SOCIAL SETTLEMENT PROJECT INDIA Jharkhand - Garhwa
Author: Stella Vaas Consultant: Prof. Miguel Amado
Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia da Universidade Nova de Lisboa Lisbon, Portugal June 2016 1
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Architectural Technology and Construction Management Home University: VIA University College, Horsens Denmark Exchange University: NOVA FCT / Instituto Superior Técnico, Lisbon, Portugal
PROJECT: Exchange program research and proposal about implementing social low-cost housing in India, Jharkhand.
CONSULTANT: Prof. Miguel Amado AUTHOR: Stella Vaas
Date: 8th of June 2016
All rights reserved – no part of this publication may be reproduced without the prior permission of the author.
NOTE: This booklet was completed as part of an exchange program of Bachelor of Architectural Technology and Construction Management degree course – no responsibility is taken for any advice, instruction or conclusion given within! 3
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Table of contents INDIA CASE STUDIES JHARKHAND and GARHWA
5 11 21
Jharkhand
22
Garhwa
23
THE AREA TO BE DEVELOPED CLIMA DATA LEARNING FROM THE LOCALS
24 30 35
Minerals in Jharkhand
36
Building materials in Jharkhand
37
Traditional houses in India
38
TYPOLOGIES AD PURPOSES OF BUILT AND UNBUILT AREAS SOLUTIONS AND DESIGN PROPOSALS
43 49
Masterplan
51
Responding to social need
52
Determining the drainage system
54
SIte analysis
56
Design
58
Incremental housing
60
CONSTUCTION STRATEGIES AND MATERIAL PROPOSALS Learning from Laurie baker
67 69
HEAT PROTECTION
77
Sun Protection
78
Ventilation
82
SOLAR POWER FARMING
84 89
Animal farming
91
Agriculture
96
WATER
99
Water situation
100
Rainwater harvesting
101
WASTE MANAGEMENT
105
Waste water management
106
The problem with waste
106
EDUCATION SYSTEM
111
MARKET STRATEGIES
116
REFERENCES
3
118
4
India
5
6
INDIA India, officially the Republic of India, is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by area, the second-most populous country with over 1.2 billion people, and the most populous democracy in the world. Bounded by the Indian Ocean on the south, the Arabian Sea on the south-west, and the Bay of Bengal on the south-east, it shares land borders with Pakistan to the west; China, Nepal, and Bhutan to the north-east; and Myanmar (Burma) and Bangladesh to the east. In the Indian Ocean, India is in the vicinity of Sri Lanka and the Maldives; in addition, India's Andaman and Nicobar Islands share a maritime border with Thailand and Indonesia. [1] Capital: New Delhi Economists estimate India to have been the most populous and wealthiest region of the world throughout the first millennium CE. This advantage was lost in the 18th century as other regions edged forward. Currently, the Indian economy is the world's seventh-largest by nominal GDP and third-largest by purchasing power parity. Following market-based economic reforms in 1991, India became one of the fastest-growing major economies; it is considered a newly industrialised country. However, it continues to face the challenges of poverty, corruption, malnutrition, inadequate public healthcare, and terrorism. [2]
Largest city: Mumbai Official languages: Hindi, English Religion: 79.8% Hinduism 14.2% Islam 2.3% Christianity 1.72% Sikhism 0.24% others Area: 3,287,263km2 Water: 9.6 % Population: 1,252 million Density: 383 people per km²
India's population will (probably) overtake China's.
2015
2028 (According to UN estimates)
1,252 billion people
1.45 billion people
7
POVERTY IN INDIA
Facts
Almost one third of the country’s population live below the poverty line, and a large proportion of poor people live in rural areas. It's a chronic condition for almost 30 per cent of India’s rural population. The incidence of rural poverty has declined somewhat over the past three decades as a result of rural to urban migration.
-42% of the world's poor live in India - 92 million households (51%) earn their living by manual labor. -52% of labour work in agriculture, dairy and horticulture.
Poverty is deepest among members of scheduled castes and tribes in the country's rural areas.
- In recent decades, 500,000 female births have gone missing each year due to (illegal) sex selection and abortion
In 2014, a report by the Indian government Planning Commission estimated that 363 million Indians, making up 29.5% of the total population, were living below the poverty line in 2011-12.
- Around 48.5 percent of rural households are deprived according to the census. - Around 56 percent of village households doesn’t own a land.
On the map of poverty in India, the poorest areas are in parts of Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Jharkhand, Orissa, Chhattisgarh and West Bengal.
- 54% of the houses in rural areas consist of one or 2 rooms
Over 94% of people work in unincorporated, unorganised enterprises
-Only 44% of rural households have access to electricity
Organised sector or formal sector in India refers to licensed organisations, that is, those who are registered and pay sales tax, income tax, etc.
-No city in india provides full day water supply (exept major metros)
Unorganised sector, also known as informal sector or own account enterprises, refers to all unlicensed, selfemployed or unregistered economic activity. [3] [4] [3] [4]
73 %
75 %
live in rural areas
<5 %
earn enough to pay taxes
earn less than 5,000 Indian rupees each month
Of 300 million households surveyed...
28 %
35 %
don't own a phone Source: India Socio Economic and Caste Census (SECC)
11 %
own a fridge
are illiterate
8
CAUSES OF POVERTY
EFFECTS OF POVERTY
- Poor agriculture
- Shortage of food
- Growing population
- Child labour
- Gap between rich and poor
- Women trafficing
- Education
- Poor living conditions
- Corruption and black money
- Unemployement
SOLUTIONS - Farmers must get all facilities for irrigation - They should be trained and educated - Agriculture must be made profitable
- Poor hygiene and sanitation
- Family planning schemes must be introduced
- Social tensions
- Corruption must end - Helping poor people develop income-generating businesses of their own
[13] According to the Times of India, "a majority of Indians have per capita space equivalent to or less than a 3m x 3m room for their living, sleeping, cooking, washing and toilet needs. The average is 9.5 m2 per person in rural areas and 10.8 m2 per person in urban areas.
The widening gap between the rich and the poor is also responsible for Indiaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s poverty. The rich are growing richer. The poor are growing poorer. This economic gap between the two must be reduced. There are corruptions in every walk of life. There is inefficiency in offices. People have become selfish. They neglect the national interests. Black money causes the problem of rising prices. Some people have all the privileges. But many others are suffering.
Some 400 million Indians do not have access to a proper toilet and the situation is even worse in slums across Indian cities. [5] India is mainly an agricultural country. About 80% of the people depend on agriculture. However, farmers are poor and uneducated. They do not know the modern methods of farming and don't have good facilities or irrigation. They don't get seeds and fertilizers in time. Thus, the yield is very poor and agriculture is not profitable today. That leads to the shortage of food and a need to import.
[3] [4]
Social housing Social housing is affordable housing. A key function of social housing is to provide accommodation that is affordable to people on low incomes. That will help people who strugle in life getting on track and helps them to have a happier, fulfilled life. Limits to rent increases set by law mean that rents are kept affordable. Decent, affordable housing is fundamental to the health and well-being of people and to the smooth functioning of the economy.
The population in India is growing rapidly. They need more food, more houses and more hospitals. However, there is not much money to spend on developement projects. The ever-growing rate of population must be checked. [3] [4] 9
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Case studies of four social housing projects across India
11
Aranya community housing Site area: No of dwelling units
89 ha 7271
Residencial use 58% Infrastructure 23,5% Open space 8,15% Community and commercial facilities 6,73%
Density
81 Units/ha
Marketable
68.16%
Non marketable
31.84%
Residencial, commercial, institutional
Parks, playgrounds, infrastructure
Smallest plots - 35,32 sq.m
66% of population
For EWS with an income of Rs. 200-400/month
building Aranya Nagar, Low-Cost housing project,
Biggest plots 613 sq.m for HIG
architect Balkrishna Doshi
[6] [7]
1983-86
objective Improving and upgrading the slum
area and providing services sites for new housing developements
project
Landscape Living spaces
Infrastructure
of IDA for 60.000 people primary serving
EWS of the society along with other income groups
CBD Working areas
• Multiple and mixed land use is a tradition • Small shops operated within the congested area • Where possible a tree was planted for a public space • Streets accomodated various social, economic and domestic activities
Common spaces
Incremental
Walls: load bearing brick walls, plastered and painted. Floors: Cement concrete Roof: CRC - always constructed later as it was a high investment item Doors, windows, grills: made on site by residents who made it their role [6] [7] 12
Stage 1: Initial plan of typical rubber stamping attitude. No consideration for open space hierarchy, circulation system, climatic orientation or the built form.
Stage 2: Initial stage of proposed plan with distributed open spaces ad steet hierarchies.
Stage 3: Later stage developement with rectified orientation to minimize heat gain and increase natural shadig 13
Stage 4: Proposed mater plan with interlinked open spaces, built from variations, distributed amanities, road network hierarchies and climate friendly orientation.
Vidyadhar Nagar Site area: No of dwelling units Housing unit: one room, toilet, kitchen Density
400 ha 18.000
45 Units/ha
Marketable
47%
Residencial, commercial, institutional
Non marketable
Parks, playgrounds, infrastructure
53%
[8] • 25% of each vpersonnel residence is projected for self-employement • Distance between two plots is 1/3 of the building height • 5% of the total area is projected for community and common services • Low caste people - 15% of total residence • After every 30 residencial units - 2 dustbins (one bin 0.67 m3 for non biodegradebale and 1.33 m3 for biodegradable • [8]
building Vidyadhar Nagar, satellite town in the city of Janipur, 1986
architect Balkrishna Doshi objective "The built form must be rooted in the land where it stands" - Architects brief
project
Energy concious new township
The symbolic meaning of the city
The perimeter is square and there is main axix running North-east to south-west, crossed by a secondary axis along the main transversal road The geometry plan relies upon mandala form
"
Vastu means the environment, Purusha means the energy, Mandala means the horoscope which keeps the sum total in balance. If these systems are tied together then the city can be built properly
The Vastu Purush Mandala & The Masterplan of the Township
"
14 Section through Ramganj Bazaar
15
Incremental housing strategy
4500euro/family grant would be initiated for the incremation of homes at a national scale.
• It can be given to any family who lives in an old temporary sttucture, not suitable for living. • The rules of the grant say each family has to contribute with 10% of the total max 4500 euro that the house costs. • Some families are not ready to give that, thus, alternatives are needed ... • After reinforced structure is up, the families can help placing windows, doors, painting the house and placing their own floor tiles. [9]
" Who knows better than the people themselves how do they want to live? " The communities are asked to engage with the construction process to customize each house, i.e. each family will paint the house the color they want.
House A two story home, structured like a 3 story home to ensure safety in future vertical extension .
project Incremental housing strategy. Developed in Bombay, India.
architect Filipe Balestra and Sara Göransson
House B has Incrementable ground floor, which is left open for either parking or for the family to turn that open space into a shop.
objective develop informal slums into permanent
urban districts through a process of gradual improvement to existing dwellings instead of demolition and rebuilding.
strategy
Uses the existing urban formations as starting. Developing strategies together with communities.
House C has an incrementable middle floor, to hang clothes or to be used like a living room.
A pilot project will be implemented in Pune, India but the architects believe the strategyould be appropriate in any country with similar urban conditions. [9]
[9]
16
All proposals are for one family and 25 sq.m area (grant regulations).
17
Belapur incremental housing project Site area: No of families Density Plots
2,4 ha 550 229 families/ha 45sq.m to 75sq.m
Scheme caters: Low income group Rs 2000 Middle income group Rs 3000-5000 Upper income group Rs 180000 [10] [11]
Not everything goes always as planned project
mass affordable housing in 1960s
address
Artist Village, Sector 8, CBD Belapur, Navi
Mumbai
• No provisions were made for the common space in the center of each cluster. No one was in charge of taking care of them. They were neither private or public. • Most houses have been remodeled or destroyed and some inhabitants found them inpractical (toilet outside of the house, too small) • Some clusters became mini-slums
architect Charles Correa objective
To accommodate more than 90% of Bombay’s low-income profile and show that high densities can be achieved with low-rise courtyard homes, built with simple materials at a human scale .
"Making housing is like a bird building its nest. You start with a basic house, but you have to let people change it to their own needs." -Charles Correa Materials: brick, plaster of white color, colorful wooden fixtures, outdoor paving stone blocks
Individual houses rely on simple floor plans and building methods, enabling local masons and craftspeople to constuct them
[10] [11]
Private courtyards
Courtyards 8m x 8m
Courtyards 12m x 12m
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Courtyard 20m x 20m Courtyards and clusters
19
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Jharkhand, Garhwa
21
JHARKHAND Jharkhand, one of India’s newest states, was carved out of the southern portion of Bihar in 2000. It is located in the northeastern part of the country. Jharkhand is bordered by the states of Bihar to the north, West Bengal to the east, Odisha to the south, Chhattisgarh to the west, and Uttar Pradesh to the northwest. Its capital is Ranchi. [12]
Jharkhand is a hotbed of Naxalism, which is a cause as well as an effect of persisting poverty in the state. The areas around forests account a lot for poverty, however, the greatest irony of the so-called development process in Jharkhand has been the link between mining and poverty. The correlation between poverty and mining is far more significant than that between forests and poverty. This only reflects what many in the leftoriented political groups have been saying for long— that the so-called development process in Jharkhand has been hijacked by a few and local-level trickle down of the benefits of mining and industry is not occurring. This reflects the critical nature of poor justice and governance conditions in the state. [14]
More than one-fourth of Jharkhand’s land area is forested. The vegetation rich in sal (Shorea robusta), asan, mahua, bamboo, bhabar, banyan , Bo tree and palmyra palm. [12] Nearly two-fifths of the population of Jharkhand consists of various indigenous peoples classified as Scheduled Tribes, as well as members of the Scheduled Castes. Non-Scheduled peoples, who hold a higher status within the traditional Indian social system, constitute most of the remaining three-fifths of the population. The population density of the state is 414 persons per square kilometre of land. [12]
Other problem is that minimum wages and other labour benefits do not work as well in such areas. The unskilled nature of work is such that higher wages will not come easy. Take underprivileged persons from the forests, whose skill sets are related to the forests and land, and bring them to a new environment for a better life. All of that is fine, but if we cannot help them gain new skills in their new environment, we will neither achieve progress nor poverty alleviation. [14]
As per 2011 Census of India, Hinduism is the major religion in the state with 67.8% adherents followed by Islam (14.5%) and Christianity (4.3%). Despite holding 40% of India’s mineral wealth, economic development of the state has not been sufficient to trickle down to the people in need. The poverty level in Jharkhand, as measured by the Tendulkar Committee, is one of the highest amongst all large states with high levels in both rural and the urban parts. [14] Poverty in Jharkhand is generally associated with inaccessibility, and the lack of basic facilities and economic opportunities.[14]
India 2015
With the start of any development project, a large number of tribal villagers are often displaced from their locations. The Indian People’s Tribunal on Environment and Human Rights reports a total of 6.5 million people being displaced in the name of development that goes largely unreported.[14]
1,252 billion people 3,288 million km² area 383 people per km²
Jharkhand also attracts a large inflow of cheap labour. For many generations, the poor have been settling in and around mining and basic industry centres in search of better livelihoods. Once removed from their traditional surroundings for a few years, they cannot return, yet the new surroundings have been unable to deliver on the initial promises and expectations. [14] 22
2,4% of the world's land area 17,31% of the world's population
GARHWA Garhwa district is one of the twenty-four districts of Jharkhand state, India. Garhwa district is a part of the Palamu division, and its administrative headquarters are in the city of Garhwa. [14]
Latitude 23° 60’ and 24° 39’ N Longitude 83° 22’ and 84° 00’ E Important rivers: Koyal,Kanhar,Danro,Sarsatiya, Tahale,Annaraj,Urea
On 1 April 1991, this district was created from the former Palamu district by separating its former Garhwa sub-division. As of 2011 Garhwa district is currently a part of the Red Corridor (region in the east of India that experiences considerable Naxalite–Maoist insurgency).
Area: 4044 km² Proportion to Jharkhand population: 4.01% Population growth: 27.71%
This district comprises 156 gram panchayat and 916 villages. It has two police sub-divisions: Garhwa and Nagar-Untari, with eight police stations. [15]
Height from sea level: 1180 ft Main crop: Paddy,Maize,Wheat and Pulses
Garhwa is well-connected to roads and railways. Daily bus services are available from Ranchi and major districts of Jharkhand, Bihar and Chhattisgarh. Road communication in this district is not as good as in other districts of the state. Garhwa district is connected to Rewa in Madhya Pradesh and Ranchi in Jharkhand by National Highway No. 75. There are 210 km of state highway, 55 km of national highway (NH-75) and 96.95 km of district roads. Link roads and corridors are altogether 190 km. [15] Monogamy is the general rule. Family system is nuclear type. Marriages commonly arranged by negotiation & bride price is paid.
Irrigated land: 135 730 ha Forest land: 182 208 ha Nearest Railway St.: Garhwa Nearest airport: Chiyanki Literacy rate: 62,18 %
According to Indicus nalytics, Garhwa is the poorest district of Jarkhnad with a poverty rate of 53,93% [14].
Jharkhand 2011
Garhwa 2011
31,9 million people 79,714 km² area
1,3 million people
414 people per km²
4044 km² area 330 people per km²
23
The area to be developed
ANxx1(xxx)001
Location 24°12'56.0"N 83°38'39.3"E
Closest school Name NPS Pahari Tola Silding school
State Jharkhand
Established in year 2012
District Garhwa
Management Department of Education
Village Korga / Kabisa
School category Primary only (Classes 1-5)
Closest town Garhwa
Medium of Instruction Hindi
Closest school NPS Pahari Tola Silding School
Total students 40 Teachers 1 (male) Playground No Library No 24
UNIVERSITY COLLEGE SCHOOL OF TECHNOLOGY AND BUSINESS - TYPE CITY PROJECT: TYPE PROJECTNAME
DATE: 02/16/09
SUBJECT: EXAMPLE SHEET
SCALE: 1 : 2000
DRAWN BY: Author
CLASS:
ANxx1(xxx)001
Korga
Kabisa
Distance from the plot - 900m
Distance from the plot - 2,2 km
Total No. of Houses - 284
Total No. of Houses - 300
Population - 1591 (male 808, female 783)
Population - 1314 (male 688, female 626)
Child - 228 (male 152, female 136)
Child - 208 (male 103, female 105)
Schedule caste - 857 (male 442, female 415)
Schedule caste - 485 (male 253, female 232)
Schedule tribe - 62 (male 32, female 30)
Schedule tribe - 0
Literacy - 50.73% (male 63.26%, female 38.2%)
Literacy - 64,74% (male 78,63%, female 48,56%)
Total workers - 825 (male 421, female 404)
Total workers -529 (male 372, female 220)
Main workers - 51
Main workers - 96
Marginal workers - 774 (male 376, female 398)
Marginal workers - 496 (male 282, female 214)
Korga is a medium size village located in Ramna of Garhwa district, Jharkhand with total 284 families residing. The Korga village has population of 1591 of which 808 are males while 783 are females as per Population Census 2011.
Kabisa is a medium size village located in Ramna of Garhwa district, Jharkhand with total 300 families residing. The Kabisa village has population of 1314 of which 688 are males while 626 are females as per Population Census 2011.
In Korga village population of children with age 0-6 is 288 which makes up 18.10 % of total population of village. Average Sex Ratio of Korga village is 969 which is higher than Jharkhand state average of 948. Child Sex Ratio for the Korga as per census is 895, lower than Jharkhand average of 948.
In Kabisa village population of children with age 0-6 is 208 which makes up 15.83 % of total population of village. Average Sex Ratio of Kabisa village is 910 which is lower than Jharkhand state average of 948. Child Sex Ratio for the Kabisa as per census is 1019, higher than Jharkhand average of 948.
Korga village has lower literacy rate compared to Jharkhand. In 2011, literacy rate of Korga village was 50.73 % compared to 66.41 % of Jharkhand. In Korga Male literacy stands at 63.26 % while female literacy rate was 38.02 %.
Kabisa village has lower literacy rate compared to Jharkhand. In 2011, literacy rate of Kabisa village was 64.47 % compared to 66.41 % of Jharkhand. In Kabisa Male literacy stands at 78.63 % while female literacy rate was 48.56 %.
As per constitution of India and Panchyati Raaj Act, Korga village is administrated by Sarpanch (Head of Village) who is elected representative of village.
As per constitution of India and Panchyati Raaj Act, Kabisa village is administrated by Sarpanch (Head of Village) who is elected representative of village.
In Korga village out of total population, 825 were engaged in work activities. 6.18 % of workers describe their work as Main Work (Employment or Earning more than 6 Months) while 93.82 % were involved in Marginal activity providing livelihood for less than 6 months. Of 825 workers engaged in Main Work, 6 were cultivators (owner or co-owner) while 19 were Agricultural labourer. [16]
In Kabisa village out of total population, 592 were engaged in work activities. 16.22 % of workers describe their work as Main Work (Employment or Earning more than 6 Months) while 83.78 % were involved in Marginal activity providing livelihood for less than 6 months. Of 592 workers engaged in Main Work, 20 were cultivators (owner or co-owner) while 9 were Agricultural labourer. [17] 25
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Latitude 24°12'56.0"N Longitude 83°38'39.3"E Area: 30ha Height from sea level: 788.096 ft Closest school: Nps Pahari Tola Silidag - 10km
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29
CLIMA DATA
There are three well-defined seasons in Jharkhand. The cold-weather season, from November to February, is the most pleasant part of the year. The hot-weather season lasts from March to mid-June. The season of the southwest monsoon, from mid-June to October, brings nearly all of the stateâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s annual rainfall, which ranges from about 40 inches (1,000 mm) in the west-central part of the state to more than 60 inches (1,500 mm) in the southwest. Nearly half of the annual precipitation falls in July and August.
Climate information in Garhwa
Seasons
[18]
Wind speed information
[19]
30
Wind direction (according to Ranchi airport)
Seasons
Mosoon July - October
Summer season March - June [15]
[19]
31
Winter season November - February
Financial principles: No profit - No loss basis
Farming (animal and agriculture) • Areas for cattle grazing and shelter must be made available for each family. (Enough area in each private garden) • Enough area for community harvesting (in the garden plus extra in the village) • Logical pathways for cattle and agriculture
• The funds generated out of sale of the buildings will compensate the cost of the houses given to poor who are not able to pay fully for their houses. • Any profit will be re-invested in imporoving and developing the village further.
SUSTAI COMM Income genetaring activities and facilities
Water management
• Several possibilities will be given to the locals to improve their economical and social situation • Workshops and training courses will be organized for skill devlopements such innovational agriculture methods, carpentry, private business start-ups, innovative business ideas etc. • People are able to implement shops or service facilities in their house • Market places and street bazaars will be available for selling and trading the local goods • Different business ideas will be introduced and made available • Big areas for agriculture and animal farming for people to produce local products • Production centres for earth bricks and wooden products
• Provision of clean drinking water • Implementation of proper drainage corridors • Wells: used to retain water and made available in public spaces • Private water tanks: made available for each household to collect the rainwater from the roof • Warka water towers: innovative way yo collect rainwater for the community and create social places. • Water re-use workshops will be held as it is an important part of the sustainable village
Waste
• Zero-waste policy • Educational workshops about waste will be held • Different strategies will be implemented to keep the village clean and healthy • Strong waste management to form community • Community of enviromentalconcious people must be formed
Community
• Green areas will be implemented to create a social network • Provide multiple use of space • Community meetings for community developement • Good road network for cars and pedestrians 32
Sanitation
Building and plot methology
• Each household will be provided with a technical wall that has all the connections pre-installed • Cleaning, showering and toillet facilities are projected in each household • Workshops will be held for proper sanitation to educate people
• Buildings must be designed as low cost as possible to be available even for the poorest • The building must be durable and have a long life span • The construction and design must be simple so people will be able to build themselves • Only basic building cores will be provided • Occupants can later on extend according to their need and financial capacity • Materials and technical knowhow assistance will be provided • Plots must be big enough to accomodate a big family (23 sq.m per person) • Good road infrastucture must be provided
INABLE MUNTY Involving the people
• Self-construction - people anre involved in building the houses • Each family can adjust their own house in terms of painting (color), window design etc. • People's needs must be considered • Users will be involved in the housing process at every level - from choosing the plot till the completion of the house
Construction and materials
• Local materials and traditional style will be used • Earth blocks and wooden products can be produced inside the village (material banks) • Design team will act as a general regulator providing technical supervision • Recycled materials must be used • Building materials that can be easily re-used after, without breaking the natural environment cycle, must be used. • Low cost materials and construction methods must be used • Materials with long life span must be used
Education
• It is important to invest into education as young people are the future and must be educated • School big enough will be projected within the village to educate all the kids • Workshops will be held to teach people general and contemporary knowledge
33
34
Learning from the locals
35
Minerals in Jharkhand Jharkhand also has immense mineral resources: minerals ranging from (ranking in the country within bracket) from iron ore (1st), coal(3rd), copper ore (1st), mica (1st), bauxite (3rd), Manganese, limestone, china clay, fire clay, graphite (8th), kainite (1st), chromite (2nd), thorium (3rd), sillimanite, uranium (Jaduguda mines, Narwa Pahar) (1st), gold (Rakha Mines) (6th), silver and several other minerals. [20]
36
Most common building materials used in Jharkhand
Recycled materials to be used in the building
Roof
Glass bottles
Used blankets and cloths
Clay pots
Grate boxes
Walls
Locally available materials
Coal
Mud
Iron ore
Floors
Lime stone
Bamboo
Wood
Mangalore tiles [20]
[19] [20] 37
Traditional houses in India HO Village in Jharkhand Whole village is situated in the dense forest area hence wood & mud became the main construction material of the house. Rice is their staple food hence storage space is prominent feature of every house. They followed the practice of cremating as well as buried the dead. Offerings to the departed soul are made everyday during pollution period, which may last up to 14 days all these activities are done in courtyard. Earlier mud & wood are the most cheaply available resources now stones are becoming popular as major mine fields are opened. The “HO” village has following basic spaces to define. • The sacred grove near the village called Dessauli. • The meeting & dancing ground called Akhara. • The main village streets, pond, well & bore well. Formally the houses were thatched with wild grass, walls being made of mud (murrum-mud brick). Now the wild grass (SAIU) has given way to paddy straw (BUSU) or country tiles (KECHO). Now walls are also being made of stones that are coming out as mining waste. Every unit has following spaces to define: • The house • The kitchen garden beside • The burial ground • The outside cattle space and • The compost The house doesn’t have any bath and toilet room as all this activities are carried out side the village. The house is completely protected by well defined boundary. Boundary can be made of mud, stone or wild bushes, this is done to prevent other’s cattle entering the house. There is well defined level difference in the house. For example, the level of storage room decrease continually so person should not bang the door carrying the food grains to the room. Courtyard is generally the lowest level of all the house. So that water should not go inside there is also well drainage of rain water. [23] 38
Traditional houses in India Assam If Tamilian architecture focused on the heat, the Assamese had concerns regarding the seismic activity. The main thing to keep in mind here is â&#x20AC;&#x201C; lightweight. These quaint little houses were, at the most, one storey high and constructed from material like bamboo and timber with metal sheets or thatch used for the roofing. These traditional house designs feature bamboo walls raised by stilts and typically found in hilly regions; this construction was inspired by the frequent flooding and landslides. In general, homes are one storey high due to the threat of earthquakes. These houses are also an extremely social creation with open spaces at both ends for people to be seated. Most of these Indian house plans feature gardens in the out front where some families cultivate some of their own crops. The kitchen usually lies at the heart of the house in this joint family culture. [22]
39
Traditional houses in India Punjab These homes revolve around an agricultural, joint family culture set within a rustic yet elegant house. The main identifier of a Punjabi traditional house plan is the courtyard with small flower beds or a small orchard in the centre of it, here you have your celebrations and pujas, and some of these Indian house designs have doors leading into their neighbor’s’ yards. These houses are composed entirely of baked bricks with timber doors, ideal for the sweltering heat. A cattle pen is usually set within the courtyard – the one feature that hasn’t carried forward to the urban version. The baithak, or living room, lies at the centre of the family’s socialising with simple furniture like charpais spread out. All other rooms lie lateral to it with the courtyard leading off it and a door that opens out to the street. Meanwhile, the verandah that runs all along the house is where most household activities and daily female socialising take place. All this lies wrapped behind a baked boundary wall with idyllic painted doors leading into the street or the next door house. [22]
40
Traditional houses in India Tamil Nadu South India’s traditional architecture is sometimes considered synonymous with the state of Tamil Nadu’s Agrahara-style neighbourhoods. A classical Tamil house exemplifies the state’s primarily Hindu roots with these Agrahara, or Agraharam, Brahmin houses, considered a staple example of their architecture. Each house had a wide verandah out front or one that ran around the house called a thinnai where you could relax or socialise away from the heat of the day. Large, ornate wooden pillars supported the terracotta roof of the thinnai. Interestingly enough, while the terracotta is now considered typical, it was a luxury when it first began and only the rich received special permission from royalty to use it. The most extravagant piece in any of these houses, which is a feature that survives to this day, is the front door, which is always intricately carved. Another feature of these traditional house plans includes the red oxide coated floors, which are known to retain coolness even in the warmer seasons. The thatch or tile roof kept the heat at bay, and the sun-baked brick or mud walls had antiseptic properties keeping insects away. Bamboo was woven into mats to sit on or to use as walls. The culture surrounding these beautiful houses was communal as most of the village was involved in the construction. Trees outside the owner’s property could not be felled without the village elders’ permission; carpenters were involved in this and the creation of the ornate pillars and doors. [22]
41
42
Typologies and purposes of built and unbuilt areas in the villge
43
Unbuilt areas Open spaces typologies and purposes
STREET BAZAAR
MARKET
RECREATIONAL GREEN
USERS: residents, passengers
USERS: residents, passengers
USERS: residents, neighbourood
FUNCTION: commercial activities
FUNCTION: commercial & social activities
FUNCTION: social area, playground, recreatinal activities
LOCATION: on public squares, proximity to residences
LOCATION: near institutional buildings, cental area
ACCESS: public, by car road or walking path
ACCESS: public, by walking path or car road
ELEMENTS: shops, temporary stands, pushcharts
ELEMENTS: stands, pushcharts, shadow provision
ACCESS: public, by walking path or cars, from educaional buildings
PROBLEMS: vehicular traffic on the same roads
PROBLEMS: -
LOCATION: along main streets, front yards, in relation to central area
ELEMENTS: shadow, swings, playground, bences, football field, open air theatre PROBLEMS: needs maintainance
44
PUBLIC GREEN
PRIVATE OPEN SPACE
GRAZING AREA
USERS: residents, neighbourhood
USERS: residents
USERS: cattle, sheep, goats
FUNCTION: social meetings, collective use, relaxing, playing
FUNCTION: private area, can be used as seen by each family - agriculture, catlle shelter
FUNCTION: food and moving space for animals
LOCATION: direct or close proximity to every household
LOCATION: around the house
ACCESS: public, closely connected to movement path and residendcial areas
ACCESS: private only by family
ELEMENTS: bences, vegetation, shadow, grass
PROBLEMS: more space required in the future
ELEMENTS: fence, adaptable
PROBLEMS: needs maintainance
LOCATION: private areas behind the house + green area along the hill, furthest to the main road ACCESS: private, by the cattle pathway ELEMENTS: fence, shadow, bond PROBLEMS: nessecity for more land
45
Built areas Typologies and purposes
EDUCATIONAL BUILDINGS INCLUDES: School, Daycare, Workshops PURPOSE: educatuonal USERS: children, some adults GROWTH: additive NO. OF STUDENTS: 1400 SIZE: 1400 sq.m DENSITY: high LOCATION: close to main road, central
TEMPLES PURPOSE: spiritual, praying USERS: everybody in the village
PUBLIC SERVICES INCLUDES: Medical centre, Police, Shops, Trash Collection
QUANTITY: 3
USERS: everybody in the village, passengers
AVERAGE SIZE: 36 sq.m
DESIGNER: user + craftsman
MATERIALS: stone, brick, wood
GROWTH: additive
DESIGNER: user + craftsman
DENSITY: medium
GROWTH: additive
LOCATION: central or integrated into individual dwellings
GEOMETRY: symbolic, traditional DENSITY: high LOCATION: spread equally across the village
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COMMUNITY BUILDING
INCLUDES: meeting rooms, public rooms PURPOSE: village council meetings, public meetings, citizen service USERS: village council members, villagers who participate in meetings ACCESS: public DENSITY: medium
MATERIAL BANKS
PERSONNEL UNITS
PURPOSE: Wood poduction, Earth blocks
INCLUDES: 2 bedrooms, living room, kitchen, bathroom+toilet
USERS: wood and masonry workers
QUANTITY: 720 units
QUANTITY: 1 for each production line
SIZE: Basic unit 39 sq.m
DESIGN: by users + craftsman, shelter at first
MATERIALS: local stone, earth blocks, wood, concrete + recycled materials
GROWTH: additive DESIGNER: user + craftsman DENSITY: low LOCATION: further away from most residendial building due to noise
47
DESIGNER: architect + users GROWTH: additive / incremental DENSITY: flexible (depending on family)
v
48
Solutions and design proposals
49
50
Masterplan Site area: No of dwelling units Density
Area distribution
Property distribution in the village (estimation)
51
34.8 ha 701 20 Units/ha
I am a farmer. I would need a place to sell the fresh vegetables and fruits.
Responding to social need For comfortable living, a village must have
I like to perform traditional dances, it relaxes me and this way I can express myself.
-open space for free air and sunlight -high level ground with beautiful environment, having easy drainage facilities -drinking water facility -vicinity of educational institutions, hospital, commercial centres and other institutions that provide social security
Cows are part of our family, we need enough space for them.
-nearness to railway station or bus stands for better communication -soil of high bearing capacity to economize foundation cost
We don't like hot weather, we need shadow and enough drinking water.
-availability of building materials -nearness of energy lines -good neighbourhood and safety
Religion is an important part of our culture. We need places where we can feel close to God.
People are different and have different needs. However, everybody must have a fulfilled life and everybody's needs must be considered. A research should be made among the villagers to find out what are their needs.
I want to learn to read and about my countrys traditions and values.
We want to play football and hang out with other kids. 52
53
Determining the drainage system
Water network
The general drainage line is from south to north towards the Sone river, which forms part of the north boundary of the district. The main rivers in the district are Koel and its tributaries. [24]
1. The village 2. Danro River 16 km 3. North Koel River 30 km 4. Sone river 51 km 5. Kanhar River 43,5 km
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stage 1
The slope of the site The site is on a flast surface, however, there is a small hill on the backside on the plot.
stage 2
The rain path The hill behind the plot will direct the rainwater on the plot, towards the main road
stage 3
The road network The roads are placed according to the rain path so the water can run off the site from the roads and not from the green areas.
stage 4
The drain corridors
The drain corridors are placed on the vertial road network to direct the rainwater off the site towards the main road
55
Site analysis
1
2
56
3
1
Road hierarchy
2
Distances on the site
3
Time distance on the site
57
DESIGN
JOINT FAMILY SYSTEM
- mother - father - 2 kids - father's mother
- kitchen
BASIC CORE
- bathroom - living room - 2 bedrooms
A technical wall and a basic core house is given to each family. The scope is that people can later on imporove their house accorning to individual needs The rooms are placed so that the kitchen and toilet are on the each side of the technical wall. Living room is connected with the kitchen for family socializing. Bedrooms are placed in the north to keep them cooler in order to provide good night sleep This samll house should satisfy the basic needs of each family, giving them adequate sanitary access and enough living space. However, people are of course welcomed to use these rooms according to their needs. Basic core area: 39
sq.m 58
Area for expanding the house
Enough room for cows
Trees to protect from sun Possibility for agriculture
3
6
1
1
5
3
11
6
1
5
5
15
4
A big consideration is put into the orientaton of the house. As summers get really warm in India, the southern side must be protected from sun. The area for expansion is placed in the south as it will possibly be a terrace, a garage, a workshop or a shop. This way the habitable rooms will be protected from the excess heat. Also there is space to plant trees - they act as shading from the sun.
Individual plot area: 165 sq.m Usable green area:
126 sq.m
Recommended plot area per person is 23 sq.m According to that, the plot is easily suitable for six persons.
59
Elevations
WEST
SOUTH
EAST
Wall height: 2,76 m Roof slope: 2 deg. The windows and brick jali is planned so that the future expansion is made simple - windows can be turned into doors and brick jali wall is easy to break down to create a possible open space. Stong corners are planned (rat trap bond corners) to make the breaking of the wall possible and simple in the future.
Fully customizable to each family's need
60
NORTH
INCREMENTAL strategy In india, the families are usually quite big and are constantly growing. Therefore, they need options for expanding their house over time as needed. There are many different ways and possibilities people can later on expand their house.
Technical wall with all the installations pre-installed is given to each family
Bathroom and kitchen on the each side of the wall
39 sq.m house planned for each family
There is sufficient space in the garden for vertical expansion. Each squared area is about 9 sq.m big.
61
Further on, the building can be expanded vertically due to flat filler slab roof and staircase planned in the up right corner.
FOR A GARDENER
SCENARIO 1
1
1
l ve Le
l ve Le
2
2
l ve Le
l ve Le
62
FOR A GROWING FAMILY
SCENARIO 2
l ve Le 1 l ve Le
63
2
FOR A CARPENTER AND SHOP OWNER
SCENARIO 3
l 11 veel Le v Le
l ve Le 1 2
l 22 veel Le v Le
l ve Le
64
SCENARIO 4
COMBINATION
l ve Le 1 l ve Le
65
2
66
Construction strategies and material proposals
67
68
learning from Laurie Baker ` Laurie Baker (2 March 1917 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 1 April 2007) was a British-born Indian architect, renowned for his initiatives in cost-effective energy-efficient architecture and designs that maximized space, ventilation and light and maintained an uncluttered yet striking aesthetic sensibility. He went to India in 1945 in part as a missionary and since then lived and worked in India for over 50 years [25] His principles: - Use only locally available materials - Cost-effectiveness - Avoid energy-intensive materials - Wastage minimization - High quality, low cost buildings - Eco-friendly - Sustainable architecture - If there are any trees on the plot, we should include them in the project - Use less bricks to achieve more - Unit must be carefullt placed on plot so there is room for extension - Keep the client in mind [25]
BRICK JALI WHAT Perforated stone or latticed screen, usually with an ornamental pattern constructed through the use of calligraphy and geometry.
WHY - It's one of Indiaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s oldest methods of letting filtered light and ventilation into a building but maintaining privacy and security. - Diffuses the glaze of direct sunlight. - Effective way to minimize electricity bills. - One square foot of window can cost up to ten times the cost of the simple brick per stone wall it replaces. Jalis are cost effective solution for that. - Can be less costly that brick wall in general.
HOW - The holes can be extended vertically or there can be alternating sections of one row of holes. - When lating out a brick wall of a specific length, always first lay out one row of bricks. This may leave a small gap, or over-run the end of the wall followed by 2 or 3 rows of holes, then a single for again and so on.
69
WALLS - RAT TRAP BOND WHY - It is as strong as the other bonds but uses 20-35% less bricks and 30-50% less mortar - The cavity in the rat trap bond wall ensures good insulation from heat and cold - By adopting rat-trap bond method one can create aesthetically pleasing wall surface and plastering can be avoided - By adopting this method it is possible to reduce in the material cost of bricks by 25% and about 10 to 15% of the masonry cost compared to traditional English or Flemish bond masonry - The walls have approx. 20% less dead weight and hence the foundations and other supporting structural members can suitably be designed, this gives an added advantage of cost saving for foundation.
HOW - The rat-trap bond is laid by placing the bricks on their sides having a cavity of 80mm, with alternate course of stretchers and headers.The headers and stretchers are staggered in subsequent layers to give more strength to the walls. - Make sure mortar is not too wet - Use a 3'' wide strip of wood, laid over the central cavity and place the mortar on both sides of it. - No mortar is required on the middle cross brick! THREATS - This can be ruined by a poor mason carelessly slopping mortar into the cavity while he is building. - The other disadvantage is in using concealed wiring and plumbing. If you break one brick, then more than one brick will fall down.
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FOUNDATIONS WHAT Rubble masonry placed in 50 cm wide trench. It can be dry masonry or mud mortar. For higher masonry walls, cement mortar (1:10) can be used.
WHY - Random rubble masonry is extensively used as foundation at places where stones are readily available. - Take the foundation 45 cm higher and to create built-in chair or bed
HOW - When digging out the trenches for the foundation walls, do not scatter the soil all over the place. Keep it altogether in the middle as it will be needed for infilling. (It is always wise to pile the excavated soil between the plinth walls to prevent cost of future filling). - When soil is poor and soft â&#x20AC;&#x201C; it is usual to dig a wide trench and cover the bottom with concrete. On this a wide stone wall 50-60cm is built on top of that. - When the soil is strong and hard there is no need for either to concrete or the layer of thick stone work. - It is important to make bricks, blocks and stones on both sides of a wall interlock with each other - For small houses (especially for sinlgle storey ones) there is no need to build upper brick walls over the middle of the foundation -Set the upper wall over the outer half of the foundation walls. It prevents rain seepage
FLOORS 1. Use local materials 2. Remember that cement is energy intensive and should not be used if there is a good local alternative. 3. Tile (unglazed) floors are traditional and effective. 4. In many areas there is a local flooring stone available. Where so, use it.
71
SLOPING SITES - Don't build on the outer edge of the terrace. You would need to build a strong expensive retaining wall - Build the house along the middle of the terrace and use a lonf retangular plan, not a square one - In the terraces are narrow it is sometimes possible to build a "stepped house".
DOORS WHAT - Doors do not have to have frames, panels, etc.
WHY - Cost will be much less than half the cost of a normal door.
HOW -A few planks can be fixed with strap hinges to form a stong door. - A little bit of cutting can give a small pattern
WINDOWS WHAT - A simple 2,5 cm thick, 23cm wide plank of wood, with a rounded protrusion at both ends.
WHY - A window with a frame and a shutter, with glass, and perhaps a metal grill, is very costly. - Even when it is open, no one can climb through the two 10 cm openings, so no grill is required
HOW - The plank will fit into 2 strips of wood (30 or 35 cm long, 8 cm wide) - If a larger window is needed, put 2 or 3 in a row 72
ROOF - FILLER SLABS WHAT Normal RCC slabs where the bottom half (tension) concrete portions are replaced by filler material such as Mangalore tiles, bricks, cellular concrete blocks, coconut shells, glass bottles etc. WHY -Concrete is very good in withstanding compressive forces and steel bears the load due to tensile forces. Thus the lower tensile region of the slab does not need any concrete except for holding the steel reinforcements together. Therefore, it can be replaced by low-cost and light weight filler materials - This technique saves energy-consuming concrete - Reduces the unwanted dead load of roofing. - Almost maintainance free - This roofing costs 30-35% less than conventionally used concrete roofing - It is thermally comfortable and has no health hazards HOW - The filler materials are laid in the grids of steel reinforcement rods (6mm or 8mm dia.), and concreting is done over them - The grid size depends upon the design, span, and the material used. - The slab thickness is 10 centimeters
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Earth blocks
Material selection criteria Reused Locally available
Low embodied energy
Recyclable Material selection criteria
Energy efficient Salvaged
Biodegradable Cost saving Non toxic
Rat-trap bond
Pollution preventing
Material and construction alternatives to save cost
Fired clay bricks
Earth blocks
Cement
Lime
RCC Concrete slab Concrete floor
Filler slab Leftovers of earth blocks used in walls
Windows with frame
English flemish bond
Earth block material banks are set up in the village to provide the neccessary wall material. The soil, raw or stabilized, for a compressed earth block is slightly moistened, poured into a steel press (with or without stabiliser) and then compressed either with a manual or motorized press. Cement or lime are usually used for stabilizing. Earth is a local material and the soil can be extracted from the site. It is 4 times less energy consuming than country fired bricks and it also saves costs. [27]
Mangalore tiles Earth blocks Hollow Concrete blocks Stabilized Mud blocks Clay pots Coconut shells Glass bottles
Windows without frame
Standard brick size in India is 230 x 110 x 75 mm. In rat trap bond, the bricks are placed in vertical position, so that 110 mm face is seen from front elevation, instead of the 75mm face. Since width of wall remains 230mm, an internal cavity is created. This is where material is saved and thus overall construction cost is reduced. Cavity provides effective thermal and sound insulation. This makes rat trap bond energy and cost efficient building technology. [26] For 1 m3 of rat trap bond, 470 bricks are required compared to conventional brick wall where a total of 550 bricks are required. [26]
Brick jali Rat trap bond
Brick jali and t-junction connection
Recycling the building materials Rubble masonry Concrete
Re-use again or use as aggregate Aggregate
Filler materials
New filler material
Steel
New steel
Wood Earth blocks
Make new construction materials or furniture. Use as compost heap Leftovers used in other constructions. Aggregate or inert earth for making new blocks.
74
Corner connection
General construction
GREEN ROOF (optional) Acts as an insulator, absorbing the direct heat from sun, keeping the slab cool WHITE LIME WASH (optional) Acts like a reflective layer and helps the slab to remain cool throughout the summer. It has to be re-applied annualy after the mosoon as the rain washes it off. FILLER SLAB (100 mm) Saves about 19% of the total concrete and around 5-10% of the concrete cost. Filler material can be any kind of recyceled material, eg.mangalore tiles, earth blocks, glass bottles, coconut shells etc. EARTH BLOCKS RAT-TRAP BOND Earth blocks production save energy and are more enviromental friendly compared to regular fired clay bricks. Rat trap bond method reduces the cost 20-30 %. It also needs approx. 20-35% less bricks and 3050% less mortar. Wall thickness: 230 mm No of courses: 23 FRAMELESS , WOOD Simple wooden planks with rounded protrusion at both ends, fixed into 2 strips of wood, are used for windows. Doors are as well simple wooden planks. Half of the total cost is saved on frames. EARTH BLOCK REMAINS AND UNGLAZED TILES The ground slab (150mm) is made of boken earth block pieces (this saves wastage of earth blocks from wall), over which a mortar layer is laid and tiles are placed over it.
Wall with window
RUBBLE MASONRY Stone is readily available in the region. They are placed in a 50cm wide, 70cm deep trench and interlocked with eachother.
• Reinforcement bars are put horizontally and cavity is then filled with concrete to create lintels. • On the bottom, top and on the sides of the window, a solid row sould be placed in case of needing to fix window frames. • First layer (bottom) and last layer (top) of the wall should be solid (without cavity). • Reinforcement bars can be put in vertical cavities at corners and around openings to improve earthquake resistance 75
76
Heat protection
77
HOW TO PROTECT FROM EXESSIVE SUN HEAT?
SUN PROTECTION
"Roads have twisted in the heat. Hospitals are overwhelmed by thousands of dehydrated people, the poor, the elderly and children among the worst hit. Urgent instructions to wear wide-brimmed hats and light-coloured cotton clothes, use umbrellas and drink lots of fluid have been issued by the government." [28] This is how The Guardian describes Indian summer. The climate in India can get very hot. This is why it is important to take measures in making the houses "heat proof".
Low degrees (December)
10 °
High degrees (May)
41 °
- overhang above windows - window shades - trees around the house - smart orientation (no habitable rooms or big windows in south) - materials and surfaces with high solar reflection capacities - garage in south - terrace with a roof in south - heat insulationg walls - cross ventilation
Winter sun path
Summer sun path
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WINTER
SUMMER
50°
9 am
80°
22°
11 am
90°
42°
12 pm
50° 15 pm
22°
22° POSSIBLE MEASURES TO BE TAKEN
79
Construction precautions to protect from sun heat
Cavity in rat trap bond acts as thermal insulation, keeping the heat away
White, lime washed roof surface, reflects the sun heat
42°
Small windows in the south
Windows made from wood protect from and can be rotated according to need.
80
Possible add-ons to protect from sun heat
Roof overhang will hide some of the sun and window planters absorb the heat from the breeze and help humidify the dry air circulating in.
Placing a terrace with a roof or a garage will protect the southern rooms from the sun.
Window blinds and tees also offer shadow from the sun.
81
VENTILATION
Wind ventilation Wind ventilation is a kind of passive ventilation that uses the force of the wind to pull air through the building. Wind ventilation is the easiest, most common, and often least expensive form of passive cooling and ventilation.
Cross ventilation When placing ventilation openings, place inlets and outlets to optimize the path air follows through the building. Placing windows or vents on opposite sides of the building gives natural breezes a pathway through the structure.
Wind patterns in Jharkhand Start of the season
End of the season
Winter season N
N
N
N
Summer season
Mosoon season
N
N
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The openings are planned so that the air can nicely flow through the house ...
83
t c a
Solar power Supports and investors Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar Mission
Lack of electricity infrastructure is one of the main hurdles in the development of rural India. India's grid system is considerably under-developed, with major sections of its populace still surviving off-grid.
Launched in January 2010 by the Goverment of India. The objective is to achieve large-scale deployment of Solar Energy Systems and also to assist domestic production of critical raw materials, components and products to achieve grid parity by 2022. [32]
There are 300 million people in India without power; 400 million people are supplied erratic power; more than half the population of India does not get proper power.
As part of this mission the Government has initiated
a subsidy scheme to help individuals and organizations procure these Solar Energy Systems at reduced capital costs. The scheme is being implemented by IREDA (Indian Renewable Energy Development Agency Ltd.) through NABARD (National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development). [34]
Developments in cheap solar technology are considered as a potential alternative that allows an electricity infrastructure consisting of a network of local-grid clusters with distributed electricity generation India is endowed with huge solar energy potential. Due to its geo-physical location receives solar energy equivalent to nearly 5,000 trillion kWh/year, which is far more than the total energy consumption of the country today.
The scheme that was last modified on 15th March 2012 provides 40% subsidy on capital costs of Solar PV Systems for units located in both urban and rural areas in India. [34]
World bank
Power generation from solar thermal energy is still in the experimental stages in India. The daily average solar power plant generation capacity over India is 0.25 kWh per m2 of used land area. The Up till now, Indiaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s energy base has been more on conventional energy like coal and oil.
The World Bank announced lately that it will lend India $750 million to build rooftop solar panels. Indiaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s rooftop solar industry will use the money to finance the installation of 400 megawatts of rooftop solar power. [30]
The government is working at revising the solar power generation target to 100,000 MW for 2022 from the current 20,000 MW.
Average solar power unit costs Rs. 5500 ($83)
Madhya Pradesh unit costs Rs. 5 Rs.1 = 0.013 euros
Indian carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from energy use increased by 8.1 percent in 2014
Worldâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s fastest-growing producer of the greenhouse gases contributing to global warming
Madhya Pradesh is set to be home to the cheapest solar power. Companies that have bid for projects floated by the Madhya Pradesh Power Management Company are ready to sell solar energy to the state for as less as Rs 5 per unit for a period of over 20 years. According to energy experts, the offer is lower than the global average price of Rs 6.10 per unit and even beats the cost at which the Delhi government buys from thermal power companies.[30] 84
Solar power situation in India
ca 300 sunny days
Solar power potential
749 GW
Actual solar power capacity
4,68 GW (30.nov 2015)
The target
100 GW by 2022
State wise installed solar panels in different states Jharkhand
16.186 MW
Madhya Pradesh 776.370 MW Rajasthan 1269.932 mW [33] [35] [36]
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Energy production from solar power [29]
Energy production in India [29]
One solar panel produces 1kWh per day
Requirement example 100 W light bulb 3 hours per day
0.3 kWh
Recommended solar panel angles Winter
Spring / Autumn
Summer
44 deg
67 deg
90 deg
Solar panels can be installed to each individual dwelling, and can be used according to familys need. Public solar panels can be installed to provide energy for street lamps, providing light and contributing into night-time activities.
86
87
88
Farming
89
Occupation in the village (estimation)
Animals in Garhwa
Source: [37]
Animals in the village (estimation)
90
Animal farming Cow as the sacred animal Cow dung is one of the main fuels in rural India and also served as a fertilizer. Most of villagers in India spray fresh cow dung mixed with water in front of the houses to repel insects. It is also dried into cake like shapes and used as replacement for firewood. It can be collected and used to produce biogas to generate electricity and heat. The gas is rich in methane and is used in rural areas for a renewable and stable source of electricity. [40]
In Hinduism, the cow is refferred as the source of food and symbol of life and may never be killed. All the 33 gods have cow as their prime temple. In ancient India, oxen and bulls were sacrificed to the gods and their meat was eaten. But even then the slaughter of milk-producing cows was prohibited. Verses of the Rigveda refer to the cow as Devi (goddess), identified with Aditi (mother of the gods) herself.
Cow dung and cow urine is also thought to be an disinfectant among ancient Indians and used to clean up home. In Hinduism, cow urine has a special significance as a drink. Sprinkling of cow urine is said to have a spiritual cleansing effect. It is a seed protector, mosquitoes repellent and an ingredient in making bricks and can also treat skin sores. Cow urine has also various medicinal valuessome use it to treat acne. In Ayurveda (holistic healing system), Gomutra (usuage of cow urine in medicine) is claimed to be helpful in the treatment of leprosy and cancer. A mixture of gomutra, Triphala, and cow milk is used for the treatment of Anaemia. It is also used in the treatment of fever by mixing it with black pepper, yoghurt, and ghee (ghrita). [41]
Even when meat-eating was permitted, the ancient Vedic scriptures encouraged vegetarianism. One scripture says, "There is no sin in eating meat... but abstention brings great rewards." (The Laws of Man, V/56). Later, in the spiritually fertile period that produced Jainism and Buddhism, Hindus stopped eating beef. This was mostly like for practical reasons as well as spiritual. It was expensive to slaughter an animal for religious rituals or for a guest, and the cow provided an abundance of important products, including milk, browned butter for lamps, and fuel from dried dung. The cow remains a protected animal in Hinduism today and Hindus do not eat beef. Most rural Indian families have at least one dairy cow, a gentle spirit who is often treated as a member of the family.
Hindu scriptures have always considered milk as among the highest forms of food - Satvic. Cow's milk is believed to have a great calming effect and improves meditation. [40]
Despite its big size, a cow is a calm animal and nonthreatening. Hindus have always appreciated the tolerance, patience and calmness of the cow. In some ways, cows for Indians are like the pets in the Western Culture. They are the animals they have in their homes and form a special bonding with. [38] [39] [40]
http://www.religionfacts.com/cow-taboo
A product of cow's milk - ghee (clarified butter) - is used for Yajna (fire worship). Fire worship is the highest form prayer for Hindus. This adds religious significance to cow's products. [39]
91
"The cow is the purest type of sub-human life" - M.K.Gandhi
Why cow is MOTHER
About one cubic foot of gas may be generated from one pound of cow manure at around 28°C. This is enough gas to cook a dayâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s meals for 4-6 people in India. [40]
Health
Through Panchagavya
Wealth
One cow's waste can produce enough electricity to light two 100-watt light bulbs for 24 hours a day. The energy is fed onto the electrical system for distribution to customers.[40]
Through increased production
Developement
Of Swadeshi independence
Environment Purified spiritually
Cattle walking path Green area for cattle: 48 288 sq.m (excluding private yards)
92
Area needed for 1 cow: 6
sq.m
In the village
An average rural Indian family has 1-2 cows
420 households own cattle (60 % of total population) 150 households have cattle as main income (estimation)
HOUSEHOLDS
Every house has space behind their backyard for keeping the cows inside the fence. 36 sq.m can fit 6 cows
TOTAL 701
animal farming 203
cattle as main income 150 has a cow or two 420 TOTAL 1500 (estimation)
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Marketing strategies for cattle products
Cattle herder
HOME SELLER
PRODUCTION
Some cattle herders sell URINE, DUNG or MILK to other cattle herders who produce MEDICINE, FUEL or DAIRY
Cattle herder
Home based business
Some cattle herders produce and sell MEDICINE, FUEL or DAIRY at home based business. They are likely to sell also other's production
Cattle herder
Others family shop
Some cattle herders produce MEDICINE, FUEL or DAIRY which are sold in others family shop
MARKET SELLER
HOUSE SELLER
Other cattle herder
Cattle herder
Local market
Some cattle herders produce and sell MEDICINE, FUEL or DAIRY in the local market
94
Agriculture Grazing area
COW
farmer
fertilizer
MILK
DUNG
URINE
proccess workers collection and production
DAIRY
BIO-FUEL sellers
buyers
LOCAL ECONOMY DEVELOPEMENT 95
MEDICINE
agriculture
Agriculture is a predominant activity for 80% of the district population
Garhwa lies partially under the rain shadow area and often haunted by drought. Although yearly average rainfall is sufficient for agriculture work but unequal distribution of seasonal rain affects the main crops badly. During summer season water level of the district goes down and large number of villages have to face scarcity of water. Due to drought a section of agricultural labour migrated every year to nearby district of other state for employment and livelihood. [37] [42]
In Garhwa district 28,3% of the area is under irrigation. Cropping intensity is 128%. [37]
Irrigation
Agriculture in the district is characterized by the low level of irrigation at 30% of the net sown area. Surface water which includes ponds, check dams, canals, lift irrigation points and ground water which includes dugwells and bore-wells are the sources of irrigation. However, due to development work of the Govt. and Minor & Major irrigational work in recent years agricultural work has developed to a large extent.[42]
85% of the agricultural land holding belongs to small and marginal farmers and average size of the land holding works out to 0.85 ha per family. This has largely contributed to the low level of mechanised farm operations in the district. [42] Rice is the main staple food of the district and it is chiefly grown. Maize and wheat are other notable crops. Sugarcane, Oilseeds, Pulses and vegetables are also grown in the district the seed collection of sal, mahua, semal and other forest produce like lac, kendu leaves, etc are also part of income for some period there are 35730.50 hectars of agricultural land in the district. [37]
The Garhwa District is situated in a rocky hill region. Minor & lift irrigation schemes are more suitable for this region as they are economical to construct and have low gestation period and do not involve any major land acquisition problem or displacement of population. [42]
Agriculture is the mainstay of the economy in the district. Since the population of SC and ST is 49.57% of the total population and literacy rate is hardly 27.16% most of the farmers take up agriculture as subsistence enterprise. [42]
Kharif crops
Main crops grown in Garhwa
Source of irrigation in Garhwa:
Rabi crops
[42]
96
[42]
Potential vegetables to be grown: Eggplant Tomato Chilies
Ways to make agriculture proftible:
Potato Onion Garlic Peas The problem - no
marketing
• • • • • • • • •
Marketing methods to be intoduced and implemented Vegetable seed production programme to be included Action to be taken to complete the ongoing irrigation works There is potential for construction on checkdams Land leveling required, crop varieties suited for dry land Farming to be made available Seed villages to be set up Awarness creation of new farming techniques required Cold storage to be set up
Agriculture areas in the village
Area available for agriculture for each dwelling:
A great consideration is put into leaving as much space as possible for agriculture. This is importarnt for generating more jobs and creating a strong economic community.
max
88 sq.m
Area available for agriculture in the village (excluding private areas)
102,236 sq.m
Area for agriculture (ecxcluding the private gardens)
97
98
Water
99
Water situation Water is an important natural resource and is the very basis of our life. Water is a cyclic resource which can be used again and again after cleaning. The best way to conserve water is its judicious use.
The district is drought prone as it falls under rain shadow zone. Even before the onset of summer, residents of Garhwa are facing acute drinking water problem following depleting ground water table which has reached alarming levels posing a serious threat to normal life in the days to come. This besides, interrupted power supply has also added to the woes of people in Garhwa. The situation is likely to aggravate in summer as Dandro river, which is considered the lifeline of Garhwa town has also already dried up. [44]
WHO NEEDS WATER?
People
Animals
Agriculture
Manufacturing
The ground water table has depleted by about 0.9 - 1.9 meters compared to the previous year. This has resulted in all wells and ponds drying up leading to severe drinking water crisis in many localities. [44] The source of Ground Water recharge is entirely by rainfall. The rivers of the district are effluent which do not contain appreciable amount of water during lean period to recharge Ground water at lower reaches. Major part of the rain water goes as run off.[44]
Need for water 80 l water use per person per day. (average in India) [43] 701 dwellings 4 people in family 2800 people 224 000 l = 224 kl of water required per day 82 x 10^6 l = 82 000 kl of water per year
During pre-monsoon season in general the water level varies between 5 and 10 mbgl (meters below ground level) through out the district. Higher water level >10 mbgl are recorded in northern and southern part of the state. The water level in general the water level varies between 2 and 5 mbgl as through out the district. Higher water level > 5.00 mbgl are recorded in northern and southern part of the state. The net ground water availability has been assessed to be 31073.03 ham . The existing ground water draft for all uses has been assessed as 109586 ham. The net ground water availability for future irrigation has been assessed as 19305.88 ham. [44]
ca 200 l water use per cow per day. 400 cows water per day:m 80 000 l water per year: 29 * 10^6 l = ca 29 000 kl Agriculture will be one of the main uses for water, depending on the crop. Need for irrigation: 102,236 sq.m. This is excluding private areas, where people will have to find their own way for irrigation. For example, to produce 1kg of rice, about 5000l of water is required. That is 20 000 000l per ha, considering that 1 ha will yield about 400 kg of rice.
The available chemical analysed data reveals that ground water of the district is mainly alkaline in character (PH â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 8.3). The chemical constituents are within the tolerance limit as per the drinking water norms.[44]
When using cement stabilizers, it is very important to cure the cement by keeping the brick moist. This may mean watering twice a day for a couple of weeks and covering the wall with plastic or leaves to keep the sun and wind off and the moisture in. Not much water is needed for the mixture. Minimal moisture content results in better strength, water resistance, durability and thermal mass in the finished block
There is sufficient scope for shallow as well as deep borewells. State Government agency has been drilled a no. of borewells to minimize the drinking water problems in the district.[44] The depth of borewell ranges between 114.07 to 206 mbgl. The discharge of borewells ranges from 1.4 m3/hr. to 20.4m3/hr. The maximum draw down of the borewell is 30m below ground level.[44] 100
Rainwater harvesting
Rainwater potential in Garhwa
From the onset of the Monsoon by the middle of June, rainfall rapidly increases reaching the peak level in August and continued to till the September. The maximum precipitation occurs during July month. The average normal rainfall of the district as a whole is 1462.8. During winter season it hardly records 10 cm of rainfall.
Sites potential for rainwater
1mm rainfall = 1 litre of rainwater per sq.m Annual rainfall: 1462.8 mm = l / sq.m Area of the site: 34,8 ha - 348 000 sq.m Total rainwater on site: 509 x 10^6 mm
GOOD AVERAGE POOR J F M A M J J A S O N D
50% loss - percolation and run off (estimation) Annual average useful rainfall on the site: 255 x 10^6 mm = 255 000 000 l = 255
Methods Rooftop rainwater harvesting
One way to collect water is rooftop rainwater harvesting, where any suitable roof surface â&#x20AC;&#x201D; tiles, metal sheets, plastics, but not grass or palm leaf â&#x20AC;&#x201D; can be used to intercept the flow of rainwater in combination with gutters and downpipes (made from wood, bamboo, galvanized iron, or PVC) to provide a household with high-quality drinking water. A rooftop rainwater harvesting system might be a big underground storage tank, or it might be just a bucket, standing underneath a roof without a gutter. However,
underground storage tank should be used as
most of the rainfall is in mosoon season and this way the water can be stored for the whole year.
Rainwater harvesting systems have been used since antiquity, and examples abound in all the great civilizations throughout history. Underground storage tank should be used as most of the rainfall is in mosoon season and this way the water 101 can be stored for the whole year.
000 cu.m
Rainwater harvesting for IRRIGATION Gully plug and Contour bund
Construction of bunds will slow down the run of water in gradient lands where there are slopes, enabling stagnation and slow percolation. Trenches and a series of ponds are made where there are deep slopes. Water is stored in ponds and the overflowing water spreads and percolates saturating the entire area. Storing ponds are built along with canals in plain flat terrain. Canals have trenches. In between, recharging wells are built with proper de-silting arrangement. Guly plugs are constructed across a drainage ditch, swale, or channel to lower the speed of concentrated flows for a certain design range of storm events. A check dam can be built from wood logs, stone, pea gravel-filled sandbags or bricks and cement
Warka water tower
Daily water collection: 50 to 100 litres (annual average) Water tank storage: 3000 litres Construction: 10 days, 10 people (by hand, no electrical power machinery required). Assembly: 2 hours
PROPERTIES
Weight: 80 kg Materials: Bamboo, hemp, metal pins, bio-plastic Height 9.5 m, Footprint Ø 3,7 m Surface Area: 30 sq. m Collector 8.1 sq. m Maintenance : easy to be maintained, cleaned and repaired. [45] Warka Water mainly uses local natural and biodegradable materials. It is a temporarily structure designed to not leave traces on the environment after removal and therefore doesn’t require excavation or ground modification works for set-up. The Warka doesn’t extract water from the ground. In addition to drinking water, the water generated by the Warka tower can be used for irrigation, reforestation, and ecosystem regeneration. [45]
Warka Water is a rainwater harvesting system that relies only on natural phenomena such us gravity, condensation & evaporation and doesn’t require electrical power. It is a vertical structure designed to harvest potable water from the atmosphere (it collects rain, harvests fog and dew). Warka Water is designed to be owned and operated by the villagers, a key factor that will facilitate the success of the project. The tower not only provides a fundamental resource for life – water – but also creates a social place for the community, where people can gather under the shade of its canopy for education and public meetings. [45]
The tower can be easily built and maintained by the local communities using simple tools. The tower can be also maintained without using special parts or heavy machinery. With training and guidance, the locals can easily build and maintain the Warka tower. This local know-how can then be transferred to surrounding communities, with villagers helping install other towers in the area and creating an economy based on the assembly and maintenance of the towers.[45]
The Warka’s water harvesting technique and construction system are inspired by many plants and animals who have developed unique micro- and nanoscale structural features on their surfaces that enable them to collect water from the air and survive in hostile environments.
As part of the Warka Water project, a new Warka tree will be built next to each Warka tower. With time, the new tree will not only counterbalance the negative effects of increasing deforestation, but also will help create a better environment for the Warka tower to function. The humidity created by the tree will facilitate the water production of Warka Water.[45] 102
Fog harvesting Fog harvestig is incorporated into Warka water tower harvesting sytem. However, it can be efficeintly used as rainwater collector by itself, without the tower structure required for Warka water system. Fog harvesting technology consists of a single or double layer mesh net supported by two posts rising from the ground. Mesh panels can vary in size. They can be 70 m² a set of small 1 m² meshes. [45]
103
104
Waste management
105
waste water management Vacuum toilet
Black water
Septic tank
Sewer
Composting
Compost
Biogas settler
Biogas
Urine
Storage
Fertilizer
Household water
Gray water
Storage
Rainwater
Storm water
Faeces Urine-diversion toilet
Irrigation Gardening
Rainwater collection tank
Household jobs Eating / drinking
THE PROBLEM WITH WASTE
0.14 million tonnes India
of garbage generated daily
* as on feb 2015 *Source: Central pollution control board of India and centre for science and encironment
World
4.7
million tonnes garbage generated daily
An average person in India produces 4.45 kg of waste per day. Only 29% of municipial solid waste is collected and treated. Bad waste management imposes major costs in health and environmental impacts. [46]
In the village 1 person
2800 people
37 t of trash
The weight of
0.45 kg / day
1.26 t / day
PER MONTH
93 trucks
106
Solid waste management goal Biodegradables
Non - Biodegradables Paper
Domestic level
Cloth Compost
Recycled at village level
Plastic Glass
Community level
Sent to recycling centres
Metal
How to achieve a clean village? Raising awarness Present the community a variety of options for separating garbage by the use of printed images. Increase the awareness and understanding of the risks and consequences. Lessons about cleanliness should start in school.
Motivation Implement strategies to motivate people to recycle and keep the environment clean. Win - win based strategies could work well. Connect the people by improving community organizations.
Provide possibilities Waste management and recycling must be made easy for people. Enough bins must be provided as well as containers for compost.
Waste is money Teach people different ways to turn waste into something useful. Arrange workshops - different waste products can be reused and sold. Make businesses.
Reduce transport Ad many things as possible should be produced and especially RE USED inside the village.
107
Implementing the strategies
WORKSHOPS
Global warming
Awarness
Recycling
Innovative ways to use litter
Develop a community
Generating jobs
Cenerating jobs
People who care
CLEAN VILLAGE HAPPY PEOPLE
Community movement
"Let's do it" A movement that started in Estonia and is now
implemented all over the world - a clean up to stand up against the global waste problem.
day
Villagers will gather once a year to clean up the waste in and around the village, setting an example to the whole state also hopefully engaging people in whole Jharkhand . This is not just about picking up the littter, but forming a COMMUNITY. 108
Recycling plastic
Sustainable roads
Plastic can be can be reused by using the waste
to construct roads. The plastic will be shredded or cut into small pieces and mixed with bitumen. It results of saving in bitument and cost as well as generating jobs for rag pickers. Better quality - no maintainance is required in five years.
For every 1 km long and 4 m wide road, 1 tonne of bitumen costing Rs 50,000 is saved. [47]
Planned infrastructure in the village: total of 5.5
km
Total saving Rs 275,000 3600 euros
Innovative upcycling
generating new jobs
Plastic bottels can be reused by turning them into plastic ropes. No high - tech machinery is needed, a simple blade and screws for fixing will be sufficient. The rope is extremely durable and can be used in cattle, agriculture and other daily activities. It can be melted for permanent hold.
ROPE
Useful in everyday life
Possibility for business 109
Recycling made easy for everybody
Dust bins made of the road
bamboo are placed along
Areas for biodegradable waste are placed a bit further down and can be used as fertilizer on agriculture crops later on.
Plastic bags will be banned in the village
It is forbidden to thow litter on the ground. A fine will be imposed by village council to anybody who is seen breaking the rule.
The fine will be only Rp. 1, but due to the embarrassment that self-respecting people feel, they make sure to follow the rules. Inspections are made at homes. For good recycling and not polluting the environment, acknologements are made in the community.
THE RESULT Innovative ideas
Tourists
Clean village
Interesting village
Cash flow
Sustainable community
Healthy place = Healthy people 110
Education system
111
1.6 million children in India remain out
How could it impove?
of school [48]
More than half of the students in fifth grade are unable to read a second grade text book and are not able to solve simple mathematical problems [48]
STUDENTS Make it more interesting for them ! - Implement project based learning - Teach traditions and values - Proper assesment to show abilities - Working as a team
Problems with education in India BAD LEARNING MATERIALS
Lack of proper text books and learning material
TEACHERS
GOOD EDUCATION IS EXPENSIVE
- Reasonable amount of students per 1 teacher - Learn engaging teaching methods - Intellectual and emotional guide - Investing in their pay for motivation
Rural families don't have money to send their kids to college. They are entiteled to low-paying jobs
POOR EDUCATION QUALITY
Quality in rural schools is extremely poor compared to private schools Drop-out level at the secondary school is extremely high
SCHOOLS - Adopt better technology - Better books and learning materials - Facilities for improving different skills (carpentry etc)
LACK OF TRAINED TEACHERS
Student - teacher ratio is not equal (often 1:100) COMMUNITY
NOT EVERY VILLAGE HAS A SCHOOL
- Involve parents - Include community partners
Distances are long and daughters are often not sent to school
LANGUAGE BARRIER
Most textbooks are in english, however people is rural village speak their native language or Hindi Students don't have motivation to study [48]
112
The result
One way is to..
Teach basic computer skills to 1 person
He will share his knowlege with 10 other people
Who will furthermore spead what they have learned
"Smart community" Where people are familiar with modern communication systems and have access to information
School in the village The closest school is
NPS PAHARI TOLA SILIDAG
SCHOOL - about 5 km away. It has 40 students
and 1 male teacher. This is not enough. HOUSEHOLDS
PEOPLE
KIDS
701
about 28000
more than 1400
TOTAL
Required area: about 1400 sq.m 0.7 sq.m per student in a classroom
113
114
Market strategies
115
Average income in rural India
Job types in rural India [44]
[44]
Income distribution in the village (estimation)
Cattle products
Rp.1 = 0.013 euros Market Home Home addition Roadside Stalls Person to person Material banks
Agriculture products Local producers
Restaurants
Private business
Household products
Social business
Commercial Products
Services
Tailors
Waste recycling
Salon
Earth block, wood production
Repair shops Furniture Building materials
116
Occupation in rural India and in the village
Money Generators Agriculture Cattle Waste Introduced social businesses Private businesses Earth block production Wood mills
SOCIAL BUSINESSES Grameen Danone Grameen Danone is a social business idea that started in 2006 in Banglasesh. The idea was to develop a product that has high nutritional value and is affordable for the poorest individuals. It is fortified with nutrients (including vitamin A, zinc and iodine) to make up for the dietary deficiencies of the local populations.
To achieve the objectives, Grameen Danone Foods has adopted a development model that runs counter to that of large western companies : Grameen Danone Foodsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; primary aim is to have a positive social impact ; its pursuit of profitability is based solely on criteria such as improving public health, creating jobs, reducing poverty and protecting the environment.
The purpose is to improve the communityâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s living conditions by creating jobs that raise the living standard and enhance the social fabric and the region and to ensure sustainable activity while seeking profitability and to protect the environment. [49]
The product is sold for 6 euro cents, a price that studies found to be affordable for the poorest families. [49]
The result Profits are re-invested
Grameen Danone
Non-profit distribution centre near the village
Villagers will get the supply
Selling to other locals
117
Buys more
Healthy children
Keeps some of the profit
Beggers can now EARN their money
REFERENCES
[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India [2] http://hub4us.blogspot.pt/p/india.html [3] http://www.asianews.it/news-en/Eight-Indian-states-are-poorer-than-26-African-countries-put-together-18935. html [4] http://www.livemint.com/Politics/Dwyth2vyoiDtqal4VyH6qL/Among-the-most-underdeveloped-Shrawasti-pinshopes-on-elect.html [5] http://www.thehindu.com/data/over-half-of-rural-india-lacks-bathroom-facilities/article6217565.ece [6] http://www.slideshare.net/khushboosood/aranya-community-housing [7] http://archangleblog.blogspot.pt/2011/01/housing-poor-study-of-aranya-india.html [8] https://www.scribd.com/doc/173338165/VIDYADHAR-NAGAR-ppt-pptx [9] http://www.archdaily.com/21465/incremental-housing-strategy-in-india-filipe-balestra-sara-goransson [10] http://papers.cumincad.org/data/works/att/ecaade2013_139.content.pdf[1] [11] https://identityhousing.wordpress.com/2009/12/03/charles-correa-incremental-housing-belapur-1983-1986/ [12] http://www.britannica.com/place/Jharkhand [13] http://www.yourarticlelibrary.com/poverty/4-main-causes-of-poverty-in-india-explained/4819/ [14] http://www.livemint.com/Specials/bqVly6xj4usB3DiTibS3DK/Spatial-poverty-in-Jharkhand.html [15] http://garhwa.nic.in/history.html [16] http://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/347381-korga-jharkhand.html [17] http://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/347380-kabisa-jharkhand.html [18] http://en.climate-data.org/location/666057/ [19] https://www.meteoblue.com/en/weather/forecast/modelclimate/garhwa_india_1271493 [20] http://www.jharkhand.gov.in/web/guest/Resources&Environment [21] http://www.prb.org/Publications/Articles/2008/howindianslive.aspx [22] https://housing.com/news/4-traditional-indian-house-designs-to-inspire-you/ [23] http://www.archinomy.com/case-studies/686/traditional-house-in-jharkhand-india [24] http://cgwb.gov.in/District_Profile/Jharkhand/Garhwa.pdf [25] http://www.slideshare.net/sslele456/laurie-baker?next_slideshow=1 [26] http://sepindia.org/ihd-sep/ceeef-technologies/rat-trap-bond-a-masonry-technique/ [27] http://www.earth-auroville.com/compressed_stabilised_earth_block_en.php [28] http://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/may/31/the-heat-and-the-death-toll-are-rising-in-india-is-this-aglimpse-of-earths-future [29] http://www.tsp-data-portal.org/Breakdown-of-Electricity-Generation-by-Energy-Source#tspQvChart [30] http://dailycaller.com/2016/05/24/world-bank-hands-india-750-million-for-solar-power/ [31] http://www.hindustantimes.com/india/world-s-cheapest-solar-power-in-madhya-pradesh-at-rs-5-per-unit/storyu233ML3vD5YBBY6gtw4KxN.html [32] http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/government-looking-at-100-000-mw-solar-powerby-2022-114111701373_1.html [33] http://cleantechnica.com/2016/01/07/solar-power-capacity-india-may-hit-20-gw-march-2017/ [34] http://www.bijlibachao.com/solar/procedure-to-get-subsidy-on-solar-pv-systems-through-nabard-in-india.html
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[35] http://cleantechnica.com/2014/11/29/indias-solar-power-potential-estimated-750-gw/ [36] http://indianexpress.com/article/technology/science/indias-solar-energy-potential-still-under-one-percentstudy/ [37] http://garhwa.nic.in/agriculture.html [38] https://books.google.pt/books?id=5fq8gtqRnK4C&pg=PA81&lpg=PA81&dq=how+many+cattle+per+family +in+india&source=bl&ots=u_aKm2IGzm&sig=QvvXyWlHUrf0OuZf_NZ3NlQzh6U&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEw if6-mzydTMAhVEVSwKHZgPAR0Q6AEIGzAA#v=onepage&q=how%20many%20cattle%20per%20family%20in%20 india&f=false [39] https://www.quora.com/Why-are-cows-considered-holy-animals-in-Hinduis [40] http://www.religionfacts.com/cow-taboo [40] http://www.s4e.co.in/waste_cattle_dung.php [41] https://drrajeshshrotriya.com/cow-urine-can-cure-many-diseases/ [42] http://www.sameti.org/RKVY/SAP/Agri%20plan-Garhwa.pdf [43] http://www.data360.org/dsg.aspx?Data_Set_Group_Id=757 [44] http://cgwb.gov.in/District_Profile/Jharkhand/Garhwa.pdf [45] http://www.warkawater.org/design [46] http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTURBANDEVELOPMENT/Resources/336387-1334852610766/Chap3.pdf [47] http://thelogicalindian.com/story-feed/tech/jamshedpur-a-city-in-jharkhand-uses-plastic-waste-to-makeroads/ [48] http://educateachild.org/our-partners-projects/country/india [49] http://www.danonecommunities.com/en/project/grameen-danone-food?mode=history
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