From Policy to Action by State of Green

White papers for a green transition

FROM POLICY TO ACTION Implementation of the European Energy Union

INSIDE THIS WHITE PAPER Clean Energy Sources Energy Efficiency Sustainable Heating & Cooling Sustainable Transportation Energy Markets across Borders

FROM POLICY TO ACTION Implementation of European Energy Union Version 1.0 Printed December 2018 Front page photo Illustration on the integration of renewable energy and energy efficiency in the energy system Credit: Henrik W. Sivertsen Editor in chief State of Green Danish Energy Association: Confederation of Danish Industries: Danish Agriculture & Food Council: Danish Energy Agency: Danish Wind Industry Association: Arla: Aalborg Portland: BetterHome: Best Green: City of Copenhagen: Clever: COWI: DAKA: Dall Energy: Danish Biogas Association: E-ferry: Energinet: European Energy: Helsingør: HOFOR: Radius: Rockwool: Rødkærsbro District Heating: Siemens: Vattenfall: Vestas: Ørsted:

Technical Editors Jørgen Skovmose Madsen, jsm@danskenergi.dk Lars Bach, labj@di.dk Kasper Bruun Knudsen, kabk@lf.dk Mikkel Sørensen, mis@ens.dk Camilla Holbech, ch@windpower.org Contributors Peter Engelbrektsen, peter.b.engelbrektsen@arlafoods.com Henriette Nikolajsen, henriette.nikolajsen@aalborgportland.com Niels Kåre Bruun,nkb@betterhome.today Simon Steen Kristensen, simk@bestgreen.dk Jeppe Grønholt-Pedersen, jgp@kk.dk Henrik Skyggebjerg, hs@clever.dk Christian Mou, mou@cowi.com Erik Mansig, efm@daka.dk Anders Bo Laugen, abl@dallenergy.com Bruno Sander Nielsen, bsn@biogas.dk Trine Heinemann, THE@aeroekommune.dk Peter Bruhn, pbu@energinet.dk Joachim Steenstrup, jst@europeanenergy.dk Thomas Hag, tha@fh.dk Sannah Grüner, sagr@hofor.dk Poul Brath, POBRA@radiuselnet.dk Susanne Dyrbøl, susanne.dyrboel@rockwool.com Frede Hansen, fredehansen@hotmail.com Lars Nielsen, lars.nielsen@siemens.com Esben Baltzer Nielsen, esbenbaltzer.nielsen@vattenfall.com Anders Riis, ANPRR@vestas.com Tom Lehn-Christiansen, tomlc@orsted.dk

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The Energy Union – from paper to power

THE ENERGY UNION – FROM PAPER TO POWER The creation of the European Energy Union is a challenging and necessary ambition if Europe is to develop its position as a competitive, low carbon market. To achieve this, multiple technologies need to come into play, and – perhaps most importantly – we need to pursue integration of solutions across the different pillars of the energy sector. By Maroš Šefcovic, Vice President, European Commission, responsible for the Energy Union

In 2014 the European Union set sail on a journey towards a resilient Energy Union with a forward-looking climate change policy. By May 2018, one year before the end of our mandate, the European Commission has tabled the necessary legislation to enable this journey in its entirety. This included vast proposals in order to overhaul our electricity markets, which allow for more renewable energy, boost energy efficiency, ensure security of gas and electricity supplies and more. The journey has, at times, been stormy, but the ships have remained on course. Some have already reached shore, as files on, for instance, renewable energy, energy efficiency, buildings and governance were agreed, while the last voyages for the files on electricity market design will take place in the coming months. I have full faith in the

EU co-legislators - the European Parliament and the Council - that together, we will conclude all negotiations prior to the end of our mandate. Afterwards, a new and equally important journey will begin, as the Member States will implement what has been agreed at the European level. The ambitious European targets for climate, renewable energy and energy efficiency, combined with well-functioning markets, will be met through a combination of national and European measures and supported by a robust governance system. A multitude of technologies and solutions will need to come into play to reach the objectives of the Energy Union. From the outset, the Energy Union has been designed to break down silos and ensure an integrated approach across technologies

and sectors. Now it is up to Member States and industry to take the final steps in delivering on these objectives. This white paper offers several concrete solutions for Member States to boost both renewable energy and energy efficiency. Furthermore, it dives into some of the numerous possibilities to link and integrate different parts of the energy system in the pursuit of a decarbonised and competitive European economy. I am sure that it can serve as an inspiration to ensure a proper and ambitious completion of the Energy Union.

ABOUT THIS WHITE PAPER

ABOUT THIS WHITE PAPER The European energy challenge, targets and implementation When looking at the global climate challenges, the energy system is one of the biggest obstacles towards a carbon-free and net-zero future. The European Union has set ambitious objectives for an energy system, which integrates renewable energy and energy efficiency, as well as enabling a well-functioning energy market. These elements in combination can support a robust and flexible energy system, which is vital towards a clean energy system. The targets have been set, and the next important step is for all member states to implement the ambitions locally. In this implementation real-life, competitive and scalable solutions are vital to share and show toward an effective transition. Undiscovered potential in existing technologies When looking at the energy challenge today, it is evident, that many of the solutions, which are needed already exists. Furthermore, these solutions have over the last decades through innovative breakthroughs become competitive in a way that a green transition of the energy system can be cost-efficient. This is exemplified by the clean energy sources of offshore wind, onshore wind, solar, biomass and biogas energy technologies. A transition of the energy system that relies solely on renewable energy also requires a focus on the total amount of energy we consume. Both in industry and at the end user, energy efficiency measures exists which can achieve large savings in energy, costs and CO2 emissions. Integrated energy systems The integration of both renewable energy and energy efficiency measures in the European energy systems is pivotal for the transportation, heating and cooling sectors. These sectors are some of the most energy intensive, and are all still heavily reliant on fossil fuels. Therefore, this White Paper investigates existing solutions in electric mobility, biofuels, district energy and individual heating solutions. Lastly, allowing for energy markets to be connected both domestically and across borders is key to enable a larger integration of renewables, as well as to ensure increased flexibility and security. The next steps It is clear that there still lies many obstacles ahead in order to reach the objectives of the European Energy Union. By showcasing existing solutions and technologies, this publication seeks to support the dialogue with an action-oriented approach, which hopefully can contribute to a green transition of the European energy systems.

INDEX

INDEX The European Energy Union will secure a sustainable energy system.............................. 6-7 Energy system integration ............................................................................................................................................ 8 Long-term energy policies enabling the green transition...................................................................................... 9 Unleashing the potential of clean energy domestically....................................................... 10 The world’s largest offshore wind farm.................................................................................................................... 10 Biogas produced from manure and residues........................................................................................................... 12 Onshore wind supplying clean electricity production........................................................................................... 12 Developing the next generation of solar panels..................................................................................................... 13 Helsingør’s switch to renewable heating................................................................................................................. 13 Unlocking the potential of energy efficiency ....................................................................... 14 Hospital reducing energy in EPC project................................................................................................................... 15 A home-owner centric one-stop-shop model for energy renovation............................................................... 16 Use of surplus heat has led to substantial energy reductions at Danfoss....................................................... 17 Arla Rødkærsbro - dairy and energy producer........................................................................................................ 17 Integrated Energy Systems................................................................................................ 18-19 Hybrid solutions allowing for flexible energy systems......................................................................................... 19 Sustainable heating and cooling................................................................................20-21 Smart district heating in Copenhagen with heat pumps............................................................................ 22 Award-winning heating and cooling ‘as-a-service’...................................................................................... 22 Surplus heat from industry supplying heating to citizens......................................................................... 23 District heating supplying clean energy......................................................................................................... 23 Sustainable transportation........................................................................................24-25 Electric vehicles moving Europe.......................................................................................................................26 Green public transport for growing urban populations..............................................................................26 Biodiesel as a circular solution to transportation......................................................................................... 27 Electrical zero-emission passenger ferry....................................................................................................... 27 Energy markets and cooperation.................................................................................... 28 Cross border connections to enable flexible markets.................................................................................29 Storage solutions for a renewable electricity grid.......................................................................................29 About....................................................................................................................................30-31

The European Energy Union will secure a sustainable energy system

THE EUROPEAN ENERGY UNION WILL SECURE A SUSTAINABLE ENERGY SYSTEM

Goals are set, now the time is for EU and Member States to deliver Since 2014, decision makers in the European Union have worked intensively to secure an agreement on a futureproof European rule book which sets the path towards a secure, competitive and clean energy system. It is a concrete regulatory framework that provides the operational steps necessary to meet agreed political objectives. Across the globe, societies, governments, private actors and citizens are trying to solve the challenges energy systems of the future will bring. The European Union is a frontrunner within this field and is setting objectives that will achieve a greener future through climate strategies and clearly defined objectives in the energy sphere. Since the Energy Union strategy was launched in February 2015, the Commission has published several regulatory packages to ensure the Energy Union is achieved. Both the so-called “Gas Package” from February 2016 and the “Climate Package” from July 2016 made significant changes to the regulatory landscape of the European energy sector. With the “Clean Energy Package” and the “Clean Mobility Package" ,both of which are from November 2017, it is fair to say that the Energy Union is indeed a project that cuts across the traditional sectors of the energy sector. The Energy Union seeks to provide secure, affordable and clean energy for EU citizens

and businesses. To enable this, the Energy Union is based on five main pillars:

in order to drive the necessary solutions forward.

• Security, solidarity and trust • A fully integrated internal energy market • Energy efficiency • Climate action – decarbonising the economy • Research, innovation and competitiveness

In this White Paper, the foundation of the low-carbon transition of the European energy system is built upon three elements: renewable energy, energy efficiency and system integration. These elements are covered in the Energy Union, which seeks to ensure a cost-effective integration of clean energy sources, promotion of energy efficiency and the integration across sectors and across borders.

All of the above are vital to ensure the objectives of the Energy Union. The core of the Energy Union is cooperation and coordination between member states supplemented by firm action within each individual member state. The implementation of the Energy Union is deemed as the next important step. Currently, efforts are centred around mobilising the member states and the societies within represented by citizens, cities, rural areas, the private sector, companies, researchers and not least national politicians and policy makers. These actors will need to take ownership and responsibility of the Energy Union

A net-zero-emission economy in 2050 at the latest implies that clean energy sources such as wind, solar, bio and others will be the primary fuels to meet energy demand. This requires a strong political framework, coupled with an innovative private sector. Today, renewables are able to compete with fossil fuels in many scenarios, making them not only the greenest, but also the most cost-effective choice.

The European Energy Union will secure a sustainable energy system

A stable, competitive and green energy system implies the efficient use of energy resources as a method to increase the utilisation of energy. This has a positive impact on the CO2 footprint, but also the bottom-line, as it can reduce marginal costs for industry and citizens. Lastly, the integration of the energy system is vital on multiple stages. In terms of energy markets, connecting your country with your neighbours enables a more stable integration of clean energy, as surplus renewable production can be sold to neighbours to help meet their energy demands. Furthermore, the heating and cooling sectors, as well as the transport sector, are facing an urgent need to transform their fuel input, which will allow them to be powered by electricity and clean energy sources.

The green transition creating jobs and growth The renewables sector is a driver of growth and job creation. 1.4 million people were employed in the renewables sector in 2016, generating a turnover of EUR 149 billion. The transition of the energy sector to one powered primarily by renewables will not only result in a more sustainable energy system, but also ensure green growth that will secure a just transition and long-term socioeconomic benefits. Gross employment in the provision of energy efficiency goods and services sold in the EU28 member states in 2010 amounted to approximately 1 million jobs. Inclusion of activities that have the potential to realise energy savings, but are not purchased primarily for that purpose, would increase the job account to 2.4 million jobs. That would amount to approximately 1 percent of total employment

in the EU. Boosting domestic energy efficiency investments will create new business opportunities for European companies such as construction firms and manufacturers of energy-using or transport equipment, which is likely to have a positive impact on overall economic growth in Europe. Denmark has shown that many of the solutions that we need to implement in the Energy Union already exist today. However, there is still a long way to go if we are to reach the 2050 objective to fully decarbonise EU’s economy. The cases, solutions and learnings presented on the next pages will hopefully further qualify how the transition and implementation across both European member states as well as other international actors working towards a low-carbon and green economy can be achieved.

EU ENERGY UNION OBJECTIVES FOR 2030 • At least 40 percent reduction in greenhouse gas emissions compared to 1990 levels • At least 32 percent share of renewable energy consumption • Improvement of energy efficiency at EU level of at least 32.5 percent • The revised Energy Performance of Buildings Directive with an increased renovation rate and smarter buildings • At least 14 percent of the transport fuel of every EU country come from renewable sources • Increase the share of renewables in the heating sector by 1.3 percentage points a year • Develop further sustainability criteria for biomass • Support the completion of the internal energy market by achieving the existing electricity interconnection target of 10 percent by 2020, with a view to reaching 15 percent by 2030

The European Energy Union will secure a sustainable energy system

Energy system integration is about tapping into the combined strength of these energy systems and maximizing the value of every unit of energy we use

Integration

Energy systems integration is an approach to solving big energy challenges that explores ways for energy systems to work more efficiently on their own and with each other.

Low-carbon energy systems

Energy system integration brings the whole energy system together providing greater flexibility and more diverse energy sources.

Digitalisation Balancing supply and demand Long-term perspectives Consumer access Flexibility of energy sources Competitive market based solutions Electrification

Renewable energy

Energy access and security

While most energy sources, delivery systems and demand-response programs are treated as stand-alone technologies today, energy system integration examines how they can optimally work together as a system.

Energy efficiency

The European Energy Union will secure a sustainable energy system

DANISH TARGETS AND MILESTONES TOWARDS THE GREEN TRANSITION • Becoming a net-zero emission society • Independent of fossil fuels by 2050 • Phasing out coal in the Danish electricity production by 2030 • 50 percent renewable energy in the total energy mix by 2030 • Renewable energy: Build three new offshore wind farms by 2030 with a total of minimum 2400 MW as well as expand the production of green biogas • Introduce a competitive tender process, where different technologies such as onshore wind turbines and solar cells can compete on delivering green electricity at the lowest price

Long-term energy policies enabling the green transition The Danish Energy Model has shown that it is possible to sustain economic growth and a high standard of living while reducing fossil fuel dependency and mitigating climate change. This has been achieved through persistent and active energy policies with ambitious renewable energy and energy efficiency objectives that have been supplemented with efficient infrastructures, regulations and forward looking R&D programmes. Over the last 40 years, the Danish political framework on energy and climate has been characterised by an ambitious, long-term outlook and broad political support. This was also evident on June 29 2018, where the Danish government signed an energy agreement with the support of all the sitting parties in the Danish parliament. The agreement reaffirms and strengthens Denmark's climate and energy goals leading up to 2030. Political agreements on energy have been achieved with broad consensus in the Danish Parliament, where they serve as a basis for

• Energy and climate research will receive a cash injection with a target of DKK 1 billion (EUR 134 million) by 2024 • DKK 500 million (EUR 67 million) is allocated to green transportation in 2020-2024, in order to enhance green mobility and transportation • A modernisation of the heating sector, where both the district heating sector and the consumers can freely decide future investments, resulting in cheap heating for both companies and consumers. Electrification achieved through relaxation in electricity and electric heating taxes • From 2021 to 2024, DKK 100 million (EUR 67 million) annually will be allocated to a market-based grant pool focused on energy savings

setting and achieving ambitious long-term targets. This drives and enables investments in green technologies and their deployment. In doing so, it is possible to achieve a green transition of the energy system in a cost-effective way. This is due to the fact that the political structure allows multiple actors to engage, who can then develop innovative and cheaper solutions. Green technologies then become not only the most sustainable choice, but also the most cost-effective choice, where they, in many cases, outcompete fossil fuels. The Danish case seeks to stimulate and inspire low-carbon growth globally. For example, Denmark has demonstrated that energy consumption and carbon emissions can be radically improved while maintaining a sound and resilient economy. The next steps towards the green transition and green growth are expected to be founded on strong international cooperation and partnerships. Danish Ministry for Energy, Utility and Climate

Unleashing the power of clean energy domestically

UNLEASHING THE POWER OF CLEAN ENERGY DOMESTICALLY Over the last few years, wind, solar and bioenergy have become the preferred new generation technology as the energy sector is being expanded and renewed across Europe. Since the 1990s, the consumption of energy imports in the EU has been increasing and in 2016 the percentage reached 53.6 percent. This equates to a cost of more than EUR 1 billion per day for European citizens. Trading energy across borders is not in itself a problem, but history has shown that being too dependent on foreign energy supplies can make regions vulnerable to both economic and political developments that are outside of their control. It is therefore natural that the EU aims to minimise its import dependency and diversify import routes. Recent years have seen a significant drop in costs for renewable energy. This is particularly evident in the case of wind and solar energy, both of which provide a cheap, clean and domestic alternative to energy imports. Over the last few years, investments in wind, solar and bioenergy have exceeded investment in conventional

generation technologies as the energy sector is being expanded and renewed across Europe. Competitive clean energy When built on optimal sites and in optimal conditions, both offshore wind, onshore wind and solar power are now able to be established without subsidies. As technological solutions develop, and the functioning of energy and carbon markets improve, this tendency will continue to spread. The expansion of competitive tendering for renewable energy to cover the entire scope of the projects could help reduce costs further. Intelligent design of competitive tender processes when it comes to volumes, scope, window of establishment etc. will help underscore the movement towards zero-subsidy projects.

Biomass and biogas plants can integrate waste and residues from European agriculture, industry, household and forestry sectors to contribute further to a stable power and heat supply. Apart from producing energy, biogas has the simultaneous benefits of improving the environmental and climate foot print in agriculture. The development of biogas production is crucial in terms of replacing natural gas in Europe. With recently adopted common rules in the renewables directive, this will be done in a sustainable manner across Europe. The potential for renewable energy is tremendous. In 2018, the International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA) estimated that renewables could realistically meet 34 percent of energy consumption in Europe in 2030, compared to 17 percent in 2015. Other projections are even more optimistic, which will be reflected on in this chapter.

Photo: Matthias Ibeler The world’s largest offshore wind farm In September 2018, the 659MW Walney Extension was inaugurated in the Irish Sea. It is the world’s largest offshore wind farm, generating enough energy to power nearly 600,000 UK homes annually. It is also the first project consisting of wind turbines from two different manufacturers, MHI Vestas and Siemens Gamesa. Completed on time and on budget, the Walney Extension is a testament to the incredible development that offshore wind energy has undergone since the first pioneering projects in the beginning of the 1990s. The cost of energy has diminished with the maturation of the

industry. In Europe, electricity from new offshore wind farms can now compete with coal, gas and nuclear power plants. This makes offshore wind a feasible alternative, as Europe is phasing out coal to reduce fossil dependence and limit climate change. Today, more than 16GW offshore wind is installed in Europe. Studies reveal the economically viable potential exceeds 600GW – enough to match the production capacity of every European coal fired power plant – twice. Ørsted

Unleashing the power of clean energy domestically

Biogas produced from manure and residues The Danish biogas plant Linko Gas was established in 1992 by 60 local farmers who still own the plant in a co-operative. The main objective is as a service facility to handle the livestock manure from the farmers. The process improves the fertiliser value and reduce the environmental and climate footprint due to reduced leaching of nitrates and reduced emissions of greenhouse gases. Furthermore, the smell from the manure is reduced. Linkogas also handles organic residues from food industry and source separated household waste bringing the nutrients back in a circular economy.

The plant has gradually expanded, and in 2017 it handled 450,000 tonnes of livestock manure and residues (55 percent cattle slurry and 25 percent pig slurry). In 2018, Linkogas started a new expansion including a new organic line, which brings the capacity up to 600,000 tonnes per year. In the first 25 years the biogas was co-generated to electricity to the grid and heat to the local district heating system. In 2017, Linkogas established an upgrading plant operated by Ørsted and the biogas is now injected into the national gas grid.

Onshore wind supplying clean electricity production Denmark has been a first mover, when it comes to capturing wind resources for electricity production. Technology has improved tremendously since the first modern day turbines were developed. Great potential exists for repowering the old sites, which will reduce the number of turbines, lessen the impact on the surrounding area and at the same time increase the production of fossil free energy. This is the case with Vattenfall’s Klim Wind Farm. With an average

wind speed of 8 metres per second, the area is perfect for energy production. When 35 old turbines were replaced by 22 modern, highly efficient turbines, the energy production more than tripled. Today the wind farm can cover the annual electricity consumption of 64,000 Danish households, making it one of the largest in Denmark as measured by energy production. Jammerbugt Kommune, local landowners, Siemens and Vattenfall

Linko Gas

Photo: Nordhagen Kommunikation

Unleashing the power of clean energy domestically

Developing the next generation of solar panels The price of solar energy has dropped approximately 90% over the past 10 years. It is now cheaper than conventional power plants in many markets. Further improvements to both the price and performance of solar energy is expected to continue. Danish developer European Energy recently opened a first of its kind test centre in Europe. The centre is built on the campus of the Technical University of Denmark, where it will test the latest solar power technologies. This includes bifacial solar cells, which, in contrast to the traditional monofacial solar cells, harvest solar energy from both sides of the

Helsingør’s switch to renewable heating In the municipality of Helsingør, the city’s combined heat and power plant is undergoing a renewal process, converting from one that runs on natural gas to one that uses wood chips, which will primarily be sourced locally. The plant adheres to the requirements laid out in the voluntary industry agreement between Danish Energy Association and the Danish District Heating Association, guaranteeing that heat and power generation will be based on sustainable biomass. It will further adhere to recently adopted sustainability criteria adopted at EU level in the Renewables Directive.

panel. Researchers and employees from European Energy will test bifacial panels in combination with tracking (where solar panels automatically move to follow the sun throughout the day) and interaction with different storage technologies. European Energy estimate that the research can improve the harvest of solar energy by up to 20% using only off-the-shelf solar modules and structures. The new test centre will support the continued development of solar energy as a key technology in the future energy system. European Energy

Sustainable biomass is a CO2-neutral fuel, primarily meaning that the CO2 emitted from the incineration of the wood chips is absorbed by reforested woods. When finished by the end of 2018, the modernisation of the plant will lead to an annual reduction in CO2 emissions of up to by 80,000 tonnes. This translates into an annual reduction in emissions from district heating production in Helsingør by up to 88 percent, including emissions stemming from the domestic transportation of the wood chips used for production. Forsyning Helsingør

Unlocking the potential of energy efficiency

UNLOCKING THE POTENTIAL OF ENERGY EFFICIENCY

Building an energy efficient EU Energy Union

Energy efficiency is a core part of the EU Energy Union. A green and competitive European economy will rely on the cost-efficient utilisation of the huge potential that lies within energy efficiency measures. The importance of energy efficiency as a key instrument towards a low-carbon economy has been stated in the European Clean Energy Package, where EU has increased the European energy efficiency target from at least 27 percent to at least 32.5 percent in 2030. A more efficient use of energy will allow Europeans to lower their energy bills and help protect the environment. Energy efficiency should be increased at all stages of the energy chain, from generation to final consumption. Energy efficiency will deliver on climate targets The EU has agreed on the “energy efficiency first” principle. Consequently, energy efficiency improvements need to be realised whenever they are more cost effective than equivalent supply side solutions. End use energy efficiency alone

can deliver 35 percent of the cumulative CO2 savings required by 2050 to meet the Paris Agreement’s temperature goals, according to the IEA (2018). Still huge global potential in increasing energy efficiency The global investment in energy efficiency reveals an upward looking trend and the IEA (2017) has calculated that investments in energy efficiency investments amounted to to EUR 202 billion in 2016. Consequently, energy efficiency investments represent 13.6 percent of the EUR 1.49 trillion invested across the entire energy market. Investments in efficient buildings account for 58 percent of the investments in energy efficiency, whereas the transport sector comprises 26 percent and the industry 16 percent.

These investments are well in line with the fact that IEA (2014) estimates that with the current pathway, two thirds of the global energy efficiency potential will remain untapped in 2035. In buildings, less than 20 percent of the economically viable potential will be achieved. Similarly, less than 40 percent in the transport sector and less than 45 percent in industry will be achieved. Energy intensity differs significantly across sectors, as well as across EU member states borders. The increasing global focus on energy efficiency, together with strong cases of cost effective energy efficiency projects will pave the way for further efforts and investments. This chapter shows a selection of innovative and energy efficient solutions.

Unlocking the potential of energy efficiency

Hospital reducing energy in EPC project Hvidovre Hospital in Copenhagen has an objective of reducing total energy consumption by 15 percent and already by 2020, 10 percent of the hospital’s energy needs should come from renewable sources. Among the measures utilised to reach this target is to renovate the technical facilities in the 245,000 m² buildings and to expand the capacity of the hospital’s own renewable energy sources. This is being implemented by Siemens as an Energy Performance Contracting (EPC) project that covers technologies such as lighting,

building management, energy management, intelligent controlled bed rooms, photo voltage, turbocor cooling, ventilation, water savings and freezer technology. With an investment of EUR 24 million, this EPC project is one of the largest of its kind in Europe. Siemens is guaranteeing the significant energy savings – where energy expanded on heating is reduced by 41 percent, electricity by 23 percent and water by 7 percent – this provides the project with a payback time of 10 years. The project won the European Energy Service Project in 2017. Siemens and Hvidovre Hospital

Unlocking the potential of energy efficiency

A home-owner centric one-stop-shop model for energy renovation Renovating buildings to reduce energy demand is a key tool to combat climate change. Across the planet more than 40 percent of greenhouse gas emissions are derived from energy consumption in buildings. Reaching the Paris Agreement’s goals requires urgent action to avoid further lock in to inefficient and climate vulnerable buildings and homes. This will require upscaled investment in renovating existing building stock. Europe faces a profound challenge – to triple the current renovation rate in order to meet its climate and energy goals. For building owners, the renovation process can be a hassle, shaped by the ambiguity of implementation measures. Uncertainty about how to tackle the renovation process is one of the reasons why the annual renovation rate continues to linger at around 1 percent and private investments remain limited. Achieving the full market potential of renovation calls for a paradigm shift, where a more service-oriented supply side together with a deeper awareness on the demand side play a key role. Facilitating a simple renovation process BetterHome delivers a comprehensive, digital one-stop-shop service in partnership with key players in the construction value chain, including banks. The home-owner is offered tailor-made

solutions based on specific preferences, covering energy improvements on the building envelope, heating, cooling, ventilation and hot water systems. The process is holistically planned; optimising the value chain by minimising efficiency losses, miscommunication and avoiding lock-in effects. As facilitator, BetterHome is transforming a complex and fragmented renovation process into a simple and straightforward procedure for the home-owner, thereby ensuring a reliable and smooth process. For the installers, BetterHome clusters suitable projects and helps them to better structure the renovation process. The figures show the success of the model. BetterHome started in Denmark in 2014 as an initiative by four leading Danish companies Danfoss, Grundfos, ROCKWOOL and VELUX and was already profitable after just 3 years. Today, they have a network of more than 3,500 installers, seven banks and three utilities. Initially, the main focus for the BetterHome model was deep renovation projects of single-family houses, but the business model is now being redeveloped to support renovation projects of multifamily buildings as well. For single-family houses the average project investment is approximately EUR 70,000 with energy savings of approximately 30 - 70 percent. BetterHome, ROCKWOOL, Danfoss, Grundfos

Unlocking the potential of energy efficiency

Use of surplus heat has led to substantial energy reductions at Danfoss For years, Danfoss has worked to reduce its factories' global energy consumption. To that end, Danfoss and COWI entered into a close collaboration to review energy saving potentials. Danfoss factories typically require a lot of heat and generate vast amounts of surplus heat. Therefore, an energy saving initiative was implemented, focusing on heat pumps and on producing central heating using the low-temperature surplus heat.

heating on four 500 kW heat pumps reduces annual gas consumption by 1.2 million m³, shaving off 2,700 tonnes of CO₂ emissions and generating an annual saving of DKK 3.4 million (EUR 455,600). This project is a classic case of the green transition in practice, where fossil fuels are replaced with green electricity. In the longer term, a collaboration between Danfoss and the local district heating company in Nordborg could result in the recovery and export of another 3,700 MWh of surplus heat, shaving off an additional 0.4 million m³ of gas and 900 tonnes of CO₂.

The initiative includes a heat recovery project at Danfoss’ main site in Nordborg, Denmark. Coproduction of cooling water and central

Danfoss , COWI, Johnson Controls

Arla Rødkærsbro - Dairy and energy producer The Arla dairy in Rødkærsbro in Denmark is an example of true circularity. The dairy is one of the largest producers of mozzarella in Europe and is also an energy producer. In 2017, the dairy has restructured from labour-intensive to a highly energy efficient and automated dairy.

town of Rødkærsbro. Arla and Rødkærsbro district heating plant established 2.5 km pipelines to transport excess heat from the dairy’s biogas motor and the hot wastewater. This delivers district heat for 600 local citizens.

The dairy buys biogas based on manure, which is produced at two neighbouring cattle farms that also delivers milk to the dairy. The surplus heat from biogas usage and wastewater from the dairy is utilised for sustainable and cheap heat for the district heating in

That way the cattle farms create milk, biogas and electricity for the dairy, and the resulting excess heat is then used to produce district heating for the local town. Arla Foods Rødkærsbro District Heating

Integrated Energy Systems

INTEGRATED ENERGY SYSTEMS

Integration of clean energy and energy efficiency across the system In order to achieve the goals of the European Energy Union, both renewable energy and energy efficiency need to be integrated across the energy system. This includes the energy intensive heavy sectors as transportation and heating & cooling, as well an enabling an energy market across borders. Producing clean energy and using our energy more wisely through efficiency measures are both vital pillars of the future energy system. However, the third and equally important pillar is about integrating these elements in the energy system. Some of the sectors that are most challenged in reaching the European targets are transportation as well as heating & cooling. In the EU only 16 percent of the heating and cooling

is generated from renewable energy. In the transport sector, oil supplies about 94 percent of all energy used to power European cars, trucks, ships and planes. These sectors rely on large industrial, infrastructure and technology investments in order to fully reach the potentials as well as providing access for all citizens.

The sections to come will investigate the potentials in these sectors as well as showcasing some of the solutions we see already today. Lastly, the third section will underline the importance of integrating the energy system not only within the member states, but also across borders. Both challenges, but most of all solutions will be presented in order to better comprehend the possible implementation paths towards 2030.

Integrated Energy Systems

Photo: Vestas wind systems Hybrid solutions allowing for flexible energy systems When looking at integrated energy systems, the grid is a key challenge. Both grid stability, as well as market fluctuations and demand patterns, require innovative solutions, which can integrate multiple renewable energy sources to adapt and mitigate to the challenges of the future energy system. Working closely with customers, Vestas has developed different hybrid power plant solutions covering the full project’s value chain, from siting to construction, grid connection and service. Hybrid power plant solutions can change the way in which energy is

harnessed and monetised, connecting energy with value. In Greece, the Louzes Wind Power Plant was established in 2008, featuring 24 MW of wind power capacity. In 2012, a 1 MW solar power plant was integrated with the existing wind power plant, becoming a hybrid power plant through sharing interconnection facilities. MW-scale grid connected solutions such as this that diversify energy generation to power plants enable you to be more competitive by enhancing the utilisation of resources relative to plant capacity as well as being able to deliver a consistent, predictable supply of energy over time. Vestas Wind Systems

Sustainable heating and cooling

SUSTAINABLE HEATING AND COOLING

Creating a green transition of the heating and cooling sector Heating and cooling are some of the most energy intensive sectors in today’s energy mix and most of the energy used for heating and cooling today is provided by fossil fuels. Therefore, integrating renewables and energy efficiency measures is vital to reach a sustainable energy system.

Sustainable heating and cooling

More than 70 percent of EU's heat generation comes from fossil fuels. At the same time, heating represents approximately 50 percent of final energy consumption in Europe. If the heating supply is to live up to the objectives of the Energy Union, it needs to be better integrated with the rest of the energy system. As the price of renewable energy has fallen, low-carbon electricity presents a green and sustainable alternative to fossil fuels in the heating sector. This can be via large scale heat pumps in combination with district heating or as an individual heating option. Furthermore, waste heat from both conventional power production and industry can increase efficiency and reduce the carbon foot print of the heating supply.

In Denmark, heating is expected to be virtually carbon free by 2030. This ambition will be achieved on the basis of several years of long term heat planning. Integration across sectors is a core element in completing the final stretch. Much of the development has been achieved through the large-scale transition to district heating, which is an important infrastructural premise that must be present to broadly integrate renewable sources. Today approximately 2 out of 3 households are supplied by district heating in Denmark, which allows a more efficient heat supply if produced centrally in densely populated areas. More than 60 percent of that heat is produced from renewable sources. The primary renewable source is biomass (hay, wood pellets, household waste etc.), which has replaced the use of coal, oil and natural gas. Biomass is an important transition fuel, as it allows

for existing fossil fuel Combined Heat and Power plants (CHP) to be retrofitted into plants that produce heat generated by renewables. Currently, the utilisation of excess heat from industry and even supermarkets in Denmark as an input in the district energy system is increasing. This is achieved through an increased use of heat pumps. The European Union estimates that 100 percent of all building’s heating demand in Europe can be covered by this excess heat, which is why the capture of this resource has a large potential in reaching the 2030 targets. This chapter will showcase the key technologies when it comes to decarbonising the heating and cooling sector towards 2030.

Sustainable heating and cooling

Smart district heating in Copenhagen with heat pumps Large electric heat pumps are expected to be a key technology in the future energy system. District heating companies in Copenhagen are spearheading an innovation partnership regarding the establishment of a large scale ammonia heat pump (5 MW heat delivery) for demonstration purposes. The partnership represents key players with expert knowledge from industry, research institutions and the district heating sector and receives funding from the Danish Energy Agency. The purpose of the project is to test which heat sources are suitable for district heating and to determine the reliability, efficiency and flexibility

of the technology in interplay with a district heating system and as storage for wind power.

Award-winning heating and cooling ‘as-a-service’ With its 2,600 m2, Resilience House, located near Vejle in the western part of Denmark, is an international lighthouse for the development of resilient solutions. The intelligent heating and cooling system in the building proves that heat pumps are more than a sustainable alternative to traditional heating. The heating and cooling system consists of energy wells and heat pumps. During the winter months, the heat pumps heat the building, while cooling, the residual product of heat production, is stored in the energy wells. This cooling is applied in reverse to cool the building down during the summer.

The system is delivered by Best Green, who offer heat as a service to private actors, business and municipalities in areas without district heating. Best Green purchases, installs and maintains a heat pump solution at the client, who thereby avoids service and maintenance costs. The energy needed to run the system is based entirely on wind and sun energy, making the solution carbon neutral. The heating solution won the ‘DecarbBuilding’ award in 2018 by the European Heat Pump Association – an award given to the most sustainable buildings in Europe operating on heat pumps.

The results from the test programs will provide extensive data material relevant to district heating companies and the heat pump sector in terms of demonstration and maturing the technology. This will contribute to diversifying green production technologies for district heating in the future and increase the utilisation of wind and sun energy. HOFOR, CTR, VEKS

Best Green

Photo: Best Green

Sustainable heating and cooling

Surplus heat from industry supplying heating to citizens In order to produce cement, raw materials such as limestone and sand have to be burned at temperatures of up to 1500°C. Due to this high temperature process, the Aalborg Portland cement factory has enormous supplies of excess heat. One of the main sources of waste heat is the flue gas streams from the white kilns. The solution to this energy loss was to implement a heat recovery system, in which the flue gasses from the five white kilns are utilised in heat exchanger installations to transfer the thermal energy from the flue gas to Aalborg’s district heating network.

District heating supplying clean energy Dall Energy is currently designing a 17 MW district heating plant for Dalkia in France. The plant will be based on Dall Energy’s gasification technology, which is developed in Denmark. Dalkia is responsible for a large-scale expansion of the district heating network in the city of Rouen. Part of this upgrade is the installation of new heat generation capacity. The plant will be based on the gasification of biomass in order to reduce the city’s environmental footprint for non-ETS sectors (sectors not quota regulated via the EU Emissions

The Aalborg Portland cement factory supplies surplus heat from production in the form of district heating to the residents of Aalborg. In 2017, this surplus heat corresponded to the annual heat consumption of approximately24,000 households. There are also other projects in the works to utilise excess heat, such as reusing the hot air from the grey kiln’s clinker cooler as primary inlet air to all the white kilns and one of Aalborg Portland’s coal mills. Aalborg Portland

Trading System). The patented Dall Energy gasification process is a modern alternative to traditional grate combustion and offers low maintenance costs combined with high fuel flexibility. This ensures sustainable biomass of various qualities can be sourced locally at a cost which is lower than normal for high-quality woodchips. This project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme. Dall Energy & Dalkia

Sustainable transportation

SUSTAINABLE TRANSPORTATION

Accelerating the decarbonisation of the transport sector

Private, heavy and maritime transport produces a large CO2 footprint today and this footprint has only increased over the last decade.Decarbonising the transportation of goods and people is one of the largest challenges, but also represents one of the biggest opportunities.

Sustainable transportation

From 1990 to 2016, most of the major GHG emitting sectors (electricity, heat, industry and buildings) managed to reduce CO2 emissions. However, transport (especially road transport) is a noticeable exemption from this trend. For this reason, the share of GHG emissions from transport in the EU went from 15 percent to 24 percent during this period of time. The transport sector has traditionally been difficult to decarbonise due to the lack of alternatives to gasoline and diesel combustion engines. However, recent years have shown promising alternatives developing. Road transport accounts for more than 70 percent of GHG emissions in the transport sector in Europe and passenger cars alone account for more than 40 percent. However, it is clear that road transport is also where the most readily available technical solutions can be found. It is crucial to bring all available technologies into play – electric cars, trains and buses, bio fuels, plug-in hybrids, biogas, electrofuels

and more collective transportation. All of these technologies can contribute to a decarbonised transport sector and thereby achieve clean energy objectives. Existing solutions can be implemented today Sales of electric vehicles are accelerating at unprecedented speeds as the selection of models is widening and battery costs are falling. A MIT study from 2016 suggests the 87 percent of all trips in passenger cars can be made in electric vehicles. As battery range increases and charging infrastructure deployments accelerate, this share will be even higher in the future. Solutions to heavy duty vehicles are also entering the market. The first steps towards the use of electricity and biogas in city buses are already being deployed across Europe. Furthermore, the development within advanced biofuels has the potential to reduce carbon emissions from heavy duty vehicles significantly. Even maritime transport is starting to move. In particular, short sea shipping routes can benefit from electrification and the use

of biogas, sustainable biofuels or even electrofuels. The revision of the Renewable Energy Directive includes a target of incorporating 14 percent renewable energy in the transportation sector, which paves the way for the increased deployment of electricity, biogas and biofuels. 1st generation biofuels generated from feed and food crops will be phased out. Instead this opens for incorporating more sustainable and advanced biofuels based on waste and by-products from agriculture, industry and households. Investments in sustainable transportation have to be planned over the long term. Decisions taken over the next few years will define the landscape for decades. Investments that make better use of the infrastructure, create less congestion and ensure a better traffic flow will all contribute to sustainable transport. The political will need to accompanied by a willingness to support innovation, research and development in current and future solutions within all technologies.

Sustainable transportation

Photo: Clever Electric vehicles moving Europe The number of electric vehicles sold worldwide has reached 4 million. This happened only six months after the 3 million mark was reached. Both European and national legislation will boost sales further, ramping up the demand for user-friendly and reliable charging infrastructure. Clever meets the new demands with the design of the first ever flat-rate charging subscription fused with the purchase of new electric vehicles sold in Denmark to give customers the freedom and mobility to charge where and when it suits them – at home, at work and on the go.

In addition, Clever is rolling out ultra-fast charging stations along freeways from Norway to Italy with funding from the EU, making e-mobility truly borderless. By 2020, Clever and E.ON will roll out 180 ultra-fast charging stations in seven different countries. The charging stations will be placed along intervals of 120 - 180 kilometres on European highways, which will essentially facilitate electric vehicle transportation from Norway to Italy. The project will consist of ultra-fast 150 kW to 350 kW charging points. This will enable customers to charge cars to a 400 km reach level within 15-20 minutes. Clever

Green public transport for growing urban populations Throughout the globe, Copenhagen is renowned for its sustainable urban development and high quality of life. However, the city is currently expanding with 1000 new inhabitants every month. As such there is a need for new, smart solutions and efficient, green public transport to accommodate these multitudes of new Copenhageners – and to achieve the ambitious goal of becoming the world’s first carbon neutral capital by 2025.

public transport network as a whole. Since 2017, Copenhagen’s – and Scandinavia’s – busiest bus route has been served by carbon neutral busses running on biogas, which transport 20 million passengers a year. In 2019, a new metro circle line will open, along with two new electric bus routes. This is part of an ongoing drive to replace all of the city’s diesel busses with greener (zero emission) alternatives by 2025, which will save the city approximately 17,865 tonnes of CO2 and 38.8 tonnes of nitrogen oxides a year.

Copenhagen has already made great strides. The city has an efficient metro network and is currently investing heavily in expanding its

City of Copenhagen

Sustainable transportation

Biodiesel as a circular solution to transportation As the world and the European Union in particular have renewed efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, the quest to find alternative fuels for the transportation sector has intensified. Heavy-duty vehicles are responsible for 25 percent of all CO2 emissions arising from road transport in the EU. The European Commission’s target is to reduce CO2 emissions from heavy-duty vehicles by 15 percent in 2025 compared to 2019 levels and at least 30 percent in 2030 compared to 2019 levels. Biofuels significantly contributes to reach these goals. Continuous focus on sustainable growth has generated several

Electrical zero-emission passenger ferry The transport sector is responsible for a large percentage of GHG emissions worldwide. This is certainly the case on the island of Ærø in the Southern Danish archipelago, where transport accounts for up to 40 percent of the total GHG emissions. Together with eight European partners from research and industry and with co-funding from the European Commission’s Horizon 2020 Innovation Fund, the Municipality of Ærø has therefore started the E-Ferry project. The goal is to design, build and demonstrate a fully electric, zero-emissions vehicle and passenger ferry. The E-ferry will be able to cover distances seven times longer than current battery-electric vessels,

environmentally friendly businesses and models that tackle future challenges. Daka ecoMotion is one of the companies tackling these challenges through the production of 55 million litres of advanced biodiesel. Daka ecoMotion utilises animal by-products, mainly from Danish agriculture, and refines animal fat into biodiesel. With an 83 percent reduction of CO2 emissions compared to conventional fuels, renewable biodiesel from Daka ecoMotion has the potential to be one of the major contributors to fulfill the EU’s CO2 reduction targets in the heavy-duty vehicle sector. Daka Denmark

due to its 4.3 MWh battery capacity and its 4 MW charging effect. The E-ferry will be charged with certified green electricity and will be a zero-emission vessel. Compared to existing ferries servicing the island of Ærø, the E-ferry will reduce emissions of 2 000 tonnes of CO2, 41 500 kg of NOx and 1 350 kg of SO2 annually. Leclanché, Danfoss Editron, Tuco Marine Group, Consulting Naval Architect Jens Kristensen, Hellenic Institute of Transport, Danish Maritime Authority, Søby Shipyard, Danish Institute of Fire and Security Technology, The Municipality of Ærø

The E-ferry project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme.

Energy Markets and Cooperation

ENERGY MARKETS AND COOPERATION Energy markets across borders are an essential building block of the Energy Union. In order to achieve goals such as decarbonising the economy, the efficient integration of renewable energy sources, not to mention energy security, solidarity and trust, it is crucial to have well-functioning markets across borders in the EU. The EU-wide integration of energy markets is in full swing with the implementation of the third energy package and the underlying network codes and guidelines. Only with a well-functioning internal energy market can renewable energy be integrated efficiently while ensuring high security of supply. The Clean Energy Package builds on and strengthens the currents cross-border markets. Cooperation of Transmission System Operators (TSOs) and National Regulatory Authorities (NRAs) is formalised to a high degree in EU legislation. TSOs formally cooperate within the European Network of Transmission System Operators (ENTSO), while the NRAs cooperate and coordinate under the umbrella of the Agency for the Cooperation of Energy Regulators (ACER). Furthermore, in the Clean Energy Package a new European entity is created to increase cooperation between European Distribution System Operators (DSOs). In addition to legally binding regulations at EU level, Denmark has a long tradition

of regional cooperation in the electricity market with neighbouring countries. This cooperation exists primarily in the Nordic region, but is also expanding to other areas in the EU. The energy field is a prime example of the benefits strong cooperation brings. Already around the shift of the millennium, the common Nordic wholesale market for electricity, Nordpool, was established, based on a political declaration from the Nordic energy ministers in 1995. The initiative has led to a regional market that increases welfare in the whole region, enabling integration of high amounts of renewables into the electricity system, ensuring security of supply and serving as a role model for the market design of the whole of the EU. Today, more than 80 percent of electricity is traded on the spot market in the Nordic region. Currently, the Nordic region works on renewing the regional vision for the future of the electricity market, tackling the foreseeable challenges connected to the change to a carbon-free economy as well as making use of opportunities connected

to new technologies and digitalisation. Strong and common regional solutions in energy markets are necessary to ensure the efficient integration of the next wave of renewable energy sources that have to be integrated into the energy systems in order to meet shared climate goals. Furthermore, current market design has to be adjusted in order to ensure that new technologies, such as batteries and other storage, can integrate their potential into the energy markets. In another initiative, the North Seas Energy Cooperation, North Sea countries (Belgium, Denmark, France, Germany, Ireland, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Norway and Sweden, and later also the UK) agreed to further strengthen their energy cooperation to improve conditions for the development of offshore wind energy in order to ensure a sustainable, secure and affordable energy supply in the area.

Energy Markets and Cooperation

Cross border connections to enable flexible markets The transition to an energy system built on renewables necessitates better utilisation of the energy. Today, power plants can produce when there is a demand. In the future, demand will have to follow production. This calls for common European electricity markets and strong interconnectors that can transport power from areas with high production and low demand to areas with low production and high demand. COBRAcable and Kriegers Flak Common Grid Solution are both co-funded by the European Union for expanding the European market - coupling and allowing for a better utilisation of renewables. COBRAcable and Kriegers Flak allow for

the transportation of renewable energy from Northern Europe to Central Europe. This way, renewable energy can be used when it is produced, even though production and consumption are not located near each other. With strong interconnectors and efficient electricity markets, renewable energy can be produced in areas with an abundance of wind and transported to areas with high demand and thereby ensure a stable energy supply.

Storage solutions for a renewable electricity grid In Copenhagen, the urban planning project Nordhavn has ambitions to integrate renewables broadly into the energy system, which places new demands on the electricity grid. The typical function of the storage element is grid shaving, i.e. charging batteries during low load periods and discharging the energy to the grid when a load peak arises. However, the battery can also participate in stabilising the voltage profile of a feeder, depending on its strategic position in that feeder. Finally, when renewable energy that is fed into the grid exceeds grid capacity, the battery can represent a load. With the integration of renewables, the energy production will fluctuate more

than we are used to and consumption patterns will change, which we need to prepare for. In Nordhavn, Radius have implemented a battery in operation as part of a demonstration project. Through the R&D project, we can learn how to design the electricity grid, so it meets the demands of the future energy system. Batteries and storage solutions will play a key role in the integration of renewables in the electricity grid, as it ensures a stable and reliable supply of energy.

Energinet Elsystemansvar Energinet Eltransmission

Radius Elnet, ABB, EKZ, Danish Institute of Fire and Security Technology

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State of Green is a one-point entry to all leading Danish players working to drive the global transition to a sustainable, low-carbon, resource-efficient society. We foster relations with international stakeholders interested in discussing their challenges and bring into play relevant Danish competencies and technologies that enable a green transition. State of Green is in itself an example of partnership and collaboration. We are a not-for-profit, public-private partnership between the Danish Government and Denmark’s four leading business associations: The Confederation of Danish Industry, the Danish Energy Association, the Danish Agriculture & Food Council and the Danish Wind Industry Association. His Royal Highness, the Crown Prince Frederik of Denmark, is the patron of State of Green.

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ABOUT

Danish Energy

Danish Wind Industry Association

Danish Agriculture and Food Council

The Danish Energy is a commercial and professional organisation for Danish energy companies. It is managed and financed by its member companies, which primarily consist of electricity companies. The organisation works to secure the freest and most favourable conditions for competition and development for its members in order to ensure development, growth and well-being in Denmark. Danish Energy works to influence European energy and climate policy in order to support investments in the transition to a net-zero carbon energy system. Only by creating good and stable framework conditions for investments can the green transition of Europe succeed.

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