FINAL JOURNAL ABPL30048 ARCHITECTURE DESIGN STUDIO AIR STELLA SENAJAYA TANAJA/ 376308
PART1: EXPRESSION OF INTERES 1. THE CASE FOR INNOVATION
CON TENTS
1.01. Architecture as a Discourse 1.02. Computing in Architecture 1.03. Parametric modelling
2. RESEARCH CUT PROJECT 2.01. A Case for Biomimickery 2.02. Case Study: Spanish Pavilion 2.03. Why Hexagon 2.04. Matrices 01
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PART2: PROJECT PROPOSAL AND AMENDMENTS 3. PROJECT PROPOSAL Amendments 3.01 Precedences 3.02 Wyndham City Gateway 3.03 Criteria 3.04 Context 3.05 Construction Detail 3.06 Material 3.07
PART3: LEARNING OBJECTIVES AND OUTCOMES REFERENCES
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WEEK 1
1.01. Understanding the Course: Architecture as a Discourse
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ARCHITECTURE AS A DISCOURSE Architecture often perceived as just ‘building’ which
Antonio Gaudi, Casa Mila, Barcelona, Spain, 1905-1910
ARCHITECTURE AS ART AND SCULPTURE
in my opinion it should be viewed as ones ‘language’ instead. Architecture should be used to express ones view and interests.
Casa Mila is one of the best works of Antonio Gaudi located in Barcelona that was built in 1912. This building is multi family housing with a uniqe shape that look almost painfully beautiful. It is expressionistic, fantastic organic forms in undulating facade and roof line. This building has successfully portrayed the decorated utilitarian objects and turned them into works of sculpture. Here Architecture speaks as a language itself in expressing the works of art (Sullivan, 2001).
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DANDELION PAVILLION HEATHERWICK STUDIO
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This UK Pavilion was designed by Heatherwick Studio. Led by the internationally-acclaimed
Thomas Heatherwick, his design team won the Foreign & Commonwealth Office (FCO) commission to create the Pavilion following a competition that attracted a shortlist of ambitious architectural proposals from other teams led by Zaha Hadid Architects, John McAslan + Partners, Marks Barfield Architects, Avery Associates, and DRAW Architects with dcmstudios (Hunter, 2010).
“the pavilion is so organic, it changes “
60 fiber optic cables stick out, covering the structural facade into a giant ‘dandelion’ The design was aiming at 3 different purposes. First aim was to design a pavilion whose architecture was a direct manifestation of what it was exhibiting. The second idea was to ensure a significant area of open public space around so as to let the visitor relax and enter the building. Thirdly, it ensured that the building would be unique among the hundreds of other competing pavilions. Furthermore, during the day, the rods direct the light to the interior and on contrary during nighttime, the exterior of the building stands out and glow like a kitsch artifact from the 1980s. Here in this project, i could see that architecture drives itself as one language expressing ‘changes’. The building itself is acting as the drive to attract visitor. Expressive facade hiding its structural form triggers curiosity.
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Tadao Ando, Church on The Water, Hokkaido, Japan, 1985-1988 Ando’s japanese Church on The Water was build on the 1980s in Hokkaido. This church overlooks a shallow artificial lake which has been created by the diversion of a nearby stream. The glass window allowing people to see an open space achieving serenity. The design is very simple using only concrete and glass as a material and interesting use of natural reflection of the water. i personally adore this building as it made me aware of basic geometry shape of square and circle suggesting a simplicity of architecture (Clark Art Institute,2002). The application of basic natural element into the building suggests that the architecture expressing itself in a form of feelings. Just by looking at the building and its surroundings we could feel the serenety, peace, calm, and beauty of nature.
ARCHITECTURE AS A NATURAL BEAUTY 07
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ARCHITECTURE AS
EIFFEL TOWER = FRANCE,PARIS Eiffel tower is one of the legendary tower that represent greatness of architecture of all time. Here i want to emphasise that archi-
tecture could be used as one places identities. In a more simple way, if someone said “Eiffel”, i would straight away thinking of Paris and the famous gigantic tower that is so loved by history. here we could deduce that architecture can be used as places “sign”, “identities”, “description” and “representation”. More example would be the opera house design by jorn utzon would be the representative of sydney, london eyes would represent london, pisa tower would represent italy, etc.
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PLACE IDENTITIES
The wrought iron structure of the Eiffel Tower weighs 7,300 tonnes, while the entire structure, including non-metal components, is approximately 10,000 tonnes. As a demonstration of the economy of design, if the 7,300 tonnes of the metal structure were melted down it would fill the 125-metre-square base to a depth of only 6 cm (2.36 in), assuming the density of the metal to be 7.8 tonnes per cubic metre.
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WEEK 2 1.02. Introduction to Computing in Architecture
Contrary to popular belief, computation and architectural software do not
supresses one’s creativity in design. However, it enhances the architect ability to deal with both analytical skill and creativity to produce design. Technological advance in architecture also helps the architect to create and birng to life of much more flexible shape compared with manual old fashioned style of architectural practices.
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DIGITAL ARCHITECTURE PARAMETRIC & DIGITAL FABRICATION
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CHELSEA XPO PAVILION PROJECT CYRIL SHING, senior lecturer of BA Interior Spatial Design collaboration with Yiching Liu, Daniel Piker.
PARAMETRIC DESIGN
The pavilion is located at the Rootstein Hopkins Parade Ground which is opposite to the Tate Britain on Atterbury Street, SW1. It is part of this year’s Chelsea College undergraduate summer show and London Festival of Architecture 2010. The pavilion is sponsored by Speedo and is constructed using 200 LZR Racer swimming suits wich due to recent changes in rules for competition couldn´t be used for competition , resulting in a remarkable structure. The project objective was to re-use this product, the LZR racer as an architectural component to think about the sustainability approaches in the design and fabrication process with the integration of digital technology ( Gray, 2012).
Here we can see an example of how parametric design in architecture could also cover other aspects such as sustainable architecture and digitalization for fabrication.
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WEEK 3 1.03. Parametric modelling
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PARAMETRIC DESIGN EXPLORATION
“Due to the influence of surface tension, the drop aims to achieve a spherical shape. However, its viscosity, torpidity, atmospheric friction and other external forces prevent this, so that it warps through a slightly oscillating drop into a spherical form.”
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PARAMETRIC AS FORM FINDING Long before sustainability became a fashionable word, at the first BMW trade fair presentation realized by Franken, driving with clean energy from water and the sun was symbolized in the form of an iconic structure: a drop of water.
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PARAMETRIC DESIGN EXPLORATION
Here the building is done digitally through algorithm in parametric architecture. the fabrication of the building is also done digitally. The design is using parametric architecture as a form finding of the buliding mimicking the shape of water droplets (Free-D, 2010)
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2. RESEARCH CUT PROJECT Biomimickery 2.01 Case Study: Spanish Pavilion 2.02 Why Hexagon 2.03 Matrices 2.04 why parametric 2.05
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AN ARGUMENT O Bio mimicry in design has aided in the development of more efficient, sustainable and unique design outcomes. By emulating patterns, forms and systems that have already evolved and survived the test of time in the natural world. By embracing what nature has to teach, we can achieve more advanced outcomes. Wyndham city has a stronger relationship with the nature world having a number of natural beauties including the Werribee River K Road Cliffs, Point Cook Coastal Park, Heathdale Wetlands and the Victoria State Rose Garden. 21
Many issues we face today have already been solved in the natural world, and by utilizing these solutions and replicating these systems, we can create a gateway for Wyndham City that demonstrates their commitment to seeking economical design solutions while paying tribute to Wyndham city’s natural beauty.
OF BIOMIMICKERY
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BIOMIMICKERY IN OTHER DISCIPLINES Biomimicry has been used across a vast field of disciplines to achieve innovative outcomes by engaging in this discourse we seek to archive the same in the design of the Wyndham City Gateway. . Jaseph Paxton designed the crystal palace in 1851 based of the structure of water Lillie’s while George de Mestral created Velcro after observing how burdock seeds attached to his clothes.
Nature has vinspired many creation including the Ark Hotel concept which was designed by Remistudio and is a shell inspired biosphere that is completely self sustainable and can be constructed from prefabricated elements within three to four months while withstanding tidal waves, earthquakes and other natural disasters. maining of the cutting edge of technology and design.
Nissan recently developed the BR23C micro robotic car which included a safety system modeled on the structure and inner workings of a bee’s eye. 24
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CA STUDY SE OF BIOMIMICKERY 1
ICT/ITKE Research Pavillion 2010
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This project explores the architectural transfer of biological principles of the sea urchin’s plate skeleton morphology by means of computer-based design and simulation methods.
Computer-controlled manufacturing methods were used for the creation of 6.5mm panels that form the pavilions shell. The skeletal shell of the sand dollar is a modular system of polygonal plates, which are linked together at the edges by finger-like calcite protrusions. The particular geometric arrangement of the plates and their joining system allows for a high load bearing capacity. This project is successful because it utilises the biological system to create a efficient use of materials without compromising structural strength.
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THE BIRDS NEST Beijing National Stadium
Beijing National Stadium was designed by Swiss architects Herzog & de Meuron and is a great use of biometrics. The stadium rises out of the landscape to replicate a giant upturned bird’s nest. The building itself has become icon in the community and has been hailed a marvel of design. For this simple reason this stadium can be viewed as a great success. We hope to achieve a design of a similar icon standard for the Wyndam city gateway. 27
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CA STUDY SE OF BIOMIMICKERY 2
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CA STUDY SE OF BIOMIMICKERY 3 THE Water Cube Beijing National Aquatic Centre
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Taking the structure of soap bubbles as inspiration (and mimicking nature’s way of filling 3-d space most efficiently), PTW Architects and Arup gave the Cube an elegant, light-weight design: a rectangular box covered in iridescent bubble wrap. The 100,000 square meters of the Teflon-like translucent plastic ETFE that make up the building’s bubble cladding allow in more solar heat than glass, making it easier to heat the building, and resulting in a 30 percent reduction in energy costs. The futuristic LED-lit bubbles not only act as adjustable insulators, turning the building into a greenhouse, but also serve as storehouses for warm air that can be pumped into the Cube as needed. (CSCEC, 2008)
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CA SE
STUDY
The Spanish Pavillion We have selected the spanish pavilion as the basis for our design because it instantly reminded us of a beehive. We could see the inspiration of the beehive through the hexigrid system and we attempted to replicate this in our model
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1.Aesthetic property, hexagons can be used to create elegant interlocking patterns. 2. Can create curve surface 3. Structural property, the lattice system created by hexagons have strong bonds. In fact the hexagon lattice is the molecule structure of some diamonds 4. The hexagon grid has been used throughout history to produce tiles, or breakdown space efficently. This is because hexagons are one of the most efficent tessalating shapes.
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WHY HE XA GON
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CHANGING EXTRUSION LEVEL
POINT ATTRACTOR
CURVE ATTRACTOR
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MATHS FUNCTION
ARRANG
GEMENT
DE FI NI TION MATRICES
CHANGING RADIUS
IMAGE SAMPLER
ARRANGEMENT
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DE FI NI TION
GRASSHOPPER Our definition can be adapted to mimic any image we input into the image sampler allowing us to create a design completely unique and personally significant to Wyndahm city.
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SAILBOAT MODEL
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MO DEL MA KING
Black and white image of sailboat is being inputed into the definition. The ‘sailboat’ image is inputted to influence the extrusion levels, colour and radius of the internal hexagons to produce a pattern that mimics the image itself. We propose using the same technique with images from the Wyndam city community to produce the gateway.
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THE FOCUS OF THIS SUBJECT IS TO EXPLORE THE ART OF DIGITAL ARCHITECTURE, ESPECIALLY GRASSHOPPER ON RHINOCEROS PROGRAMES. I’VE BEEN READING AND LEARNING MUCH TO BUILD MY SKILL IN GRASSHOPPER FROM ZERO AT THE BEGINNING OF THE SEMESTER. AND OFCOURSE IT IS NOT ENOUGH AND THE PROCESS IS NEVER ENDING. OUR MAIN FOCUS IS TO CONCENTRATE BUILDING WYNDHAM CITY GATEWAY AND THUS APPLY THE LEARNED SKILL FOR DEVELOPING THE APPROPRIATE TECHNIQUES TO CREATE THE DESIGN. FINALLY ME AND MY GROUP MEMBER ARE ABLE TO COME UP WITH A TECHNQUES AND GOING TO FURTHER DEVELOP IT. PUSHING IT FROM 2D TO 3D FORM WHICH IS GOING TO BE MORE OF AN ARDUOUS WORK.
RE FL EC TION
I THINK DIGITAL ARCHITECTURE IS A FORWARD LOOKING METHODS THAT IS VERY VERY INNOVATIVE AND REDUCE THE WORK TIME AND LOADS ON ONES PROJECT. IT COULD ALSO LOWER PRODUCTION COSTS
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3. PROJECT PROPOSAL Amendments 3.01 New Precedences 3.02 Wyndham City Gateway 3.03 Criteria 3.04 Context 3.05 Construction Detail 3.06 Material 3.07
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3.01. AMENDMENT AND FURTHER EXPLORATION TRANSITION
Based on the EOI feedback, the aforementioned 2d techniques of image sampler is not sufficient to satisfy the criteria for the wyndham gateway. Thus our group decided to further the transformation of this beehive 2d plane billboard like form to more advance form such as 3d. The 2d techniques failed to acquired the ‘feels’ of transformation of wyndhham as the driver would only pass by instead of passing through and get the real feel of experience. Thus we decided to create tunnels whereby driver would be able to experience the gateway instead of treating the gateway as a statue. Furthermore, the crits made us realised that we were holding back to the reverse engineering case study of Spanish Pavillion too much and not pushing the idea further. Thus we came out with our main concept of 3d Diamond lattices that would bring the driver forward towards “The Municipality of Wyndham” 45
“Diamond is transparent, strong, and very hard. It is a superb cutting tool. The atoms in diamond must be very strongly held in position� (Sauls, 1998) Melbourne to geelong highway has been a diamond mining infrastructure since a long time ago. Thus this concerns biomimickery and we want to relate diamond to our gateway. Further plus point, diamond has a very strong atomic structure that would enhance the stability and ability to endure harsh environment condition on the gateway such as heavy wind and traffic. The lattice structure of the hexagon grid in 3D are able to be manipulated (twist, pull, and push). Thus we are able to create tunnel that provide a wyndham uniqeness and iconic experience for the driver.
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EOI re vi sed
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YORK SHRINE RENAISSANCE PAVILLION
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1. YORK SHRINE RENAISSANCE PAVILLION This aforementioned pavillion is a 400m2 inflatable mobile pavilion (Dezeen, 2009). The inflatable tubes are arranged in the atomic structure of diamonds and gives a striking exterior attraction that would be excellent to be taken into consideration of our final design model (according to criteria it has to be eyecatching to the driver). Getting into detail, this pavillion is designed for the maximum flexibility. The modular constriction system allows for the several basic configurations of the structure. The project is modeled mostly in Rhino only without any parametric system applied. However in our case, we would use parametric to further exploring the concept and pushing into more possible outcomes for the gateway project. In addition, the hexagonal atomic structure is very stiff on its own therefore on freeway with the wind and traffic, we are still confident that the structure will no deflect.
3.02. NEW PRECEDENCE 48
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3.02. NEW PRECEDENCE KINGS CROSS STATION LONDON
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1. KINGS CROSS STATION, LONDON A recent addition to King Cross Station is a vast steel and glass dome that is a masterpiece of light and latticework Described by rail bosses as ‘the biggest transformation in the 160-year history of King’s Cross station’ it creates a futuristic atmosphere is the historical station. “Covering the vast Western Concourse, and spanning the full 150m length of that part of the station, it is supported by a 20m-high tapered central ‘funnel’ and 16 further smaller columns around the station - which allow it to cover a remarkable 8,424 square meters.... The super-strong domed roof is constructed from 1,200 tonnes of steel, with the castings at the top of each supporting column each weighing 1.5 tonnes.” From this precedence, we could mimick the way its structure being constructed as the gateway would share the same characteristic in terms of its weight and structural wise.
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3.02. NEW PRECEDENCE MTC THEATRE
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1. MTC THEATRE The Melbourne Recital Centre & MTC Theatre was designed by Australian design firm Ashton Raggatt Mcdougall“The MTC theatre features a distinctive facade composed of white steel tubing arranged in geometric patterns that appears three-dimensional when viewed from the right angle.” The building is absolutely captivating and an amazing form of expression that is developed for like m inded individuals. “The Melbourne Recital Centre on the right is a larger building featuring a two level recital hall and a smaller performance space. The building’s façade is white with an inscribed cell-like pattern that is repeated in the honeycomb glass window. The exterior was also inspired by packaging design, drawing references to packing foam.” (Gradient, 2012) This building inspires our idea further towards development of 3 dimensional angle formation that would affect the final outcomes of our design.
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3.03. WYNDHAM CITY GATEWAY WHAT DOES WYNDHAM CITY NEED ON ITS GATEWAY? Wyndham city is seeking a gateway that inspires the community and is eye-catching to cause drivers to travel to Wyndham city. It can be understood that they want the gateway to connect with the community and wider public the help encourage others to visit the City of Wyndham. In doing so they hope to approve the aesthetics on that particular site and improve the public perception of the Wyndham city district. The seek a design that is innovative and explorative in its approach to create a sense of wonder and excitement. 53
WYNDHAM AS DISTRICT
Wyndham city is proud of its township heritage and has a landscape of beautiful scenery and natural beauty.� Both the township and the countryside have significant heritage and histories which have developed from a largely rural community, including the well known market gardens farming area, to the rapidly growing suburban settlements of today. In both the past and the present there is an intensive relationship between the natural environments and the activities of human settlement and associated industries.� (taken from Wyndham city design project document). 54
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EXISTING ARTWORK
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The model has to push further than the existing road side artwork which includes the house in the sky and seeds of change. These both have their issues. The house in the sky is a fairly dated monument that has failed to keep up with modern times, while is does successfully send the message that this city is one where you can happily achieve the Australian dream to have a home it does not excite the viewer and particularly during the day disappears into the landscape. Similar can be said of the Seeds of Change monument, it is not an experience for the motorist. While it does send the message that Wyndham is a community that has interest in its natural environment it does again have colour tones that fail to excite and can at high speeds go unnoticed as it disappears into the landscape. The only mass positive in both cases are that their scale ensures they can be seen from a distance and to those looking out for it can be viewed quite clearly by the time the driver passes them by. Both are also successful at night with lights ensuring that they can be seen and still experienced, one could argue that these monuments are more successful at night because they stand out more in the landscape From this case study,we should implement a better and more eyecatching gateway which people may have their unforgetable experience entering wyndham. Images on the left page courtesy of :(Wyndham, 2012) 56
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3.04. CRITERIA The model has to represent the connections between Wyndham city and their environment -The connection between Wyndham and Melbourne -The connection between rural and urban -The connection between Wyndham and the environment It has to communicate this message clearly to a moving audience. -Drive through experience: this experience has to be unique and represent Wyndham City -Day and night experience: this same message has to be visible at night The model has to use a uniform pattern as the base geometry which we manipulate for the final design The model has to be exciting and innovative with its main aims being to encourage driving to come to Wyndham, inspire the community and enhance the public perception of the Wyndham city district.
MAIN SECTIONS OF THE LATTICES: 1. RANDOM, DENSE, DEFORMED 2. LESS RANDOM, LESS DENSE, LESS DEFORMED 3.UNIFORM, STRICT
CONCEPT MODEL 57
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CON CEPT MOD EL
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SITE SELECTION
Site B is the most suitable for our design concept as we want our tunnel to be elevated in the landscape while also allowing people to experience the tunnel when they are travelling to Wyndham. Furthermore, people travelling to Melbourne or Geelong would be able to view the lattice diamond exterior. Moreover, a road split is located on the site to enter caltex, we want to avoid the road split on the tunnel for safety measures against road accident length of tunnel: 145m long when driver travelling at the speed limit of 80km/h, it allows 6.5 seconds of drive through
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DESIGN DEVELOPMENT
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The original lattice was manipulated with a significant symbol of Wyndham namely water waves. Wyndham is strongly associated with water as there are numerous attraction such as Heathdale Wetlands, Point Cook Coastal Park and Marine Sanctuary on Wyndham. Design Development 1: Every units within the curves are deformed Design Development 2: Every Units close to the curve are not deformed. overall shape trimmed to mimic curves Design Development 3: Units attracted to the curves, overall shape trimmed to mimic curves design development 4: step 3 + manipulation in Y direction Attract all units towards the curve and deform those into smaller size hexagrid to create the visual effect of units sinking towards the wave. Overall shape of the lattice is trimmed, creating the sense of tranquility and movement representing Wyndham and its water wave
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3.05.MAIN CONTEXT development to the main concept The model represents Wyndham city emerging towards municipality while celebrating its connection to the City of Melbourne and its unique landscape. Our lattice represents the connection between Wyndham city and Melbourne through the representation of diamond interchanges which connect Wyndham to the Princess Hwy. Wyndham city wishes to add more of these interchanges to ease traffic entering the highway from Wyndham and exiting the highway to get to Wyndham. In order to achieve this representation we selected a diamond lattice structure which has hexagon-lattice geometry. Drivers commuting to Melbourne down the highway will only view the lattice which represents Wyndham’s place in the transportation infrastructure of Melbourne. Our tunnel is going to represent the transformation of Wyndham through a manipulation of the lattice and framing the two different landscapes of Wyndham city. The lattice will stretch towards Wyndham’s urbanised future while the tunnel will represent Wyndham’s journey to urbanisation. It’s on the hill to ensure that it can be seen from far away as a beacon of Wyndham, enticing drivers to pull off the highway and explore Wyndham City.
EMERGING TOWARD
DENSE&RANDOM - LESS DENSE&LE 63
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DS MUNICIPALITY
ESS RANDOM - STRICT&UNIFORM 64
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THE DIAMOND LATTICE 66
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Progressing changes from the start till the end of the tunnel illustrated at the pictures above (from
Emerging towards municipality is the main principles for this design and that is strongly
reflected on the experience given to the driver during the drive through of the tunnel. Here the tunnel plays with the effect of light, from dense lattices (low light) to the sparse lattices (more lights). This gives the sense of emerging and opening up for the bright future of wyndham. The experience is proving our main goal of perceiving different experience from the moving objects and possibly slow the driver down for them to enjoy the moment and give them the memories and iconic different feels of entering wyndham.
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m left to right)
EXPERIENCE “What people seek is not the meaning of life but the experience of being alive.” – Campbell, J (2011)
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3.06. CONSTRUCTION DETAIL AND UNDERSTANDING
The tubes would be 50 cm in diameters, all beams will slide into prefabricated joint and be fillet welded into place. This jointing system is most suitable as we want the joint to be invisible for aesthetic purposes. All joints vary in angle and beam lengths vary in size due to the extent of manimpulation of the original lattice ,meaning each joint will deal with different loads and construction issues.
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After analysis of similar structures including the Tori Tori restraint and the Northern Gateway at King Cross station we have decided that the best construction method. These structures only have to deal with intersecting tubes on the same plain where as our structure has tubes intersecting on different angles which will cause issues regarding directly welding the tubes together. To deal with this problem a pre-cast joint will be created and the tubes will be fillet welded to that joint. At the foundations the tubes will continue into the ground embedded into concrete strip footings (Vincent, 2012). 74
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3.07. MATERIAL SELECTION
GALVANIZED STEEL Benefits of Galvanization
Zinc protects steel in two ways. First, it is highly resistant to rust; iron, a major component of steel, reacts very easily with oxygen and moisture and will eventually disintegrate. The layer of zinc on the surface prevents those elements from reaching the steel so quickly. Zinc is also extremely durable and scratch resistant, and has a satiny appearance that many find attractive (Wisegeek, 2012). Therefore, our group choosed galvanized steel for the material as it is durable, rust resistant, and easy on the eyes.
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PART3: LEARNING OBJECTIVES AND OUTCOMES
In general, this subject is the most challenging, intriguing, and interesting subject i’ve ever took so far on my journey of becoming an architect. Learning parametric modelling, digital fabrication using 3d printing, everything is novelty and i find this very exciting. Yes, i face loads of difficulties and depression along the way, coming to tutorial every week and the design changes, trying our best to improve the design to its maximum potential At the initial stages, focusing at biomimickery is very interesting, me and my group see the development of something that is very basic in shape such as hexagon and now we push the idea forwards and see the final outcomes in a form of 3 dimensional hexagon lattices. i’ve also learnt the realistic part of the design namely the construction. We simply have to consider and think of how our design is going to be implemented in real life and not “just designing it for the sake of design”. Communicating our design through model making is another issue. Due to the complexity of the design, it is not possible for us to create this model manually by hand. Thus we face our first exposure towards 3d printing, Personally, this area of digital fabrication intrigue me the most to explore further in my future. I’m very interested in this and hopefully be able to push myself forwards in this area of Digital Architecture. This subject definitely inspires me more towards design and give me another motivation to excell myself and finding my true passion in architecture. 77
REFERENCES CSCEC. (2008). The Watercube - National Aquatics Centre, Beijing. Available: http://architectureinsights.com.au/architecture/the-watercube-national-aquatics-centre-beijing/. Last accessed 6th May 2012. Campbell, J. (2011). The Meaning of User Experience . Available: http://www.userintelligence.com/ideas/blog/2011/04/meaning-user-experience. Last accessed 3rd June 2012. Clark Art Institute. (2002). Tadao Ando. Available: http://www.clarkart.edu/exhibitions/ ando/ando.html. Last accessed 5th May 2012. Dezeen. (2009). The Yorkshire Diamond Pavilion. Available: http://www.dezeen. com/2009/02/28/the-yorkshire-diamond-pavilion-by-various-architects/. Last accessed 3rd June 2012. Free-D. (2010). BMW ‘Bubble’ (Frankfurt am Main, Germany) . Available: http://free-d.nl/ project/show/id/407/subCat/freeform. Last accessed 5th May 2012. Gradient. (2012). Ashton Raggatt Mcdougall Presents The Melbourne Recital Centre & MTC Theatre. Available: http://www.gradientmagazine.com/tag/mtc-theatre/. Last accessed 3rd June 2012. Gray, B. (2012). Chelsea Xpo Pavilion. Available: http://p2pavilion.wordpress.com/about/. Last accessed 5th May 2012. Hunter, W. (2010). British Pavilion by Heatherwick Studio. Available: http://www.architectural-review.com/skill-/-british-pavilion-by-heatherwick-studio-shanghai-china/5217803. article. Last accessed 5th May 2012. Massey, R. (2012). New era for King’s Cross station as futuristic £500million concourse is unveiled. Available: http://www.dailymail.co.uk/travel/article-2114782/Kings-Cross-stationoverhaul-Vest-structure-unveiled-London-railway-station-500m-overhaul.html . Last accessed 4th June 2012. Sullivan, M. (2001). Casa Milà or La Pedrera. Available: http://www.bluffton. edu/~sullivanm/spain/barcelona/gaudimila/mila.html. Last accessed 5th May 2012.
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Vincent, R (Canam Group Inc.). (2012). Bracing Connection. Available: http://www.structalstructure.ws/www/v4/epublica.nsf/va_doc/18936544D4BF8C3A8525796B004D9227!opendocumen t&frame=estrucs. Last accessed 3rd June 2012. WiseGeek. (2012). What Is Galvanized Steel?. Available: http://www.wisegeek.com/whatis-galvanized-steel.htm. Last accessed 3rd June 2012. Wyndham City. (2012). Experience Wyndham . Available: http://www.wyndham.vic.gov.au/. Last accessed 3rd June 2012. uls, B. (1998). THE STRUCTURE OF CRYSTALS. Available: http://departments.kings.edu/chemlab/ animation/. Last accessed 3rd June 2012.
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-ENDSPECIAL THANKS TO STANISLAV, JAS , AND ALISON
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