UNIVERSITA’ DEGLI STUDI DI PAVIA MASTER DEGREE PROGRAMME IN
BUILDING ENGINEERING/ARCHITECTURE ITALIAN CHINESE CURRICULUM General Agreement between University of Pavia, IUSS - Institute for Advanced Study Pavia, and Tongji University of Shanghai, March 2009
REDEVELOPMENT OF THE GASOMETERS AREA IN PAVIA WITH SOCIAL LABS AND A VERTICAL FARM
Supervisor
Prof. IOANNI DELSANTE Co-Supervisor
Prof. PAOLO VENINI STEFANO CROCE 345545/39
Academic Year 2010-2011
AI MIEI GENITORI “...eiusmodi possessiones et viatica liberis oportere parari quae etiam e naufragio una possent enatare.” (ARISTIPPO)
REDEVELOPMENT OF THE GASOMETERS AREA IN PAVIA WITH SOCIAL LABS AND A VERTICAL FARM
ABSTRACT 005 RIASSUNTO 006 摘要 007 0.0 – INTRO 008 1.0 – URBAN EVOLUTION AND REHABILITATION STRATEGIES
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1.1 – URBAN EVOLUTION 023 -From XVI century to 1900 -The urban evolution in the XXth century through city plans 1.2 – INDUSTRIAL EVOLUTION IN PAVIA 030 1.3 – PRE-EXISTING URBAN-SCALE ELEMENT 032 -The city wall -The ancient ditch: Carona -The Naviglio Canal 1.4 – REHABILITATION STRATEGIES 042
2.0 – PROJECT SITE ANALYSIS 045 2.1 – PRE-EXISTING ELEMENTS 048 -The gasometers -Fascist era buildings -The expo palace and the swimming pool 2.2 – ACCESSIBILITY 054 2.3 – built systems and function analysis 057 2.4 – LAW RESTRICTIONS 060 -P.T.C.P. -P.A.I. -Other High-level restrictions -P.G.T. -D.D.P. 2.5 – PREVIOUS design strategies ON SITE 066
3.0 – URBAN EVOLUTION THROUGH LANDSCAPE LINEAR ELEMENTS 074 3.1 – FROM THE EXISTING DISUSED INFRASTRUCTURE TO CITY REGENERATION 079 3.2 – CASE STUDIES 082 -Madrid Rio Park, Madrid, Spain, 2011, West8 and MRIO -Berges du Seine, Paris, France, 1998, Mosbach Paysagistes -Promenade for the banks of the Rhone, Lyon, France, 2006, Jourda architects and InSitu Paysagistes V-Sagrera linear park project, Barcelona, Spain, 2011, West8 3.3 – URBAN COURSE OF NAVIGLIO 092 3.4 – RENEWAL PROPOSAL 096
4.0 – DESIGN DEVELOPMENT 101 4.1 – PROJECT STRATEGIES 104 -Extension of project site -Burial of existing road -Enhancement of public spaces -Urban signs and landscape recovery -Settlement principle 4.2 – GENERAL OVERVIEW 112 -General masterplan -Functional program -Outdoor spaces -General sections 4.3 – GASHOLDERS TRANSFORMATION AND THE VERTICAL FARM -Strategy -General overview on vertical farming -Vertcal Farm design -Structural pre-sizing
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4.4 – SOCIAL LAB 135 -Functional program and functioning -Plans -Sections -Facades -Details
5.0 – BIBLIOGRAPHY AND WEB RESOURCES 144 6.0 – DRAWINGS 153
ABSTRACT The thesis project is focused on the requalification of an area shut out for a long period from the urban development because of its criticalities. The processing of the design is subjected to an analysis performed first of all on the city and on the nowadays feasible redevelopment processes, through a study on the evolution of the elements characterizing the contest and through the use of the prescriptive instruments in force. The themes of the preexistences, of the urban sign, of the settlement coherence and of the landscape recovery are the fields in which the requalification proposal spaces out, linked also to the urban marketing rules and to the reactivation of flows of ideas and people, potential elements of a new territorial usability. From this perspective the Naviglio gains an important role in the urban context, role that was lost after its employment as commercial axis, recovered through the landscape renewal for recreational aims as fundamental element of a new way to feel and live the city. The creation of a new linear park designed on this nineteenth– century infrastructure is the base for a renewal that involves the peri-urban areas in the city town trend, and it is also the starting point for the requalification project of the ex-gasholders in the ending part of its course. The green recovery program consists in the setting up of new public activities that become the symbol of the collaboration among citizens and institutions and not only the simple power expression. The new social labs for the artistic and communication experimentations assume
the role of driving forces for the area, together with the vertical farm, a structure for the cultivation and the selling of agricultural products grown in a controlled environment. The general strategy is to revive the main signs and pre-existences of the site also thanks to a new road system project, starting from the burying of Viale dei Prtigiani, a busy road connecting Pavia city center with the surrounding territory on the ancient trace towards Cremona. The new contemporary reading of the city’s gateway – the ancient Garibaldi gate stood here – is the reason that led me to create a new vertical farm inside the structure of one ex gasholder: a 50 meters height tower rising as a new urban landmark, able to link the typical agricultural past with the new low impact productive methods, symbol of a new sustainable development. The main principle that rules the whole design, developed until the architectonical detail scale and the structural predimensioning, is the idea of the recognizable urban structure creation, issued from the past and read through the contemporary aesthetic and customs The design choices are supported by the belief that the identification and the promotion of the historical memory can be carried out only working on the territory, without freezing it, but suggesting a reinterpretation, a new vision, aimed to the nowadays needs. Following these concepts the environmental and cultural values able to assure the citizens the confidence in belonging to an active forward-looking society will emerge.
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RIASSUNTO Il progetto di tesi si occupa della riqualificazione di un’area a lungo esclusa dalle logiche di sviluppo urbano a causa delle sue criticità. Lo sviluppo della tesi progettuale è subordinato ad un lavoro di analisi effettuata prima di tutto sulla città e sulle logiche di riqualificazione attuabili nella situazione odierna, attraverso lo studio dell’evoluzione degli elementi caratterizzanti il contesto e attraverso l’uso degli strumenti normativi vigenti. I temi della preesistenza, del segno urbano, della coerenza insediativa e del recupero paesaggistico sono gli ambiti entro cui la proposta di riqualificazione spazia, uniti a logiche di marketing urbano e di riattivazione di flussi di idee e di persone, elementi potenziali di una nuova fruibilità della città e del territorio. In quest’ottica il Naviglio acquista nel diagramma urbano un nuovo ruolo di spessore - perso dalla fine del suo utilizzo come via commerciale - attraverso una riqualificazione paesaggistica a scopi ricreativi quale elemento fondante di un nuovo modo di sentire e vivere la città. La creazione di un nuovo parco lineare basata su questa infrastruttura ottocentesca è la base per un rinnovamento che coinvolge le aree periurbane nelle dinamiche del centro. È anche l’irrinunciabile punto di partenza del progetto di riqualificazione dell’area degli ex-gasometri nella parte finale del suo percorso. Il programma per il recupero prevede la creazione di nuove attività pubbliche che non siano una semplice emanazione del potere, ma un simbolo della cooperazione tra istituzioni e cittadino. I nuovi laboratori sociali per la sperimentazione artistica e comunicativa e la vertical farm, struttura per la coltivazione e la vendita di prodotti agricoli coltivati in un ambiente controllato, assumono il ruolo di motore trainante dell’area.
La strategia generale è di riesumare i segni e le preesistenze notevoli presenti nell’area anche attraverso un ridisegno della viabilità, che prevede tra l’altro l’interramento del trafficato asse stradale di Viale dei Partigiani, una strada trafficata che collega il centro di Pavia al suo territorio ricalcando il tracciato della vecchia strada per Cremona. Proprio la rilettura in chiave contemporanea della porta d’ingresso alla città - sorgeva infatti qui l’antica porta Garibaldi - è il motivo che ha spinto a creare nella struttura di uno degli ex gasometri una vertical farm: una torre di 50 metri di altezza che si erge come nuovo landmark urbano, che collega il passato agricolo del territorio alla sperimentazione di nuove tecniche produttive che non gravino sull’ambiente, simbolo di un nuovo sviluppo sostenibile. L’idea della creazione di una struttura urbana riconoscibile, dedotta dal passato, reinterpretata secondo estetica ed usi contemporanei, è il principio che regola l’intero intervento, sviluppato sino alla scala del dettaglio architettonico e del pre-dimensionamento strutturale. Le scelte progettuali sono state sostenute dalla convinzione che l’identificazione e la promozione della memoria storica possano essere attuate soltanto agendo sul territorio, senza congelarlo, ma proponendone una reinterpretazione, una nuova visione, finalizzata ai bisogni contemporanei. In questo modo potranno emergere quei valori ambientali e culturali in grado di dare ai cittadini la certezza di appartenere ad una società attiva e proiettata verso il futuro.
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0.0 摘要 该论文关注于如何重新激活一片由于临界性而弃置已久的城市区域问题。通过对形成竞 争性的元素进化过程的学习以及对于现行规定的使用，该设计的进程首先来自于在整个 城市范围上的分析以及基于目前可行的再开发的方法。 关于前世，城市标志，以及定居点的主题与复兴计划隔开的景观恢复相一致，同时与城 市的市场规律相联系，并再激活想法及人流，关于一片区域可用性的潜在元素。 从这个角度来说，Naviglio河便在城市环境中占据了重要的地位，一个曾经被作为一条商 业轴而失去了的角色，通过景观的更新，重新获得，并作为感受及生活在城市中的一个 基础性的新的休闲方式。在这条19世纪的基础设施上建造一个新的线性公园是城市周边 更新发展的一个基础，并将成为废弃储气罐被重新赋予价值的开端。 绿色修复计划坚持设立新的公共活动，以成为市民及设施合作的象征，而不仅仅是力量 的展现。 新的社会实验室将假定由艺术及沟通实验方面为主导更新该区域，同时还有一个垂直的 农场，种植并售卖在控制环境中生长的农产品。 对于主要标志及基地的前生的复兴策略同时也基于一个新的道路系统项目，将从一条被 掩埋的通往克里莫纳（Cremona）的古道路（Viale dei Partigiani）开始，在其遗迹上如今 是一条连接帕维亚（Pavia）城市中心及周边的区域的繁忙道路。 关于城市大门的当代阅读——古代的Garibaldi大门矗立于此——是我在废弃储气罐内建 造一个垂直农场的原因：一个50米高的塔升起作为新的城市地标，并且在较少对外部影 响的新的生产方式中与当地典型的农作方式的过去联系在了一起，作为一个新的可持续 发展的标志。整个设计贯穿至建筑细部及结构尺寸确定的主要原则便是可识别的城市结 构创造的概念，从过去中来，并从中品读出当代的美学和习惯。 设计的选择依靠着信仰的支持，只有通过在整片区域的设计上才能在识别性中激发并带 出历史的记忆，不应当是冻结它们，而是倡导一种新的诠释，一个新的愿景，朝向当下 的需求。追寻着这些概念，环境及文化的价值将能够让市民找回信心，一个活跃的，有 前景的社会将会诞生。
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Nullus locus sine Genio (Servio)
This chapter is an introduction to the project site that sum up the basic problems and capabilities to deal with, including the problematic of being a fragment disconnected from the surroundings, the theme of disused areas, the accessibility issue, the landscape topic and the law restraints.
0.0 PROJECT SITE LOCATION AND GENERAL ISSUES
The area of this work is located in the South-Eastern part of Pavia, enclosed by the Ticino river in the southern part; by the Naviglio, the canal that in the past was used to link with a regular goods exchange Milan and Pavia, on the East; by Viale dei Partigiani in the Northern part, where till the end of the XIX century stood Porta Garibaldi; by the ancient layout of the Spanish wall, builted in XII century but rearranged by the Spanish after the battle of Pavia in 15474, unrecognizable nowadays, on the West. The project site is located in the very beginning of the old town, still recognizable for the urban Roman grid scheme and for the ancient wall’s layout that persists in the position of the roads around the city centre. But on the other hand it is also located at the very beginning of the
urban system and project area
outskirts generated from the late ‘800 by the industrial development, and then by the urban sprawl, characteristic of the contemporary urban attitude. This situation of “in-between” during the passing time has produced a bad influence on the area, that, even though is full of footprints of the history of the town and a lot of pretexts for a decent growth, from the position to the near natural and manmade elements, didn’t succeed in finding its own way, its genius loci, becoming a place of neglect and decay, used discontinuously for fairs and annual events. These least could be a great chance for this fragment of city, but only if they will be able to create a circuit, not only economical but also of land-use that must be continuous in time.
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north edge.
south edge
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east edge
west edge.
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0.0 better accessibility. Also on the East and on the West the relations should be organized in a better way. From Viale della Resistenza, the road on the ancient layout of the wall, the only way to get into the area is a little bad designed street; and on the other side, the Naviglio seems a cut for the “natural” landscape that arrives till the other bank, with only two passages for pedestrian at the extreme limits of the site, at the level of the Leonardo’s mechanisms that control the water level. But a trace of a feeble link with an higher system persists: a pedestrian route, used for jogging, that along the river runs from the city centre and passes under the old wall, and on the Carona ditch, the ancient moat, with a footbridge. It continues through all the area to pass the Naviglio and to reach the agriscape where the Vernavola lies.
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DISUSED AREAS
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This condition of fragment seems clear looking at the area from any site-maps on the web. An absolutely partial vision of the territory, but that on the other side has some characteristic of contemporaneity and overlooking that the other instruments can only suggest. And from it we can see a well-defined triangular-like shape, that from the man perspective is not so clear. But this vagueness of limit hasn’t the desirable counterpart of a high accessibility, so that the entire area seems an unapproachable island, open to the landings only during the events. The fact that no real link is present in the southern part could be acceptable: the Ticino river seems a barrier that can’t be exceeded. But on the North, Viale dei Partigiani, a busy road coming to the city centre, must be redeveloped to allow a
0.0 their surroundings. They can also play the important role of urban green lung and the more significant part in reconnecting the city centre with its outskirts, becoming the new centre for cultural, productive and social equity in contrast with the vision of the suburbs like dormitory. A new idea of territory, like a place where it is possible to build the future on the shoulders of the past, with the characteristics, the opportunities, and the resources that make any place unique. Coming back to the area of this work, it has a strategic importance for the accessibility to the city centre. In fact is near the place where Porta Cremona before, and then Porta Garibaldi, stood, where the ancient way from Cremona arrives, and that nowadays is one of the busiest road that bring to the city centre. For this reason, as suggested by the DDP, this site could play an important role in the change of transportation mode, from the
007. Traffic System (From: http://www.comune.pavia.it/site/home/dai-settori-e-servizi/servizio-urbanistica/p.g.t.---piano-di-governo-del-territorio/pgt---area-download.html)
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This area is considered by the DDP5 one of the “processing area� (Area di Trasformazione), that make a crown around the city centre.These are the first areas that were built out of the walled city, where the first industries were located. The areas of propulsion for the city economy for about one century, from 1890 to 1970. Nowadays they fall in the general and diffused case of disused areas. These areas were defined in various way: disused, weak, underutilized, or interstitial areas, or urban voids; the fact is that they had produced a lack of significance in the urban context. Only recently this domain was charged of a positive view as transforming areas. These areas could play the role of promoter of a new age of improved quality of life for the cities and their territories. Pavia has a huge amount of this senseless land, and the renewal of the city must pass through its renovation giving a full urban and social significance, to the sites and to
0.0 creation of a system that cannot include only the city of Pavia.
008. Light Traffic System (From: http://www.comune.pavia.it/site/home/dai-settori-e-servizi/servizio-urbanistica/p.g.t.---piano-di-governo-del-territorio/pgt---area-download.html)
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private cars to the public transportation or to the soft mobility, unloading the traffic pressure on the city centre. This will lead the area to become an indispensable node for the city traffic, giving at the same time a sense in term both of function and of use to the site. Beside this also the proximity to two waterways, like Naviglio and the Ticino, could be a perspective of growth, in the sense of tourism exploitation. The site had already experienced the role of infrastructure for the water traffic on the Naviglio, with the presence of boat depots, and garages for maintenance, near the Confluente, when the Naviglio was a trade route. A use that for economic and timing reason was abandoned definitely after the World War II, but that from the born of the railway has had some problem. The reuse of this system, that represents a great deal, from the engineering point of view and from the landscape recreational fruition, could be available only with the
0.0 landscape of the river and its use in sports activities, till to an educational fruition dedicated to the history of the land and to the knowledge of the biodiversity. The restoration, not in the conservative meaning, of the riversides and of the layout of the paths must match a new system of pedestrian paths connected to the city and to the Ticino park, with the identification of perspectives e views on the landscape of the renewed waterfront. Another chance for this area is the passage of the Greenways Milano-Pavia-Varzi, a system of pedestrian paths whose goal will be to enhance the connection of the old towns with touristic recreational and cultural purposes.
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LANDSCAPE SYSTEM
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The area offers also a lots of chances for a reconnection with the natural environment, where in natural is enclosed also the man-made natural environment. The proximity to the green area where the Vernavola ends its course and the system of the natural riversides of the Ticino provides the possibility of creation of a space where enjoy the nature and the river very close to the centre. A place where the natural environment can meets the city and the man needs. The occasion of connexion between Pavia and the Ticino Park. Where the two systems penetrate each other and create a new environment where they can coexist, like the story of the Pianura Padana teaches us. This area could offer different uses of the environment, from the enjoyment of the
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Beside the Exposition Palace, still used for events linked to the territory and the insite production, and the public swimming pool that is nowadays disused, other elements are present inside the area. First of all the old factory for the production and the distribution of coal gas, used from 1861 to 1950’s to light up the city with the public illumination and for domestic use2. Today this factory is disused, with the ruins of the industrial era, the two gasholders, wrapped by the vegetation. Along the ancient wall flows the Roggia Carona, a channel that, invaded by vegetation and rubbish, is linked to the system of the Naviglio, and was used in the past to control its level, to avoid floods, and before that was the channel for the moat of the city wall. On the opposite side of the area, facing the Naviglio, are two courtyard buildings that erected piece by piece from the opening of the channel are preserved by the law as a witness of historical settlements, that in a way confer to the side of the Naviglio a picturesque appearance. And lastly, on the south end of the triangle, near the Confluente, there are some residential buildings of a quite new fabrication, very close to the Gypsies camp, that is located between the Exposition Palace and the bank of the river, with the strange characteristic that all the units, together making a closed shape, overlook the inner of the camp, without any attention to the landscape of the river to which they give the shoulders.
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Glancing over the city, another important urban’s fact, near the project area, is the presence of the major public buildings of the Fascist Era, which stand all along Viale della Resistenza. From the airfield on the river, projected by Pagano, to House of Balilla, the G.I.L.’s headquarters, the Gioventù Fascista ‘s barrack, the Milizia ‘s barrack, and the technical institute Bordoni. Only from that time this part of the city was considered as a possible resource for the city, but the Fascist renewal was started and ended on the other side of Viale della Resistenza, with the dissatisfied purpose of the creation of a place for the body health and for exhibitions. Concept that in a way was implemented with the creation of the Exposition Palace and of the public swimming pool, in following times.
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0.0 There is also a constraint imposed on the courtyard buildings overlooking the Naviglio, because of their nature of “historic� settlement. To help and guide in the progress of the project there are also many instruments that allow the design to play a role in the growth for the whole territory. These instruments belong to two different class: some at the territorial scale, and others to a local scale. In the first one falls the PTCP (Piano Territoriale di Coordinamento Provinciale, provincial territorial coordination plan), the P.A.I., already mentioned, and the PTC of Ticino valley. The major concern about the PTCP is the preservation and the improvement of the situation of panoramic paths and of the natural linear elements, such as streams and channels. And to privilege the reuse of disused areas and the agricultural use that has a low environmental impact. The PTC of Parco Lombardo delle Valle del Ticino has instead the objective of protecting
011. CONSTRAINTS ON THE PROJECT AREA (FROM: HTTP://WWW.COMUNE.PAVIA.IT/SITE/HOME/ DAI-SETTORI-E-SERVIZI/SERVIZIO-URBANISTICA/P.G.T.---PIANO-DI-GOVERNO-DEL-TERRITORIO/PGT---AREADOWNLOAD.HTML)
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Another chapter to be treated is that of constraints, ranging from mobility to those hydrogeographic, hydrogeological and anthropogenic ones, fixed by different Institutes. First the tighter constraint that is the one due to the possible floods of Ticino. It is established by P.A.I. (Piano di Assetto Idrogeologico), and has as its goal the reduction of hydrogeological risk. It divides the territory into three bands: A, B and C, which are related to possible flood levels. In the case of the project area it falls, almost whole in group B and C, where fall the area of gasometers, that is located on an uplift of about 3.5 meters, and therefore is not subject to any particular restrictions. Another constraint is the hydrogeological buffer zone of 10m for waterways. With regard to the constraints of mobility, there is a constraint for the protection and enhancement of landscape and environmental resources established by the Provincial Territorial Coordination Plan, on the main historical roads and it is about Viale della Resistenza e Viale dei Partigiani.
0.0 landscape that concern the Naviglio Pavese, the emphasize of the specific feature of the place, the redefinition of the connection with the territory, and the construction of a multi-storey parking, strategic for the reduction of the car traffic pressure on the city centre. The DDP defines also some parameters, such as the maximum height of the buildings and a land-use index (that divides the total floor area for the total project area) of 0,4; the quality standards related to the facilities that should be installed, and finally defines the characteristic of the green areas.
012. PGT (From: http://www.comune.pavia.it/site/home/dai-settori-e-servizi/serviziourbanistica/p.g.t.---piano-di-governo-del-territorio/pgt---area-download.html)\
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the historic value of the landscape, like the historic paths, the channels system and every sign of the organization of the agriscape. In this case the project area is divided between two different areas of interest for the regulation: the strip close to the river and the first terrain level from the river that prescribes a particular attention to the natural environment. The more significant instrument of regulation at local scale is the PGT (Piano di Governo del Territorio, plan of government of the territory) that identifies, through the DDP (Documento Di Piano, plan document), the different vocations for our area. In the PGT this area is identified as Area T4 – Piazzale Europa e Gasometro, one of the transformation areas located as a crown around the centre, and strategic for the renewal of the city. After a brief description, the DDP, defines the different objectives to reach in this area, such as the restoration of the
0.0 In conclusion, the project area seems to take part to the contemporary disciplinary debate for many reasons and about many topics. Like the debate about the role of the disused areas in the contemporary city, linked to the memory, “scarto tra la percezione scomparsa e la percezione attuale”1 (the gap between the disappeared perception and the current), as leading actors in the process of creating a common identity, both for the city and the citizens. An identity that finds in the landscape its reason to exist, irrevocably bound to the perception and to the meaning that is given to it. The first step in this process is to recognize a landscape that has some potentialities, a meaning trough the history of the place, because “Non esiste paesaggio senza sguardo, senza coscienza del paesaggio.”1 (there is no landscape without gaze, without consciousness of landscape). So the disused areas share a double nature of “siti e monumenti”1 (loci and monuments) for the city and its development. But above all, the reason that delineates architecture as a keen art, the identification and the interpretation of the genius loci of a site, its reason to be, that involves the history (past, present and future) of a place in its self-fulfilment3.
0.0 BIBLIOGRAPHY Marc Augè, Rovine e Macerie, Bollati Boringhieri, 2004, Torino
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Archeologia industriale a Pavia e nella sua provincia, by A.Negri e M.Negri, Amministrazione Provinciale di
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Pavia, 1982, Pavia Christian Norberg-Schultz, Genius Loci: Paesaggio Ambiente Architettura, Mondadori Electa, 1979, Milano
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Federico Oliva; I piani urbanistici del’900 di; extracted from Dentro e fuori le mura: spazio urbano ed
extraurbano a Pavia dall’età classica alle soglie del duemila: convegno di studi, Pavia 1998. by R.Crotti e G.De Martini, Nuova Tipografia Popolare, 1998-2000, Pavia 5
Documento di Piano from http://www.comune.pv.it/site/home/articolo9621.html
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(M.Augè)
Another story was possible; it simply didn’t happened and is no longer possible.
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This chapter tries to clear up the role of the project site in the historical urban evolution of the city. This duty is done through the study of the general evolution of Pavia, of the phenomenon of industrialization started in the XIXth century, and of the pre-existing urbanscale element that stand in the area, as the city wall, the Carona ditch and the Naviglio canal. It ends with the delineation of some key point in the redevelopment of the site.
1.0 urban evolution
The study of an area and the proposal for rehabilitation strategies must be certainly related to the study of urban evolution. As Monestiroli wrote:” the relation between analysis and project is established when the elements in the analysis reach a level of definition so strong and valid that they became the real subject for the design.”10 The area of this project is mainly related in its evolution with two important urban element of Pavia: the ancient walls and the Naviglio canal. Looking at the ancient maps of the city till the XVII century it is clear that this area was considered as external to the town. In fact before the construction of the Naviglio it’s impossible to recognize its contemporary triangular-like shape in any map. Something that is different from the city, but still related to its shape and suffering in the representation the elementary idea of inside/outside the walls.Walls that in the past were the boundaries for the city and
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nowadays are edges for the city centre.2 The period when Naviglio was built coincides also to the period when this area started to be represented in cartographic drawing. This fact testifies that the area was from that time part of the city. But the construction of the Naviglio will became, in some way, one of the problem for the integration in the urban fabric, so that in the plan for the city of 1933 by Carlo Morandotti was proposed to move the channel in another place.12 This condition persists nowadays. Transforming this area in something like a black hole in the urban territory, with a lack in meaning and a sort of waste of collective richness. But on the other hand it could express the potentiality for an urban evolution according to the new needs of the city. This area, like the others disused areas, is linked from its birth to the industrial development, to the improvement of the new infrastructural way, like the railway and the waterways, and to the regulation instrument of the city urban plans. They’re related in such a way that the city plan from the beginning of the XX century, give us not only information about the real transformation of the city in general and for this space in particular, but also suggest the evolution of the feeling and the sensation in the perception of inhabitants for it.
urban evolution of pavia
022
urban evolution
and rehabilitation strategies
1.1 urban evolution
From the construction of the last ring of the walls in 1525, rearranged during the Spanish age6, to the beginning of the work for the completion of the Naviglio (1816-1818) almost nothing relevant has happened in this area. In that period were built the first constructions: naval workshops with the workers’ residences, contemporary to the construction of Borgo Calvenzano (1816-1850)13, the sole group of building strongly related to the Naviglio, with the function of trade and storage node.18 A commercial infrastructure that has never operated at full possibility. Eight courtyard buildings disposed in a regular configuration and defined by a continuous porch on the side where the Naviglio flows.13
In the northern part of the area was one of the eight baileys. A presence revealed from signs on the topology still present nowadays. In the same place stood the ancient door of the city on the route coming from Cremona, that has changed his name from S.Giustino, to Cremona and finally to Garibaldi in 1790, when the bulwark was cut and the external ditch was partially filled.15 In the XVIII century also the internal bank was filled and levelled to be used as a promenade. After these facts, and after the end of Napoleonic age, that was followed by the destabilization period that had involved the whole Europe, the process of technical evolution, which would transform entirely the cities, began.
  014.
urban view of1617
023
urban evolution
FROM THE XVIth CENTURY TO 1900.
1.1 In 1861 was built the railway station, and in few years from 1862 to 1866 were built all the rail route that are still present nowadays: the lines that connect to Milan, to Voghera and to Cremona.1 These new constructions have produced, together with the demolition of the city wall, a constellation of new industrial settlements that were naturally located adjacent to the new infrastructures and arranged just out of the walls. This was the beginning of the expansion of the city out of the walls that has blurred the edges of the city.
THE URBAN EVOLUTION IN THE XXth CENTURY THROUGH CITY PLANS The city of Pavia has seen in the last century five urban development plans in 1913, 1941, 1964, 1976, 1995; and other different projects, independents from the city’s plan, whose goal was a partial design of the city. The plans were engaged in the transformation of Pavia in a modern city, but some problems still remain, due to the greater weight that has had the venture real estate in all the urban processes. The first urban development plan for the city of Pavia arrives with almost 50 years of delay from the date of the introduction of this instrument in the Italian regulation with the law n.2359 in the 1865.7 The first proposal for a plan is dated 1903. It was thought for a brief period as consequence of the industrialization process that in those years had an acceleration. Pavia at the beginning of this century had 34000 inhabitants and it remains substantially closed by the walls. The new process of technological and infrastructural evolution had induced the beginning of the city sprawl to the west. It was the period of the urban exodus from the surrounding countryside. The fundamental content of this plan was the demolition of the walls.
CITY PLAN OF1838
But was in the 1913 that was approved the first urban plan. Was designed by the Ing. Ciani and it had two principal intervention strategies: expansion and rehabilitation. A plan whose intentions were to regulate the industrialization process and control the new residential expansions out of the walls. In the redevelopment of the historic part of the city were expected limited interventions, in order to produce better accessibility and urban health. The plan paid 024
urban evolution
  015.
1.1
  016.
urban development plans, this plan has had only a partial execution due to the elevated costs for the expropriation, due to world war I and to the economic crisis that the war has left after his end. So Pavia faced the industrialization phase and the first expansion out of the walls without a commensurate urban planning instrument.7 In the 1933, in the middle of the Fascist age, was published the competition for a new urban development plan, to which has taken part also the group BBPR. The city had in that period 50000 inhabitants and was forecasted a further increase. The discussion about this plan touched two 025
urban evolution
attention to the transport network solutions, as the creation of the internal ring road, whose construction started in 1901 and the realization of the electric tramway connecting the railway station to Porta Garibaldi, and that has left some traces on the paving of the city.15 But the most important aspect of this plan, that has really influenced the evolution of the city, was the concept of a multicentre city: it suggests a series of new great public functions that would become the poles around which develop new residential districts. An example of this idea was the creation of the Policlinico (hospital) of Pavia.7 As has happened afterwards to all the
CITY PLAN OF1894.jpg
1.1
extreme poles: the needs to answer to the demand for transformation and expansion; and the will to preserve the city centre. The competition was won by Carlo Morandotti. He proposed a plan whose reference was the plan of Amsterdam. Different technological and geotechnical surveys were carried on in order to give a set of data to promote a better construction of the city. The main element of this plan was to suggest an isotropic growth of the city in all the directions, and primarily toward Milan. For this reason was proposed to move in another place the channels of Naviglio and Navigliaccio.7 Other important suggestions were the construction of a third bridge that if built would have crossed the Ticino near the confluence with Naviglio, and the proposal for a direct link to Milan trough a light railway. The idea of a city that relates its residential growth to the growth of Milan was the most discussed. The plan sustains this idea and has thought Pavia as a possible
CITY PLAN BY MORANDOTTI
decentralization place for the inhabitants of Milan. For that reason the dimensioning was wrong: the plan was designed for a city of 150.000 inhabitants! 7 The general plan was governed by zoning principle. It prescribed a concentration of the industrial firms along the railway and it identifies as a priority the creation of an urban belt park, formed by three different parks: one starting from S.Lanfranco, one along the Vernavola, and one that will include the Ticino.Was also planned to move the university in the same area of the Policlinico to create a real second pole for the urban expansion. Controversial political events forced the architect Carlo Morandotti to resign from the assignment for implementing the plan that actually was never approved, but leaving to him enough time to start the construction, according to the original plan, of the district that nowadays is called CittĂ Giardino (Garden City) in 1935.
026
urban evolution
  017.
1.1 became the preferred way to move. The commission is given to Luigi Dodi, engineer and professor at Milan polytechnic. But when the plan was approved, in 1964, it was obsolete both technically and culturally, and it neither reflected the situation of the city. 7 The plan was never able to read the real processes acting in the city. The choices made has had as goal the maximum expansion of the city with evaluations only related to the car’s accessibility to the city centre and to the traffic system. The environment and the agricultural territory were never considered. It proposed a new sewer city systems using the Vernavola and the Navigliaccio like sewer pipes, and proposing to bury them.7 It helps the centralization of services in the city centre, letting expanding the new residential districts that were built without quality. The industrial areas were individuated in the eastern and in the western part of the municipal territory. Very low is the provision for public services (the Italian law for urban standard services was approved in 1968).7
urban evolution
The final editing of the plan was entrusted to Ing.Astori in 1937. This new plan has promoted the project for a new central plaza with a porch from the beginning of Corso Mazzini that had as result the creation of the Demetrio’s urban block thank to the demolition of two previous blocks between Piazza Vittoria and Strada Nuova. This plan has provided also the building plan for Via dell’Impero, now Viale della Libertà. In the 1942 was approved the new Italian regulation for the territorial and urban planning, with the law n.1150. This new planning instrument gives more attention to the planning of the entire territory and not only of the urban part, coupling the zoning principles with a better design of public services. The events of World War II have made useless this instrument till some years later. The bombs of 1944 have hit hard the city of Pavia: the two bridges on the Ticino were destroyed, like most of the urban waterfront along the river. In 1945 was established at national level the Reconstruction Plan then approved with a law in 1951. In Pavia the Reconstruction Plan has had validity from 1949 to 1958. It made possible the reconstruction of the waterfront and the reconstruction of a new bridge, connecting Strada Nuova and Borgo Ticino, in the same style of the one destroyed by the bombs, from which was moved downstream, reconnecting in a direct way the new road system. The new urban general plan was designed in 1958. The expansion has exceeded the boundary defined by the plan of 1937: the city has reached the number of 70000 inhabitants and the census of 1951 has registered a high deficit of houses. Was the years of the economic boom, and the car
027
1.1
The years from 1961 to 1971 have seen the decline of the occupation in the industrial field. 15 In 1973 a modification with the aim of safeguard of the urban evolution had deleted most of the forecasts of expansion of the last plan. In the same year was adopted a plan for district public services compliant to the national law n.1444 of 1968, that prescribes the urban standard services. A new plan was commissioned to G.Astengo and G.Campos Venuti, in accordance with a desired rigorous method of urban analysis. The maximum number of inhabitants ever experienced was reached in the 1975. At that time the population is of 87500 persons, at which we must add the university students that were about 6000. This year represents the inversion point of urban population growth.
CITY PLAN BY CAMPOS-VENUTI
The plan was a realistic plan and it respected the physiologic growth of the city, with balance in the proposal for new settlements. For these reasons was strongly contested by the real estate entrepreneurs. It was called the plan of the five safeguards (social, productive, public, programmatic, and environmental). Great importance is posed to the restoration of the centre of the city, and was sustained the proposal for the redevelopment of the eastern part of the city. Was defined the Ticino’s park and hypothesized the Vernavola’s park. The urban plan that would be approved in 1976 has transposed, with little changes, the university development plan designed by Giancarlo De Carlo in 1975, looking for a better integration between city and university.With this idea was planned the area of the new university pole Cravino, and others intermediate poles.
028
urban evolution
018.
1.1
In 1985 it becomes necessary the revision of the old PRG (general regulation plan) because of some mutations in the city: the transformation of the production, the population decreasing, the ageing of the population, the continuous growth of the built assets, and the disposal process of all the big industries in the city. The task for a new plan was assigned to three young architects of Pavia: Baracca, Giuliani, Corioni. It prescribes a new track for the external ring road on the west, and a new green system that, in accordance with the previous provisions, proposes a new linear urban park along the Naviglio canal.
In 1993 the new municipal administration decides to stop the approval process, revoking the commission from Baracca, Giuliani and Corioni in the May of 1994, and entrusts the new urban plan to the well-known architectural studio “Gregotti and associates”.
019.
CITY PLAN BY GREGOTTI
029
urban evolution
The plan failed due to the mutated political climate that in these years follows a period of urban deregulation that let the possibility of fragmented and not uniform decisions.
1.2
In the city of Pavia the birth of industry coincides to the repositioning out of the walls of the handcraft factories7. This dislocation was strongly influenced by the localization of the new railway system that from 1860 to 1870 has been built in all its principal routes. In 1861, the same year of the proclamation of Italian state, the railway station was built with a two floors central volume and two one-storey wings. 12 From this point in a decade were built and inaugurated the way to Milan in 1862, the one that will influences mostly the location of the new industry, the route to Voghera in 1867 and the way to Cremona in 1868. The reason to move for the manufactories near the railway is the consequence of the transformation happened to the trade market that from 1861 changing dimension and becomes a national trade market.7 This could be the possible reason for the economic success of that factories that move first near the railway. An economic success that during time will be translated in soil occupation and in a spreading of sections of rail tracks that bring directly inside the firms. But the real change in the production has happened at the beginning of 1900. In this period have risen industries that still remain with their name and with their buildings in ruins in the life of the citizens. Those who have had the foresight to locate itself near strategic nodes both for the railway system and for the road traffic. The period of the industrial consolidation can be identified in the years from 1900 to 1915. Some contingent circumstances had
made it possible. The progressive demolition of the walls, the disposal of the military areas, the upgrade of the road system external to the city centre, the introduction of electricity as power source, the industry-friendly politics, the birth of the firsts rights for the workers such as the right to strike, are some of these circumstances.1 Emblematic is the case of the foundry of Ambrogio Necchi that, founded in 1892 in corso Cairoli, has moved in 1907 near Via Trieste and finally in 1919 in its actual position in the factory near the railway junction. Movements and expansions made possible by the increment of profits. The same type of evolution has been followed by another important factory of Pavia: the Snia, that has produced from 1905 products of artificial silk in a factory of 90000 sqm.12 A factory that has influenced the evolution of the entire eastern part of the city linked to the creation of a workers district; that owned a dedicated rail track and that encouraged the creation of the internal ring road. 15 At the initial sectors of production, the food production, the mechanical and the metallurgic, have been added the medicaltextiles production, the chemical and the electromechanical. This diversification of the production and of the trade will be one of the reasons of the strength of the industry of Pavia also in crisis moments. The outbreak of World War I brought some inevitable perturbations in the production that mainly concerned the relation between the conversions to a military production and the economic aspects of the 030
urban evolution
industrial evolution in pavia
1.2 enterprise. In this period were built various little establishments to support the production of materials for military use. After the war, in 1921, were introduced some protective taxes to stimulate the recovery of the national market. The renewed interest of the government for the promotion of national industry produced a beneficial effect also on the local manufactory production. But after the crisis of 1929 these positive effects lost their influence, and begun a hard period for the entire production. Even in this hopeless atmosphere, before the World War II, the Pavia manufacture was at the 13° position in the national list, concerning the numbers of workers and factory.1 The World War II left the local economy in state of total depression, characterized by a high inflation process and an elevated rate of unemployment.The needs of reconstruct the productive structures and the will to create a modern and competitive industry able to respond to the requests of international market have faced the lack of raw material, the difficulty in power supply and the disastrous conditions of the infrastructure produced by the war.
explosion of new constructions spreading all around the city. The period of economic growth finished in seventies, was followed by a phenomenon of strong limitation of the increase of employment in the mechanical sector and by the reduction of the employees in the others. This was the beginning of the deindustrialization process. Pavia started a dangerous process towards a single-sector-production. The lacking of production synergies, the low innovation, the decreasing competitiveness, the inexistent development, the growing unemployment and the under-use of local resources led slowly to the decline the industry in Pavia. The coup de grace was the oil crisis (1974-1978).1 A common theme for a large number of Italian and European cities. That gives the opportunity to rethink the city starting from the re-development of the areas that some industries have left after their disposal. Where will be decided the urban future of a city, in terms of environmental, social, economic, and cultural quality.
  020.
DISUSED AREA SNIA
031
urban evolution
In the fifties the economic boom invested the entire nation and in that years of economic strength the industrial activities regained the former glory, promoting an
1.3 pre-existing urban scale element
When Kevin Lynch wrote: “To understand the meaning of a settlement I mean the clarity with which it can be perceived and identified, and the ease with which its elements can be linked to other events or places in a coherent mental representation of time and space” 8, seems to refer to all those elements that have both a symbolic and a structuring value about the construction and the perception of the city. The city walls definitely fall into this category. Walls that have greatly influenced the urban form of Pavia, perhaps secondary only to the Roman block, of about 80 meters of side lenght10 that characterizes the center of Pavia. A trace that although not evident in the physical presence of the wall is clear in the difference that exists between the regular fabric of the city center and the outskirt’s urban dis-organization recently formed.
The walls are thus an essential element in the urban scheme2 as an element of mediation between center and periphery. In the writings (mainly the Code De Canistris, 1585) are remembered three city walls dating back to different historical periods. The first city walls dates back to the age of the Roman Empire (third century AD.) Modernized by the Goths and later Longobardi.6 The second one was built between the years 874 A.D. and A. D. 911. 6 The third goes back to the Visconti era and was built during the fourteenth century. The last walls, commonly called Spanish walls, are one that has most influenced the current image of the city. In the sixteenth century, the city was equipped, similarly to what happened to Milan, of new walls and ramparts.
021.
THE SPANISH WALLS RUINS NOWADAYS
032
urban evolution
THE CITY WALL
1.3 The theme of the trace of the ancient walls regains topical considering the sequence of derelict and awaiting a new role, which lie just out of the old town close to where the wall once stood.
The early work of dismantling the walls date back to the eighteenth century, when they stood up and leveled the internal slopes that were used as walking path. 6 The demolition, which began in 1880, before of the walls and then of the ramparts was officially justified not only for reasons of hygiene and transport network improvement, but also with the pressing social need to give work to the working class city unemployed, that have started to make trouble. The abatement action was restarted in the first post-war period (1919-1921) for the same purpose to address the unemployment of veterans. 6 Nowadays remain only some parts of the walls along the avenue Nazario Sauro and near the Castle. Among the ramparts have survived that of S. Stefano (at the northwestern edge of the town, along Viale Nazario Sauro), some remains of the S. Maria delle Pertiche (Piazza Emanuele Filiberto), S. Epiphanius (Viale Gorizia, near Via Scapoli), and that of the dock (at the southeast edge of town, at the end of lungoticino Sforza).   022.
ancient track of the spanish wall
033
urban evolution
That follows, in essence, the third track of the medieval town walls, dating back to the Visconti, but using the new pentagonal bastions, replacing the old towers. So it was not a particularly efficient system of defense, but on the whole was considered suitable for a city now reduced to the role of the provincial town, without the rank of capital they had enjoyed under the Visconti and Sforza families. A The French built the first fortifications in 1506, but the new defensive system was made especially by the Spanish, who from 1557 to 1560 around the city erected a series of powerful walls strengthened by twelve bastions at the corners.
1.3 The Carona Magistrale is a stream that comes from a spring near Zibido San Giacomo, hence the irrigation ditch scrolls down to Binasco where receives the water of Channel Ticinello. Arrives up in Pavia irrigating a large area of fertile croplands. The canal Carona, the existence of which can be traced from the beginning of the thirteenth century, in addition to irrigate an immense territory, has provided energy to hydraulic shovels, has washed the clothes of the industrious peasants, has cooled the overheated workers and young people in search of refreshment and entertainment
to get finally to city of Pavia. “Carona, handmaid of the city” with these words was called the Canal Carona. Although today its name is unknown to most of Pavia citizens, Carona, for several centuries, was a watercourse very important for agriculture in the territory north of the city and even more important for the economy and the very life of Pavia.E In Pavia there was more of a Carona.There were two major “Carona”, the Carona Magistrale that lapped the walls and filled the ditches, and another one called Inner Carona. These two principal streams branched later a network of canals.
023.
THE ANCIENT COURSES OF DITCH CARONA
034
urban evolution
THE ANCIENT DITCH CARONA
This Internal Carona was divided into three branches, Carona degli Orti (vegetables garden), Carona dei Mulini (of the mills), and Carona of Strada Nuova. The Carona dei Mulini had the more challenging task. Penetrated the walls of Pavia from a nozzle near viale Nazzario Sauro, it fueled many mills and various irrigation canals, irrigating kitchen garden, providing water for washing clothes and when began the era of industrial development fueled various industries and many workshops. In Pavia there was also a district called “dei mulini�, which was crossed by the Canal. It recalls the memory via dei Mulini between corso Cavour and Via Bernardino where in the past there were 20 wheels with several waterfalls. F The branch perhaps more typical was the course of Strada Nuova. The episode most beautiful and characteristics was that its water passing through an underground tunnel was used to clean some streets from snow in winter and for cooling the city in summer. Its water flowed out from a trap door near Fraschini theatre, washing or cooling the whole Corso Strada Nuova, when this happened, were positioned at each side street walkways to facilitate pedestrians to cross the course in order not to enter the waters of Carona. Unfortunately, this use of Carona that began in 1563, after ups and downs, finally ended in 1935, when it was rebuilt over the new pavement of Corso Strada Nuova, turning the road section from concave to convex, and thus making it impossible the future use of the water of Carona.F Regarding the second branch of Carona, the Carona Magistrale, it was also split into three streams. The first that keeps the name of Magistrale flowed underground from the entrance of the city near door Milan until the end of
Via Volta, providing water to the College Ghislieri and the Botanical Gardens, and then entering the Ticino at the Porta Nuova. F From Carona arrived in the Piazza Castello came off a secondary branch called of the San Matteo, who was going to feed the water needs of the Hospital, which once stood in the premises of the University. It flowed through a channel arriving in Piazza Leonardo da Vinci and ending its course in the sewers of Roman era. F Nevertheless, the Carona that interests us more closely, because it crosses the project area, is the Eastern Carona or the Carona Outside the Walls. Originally, it was a single stream inside the perimeter of the walls. However, since the fifteenth century, to the first existing branch was added a second ditch that follows the exterior track of the ramparts. The latter drew the water from the moat of the Castle and form the Naviglio below Borgo Calvenzano, with spillway function, for the waters of Naviglio in excess bringing the flow along its bed. Its role as a moat, when finished his duties, was transformed in the northern section along the walls, starting from the castle, and occupied by the railway line PaviaCremona since 1868. The area crossed by the spillway Carona becomes a real depression in the altimetry of the area, a small valley that divides the historic city surrounded by ramparts from a portion of land that has a distinct and independent reading, between the wall and the Naviglio Canal. In the southern part of the flow of this branch of Carona, in the direction of the historic city, the boulevard of Viale della Resistenza can be clearly read as an element of overlooking the valley below of the Ticino park.G 035
urban evolution
1.3
1.3
A VIEW OF CARONA FLOWING IN STRADA NUOVA
urban evolution
024.
036
1.4 On the Naviglio Pavese have written over time pages and pages of texts, and this is not the place to learn more about this work of engineering that has so influenced the territory of Pavia. So it is recommendable to bring a series of news deemed important to better understand the relevance of this channel. Before talking about the Naviglio we propose a set of definitions to better understand the artifacts which are discussed. The navigli are a system of waterways and irrigation canals. Thanks to the regular regimen, through the water, goods were transported and their function is also to irrigate and turn productive vast areas, in partnership with the reclamation work started by the monks of the surrounding abbeys already in the tenth century. The construction of the entire system lasted from the twelfth to the nineteenth century. H
025.
Because of their historical characterization, their birth was made possible for the objectives mentioned above. Over the years man has placed a series of artifacts that would have facilitated and given the opportunity to take advantage from all that was and is the potential of these waterways. If is spoken almost exclusively of first use of water resources with works constructed for commercial use, on the other hand, especially in recent years, was triggered a process that has led to a path tended to display their beauty united with the surrounding landscape, to enhance the territory entirety. For each of the items on this system exist characteristics deriving from the uses that the man usually makes it to achieve its goals. The main technical features, beyond those that are obvious in the use as bridges and docks, are the “conche”, the derivations and spillways.
ORIGINAL DRAWING DETAIL OF NAVIGLIO MECHANISMS
037
urban evolution
THE NAVIGLIO CANAL
1.3 A derivation is removal of water from water bodies exercised by means of artifacts for the containment of water such as shutters or other through which farmers can draw water to irrigate their lands. H
026.
We define spillways those particular works that are used to move away or at least to separate part of the water by a channel. H The Carona ditch is part of these systems. The Naviglio Pavese was born as a waterway that connected Milan to Pavia taking water from the dock near PortaTicinese in Milan and flows into the Ticino at Pavia (so-called area Confluente) following the course of the ancient ‘post way’. It has a length of 33.1 km and an average width of about 10.8 m to the bottom and 11.8 m on the surface of the water. H Inside the conche its size is reduced to 5.20 m.
CONCA NEAR THE CONFLUENTE IN 1930
The Naviglio fill a total climb of 56.7 m from Milan to the Ticino, through the conche that use in part the studies of Leonardo da Vinci and cover a gradient of 3.7 m each. The slope of the bed of the channel instead fills the remaining difference. 11 The construction of the canal began in 1564 during the Visconti period when the government, with the aim of making Milan a city of more importance in the Po Valley, wanted to control the trade on the Po, arriving from the lakes and mountain passes. The construction was suspended in 1584, ending with the reaching of the 038
urban evolution
Is defined as “conca” a basin interposed between two bodies of water with different levels whose function is to allow the passage of boats between the two corresponding parts. Their task is to equalize the water to clear obstacles to navigation in any level jump. H
1.3 In 1816 the Austrians started the work to complete the course of the Canal in Pavia: 1980 meters of path with 19 meters difference in level cleared by 6 basins, designed by engineer Charles Parrea.13 In 1819, during the completion of the section of the Naviglio, started the real estate apportionment of Borgo Calvenzano, only facility in the service of navigation beyond the naval workshops at the Confluente area. 16 That same year, the Canal was inaugurated on August 16 in the presence of Archduke Ranieri of Austria. While the following year started the steam route to Venice. Initially it was used to transport people and goods via barges pulled by animals first and then by mechanical means. For thirty years, and until the construction of railways, the waterway allowed the evolution of the thriving Borgo Calvenzano.
  027.
DRAWING OF NAPOLEONIC ERA
039
urban evolution
Southern Lambro on the project by engineer G.Meda.13 Only at the end of the eighteenth century, the design obstacle was overcome thanks to the new studies and experiences in the construction of other canals, and also thanks to technical innovations such as the creation of basins with a polygonal base. H In 1805 they restarted the construction of Naviglio, according to the will of Napoleon Bonaparte. The work began in 1807 under the direction of Vincent Brunacci at that time rector of the University of Pavia. But the works were interrupted in 1813 due to the fall of Napoleonic. The continuation in the Napoleonic era was based on the designs of the engineer P.Frisi, commissioned at the time by Maria Theresa of Austria.13 The construction works have stopped at the gates of Pavia.
1.3
Here there were warehouses for the housing and handling of goods in transit, workshops for maintenance and repairs to boats, freight forwarders and customs offices, stables for horses towing, shelter and housing for “sailors” and horsemen that created what today we would call a significant induced. But the exploitation as a means of transport and irrigation canal was not the only use of the Naviglio. Over the years along the canal sprang a series of “industrial” activities, favored by the significant jumps in the water level and by progress of hydraulics engineering able to better exploit the power of the water turning it into a power source through the mills, forges, subsidiary canals and constrained flows. Today nothing reamains but the Molini Certosa that when born, near the end of the nineteenth century, were activated by the waters of the canal. The decline of the navigation system along the Canal began with the construction and proliferation of the railway system in the ‘80s of the XIXth century. A more
AN HISTORIC PICTURE OF BORGO CALVENZANO
competitive system regarding the costs and the transportation speed. In fact, starting 1885, Eng. A. Campari, Mayor of Pavia, declared: ”Ora puossi tener scomparsa la navigazione e cessata ogni importanza commerciale del canale stesso” (“Now one can consider every navigation missed and ceased every commercial importance of the channel.”) 16 From this point on the Canal between go through the proposals of recovery and buring projects Of 1908 is the more organic attempt to recover the Naviglio as a communication channel made by the engineer Darwino Salmoiraghi , also responsible for the design of a river port for Pavia in the confluence. This project assumed to raise the water level by digging the bottom of the canal and making the port project, which used a system of basins hanging, which was located at the intersection of the Canal and the Ticino an important node for river navigation. However, the infrastructure was never carried out. 16 040
urban evolution
028.
1.3 The ultimate crisis was determined by the boom in road transport, with the interruption of the remaining traffic in 1960. 11 The sanction of the removal from the waterways list arrived with the law 1.8.1978 of the Lombardy Region, which finally put an end to what was until the late 800 a thriving trade in goods such as lumber and building materials (sand and gravel quarried from Ticino). 11
THE PROJECT BY D.SALMOIRAGHI
030.
VIEW OF THE SHIPYARD AT CONFLUENTE
041
urban evolution
029.
This is to emphasize the importance of this artifact as a work of hydraulic engineering and as a testimony to the past of this land.Work that could still be exploited for tourism purposes, like all the works of recovery that considered together likely will strengthen the identity, the knowledge and the enjoyment of the territory and its landscape. Experiment already managed with excellent results in other European countries.
1.4 rehabilitation strategies
In these areas is necessary that the project is expressed in its most strong and determined, with interventions that can read the economic and social changes taking place in the city,14 by adopting urban marketing policies able to upgrade their role, having the courage to clean up the areas already built a time, restoring quality of the spaces that have lost their function. The redevelopment will have to manage simultaneously two different scales of design: the one of the entire city and that of the adjacent neighborhood. Helped in this by their geographical position that draws a crown around the city centre. The possible perception at a great distance that refers to the territorial scale as a sign becomes desirable, both as a localization element both as a metaphor: a counter monument-architecture that declares the
fertility of the conversion, and the redevelopment as a positive resource. With this in mind, the access to the city is back to be a key point in is functionally, representative and symbolic issue. These places must assume the role of social condenser, structuring itself as a center of gravity attraction for different functions, integrated with the environment, involving into this circle the outskirt residential part of the town. Just in these areas is fundamental the development of the infrastructural component of the design, about the system of traffic towards the city and outgoing from it and about the neighborhood road network. To do this you need to approach the project with a not only conservative perspective but oriented to project financing, not only based on historical and aesthetical criteria, often controversial, but through economic and financial audits. 5 This does not necessarily mean sacrificing the memory of places, far from it, is how to address them. In fact, to give sense to the new interventions is needed reconnect the design to the territory that has generated it. The identification and promotion of the historical memory may be made only by acting on the territory without freeze it, but proposing a reinterpretation, a new vision aimed to contemporary needs. In this way will emerge the environmental and cultural values that will give to the residents the certainty of belonging to a community that uses historical values for a new development. 042
urban evolution
It is around the theme of the reuse of abandoned industrial areas that rotates the future of the european cities. These sites will be crucial for the improvement of environmental, social, economic and cultural quality of Pavia in his future. These “no man’s lands�, surrounded mostly by building fabrics uncertain in shape and in destination, must be revitalized through ideas and products that interoperate between infrastructuresand the environment, by understanding the relationship with the territory. 2 Most of these areas have undergone a process of peripheralization, not so much in the sense of physical distance from the center, but as a progressive marginalization from the flow of urban relationship. 4
1.0 BIBLIOGRAPHY 1
Gianfranco Brusa; L’industria pavese. Storia, economia, impatto ambientale; tratto da Dentro e fuori le
mura: Spazio urbano ed extraurbano a Pavia dall’età classica alle soglie del duemila: Convegno di studi, Pavia 1998; a cura di R.Crotti e G.De Martini; Nuova Tipografia Popolare; Pavia; 1998 2
Angelo Bugatti; Tecnica e paesaggio nella nuova composizione urbana; tratto da Dentro e fuori le mura:
Spazio urbano ed extraurbano a Pavia dall’età classica alle soglie del duemila: Convegno di studi, Pavia 1998; a cura di R.Crotti e G.De Martini; Nuova Tipografia Popolare; Pavia; 1998 3
Angelo Bugatti e Remo Dorigati; Intorno alle mura; tratto da Pavia: l’evoluzione della città; direttore
Angelo Bugatti; coordinamento editoriale Riccardo Dell’Osso; a cura di Ioanni Delsante; CLU; Pavia; 2002 4
Riccardo Dell’Osso; Pavia tra recupero e marketing urbano; tratto da Pavia: l’evoluzione della città;
direttore Angelo Bugatti; coordinamento editoriale Riccardo Dell’Osso; a cura di Ioanni Delsante; CLU; Pavia; 2002 5
Archeologia industriale: metodologia di recupero e fruizione del bene industriale: atti del convegno di Prato 2000;
a cura di L.Faustini, E.Guidi, M.Misti; Edifir; Firenze; 2001 6
Alberto Gabba; Le cerchie murarie di Pavia nei ruoli di difesa e di espansione; tratto da Dentro e fuori le
mura: Spazio urbano ed extraurbano a Pavia dall’età classica alle soglie del duemila: Convegno di studi, Pavia 1998; a cura di R.Crotti e G.De Martini; Nuova Tipografia Popolare; Pavia; 1998 7
Giulio Guderzo; A proposito di archeologia industriale; Milano; Scegliere; 1983
8
KevinLynch; L’immagine della città; Marsilio Editori;Venezia; 2006
8
Archeologia industriale in Lombardia, vol.2: Milano e la bassa padana; a cura di Alberto Mioni [et al.]; Milano,
Mediocredito regionale lombardo; 1982 10
Antonio Monestiroli; Storia e progettazione della città; tratto da Pavia: l’evoluzione della città; direttore
Angelo Bugatti; coordinamento editoriale Riccardo Dell’Osso; a cura di Ioanni Delsante; CLU; Pavia; 2002 11
Archeologia industriale a Pavia e nella sua provincia; a cura di A.Negri e M.Negri; Pavia; Amministrazione
provinciale di Pavia; 1982 12
Federico Oliva; I piani urbanistici del ‘900; tratto da Dentro e fuori le mura: Spazio urbano ed extraurbano
a Pavia dall’età classica alle soglie del duemila: Convegno di studi, Pavia 1998; a cura di R.Crotti e G.De Martini; Nuova Tipografia Popolare; Pavia; 1998 13
Vittorio Prina; Pavia moderna: architettura moderna in Pavia e provincia 1925-1980; Cardano; Pavia; 2003
14
Cesare Stevan; Pavia verde: dalle analisi al progetto; tratto da Pavia: l’evoluzione della città; direttore
Angelo Bugatti; coordinamento editoriale Riccardo Dell’Osso; a cura di Ioanni Delsante; CLU; Pavia; 2002 15
Gianfranco Testa; Un modello prescientifico di dinamica urbana. I cerchi canistriani di Pavia 1330, rivisitati
in età industriale; tratto da Dentro e fuori le mura: Spazio urbano ed extraurbano a Pavia dall’età classica Popolare; Pavia; 1998 16
Donata Vicini; Pavia:materiali di storia urbana: il progetto edilizio 1840-1940; EMI: comune di Pavia –
assesorato alla cultura; Pavia; 1988 17
Emanuele Vicini; Edilizia pubblica pavese fra le due guerre: regesto e catalogazione; Edizioni TCP; Pavia;
2002 18
Susanna Zatti; Pavia neoclassica: la riforma urbana 1770-1840; Diakronia;Vigevano
043
urban evolution
alle soglie del duemila: Convegno di studi, Pavia 1998; a cura di R.Crotti e G.De Martini; Nuova Tipografia
1.0 WEB RESOURCES http://www.lombardiabeniculturali.it/architetture/schede/1A050-00198/?view=ricerca&offset=1 http://www.comune.pv.it/museicivici/pdf/annali27/17%20Leydi.pdf C http://www.liutprand.it/articoliPavia.asp?id=13 D http://www.paviaedintorni.it/temi/territorio_file/corsi_acqua_file/elenconaturali_file/carona_file/ percorsocarona.htm E http://www.paviaedintorni.it/temi/territorio_file/corsi_acqua_file/elenconaturali_file/carona.htm F http://caronapavia.blogspot.com/ G http://www.naviglilombardi.it/allegati/2186%5E00%20-%20Relazione%20finale%20UNI-PV%20DIET.pdf H http://www.naviglilombardi.it/Articoli/I-5-Navigli/595-Il-Naviglio-Pavese.asp A
urban evolution
B
044
(M.Tafuri)
The critical act will consist of a recomposition of the fragments, once they are historicized, in their remontage.
2.0
The second chapter focuses better the districtscale issues, the ones that the project must face closer. It analyses the pre-existing elements that characterized the area: the gasholders structure, the fascist era buildings and the expo palace. It explains the matter linked to the mobility and it de-scribes the actual situation of the site in terms of built structures and functional distribution. The last two subchapters talk about the law restrictions and the previous project on the site.
2.0 PROJECT SITE ANALYSIS
project site analysis
The project site analysis is aimed to clarify the current situation of the substratum where the design will act. Beside the territorial and urban issues that describes the connectivity and the potentiality of an area related to the city processes, it is indispensable a magnified analysis of the neighborhoods of the site. This procedure must take in account the existing elements that participate to the genius of a place, that due to historical layering process are parts of the place itself. This study must be coupled to the identifications of the different functions and the use of the outdoor space. The current situation of the road network and the pedestrian paths is another important issue that can point up the problem and suggests its solution. On another level are the law restrictions that define the action range that the project could reach. Of great importance are also the previous projects on the site that, even though never realized, express both how the area is considered by professionals and which are the problems that must be solved, giving also suggestions in solving them.
047
2.1 pre-existing elements
GASOMETERS LOCATION
THE GASOMETERS The area where the relicts of the gasometer stand is located in a strategic position in the city layout, although is now disused. The gasworks block was built in the very beginning of Viale dei Partigiani, one of the busiest roads arriving to the city center. The gasworks was constructed in 1861 for the production of coal gas2, on the former fondi fortilizi, that were purchased by the firm Richini-Sartirana, that installed on a 6000 sqm area near the Spanish wall an oven for the distillation, some warehouses to store the raw material and two concrete-made gasometers of 1200 cubic meter of volume.3 In 1864 started the supply for the public illumination, with a 25-year long agreement. In 1884 the commission passed to the Società Italiana per il Gas (Italian Gas Society) of Turin. At this time the city equipment of lights was of about 750.3 In 1906 was proposed an enlargement of the plan to sustain the increased request for gas. The year after the Municipality purchased the gasworks, the gasometers and all the machinery, founding the municipal gas firm.3 From this point the gas was used not only for the lighting but also
032.
GAS PRODUCTION PROCESS
The gas production, commonly called in this case “city gas”, related to the gasometers in Pavia, produced gas from the gasification of coal. The coal was burnt, becoming gas, than after a condensation processes dividing the gas from the coke remnant and the purification part of the gas was send directly to the users and another part was stored in the gasholder.A The gasometers, that are the elements affecting most the collective imaginary, had the function of container at a constant pressure. They were not therefore able to accommodate large quantities of gas, and despite the often-considerable size, they were not used as a reservoir for the long-term storage of gas, but as short term 048
project site analysis
031.
for domestic and industrial uses. In 1926 all systems in the gasworks were renewed, and one of the two gasometers were substituted by a new reinforced concrete gasometric pool of 3000 cubic meter of volume designed by engineer F.Avanza.3 In 1934 the production of gas in Pavia was both for residential use and industrial, with 7220 supplied users, and 1.789.324 cubic meter of gas producted.1 The structure of the gasometers that we can see, characterized by a system of iron works trusses was where the gas was stored.
2.1
  033.
GASHOLDERS VIEW
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project site analysis
regulation devices for the production and consumption and storage of gas, allowing to serve peak demand. From these two different functions, acquitted at the same time, came their characteristic shape. The gasholders in Pavia are column-guided gasholder.Their structure is composed by a concrete half underground pool containing water that was used to hermetically seal the gas. The gas was contained between the water and an iron cylinder open at the bottom free to move up and down, thanks to the guide on the steel columns surrounding it. This system consisted of wheels attached to arms extending from the corners of the top of the vessel. The wheels would run up and down within a guide rail set in the columns. B The iron frame carrying this mechanism consists of truss columns, interlocked with horizontal girders, and strengthened by diagonal bracing. This is the main visible characteristic of gasholders that make them be an icon for the industrialization era.
2.1 Are a series of buildings that stand on the opposite side of Viale della Resistenza with the Spanish wall. The high number of public works realized by the Fascist regime is the answer capable to gain the consensus of the lower classes of the society hit hard by the economic crisis, performing in the meantime a task of social control.5 Needs that were translated in the construction of new typology of buildings peculiar of the fascist regime. These buildings are: the casa del Balilla, something like the youth house; the G.I.L. headquarter and GG.FF. (Fascist youth) headquarter; the caserma della Milizia, paramilitary association of civilian police formed by volunteers; the technical institute Bordoni.
of reinforced concrete trapezoidal portals. The functional program of the building beside the sports activities included space for the cultural training, for the health care and for the political activities. The building was used after the World War II for a long time as traffic wardens headquarter.
035.
CASA DEL BALILLA ENTRANCE DRAW
036.
034.
CASA DEL BALILLA LOCATION
The Casa del Balilla was designed by the engineer Carlo Alberto Sacchi in 1934.The buildings raised up on the area that was former occupied by the shooting range. It is composed by two volumes perpendicular to the flow of Ticino River, and another volume that transversally connect this two, with a semicircular façade on the corner. The project has a covered area of 1700 sqm and a volume of about 16000 cubic meters. It was strictly connected to sports activities, with a gym of 40 x 14 meters and 9 meters height, sustained by a series
G.I.L. AND GG.FF. LOCATION
The G.I.L. and GG.FF. headquarter were designed by E.Mocchi. The block has an L-shaped volume with one side parallel to the road, and another separated volume, with a brick façade, perpendicular to the road. After the World War II and till 1974 was a university college for foreign students. Nowadays is the seat of college Cardano.
037.
G.I.L. HEADQUARTER ENTRANCE
050
project site analysis
FASCIST ERA BUILDINGS
2.1
CASERMA DELLA MILIZIA LOCATION
The Caserma della Milizia, project of 1700 sqm of covered area, was designed by the engineers Gara, Carena, Cecchi and Astori in 1933. The building was intended to be the seat for the headquarter of the 7th legion, for the rangers militia, and for the antiaircraft command. An entrance volume with a tower of 23 meters, whose windows are circular, and a strip window on the top, clearly influenced by the Futurist art movement, composes the complex with a U-shaped building that creates a wide courtyard. After the World War II becomes the Police headquarters.
039.
CASERMA DELLA MILIZIA ENTRANCE
040.
T.I. BORDONI LOCATION
The technical institute Bordoni was designed by the architect Mario Ridolfi cooperating with the architect Wolfgang Frankl. The building is formed by squared 18 meters height volume with flat roof orthogonally combined, with the main volume perpendicular to Viale della Resistenza. In total is 50000 cubic meters of building that includes 28 classrooms, an oversized hall, a library, a gym, and an aula magna.The entrance is an arcade on pilotis to accommodate the student while they are waiting to enter the school. The official opening was on November 4th in 1936 with in presence of Benito Mussolini. The building is still a school nowadays.
041.
T.I. BORDONI VIEW
051
project site analysis
038.
2.1 Behind these buildings are Orti Borromaici an open air green area that is the result of the attempt of Borromeo college to create an undeveloped area as larger as possible around the buildings of the college to better valorize it, enhancing its isolation. The college purchased this area piece by piece from 1808 to 1826, renting it for fruits and vegetables production. 6
HYDROPLANE HANGAR LOCATION
Another particular building that can be included in this list is the hydroplane hangar designed by architect Giuseppe Pagano. It was built in 1925 and inaugurated in 1926 by Mussolini, to became a stop on the hydroplane route of Trieste-Venice-Turin. The hangar is a 36 x 24 meters volume on 3 order of beams with an access slope with an inclination of 25% connected to the water. The entire building is carried by 3 meters height beams on 4 huge octagonal pillars that go 6 meter under the water level. Beyond the hangar to hold and repair planes, it had also the accommodation for the pilots, a waiting room and place to eat. The building is nowadays disused and in bad maintenance conditions.
043.
HYDROPLANE HANGAR VIEW
052
project site analysis
042.
2.1 MUNICIPAL
The expo palace is based on the project of Carlo Alberto Sacchi and Duilio Chiandussi. It is placed in the Southern part of the area, between the Spanish wall and the Naviglio canal, and very close to Ticino River. The need of this urban facility dates back to 1948, year of the first fair that included the exposition of the industrial, agricultural, handcrafts and cultural production of the city. The building, built in 1957, has a considerable central nave that is the principal exhibition space of 2500 sqm area, with a structure made of huge singlespan portals of 34 meters length. Coupled pillars detached from the principal volume, with a variously shaped top roof, make the façade. It has wide openings in the first two floors and a balcony over these openings.A smaller lateral volume with L-shaped plan is the entrance. Nowadays its principal access is from Viale della Resistenza, with a wide square in front of the building. Near the gasometers is located also the former municipal swimming pool that is composed by a principal volume, and some little volumes that host the facilities, surrounded by a 2,3 m height wall. The complex has two pools: one bigger and another little one.
044.
EXPO PALACE LOCATION
045.
046.
EXPO PALACE VIEW
MUNICIPAL SWIMMING POOL LOCATION
047.
MUNICIPAL SWIMMING POOL VIEW
053
project site analysis
EXPO PALACE AND SWIMMING POOL
2.2 accessibility Viale dei Partigiani, that passes through the project site is one of these road, connected to the roads that form internal ring road of Viale della Resistenza going to South, than Lungo Ticino Visconti, and Viale Gorizia in North direction. This radio centric system bring the traffic to exploit and stress the boundary area of city center, with some problem caused by the lack of parking areas, especially near the main public facilities. In fact many of the parking areas are far both from the public institutions and the main road arteries. Viale dei Partigiani is one of the busiest road in Pavia. A relief og December 1996 as counted, in the time-intervals 7.30-11.00 and 16.00-19.30, about 12000 vehicle on Viale dei Partigiani, with 12500 on LungoTicino Sforza, 9000 on Viale Cremona and 8500 on Viale Gorizia.D The peak was calculated in the rush hours of 2000 vehicle per hour. D
  048.
PRINCIPAL ROAD NETWORK
054
project site analysis
Concerning the mobility and the road system in particular the road axis of Viale della Resistenza and Viale dei Partigian are busy road that represent a critical point related to the traffic passing through the area and the access to it. But before a detailed analysis on the viability of the project site some brief consideration about the general mobility system. Considering the entire Pavia traffic network is noticed the predominance of the car fluxes coming to the city, compared to the internal fluxes and the out coming travel, that underline the role of attractor that Pavia exercises on its territory. C The general network system of Pavia can be schematized in a central car-free area from which the traffic arteries are radially arranged. These roads are the preferred way to approach the city and they end in a road ring tangential to the city center.
2.2
Inside the city the non-motorized transportation modes are a large portion of the city mobility. The bicycle is the preferred of these modes, but the
cycling path network is characterized by some relevant problems. First of all the discontinuity of the paths that forms a fragmented system and not a real network outside the city center. This discontinuity is aggravated by the fact that along the main traffic artery the presence of cycling trails is limited, increasing the danger for the cyclist. And where this trails exist they have a too narrow space without the adequate protection to the car traffic.Than is important to underline the lack of cycling paths that from the outer neighborhoods allow to reach easily the city center. In the project site even if the presence of cycling paths with their own seat is really weak (there is only one on the side of Viale dei Partigiani, partially invading the sidewalks), the bike circulation is made easy by the low traffic fluxes. Therefore in this area the roadway is shared amongst car and bicycle. The only real critical point is the crossing of Viale dei Partigiani and the intersection of the three roads in the western part, due to the high traffic level.
  049.
SLOW MOBILITY NETWORK
055
project site analysis
Connected to these busy arteries are connected other smaller road that concern basically the district viability. To Viale dei Partigiani at the level of the intersection with the Naviglio canal are connected the two alzaia road of Via Cesare Correnti and Via Venezia serving the residential development of the southern and northern area facing the canal. At the intersection between Viale dei partigiani, Viale della Resistenza and Viale Gorizia is linked, in the direction of the city center, Corso Garibaldi that continues to center becoming one of the main shopping street of Pavia. Another connection that lead to the Expo Palace is Viale Europa, that from Viale della Resistenza pass over the Spanish wall and the Carona ditch, deleting their presence and their physical signs.
2.2 The Public transportation network consists of a series of bus lines that follow the main road connections.The project site is crossed by the line number 3, one of the main lines that connects the city center to the railway station, to the Policlinico and to the Scientific University Campus, stopping just before and just after the project site. The line number 4, connecting Cà della Terra, the city center and Città Giardino stops at the western road intersection of the site. Finally is present also the line number 2 that makes an articulated tour of the city, passing through the cemetery, the Palaravizza, Città Giardino and the Visconti castle.
050.
BUS LINE NETWORK
056
project site analysis
Apart from this, even if without a proper seat Viale della Resistenza and Viale Gorizia are both suitable for the cyclist. Going to the center also Corso Garibaldi is an easy car-free connection to the facilities of the city. Near the project area is also the railway branch of the line Pavia-Cremona, a minor underutilized railway that pass through the Po valley from East to West. A stop, called Pavia Porta Garibaldi, of this railway is located near the project site, which allow to achieve the city center in 15 minutes by pedestrian and guarantees the interchange of mobility mode with the public bus system.
2.3 built systems and function analysis that seems close to the Milan Liberty style, in its provincial version. Passing out of the Spanish wall tracks, the issue becomes complicated. The space between the Carona ditch and the Naviglio hasn’t a recognizable rule. The buildings seem accomplished by chance, even though given the similar dimension and the analogous problematic one could expect similar results. The only clear settlement in this buffer zone are the courtyard blocks on the South of Viale dei Partigiani, where previously were located the house and the workshops of the man who repairs the boat sailing the canal. On the other side of the Naviglio, passing over the first buildings on the street that presents a greater layering process of different addiction in different times, another series of villas, or better, detached houses, follows the alzaia road in direction of the Ticino river. Just behind these settlement are located a series of regular condominiums that seem one of the result of the zooning practice of the urbanexpansion period fashion. The medium height of the entire surroundings is quite homogenous. Most of the buildings has from 2 to 3 floors, with an height between the 7 meters to 12, despite their different plan layouts. There are some exceptions. For example, the building of the technical institute Bordoni is 18 meters height, it is quite invasive due to the fact that is facing the road intersections and is quite close to the road edge. Another exception is a 6-storey condominium facing the gasholders complex that reaches the height of 22 057
project site analysis
For what concern the building typology and their uses the project site seems to be in a intersection of different settlement system. This lead to a certain unclearness of the system that can’t be read in a unique way. This uncleraness is reflected also in the quality of the space that is the result of the combining of different shape and volume. Nevertheless there are some characters that can be recognized in this heterogeneous background. One of these is the courtyard type buildings that can be seen approaching the area from the city center. This typology seems denatured compared to the city center blocks. Their measures are various and seem they are trying to fit themselves to the ground movements. The result is a layered patchwork that creates unexpected combinations, sometimes filling almost all the space of the block with small voids, sometimes stretching their shape in a continuous series of courtyard. On the western side of Viale dei Partigiani are the series of buildings discussed before that demonstrates to have a clear unique common matrix, even if their shape and their approach to the street change from case to case.Their footprint is recognizable from the clearness of profile (compared to the other buildings tissue), and they reflect the age when they were built with the influences of the rationalist architectonic theory mixed with the rigorous and authoritarian typical of the fascist era buildings. Another system that can be easily recognized is the double row of urban villas that follows Viale Gorizia, in a style
2.3
051.
HEIGHT DISTRIBUTION
The functional distribution near the project area presents a quite isotropic extension of residential buildings, that on the lower level of the blocks facing Corso Garibladi and Viale dei Partigiani has shop retail activities of various type, as bakeries, bars and clothes shops. Some little offices are present near the Naviglio and only one “industrial” activity for the production of cheese. The remaining buildings host public facilities as the buildings along Viale della Resistenza that are the headquarters of police institutions. On the road intersection between Viale dei Partigiani and Viale Gorizia is the technical institute high school, and on the other side of Corso Garibladi stand the headquarter of the financial police. Unique cases are the Expo Palace, occasionally used to host fairs and exhibition of different types, the former municipal swimming pool and the disused
area of the gasometers. Near the project site is also located the disused cloister of Santa Chiara.
052.
FUNCTIONAL SURVEY
The study of the open air spaces on the surroundings came up with a clear predominance of the private use garden and court linked to the residential functions. Some specific spaces attaining the public facilities can be in the same way considered like private spaces, since they are not opened to everyone. The same reasoning can be made about the disused blocks open air spaces. The only really public spaces are the ones connected to the road sections, like the sidewalks, the natural uneducated corridors around the Carona ditch, the shore of the Naviglio, and a little corner park attached to the road intersection, that for this reason presents some criticality about noise and air pollution that give the feeling of an unhealthy space. An open air sports area with a football field and a tennis court is located near the railroad on the outer side of the Naviglio 058
project site analysis
meters. The other buildings that exceeds the 3 floors are some condominiums in the northern part, fact that is hidden due to the ground conformation.
2.3 respect the city center. Some little parking areas are present near Viale dei Partigiani. One on the other side of the road intersection respect the little park, and the other are placed at the side of the intersection between the road and the Naviglio, with another bigger parking areas that is used when there are some exhibition in the Expo Palace. Apart from these spaces there are other parking lots on the side of Viale dei Partigiani after the intersection with the Naviglio, all along Viale della Resistenza and Viale Gorizia, and in the first part of Corso Garibaldi. OPEN AIR SPACE USE
project site analysis
  053.
059
2.4 law restrictions P.T.C.P - PianoTerritorial di Coordinamento Provinciale The P.T.C.P. is thought to promote and guide the territorial transformation processes and their economic development and coordination. It defines the planning strategies of organization and territorial rebalancing, with a particular attention to the protection and enhancement of the landscape and environmental resources. The plan is composed by directives that guide the intervention of the submitted public entities and in particular the guide the draft of the P.G.T.. Its character is of guidance and indicative, without proper restrictions. In particular, for what concern our project area, the article number 33, of
054.
P.T.C.P. PLAN
060
project site analysis
An element of particular relevance for a complete analysis of the project site is the one of the law restrictions on the territory. The law restrictions can be divided in two categories.The first is the one of territorial law restrictions, commonly named higherlevel restrictions, and is constituted by the P.T.C.P. (Piano Territoriale di Coordinamento Provinciale – Territorial Plan of Provincial Coordination), by the P.A.I. (Piano di Assetto Idrogeologico – Plan for the hydrogeological regulation) and by other different law plans. The second one, that is concerned in a more specific and detailed planning, is commonly named ordinary restrictions and is composed by the P.G.T. (Piano di Governo del Territorio – Plan for the territorial governance) and all its subordinate components.
2.4
P.A.I. - Piano di Assetto Idrogeologico The project area is strongly influenced by the presence of the Ticino river and by the safeguard criteria related to the hydrogeological security. The plan is an instrument of demarcation of the region linked to the river basin of the river Po, that allows the planning of intervention compatibly with the physical
arrangement of the water flows, controlling the hydraulic security, the water uses, the soil exploitation in the areas near water flows and the safeguard of the natural and environmental heritage. It defines the boundaries of the floodable areas, related to a reference flood, and according with it individuates the protection interventions for the inhabited zones, for the infrastructures and for the activities that show possible risks. In the P.A.I. are individuated 3 river band: - The band A, of the most probable floodable areas, that is usually the part of the shore strictly connected to the water flow. - The band B, or medium risks floodable areas, that concern the areas that will be flooded relating to the reference flood. - The band C, or catastrophic flood areas, that is external to the boundary of the band B.
055.
P.A.I. PLAN
061
project site analysis
the adopted plan, identifies the linear environmental elements, such as streams and canals, advising the P.G.T. to proceed in the identification of appropriate law restrictions devoted to the physical preservation and to avoid the functional discontinuity, focusing on the enhancement and the safeguard of the paths that pass through landscape amenities and high environmental quality areas. It individuates also “historical building blocks” and naturalistic areas to revaluate.
2.4 OTHER HIGH-LEVEL RESTRICTIONS One of the other high level restrictions that affects the project area is the Piano di Coordinamento Territoriale del Parco Lombardo della Valle del Ticino (Coordination territorial plan of the Lombardy park of the Ticino valley). This plan rules the safeguard and the enhancement of the historical landscape structures, considering the panoramic roads, the canal system, and the signs of the organization of the agriscape, promoting the recovery of original artefacts, the recovery of the valuable existing crops, and the maintenance of the system of relations that connects the different parts of the whole territory. Another of these plans is the P.T.R.A.Navigli (Piano Territoriale Regionale Attuativo Navigli – Regional plan of the Navigli) that is aimed to deepen in detailed scale the objectives of the P.T.R. (Piano Territoriale Regionale – Territorial regional Plan). It is asked to coordinate the opportunity of social and economic exploitation of the Navigli,
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GENERAL OUTLINE OF LAW RESTIRCIONS
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PROJECT SITE ANALYSIS
The law individuates also the interventions that can be performed in the different bands, in the article number 29-30 and 31, and with a special chapter for the public facilities in the article number 38. The project area falls between band B and band C. In the band B are prohibited the interventions that compromise the capability of the ground to let free the water from the rainfall and from flood to go away, and all the project must exhibit an increase in the superficial drain of the area. In this band are allowed the interventions for public works or of public interest that can’t be placed in other zones, providing that the “load settlement” will not increase and accompanied with compatibility research for the area. Are than allowed renovation interventions with a possible increase in the volume, but not in the surface, corresponding to the volume that can be flooded. In the band C the planning of the activities is demanded to the ordinary urban planning instruments.
2.4
In the drawing are showed of the previous page are the principal restriction on the site project and on its surroundings. Summarizing in this area are present: the boundaries of the Natural Park of Ticino Valley, a buffer zone of 30 meters along the railway, some axis of the principal historical road network; a buffer zone of 10 meters along all the water flows; the protection band of 150 meters from the R.D. 1775/33; the boundaries of band A,B,C from P.A.I.; the buffer zone for the cemetery respect; some restraints linked to the cultural and landscape heritage; and the historical settlements individuation from the PTCP.
P.G.T. The P.G.T. is one of the ordinary restrictions that guide the city planning. It binds the territory in a more substantial way, providing the plan for the future interventions that can be performed on an area. It identifies the urban parameter for the develop of any part of the city, including the total buildings volume that can be built, the F.A.R., the covered area ratio, and the functional program that can be adopted. In particular the project site is identified as a transformation area (better described in the D.D.P.), which vocation is primarily for collective recreational facilities and services for the citizens. The former gasholders area is classified as a disused area on which is expected a transformation that will include new functional uses. This uses includes the increment of the residential supply, services for citizens and business, new spaces for the advanced tertiary, the increment of the green recreational areas, and parking lots serving the city centre.
  057.
synthetic p.g.t. plan
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project site analysis
finalized to the sustainable fruition of the territory. It individuates in Pavia along the Naviglio canal different typologies of spaces, among which are spaces without characterization, on which are proposed intervention of redevelopment of the landscape, naturalistic areas, that must be improved, and consolidated urban spaces with an historical value.
2.4
D.D.P. The D.D.P. (Documento di Piano – Plan document) is the planning instruments that prescribes the more detailed indications to the development of an area, and particularly of the transformation area individuated by the P.G.T.. This area is identified as Area T4 – Piazzale Europa e Gasometro, one of the transformation areas located as a crown around the centre, and strategic for the renewal of the city. The D.D.P. individuates different goals. First of all the restoration of the landscape connected to the Naviglio, “that is characterised along the its entire course by an hydraulic, architectural, historical and economic heritage expressed by bridges, artefacts and technical solutions”. Beside the renovation of the canal that is thought to be rigorous in the conservation of the morphological and material quality, is planned the construction of a new structure for the docking of little boat for touristic and recreational uses. The improvement of the specific character of the place is one of the key points in the development of this area, trying to redefine the boundaries. A new mobility system foregrounding the walking paths and cycling trail must redefine the actual network.The collective vocation of the area must be implemented with the creation of new facilities that the D.D.P. locates in the gasometer area, with a multistorey parking, preferably underground, due to the strategic position of the site. The D.D.P. summarizes the interventions in the area in 3 point: the redesign of the open air public spaces, the restoration of the waterway and the redefinition of the
landscape system. After that it defines some specific policy for the buildings in the area. Concerning the Expo Palace is proposed the renewal of the structure, revitalized by the new park that will be created around it, promoting the creation of a new public facility as social lab. For the former municipal swimming pool is planned the demolition, as for the gasholders structure. Only the normal maintenance activities are planned for the courtyard blocks along the alzaia road. The D.D.P. defines the different parameters and standard for the area in a list. It prescribes a F.A.R. of 0,4 sqm/sqm, with a maximum height of 5 floors for the buildings in the northern part near Viale dei Partigiani, and 3 floors on the southern part. It plans the transformation of the section of the alzaia road to host in safe way both cars, bicycle and pedestrian, and the creation of green parking area near the Expo palace, with a footbridge that will link the opposite side of the Naviglio, in the southern part to improve the pedestrian accessibility to the Ticino park.
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d.d.p. plan
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project site analysis
It focuses also on the enhancement of system of pedestrian paths and cycling trails along the Naviglio canal.
2.4
project site analysis
Concerning the functional program it prescribes the creation of new facilities dedicated to cultural and collective facilities, with the creation of an urban park area. It defines eventually the characteristic that should be respect in the creation of the green areas, underlining the importance of the recovery of the Carona ditch and of the Spanish wall structure, with different type of spaces, from wide open space to limited protected areas.
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2.5 previous design strategies on project site
project site analysis
The knowledge of previous design proposals on a project area is essential. It provides different points of view of different designers on the same subject, and it helps to better understand the problems and the potentialities of the area. Different interpretations not only for the area itself but also for the city and for the territory. Considering Area T4 – Piazzale Europa e Gasometro, are proposed four design sources: the international design seminar “Urban renewal and town culture”, held in September 1995; the landscape renewal project by LCPa (Laboratorio di costruzione del paesaggio e dell’architettura) and commissioned by Navigli Lomabardi s.c.a.r.l.; student design projects processed in the course of Ingegneria Edile-Architettura at Pavia university; and the proposals that participated to the concept-competition published by the municipality in 2007.
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2.5 INTERNATIONAL DESIGN SEMINAR “URBAN RENEWAL AND TOWN CULTURE” 1995
PROPOSAL 1 The project interprets the longitudinal direction that connects the area of gasometers, which is redesigned establishing new relationships with residential court buildings in which develop along the bank of the Naviglio with the area of confluence between the canal and the Ticino, as the major focus of the built. In the north the masterplan maintains the alignment of the waterway, preferring a longitudinal development, on the south to Ticino creates a form that is posed as an element of closure of a larger system that affects the Western bank of the waterway. The new volumes of the convention center is fan-shaped at the Ticino to which they relate. The project provides meeting rooms, a space exhibition and community services. PROPOSAL 1 MODEL
PROPOSAL 2 The project confirms the morphology of the northern part of the area, with court buildings next to the Naviglio, and covers, with this line, the whole area, creating a curtain almost constant along the artificial channel . The new buildings are intended to host exhibition space, sports facilities and spare time areas. Beyond the built parts the project involves the formation of a park area that extends from Viale dei Partigiani until Ticino, and dominates the central part of the area.
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PROPOSAL 2 MODEL
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project site analysis
059.
2.5 PROPOSAL 3 The project is built around a central park and tends to define with architecture the boundaries of the area. It’s produced a new building as a receptive complex and those existing along the waterway are completed. The volumes on the other side, are self-referenced with a conferences hall that draws the edge of the Ticino, and creates a linear system long Viale della Resistenza with hosting facilities and exhibition spaces, which are related with the curtain continues formed by the Casa del Balilla and the neighboring buildings.
PROPOSAL 3 PLAN
Projects extracted from: A.Bugatti, R.Dorigati, Urban Renewal and Town Culture, Università degli studi di Pavia 1995/1997, Alinea editrice, Firenze, 1998
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project site analysis
061.
2.5 STUDENT PROPOSALS PROCESSED IN THE COURSE OF INGEGNERIA EDLIE-ARCHITETTURA PROPOSAL 4 In this project are proposed two large L-shaped buildings whose compares with each other and define the space for collective activities and facilities. The first redefining the fronts on the intersection of Viale dei Partigiani and the Naviglio. The second re-proposing the alignment with the ancient wall’s track. The southern area consists of a green area that looks for a comparison of alignments and position with the rigid layout of the waterway of the Naviglio, with the creation of a new park for the city.
PROPOSAL 4 PLAN
PROPOSAL 5 The proposeal consists of a new uplifted square which becomes the generator of the design of public spaces and built. It aligns with the Viale della Resistenza and the Carona drainage canal, valued in this hypothesis as a environmental element which develops along a new linear park. The new buildings that stand along Viale dell Resistenza are in relations with the collective buildings group of the ‘900 beginning that are arranged in a continuous front on the opposite side of the road. The southern part of the area, to the Ticino and the confluence with the Naviglio, is returned to the park and sports equipments, with an hypothesis that let cross the dock through a pedestrian bridge.
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PROPOSAL 5 PLAN
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project site analysis
062.
2.5 LANDSCAPE RENEWAL PROJECT 2005 UNIVERSITY OF PAVIA, DEPARTMENT OF BUILDING ENGINEERING LCPa - LABORATORIO DI COSTRUZIONE DEL PAESAGGIO E DELL’ARCHITETTURA,
064.
MASTERPLAN
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TRANSVERSAL SECTION ON NAVIGLIO
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project site analysis
DIRECTOR PROF. A.BUGATTI
The project considers as a priority element in the design the landscape component. The Ticino’s park is introduced in the project area where meets the end of the river bank system arriving from the city. The link with the surrounding landscape is not only ideal, but also physical. In fact a pedestrian bridge connect the two sides of Naviglio. The park permeates all the area from the northern part, where stood the gasometer, to the southern, revitalizing the Carona channel and incorporating the renewed Expo palace. The park is a sort of connection element between the historic city, the outskirts and the agricultural and natural element. The light transportation system is preeminent inside the area where only marginal roads are left for car users. But on the other hand two parking are created. One in the northern part, under the new building, thought to host residential and commercial spaces; and one in the south mitigated by the park. The system of the old courtyard buildings facing the Naviglio is completed. On the north the new building in gasometer area is aligned on Via Cesare Correnti with the old construction, and recreates the urban facade on Viale dei Partigiani. On the south the new hotel of sustainable design delineates the end of the system. Also the old public swimming pool is saved and re-naturalized with biological systems.
2.5 CONCEPT-COMPETITION 2007 1st prize Proposal 6 by arch. Pier Paolo Tamburini - Studio Associato Baukuh This project suggests to confirm the axiality along the Naviglio rebuilding the facade along the channel to create an identity for the whole area. The remaining part is dedicated to an urban park, connected both to the Orti Borromaici and to the Ticino’s park.
066. proposal 6 (from http://www. comune.pv.it/site/home/primo-piano/articolo2659.html)
The proposal consists of a double directionality. One orientations along the ancient wall’s layout where all the new constructions are placed, reconfirming and amplifying the boundaries facing the city. The other direction is the one perpendicular to the naviglio, which is taken from a new docks used to let the ship. This direction is reproposed as the generator matrix for the landscape system. The central part is dedicated to a more natural park that starts from the gasometer and goes to the river, where another docks is placed. 067. proposal 7 (from http://www. comune.pv.it/site/home/primo-piano/articolo2659.html)
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project site analysis
2nd prize Proposal 7 by ing. Gianluca Pietra
2.5 5th prize (ex-aequo) Proposal 8 by arch. Andrea Vaccari This project creates a new entrance for the area near the place where the Porta Garibaldi stood. The first operation proposed is to complete the system of the courtyard buildings along Naviglio with a new construction of the same typology. Then another system of catwalks link the gasometer area with a new park close to the river, enclosed by a new L-shape system made of buildings and public space.
project site analysis
068. proposal 8 (from http://www. comune.pv.it/site/home/primo-piano/articolo2659.html)
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2.0
2.0 BIBLIOGRAPHY Archeologia industriale a Pavia e nella sua provincia; a cura di A.Negri e M.Negri; Pavia; Amministrazione provinciale di Pavia; 1982 2 Luigi Ponzio; Archeologia Industriale a Pavia e nella sua Provincia; Tipografia litografica; Pavia; 1982 3 Donata Vicini; Pavia: materiali di storia urbana: il progetto edilizio 1840-1940; EMI: comune di Pavia – assesorato alla cultura; Pavia; 1988 4 Emanuele Vicini; Edilizia pubblica pavese fra le due guerre: regesto e catalogazione; Edizioni TCP; Pavia; 2002 5 Vittorio Prina; Pavia moderna: architettura moderna in Pavia e provincia 1925-1980; Cardano; Pavia; 2003 6 Susanna Zatti; Pavia neoclassica: la riforma urbana 1770-1840; Diakronia;Vigevano Projects extracted from: A.Bugatti, R.Dorigati, Urban Renewal and Town Culture, Università degli studi di Pavia 1995/1997, Alinea editrice, Firenze, 1998 2.0 WEB RESOURCES A http://www.nationalgasmuseum.org.uk/index.asp?page=history-02 B http://www.eugris.info/newsdownloads/Gasholders%20and%20their%20tanks.pdf C http://www.comune.pv.it/site/home/dai-settori-e-servizi/servizio-urbanistica/p.g.t.---piano-di-governodel-territorio/pgt---area-download/documento7966.html D http://www.naviglilombardi.it/allegati/2186%5E00%20-%20Relazione%20finale%20UNI-PV%20DIET.pdf
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project site analysis
1
The key to the problem [is] how to restore the people to the land, ...
(E.Howard)
3.0
The third chapter, after a brief description of the phenomenon of redevelopment through linear landscape systems and the presentations of different case studies, it presents the Naviglio course in a urban scale primarily through the study of the different sections encountered along its flow, that let us understand the potentiality of this infrastructure. Finally, it proposes the renewal of the eastern part of the city with the creation of an urban linear park along the Naviglio.
3.0 URBAN EVOLUTION THROUGH LANDSCAPE LINEAR ELEMENT
HIGH LINE DESIGN IN NEW YORK BY DILLER AND SCOFIDIO + RENFRO
Due to the recent redevelopment projects in many part of the world, such as in New York with the High Line project by Diller and Scofidio, in Spain (Madrid and Barcelona) and in France, great attention and excitement is heating up around the idea of linear parks. These spaces are particularly interesting because they often augment or re-use existing infrastructure of different scales and types, like railroad tracks, canals, natural waterways, highways and arterial roads. These projects often have longstanding economic, social and environmental implications. A new way to plan the renewal of the city that propose an increased interlocking with the territory and gives a chance of redemption to the relicts left by the Industrial Era from 1800 to the seventies of the last century. The designers took areas that had been at the heart of the city’s manufacturingbased economy and retrofitted them to serve as nodes for recreation, a form of “soft” infrastructure for the city, making it
more attractive to new information-economy workers. Linear parks are also unique because they do not just turn underused paths into pedestrian-friendly green space, but they also serve as great catalysts for change and investment in large stretches of the city, benefiting multiple neighborhoods along their routes. A new approach to the city that has as its first references in the urban planners’ concept of merging urban facilities with the recreational possibilities and the quality of life given by the green areas. An idea that across the years has passed through different approaches. The first of these refers to the green lung concept underlying the design of incredible urban parks such as Central park in New York, designed by Fredrik Law Olmsted, the Bois des Vincennes and Parc Monceau in Paris, Parco Sempione in Milan and the transformation of the real parks in London. After that a new design concept has tried to unify the city and its territory. 076
LINEAR LANDSCAPE
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3.0
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GRADENCITY SCHEME BY E.HOWARD
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broadacre city by f.l.wright
ville contemp. by le corbusier
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LINEAR LANDSCAPE
This new approach could refers primarily to utopian projects that from early beginning of the XXth century were proposed by different designer with different reasons, in different countries and with different key points. But the issue that is common in all this far-sighted proposals is the outstanding idea, given from the stresses that were starting to visibly transform the city, of a shared growth for the city and its territory, trying to combine the urban growth with the new infrastructural network without losing the quality of life given by the countryside. We can include is this type of approach the Garden City by Ebenezer Howard, the Broadacre City of Frank Lloyd Wright and the Ville Contemporaine of Le Crobusier. From that period started a design approach that has sterilized the debate with a mechanistic view of the city. The zooning approach has already shown its limit and therefore a new approach is now necessary. In these years a new renewal approach appeared. The basis of this approach is the consciousness that due to the recent economic crisis no more great transformation programs can be sustained by the public governance, as it was from the beginning of the debate for the reconversion of disused areas. Beside that a new globally green awareness raised and pervades all the world, not only the architectural world. Starting from these assumptions comes the idea that the new interventions on the city must be sustainable both environmentally and economically. They must induce, more than produce, transformations.
3.0
LINEAR LANDSCAPE
On these statements is based the linear renewal approach. That thanks to the infrastructure-based renovation has the possibility to transform large areas of the city without actually act directly on them. A transformation that turn unfavorable situation into potentialities and is able to change the profitability of the land around its actuation. This is a sustainable way to proceed in designing the city. The utopia of a city regulator that can plan and control everything has demonstrated its impossibility to really understand this complex social, economic and biological machine that is the city. So the new approach has its key point in the network based renovation, the turning of infrastructure scar in the city into landscape and recreational element, and it has also the virtue of induce change in the city that are made by the city itself, with a proliferation of minimal changes made by the actors of the city. It refers to the city more as an organism that as a machine. But most of all it produces a step forward in the citizens consciousness and in civic participation. At last is important to underline the significance that this “linear� concept has in its physical form. The linearity gives the chance to touch and therefore change a greater numbers of areas in the city, without the trouble of act directly on each of them. Supported by the fact that the lines of intervention are or were lines of great interaction of people, goods or information and due to that has maintained in some way the potentiality to regain its leading actor role in the life of the city.
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3.1 FROM THE EXISTING DISUSED INFRASTRUCTURE TO CITY REGENERATION
073.
When the technical and morphological solutions consider the infrastructural system not as an isolated element, superimposed to the territory, but as an active element in the process of making and renewing of the city, is possible to start a chain of processes that induces relations. When the linearity is not a merely graphical sign but reinterprets the point elements that are passed through. The line is connoted by different recognisable elements owned by the connected areas, protected areas and residual lands where coexist new and old, natural and man-made, elements transversal to the line that represent the chance of a possible mending of the neighbourhoods. The linear connotation if related to the concept of landscape infrastructure must have the ability to connect and recognise the significant and characteristic element of the territory where it stands, with the possibility of redefining specific interventions through a unique strategy.
AN EXAMPLE OF INFRASTRUCTURE REUSE: PROMENADE PLANTèè IN PARIS
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LINEAR LANDSCAPE
The presence of a system of infrastructure (canals, highways, subways, railways, etc.) connotes in a peculiar way relevant portions of the territory, inducing complex relations between the elements of the system and the landscape crossed. However often the projects can’t succeed in merging the differences between the engineering solutions and the quality of the architectural urban space, in producing place where the needs of a connection between points far in space is not producing fragments and cuts on the land. The mobility system is basically indifferent to the nature and the layering of the context, that is often considered as a monofunctional element that is not able to interlock different uses and activities. Merely technical solutions that are distant from the nature of the urban environment and from its formal solutions, and that can’t succeed in interpolate the landscape and its identity.
3.1
The renewal process aimed to the reuse of linear elements could represent the opportunity to rehabilitate and enhance places that has a strong historical and cultural inheritance. The renewed interest for the rehabilitation of disused areas or of the residual fragment, which are not integrated in the form and in the relations of the city, is an internationally shared issue that has produced in many cases the creation of a new usability, remodelling the connections. The reintegration of the infrastructure, the overcoming of the fractures that were produced, the transformation of infrastructure that no more can fit the needs that they had originally and the construction of new infrastructures integrated with the landscape, are the most common approaches. In particular a water course is implicitly included in different project scale, generating an infinity numbers of situations. In this sense the creation of a new usability for the shore and the banks of the water
course through walking paths and cycling trails, must be coupled with the enhancement of the connections perpendicularly to the water course. The redevelopment of these elements is the chance to improve the space-functional relation between urban fabric and natural environment, protecting the identity of the water course. This double intention of transformation/ preservation is an attitude that is evident in the contemporary designers that try to combine the rational procedure of the design process with its emotional soul. 6 The assumptions underlying this project attitude may be referred to the progressive mutations in the care of the design result from the artefacts to the entire context, aimed to the promotions of a deeper consciousness of the space more than of the construction activities.8 The designers stopped to consider urban and landscape design as different categories, but they are now hybridized, proposing different design paradigms. The urban design attitude has now embodied the study of natural and social ecosystems as dominant factor in the functions and in aesthetic of the city. 7 The urban system is considered as inseparable from the living environment, and the landscape is not seen as a mere recreational facility but as an integral component of the city.
LINEAR LANDSCAPE
The aims can be grouped in four different categories2: - Reorganize the urban complexity diversifying, giving a hierarchy, to produce an equilibrated urban structure. - Reconnect the punctual intervention to the urban fabric, interpreting and solving the relations between the large scale and the small scale of the projects. - Redraw the edges between the infrastructure, the natural environment and the city. - Permit a transversal fluidity between the neighbourhoods inserting recognisable elements, recovering the historical stratifications, and the cultural meaning of the places.
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3.1 In this new approach the dynamic processes are the basic factors that produce a time-dependent design, no more dependent to a static urban plan, procedure that is consolidated in the landscape design.The projects are more focused on the urban performance that includes material and environmental processes.A flexible design method able to manage the multiplicity of the city and capable to maintain its heterogeneity through an elastic urban environment.
has to deal with the change of the perception of a place.7
LINEAR LANDSCAPE
These series of procedural practise can be summarized in the term “landscape urbanism�1 that implicitly mean a programmatic vagueness, where the different ways of living and working are blended with the mobility and the recreational facilities, producing multiple relation fields that have the effect of increase the value of a land.5 A blurring effect that led to revise the historical concept of edge as a barrier, through a more suitable idea of threshold. A fundamental challenge is to reconfigure the road network, promoting the local connections that use a sustainable transportation and making possible the coexistence with the road system, but improving the public transport aimed by the intermodal concept. A new project must find the balance between the devotion to the historical urban forms, shared by the common imaginary, and the needs of a renewal, creating the conditions that can induce an interaction between the elements of the design and the past and future life of the site. Interaction that can bring out new spatial characteristics, adequate to the contemporary needs, and that can’t simply been provided by the designer. This will solve maybe the worst struggle in the transformation process, the one that 081
3.2 CASE STUDIES MADRID RIO PARK MADRID. SPAIN. 2011
This is an intervention on the Manzanares River in Madrid. In this project apart from the visual enhancement of the ill-treated river banks, the disappearance of the background noise and the pollution of the street or how the right bank neighbourhoods have been brought closer to the downtown area, there has also been a transformation of the relationship of the city with the territory. Madrid Rio has consolidated the network of natural spaces running from the North to South through the metropolitan area. The designers to achieve their purposes used a series of different strategies ranging from a territorial scale, to an urban one and finally at the details design. A necessary approach that has given the possibility to transform a deserted area into a familyfriendly urban park. The project has then divided the area into 3 sub-areas of intervention that were presented as a trilogy of strategic project including a large pine tree park, multiple sports areas, 30 km of bicycle paths, 11 new playgrounds, six installations for the elderly, and even a sandy beach with humidifiers, parasols and a kayak-paddling area. The 3 sub-areas are also divided into different development plans that were then prepared for the individual components: Salón de Pinos, Avenida de Portugal, Huerta de la Partida, Jardines del Puente de Segovia, Jardines del Puente de Toledo, Jardines de la Virgen del Puerto and Arganzuela Park. The basic concepts behind the design
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GENERAL PLAN
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LINEAR LANDSCAPE
WEST 8 AND MRIO
3.2
process can be grouped into main issues: the fluxes, the habitat, the functional programme, the maintenance, the integration with the existing and the users-friendly approach. Perhaps the biggest hurdle was the first step, which required to submerge the infamously gnarled Madrid traffic through 43 Km of new underground tunnels. B An intervention that combined with the plantation of 34000 trees decreases the pollution by 35000 tons of CO2 a year. 9 The new motorway that runs along both sides of the river for 6 Km in the city creates a huge corridor that adapts its route to the needs of the park. Green roofs on the underground tunnels become large areas for the enjoyment of the river landscape. After that was created and integrated a system of paths 60 Km long, 9 bringing continuity to a series of unconnected spaces in the metropolitan area from the protected area to the green fragments into the city
SECTION ON SALON DE PINOS
and finally to the South-East regional park, creating a green metropolitan corridor. The new bridges network is designed to invigorating the suburbs connections. The former bridges for car are converted into footbridges integrated into the pine tree lounge, by adding a new decking. These footbridges provide also a protection for the play areas. The accesses are improved, removing level differences with ramps and organizing new parking spaces. The Madrid Rio project has managed to embrace the area’s history by renovating its most historical bridges. In addition to restoring these historic monuments along the river, two new bridges were added to the existing bridges and walkways. The ultra-modern Arganzuela footbridge was designed by Dominique Perrault. It is covered by interlocking curved metallic strips. The spiralling silver bridge is a large walkway that provides an expansive view over the river and park areas below. 083
LINEAR LANDSCAPE
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3.2
Puentes Cascara, serving as bridge and iconic landmark, creates a place where the river is experienced. It is designed as a massive concrete dome with a rough texture that has the scale of park elements with more than one hundred cables resembling a whale wearing. Artist Daniel Canogar covered the slim steel deck and the ceilings with a mosaic. The river banks and its course are recovered and the water purified with intentions of integration between human activity and the ecosystem. A special attention is given to the maintenance problems. For example the trees plantations are designed with the trees species that need more water closer to the river. Also the earthworks are conducted in economy, replacing inside the area the soil moved. A general programmatic randomness led the activity placement along the park.
VIEW NEAR PUENTE DE TOLEDO
For example the Explanada del Rey serves as a platform for any kind of public events. The main concept is to inducing experiences without any limitations, recreating different themes along the park using design arrangements, as the red painted support for the pine trees. The fast and slow fluxes, for different kinds of users, are divided using different surface material. The operation integrates networks of amenities and services, sporting activities and recreational areas and several urban parks. The most important of which include the Salón de Pinos, designed as a linear green space, which links the existing and newly designed urban spaces with each other along the Manzanares River. It is located almost entirely on top of the motorway tunnel, with a “choreography” of the 8.000fold pine tree planting with a repertoire of cuts. 084
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3.2
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view along one of the historical bridges
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LINEAR LANDSCAPE
Avenida de Portugal, one of the most important roads into the center of Madrid,is relocated in a tunnel and provides underground parking, converting the space into a garden, benefitting the local residents in particular with cherry trees. Huerta de la Partida, the old Royal Palace is now a modern interpretation of the orchard and a presents a wide variety of fruit trees in groups. For the Arganzuela Park, the dominating motive is the water. The river Manzanares, canalized and damped, is surrounded by his ancient architectonical walls, which were restored. So the past play an important role in the entire design process, as a design generator. The idea of integrating the existing structure becomes clear where the recently recovered area of the Matadero is integrated into the park as a large facility living within it.
3.2 BERGES DU SEINE PARIS. FRANCE. 1998
MOSBACH PAYSAGISTES
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VIEW OF THE BOAT ARRIVAL
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GENERAL PLAN
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LINEAR LANDSCAPE
The links between neighborhoods and the river and the continuity of paths now express a great disparity. On most of the Seine, the arteries of the city traffic, industry or craft enterprises, privatized spaces and result in a break with the urban fabric. The accesses to the river are still too few in number, pedestrian paths along the edges of the river mixed and rare and with little opening on the context. The project deals with the relationship between the city and the river by proposing the idea of a multi-purpose space typical of a port context, connecting it to each other, with port activities and leisure activity, thereby redefining the access to the city formed mainly by road infrastructure. The project aims as well to a mutual sharing of the specific characteristics of a city (Courbevoie) and a n harbor (Port Autonomous). This is done through a web of connections with the occasional appropriation of space, contemporarily with the reorganization of the relations between them through the views of a “monumental” landscape. Re-establish a clear readability of the passages and of the access between neighborhoods gives to the Seine an attractiveness that is essential to promote the port and to create continuity between the built urban fabric and river basin.
3.2
  080.
view of the design project
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LINEAR LANDSCAPE
This includes physical link to redefine the paths and its the horizontal dimension and the dimensions of the vertical elements at the same time. It divides areas for activities, to walk, to the shore and services. The project seeks to focus on a contact between the water and the dock through the continuity of paths designed at different heights over the movement of the river that can accommodate walkways and a pavilion, reception, panoramic areas, bar and ticket office.
3.2 LYON. FRANCE. 2006
JOURDA ARCHITECTES AND IN SITU PAYSAGISTES The left bank of the Rhone in Lyon is to be reunited with its original function as a promenade. Stretching 4.7 Km, the project links the green spaces of Feyssine Park and Tete d’Or Park to the North with Gerland Park to the South.C The intervention establishes, taking into account the periodic rises in the water levels of the river, a continuous walkway for pedestrians and cyclists crossing the city. The new public link next to the Rhone River replaces the parking areas for the visitors to the old town. Some twenty belvedere kiosks observation decks from which one can enjoy views as far as Lyon’s peninsula create a transition from the waterfront walkway to the river itself, thereby connecting urban life with the banks below. Called the “wet feet” of Lyon, these boxes can be adapted structurally to serve different programmatic functions as open/ glassed in volumes or simple platforms, and stand as a contemporary expression of Lyon’s identity. The side of the Rhone from the embankment to the shore is dedicated entirely to the cycling path and for walking trails, with a change in section depending on the dif-
081.
VIEW OF THE NEW SHORE-DECK
ferent areas. In the main space a great flight of steps enlarges the space dedicated to the river and emphasizes the connection point where it is placed. A place where people can enjoy the riverscape next to artificial water basins.
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PROMENADE FOR THE BANKS OF THE RHONE
3.2
083.
SECTION OF THE BOAT ARRIVAL
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VIEW OF THE RENEWED SHORE
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Different strips of different materials follow the entire course underlining different uses of the space, and mixing and changing itself where there are connections to the upper level of the city. Thanks to this difference of level the intervention assumes an unusual clarity. Next to the cycling paths and the wooden dock that is related to boat arrivals are fragment of grass fields and native plantings that mediate the general urban image of this river. The contact to the water is made real using wooden deck that protrudes from the shore.
3.2 SAGRERA LINEAR PARK PROJECT BARCELONA. SPAIN. 2011
WEST 8
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URBAN OVERVIEW
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GENERAL PLAN
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The urban designers and landscape architects West 8 in collaboration with RCR have been selected for the design of the Sagrera linear park in Barcelona The 222,000 sqm E project rests on the public transport infrastructure and will offer a dynamic green space for visitors and locals alike. The new green corridor, 4 Km long, extending from the city’s fringe deep into the heart of the centre is the successful result of the tunnelling of the new fast train route from France to Barcelona Sagrera/Sants. The Sagrera new station, that will be completed during this year, will be the principal door for the all trains coming from and directed to Europe, becoming the main station for Spain. The urban precincts on either side of the route which used to be separated by railway yards can be now linked by a series of parks. A new green diagonal axis that will extend into the very heart of Barcelona. It is a natural path for pedestrians and bicycles the protagonists of a new area of a greener
3.2
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BIRD’S EYE VIEW
Reflecting the identity of its historical neighbourhoods, the Sagrera linear park consists of a series of micro-parks that are linked together by this common axis that is filled of pause points in the form of fountains and informal seating throughout. It is also a milestone track where landscapes, architecture, history enrich its tour and make a memorial to the old Rec Comtal infrastructure an old canal, whose history can be traced back to the Roman era, that was carrying once the natural water resource to the city. The visitors who arrive to the new park either by train from elsewhere in Europe, by bike from the mountains, or on foot or by public transport from the city, will experience the benefits of a green welcome carpet to the city replacing the old iron scar of the rail where the new Sagrera linear park reflects the identity of its historical neighborhoods.
088.
VIEW OF THE PARK
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west15.jpg
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LINEAR LANDSCAPE
and more habitable metropolis, which is in direct contact with its natural surroundings. The initiative is a key to improve biodiversity and a stronger ecological role of the city. The Sagrera Linear park will finally connect the sea and the mountains in the outback, nature and city in Barcelona. This project is part of the initiative ‘slow’ Barcelona that will try to give relief to the urban rush, by firstly burying underground the existent traffic, and then with the creation of a variety of zones where biodiversity and city spaces can be merged. The green track of the Besós natural valley enters the city finding continuity in the new park. A generous shaded way for pedestrians, bicycles and skaters who will experience the different environments through the city to end up at the sea. The Sagrera linear park gives a breath to the bustling city of Cerdá, introducing a new diagonal as a counterpoint to today’s urban frenzy and activity represented by the other Diagonal.
3.3
  090.
naviglio territorial course
One of these elements that can promote the renewal of the city for Pavia is the Naviglio. This engineering artifact that link Milano to Pavia, due to its outstanding value as witness of the human interaction with the territory, is the perfect example of a linear element that revitalized can improve the city quality. The Naviglio crosses along its course different kind of landscape from the urban environment in Milan, where it begins, passing through the agriscape and a series of different little villages, and finally to Pavia. In Milan is enclosed in a narrow corridor beside a dense urban fabric that is transformed in a sprawl agglomerate while it flows to the country, passing thorugh the new urban development of Milano Fiori near Assago.
From here is a change of landscape that is made primarily by crop fields, interrupted occasionally by the crown conurbation of Milan (Rozzano and Binasco) and some other little villages, among which is important to mention Certosa, where is located the former Visconti chapel. Due to this peculiarity this canal was used in the XIXth century not only as a trade way but also as a recreational path for the bourgeoisie of Milan that used to do weekend trip sailing on the Naviglio.12 Arriving to Pavia the landscape becomes a discontinuous series of different typology of settlements. It passes along different disused areas, coming from the deindustrialization process, such as ex-area Neca, the dismissed abattoir and the ex-gasometer area, that are different for former uses and in their relation with the city. These areas, thanks to their positions not far from the city center, can represent a great chance for the future development of Pavia. They give the possibility to redesign the city actually without wasting new soil. The course of the Naviglio inside Pavia follow the ancient track of the city wall, creating a buffer zone that is still unresolved in the urban point of view. A strip that maintains similar dimension for all its length, but changing its section. Its position brought through the years to transform this line, in some part, in a merely road traffic artery, that passes the Naviglio with bridges that prevent the use of Naviglio in its former us as waterway. Therefore, the only perspective of a real change in the perception and in the use of the Naviglio as a urban quality source must include a redesign of the road network that will affect the whole city. 092
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URBAN COURSE OF NAVIGLIO
091.
uirban course of naviglio
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3.3
A new system of walking paths and cycling trail that improve the connection between the city center and its outskirt neighborhoods, sustaining public transportation and redesigning the modes that permits the car accessibility to the center and provides a not intrusive method to allow the passing car traffic. This idea can be sustained in a more territorial scale thanks to the regional project of Greenway that will connects Milan to Varzi, using exactly the Naviglio side streets as main track. To better understand the landscape along Naviglio, to unveil its issues and its poten-
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section 1
093.
section 2
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section 3
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section 4
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tiality, was conducted a brief analysis on the different areas involved in its course in Pavia, studying the different urban sections encountered from North to South. From the past, it represents a sort of barrier for the city. The links between the two banks are weak, and where they exist, they are thought only in a car-priority perspective. The urban section presents various type of space with a discontinuity in its uses. In the northern part, where the canal flow has not already approached the city wall track, the section presents large space at the side with undefined edges that are common in the country. 094
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3.3
3.4 symmetry of the technical solution that permit to overcome the gap in the water level through a basin. From here the soil becomes a slow slope that reaches the level of the shore of the river. On one side a system of 3-storey villas follow the side road, on the other stand two court-type complexes before arriving at the expo palace that in his settlement principle don’t take care at all of the presence of the canal.
LINEAR LANDSCAPE
Near the disused ex-area Neca from one side a busy road prevent the approach to the canal, with a distance from the first buildings that varies from 50 to 80 meters. On the other side here it presents crop fields introducing to the close agriscape. The Naviglio approaches the city wall at the level of Visconti castle, where along its shore stand the former trade-facilities building of Borgo Calvenzano. Here the section becomes “more urban”, with a narrow section that from the façade of Borgo Calvenzano to the water measures 15 m. On the other shore begin the Città Giardino, an urban settlement built in the beginning of the XXth century. Here the space has an increased quality due to the fact that the buildings, making a sort of frame for the canal, seems to participate actively to the place, thanks also to the gallery that they present in the façade. This feeling is ruined only by the presence of the car traffic, that is part is extremely intense. Also here only a change in the traffic system could bring this space closer to the quality that we can enjoy along the Navigli in Milan. From the intersection between Viale Campari and Viale Bligny the Alzaia road, the side that follow the Naviglio for its entire course, is discharged from the duty of being a busy traffic road. From here to the intersection with Viale dei Partigiani, the section is potentially suitable for a recreational use, except that seems a desolated land due to the lack of multiplicity in functions. In fact only residential and warehouses are nowadays in this area. Arriving to the ex-gasometer and Confluente area, the Naviglio seems to represent an important threshold for the city. From the bridge on Viale dei Partigiani, looking in direction of Ticino river, we can enjoy one of the best view along the canal, framed by a double row of trees, that emphasize the
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Naviglio linear park
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RENEWAL PROPOSAL
3.4
  099.
spaces crossed by the canal, for example planting a series of linear row of trees on both sides of the Naviglio. A type of planting that is peculiar of the countryside that is crossed by this infrastructure, and that in this way will link the territory to the city, creating a sort of water-boulevard. This conformation of the space is not new even for the urban space. In Borgo Calvenzano and in Milan it shows its morphological clearness, underlining the linearity of the canal, and creating for it frames that increase its quality as a liveable space. The precondition for this renewal is a redesign of car accessibility in order to release the space for the construction of a park-like environment, without compromising its duties. Depending on the different needs, the road network could sometimes buried underground, with a series of tunnel that can easily permit the transversal crossing, decreasing the noise and air pollution.
park system proposal contained in the city plan by baracca, giuliani and corioni
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LINEAR LANDSCAPE
The general renewal proposal for the city follows an idea that is not new in the planning history of Pavia, but nevertheless was never carried out. From the proposal for city plan by BBPR that included the creation of a series of green area to mediate the threshold between the city centre and the outskirts, providing space, particularly in the eastern area, for the open air and recreational activities; arriving to the proposal of Baracca, Giuliani and Corioni, in the ’90 of the past century, that proposes a new linear park along the Naviglio. This is considered the track to follow for the renewal of the city, according with all the reason already explained. The basic idea, as suggest by the different strategies analysed, is to connect different renewed areas along the course of the canal through the transformation of the alzaia side road in a continuous walking path. This transformation must be connected to the change in the morphology of the
This will lead to an easier use of the place for walking and bike users and simpler solutions of the traffic nodes. An improved practicability that will increase and promote the use of more sustainable transport mode.This must be coupled with an implementation of the public transport service and the creation near the boundary of the city centre, where the principal roads coming from outside approach the city, of new free parking structure that give the chance to the users to benefit of an intermodal exchange, preventing traffic congestion. Where this burying solution is not feasible the car traffic can occupies only on side of the canal, especially the outer side with slow velocity zones. All this ideas must be than arranged with an implementation of the road section of the external ring road, increasing also the number of high velocity road bringing to the centre. The neighbourhood’s connection must be than implemented, taking in account the changed mobility situation, dimensioning the perpendicular connection for a bikebased transport.The creation of new bridges is desirable, with the transformation of the existing ones in footbridges, considering the possibility of the resume of the use of Naviglio as recreational waterway, giving the possibility to the boat to sail along the canal without too many troubles. However the most important and critical place to reorder are the actual traffic nodes that represent the actual accesses to the city. Here the reorganization of the mobility system and the shaping of parklike amenities is not enough for two reasons. The first is that this mobility change will be undesirable and unsustainable without a balanced change in the soil uses targeted to the creation of attractive activi-
ties that will produce the certain increase of real estate values of the land, basis for every urban transformation. The second is that will be an opportunity loss in reactivating and creating urban fluxes of trade, ideas exchange, and social participation. This place must be for the city new landmark to refer to. The new city gates that prelude values the city for incoming people. A concentration of innovative activities, public recreational functions, offices and high quality retail shops mixed with new residential buildings that will create the necessary synergies that make a place attractive. The public recreational function can include open-air dancing fields, for young people and elderlies; a new mediatheque, a necessary tool for the new kind of knowledge that is rising up in these years, connected to internet exploitation; open air cinema, maybe linked with a cultural program; a new library concentrated in the promotion of new publishing, that coupled with the historic city centre libraries can form an all-accomplished cultural proposal; a new theatre connected with an acting school and open to self-organized shows; the creation of open air and covered art exposition lounge, mixing art with other recreational activities; the renewal of the municipal swimming pool; the creation of open air playground for different sports such as volleyball, skating, soccer, tennis, and basket. This series of intervention is the chance to rethink the urban fabric along the track of the ancient city wall. A strip that presents similar dimension for its entire extension, but that presents different and disconnected building morphology, without the adequate function mixing that lead to an active role in the city. In particular the disused areas along the canal are a problem for the 098
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3.4
3.4 The canal bed, its banks must be recovered along the whole length inside Pavia, improving the quality of the water, allowing recreational activities like fishing. In order to better enjoy the water presence should be redesigned the canal banks, as a place where the relation with the water becomes stronger and not merely visual. Accesses points to the Naviglio should be provided using decks or other type of elements, redesigning the waterfront. The transversal section of the Naviglio could change due to the different functions present on the banks, creating a series of different situations where the canal is ever changing without losing its identity. This is the more difficult struggle because it refers to the common visual and emotional awareness. But change the perception of the place is the only way to transform a canal that only pass through the city in a flow that is intimately bounded to it.
LINEAR LANDSCAPE
perception of the place that turns out to be of unsafeness and decay. The recovering acts, where green areas are not expected, must be aimed to the reconfiguration of a urban façade that will increase the mutual revaluation process between the Naviglio and the buildings close to it in an eventual reconfiguration. An urban façade can actively participate to the water environment promoting the interaction of the facilities contained in the buildings and the activities that can be made on the water. To control the general quality of the intervention should be imposed restrictions on the use of soil, creating green areas protected from the real estate exploitation of the soil. These green areas designed in accordance with a low-maintenance-needed approach can accommodate different kind of park facilities, with equipped areas connected to the walking paths and the bicycle trails. An important role in conveying the different uses of the soil, without an excessive use of signals, is played by the different ground surfaces that are the preferable mean to guide the users in a responsible way to enjoy the scenery. This is an approach that could be extended towards the city centre and the outskirts, with the implementation of urban greenery along the road that intercepts the Naviglio, and using this simple low-profile strategy to create homogeneity between the different urban fabrics and stitching together the centre and its neighbourhoods. Trying to better connect the territory with the city it’s important the choice of vegetal species. Beside the “more urban” species, such as Platanus, should be introduced other species specific of the countryside, as the different kind of Populus, to shape an active ecosystem.
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3.0 BIBLIOGRAPHY 1 S.Allen; Beyond landscape urbanism; in Lotus International 139 “Landscape Infrastructure”, 2009 2 O.Giovinazzi; Infra-strutturare il paesaggio; in L’ingegnere n.36, 2011 3 Lotus international 128 “Reclaiming Terrain”, 2006 4 Lotus International 139 “Landscape Infrastructure”, 2009 4 S.Maffioletti and S.Rocchetto; Infrastrutture e paesaggi contemporanei; Il Poligrafo; Padova; 2002 5 G.Marinoni; Mediation of the city; in Lotus International 139 “Landscape Infrastructure”, 2009 6 P.Nicolin; Landscape and infrastructures; in Lotus International 139 “Landscape Infrastructure”, 2009 7 L.Pollack; The landscape of urban reclamation; in Lotus international 128 “Reclaiming Terrain”, 2006 8 F.Rephisti; Excavation and superimposition; in Lotus International 139 “Landscape Infrastructure”, 2009 9 A+T n.37, Strategy Spaces; 2011 10 E.Turri; Il paesaggio come teatro; Marsilio editore;Venezia; 2006 11 C. Van Uffelen; 1000 x landscape architecture; Braun edit.; 2009 12 A.Micheli and T.Nicolini; In viaggio sui Navigli, il Naviglio pavese da Milano al Ticino; Skira editore; Milano; 2001 3.0 WEB RESOURCES A http://urbandesignweek.tumblr.com/post/7047317077/linear-parks-emergent-opportunities-for-greenlinks B http://www.west8.nl/projects/all/madrid_rio/ C http://www.jourda-architectes.com/urba/paysage/bapor/projet_en.php D http://issuu.com/insitu/docs/baports?mode=embed&documentId=081023125344-aeb3a9a35df24268955 1350d161b0712&layout=grey E http://west8.nl/projects/sagrera_linear_park/
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3.0
4.0 Type and place are the terms of a dialectical process by which architecture takes form.
(C.MARTĂŹ ARIS)
The last chapter is about the project design, starting from the strategies and the demonstration of their feasibility. It includes a general overview on the entire project, specifying the functional pro-gram and the relations between the different spaces. It presents the redevelopment of one of the gasholders structure in a vertical farm, from the concept to the structural pre-sizing, transforming it in a landmark element. The last paragraph talks about the Social Lab building, a hybrid structure that will host different interconnected activities. It includes the design development from the plan organization to the section and the faรงade study, involving the detail design..
4.0 design development Furthermore all the strategies proposed are not the outcome of an individual invention, but they refer or to previous proposals for the city or to design solutions that were performed in other place and were considered suitable for the project site. The same is for the functional program proposed that starting from the reality and from the indication of the D.D.P., was personally developed. A separate chapter is the one of the architectural language, a matter that is ever tricky and can give rise to different result, that is affected both by the personal taste and by the personal career, with the capabilities and the experience that a student about to receive a degree can have, being still involved in the trial of his ability and taste.
design development
The design development starts from the consideration and the acquisition given from the analysis firstly in the urban level. The strategies derived from the analytical process are strictly bounded to the current situations of the site under the functional, morphological and programmatic aspects, completed by the personal comprehension of the place and by the subjective vision indispensable and unavoidable component of every work. Even though the outcome is related to actual situation, it cannot be fully understood if not in relation with the more general urban proposal developed in chapter 3.0, that was the starting point of a more detailed design process done on the project site. It is not a design-mode deja-vu of the Bauhaus statement “from the spoon to the city�, or a demiurgic approach that wants to change entirely the reality, but is a process to better understand the complex system of the city, using the reality as a springboard to enhance the actual situation, without considering it as a limiting agent. From this point of view should be read some design actions that maybe in the professional world are not possible for vary reason. Nevertheless all the design solutions correspond to real technical solutions that can be performed, beside the economical and land property issue, that are not the focus of this work, even if as all the other aspects of the project were taken in account. But sometimes a more radical solution has been considered trying to better fit the issue.
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4.1 project strategies
The first step in the project strategies is to enlarge the project area. An act that could seem insignificant but that carries with it different potentialities. The enlargement of the designed area is aimed to retrain the whole surroundings, and give the chance to better connect the entire space giving to it an homogeneous profile under the urban point of view. This choice is not deliberately, but due to the particular circumstances of the district. An intervention that would limit itself to the starting project site would have suffered of incompleteness without really changing the decadent situation of the area. It would give too much importance to the boundary that nowadays make of it a closed space without connection to the city, falling in the limit of the projects presented in chapter 2.5. These projects have the guilt not to interact with the city confining the possible beneficial effects of a renewal. The solution of enlarging the area of influence of the design is aimed to reconstitute a unique space, how it appears from the analysis of the significant elements of the project site. The widening of the project area is basically made in North direction, affecting the almost entirely abandoned area of the other side of Viale dei Partigiani, where only a residential complex is actively used. The possible charge of being invasive disappear due to the fact that this enlargement will better fit the morphology of the area, supporting the natural conformation of the ground that is
characterized as a buffer zone between two water courses, exploitable as park spaces. This act alone will free much of the problems that affect this zone, configuring it as a possible continuous space that from the Ticino river, with the renewal of the other areas between the Naviglio and the Spanish wall, reaches the northern part of the city. Another positive effect is to limit the negative impact that Viale dei Partigiani produce, creating an almost continuous barrier prevented from the crossing. This concept alone will not solve this problem, but is the first step to a more suitable solution, allowing the redesign of the entire road section. A better exploitation of the soil surface will be than permitted. It gives also the possibility to recreate a new contemporary “door” to the city creating a continuous front on the Naviglio, emphasizing it. Furthermore it increases the ease of reading of the space that will be no more fragment and inexplicable.
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extension of project site
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design development
EXTENSION OF PROJECT SITE
4.1 The second step that follows immediately the enlargement of the project area, and that must be linked to the reconsideration of the entire mobility system, is the burial of the roads in underground tunnel. An approach that is common to many of the redevelopment projects concerning the creation of public spaces on infrastructural node, as in Boston the redevelopment of the central artery, or in Madrid the Rio Park project by West 8. The stretches of road that with this solution will be buried are Viale dei Partigiani from the intersection with Viale San Giovannino passing under the Naviglio, the first piece of Viale Gorizia to the North and the opposite piece of Viale della Resistenza to the South. It is designed with a maximum slope of 8% reaching the minimum level of -13.00 meters (of the road surface) from the ground level.
This intervention is coupled to other mobility rearrangements in the surrounding aimed to maintain the accessibility for all the buildings that will be excluded from a direct car access by the burial. These interventions include the creation of a branch that connect in a circle Viale Sicilia and Viale dei Partigiani, the creation of another branch that connect the last villa on the side of Viale Gorizia on the side opposite to the city center and the change in the one-way streets of the city center directly connected to the site. The circulation on the ground level will be allowed only to the resident of the southern part of the project area and, in case of fairs or exhibition will be temporary open the circulation to the users that will access the parking of the Expo Palace. Will be also allowed for the cars arriving from Viale Gorizia and Viale della Resistenza the passage to Corso Garibaldi.
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new viability system
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design development
BURIAL OF EXISTING ROADS
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with a surface of 14900 sqm split on two different floors, that will provide the internal circulation through ramps. This gives various opportunities. First of all the use as arrival point for the users that want to reach the city center, giving the chance to reach it using the public transportation system, that must be certainly impropved, or due to the short distance reaching it by foot. The other important opportunities is the increased accessibility of the project site that will be in road network crucial point without suffering the traffic problems, and increasing the attractiveness of the area for private interventions and placing it as a crucial space for activities collective. This intervention leads to free the ground floor for the exploitation as public space, improving its accessibility for pedestrian and cyclist, decreasing the noise and air pollution and making this space more suitable for the use as park facilities.
design development
In this way will be solved the problem of a busy road intersection splitting in two different levels the car traffic and increasing the travelling speed. Another important change in the viability of the area is the removal of car traffic on the alzaia road of Viale Sardegna and Viale Venezia, moving it on Via San Giovannino, and transforming this two road into pedestrian and cycling path. The creation of an underground tunnel is linked to the creation of a huge underground parking area that will be placed under the ex-gasometers area and on the opposite site of the tunnel, in the northern part.The underground parking will be accessible only from the underground tunnel, and will be directly connected to the functions above the ground and to their open-air public spaces. The underground park will provide 740 parking lots, shared amongst public and for resident (40 more than the prevision of the A.P.U.P., Aggiornamento Piano Urbano dei parcheggi, Parking Urban Plan Upadated),
section on the underground tunnel on viale dei partigiani
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4.1 The policy of enhancing the public space is directly derived from the linear renovation concept explained in the chapter 3. The assumptions to make it possible are the interventions explained in the previous paragraphs. With enlargement of the project area it is possible to set aside a major quote of the open-air ground level to the space where everyone is allowed to stay. In addition, with the burial of the existing road the entire area become something like a pedestrian zone in the city center, connected to the retail shops that will occupy most of the ground floor. The enhancement of public space will includes the green corridor that will continuously surround the Carona ditch, connected to the park zone of the southern part of the area, and linked to the Ticino park. The same is for the Naviglio that with the liberation of the alzaia roads from the car viability will gain the role of landscape paths, that become place where it possible to relax and enjoy the view near the intersection of the former intersection with Viale dei Partigiani, near the entrance to the project site. Beyond these spaces is regained to the public use the former intersection between Viale dei Partigiani,Viale Gorizia,Viale della Resistenza and Corso Garibaldi, creating a quiet plaza on the ancient bulwark. The space previously occupied by Viale dei Partigiani becomes the natural prosecution of Corso Garibaldi, becoming entirely pedestrian and connecting the district beyond the canal. The northern part of the project site will be occupied by more enclosed courtyard, while the southern part that will be devoted to public facilities will offer a plaza opened to the view from the bulwark.
The permeability of these spaces is increased leaving free parts of the ground floor, and will be connected to the spaces along the Naviglio through portals cutting the buildings. The policy of increase the accessibility to the pedestrian and cyclist is aimed to a more sustainable exploitation of the area, providing also a series of different spaces, alternating quite enclosed parts to wide opened and active place.
design development
ENHANCEMENT OF PUBLIC SPACES
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URBAN SIGNS RECOVERY
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LANDSCAPE
This is the most relevant choice in order to relate the past history of the place with its future development. This operation will include the recovery of the sign of the ancient Spanish wall track, the landscape renewal of the Carona ditch and of the Naviglio canal, and the exploitation of the gasholders signs. For what concern the Carona ditch is created a green corridor going from North to South deleting all the accretions that nowadays are covering the water stream. The accessibility to this space is provided through ramps and stairs that will connect the paths to the upper level. Linked to this operation is the recovery of the Spanish wall and the bulwark creating a buffer zone free from trees at its base: a grass lawn that arrives to the shore of the Carona ditch.The connection between Viale della Resistenza and Viale Europa is removed in the sense that no car traffic will be allowed, but only pedestrian connections through lighter not-invasive
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landscape and historical signs
structures, that will not denaturalize the context. The Naviglio canal is preserved in its linear original path, with little interventions aimed to a better enjoyment of the landscape. Apart from these interventions is the operation on the gasholders structure. These engineering artifacts that has lost from a long time their utility are redeveloped clearing up their role. This case is not a recovery intervention, but is about the identification and promotion of the historical memory without freeze it, but proposing a reinterpretation, a new vision aimed to contemporary needs. In this way will emerge the environmental and cultural values that will give to the residents the certainty of belonging to a community that uses historical values for a new development. The gasholders signs are maintained unchanged for what concern their plan perimeter, but are developed vertically increasing the importance and the visibility of this signs, transforming them to landmark elements. The act of turning disused relicts into new structure that will host new structures and functions cannot be performed with the simple restoration as pieces of industrial archaeology. The idea is to maintain where it is possible the elements that can be used for the future functions of the new buildings, but it is not a strict rule. It is preferred to design new structures that will remind in some way the former use of the site, but enhancing primarily the feasibility due to the new activities. The first gasholders, the one closest to the Spanish wall, it will be converted to a diving pool connected to the reuse of the municipal swimming pool. The other one that will be of greater height will 108
design development
4.1
4.1 host some production activities linked to the agricultural history of the territory, representing the past of a crop-land and its future with new advanced and high tech solutions, aimed to saving the waste of land, becoming the real landmark of the area, that can be appreciate in the general urban section.
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gasholders renewal concept
view of the tower from the carona park
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design development
104.
4.1 SETTLEMENT PRINCIPLE The general settlement principal borrows two important factors.Firstly a morphologic historic approach that is already present in Pavia, and secondly the idea of a greater homogeneous transformation that could affect entirely the side of the Naviglio canal, giving to it a clear structure also in the urban relations. The design act starts with the superimposition of a structure deduced from Brogo Calvenzano, a courtyard block complex built in the XIXth century, close to the Naviglio in the northern part of Pavia, due to incredibly similar dimensions of the space. This choice makes possible the creation of a new continuous urban façade on the canal facing the incoming fluxes to the city, with the creation of backyards facing the city and the green spaces along the Ditch Carona.
107.
borgo calvenzano
This approach is aimed to the creation of a recognizable structure that can unify the zones along the Naviglio, based on historical typology. The blocks are blended and stretched to fit the different functional needs, public activities in the southern part and residential in the northern block, incorporating the structure of the former gasometers. The typology morphing is aimed also to conform to the topology of the site.
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morphing process
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superimposition of a urban type
4.1
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cutting of the buildings
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permeability
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Than to allow the physical and visual connection with the “bulwark plaza” the courtyard are broken and are leaved empty in some parts of the ground level to improve permeability and the public use of the space. The hybridization of this building type, due to the different functional needs and ground morphology, is devoted to a contemporary reinterpretation of an urban form that will be still recognizable in its principles. The study of the human fluxes is than the major influence in the morphing, shaping also the internal plan of the buildings. What evident at the end of the project is the clear plan conformation, characterized by the aligned to the canal course and by the series of courtyards spaces, sustained by a greater richness in the section. This approach of typology hybridization seems the more suitable process to maintain an urban clear structure, fitting the different needs of the actual era, from the point of view of a continuous evolution of the city form rather than a continuous invention of object-buildings that create a struggle in the general comprehension and organization of the space between them.
4.2 general overview
The masterplan represents the synthesis of all the assumptions made. From it we can understand the general layout of the redeveloped area. The different outline of the buildings identifies the various functions hosted by them. Courtyards with a smallest span in the northern part, adequate to the more private needs of the residential activities, and a wider courtyard on the southern part connected the public facilities are the basic spaces directly connected to the buildings that could be seen in a first glance.
The northern block consists of a sequence of three courts connected at the ground level. The first is the more closed one, immediately followed by a central space connected both with Carona and with the Naviglio. The last courtyard is the more linked to the context with two sides completely free at the ground level. This northern block ranges from a height of 16 meters near the former Viale dei Partigiani to 12 meters facing the Carona, to fit better the whole context.The general shape of this part respects the common dimensions of Borgo Calvenzano, given the outcome of a quiet and semi-public space.
  111.
masterplan
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GENERAL MASTERPLAN
4.2 to the rest of the complex in order to let a special view on the Naviglio canal. On the opposite corner of the southern edge, the old dismissed gasholders’ structures are replaced by two new important interventions. The closest one is transformed into a 50 meters height vertical farm, designed as a place where autochthonous vegetables are cultivated and controlled with advanced high-tech processes. Within the same complex it is possible to sell the products directly on the ground floor market. The gasholder closest to the Spanish wall is instead projected as a diving pool, adding to the new compound another kind of function, to create a heterogeneous space in which people can enjoy different activities. The diving pool rises together with a low block that hosts the former municipal swimming pool, retrained in a building that is distinguished by the rest of the complex for shapes and character. It indeed presents a more organic shape, trying to integrate with the surrounding landscape of the park along the Carona ditch and differentiating from the other buildings with a recognizable form. The designed building complex wants to assure the city with a functional mix able to involve the participation of a larger part of the city.
112.
generral view
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design development
The second block in the southern part presents a continuous façade along the pedestrian and cycling new boulevard. This new axis is in this way emphasized through the continuity of the volume that embraces the internal backyard that faces the “bulwark plaza”, with a cut directly derived from the extension of the edges lines of the bulwark. The point where the two extension lines meet is the center of the backyards that stand in front of the volume of the theatre, that occupies the south-western corner of the general composition. The buildings of the social labs occupies a sort of L shapes, closing the court on the north and on the east part. The three main entrances are located to gain access from all the sides of the building: one is positioned along the boulevard, on the north part; the second one allows the access from the Naviglio canal on the east side; the third entrance is located on the internal courtyard, a common space for all the complex, in which open air activities can take place. On the south–western corner of this C shape complex, stands the volume of the theatre. It is a 10 meters height volume rising above the ground floor level, which is the continuation of the ground floor of social labs.The edifice is rotated compared
4.2 The functional mix is one of the missions of the city renewal, aimed to involve at the same time the greater number of users possible, turning into active sites the places that were previously abandoned. From this point of view, it must be a balance between public and private, working and recreational activities. In the complex designed are merged together a series of activities, completed by the different possible uses of the external spaces. The residential function occupies most of the upper floors of the northern block, with 10000 sqm of GFA (gross floor area). The ground floor level is indeed occupied by retail shops, to activate economic fluxes that are necessary for the future development of the site, with an area of 1600 sqm. The volume that faces the new boulevard, central to the area, is occupied by offices, for a surface of 1000 sqm.
The southern block even though hosts mainly public activities, apart from the shops that are placed in the ground level facing the boulevard, has a more complex and interlocked functional program. The building hosts the Social laboratories that consist in a series of space devoted to different, public or private, activities concerning the art production and divulgation in all its modes. These activities are linked to exhibition spaces and a public library for the art literature. A place able to change as needed with few divisions, where interaction between people is the primary goal. The ground floor is devoted to the common facilities, like a café and the info point for the activities of the lab, that are arranged together without fragmentation of the space.The upper levels are subdivide in laboratories that can be occupied by different organizations or groups of people, the real core of the artistic production of the whole complex, and that overlook the boulevard in the northern part. The social laboratory has a surface of 3400 sqm including the facilities that they needs.
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0208 function.jpg
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FUNCTIONAL PROGRAM
4.2 gasholder. In particular, aside the spaces for the workers of the vertical farm are placed the grocery store in continuity with a restaurant, which has a space also at the top of the tower with a panoramic view included. The vegetable nursery occupies the second floor, where the different crops are cultivated for the first period of life, selecting and breeding only the best generations. From this point the tower stands alone occupied by the different kind of crops. The area dedicated to the vertical farming facilities, or to the spaces connected to it, is of about 5000 sqm. At last the retrained swimming pool complex that is more connected to the park facilities of the park along the Carona ditch, and it occupies 3350 sqm.
  114.
functional program
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design development
Connected to the social lab activities is the theatre for the promotion of self-produced shows that will include dance, drama, music and all the sort of theatric representations. It is a structure thought for the economic self-reliance of the structure, and for this reason could also host and organize events linked to the art-world. The services space for the theatre includes a testing room, a soundproof room, dressing rooms and storage rooms for the instruments and the scenic tools needed. These spaces arrive at the total GFA of 1200 sqm. Just next to the theatre are located the vertical farm facilities. The first floor is completely dedicated to the control and to the selling of the product produced in the tower, which substitutes the ex-
4.2 The open air spaces try to solve different relations with the surrounding landscape elements, assuring an every time different perception of the outdoor places. Five are the main different kind of external spaces present in the project: the shopping
boulevard, the internal courtyards, the deck on the Naviglio, the Carona Park, and the square on the ancient bulwark. The shopping axis running from west to east is a linear porphyry stone boulevard, exclusively for a pedestrian and cycling use. The stone blocks change dimensions and texture, with an orientation that links
  115.
groundfloor plan
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design development
OUTDOOR SPACES
the two sides of the axis, but the material is always the same to give continuity to the ex-infrastructure. The central vases for grass become also urban furniture, to integrate the seats with the natural elements and seven meters height Prunus Dulcis trees are put side by side. The internal courtyards of the northern blocks allow the access to the retail shops on the ground floor and to the vertical connections for the residential part. They present the same stone material of the axis, the grey porphyry, integrated here with grass beds, hosting Magnolia trees. Between these two residential blocks, a broken courtyard becomes a direct link with the Naviglio canal that is related with the designed buildings through a longitudinal linear wood deck. These platforms allow an every time different feeling with the canal walking from north to south, due to the various natural ground levels of the site. The Park along the Carona ditch on the west side of the site presents green spaces free from the trees: this choice is to underline and put in evidence the trace of the old Spanish walls. A cycling path runs all over the grass park, which is directly connected with the upper level through stairs and slopes, to have always a continuous flow. The last type of external space is the open air square on the trace of the bulwark.This square is located on the north-west part of the area with grey porphyry flooring integrated with grass beds. Platanus trees, in geometrical configuration, remembering the misaligned trees group in the Asplund cemetery of Sockholm, that shadow the environment and embrace the place. The other square, enclosed by the social lab complex faces the bulwark and looks toward it, creating a direct link with the
  116.
sequences of spaces on naviglio
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4.2
4.2
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views and ground connections
alternate uses of the internal plaza
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view from the bulwark plaza
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already described space thanks to the same stone pavement. This porphyry trace leads to the different functions of the complex: one goes, with a sloping surface, into the swimming pool building, one brings tp the south-east theatre entrance and one to the Naviglio canal, changing material into wood to better integrate with the waterfront, and passing under the building itself. The internal square characterized once again by the Magnolia trees, can host also open air activities such as an open-air cinema, with the projection screen integrated in the theatre facade, an occasional vegetables open air market organized by the vertical farm. But most of all represents a meeting point for the activities hosted in the social lab, providing an open air prosecution of the exhibitions and activities carried out in the building.
4.2 GENERAL SECTIONS
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sections key map
Section CC all along the boulevard axis shows the underground car road, with the two main focus of the project above it: the new social lab building and the vertical farm.
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section aa
section bb
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section cc
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section dd
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design development
It is possible to recognize the main principles described above looking at the urban sections of the whole area, where the dimensions of the buildings and of the open spaces are put in evidence. In particular looking at the section AA it is possible to notice the internal courtyard space with the free ground floor on the southern part linking with the whole block and the underground car parking. The Naviglio canal with its waterfront paths divides the new interventions with the existing residential buildings on the opposite side. Section BB underlines the same context, but looking towards north and cutting the Naviglio canal in its smaller span. It is possible to recognize also the bulwark square standing above the Carona ditch on the west side, near the slope that leads to the underground tunnel.
4.2 vertical farm rising and overwhelming the scene. Section GG cut the project area from north to south, putting in evidence the underground space of the car parking and the road, the pedestrian boulevard of the central axis and the series of internal courtyards connected at the ground floor level. It is possible to notice here the choice in the design of the roof, sloping to better unify the contest, without leaving big gap of levels in the skyline. Lastly section HH longitudinal to the Naviglio canal, shows the different step walking from north to south, with the wood platforms on the background, the vertical farm as element of big impact, and the boulevard standing above the tunnel. The new urban façade that could be seen arriving to the city.
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section ee
section ff
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section gg
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section hh
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design development
The first one presents a façade that reminds a shed roof as a memory of the industrial heritage and connected to the lab use of the building. The second one becomes a real landmark in the entire city for its dimensions and peculiarity, visible from a long distance, as it is possible to notice also in section EE. Section DD cuts transversally the exgasholder area, showing the sectioned vertical farm with the diving center nearby and the Park of the Carona ditch on the west side. On the east it shows the block of the vegetables market and of the theatre and the peculiar conformation the Naviglio in the intersection with the bridge. Section FF shows the starting point of project site from Corso Garibaldi, enclosed by buildings hosting public facilities, the renewed I.T.Bordoni on the right and the
4.3 gasholders transformation and the vertical farm The strategy of the gasholders transformation is differentiated due to their relative position and to the connection that can be achieved due to their location. The differentiation of the function of the two structures is included in the trial of giving the greater functional mix possible. The first gsaometer, the one closest to the Spanish wall is very close to the former municipal swimming pool, and due to the choice of retrain this structure, creating a covered swimming pool, seems reasonable to include the renewal of the gasholder in this intervention. The proposal for this gasholder is, maintaining its original basement pool, to transform it in a diving pool for diver training. This type of intervention, already experienced in Duisburg on the Tauchgasometer, will require the connection of the gasholder structure to the swimming pool volume, where will be located the principal services, as the changing rooms. In addition, the same concrete pool must be raised to achieve a proper deep for diving activities. The top of the pool is accessible through stairs placed externally from the original gasholder volume. As in the Tauchgasometer example, the diving pool can be filled of various objects used for the training. The second gasometer structure that will be strictly linked to the social lab building is thought to become the new landmark of this area. The choice of the vertical farm function is related to the history of the territory, as a monument for it. The choice for a 50 meters high tower refers to the
historical towers of the city that in the medieval era represented the power of a family. Even though this new tower will practically deleting the previous iron truss structure, its sign and its memory will be magnified also through the design of the new tower structure that will remind the former gasholder.
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Tauchgasometer pool layout
130.
tauchgasometer internal view
131.
tauchgasometer external view
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design development
STRATEGY
4.3
A brief overview on the vertical farming is needed at this point. The concept of vertical farming has existed from at least since the early 1950’s. The first time we encountered this term is 1915 by Gilbert Ellis Bailey that wrote a book proposing for the first time the concentration of agricultural crops instead of their spread, but till recent times this concept hadn’t had a great resonance. In 1991 the Malaysian architect Ken Yeang designed and built a tower called Menara Mesiniaga, in Malaysia, that is a 15-storey edifice mixing office with crop production. This concept is now strongly supported and developed by the studies of a Columbia university teacher, Dr. Dick Despommier, who has a worldwide reputation, that has bring him to talk also in some institutional council, such as U.N..
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VERTICAL FARM BY SOA (URBANFARMING PROJECT)
Although there are at present no examples of vertical farm, all the technology knowhow needed is usable, from the hydroponic and aeroponic farming methodologies, to growth system with artificial light. Farming indoor is not a new concept since green-house based hydroponic agriculture has been in existence from the 1930’s. By comparison to the traditional soil-based farms these facilities can produce crops yer-round. The hydroponic growing system with nutrient film technique is a system where plants are grown in nutrient water that has been enriched with minerals, and is used to optimize yields and quality of produce. Hydroponics is a technically sophisticated and well-established commercial practice in most regions of the world, offering a relatively small footprint. This system was developed by Dr.William Gericke in 1937, and is the method used routinely by nurseries to get seeds to germinate and sprout roots before they are transplanted into some form of potting soil.
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HYDROPONIC GROW SYSTEMS
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DESIGN DEVELOPMENT
GENERAL OVERVIEW ON VERTICAL FARMING
4.3 supports once it is running, which means that must be able to generate income for the owners.
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urban farming tower concept
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urban farming by soa
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urban famring crops
urban farming night view
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Contrary to popular belief, plants do not require soil per se. What they need is a physical support system. Another newer cultivation method is the aeroponic system. It is the application of a fine mist of water with plant nutrients onto the root system of a given crop. The roots are enclosed in a chamber that keeps humidity at a maximum level. Aeroponics was invented by Richard Stoner while working for NASA.This technique uses seventy percent less water than hydroponics, making it highly desirable method of indoor farming. This concept of vertical farming watches at the city as functional urban equivalent to a natural ecosystem that must achieve the self-sustainment without burdening the surrounding territory. Today we continue to urbanize without incorporating the necessary skills to live sustainably, and struggle to understand enough about the damaging effects of our conduct. For its realization, it should be independent of economic subsidies and outside
4.3
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urban farming integration by soa
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living tower by soa
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design development
One of the most pressing reasons to consider converting to urban agriculture relates to how we currently handle agricultural waste. In fact, agricultural runoff is responsible for more ecosystem disruption than any other single kind of pollution. A Vertical farm would instead recycle its own water, with the capability to use grey-water restoring it to drinking-water by collecting the water transpiration using advanced dehumidifier systems. A process that can be possible because the entire farm will be closed. The main advantages of a vertical farm will include: A year-round crop production, that means a farmer can plan to grow any crop at any time, taking advantages on seasonal market; No weather–related crop failures, that is because everything can be controlled, from the temperature and humidity, to the amount of light and the density of plants; No agricultural runoff, providing a real benefit for the territory ecosystem; No use of pesticides, herbicides or fertilizers: the design of the building will take into account the need for keeping out unwanted diners, such as insects and microbial pathogens; Use of 70 to 95 percent less water, due to the closed loop water system; Greatly reduced food voyage, residing inside the city limits and producing a local sustainable soul that will find its way into restaurants and meal production markets, giving a freshly picked, never refrigerated products; More control of food safety and security, due to the environmental and quality control facilities. All these results are aligned to the statement “Think globally, act globally”, that must be the basic concept of all the new productions.
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SHOP 85 mq
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A green market connected to a packaging room, to sell the products; A restaurant and a panoramic restaurant -4.50 5% at the top6% of the6% building, to eat directly the vegetables produced.
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VEGETABLES SHOP
MUSIC TEST ROOM
KITCHEN 290
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PACKING ROOM 170
DANCE TEST ROOM 1320
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ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL
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QUALITY CONTROL
STORAGE
VISITORS ROOM
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vertical farm ground floor
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vertical farm program
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design development
The complex that hosts the vertical farm will include, beside the space for growing food: An office/visitors room for management; A separate control center for monitoring the overall running of the facilities; A nursery for selecting and germinates seeds; A quality-control laboratory to monitor food safety; Spaces for the vertical farm workforce; A storage room, to store the nutrients needed for the plants growth; A pressurized water tank under the vertical farm to purify and dispense the water to the crop; A technical room, where is located the machinery for the control and the functioning of the structure;
SHOP 70 mq
SHOP 70 mq
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VERTICAL FARM DESIGN
SHOP 85 mq SHOP 85 mq
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vertical farm facade section
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PANORAMA RESTAURANT
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AEROPHONIC GROW ROOM
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160 AEROPHONIC GROW ROOM
AEROPHONIC GROW ROOM
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390
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160 AEROPHONIC GROW ROOM
AEROPHONIC GROW ROOM
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390
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160 AEROPHONIC GROW ROOM
AEROPHONIC GROW ROOM
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390
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390
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160 AEROPHONIC GROW ROOM
AEROPHONIC GROW ROOM
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390
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390
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160 HYDROPONIC GROW ROOM
HYDROPONIC GROW ROOM
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390
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160 HYDROPONIC GROW ROOM
+17.00
85
HYDROPONIC GROW ROOM
315
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60
HYDROPONIC GROW ROOM
390
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HYDROPONIC GROW ROOM
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+13.00
390
315
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HYDROPONIC GROW ROOM
390
140
HYDROPONIC GROW ROOM
85
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635
HYDROPONIC GROW ROOM
+5.00
340
150 355
565
+2.20
NURSERY
665
HYDROPONIC GROW ROOM
HYDROPONIC GROW ROOM
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730
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QUALITY CONTROL
635
700
630
STORAGE
650
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PRESSURIZED WATER TANK
PRESSURIZED WATER TANK
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1760
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SHOP RESTAURANT
TECHNICAL ROOM
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vertical farm section
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design development
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The building design provides also a reliable barrier for food protection, from external agent, with double-lock entry doors that will allow for an additional level of protection against insects and microbes. Requiring all personnel to change into sterilized uniforms will minimize the risk of crop loss. It maximizes the space devoted to growing crops.The plants are spaced at a similar distance apart, as on a traditional soil-based farm. The culture medium will be basically made of sheets of inhert material similar in consistency to a spongy fiberglass air conditioner filter. The vertical farm will obtain water through a derivation system from the Carona ditch, making indispensable the restoration of the water flow in this canal, filtering it before the use. On every floor will be placed a dehumidification system, stored in the suspended ceiling, allowing for the capture of water vapor derived from the transpiration of the plants. The waste of the farm can be managed arranging coordination with the producers of biofuel. The general outcome of the building will be as transparent as possible, due practical light issues and with a visibility concept, using pressurized ETFE clear panels for windows, allowing the maximum catch of sunlight possible, in a modular construction of steel. The structure will remind the diagonal bracing, distinctive element of the gasholder replaced.
4.3
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vertical farm view
view from corso garbaldi
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design development
144.
4.3 The structural pre-sizing of the vertical farm was performed taking into account the NTA2 and using the software Straus/ Strand 7. The vertical farm structure, aimed to remind the former gasholder steel structure, emphasizes the diagonal bracing elements characterizing this type of construction worldwide. This is performed through the creation of an external steel structure of 12 floors, with a total height of 53 meters, covered by aluminum black carter, and integrated with the EFTE convex panel of the window frame. The general static layout is a doublehinged structural frame, stiffened by an internal truss core where are located the stairs and the elevator. The floor structure is a modular radio centric beams system fixed by an internal and external circular ring that is carried by the diagonal pillars, with a medium-span beam that is used for better redistribution of the loads. The diagonal truss is as a fix restrain in the connection with the floor’s beams, while has an hinge connection in the self-intersections. The first floor is maintained as free as possible due to the integration with the basement block, that hosts the restaurant, the grocery store and the control labs, with a double height that allow the visibility of the grow rooms. All the structure is supported by a thick concrete plate foundation that is securely tight to the ground by a system of pile foundation 10 meters deep.
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vertical farm structure
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design development
STRUCTURAL PRE-SIZING
4.3 The soil that is supposed to sustain the whole structure has been modeled as a Winkler soil, with a Winkler coefficient K1= 72 N/cm3 (characteristic of a compact clay soil). The model design structure for the predimensioning provides a simplified model for the general understanding of the structural mechanism, aimed to deeper future development. The simplifications that are made in this study, according to the finiteelement theory, are the transformations of curvilinear elements into pieces of linear elements that discretize the structural behavior. Also the diagonal pillars, that in the final layout are supposed to reduce their section towards the top of the building are assumed to have the same section. The structure, in the final version has these components:
The load analysis combines, the gravity forces interaction with the applied loads, due to the typology of functions hosted in the structure, and to wind pressure, in different loads case. The load analysis is performed approximating the floor weight to a concrete slab of 150 mm, and deriving the relative weight of the load applied from the NTA2 (using a 1,5 factor for the primary load, and a 1,1 factor for the structural self-weight). The design stress for the steel is assumed as 330 Mpa. Was performed 5 load cases.
A double C mirrored steel channel section 380 mm height, that allow an easy solution of the connection nodes, for the primary beams of the floor; A HE 360 A steel section for the pillars at the base of the structure; 2000
A double C mirrored steel channel section 350 mm height for the diagonal pillars;
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A 500 mm diameter piles of concrete (fc= 50 Mpa) for the foundations;
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And a concrete slab (fc= 50 Mpa) for the plate foundation, 1500 mm thick.
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STRUCTURAL PLAN
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design development
A HE 300 A steel profile for the truss in the central core;
4.3 LOAD CASE 1
The first load case corresponds with the fully loaded configuration, with a load of 6 kN/m2, for the first 8 floors, and with a load of 4 kN/m2, for the last 4 (this assumption will be unchanged for all the load cases). The results show a maximum displacement of 6 cm in the top part in direction DZ, while the maximum stresses are 200 Mpa and -230 Mpa.
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dz displacement
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load pattern
fiber stress
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design development
148.
4.3 LOAD CASE 2
The second load presents the loads only in the internal part of the floors. The results show a maximum displacement of 4,3 cm in DZ in the upper part of the structure, and maximum stresses of 116 Mpa and -160 Mpa.
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dz displacement
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load pattern
fiber stress
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design development
151.
4.3 LOAD CASE 3
In the third load case the structure is loaded only in the external part of the floors. The solution present a maximum displacement of 6,0 cm in DZ and maximum stresses of 187 Mpa and -193 Mpa.
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dz displacement
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load pattern
fiber stress
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design development
154.
4.3 LOAD CASE 4
The load case four presents a chessboard pattern alternating internal and external loads on the floors surfaces. It has a maximum displacement of 5,1 cm in DZ and maximum fiber stresses of 152 Mpa and -167 Mpa
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dz displacement
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load pattern
fiber stress
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design development
157.
4.3 LOAD CASE 5
The last load case presents the interaction with the wind pressure on half of the structure.The wind pressure is assumed to be 2,5 kN/m2. The maximum displacement is 9,8 cm on the top in the plan DXY, and the maximum stresses are 108 Mpa and -178 Mpa.
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dxy displacement
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load pattern
fiber stress
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160.
4.4 social labs
The functional program and functioning of the lab complex is derived from various European experiences of social laboratory involved in the creation of a cultural identity and artistic experimentation. The main structures taken as example for the dimensioning and the organization of the activities, everyone with a peculiar story and activity specifications, are: the Fabbrica del Vapore in MilanE, the Stazione Leopolda in PisaF, the Liege SoundstationG, the Matadero in MadridH, the WUK in WienI, the Korjiamo in HelsinkiL, the Haus der Kulturen der Welt in BerlinM, the Ateneu popular 9 Barris in BarcelonaN, Les Halles in BruxellesO, the Huset in Arhus (Denmark)P, the Friche La belle de Mai in MarseilleQ, the Villa Mais d’Ici in Aubervilles (Paris)R, L’avant rue in ParisS, the TNT in BordeauxT, the Radial System-V in BerlinU, the Melkweg in AmsterdamV and the list can be longer.
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radial system-v in berlin
The spaces of the social lab must host a series of difference activities in the same places, and due to that the design of the labs must be as flexible as possible, without a fixed functional characterization. The functions that can hosted are design and graphic workshops, labs for visual arts and photography, theatric, music, dancing and cinema activities, writing and reading labs, associated with new media facilities. An open cultural circle that can be enjoyed from everyone, and where everyone can propose initiative and projects. The aim is to harmonize the various needs and promote the sharing of experiences between associations, public institution and citizens. It is promoted a system of continuous activities that create a large system of collaboration and synergies.
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exhibition @ matadero in madird
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music show @ matadero madrid
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design development
FUNCTIONAL PROGRAM AND FUNCTIONING
4.4 western corner of the building. The theatre facilities will be suitable for every exhibition or meeting, assuring services space to store and manage the show performances. The division of the space will be guided to the principle of sharing, providing at the same time spaces for the common activities and separate spaces for the lab activities, completed by the basic services.
166.
theatric performance @ wuk wien
167.
exhibition stage @ radial system -v
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design development
Educational and socio-politic intercultural activities are the focus of this project through a pedagogic approach. The spaces are assigned through a public notice to the subject (associations, single persons, or private society) that through specific program can sustain the organization and the management of the cultural and artistic events, creating a space devoted to the experimentation and the research of different mode of expression, in direct contact with the cultural production system. The whole complex will be than administrate by a central office, that will promote and manage the different activities. The economical assets of the whole social lab complex will be organized through the cooperation between public subjects and private associations. The different activities must provide a self-sustaining economic plan that can be achieved through different modalities, such as through incomes deriving from productions internal to the labs, ad hoc financing programs, referring particularly to incentives coming from the government or from the UE, or with the direct intervention of private firm sponsor. This type of functioning is placed at the boundary between artistic-innovative production and real economic reality, aimed to the economic sustainability for the public finance. Beside the lab spaces, that will be hosted mainly in the northern block of the complex, and will be composed of large free uncharacterized space, are placed a library and magazine store devoted to the knowledge at the base of artistic process, with some conference room. The entire space of the connection is thought as a continuous exhibition space of artworks that can be purchased in the info-point/café placed in the ground level
4.4 The inside distribution according to the functional program described above show some kind of thematic blocks. The ground floor is characterized by retail shops on the north, facing the pedestrian path, where a ramp, which can also become an exposition route, solves the levels gap. On the east side, inside the block along the Naviglio canal the main connection staircase stands, linking the art labs complex with
the library spaces. Going towards south, the hall of the theatre occupies the corner, with the wardrobe and a resting room.The rooms between the theatre and the vertical farm are designed for the musical and dancing training, with their services spaces. The vertical farm in the ex-gasholder is connected with the vegetables market and a restaurant in which people can taste directly the products of the farm.
  168.
groundfloor plan
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design development
PLANS
Analyzing function by function the internal distribution is possible to notice that the block dedicated to the laboratories, which is the higher one, faces the northern axis, with glass facades to allow a continuous view on the boulevard. The rooms follow a corridor facing always the internal courtyard, as a classical distribution for this kind of buildings. There is the possibility also to directly access the first floor from the pedestrian path through a stair that reaches the rooms thanks to an open balcony facing the courtyard. The library is connected with the labs through the already mentioned staircase, but it has also its own distribution system, connecting the different floors, which present a double height void, to let people have a total view of the room. Above the library other kinds of labs stand, facing the Naviglio canal. The rotated theatre edifice is a unique room hosting the foyer on the southern corner, facing the canal to delight the view through the foyer, and the theatre itself, faces the internal square. It is a simple scene theatre for the performances of the cultural products created in the whole complex, such as works of art, dances, music etc. The services rooms like storage, tech room and dressing room are located on the southern block, close to the spaces designed for the nursery of the vertical farm, where the plants seeds and are selected to be transferred inside the grow rooms. Here the vegetables are cultivated and then cropped to be sell or served in the restaurant.
171.
169.
floor 1 plan
170.
floor 2 plan
floor 3 and 4 plan
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4.4
4.4 The internal distribution with the differences of the rooms according to the functions is maybe more clear analyzing the sections of the complex. Section AA cuts from north to south the block that faces the Naviglio canal, showing the rooms belonged to the labs, to the library and to the theatre. On the north part, the new pedestrian axis stands on a walkable tunnel connecting the car parking of the northern part with the labs complex, allowing people not to go out in reaching the rooms of the different edifices. Below these exclusively crosswalks the ex Viale dei Partigiani runs underground, allowing the distribution to the car parking. Looking at the northern block it is possible to distinguish the ground floor retail shops and the labs rooms on the first, second and third floor, where the sloping roof create a different internal space. From here, a big stately steel staircase connects the different corridors A kind of revisited spiral staircase, naturally enlightened thanks to a sloping glass sky light window that assures the sunlight from the south.
The library part is showed cutting the distributive system, as well as the theatre one where the telescopic piston elevator is put in evidence, once again with a glass skylight assuring the direct natural sunlight. From the auditorium section is clear the simple distribution: the hall and wardrobes occupy the ground floor while the stage fulfills the double height above. The southern part is reserved to the services spaces useful for the right functioning of the theatre. Section BB runs parallel to AA section, cutting the complex on the internal courtyard. Looking at the northern block it is interesting to analyze the ground floor distribution. From the pedestrian axis people have the possibility to access the retails shops, as well as from the underground passage. Here the public entrances are broken up with the services spaces that serve the complex.
172.
section aa
173.
section bb
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SECTIONS
4.4
  174.
view from the other side of naviglio
140
design development
Going southern towards the court the open balcony stands on the first level entrance that can become an exposition space, linked both with the open air activities of the court and with the connecting ramp that can itself host exhibitions panels to transform it into an exhibitions promenade for artworks. From the internal courtyard drawing, the entrances of the ground floor shops are put in evidence, together with the open-air cinema, whose big screen is obtained on the theatre external façade. Finally, on the southern part it is possible to notice the dancing training room on the ground floor with the nursery above, a sort of glass greenhouse with sloping roof.
4.4 The choice of the materials is aimed to differentiate the various functions inside the building complex using different materials, but with a similar architectural language. First the vertical farm in composed by a black aluminum frame, supporting a EFTE skin, transparent to assure the diffused sunlight to the vegetables in grow rooms. The ground floor dedicated to the common activities and shops are all transparent glasses facades, with the same black aluminum-supporting frame that rhythm the elevation. The theatre block, that is particular for shape and orientation, is covered with red-
dish copper tiles, with a big full-length window to allow a special view from the foyer space. The block of the library and the labs rooms is instead characterized by the presence of glass and wood laths, with a vertical division. They work as vertical sunscreens in correspondence of rooms, while connections spaces in between are covered with a glasses simple supported by the steel structure, that does not stick out. In addition, the roof differentiates the staircase from the classrooms: glass skylights for the first and again black aluminum jacket for the latter. To be noticed is the northern façade, the one facing the pedestrian axis. Here the elevation shows the conceptual connection with the industrial memory, reached through shed-like roof. The entrance piece is than differentiated with a copper-perforated skin that covers the entire height of the building.
175.
176.
eastern facade on naviglio
northern facade on the boulevard
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design development
FACADES
4.4
SLOPING LAYER
35 15 1510
INSULATION LAYER 170 mm
75
DRAINAGE PIPE
35
BLACK ALUMINIUM JACKET
METAL GRID PANEL
+7.00
35
35
70
BLACK ALUMINIUM JACKET STEEL PROFILE HE 340
15 20
STEEL PROFILE UPN 200
165
ROLLER SHUTTER CURTAIN
WOOD SUNSCREEN PANEL
INSPECTION DOOR PLANTS AND AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEM 400
400
STEEL PROFILE HE 340
VASISTAS WINDOW 260
CORRUGATED STEEL SHEET WITH CAST CONCRETE
BALCK ALUMINIUM SUPPORT
INSULATION LAYER 40 mm FLOATING FLOOR 110
15 20
+2.00
INSULATING FOAM
35 30 130
110
100
CYAN PAINTED PILLAR HE 300
100
METAL GRID CEILING
TRIPLEX GLASS WINDOW
RESIN FINISHING LAYER
-2.12
INSULATION LAYER 80 mm CONCRETE SLAB 250 mm
-3.00
-3.02 25 1010
WOOD DECK DRAINAGE PIPE
35
WATERPROOF BARRIER
177.
facade section on naviglio
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design development
15 20
35
CEILING SPOTLIGHT 25
The detail design is aimed to achieve the better quality possible in the internal ambient and in the interface between internal and external spaces. The detail studied, in perpendicular section of the building facing the Naviglio, can be interpreted as a general standard design for the envelope of the entire social labs complex. The building is sustained by a steel structure with HE 300 A pillar profiles and HE 340 A beams. The floor over above the steel structure presents a concrete slab casted in corrugated steel sheet with a total height of 10 cm. On the concrete slab is fixed an insulation layer of 4 cm, with a finishing plaster layer to stiffen the surface, on which is placed a floating floor that can possibly host technical plants, assuring a free layout for the energy plug-in system, that permit to fit the needs of various activities. A suspended black metal grid providing a 60 cm void to host the conditioning system and the lighting composes the ceiling. The total dimension of the floor structure became in this way of the dimension 1 meter. Under the social labs complex stands two level of underground parking, enclosed at the boundaries by a 60 cm concrete retaining wall that is prevented from water infiltrations by an adequate waterproof barrier. To assure the maximum visibility of the outside landscape of the Naviglio, the façade is basically a glass curtain wall, that is prevented from the excessive sunlight luminance with a sunscreen wood movable system anchored to the top and to the bottom of the floor structure, implemented by rolling curtain elements in the inter-
nal space, used also to screen the window in case of movie projections. The roof is a standard steel-plan roof that provides the adequate slope to take away the rainfall water through a layering of insulating material, with a waterproof resin on the outside face. The window system that cover the entire façade, interrupted only by the part of the floors that sustain the sunscreens, with a continuous strip covered by an aluminum jacket, provide the opening in the central part of the floor, at an height that can be easy-handled by human.
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DETAILS
4.0
178.
VIEW ON NAVIGLIO CANAL
4.0 BIBLIOGRAPHY Dick Despommier; The Vertical Farm; Thomas Dunne books; New York; 2010 Nuove norme tecniche di costruzione; DM Infrastrutture 14 gennaio 2008; Published by Ministero delle Infrastrutture, Ministero dell’Interno, Dipartimento della Protezione Civile; DEI tipografia del Genio Civile; Roma; 2008 1 2
design development
4.0 WEB RESOURCES A http://www.verticalfarm.com/ B http://www.soa-architectes.fr/en/#/en/projects/tag/14 C http://www.hydroponicist.com/ D http://nuvege.com/index.html E http://www.fabbricadelvapore.org/it/ F http://www.leopolda.it/index.php G http://www.soundstation.be/index.php H http://www.mataderomadrid.org/index.php I http://www.wuk.at/ L http://www.korjaamo.fi/en M http://www.hkw.de/en/index.php N http://www.ateneu9b.net/ O http://www.halles.be/en/home// P http://www.huset-aarhus.dk/ Q http://www.lafriche.org/friche/zdyn1/sommaire.php3 R http://www.villamaisdici.org/ S http://www.avantrue.fr/ T http://www.letnt.com/ U http://www.radialsystem.de/rebrush/en/rs-radialsystem-v-einleitungstext.php V http://www.melkweg.nl/voorpagina.jsp?language=nederlands&disciplineid=0zz
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5.0
You could tell a lot about a man by the books he keeps: his tastes, his interest, his habits.
(W.Benjamin)
5.0 GENERAL BIBLIOGRAPHY - -
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Carlos Martì Aris, Le variazione dell’identità, Città Studi edizioni, 2009, Torino Inaki Abalos, Il buon abitare, Pensare le cas della modernità, Christian Marinotti Edizioni, 2009, Milano Marc Augè, Rovine e Macerie, Bollati Boringhieri, 2004, Torino Gaston Bachelard, La poetica dello spazio, Edizioni Dedalo, 1975, Bari Cecil Balmond, Informal, Prestel, 2002, London BIG Bjarke Ingels Group, Yes is more, 2009, Copenhagen Stefano Boeri, L’Anticittà, Laterza editori, 2011, Bari Jorge Luis Borges, Finzioni, Einaudi, 1995, Torino Italo Calvino, Lezioni Americane, sei proposte per il prossimo millennio, Oscar Mondadori, 1993, Milano Italo Calvino, Le città invisibili, Oscar Mondadori, 1993, Milano William J.R. Curtis, l’Architettura moderna dal ‘900, Phaidon, 2006, New York Adrian Forty, Parole e edifici, un vocabolario per l’architettura moderna, Edizioni Pendragon, 2000, Bologna Kenneth Frampton, Tettonica e architettura, Skira, 2007, Milano Iker Gil, Shanghai Transforming, Actar, 2008 Steven Holl, Parallax, architettura e percezione, Postmedia books, 2004, Milano Richard Ingersoll, Sprawltown, Looking for the City on Its Edges, Princeton Architectural Press, 2006, New York Charles Jencks and Karl Proof, Theories and Manifestos of contemporary architecture, Wiley - Academy, Chichester, 2006 Rem Koolhaas, Delirious New York, Mondadori Electa, 2006, Milano Gyorgy Kepes, Il Linguaggio della visione, Edizioni Dedalo, 1971, Bari Leon Krier, Architettura. Scelta o fatalità, Editori Laterza, 1995, Roma Adolf Loos, Parole nel vuoto, Adelphi, 1972, Milano Kevin Lynch, L’immagine della città, Marsilio ed., 2001 John Maeda, Le leggi della semplicità, Bruno Mondadori, 2006, Milano Rafael Moneo, Inquietudine teorica e strategia progettuale nell’opera di otto architetti contemporanei, Mondadori Electa, 2005, Milano Bruno Munari, Da cosa nasce cosa, Editori Laterza, 2009, Bari Pierluigi Nicolin e Francesco Rephisti, Dizionario dei Nuovi Paesaggi, Skira, 2003, Milano Christian Norberg-Schultz, Architettura: presenza, linguaggio e luogo, Skira, 1996, Milano Christian Norberg-Schultz, Esistenza, Spazio e Architettura, Officina Edizioni, 1982, Roma 145
5.0 -
- - - -
- - - - -
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Christian Norberg-Schultz, Genius Loci: Paesaggio Ambiente Architettura, Mondadori Electa, 1979, Milano OMA, S,M,L,XL, The Monacelli Press, 1995, New York Juhani Pallasmaa, Gli occhi della pelle, Jaca Book, 2007, Milano Francesco Purini, Comporre l’architettura, Editori Laterza, 2000, Roma Ludovico Quaroni, Progettare un edificio, otto lezioni di architettura, Edizioni Kappa, 2001, Roma Aldo Rossi, L’architettura della città, CittàStudi edizioni, 1995, Torino Colin Rowe and Fred Koetter, Collage city, MIT press,1981, Cambridge Heinrich Tessenow, Osservazioni elementari su costruire, 1975, Milano, Robert Venturi et al., Imparare da Las Vegas, Quodlibet abitare, 2010, Macerata Robert Venturi, Complessità e contraddizione nell’architettura, Edizioni Dedalo, 1980, Bari Bruno Zevi, Saper vedere l’architettura, Einaudi, 2004, Torino
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5.0 THEMATIC BIBLIOGRAPHY 0.0 BIBLIOGRAFY Marc Augè, Rovine e Macerie, Bollati Boringhieri, 2004, Torino 2 Archeologia industriale a Pavia e nella sua provincia, by A.Negri e M.Negri, Amministrazione Provinciale di Pavia, 1982, Pavia 3 Christian Norberg-Schultz, Genius Loci: Paesaggio Ambiente Architettura, Mondadori Electa, 1979, Milano 4 Federico Oliva; I piani urbanistici del’900 di; extracted from Dentro e fuori le mura: spazio urbano ed extraurbano a Pavia dall’età classica alle soglie del duemila: convegno di studi, Pavia 1998. by R.Crotti e G.De Martini, Nuova Tipografia Popolare, 1998-2000, Pavia 5 Documento di Piano from http://www.comune.pv.it/site/home/articolo9621.html 1
1.0 BIBLIOGRAPHY Gianfranco Brusa; L’industria pavese. Storia, economia, impatto ambientale; tratto da Dentro e fuori le mura: Spazio urbano ed extraurbano a Pavia dall’età classica alle soglie del duemila: Convegno di studi, Pavia 1998; a cura di R.Crotti e G.De Martini; Nuova Tipografia Popolare; Pavia; 1998 2 Angelo Bugatti; Tecnica e paesaggio nella nuova composizione urbana; tratto da Dentro e fuori le mura: Spazio urbano ed extraurbano a Pavia dall’età classica alle soglie del duemila: Convegno di studi, Pavia 1998; a cura di R.Crotti e G.De Martini; Nuova Tipografia Popolare; Pavia; 1998 3 Angelo Bugatti e Remo Dorigati; Intorno alle mura; tratto da Pavia: l’evoluzione della città; direttore Angelo Bugatti; coordinamento editoriale Riccardo Dell’Osso; a cura di Ioanni Delsante; CLU; Pavia; 2002 4 Riccardo Dell’Osso; Pavia tra recupero e marketing urbano; tratto da Pavia: l’evoluzione della città; direttore Angelo Bugatti; coordinamento editoriale Riccardo Dell’Osso; a cura di Ioanni Delsante; CLU; Pavia; 2002 5 Archeologia industriale: metodologia di recupero e fruizione del bene industriale: atti del convegno di Prato 2000; a cura di L.Faustini, E.Guidi, M.Misti; Edifir; Firenze; 2001 6 Alberto Gabba; Le cerchie murarie di Pavia nei ruoli di difesa e di espansione; tratto da Dentro e fuori le mura: Spazio urbano ed extraurbano a Pavia dall’età classica alle soglie del duemila: Convegno di studi, Pavia 1998; a cura di R.Crotti e G.De Martini; Nuova Tipografia Popolare; Pavia; 1998 7 Giulio Guderzo; A proposito di archeologia industriale; Milano; Scegliere; 1983 8 KevinLynch; L’immagine della città; Marsilio Editori;Venezia; 2006 8 Archeologia industriale in Lombardia, vol.2: Milano e la bassa padana; a cura di Alberto 1
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5.0 Mioni [et al.]; Milano, Mediocredito regionale lombardo; 1982 10 Antonio Monestiroli; Storia e progettazione della città; tratto da Pavia: l’evoluzione della città; direttore Angelo Bugatti; coordinamento editoriale Riccardo Dell’Osso; a cura di Ioanni Delsante; CLU; Pavia; 2002 11 Archeologia industriale a Pavia e nella sua provincia; a cura di A.Negri e M.Negri; Pavia; Amministrazione provinciale di Pavia; 1982 12 Federico Oliva; I piani urbanistici del ‘900; tratto da Dentro e fuori le mura: Spazio urbano ed extraurbano a Pavia dall’età classica alle soglie del duemila: Convegno di studi, Pavia 1998; a cura di R.Crotti e G.De Martini; Nuova Tipografia Popolare; Pavia; 1998 13 Vittorio Prina; Pavia moderna: architettura moderna in Pavia e provincia 1925-1980; Cardano; Pavia; 2003 14 Cesare Stevan; Pavia verde: dalle analisi al progetto; tratto da Pavia: l’evoluzione della città; direttore Angelo Bugatti; coordinamento editoriale Riccardo Dell’Osso; a cura di Ioanni Delsante; CLU; Pavia; 2002 Gianfranco Testa; Un modello prescientifico di dinamica urbana. I cerchi canistriani di Pavia 1330, rivisitati in età industriale; tratto da Dentro e fuori le mura: Spazio urbano ed extraurbano a Pavia dall’età classica alle soglie del duemila: Convegno di studi, Pavia 1998; a cura di R.Crotti e G.De Martini; Nuova Tipografia Popolare; Pavia; 1998 16 Donata Vicini; Pavia:materiali di storia urbana: il progetto edilizio 1840-1940; EMI: comune di Pavia – assesorato alla cultura; Pavia; 1988 17 Emanuele Vicini; Edilizia pubblica pavese fra le due guerre: regesto e catalogazione; Edizioni TCP; Pavia; 2002 18 Susanna Zatti; Pavia neoclassica: la riforma urbana 1770-1840; Diakronia;Vigevano 15
Other books consulted about the design strategies and the city of Pavia: Sergio Bruschi e Giovanni Walter Palestra; Edilizia a pavia 1945-2005; Edizioni Cestedil, Ance Pavia, 2007 Angelo Bugatti; “Composizione architettonica e identità”; Edizioni Cusl; Pavia; 2000 Angelo Bugatti; “Il progetto morfologico di grandi funzioni urbane”; Clup Editore; Milano; 2001 Angelo Bugatti; “Paesaggio”; IUSS Press; Pavi; 2003 Angelo Bugatti, Roberto De Lotto, Riccardo Dell’Osso; Abitare il paesaggio; Maggioli Editore; Santarcangelo di Romagna; 2008 Ioanni Delsante (edited by); “Pavia:l’evoluzione della città”; Edizioni Cusl; Pavia; 2002 Luisa Erba; L’Architettura pavese dal 1830 al 1940; in AaVv Pavia Cent’anni di Cultura artistica; Electa; Milano; 1976 LCPa; Studio di rinnovo paesaggistico finalizzato allo sviluppo e alla valorizzazione del Naviglio Pavese e dell’area del Palazzo delle Esposizioni di Pavia; Navigli lombardi SCARL; 2006 148
0.0 2.0 BIBLIOGRAPHY Archeologia industriale a Pavia e nella sua provincia; a cura di A.Negri e M.Negri; Pavia; Amministrazione provinciale di Pavia; 1982 2 Luigi Ponzio; Archeologia Industriale a Pavia e nella sua Provincia; Tipografia litografica; Pavia; 1982 3 Donata Vicini; Pavia: materiali di storia urbana: il progetto edilizio 1840-1940; EMI: comune di Pavia – assesorato alla cultura; Pavia; 1988 4 Emanuele Vicini; Edilizia pubblica pavese fra le due guerre: regesto e catalogazione; Edizioni TCP; Pavia; 2002 5 Vittorio Prina; Pavia moderna: architettura moderna in Pavia e provincia 1925-1980; Cardano; Pavia; 2003 6 Susanna Zatti; Pavia neoclassica: la riforma urbana 1770-1840; Diakronia;Vigevano 1
3.0 BIBLIOGRAPHY S.Allen; Beyond landscape urbanism; in Lotus International 139 “Landscape Infrastructure”, 2009 2 O.Giovinazzi; Infra-strutturare il paesaggio; in L’ingegnere n.36, 2011 3 Lotus international 128 “Reclaiming Terrain”, 2006 4 Lotus International 139 “Landscape Infrastructure”, 2009 4 S.Maffioletti and S.Rocchetto; Infrastrutture e paesaggi contemporanei; Il Poligrafo; Padova; 2002 5 G.Marinoni; Mediation of the city; in Lotus International 139 “Landscape Infrastructure”, 2009 6 P.Nicolin; Landscape and infrastructures; in Lotus International 139 “Landscape Infrastructure”, 2009 7 L.Pollack; The landscape of urban reclamation; in Lotus international 128 “Reclaiming Terrain”, 2006 8 F.Rephisti; Excavation and superimposition; in Lotus International 139 “Landscape Infrastructure”, 2009 9 A+T n.37, Strategy Spaces; 2011 10 E.Turri; Il paesaggio come teatro; Marsilio editore;Venezia; 2006 11 C. Van Uffelen; 1000 x landscape architecture; Braun edit.; 2009 12 A.Micheli and T.Nicolini; In viaggio sui Navigli, il Naviglio pavese da Milano al Ticino; Skira editore; Milano; 2001 1
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0.0 4.0 BIBLIOGRAPHY Dick Despommier; The Vertical Farm; Thomas Dunne books; New York; 2010 2 Nuove norme tecniche di costruzione; DM Infrastrutture 14 gennaio 2008; Published by Ministero delle Infrastrutture, Ministero dell’Interno, Dipartimento della Protezione Civile; DEI tipografia del Genio Civile; Roma; 2008 1
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0.0 WEB RESOURCES 1.0 WEB RESOURCES http://www.lombardiabeniculturali.it/architetture/schede/1A05000198/?view=ricerca& offset=1 B http://www.comune.pv.it/museicivici/pdf/annali27/17%20Leydi.pdf C http://www.liutprand.it/articoliPavia.asp?id=13 D http://www.paviaedintorni.it/temi/territorio_file/corsi_acqua_file/elenconaturali_file/ carona_file/percorsocarona.htm E http://www.paviaedintorni.it/temi/territorio_file/corsi_acqua_file/elenconaturali_file/ carona.htm F http://caronapavia.blogspot.com/ G http://www.naviglilombardi.it/allegati/2186%5E00%20-%20Relazione%20finale%20UNIPV%20DIET.pdf H http://www.naviglilombardi.it/Articoli/I-5-Navigli/595-Il-Naviglio-Pavese.asp A
2.0 WEB RESOURCES http://www.nationalgasmuseum.org.uk/index.asp?page=history-02 http://www.eugris.info/newsdownloads/Gasholders%20and%20their%20tanks.pdf C http://www.comune.pv.it/site/home/dai-settori-e-servizi/servizio-urbanistica/p.g.t.--piano-di-governo-del-territorio/pgt---area-download/documento7966.html D http://www.naviglilombardi.it/allegati/2186%5E00%20-%20Relazione%20finale%20UNIPV%20DIET.pdf A B
3.0 WEB RESOURCES http://urbandesignweek.tumblr.com/post/7047317077/linear-parks-emergentopportunities-for-green-links B http://www.west8.nl/projects/all/madrid_rio/ C http://www.jourda-architectes.com/urba/paysage/bapor/projet_en.php D http://issuu.com/insitu/docs/baports?mode=embed&documentId=081023125344-aeb3 a9a35df242689551350d161b0712&layout=grey E http://west8.nl/projects/sagrera_linear_park/ A
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0.0 4.0 WEB RESOURCES A http://www.verticalfarm.com/ B http://www.soa-architectes.fr/en/#/en/projects/tag/14 C http://www.hydroponicist.com/ D http://nuvege.com/index.html E http://www.fabbricadelvapore.org/it/ F http://www.leopolda.it/index.php G http://www.soundstation.be/index.php H http://www.mataderomadrid.org/index.php I http://www.wuk.at/ L http://www.korjaamo.fi/en M http://www.hkw.de/en/index.php N http://www.ateneu9b.net/ O http://www.halles.be/en/home// P http://www.huset-aarhus.dk/ Q http://www.lafriche.org/friche/zdyn1/sommaire.php3 R http://www.villamaisdici.org/ S http://www.avantrue.fr/ T http://www.letnt.com/ U http://www.radialsystem.de/rebrush/en/rs-radialsystem-v-einleitungstext.php
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I PREFER DRAWING TO TALKING. DRAWING IS FASTER, AND LEAVES LESS ROOM FOR LIES. (LE CORBUSIER)
6.0
01 LOCATION
02 LANDSCAPE SYSTEM
03 DISUSED AREAS
The landscape system is mainly composed by the green areas that surround the Ticino river, the Vernavola channel, the Naviglio and Navigliaccio. Between these the Naviglio, due to the fact that is the most “urban” canal, is the one that potentially has the best opportunity to merge an environmental quality with urban needs. Nevertheless this opportunity is not exploited.
Along the Naviglio canal are located a series of disused areas that come from the industrialization process. These areas, thanks to their positions not far from the city centre, can represent a great chance for the future development of Pavia. They give the possibility to redesign the city actually without wasting new soil.
04 GENERAL OVERVIEW Concerning the project area the urban analysis consists in few but signicative element. The area is compressed between the city center edge, individuated by the ancient tracks of the wall and the Naviglio canal. It is crossed by the ancient road from Cremona and it is located in proximity to the Ticino river, and the Tcino park, and the railway line to Cremona.
05 ROAD AND RAILWAY SYSTEM
06 TRAIL AND PUBLIC TRANSPORT SYSTEM
Università degli Studi di Pavia Master Degree programme in
BUILDING ENGINEERING/ARCHITECTURE ITALIAN-CHINESE CURRICULUM
General Agreement between University of Pavia, IUSS - Institute for Advanced Study Pavia, and Tongji University of Shanghai, March 2009
Redevelopment of gasometers area in Pavia Supervisor:
Co-Supervisor:
PROF. IOANNI DELSANTE
PROF. PAOLO VENINI
Urban Analysis
A.Y. 2010/2011
Student:
# 01
STEFANO CROCE
01 NAVIGLIO REGIONAL SYSTEM
02 NAVIGLIO URBAN SYSTEM
To better understand the landscape along Naviglio, to unveil its issues and its potentiality, was conducted a breif analysis on the different areas involved in its course in Pavia. Studying the different urban sections encountered from North to South it is appreciable how this canal, that could be a great chance for the improvement of quality of life in Pavia, represents a sort of barrier for the city.The links between the two bank are weak, and where they exist, they are thought only in a car-priority perspective. Nevertheless was encountered also some places where the Naviglio can show its beauty. These places are especcialy the ones with a narrow road section (from 15 to 20 m) and where the buildings make a sort of frame for the canal. One of these place is certainly Borgo Calvenzano, a place that could gain a special quality with a change in the traffic system, bringing it closer to the quality that we can enjoy along the Navigli in Milan.
03 URBAN SECTION ALONG NAVIGLIO SECTION 1 (1:1000)
SECTION 2 (1:1000)
SECTION 3 (1:1000)
SECTION 4 (1:1000)
SECTION 5 (1:1000)
SECTION 6 (1:1000)
UniversitĂ degli Studi di Pavia Master Degree programme in
BUILDING ENGINEERING/ARCHITECTURE ITALIAN-CHINESE CURRICULUM
General Agreement between University of Pavia, IUSS - Institute for Advanced Study Pavia, and Tongji University of Shanghai, March 2009
Redevelopment of gasometers area in Pavia Supervisor:
Co-Supervisor:
PROF. IOANNI DELSANTE
PROF. PAOLO VENINI
Urban Analysis
A.Y. 2010/2011
Student:
# 02
STEFANO CROCE
01 URBAN SECTIONS SECTION A (1:1000)
SECTION B (1:1000)
SECTION C (1:1000)
02 ALTIMETRY AND LAW RESTRAINTS
05 WEST SIDE ELEMENT
03 AREA ELEMENT
06 NORTH SIDE ELEMENT
04 LAND USE
07 EAST SIDE ELEMENT
08 SOUTH SIDE ELEMENT
Università degli Studi di Pavia Master Degree programme in
BUILDING ENGINEERING/ARCHITECTURE ITALIAN-CHINESE CURRICULUM
General Agreement between University of Pavia, IUSS - Institute for Advanced Study Pavia, and Tongji University of Shanghai, March 2009
Redevelopment of gasometers area in Pavia Supervisor:
Co-Supervisor:
PROF. IOANNI DELSANTE
PROF. PAOLO VENINI
Site Analysis
A.Y. 2010/2011
Student:
# 03
STEFANO CROCE
01 URBAN STARTEGY - NAVIGLIO LINEAR PARK
02 SITE STRATEGY A. HISTORICAL SIGNS RECOVERY AND ENLARGING THE AREA
BORGO CALVENZANO A CLEAR URBAN FORM
The first step is to recover the ancient signs that are present in the area such as the bulwark track, the gasometer and the canals. This operation is coupled to the doubling of the project area to increase the general quality of the area.
The general renewal proposal for the city follows an idea that is not new in the planning history of Pavia, but nevertheless was never carried out. It includes the creation of a series of green area to mediate the threshold between the city centre and the outskirts, providing space for the open air and recreational activities with a new linear park along the Naviglio. The basic idea is to connect different renewed areas along the course of the canal through the transformation of the alzaia side road in a continuous walking path.
B. BURYING CAR TRAFFIC AND IMPOSING A CLEAR TYPOLOGY The general settlement principal borrows two important factors. Firstly, a morphologic approach considering an historic complex, Borgo Calvenzano, that faces the Naviglio in Pavia. Secondly the idea of a greater homogeneous transformation that could affect entirely the side of the Naviglio canal, giving to it a clear structure also in the urban relations.
The precondition to the intervention is the redesign of the car traffic system, burying it in an undergrounf tunnel. The second conceptual step is the superimpositionof a clear structure, historically linked to the Naviglio., that will create a continuous facade on the canal.
C. SPACE MORPHING
03 PRESERVING HISTORICAL SIGNS
The blocks are than blended and streched to fit the different functional needs, public activities in the southern part and residential in the northern block, incorporating the structure of the former gasometer. The typology morphing is aimed also to conform to the topology of the site and to allow the phyisical and visual connections.
D. IMPROVING PERMEANILITY WITH THE CONTEXT The last step is to improve the permeanility between the two canals, through some opening and free plan spaces in the ground floor.
04 URBAN ELECTROCARDIOGRAM
UniversitĂ degli Studi di Pavia Master Degree programme in
BUILDING ENGINEERING/ARCHITECTURE ITALIAN-CHINESE CURRICULUM
General Agreement between University of Pavia, IUSS - Institute for Advanced Study Pavia, and Tongji University of Shanghai, March 2009
Redevelopment of gasometers area in Pavia Supervisor:
Co-Supervisor:
PROF. IOANNI DELSANTE
PROF. PAOLO VENINI
Strategies
A.Y. 2010/2011
Student:
# 04
STEFANO CROCE
01 PLAN 1:5000
02 URBAN VIEW FROM THE CARONA
02 VIEW FROM FROM THE CITY CENTER
05 NEW ROAD SYSTEM
06 UNDERGROUND TUNNEL SCHEME
Università degli Studi di Pavia Master Degree programme in
BUILDING ENGINEERING/ARCHITECTURE ITALIAN-CHINESE CURRICULUM
General Agreement between University of Pavia, IUSS - Institute for Advanced Study Pavia, and Tongji University of Shanghai, March 2009
Redevelopment of gasometers area in Pavia Supervisor:
Co-Supervisor:
PROF. IOANNI DELSANTE
PROF. PAOLO VENINI
Plan 1:5000
A.Y. 2010/2011
Student:
# 05
STEFANO CROCE
01 MASTERPLAN 1:1v000
02 PROGRAM
UniversitĂ degli Studi di Pavia Master Degree programme in
BUILDING ENGINEERING/ARCHITECTURE ITALIAN-CHINESE CURRICULUM
General Agreement between University of Pavia, IUSS - Institute for Advanced Study Pavia, and Tongji University of Shanghai, March 2009
Redevelopment of gasometers area in Pavia Supervisor:
Co-Supervisor:
PROF. IOANNI DELSANTE
PROF. PAOLO VENINI
Masterplan
A.Y. 2010/2011
Student:
# 06
STEFANO CROCE
01 WATER
02 AREAS
03 VIEWS-ENTRANCES
04 CIRCULATION The oudoor space tries to solve the different relation with the water and the sloping ground of site ptoject. Is subdivided in 4 areas: the shopping boulevard in the north, the internal courtyard connected to different uses activated by the buildings sorrounding it, such as open air cinema, vegetables open air market, or meeting point for exhibitions; the deck on the Naviglio, giving a new experience of this place; and the Carona park in the east. Great importance is given to the deck facing the canal, in order to promote an easy and different enjoyment of this scenary.
05 GROUND FLOOR 1:500
06 BANKS SECTIONS 1:200
SECTION 1
SECTION 2
SECTION 3
UniversitĂ degli Studi di Pavia Master Degree programme in
BUILDING ENGINEERING/ARCHITECTURE ITALIAN-CHINESE CURRICULUM
General Agreement between University of Pavia, IUSS - Institute for Advanced Study Pavia, and Tongji University of Shanghai, March 2009
Redevelopment of gasometers area in Pavia Supervisor:
Co-Supervisor:
PROF. IOANNI DELSANTE
PROF. PAOLO VENINI
Outdoor Spaces
A.Y. 2010/2011
Student:
# 07
STEFANO CROCE
01 URBAN SECTIONS SECTION CC 1:500
SECTION EE 1:500
F
G
H
SECTION FF 1:500
A
A B
C
B C
D D
E
E
G
H
F
SECTION HH 1:500
SECTION AA 1:500
SECTION BB 1:500
SECTION GG 1:500
Università degli Studi di Pavia Master Degree programme in
BUILDING ENGINEERING/ARCHITECTURE ITALIAN-CHINESE CURRICULUM
General Agreement between University of Pavia, IUSS - Institute for Advanced Study Pavia, and Tongji University of Shanghai, March 2009
Redevelopment of gasometers area in Pavia Supervisor:
Co-Supervisor:
PROF. IOANNI DELSANTE
PROF. PAOLO VENINI
Urban Sections
A.Y. 2010/2011
Student:
# 08
STEFANO CROCE
01 ENTRANCES
02 GROUND FLOOR PROGRAM
03 GENERAL VIEW
04 GROUND FLOOR PLAN 1:200
Università degli Studi di Pavia Master Degree programme in
BUILDING ENGINEERING/ARCHITECTURE ITALIAN-CHINESE CURRICULUM
General Agreement between University of Pavia, IUSS - Institute for Advanced Study Pavia, and Tongji University of Shanghai, March 2009
Redevelopment of gasometers area in Pavia Supervisor:
Co-Supervisor:
PROF. IOANNI DELSANTE
PROF. PAOLO VENINI
Social Labs
A.Y. 2010/2011
Student:
# 09
STEFANO CROCE
01 FIRST FLOOR PROGRAM
02 SECOND FLOOR PROGRAM
03 THIRD FLOOR PROGRAM
04 FIRST FLOOR PLAN 1:500
05 SECOND FLOOR PLAN 1:500
06 THIRD FLOOR PLAN 1:500
07 SECTION AA 1:200
08 SECTION BB 1:200
Università degli Studi di Pavia Master Degree programme in
BUILDING ENGINEERING/ARCHITECTURE ITALIAN-CHINESE CURRICULUM
General Agreement between University of Pavia, IUSS - Institute for Advanced Study Pavia, and Tongji University of Shanghai, March 2009
Redevelopment of gasometers area in Pavia Supervisor:
Co-Supervisor:
PROF. IOANNI DELSANTE
PROF. PAOLO VENINI
Social Labs
A.Y. 2010/2011
Student:
# 10
STEFANO CROCE
01 FACADE ON NAVIGLIO CANAL 1:200
02 VIEW FROM THE OTHERSIDE OF NAVIGLIO
03 FACADE ON THE BOULVEARD 1:200
04 GENERAL VIEW
Università degli Studi di Pavia Master Degree programme in
BUILDING ENGINEERING/ARCHITECTURE ITALIAN-CHINESE CURRICULUM
General Agreement between University of Pavia, IUSS - Institute for Advanced Study Pavia, and Tongji University of Shanghai, March 2009
Redevelopment of gasometers area in Pavia Supervisor:
Co-Supervisor:
PROF. IOANNI DELSANTE
PROF. PAOLO VENINI
Social Labs
A.Y. 2010/2011
Student:
# 11
STEFANO CROCE
01 MATERIALS
02 FACADE SECTION 1:20 WOOD DECK
SLOPING LAYER
35 15 1510
INSULATION LAYER 170 mm
75
DRAINAGE PIPE
35
BLACK ALUMINIUM JACKET
METAL GRID PANEL
BLACK METAL CEILING AND PAINTED COLUMNS +7.00
35
35
70
BLACK ALUMINIUM JACKET STEEL PROFILE HE 340
15 20
STEEL PROFILE UPN 200
165
ROLLER SHUTTER CURTAIN
WOOD SUNSCREEN PANEL
INSPECTION DOOR 400
PLANTS AND AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEM 400
SUNSCREEN PANELS
STEEL PROFILE HE 340
VASISTAS WINDOW 260
CORRUGATED STEEL SHEET WITH CAST CONCRETE
BALCK ALUMINIUM SUPPORT
INSULATION LAYER 40 mm
110
FLOATING FLOOR
15 20
+2.00
35
70
INSULATING FOAM
25
35
CEILING SPOTLIGHT
BLACK THIN EXTERNAL WINDOW FRAME AND BLACK ALLUMINUM JACKETS
15 20
30 130
110
100
CYAN PAINTED PILLAR HE 300
100
METAL GRID CEILING
TRIPLEX GLASS WINDOW
RESIN FINISHING LAYER
-2.12
INSULATION LAYER 80 mm CONCRETE SLAB 250 mm
-3.00
-3.02 25 1010
WOOD DECK DRAINAGE PIPE
35
WATERPROOF BARRIER
Università degli Studi di Pavia Master Degree programme in
BUILDING ENGINEERING/ARCHITECTURE ITALIAN-CHINESE CURRICULUM
General Agreement between University of Pavia, IUSS - Institute for Advanced Study Pavia, and Tongji University of Shanghai, March 2009
Redevelopment of gasometers area in Pavia Supervisor:
Co-Supervisor:
PROF. IOANNI DELSANTE
PROF. PAOLO VENINI
Social Labs
A.Y. 2010/2011
Student:
# 12
STEFANO CROCE
01 URBAN SECTION DD
02 VERTICAL FARM PROGRAM
03 VERTICAL FARM SECTION 1:100 +49.70
340
PANORAMA RESTAURANT
600 85
+45.00
390
60
60
390
160
315
160 AEROPHONIC GROW ROOM
AEROPHONIC GROW ROOM
85
+41.00
390
60
390
60
160
315
160 AEROPHONIC GROW ROOM
AEROPHONIC GROW ROOM
85
+37.00
390
60
60
390
160
315
160
02 VERTICAL FARM VIEW
AEROPHONIC GROW ROOM
AEROPHONIC GROW ROOM
80
+33.00
390
60
60
390
160
320
160 AEROPHONIC GROW ROOM
AEROPHONIC GROW ROOM
85
+29.00
390
60
60
390
160
315
160 AEROPHONIC GROW ROOM
AEROPHONIC GROW ROOM
85
+25.00
390
60
60
390
160
315
160 HYDROPONIC GROW ROOM
HYDROPONIC GROW ROOM
80
+21.00
390
60
60
390
160
320
160 HYDROPONIC GROW ROOM
+17.00
85
HYDROPONIC GROW ROOM
390
315
140
60
390
60
HYDROPONIC GROW ROOM
140
HYDROPONIC GROW ROOM
85
+13.00
390
315
140
60
60
HYDROPONIC GROW ROOM
390
140
HYDROPONIC GROW ROOM
85
+9.00
635
HYDROPONIC GROW ROOM
+5.00
150 355
565
+2.20
NURSERY
340
HYDROPONIC GROW ROOM
665
315
140
HYDROPONIC GROW ROOM
+2.00
730
+1.00
395
415
SHOP RESTAURANT
QUALITY CONTROL
1760
635
700
630
STORAGE
650
-3.00
-3.00
PRESSURIZED WATER TANK
PRESSURIZED WATER TANK
300
50
-3.00
TECHNICAL ROOM
Master Degree programme in
BUILDING ENGINEERING/ARCHITECTURE ITALIAN-CHINESE CURRICULUM
General Agreement between University of Pavia, IUSS - Institute for Advanced Study Pavia, and Tongji University of Shanghai, March 2009
-6.00 -6.50
Università degli Studi di Pavia
Redevelopment of gasometers area in Pavia Supervisor:
Co-Supervisor:
PROF. IOANNI DELSANTE
PROF. PAOLO VENINI
Vertical Farm
A.Y. 2010/2011
Student:
# 13
STEFANO CROCE
01 FACADE SECTION 1:20
02 STRUCTURAL MODEL AND CONCEPT
03 STRUCTURAL PLAN 1:100 AND STEEL PROFILES 2000 690 10
620
345
320
690
640
320
345
10
13 12
14
385
250
125
320
1
23°
DIAGONAL EXTERNAL PILLARS C CHANNEL 350 MIRRORED PROFILE
FLOOR STRUCTURE BEAMS C CHANNEL 380 MIRRORED PROFILE
BASE PILLARS HE 360 A PROFILE
CENTRAL STRUCTURE HE 300 PROFILE
345
9 A
350
16
380
10
360
15
300
11
B C
8
2
7
3
6
4 5
04 LOAD PATTERNS AND WORST OUTCOME LP 1
LP 2
LP 1 DISPLACEMENT DZ
LP 3
LP 4
LP 5 DISPLACEMENT DXY
LP 5
LP 1 FIBER STRESSES
Università degli Studi di Pavia Master Degree programme in
BUILDING ENGINEERING/ARCHITECTURE ITALIAN-CHINESE CURRICULUM
General Agreement between University of Pavia, IUSS - Institute for Advanced Study Pavia, and Tongji University of Shanghai, March 2009
Redevelopment of gasometers area in Pavia Supervisor:
Co-Supervisor:
PROF. IOANNI DELSANTE
PROF. PAOLO VENINI
Vertical Farm
A.Y. 2010/2011
Student:
# 14
STEFANO CROCE