PhD Presentation - Stephen Symons

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Call-up papers were issued to all white males from the age of 17


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Conscript photos from SA Army Basic Training in the SADF (1980s)


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SA Navy conscripts: Bierman Company, SAS Saldanha (1990)

Film: Kodak E3 Slide film, Camera: Minolta XG 1, no flash


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“Beach party�, SA Navy conscripts: Bierman Company, SAS Saldanha (1990) Film: Kodak E3 Slide film, Camera: Minolta XG 1, no flash


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Situating itself within the interdisciplinary nexus of gender, memory and visual studies, my thesis focuses on recollections of the transitionary phase of registration for military service (initially occurring within a secondary school environment), induction and basic training of conscripts in the SADF, as well as the place / role / guises of these typically highly gendered memories within post-apartheid South Africa.


While the Border War and conflict in the townships has drawn much discussion and research, the induction phase and basic training within the SADF remains a largely unexplored domain, particularly within the disciplinary framework of this study. The thesis responds to this gap, highlighting not the battlefield but the induction and training phase of SADF conscripts.


Border War literature – histories & commentary


Border War literature – photographic and conscript narratives


Border War literature – novels, plays & poetry


According to sociologist, George Lipsitz, counter-memory unearths the past exposing the "hidden histories" excluded from dominant narratives — to present fresh perspectives on past events.


The induction phase acknowledged and underwrote a deterministic view of race, duty and hegemonic masculinities inculcated in young white South African men since early childhood.


The Secondary School Cadets system was established in the mid 70s and fell under the auspices of the SADF.


By entering parental roles, ex-conscripts are forced to pose deeper questions relating to apartheid era parental compliance with conscription.

However, discourse (written, spoken and visual) is also crucial to individual cathartic processes of necessary forgetting, not necessarily as an antidote to memory, but as a means of relinquishing redundant notions of masculinity.


The Archive as counter-memory These are objects (including photographs) that act as evidence of past events or traces of subjugated histories, and once contextualised, begin to function as counter-memories.

Letters to the author.


The archive as counter-memory

Standard issue South African Defence Force R1 rifle bayonet


The archive as counter-memory

Inspection checklist & small arms safety manual, Feb. 1990


The archive as counter-memory

Standard issue South African Defence Force R1 rifle. This rifle was a locally manufactured copy of the Belgiun FN FAL rifle.


The archive as counter-memory

SAS Simonstown, Marine Naval Base inspection


The archive as counter-memory

SADF Pattern 70 webbing. During basic training webbing was often filled with a sandbag during route marches and physical training.


Excerpt from a letter to the author, Feb. 1990


Conscript portrait archive All the following photographs were taken during basic training as SAS Saldana Naval Training Base during basic training in February & March 1990.

All the photographs were taken on a Minolta XG 1 analogue camera with no flash using Kodak E3 slide film.


The photograph as counter-memory

For Barthes, “not only is the photograph never, in essence a memory ... but it actually blocks memory, (and) quickly becomes a counter-memory.� (Barthes 1981:91) 2. Barthes, Roland. Camera Lucida: Reflections on Photography . New York, Hill and Wang, 1981, 91.


The photograph as counter-memory

Barthes perceives memory as more sensation than frozen image. We as the viewer can only imagine and never smell, touch, taste, or feel what is pictured in the photograph. 2. Barthes, Roland. Camera Lucida: Reflections on Photography . New York, Hill and Wang, 1981, 91.


SA Navy Conscripts, Bierman Company, SAS Saldana Naval Base, Feb. 1990

Film: Kodak E3 Slide film, Camera: Minolta XG 1, no flash


SA Navy Conscripts, Bierman Company, SAS Saldana Naval Base, Feb. 1990

Film: Kodak E3 Slide film, Camera: Minolta XG 1, no flash


SA Navy Conscripts, Bierman Company, SAS Saldana Naval Base, Feb. 1990

Film: Kodak E3 Slide film, Camera: Minolta XG 1, no flash


SA Navy Conscripts, Bierman Company, SAS Saldana Naval Base, Feb. 1990

Film: Kodak E3 Slide film, Camera: Minolta XG 1, no flash


SA Navy Conscripts, Bierman Company, SAS Saldana Naval Base, Feb. 1990

Film: Kodak E3 Slide film, Camera: Minolta XG 1, no flash


SA Navy Conscripts, Bierman Company, SAS Saldana Naval Base, Feb. 1990

Film: Kodak E3 Slide film, Camera: Minolta XG 1, no flash


SA Navy Conscripts, Bierman Company, SAS Saldana Naval Base, Feb. 1990

Film: Kodak E3 Slide film, Camera: Minolta XG 1, no flash


SA Navy Conscripts, Bierman Company, SAS Saldana Naval Base, Feb. 1990

Film: Kodak E3 Slide film, Camera: Minolta XG 1, no flash


SA Navy Conscripts, Bierman Company, SAS Saldana Naval Base, Feb. 1990

Film: Kodak E3 Slide film, Camera: Minolta XG 1, no flash


SA Navy Conscripts, Bierman Company, SAS Saldana Naval Base, Feb. 1990

Film: Kodak E3 Slide film, Camera: Minolta XG 1, no flash


SA Navy Conscript birthday celebration, Bierman Company, SAS Saldana Naval Base, Feb. 1990 Film: Kodak E3 Slide film, Camera: Minolta XG 1, no flash


Conscript photo archive Basic Training


“Route march”, SA Navy Conscripts, Bierman Company, SAS Saldana Naval Base, Feb. 1990


“Route march”, SA Navy Conscripts, Bierman Company, SAS Saldana Naval Base, Feb. 1990


“Completion of a route march”, SA Navy Conscripts, Bierman Company, SAS Saldana Naval Base, Feb. 1990


“Passing out parade”, SAS Saldana Naval Base, Feb. 1990


“Route march”, SA Navy Conscripts, Bierman Company, SAS Saldana Naval Base, Feb. 1990


“Inspection”, Bierman Company, SAS Saldana Naval Base, Feb. 1990

“Smoke break during PT”, SA Navy Conscripts, Bierman Company, SAS Saldana Naval Base, Feb. 1990


“SA Navy PT instructor”,SAS Saldana Naval Base, Feb. 1990


SA Navy Conscripts, Bierman Company, SAS Saldana Naval Base, Feb. 1990


This study may also be of relevance to transitional contexts elsewhere in which men who were conscripted into a system that was eventually vanquished and much castigated seek means of reintegration into the society they call home.


Thank you


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