHIPS* (Manhattan Beach, Calif.) July 26-27: Gulf Coast Open (Siesta Key, Fla.) July 27: Atlantic Coast OpeN (Virginia Beach, Va.) Aug. 2: North Coast Open (Chicago, Ill.) Aug. 3: Pacific Coast Open (Santa Cruz, Calif.) Aug. 16: JUNIOR TOUR CHAMPIONSHIPS* (Huntington Beach, Calif.) * - MAJOR CHAMPIONSHIPS
Tab 3
In 2007 the WSF completed a research project on sports participation which documented the changes in participation opportunities. Contrast these changes with the increase in the numbers of “frequent” participants in court volleyball.
Women’s Sports Sponsorship Since 200102, 628 more collegiate participation opportunities for 50,000 new female volleyball players
Over 93% of NCAA institutions have sponsored a women’s volleyball program since 1995
Source: WSF Research Series, June 5, 2007 Who’s Playing College Sports? Trends in Participation
Since 1995, 18 college programs have been added. During that time 100,000 more girls joined club programs
Source: From USA Volleyball Board Meeting, May 2007, Executive Director’s Report
Participation by Junior girls has increased by 100,000 since 1995. These “frequent” players at those most likely to compete for collegiate teams. During this same period NCAA roster spots grew by only 1,759.
Total Membership 205,000; 25,000 Male(20K adult; 5K junior); 180,000 Female (30K adult, 150K junior)
Collegiate Beach Volleyball Suggested Format June 2008 a. Collegiate beach is a team sport with flighted competition—unlike the quasi-individual sport at the pro and Olympic levels. A college team consists of five doubles teams, each pair playing against the similarly ranked pair from the opposing school. The winner of a dual match is the team winning three of the five flights. b. Coaches must divide their squad into doubles teams with their best team playing #1, second best #2, etc. As with collegiate tennis, a set of guidelines will be put in place to ensure the integrity of the order and keep coaches from ”gaming” the system to win a dual competition. c. The #1 doubles team from each school plays a dual or a mini-tourney with the other top doubles teams from each school. The #2’s play each other, #3’s, #4’s, #5’s. d. In a tournament format, points are awarded for each win in each bracket. The winning team is the one whose doubles teams collectively accumulate the most wins. e. A place for flexibility is in the scoring system. Pro beach is 2/3, first two games to 21, 3rd game, if needed, to 15. Teams switch sides of the court every seven points in the 21 point games and every five points in the 15 point games. For dual matches, this scoring is preferred. Each match will take 35-45 minutes. The optimal number of courts for a dual match is three. The time window for a dual match on three courts is similar to 7-inning softball game and lends itself to double headers. f. If organizing a tournament, it may be preferable to shorten the matches to guard against fatigue, especially if pool play is used before a tournament bracket. Options include playing 2/3 to 15, or in case of a need for a sudden death format, one game to 15. Student-athletes can easily play two matches a day, and three or four in a shortened scoring format. g. A second place to experiment in the interests of participation is in the area of substitutions. Make a format where all of your athletes get a chance to play but protect the integrity of the beach discipline which rewards generalists. For instance, allow substitutions only in the case of injury during a game, or between games. Another option is the soccer rule for substitution where you can come out but not return. h. Do not experiment with the numbers of players on a side. Beach volleyball is two players on the court at one time. Anything else is a different game and very confusing to the players and the public.
Indoor and Beach Height Comparison 2008 AVCA DI All Americans 6'3" 6.250 6'0" 6.000 6'2" 6.166 6'4" 6.333 6'2" 6.166 6'3" 6.250 6'4" 6.333 5'11" 5.916 6'2" 6.166 6'5" 6.416 5'8" 5.666 5'10" 5.833 5'11" 5.916 6'3" 6.250 6'0" 6.000 6'0" 6.000 5'10" 5.833 6'4" 6.333 6'2" 6.166 6'4" 6.333 6'3" 6.250 5'11" 5.916 6'3" 6.250 6'1" 6.083 6'1" 6.083 6'0" 6.000 5'11" 5.916 6'1" 6.083 6'2" 6.166 6'3" 6.250 6'2" 6.166 5'7" 5.583 5'10" 5.833 6'5" 6.416 6'3" 6.250 6'1" 6.083 Average 6'1" <6'0" 33%
AVP Top 36 Money Winners 5'9" 5.750 When comparing court and 6'3" 6.250 6'0" 6.000 beach volleyball players much 6'2" 6.166 can be learned about the 5'6" 5.500 differences in the games by 6'4" 6.333 looking at the relative size of the 5'8" 5.666 elite players in each. The indoor 6'1" 6.083 5'11" 5.916 game favors the taller athlete 5'10" 5.833 who specializes as a 6'0" 6.000 hitter/blocker. Smaller stars are 6'1" 6.083 also specialists in the setting and 6'1" 6.083 defensive areas of the game. As 6'0" 6.000 5'7" 5.583 evidenced by the fact that almost 5'8" 5.666 50% of the top pros are under 6', 5'6" 5.500 beach is a generalists game. 6'0" 6.000 5'11" 5.916 5'11" 5.916 6'2" 6.166 5'11" 5.916 5'8" 5.666 6'0" 6.000 5'11" 5.916 “The dominant athlete in the 6'3" 6.250 6'0" 6.000 indoor game is not always the 5'9" 5.750 best beach athlete. Coaches will 6'2" 6.166 need to recruit athletes who 5'6" 5.500 possess: a high level of 6'3" 6.250 proficiency and consistency in all 6'1" 6.083 skills, excellent ball control, . . . 5'9" 5.750 5'6" 5.500 the ability to change direction 6'2" 6.166 quickly . . . These skills 6'3" 6.250 outweigh height, vertical [jump], Average 5'11" or arm speed when assessing the <6'0" 47%
beach athlete.” Alison Wood, USA Volleyball, Director of International and High Performance Beach
Collegiate Attire Options for Practice and Competition
Collegiate Beach Volleyball DRAFT of Playing Season, Staff, Financial Aid & Playing Rules
2007 Collegiate Beach Championship, San Diego
Former AVCA All American & Pro Beach Player, Liz Masakayan
Page 1 of 5 September 10, 2007
2006 Collegiate Beach Nationals Reno NV
Collegiate Beach Volleyball DRAFT of Playing Season, Staff, Financial Aid & Rules for Competition Using Current NCAA Division I Parameters 1st Draft September, 2007; Amended May 2008
Retired Tennis Facility converted to Sand Volleyball Courts in Michigan
Indoor Sand Court in Nebraska Campus Courts in South Carolina
Collegiate Beach Volleyball DRAFT of Playing Season, Staff, Financial Aid & Rules for Competition
Page 2 of 5 September 10, 2007 Amended May 2008
The following is a legislative proposal for the inception of Collegiate Beach Volleyball as an NCAA Championship sanctioned sport. The working definition of “Beach Volleyball” for this document is defined as two-person versus two-person competition in five-team match play format on the surface of sand. The field of play may be any facility arrangement which conforms to the regulations cited in “Rules for Competition” which includes, but is not limited to, on-campus, indoor, lake-side or coastal sand courts.
Playing and Practice Seasons Length of Playing Season 1 (a) An institution that sponsors only indoor or beach volleyball (but not both) is limited to a 132-day season, which may consist of two segments (each consisting of consecutive days) and which may exclude only required days off and official vacation, holiday and final-examination periods during which no practice or competition shall occur. (b) An institution that sponsors both indoor and beach volleyball is limited to a 156-day season, which may consist of two segments (each consisting of consecutive days) and which may exclude only required days off and official vacation, holiday and final-examination periods during which no practice or competition shall occur. Preseason Practice. A member institution that sponsors only beach volleyball shall not commence practice sessions in beach volleyball prior to September 7 or the institutions first day of classes for the fall term, whichever is earlier. First Contest Date (a) Nonchampionship Segment. A member institution shall not engage in its first date of competition (game or scrimmage) in the nonchampionship segment with outside competition in beach volleyball prior to September 7 or the institutions first day of classes for the fall term, whichever is earlier. (b) Championship Segment. A member institution shall not engage in its first date of competition (game or scrimmage) in the championship segment with outside competition in beach volleyball prior to the first Thursday in March. 2 End of Regular Playing Season: A member institution shall conclude all practice and competition (games and scrimmages) in beach volleyball by the conclusion of the NCAA Beach Volleyball Championship. Number and Dates of Competition (a) Maximum Limitations – Institutional. A member institution shall limit its total playing schedule with outside competition in beach volleyball during the 1
The 156-day season split into two segments for those institutions sponsoring both indoor and beach volleyball is similar to Indoor/Outdoor Track and Field. 2 Beginning the first Thursday in March allows for 10 weeks of competition concluding the 1st or 2nd week of May.
Created by T.J. Meagher, AVCA Legislative Board Representative & Associate Athletics Director for Compliance and Special Projects, University of Houston
Collegiate Beach Volleyball DRAFT of Playing Season, Staff, Financial Aid & Rules for Competition
Page 3 of 5 September 10, 2007 Amended May 2008 institution’s beach volleyball playing season to seventeen (17) dates of competition during the segment in which the NCAA championship is conducted and four (4) dates of competition during another segment. 3 (b) Annual Exemptions. Conference Championship, NCAA Championship, Alumni Game, Foreign Team in U.S., Hawaii or Alaska, Fund-Raising Activity, Celebrity Sports Activity, U.S. National Team
Coaching Staff
SPORT Beach Volleyball (w/o Indoor) Indoor Volleyball (w/o Beach) Indoor/Beach Volleyball
Head or Assistant Coach 24 3 45
Financial Aid
Maximum Equivalency Limits Beach Volleyball (w/o Indoor)………..……5 7 Maximum Head Count Limits Indoor Volleyball (w/o Beach)………………12 Indoor/Beach Volleyball …..………………...15 8
Limit on Off-Campus Recruiters 2 2 2
Date of Implementation Immediately Current Rule 2 years after sport is sponsored by 40 NCAA institutions 6 Date of Implementation
Immediately
13th immediately 14th – 3 years later 9 15th – 3 years after 14th
3
In beach volleyball athletes frequently participate in more than one contest in a day. The 22 dates of competition (5 + 17) is similar to women’s lacrosse. The total number of matches for a regular participant will be 40 – 50. 4 Number similar to Cross Country w/o Track and Field 5 To handle team training for two sports with over lapping championship and non-championship segments will require an additional staff member. 6 Benchmarking an increase in coaching staff to the growth of the sport to a championship level allows institutions a degree of certainty as to the success of beach volleyball before they invest in new staff. 7 Number proportional to Cross Country w/o Track and Field, i.e. 1/3 of scholarships allowable if sponsoring both 8 To field two different sports teams, volleyball will need more financial aid. It is anticipated that those institutions sponsoring both indoor and beach will carry 18-24 volleyball players in the fall and the spring—6-8 will play only indoor volleyball, 6-8 will play only beach volleyball and 6-8 will play both. The increase in both the number of players and the growing popularity of the beach game guarantees that there is an ample supply of high school girls with both interest and ability to be able to supply these teams. 9 The suggestion for a gradual increase in financial aid for institutions that choose to sponsor both an indoor and a beach volleyball team is designed to allow the growth of the player pool to match the growth of the scholarship pool. Unlike most other emerging sports, the competitive equity of the indoor game will be adversely impacted by the addition of multiple additional scholarships in a single year.
Created by T.J. Meagher, AVCA Legislative Board Representative & Associate Athletics Director for Compliance and Special Projects, University of Houston
Collegiate Beach Volleyball DRAFT of Playing Season, Staff, Financial Aid & Rules for Competition
Page 4 of 5 September 10, 2007 Amended May 2008
Playing Rules Participants. A team is composed of five (5) two-player units who compete in a flighted draw. No substitutions are allowed once a two-player unit has started a match or a tournament. Player substitutions may occur between different competitions. Equipment. A player’s equipment consists of boy-cut shorts, trunks or Capri pants and a sports bra, tank top or short/long sleeve shirt depending on weather conditions. Players may wear a hat and sunglasses during competition. All members of a team must be in similarly colored clothing. Team and manufacturer’s logos must conform to current NCAA standards. Scoring System. To win a Dual Match. The match is won by the team that wins three of the five separate doubles competitions. To win a doubles contest. The winner of a doubles contest is the pair that wins two out of three games. The first two games are played by rally scoring to 21 points (with a minimum lead of two points), the deciding game, if necessary, is played by rally score to 15 points (with a minimum lead of two points.) To win a Triangular or Quadrangular Competition. Each doubles unit will compete against all the other pairs in their flight (one through five). Each doubles contest win will be awarded one (1) point in the team score. The winner of the competition is the team that scores the highest number of points with other teams placing 2nd, 3rd and 4th based on their point totals. If two teams tie for first place, they will play a tie-breaker consisting of each doubles team competing in one 15-point game. If two or more teams tie for first place, the winner will be the team that scored the most total points during the competition. Facilities. Playing Area: Each playing court is a rectangle measuring 52’6” surrounded by a free zone with a minimum of 9’10” wide and with a space free of any obstruction up to a height of a minimum of 23’ from the playing surface. Playing Surface: The terrain must be composed of leveled sand, as flat and uniform as possible, free of rocks, shells and anything else, which can represent risks of cuts or injuries to the players. Lines on the Court: Two sidelines and two end lines mark the playing court (no center line and no 10 foot lines). The lines must be 2” wide ribbons anchored by a soft flexible material at the four corners and the net, and of a color which contrasts sharply with the color of the sand. Net: The net is 27’10’ long and 39” wide when it is hung taut, placed vertically over the axis of the center of the court. At the top and the bottom there are two 3” wide horizontal bands made of two-fold canvas, preferably in dark or bright colors and sewn along its full length. The height of the net shall be 7’4 1/8” for women. Two side bands are fastened vertically to the net and placed above each sideline. Two antennae are fastened to the outer edge of each side band. Created by T.J. Meagher, AVCA Legislative Board Representative & Associate Athletics Director for Compliance and Special Projects, University of Houston
Collegiate Beach Volleyball DRAFT of Playing Season, Staff, Financial Aid & Rules for Competition
Page 5 of 5 September 10, 2007 Amended May 2008
Ball: The ball is an outdoor ball with weight, circumference, pressure and color that meet FIVB standards. NCAA Number of Contests/Dates of Competition
Sport Baseball Basketball Field Hockey Football Men's Ice Hockey Women's Ice Hockey Lacrosse Beach Volleyball Women's Rowing Women's Rugby Soccer Softball Women's Synch Swim Women's Team Handball Men's Water Polo Women's Water Polo Women's Archery Women's Badminton Women's Bowling Cross Country Equestrian Men's Fencing Women's Fencing Golf Men's Gymnastics Women's Gymnastics Rifle Skiing Women's Squash Swimming & Diving Tennis Track and Field Indoor Track and Field Outdoor Wrestling
Maximum 56 29 20 12 34 34 17 17 20 11 20 56 15
Minimum 27 25 11 9 25 20 10 10* 6 9 11 27 8
20 21 21 15 15 26 7 15 11 11 24 13 13 13 16 15 20 25 18 18 16
10 15 10 5 8 8 6 6 9 9 8 9 9 8 5 8 10 12 6 6 13
% of Min. 48% 86% 55% 75% 74% 59% 59% 59% 30% 82% 55% 48% 53% 50% 71% 48% 33% 53% 31% 86% 40% 82% 82% 33% 69% 69% 62% 31% 53% 50% 48% N/A N/A 81%
*Most collegiate beach competitions will involve student-athletes in two or three matches in a single day. To make for a legitimate separate season, this designation is 10 dates of competition. Created by T.J. Meagher, AVCA Legislative Board Representative & Associate Athletics Director for Compliance and Special Projects, University of Houston
The success and visibility of the 2007 CSTV Collegiate Nationals Beach Tournament inspired numerous conferences and coaches to plan for spring events. The number of teams that participated in a beach event grew from 8 to over 150 in one year.
College volleyball hits the beach February 19, 2008
The NCAA News Women's beach volleyball is gaining momentum on the collegiate sport landscape with six events scheduled this spring.
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During its last several meetings, the Committee on Women's Athletics has explored potential sports that can be added to the emerging sports list. CWA received updates on the status of synchronized swimming, squash, indoor field hockey and rugby in January. The first is the Sunshine State Collegiate Beach Volleyball Tournament in Tampa, Florida, March 29. Teams from Rollins, Tampa, Lynn, Florida Southern, Florida Tech, Nova Southeastern, Eckerd and St. Leo will compete. Other events are: April 12: Southeastern Conference Coaches Beach Volleyball Tournament, Gainesville, Florida. Competing teams: Florida, Arkansas, LSU, Kentucky, Georgia, Alabama, Auburn, South Carolina, Tennessee, Mississippi, Mississippi State. April 19: Big West Conference Beach Tournament, Huntington Beach, California. Competing teams: Long Beach State, UC Irvine, UC Santa Barbara, Cal State Northridge, Pacific, Fresno
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State, Cal Poly San Luis Obispo.
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April 19: Division I Invitational Beach Tournament, Siesta Key, Florida.
Find the latest sports scores, highlights and information on NCAA sports.
Competing teams: North Florida, South Florida, Florida Atlantic, Miami (Florida), Florida Gulf Coast. April 20: CBS College Sports Network Collegiate Beach Nationals, San Diego, (CBS College Sports Network will broadcast). Competing teams: Wisconsin, Texas, Nebraska, Clemson, Southern California and a Big West Conference qualifier. April 26: Rochester Indoor Beach Open, Rochester, New York. Competing teams: Maine, Delaware, New Hampshire, Albany (New York), Binghamton, Stony Brook, Hartford, Maryland-Baltimore County Most of these beach tournaments are inaugural events, including the Southeastern Conference Coaches Beach Volleyball Tournament. "We see this as an opportunity to promote the SEC and womenâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s volleyball in general," said Florida coach Mary Wise. "With the successes of American beach teams at the Olympics and the pro beach tour, many casual sports fans are familiar with the game."
In response to the beach events in 2008, many conferences began making plans for their own event in 2009
2009 Conference Coaches Beach Tournament Saturday, April 11th Tampa, Florida Hosted by USF - Head Coach, Claire Lessinger - clessing@admin.usf.edu and Dave Carstenson - Tournament Director - dcars@verizon.net
>>> More info will follow as details are finalized <<<
Tab 4
Sand Court Facilities Indoor Sand Court University of Nebraska City Park in Georgia
U. of Florida Recreation Courts
CLUB V: 20 Court Facility in Tampa
Wisconsin Warehouse
Tennis Court rework in Michigan
Huntington Beach, CA
V O L L E Y B A L L
C A N A D A
HOW TO BUILD A BEACH COURT By Ed Drakich The following guidelines will assist you in the proper construction of a Beach Volleyball Court (indoor or outdoor). Proper construction will ensure ideal playing conditions, superior longevity and low maintenance requirements. BEACH VOLLEYBALL COURTS The basic requirements necessary for building a court include:
While the actual court size is 8m X 16m (doubles) and 9m X 18m (triples, fours and
sixes), an area at least 14m x 24m should be excavated to a sand depth of between 30cm and 40cm (more if a gravel layer and/or drainage pipes are needed under the sand to assist in drainage) Permeable sand/soil or sand/gravel liner (filter cloth) 160,000 kg (160 tons) to 200,000 kg (200 tons) of sand are required per court Net system complete with standards, net, and boundary lines/tape (adjustable for different court boundaries)
COURT CONSTRUCTION It is best to select a site that allows the court(s) to have a North/South orientation in order to reduce glare from the sun (The sun rises in the east and sets in the west). Another important consideration is the area around the periphery of the court, which should be free of large rooted and/or overhanging trees. There should be a clearance height of at least 7m above the playing surface. A. Drainage: Drainage of the court under the sand must be considered and can be accomplished by both grading the earth properly and installing a surface below the sand to promote drainage. The court should be excavated an additional 30cm (Below the sand depth of 30cm to 40cm) to allow for the installation of drainage pipe on the standard slant (14 degrees). The drainage point should lead away from the court at the lowest point; be Page 1 de 3 w w w . v o l l e y b a l l . c a
V O L L E Y B A L L
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aware of the natural surrounding slope so that you do not trap water with your inclined viewing sides. Depending on the soil quality of the subsurface you might need to place layer of gravel over the drainage pipes to enhance drainage. A good idea is to place a semipermeable cover, such as a plastic landscaping mesh or some other artificial small-hole mesh, over the gravel to prevent the sand from washing through.* *NOTE: If you have soil with good drainage and no rocks you could get away without the drainage system but we would still recommend using the semi-permeable sand/soil liner. B. Sand Sand selection is probably the most important factor in court construction and any sand that is used should incorporate these specifications: Washed - The sand should be double washed, and free of silt and clay in order to prevent compaction Particle Size - The size of the sand particles should be between .5 and 1 mm to allow for proper drainage and maximum safety. Particle Shape - A sub angular shape will resist compaction and assist in drainage. Colour - Tan colored sand absorbs less heat with minimal glare. Source - A granite based sand (non-calcareous - no calcium or limestone) sand remains stable under all weather conditions and is unaffected by acid rain. The sand boundary should be a minimum of 14m X 24m, thus allowing for a sand perimeter around the actual court. For high level competitions (VC or FIVB) the outer court dimensions should be 18m X 26m. The general guideline is that the area should be clear of any obstructions for 3m to 4m on all sides of the court. You should be careful to pad any item that would seem to be a hazard. There should also be a beam or boundary around the perimeter of the court to act as a container for the sand, which should be soft and contoured in order to eliminate possible injuries.
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NET SYSTEMS A. Poles Poles for permanent standards can be either wood or pipe. The minimum suggested metal pole thickness is 4” to 5" (10cm to 12.5cm) in diameter, galvanized and thick walled steel pipe, while 6" (15cm) diameter pressure treated wood poles (Or 6” x 6” square pressure treated wood) are also acceptable. Poles should always be padded to prevent injury. Standards should be 4m long, with 3m above the court's sand surface and an additional 1m imbedded into the ground using a concrete footing. These should be placed 10.0m to 10.5m apart; any less and there will not be room for the full net (which is 9.5m wide) and adjusting cables. Permanent net systems should be freestanding (not use any support wires/straps). Portable net systems (usually with support straps) are also very popular and can be purchased at most volleyball specialty shops and sporting good stores. B. Boundary Lines: Boundary lines are made of 1/4" rope or 2” (5cm) ribbon and tied to the four corners with buried anchors. A bungee court should be attached to each corner and connected to a buried wood or plastic anchor disk (without sharp edges). The bungee will provide the tension necessary to keep the boundaries in place while giving the flexibility to reduce to chance of injury should a player catch their foot under the line. C. Net Heights: Net heights are 2.43 m for men's and co-ed play, and 2.24 m for women's and reverse co-ed. A 9.5m net with a cable top is preferred, but strong ropes can also be used. A winch (padded) and hardware, such as eyebolts/hooks, can be used to mount the top of the net. The bottom need only be anchored by rope to either the standard or eyebolts/hooks.
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USA Volleyball Report to Olympic Sports Liaison Committee 4/08 Cost Estimates for Creating a Beach Volleyball Court Good Quality (Homecourt) Item Ton washed masonry sand Ton drainage gravel Gravel delivery charge Homecourt Steel poles/sleeves Net Antennae Court Lines and anchors Total Better Quality (Funtec) Ton washed masonry sand Ton drainage gravel Gravel delivery charge Funtec Net poles/sleeves Net Antennae Court Lines and anchors Funtec Ref Stand Total FIVB Quality (Funtec) Ton washed masonry sand Ton drainage gravel Gravel delivery charge Funtec Net poles/sleeves Net Antennae Court Lines and anchors Funtec Ref Stand Total
Qty 160 80 80 1 1 1 1 200 100 100 1 1 1 1 1 400 200 200 1 1 1 1 1
cost $ 25.00 $ 12.00 $ 15.00 $ 665.00 $ 120.00 $ 50.00 $ 50.00 $ 25.00 $ 12.00 $ 15.00 $ 1,800.00 $ 279.00 $ 50.00 $ 80.00 $ 1,521.00 $ 25.00 $ 12.00 $ 15.00 $ 1,800.00 $ 279.00 $ 50.00 $ 80.00 $ 1,521.00
Total $ 4,000.00 $ 960.00 $ 1,200.00 $ 665.00 $ 120.00 $ 50.00 $ 50.00 $ 7,045.00 $ 5,000.00 $ 1,200.00 $ 1,500.00 $ 1,800.00 $ 279.00 $ 50.00 $ 80.00 $ 1,521.00 $ 11,430.00 $ 10,000.00 $ 2,400.00 $ 3,000.00 $ 1,800.00 $ 279.00 $ 50.00 $ 80.00 $ 1,521.00 $ 19,130.00
International Court Regulations Following FIVB regulations, a playing area of 26 to 28 meters by 18 to 20 meters should be set up with the following measurements: • Court : 8 m X 16 m • Free zone: 5 to 6 m on each side • Free passage way (entrance): 3 meters • Space free from obstruction to a minimum height of 12.5 meters
Tab 5
Participation Rates in NCAA Women’s Sports 1 The NCAA currently tracks participation and sponsorship in 26 women’s sports. The following chart shows where beach volleyball will fit among those sports as institutions add programs. For the purposes of this graph, we only counted “new” participants, not crossover athletes, and made a conservative estimate that each program would add 5. If only 10% of current indoor programs add a beach volleyball team, the result is almost 500 new participation opportunities for women, more than 30% of current offerings. If 15% add a team, beach volleyball moves past four current sports (Rifle, Bowling, Skiing and Fencing) with existing NCAA Championships. Should 30% of existing indoor teams add a beach volleyball component, the sport will move into the top 50% among NCAA offerings for women. While these numbers are not satisfying to us, the prospects for beach volleyball to contribute significantly to opportunities for women in athletics are certainly realistic and attainable.
Sport Team Handball Archery Badminton Synch Swimming Rugby Rifle Squash Bowling Beach Volleyball 9. Skiing 10. Fencing Beach Volleyball 11. Water Polo 12. Equestrian 13. Gymnastics Beach Volleyball 14. Ice Hockey
New Beach Programs
Number of Participants
10% of Indoor/5 new players
0 21 30 97 149 217 360 383 496 503 658 744 1,173 1,286 1,414 1488 1727
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.
1
15% of Indoor/5 new players
30% of Indoor/5 new players
NCAA 1981-82 to 2005-06 Sports Sponsorship and Participation Rates Report
Tab 6
Letters of Endorsement University of Denver University of Tennessee University of New Orleans Florida Gulf Coast University Cal State Fullerton Cal State Long Beach University of Georgia Middle Tennessee State University Florida Atlantic University St. Leo University Rollins College Lynn University Morehead State University (KY) Cal Polytechnic University Louisiana State University Mississippi State University University of Central Florida Stetson University Cal State Northridge