HISTORY OF FURNITURE AND INTERIORS By: Stephanie Rodriguez
Prehistoric Times: Old/New Stone Age, Ancient Egypt ■ The Old Stone Age: Paleolithic Period 30,000-10,000 BC ■ This was a time period where humans fulfilled their primary needs (Foods, shelter and clothing) by hunting and gathering food.
Cave of Lascaux in Southern France 15,000-10,000 BC “Hall of Bulls”
Cave of Chauvet in Southern France 30,000 BC
■ Living in natural caves to protect themselves from the environment and wild animals. Paintings in caves portrayed the complexity of the time period through the painters eyes. Illustrated the animals that were being seen. Paintings were created by natural pigments found in minerals.
■ They created miniature sculptures made from bone, ivory, stone and clay. Animals and unclothed women were the main subjects for these sculptures. ■ Women symbolized as goddesses because of their ability to reproduce. The sculptures were sculpted with no face or arms, but exaggerating the women's boobs, belly and butt.
Venus of Savignano (Upper Paleolithic Period) Made from Greenstone
Venus of Willendorf, Austria, 25,000-20,000 BC Made in Limestone , 4.2’’ High
AGRICULTURE SYSTEM ■ Main difference that separates the Old and New Stone Age. The beginning of the agriculture system. ■ They found a source of life with water and soil. It enhanced life by becoming farmers and domesticating animals. ■ “Rise of the City” The beginning of a social structure with religion and politics.
DAILY LIFE Began to make spiritual routines to honor the sun and rain
■ The New Stone Age: Neolithic Period 10,000-1500 BC
Began to make funeral monuments for men and women Religion sparked the beginning to honor men and women's death
“Religion developing Architecture”
Post Lintels construction 4,000-3,000 BC “Big Stone” known as Dolmen
MENHIR 4,000-3,000BC A menhir (French, from Middle Breton: maen, "stone" and hir, "long"), standing stone, orthostat, lith or masseba/ matseva is a large upright standing stone. Menhirs may be found singly as monoliths, or as part of a group of similar stones.
NEOLITHIC HOUSE INTERIOR OF SKARA BRAE
IN THE ORKNEY ISLANDS IN NORTHERN COAST OF SCOTLAND
3100-2600 BC
Built in natural stone, surrounded by dirt to insulate the interior from harsh weather. They were connected by passage ways. Fire pits were the heart of the home served for function and social events.
Cromlechs Megalithic stones that were placed in a circular pattern with lines connecting them at the top Temple that structured as a prayer space to honor all the mysteries of nature (worship area)
The orientation is related to the movement of the sun Had a sense of hierarchy of sacred space Southern England “Stonehenge� Salisbury Plain 2700-1500 BC ( Neolithic Period)
Ancient Egypt 3500-1100 BC o Developed along the Nile River and depended on water for survival
o Ancient Egypt was divided into two parts Upper Egypt in the South Lower Egypt in the North o Religion was the strongest influence to the social and economical life
o A priesthood like organization organized religious systems, which included more than 2000 Gods Ra ( Sun God) Osiris ( God of Vegetation ,Death and Resurrection) Isis ( Goddess of Fecundity) o Pharaohs were associated to be the rulers and connected to the Gods and Animal Gods
Thanks to the religious beliefs, it brought the evolution of builders, sculptures and many more. Life on Earth was seen as temporary but the after life was eternal. Quality of life was important to influence the after life.
Time Periods -Egypt The Archaic Period
(3100-2700 BC)
The Old Kingdom
(3500-2600 BC)
The Middle Kingdom
(2400-1800 BC)
The New Kingdom
(1550-1100 BC)
Mastaba
(meaning "house for eternity" or "eternal house" in Ancient Egyptian), is a type of ancient Egyptian tomb in the form of a flat-roofed, rectangular structure with outward sloping sides, constructed out of mud-bricks (from the Nile River) or stone.
Typically made for King or people of high power. They rested in sarcophagus.
Saqqara The oldest monumental piece of architecture in Egypt is the funerary complex of King Djoser of Saqqara in the 3rd Dynasty (2680-2660 BC)
The designer Imhotep inscribed his name on the pedestal of the structure. The level below was the burial chambers for the body/spirit, would take all earthy belongings in tomb so he would have them in the afterlife. The higher part of the structure was mainly a structure.
Typical building Columns
These columns were known as Blossoms
These were the columns used to construct the structures. They stood alone or attached to a wall, known as “engaged columns.� These columns were known as the Papyrus Bud
Plains of Giza (2601-2578 BC) Largest one was Khufu which covered 13 acres of land and about 480’ high.
■ These three monuments reflect clearly the Egyptian belief that a deceased ruler continued to affect the well-being of their country also from the other world ■ The slanting of the pyramids represented the rays of the sun
Built for the Kings of Khufu, Khafre and Menkaure Made from bricks/stone and covered with limestone
Next to each of the pyramids was a funerary temple connected by a causeway of elevated road to a valley temple on the bank of the Nile, when the pharaoh died, his body was carried from across the Nile from the Royal Palace to his valley temple, where it was received with elaborate ceremonies , carried up to his funerary temple and placed in his chapel inside the pyramid.
Queen Hetepheres I
Bedroom dates from (2649-2609BC)
The Ceremonial bedroom of Queen Hetepheres (mother of Khufu). Furniture included a portable canopy, a bedframe w/ headrest, an armchair and a chest all built with wood and partially covered with gold leaf. The canopy was fitted with a curtain to provide the queen privacy and protect her from insects. The Blue in fabric represented royalty
Temples along the Nile These Temples were enclosed by walls making it clear that it was to be experienced from within. Temples built in 19th dynasty during the reign of Ramses II
Luxor Temple along the Nile
Karnak Temple
King Tutankhamun Golden Throne
The throne is carved from wood and covered in gold with some silver overlay. Colored glass, calcite and some semi-precious stones were used for the inlays
The Lions head protects the seat of the throne while the winged serpents represented strength and resistance Foot rest supports the kings feet and helps him to get up
King Tut’s
Ceremonial Chair The chair is a form of a folding chair with a back. The carved wooden seat is inlaid with ebony, ivory, colored glass and stones.
The upper part of the back, there is a vulture goddess with her outspread wings protecting the names of the king.
Common Egyptian Furniture ■ The ordinary Egyptian's did not have a lot of furniture, they had very simple pieces. ■ The most common piece of furniture was a three or four legged low stool covered by leather or wool. ■ Most people in the lower classes had chests and baskets to hold the few belongings , they were made from reeds. ■ Tables were not common, mainly utilized the floor. They sat on reed mats, pillows or low stools. There mattresses were made of wool, straw, reed mats or the floor.
Wealthy Class
■ Royalty of ancient Egypt had much more furniture that were of much higher quality ■ Stools of the wealthy had seats made from animal skins, woven leather stripes or plant materials. Some were painted and featured carved animal legs
■ Chairs were only used by the richest people. The rich had chairs painted to look like the carved and inlaid chairs of the queens and pharaohs ■ Chairs were built according to the rank of the individual. The higher the rank, the taller the legs on the chair.
Storage and Decor
Storage chests of the rich were detailed and made of wood or ivory. They were decorated with paintings or inlays of scenes. Some were covered with veneer and had sliding lids. Egyptian wealthy homes had elaborate home dĂŠcor, including colored ceilings, wall paintings, carvings and titled floors. The main colors used were gold, blue, black and red.
The Ancient Near Egypt (3500-330 BC) ■ Important area because there are two major rivers near Mesopotamia which flourished in the Neolithic Period, it became fertile land. –
Tigris
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Euphrates
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Mesopotamia- “land between rivers”
Agriculture land turned into cities around 3000 BC
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The Ancient Near East Temple (religious building) were called “Ziggurats” at Ur (2100 BC)
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Stepped pyramid with temple at the top
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First originated in the Sumerian civilization (35002030 BC) in the south part of Mesopotamia
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Around 1440 BC a civilization called the Assyrians became very powerful and dominant in the northern areas. By 1000 BC they began to conquer neighboring regions and cities and by 900 BC controlled most of Mesopotamia
Palace of Khorsabad Platforms gave hierarchy and political power of the King â– These palaces needed to begin to put in courtyards and light-wells to ensure light and air to make it a livable space â– Assyrian architecturemonuments include fine palaces set on top of a high platforms inside the fortified cities.
â– Citadel-a fortress, typically on high ground, protecting or dominating a city.
Guardian Figure Sargon II 720 BC
This guards the entrance of the kings throne room. The legs of the picture to the left are seen to have five legs but it is an illusion done by the artists.
This was a hybrid creature sculpture made from Limestone and were between 13’-16’ high weighing 40 tons. Gates and doorways in Assyrian royal palaces were usually protected by images of animals bodies and human heads.
Assyrian Floor Pattern Designs Handmade floor pattern designs â– Floral designs and patterns were used for both stone floors and rugs â– The ancient near east civilizations were among the first to specialize in hand woven carpets
Ceremonial Complex Persepolis, Iran 518-460 BC In the 6th century (500400BC) the Persians began to rule the ancient near east and established a large empire
King Darius started to build in Parsa
Hall of 100 Columns Symbolized the importance of space rather than human scale when it came to the shafts itself. Columns closely spaced together than the audience Hall There capitals were topped with pairs of bulls heads and forequarters
King Darius on turned leg throne
Palace of King Minos in Knossos Pre-classical Greece ■ During the Neolithic period many European civilizations flourished in the mainland of Greece and on the islands on the Aegeon Sea ■ Minoan Civilizations 19001375BC
■ Palace of King Minos in Knossos – The light-wells opening in
the inner space. Natural light and courtyards throughout, this maximized light and air (320’x500’)
They did not need walls because they were protected by the sea Crete Islands
Interior of Knossos
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“Labyrinth” was the term used to describe the elaborate designs in the space
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The interior of Knossos was reconstructed with light shafts, used naturalistic shapes and themes. Many bright colors, prevail demonstrating the importance of light and air in spaces
■ The throne room contains a stone throne built for the King centered into a row of stone benches at each side for the councilmen.
Minoan Civilization ■ Minoan Civilization greatly influenced ceramic arts. The pottery was varied in the shapes but limited in colors. Mainly decorated with spirals, floral motifs and marine creatures.
Amphora contained liquids
Octopus Flask used to pour liquids
■ The developed pottery influenced in later Greeks in developing their vases. ■ Dates between 1400-1300 BC
Kamares Jug from Crete
Mycenae, Greece 1600-1200 BC
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Located in Southern Greece, home of the conquerors of the Great city of Troy
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Major difference between Knossos and Mycenae were large walls built with cyclopean to protect the town. Hilltop protection “ring walls”
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The entrance to the citadel was marked by a monumental post and lintel gateway construction called lions gate.
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The civilization lasted longer than Minoan due to their great military structure, great technical skills in pottery.
Lions Gate
■ The Lion Gate was the main entrance of the Bronze Age citadel of Mycenae, southern Greece. It was erected during the 13th century BC in the northwest side of the acropolis and is named after the relief sculpture of two lionesses in a heraldic pose that stands above the entrance. ■ The Lion Gate is the sole surviving monumental piece of Mycenaean sculpture, as well as the largest sculpture in the prehistoric Aegean
■ Dated around 1300-1200 BC ■ This conveyed military strength and monumental proportions. ■ The architecture of this is post and lintel with relieving arch above
Treasury of Atreus Mycenae, Greece 1330-1200 BC
Tombs assumed much greater prominence for the mainland Greek culture than the Minoans The tombs became some of the most architecturally sophisticated monuments of the entire pre-classical period.
Tholos- centered chamber
Dromos- pass way to the tomb
Tomba- where the dead body lay
Palace at Pylos Palace at Pylos, Greece 13301220BC ■ Palaces in Mycenae were not centered on large courtyards like the Minoans did. They were focused on spacious interior halls known as the Megara which means “Great Rooms.”
■ The reconstruction of the Palace has the center of the megaron which as a circular hearth, where religious ceremonies or rituals involving fire would occur. ■ Four Minoan type colums symmetrically positioned around the hearth supporting ceiling beams. This allowed air to escape. ■ Fire possibly destroyed the palace
These are the three periods of the early phase of Greek art. These periods were the foundation for the later classical period that allowed Greece to flourish in all aspects of humanity and civilization.
Geometric Period • 1000-700 BC
Orientalizing Period • 700-600 BC
Archaic Period • 600-400 B
The Geometric Period Style is characterized by linear motifs, such as spirals, diamonds, crosshatching.
Geometric patterns were mainly used in the designs such as circles, triangles, squares, diamonds and zig-zag shapes.
Dipylon Vase, Athens 750 BC Funerary vase found in the dipylon cemetery used a grave marker
Aryballas, 600 BC The Orientalizing Period â– Designs had moved from dense decorations like geometric to open designs
Greece developed rapidly during the Archaic period. Many of the city-state were growing and flourishing in all aspects of humanity
The Archaic Kouros were nearly nude, they were identified as Gods, warriors or victorious athletes.
Free standing sculptures began to emerge Female “Kore” Male “Kouros”
Kouros- found in a cemetery near Athens c.525 BC Made in marble with remnants of paint 6’4’’
Kore found in Acropolis in Athens c.530 BC Made in marble 6’3’’
Classical Period 480-250 BC Doryphorus by Polikleitos
o In the classical period the Greeks arrived at an almost perfect representation of reality. o The human body and art was sculpted and painted showing the “ideal beauty” of the perfect anatomy. o To be able to represent humanity in its realistic details was like achieving the “understanding of the perfect earthy life” which in the Greek, believe it gave a better afterlife
400 BC Marble
Riace found in the sea of Riace, Italy c.460 BC Bronze with bone and glass eye, silver teeth, copper lips and nipples 6’8’’
Acropolis in Athens
The Acropolis in Athens, was rebuilt after the Persian troops destroyed it in 480 BC. Acro means “high” and polis means “city”. So the high point of the city was a natural elevated section of a Greek town. These elevated points were mainly used for religious purposes, dedicating all buildings to the Gods.
Temple Plans Temple plans showing different styles.
The sanctuary is called the “cella” or “naos,” the porch is called the “pronaos” which means in front of the naos. When the pronaos has walls on its sides with pillars the temple is called “anta” on an “antis”. A “prostyle” has a row of columns along the entire front elevation. A “tholos” is a circular tomb
Prostyle, no pronaos, enclosed space with walls stopping
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Long walls along sides Stepped platforms across entire temples Enclosed spaces Sanctuary space ( naos) Columns
Architectural Orders The Greeks developed three architectural orders, which define and specify the style of all the elements forming the post and lintel construction. The two principle and older orders are the Doric and the Ionic developed on opposite sides of the Aegean Sea, the Doric on the west and the Ionic on the east. The Doric is the oldest and masculine order achieving a defined and recognizable form by the seventh century BC. The Ionic order with more decorative features and variety, it appears less frequently than the Doric, but it was used for many important and large Greek buildings ever created. The Corinthian order is even more decorative than the Ionic, and it was introduced in the Greek city of Corinth. The Corinthian shaft is even more slender than the Ionic making it even more delicate and feminine in style.
The Parthenon on the Acropolis in Athens, c. 448 BC
■ Greatest surviving example of a Greek temple with most of the architectural elements of the Doric order still visible.
■ Built on a stepped platform, with the first two steps being the stereobate and the upper one the stylobate. ■ The plan is in the peripteral style with eight front columns. All Greek temples have an even number of columns on the front. ■ Designs by Lotinus and Callicrates, with Phidias as the master sculptor.
Paestum, Italy 600-450 BC
Greek colony in southern Italy, dating between 600-450BC. The temple in the background is dedicated to Hera ( Poseidon’s wife) and the foreground one is dedicated to Poseidon, God of sea. They are both in the Doric order showing proportions that expresses an older version of the order.
Erechtheion, Athens 420BC ■
On the North Porch is the example of the Ionic Order and its unique style. Built after the Parthenon on the site where Erechtheus, legendary founder of the city, had once lived.
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The temple was built in honor of Athena, with honorable mentions to Posidon, once contender of the patronage of Athens.
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On the south porch, was the porch of caryatids, sculptured maidens who replaced the customary columns.
Temple of Athena, Nike, Acropolis c.424 BC
The temple is the earliest fully Ionic temple on the Acropolis. It has a prominent position on a steep bastion at the south west corner of the Acropolis to the right of the entrance, the Propylaea. In contrast to the Acropolis proper, a walled sanctuary entered through the Propylaea, the Nike Sanctuary was open, entered from the Propylaea's southwest wing and from a narrow stair on the north. The sheer walls of its bastion were protected on the north, west, and south by the Nike Parapet, named for its frieze of Nikai celebrating victory and sacrificing to their patroness, Athena Nike. Nike means victory in Greek, and Athena was worshipped in this form, as goddess of victory in war and wisdom.
Propylaea c. 435 BC A propylaea is any monumental gateway based on the original Propylaea that serves as the entrance to the Acropolis in Athens.
Greek Ornamentals on Orders Bead and Reel
Egg and Dart
Guilloche
Anthemion
Classical Period 450-200 BC ■ The Corinthian order reached full development in later years. ■ This temple was built in honor of Zeus ■ The columns are taller and slender than previous orders ■ The major difference was in the capital with leafy ornaments
Temple of Olypian Zeus, Athens 174BC
In the classical period, the black- figure and redfigure vase resolved the inconsistence of the previous vase painting styles.
Hercules Killing the Lion Vase
Epidaurus Theatre 300-400 BC
The Greek theatre was more than just entertainment, it was a space for the expression of religious belief through dance, poetry, drama, music. The construction of the theotres took place along a natural slope of the mountains taking good use of geography. The largely intact theatre at Epidaurus, which dates the early third century BC presents all the typical architectural characteristics of the Greek theatres A semi-circular performance area, called the orchestra, and rising behind there was a two-tired stage structure made up of the vertical scene, an architectural backdrop for performances and a screen for the backstage area, and a proscenium, a raised platform
Greek Furniture â– The Kline was a bed but it was also used as a modern sofa and seating for dining.
â– It can also be compared to a lounge chair used in living spaces for drinking, lounging and conversing made from wood and finished in silver or ivory feet.
Early Classical 480BC One of the most characteristic and famous Greek furniture pieces is probably the Klismos chair ■
This graceful wood built side chair seems to have been a pure Greek invention without influence from any previous civilization.
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Unlike thrones the klismos was always left undecorated, expressing its beauty solely from its form.
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Backrest- curved backboard wooden
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Legs- outward legs expressing exaggeration in deformation from bearing weight
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Seat- was mortised into legs with tensions or dowels, made with plaited leather thongs , sometimes cushion or animal skin.
Rome
By the 6th Century BC, Rome, created an important crossing of the Tiber, had developed into major transportation hub and trading.
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Early Rome was governed by a series of Kings, the population was divided into major classes powerful upper class The patricians Lower class The plebeions
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By 275 BC Rome controlled the entire Italian peninsula, changing form an essential agricultural society into a commercial and political power
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Romans had elevated way of life. As they conquered surrounding cities, they had people continuing the Roman way of life.
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Early Rome 750-330 AD
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Republic Period 500-0AD
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Empire
Rome ■ Strength of the Romans was simplicity, elaborate with Gods and Greek ways bu discarded unnecessary things.
■ Roman construction was inspired by the earlier Greeks in the post and lintel method. But the development of masonry construction, especially with the evolution of the arch into vault and domes.
■ Republic Government 500BC
■ To support an opening in a masonry wall, Romans used an arch, made of bricks or stones in a semicircular shape. The arch distributes all loads safely to the ground by resisting well to the deformation known as “compression.” by expanding the structural compression principle of the arch over large areas by extruding the shape, it turned into a barrel vaults intersects you form a groin or cross ribbed vault.
-Senate, Military, Tax Collectors
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■ Built social gathering buildings in center of cities. Close buildings for daily life. ■ UNION BUILT STRENGTH
By rotating an arch on its center point, you form a dome, a hemispherical shape used as an ideal covering for centrally planned spaces.
Romans became masters in masonry
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The use of concrete completely differentiates roman construction from any other earlier historical period. An inexpensive and extremely resistant material was made from a mixture of small stones, volcanic sand (pozzolana) lime,water.
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A chemical reaction allowed the mixture when dried to harden into a solid and very strong mass. The mixture was poured into wooden forms or in brick or stone walls which was the exterior finish of the wall.
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As marble became more accessible, some walls were veneered with this precious white natural stone.
■ A few different ways of laying bricks were used by Romans such as the opus incertum, a natural field stone wall followed by the opus reticulum.
Temple of Saturn, 498 BC â– The Romans developed a city center, the Forum, where different building types were situated and daily activities took place. The forum was a center of civic life in roman towns, but the presences of temples allowed also for religious activities to take place, having their Gods always present in their everyday life.
Basilica Julia 46 BC Completed by Augustus which dedicated it to his adoptive father Julius Caesar. The Basilica housed civil law courts, government offices, banking and shops.
Temple of Castor and Pollux 495 BC â– Roman temples just have elevated stairs in the front, also just to be experienced frontal â– Greek temples have stairs wrapped around all sides to be experienced from all angles.
Built by Caesar for the Senate
Temple of Portunus 120 AD Early 2nd century
God of harbor and parts Boarium- cattle market ■ The Roman temple was similar to the Greek but the major building was built in an urban setting so it had to respond to the circulation of the city. ■ This meant it only had a frontal approach, which was the entrance. ■ The multitude of temples positioned in the various urban forums.
Five Roman Orders
Temple of Maison Carree in Nimes, Southern France, c.16 BC
It is the best preserved Roman temple to be found anywhere in the world. Great example of Corinthian order, raised on a platform (podium) of almost 9’’ high. It dominated the forum of the city. Frontal approach with steps leading to the deep pronaos in the front of the cella.
The Pantheon Function ■ The Pantheon is the best preserved building from ancient Rome. ■ Was completed in 128 AD, during the reign of Hadrian.
■ The use of this is somewhat unknown, because the structure is different from previous Roman temples. But it has been said, to be a temple dedicated to all the Gods.
Exterior ■ The building consists of a masonry circular body, attached to a post and lintel temple front. ■ The circular building was built with brick and concrete but was originally faced with white marble stucco to match the porch. ■ The dome is concrete with the exterior surface originally covered in sheets of bronze but were removed in 663 AD.
Interior
• This was the first building from classical architecture where the interior is deliberately made to outshine the exterior.
• The structure is made up of intersecting arches. The arches rest on eight piers which support eight round-headed arches which run through the drum from its inner to its outer face. • The dome consists of arches that run horizontally round. From the outside the building looks square but only the first small room (Cella) has corners. The rotunda is completely round. • The oculus has a diameter of 27 ft., allowing the light to enter the building. It was never covered so rain falls into the interior and runs off the slightly convex floors to the functioning drainpipes.
The Amphitheater Flavius c.80 AD
(The colosseum)
Was one of Rome’s largest urban buildings. It can be compared to a modern stadium. Built during the reign of Vespasian A variety of events took place, such as animal hunts, fights to death between gladiators and Roman soldiers, performances of trained animals and acrobats and even sea battle events where the arena was flooded by a built in mechanism. The floor of the arena was laid over a basement level filled with service rooms and tunnels, providing a backstage area for the athletes, performers and animals. The structure is elliptical consisting of three levels of arcade surmounted by a wall like attic story. The colosseum was built with Doric order on the bottom tier, Ionic order in the middle and Corinthian order at the top.
Theatre of Marcellus- Rome ■ Began to be built around 30 BC and ended during the beginning of the republic empire in 12 BC ■ This was a structure used by the Romans. In the contrary of the Greek theatres built into the landscape using the natural settings for slope and acoustics. ■ Roman theatres were built up of masonry.
The Roman Baths (Thermae)
Thermae of Caracalla built in early 3rd century AD
â– The entire complex, which included libraries, auditoriums, dressing rooms, gyms, gardens in addition to the building housing the baths holding four major spaces: swimming pool (natation) cold bath room (frigidarium) warm bath room (tepidarium)
hot bath room (caldarium)
A example of impressive architecture combined to sophisticated urban social lifestyle.
Pont du Gard Nimes, Southern France
Built in early 1st century AD (Aqueduct (bridge), a bridge that is constructed to convey water over an obstacle, such as a ravine or valley) The structure functioned on the principle of gravity slopping the ducts in the desired direction and sometimes in the opposite allowing the water to travel back to regain height to be slopped again toward the right side. Was built to carry water sometimes up to 25 miles away.
Domus The Domus was the roman town house, commonly a one family dwelling. It was generally on a single level, but they did have a basement/ cellar below ground with a water cistein (container). The bedroom (cubicula) from a house in Boscoreale, near Pompeii 79 AD. Elaborate decorations on the walls and the mosaic black and white patterns and images on the floor. Not the usual to have an opening to the outside from the bedroom.
The lectus (bed in Latin) is usually situated at the end of the room leaving space for dressing and circulation in the front. Barrel vaulted ceiling type masonry construction to cover spans.
Roman Painting Styles: The first style is “Incrustation” style. 2nd century BC. Consisted of painting faux marble technique to imitate marble (crustae)
The second style “Architectural style” consisted of creating recessed space through an architectural setting such as columns. Also known as illusionistic style, it opens the walls by painting windows and openings guiding the viewers eyes toward imaginary exterior spaces. 50-40 BC
The third style, “Ornate style” included architectural forms in more ornamental way. Flimsy , delicate and fantastic, scenes with airy columns and turned cancleabras functioning as columns, framing portraits, scenes, landscapes of mythical and legendary world.
The fourth style, “Intricate style” compiled past three styles organized in a clear structural pattern. The solid architectural of the second style, combined to the fantasy of the third and the faux marble. Panels of the first with the introduction of grotesque figures surpassed the fantasy of the previous and was used throughout the 1st and 2nd century AD.
The roman “Lectus” or couch found in Pompeii dating 79 AD, was built and veneered with bone (an inexpensive substitute for ivory) Decorated with lion masks on the side, used for sleeping and dining. When in the dinning room , called “Klinium”
This bas-relief sculpture shows a scene of how children would cater to adults in Roman times. Today the scene would be reversed. You can see the backless couch with curved “lyre� arms and heavily turned legs. Unique piece is the monopodium table in the front to rest plates and drinks. This relief was found in Constantinople and dates the second-third century AD.
The tripod brazier (container for burning coals) served as a heating element in smaller rooms. The elaborate bronze brazier in the image comes from Pompeii and the dĂŠcor and sculptures makes us believe that it belongs either to the temple of Isis, where it was found or noble home in the town that donated the piece to the temple. Decorated with sphinxes (Egyptian influences) scrolls, acanthus finals, garlands and skulls (Greek influences). It dates the first century AD.
The Basilica Nova, now known as the Basilica Maxentius. Constantine was the last imperial building erected in Rome. Served as a public building used for business, political and legal issues. The large central hall (Nova) was covered by groin vaults helping to support the large central groin vault. The original apse built by Maxentius is located at the end of the nave, the other apse at the center of the isle was added along with the entrance by Constantine.
Early Christian and Byzantine Dark Ages Romanesque Gothic Period Florentine Renaissance
(Period where they built in Roman ways)
(End of the medieval times)
400-500 AD Churches grew into politics
Symbolism grew to express art and to represent the true meaning behind Christianity.
300-600 AD 600-900 AD 900-1100 AD 1100-1300 AD 1400-1500 AD Began in Florence, spread through-out Italy 330 Constantine moves to present day Istanbul
Christianity took everything out of the Classical Period and then came the Medieval Period
Art developed around social, religious, political and economical issues.
Medieval Art: Christianity and Byzantine Early Christianity- beginning of the early middle ages. The beginnings of Christian art can be dated to the end of the second century or the early years of the third century. The appearance of large content highly represented how much Christianity grew through out this time. Early elementary art that has symbols and stories of the old and new testimony. Christian Catacomb's were usually adjacent to non-Christian catacomb ones.
These took art to represent the symbolic view of human proportions and to represent the ideal stories of the old and new testimony.
Old St. Peters Basilica, Rome
Old St. Peter’s Basilica (Latin church), first Basilica of St. Peter’s in Rome, a five- aisled basilica-plan church. With apses transept at the west end that was begun between 326-333 AD at the order of the Roman emperor Constantine, 30 years later was completed. By the end of the 4th century, Old St. Peter’s had began to transformed into a parish church, functional problems began to result from the original placement of the shrine because of the daily services of the church.
Basilica of St. Vitale, Ravenna 530-550 AD
It was an important port for controlling trade between the east and the west. After Justinian reclaimed Ravenna for the Byzantine Empire, it became the Italian center of his Eastern empire and the focus of his artistic patronage in Italy. Ravenna was the site of the development of the aforementioned centrally planned church. The city’s most important Justinian church was dedicated to St. Vitatus (San Vitale in Italian). He was a roman slave who became a martyr, who then became the object of growing.
Mosaic
Inside San Vitale, there are mosaic’s that represented the achievements of the emperor Justinian, who was the representative of the First Byzantine Golden.
San Vital consisted of an octagonal domed core, vaulted and resting on eight piers and arches Capital representing symbolism of their religion. Government, state and religion became strong in the west.
The Church of Hagia Sophia
“Holy Wisdom� 360 AD Constantinople
Dome collated in 558 and rebuilt in 562 to greater height. Hagia Sophia is one of the greatest surviving examples of Byzantine architecture. Its interior is decorated with mosaics and marble pillars and coverings of great artistic value.
Basilica of St. Sernin 1080-1120
This is a church in Toulouse, France. The former abbey church of Abbey of St. Sermin or St. Saturmin. It was built in the Romanesque style between 1080-1120. It is located on the site of the previous basilica of the 4th century which obtained the body of St. Sermin. The building in the form of a Latin cross. Constructed mainly in brick.
On the exterior, the bell tower, standing directly over the transept crossing, the most visible feature. It is divided into five tiers, of which the lower three, with Romanesque arches, dates from the 12th century and the upper two from the 14th century. The spire was added in the 15th century.
Southern Romanesque-
Piazza del Duomo,
Tuscany (Piazza Complex)
Houses a group of monuments known around the world. These four masterpieces of medieval architecture,- The cathedral (Latin cross style) The Campanite The baptistery (leaning tower/bell tower) The cemetery A fire in 1595 destroyed most of the cathedrals medieval art. The fine marble façade of cat “Pisan Romanesque Style” Bichromatic, difference in stones.
View of the Nave, another exceptional artwork from this toward the apse. Era is Giovanni Pisano’s Pulpit (1302-1311) “Great Masterpiece” Nicoki Piscanos one in baptistery, near the Pulpit has sculpted anecdotes from old/new testimony, making it a medieval period. Entry of the churches, semi-circular space known as the “tympinun,” which is between the lintel and the arch. Had sculptures of church scriptures and stories to welcome people into the church.
Vezelay Abbey The Benedictine abbey church, now the Basilica of Sainte-MarieMadeleine (Saint Mary Magdalene), with its complicated program of imagery in sculpted capitals and portals, is one of the outstanding masterpieces of Burgundian Romanesque art and architecture.
Entry of the churches, semi-circular space known as the “tympinun,� which is between the lintel and the arch. Had sculptures of church scriptures and stories to welcome people into the church.
French Gothic architecture: is a style prevalent in France from about 1140 until about 1500 Gothic: Larger scale (dramatic sizes) Pointed arches defines the characteristics of the gothic period. Transitional period from the late Romanesque architecture. To lighten the walls, builders divided it into four tiers: arcade (arches and piers), gallery, triforium, clearstory (windows/ stone glass) To support the weight of the upper structure they invented the flying buttresses, a ribbed arch exterior supports
Cathedral of Notre Dome
Southern Gothic architecture: smaller scale, more sculptures and paintings Gothic faรงade of the (Orvieto Cathedral) great masterpiece Decorated with many sculptures that made it visually detailed and different from the Northern Gothic architecture. More marble works and paintings. A lot of bio-chrome marble columns throughout the interior More craftsman ship in smaller scale with stone.
Siena Cathedral
High Early Renaissance (Rebirth of Europe)
Early 1350s , began in the city of Florence The writers, artists, painters, sculptures and philosophers all made Florence a model of Renaissance culture. 15th centuryIn 1425 the population grew to 60,000 people. They were self-governed independent city-states. Much of Florence’s wealth was dependent on the manufacture of trade of cloth, primarily wool.
David of Donatello c.1425 Bronze Sculpture 5’2.5’’ Showed the intellectual representation of human mentality
Prior to Brunelleschi’s ideas for the cupola of the Duomo of Florence. Began in the gothic period and finished in the Renaissance period. The dome was created with a substructure that creates an air space with eight ribbed cage like structure that holds the weight of the dome. Holes between the masonry created a ventilation to avoid condensation in the building.
Renaissance Palazzo Palazzo Strozzi- a palace in Florence, Italy Began in 1489 by Bereletto de Mariano He began to build by the middle class, it is an example of civil architecture with its rusticated stone, inspired by the Palazzo Medici But with more harmonious proportions. Masonry construction, many dynamics to the construction.
Early Florentine renaissance, opencourtyard on the ground floors. 1st floor is the service courts.
Palazzo Davanzati- second half of the 14th century Wealthy family of the wool guild Sala Papagali-family room painted to be designed to look like patchwork paneling, styles that depict scenery. canopy beds, planks, walnut was used.
Wealthy Furniture ■
Cassapanca- storage bench (classical design)
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Cassane-chests to store items
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Marriage chest store linens and household items
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Italian Renaissance furniture with gold leaf painting
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Morelli-Nerli chest
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The artwork represented the integrity of the family and the artists
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Straight-lines , sturdy and raised on a platform
S. Lorenzo- 1400s Filipo Brunelleschi Renaissance churches reduced in sizes because of human proportions Corinthian orders, arcades (arches between posts)
Florence Baptistry or Baltistern of San Giovanni, Baptistry of St. John 21 years to complete the gilded bronze doors 28 panels depicting the life of Christ form the old testament.
Pazzi Chapel- religious temple, also designed by Brunelleschi Santa Croce Florence Gothic traditional look Closter of the church, side area that’s closed but opening in the middle Designed with twelve ribbed hemispherical dome (Balance, symmetry, proportions= classical designs) Using elements from the classical world to define the shape Re-interpretation of humans and classical design
Leon Batista Alburtis design Basilica of Saint’ Andrea , Roman Catholic Lombardy, Italy 15th century, Renaissance Architecture, Northern Italy Latin cross, nave , dome 3rd style dÊcor, flimsy style Literature and architecture mixed into one with straight squared legs Combination of classical architecture with a modern twist
Florentine Renaissance: c.1450-1475 X-chairs, named for there crossed legs
“The Dante” x-shaped chair, heavy curved arms and legs, with leather cloth back and seat
“The Savonarola”- series of x-shaped wooden structure in the feet it has these pieces that are locked in for stability. The middle piece keeps the structure sound. Gothic and Renaissance designs These chairs represent a symbol of authority. The renaissance armchair was rectangular in its main lines.
Early Renaissance- Florence
Humans becoming humans again, artistic movement. Church went through a period of detachment. High Renaissance- Rebirth of the architecture of the churches, moral rebuilt around 1500. Generated from restructure of Roman churches. One hundred years later in Rome
High Renaissance art is characterized by self-confident humanism. Photographic representation. Raphael, Italian painter and architect of high renaissance. Art had clarity of form and ease of composition. Portraits of Algnolo Doni and Maddalena Stozzi 1506 show the perfection in the achievement of representing reality as the eye perceives it. Bringing the high renaissance to the maximum expression of the celebration of humanity. School of Athens, c.1510 Raphael, Gathering of friends, colleagues, including Michelangelo, Leonardo and himself.
St. Peters Basilica Vatican City
During the time period 1309-1377, the old St. Peters church had been around for over one thousand years. Was showing signs of wear and deterioration By the early 16th century, a decision needed to be made to either restore the church or rebuilding it completely. In 1505 Pope Julius II decided to give this task to Donato Bramante
Building Dilemma ■ The was a long process for this building to be accomplished
■ The building began construction under Bramante but when his death came in 1514, construction slowed down. ■ There was a large debate over a centralized or longitudinal plan, for about 40 years.
■ Finally in 1547, Pope Paul III commissioned Michelangelo to propose a new design. ■ He continued with the same design but thickened some external walls and created some niches. He created a vast dome to cover the central area. ■ During the construction of the dome, Michelangelo died in 1564, his apprentice Giacomo Della Porta, finished the project with few minor changes.
• St. Peters Basilica can host 20,000 people. • It is 623 feet long. • The aisles are 190 feet wide. • The nave is 149 feet high
Interior
The interior of the Basilica is a vast space filled with sculptures and mosaics.
Bernini Baldachino Largest bronze structure, stands 98 ft. tall and uses 10,000 lbs. of bronze stripped from the ceiling of the Pantheon
La Pieta
• Created by Michelangelo • He was criticized for portraying Mary as a young woman but he responded by saying that chastity preserved her youth. • The Pieta was originally intended to be viewed from the right, which then elongates the limbs of Christ’s body, and Mary’s arm extended to the viewer. • Michelangelo depicted the signs of the Crucifixion by small nail marks and a slight wound on Christ’s side. He did not want to represent death but instead wanted to show “religious vision of abandonment.”
Michelangelo (1475-1564) He created the Sistine Chapel in Vatican City outside of St.Peters Basilica Rows 1-9 are scences of the Genesis stories from the old testament. 1508 began the painting when he was 32 years old
The “Loggeta� in the Vatican Palace, Rome c.1519 Executed under the supervision of Raphael. The airy grotesque style were principally influenced by the third style of art.
Mid 1500-1610 Mannerism- artists began to expression part of human qualities but exaggerated to project human anatomy. Artistically expressing man. Michelangelo began this artistic revolution.
North Italy, Andrea Palladrio- Villa Capra (Rotanda) Mid-1500 Slightly eclectic, symmetry on each side, balance Inspired from Rome buildings, fun place to give the family a getaway, had four entrances All classical elements in architecture are being used. Villa is located on top of a low hill, six columned portions flank each side of a square building This building and the Pantheon are one of the most influential architecture for western architecture
Villa Barbaro- Symmetry, arcade Temple front inspiration but elements that were eclectic and slightly different from classical designs. Interior- Paolo Veronese : painted a little girl opening a door inside. Interior of piano noble He was a contemporary painter This building inspired the same architecture as the U.S. Capitol building. Paolo transitioned the Renaissance into the North
Francis I – French Renaissance, wanted to court those Italian artists and intellectuals, brought to bring style into France Renovated Chateau of Chambord c.1519, first of many royal buildings
Italian architect- Domenico da Cortona
Chateau de Biois- 1518, Francis I initiated contraction This had the (Francis I) spiral staircase, engaged columns, over windows, sculpture elements. Huge corneous around building, slightly eclectic style
Francis I bedroom- Interior- Bean ceilings (planks, first and secondary beans) The walls are painted with third style. Heavy handed with design. Canopy bed, throne chair in the side This is Francis I chair. Nobles generated the French Renaissance which they brought Italian influence into France
English
4.) Commonwealth phase
2.)Elizabeth phase
Renaissance:
• Important because of the political history rather than design and architecture
• Less Gothic, more Renaissance
1.) Tudor Style • Combining Gothic elements architecture, this was the transition style for the English into renaissance
3.) Jacobean phase • Builds on the early Renaissance, added influence from Northern European areas
Compton Wynyates Warwickshire c.1520
Pink bricks with local stone chimney's
Interior- “Big Hall� continues the tradition of wood line fold paneling. The windows are topped with tutor style shape.
King College Chapel
Cambridge University Based on Medieval manor house.
The Renaissance architectural elements were added in 1533, which is the great oak choir screen spanning across the chapel.
Renaissance elements IncludeArcade – Ornaments – Carvings – Round Arches
Elizabeth Style ■ Is expressed well in the Hardwick Hall in Derbyshire. ■ Dates 1590 designed by Robert Smythson. ■ The large glass surfaces in between the stone was a popular architectural feature of the period. The floor plan is compact, wise choice in cold countries, in the rectangular shape with six towers attached.
Great Long Gallery ■
Used for entertainment for its size, also used or walking or exercising in the harsh weather conditions
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Walls were covered with valuable tapestries and large collection of family portraits.
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The floor is covered by rush matting bonded tightly to hard surface below. The matting gave a warmer feeling to the overall cold environment.
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Patchwork on the ceiling, which consisted in low-relief designs using plaster common interior feature in renaissance England.
The High Great Chamber â– Includes the fine tapestry on the lower portion of the room with above mural of painted plaster depicting a wood scene with red trucks of trees embedded in the plaster. â– This table was found in Hardwick Hall in 1580. Four sea turtles as feet, inlaid with marble stone and wood. The draw leaf was common for this period. Also includes a four dog headed sphinx.
Knole in Kent Early Renaissance c.1605
Great staircase, designed by Jacobean phase of the English Renaissance. Notice the rounded arches, strap work ornaments on the spandrels in between and the ionic columns framing the landing with Corinthian orders.
The Banqueting house, London Designed by Inigo Jones in 1620
Notice the double height interior in high renaissance style featuring Ionic columns on the bottom floor and Corinthian above. The colonnade beamed ceilings decorated with plaster moldings painted by Peter Paul Ruben's. Considered to be one of the finest expressions of Jacobean designs.
Furniture Styles ■ English Renaissance beds were large and very elaborately decorated. The typical canopied beds of earlier periods suspended by the ceilings ■ Elizabethan furniture was massive, rectangular in overall structure. Linear and bulky all together. Influenced by Flemish, Germans and Netherlands. Liner stretchers connected to the legs to the floor. ■ Approx. c.1590s original leaf top idea , typical of the period.
David by Bernini 1623 ■ Marble life-sized sculpture ■ Gianlorenzo Bernini was an architect and sculptor ■ The Baroque aspects of Bernini's statue is the implied presence of Goethite times in motion
“Static, Bizarre, Forceful, Energy, dynamic” words to describe baroque
Fountains of Four Rivers Piazza Navona, Rome 1650 Designed by - Bernini â– Bernini shows the fountain in concept of the Catholic church present in the entire world. The essential features are how all the parts are in individual motion and expression come together as one unity
St. Peters, Vatican City, Rome â– Colonnade designed by Bernini
â– The entire frontal piazza of St. Peters is molded to be expressed as a motherly arms reaching to bring in the church and its people.
The Scala Regia, Vatican City, Rome Designed by- Bernini 1660
â– Is a flight of steps in the Vatican City and is part of the formal entrance to the Vatican. â– It was built in the early 16th century to connect the Apostolic Palace to St. Peters Basilica and was restored by Bernini in 1663
St. Carlo Alle Quattro Fontane, Rome 1640 Designed by- Borromini
■ Francesco Borromini was in the center of baroque architecture scene. ■ He was an eccentric character which worked well with the baroque style ■ Filled with distortions and tensions, giving a sense o irrational and capricious ironically its styles complete opposite ■ Notice the façade movement concave in the shape of a motion picture curtain in a sense.
COVERED 30,000BC- 1640 AD