PAPER ANALYZE GENETIC STRUCTURALISM OF SHORT STORY " AN OCCURRENCE AT OWL CREEK BRIDGE" BY AMBORSE BIERCE Submitted to fulfill the mid-term of school of literary criticism subject Lecturer: Dr. Syamsudin, M.Hum The Writer : M Yusril Ihza Mahendra (16320240)
ENGLISH LETTERS DEPARTMENT FACULTY OF HUMANITY STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY OF MAULANA MALIK IBRAHIM MALANG 2019
APPROVAL SHEET Name NIM Title
: M Yusril Ihza Mahendra : 16320240 : Analyze Genetic Structuralism Of Short Story " An Occurrence At Owl Creek Bridge" By Amborse Bierce Malang, 24 March 2019
The Advisor,
The Writer,
Dr. Syamsudin,M.Hum
M Yusril Ihza Mahendra
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PREFACE In the name of Allah SWT, the beneficent, the merciful, praise belongs to Allah, the lord of the universe who has given the inspiration to the writer, thus they can finis this paper. This paper is intended to fulfill the assigment of Syntax subject. The writer realize that without the almighty of Allah for his power, love blessings and mercy, who has blessed them of health and strenght, my prophet Muhammad S.A.W. who has guided us to the right way. Thus this paper can be accomplished at the appropriate time. The writers dedicate their deepest who hearted to their advisor, Dr. Syamsudin,M.Hum, who has given idea, advises and even critics to complete this paper. The writers realize that this paper is still far from perfectnes, therefore they warmly welcome and appreciate many corrections, suggestion, and critics. Finally the writers suggest and hope that this paper will be very useful to the writer, readers, and also other researchers.
Malang, 24 March 2019
The Writer
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TABLE OF CONTENTS COVER APPROVAL SHEET ................................................................................................ PREFACE ................................................................................................................. TABLE OF CONTENTS .......................................................................................... CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION 1.1. Background ............................................................................................ 1.2. Research Question .................................................................................. 1.3. Objectives of the Study .......................................................................... CHAPTER II ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION 2.1. Short Story .............................................................................................. 2.2. Structuralism........................................................................................... 2.3. Genetic Structuralism ............................................................................. 2.4. Intrinsic Factor........................................................................................ 2.5. Ektrinsict Elements ................................................................................. 2.6. The Elaborate of Intrinsic Elemets and Extrinsic Elements ................... CHAPTER III CONCLUSION .........................................................................................................
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REFERENCES BIOGRAPHY OF THE WRITER
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CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION 1.1 BACKGROUND Literature is a study that can be obtained from the nature not only from a university but also from informal education. It can be gotten from our heart and our creative mind, it can be gotten anywhere. When a man reads the story with his feeling, he will know about what the author means. And he will learn the elements of the story that he has read. By studying literature, it can make someone know the other way of life that the author means in the story. The researcher chooses literature because it offers a unique way to make the readers interested to the story and it is also because the researcher likes to study thing that have connection with literature. In this thesis the researcher analyzed the intrinsic elements of short story. The researcher chooses intrinsic elements in the short story because to know and understanding the story we must know all of the intrinsic elements of that story. The reader will be more satisfied if they know the intrinsic elements of the story that they have read. The researcher chose “An Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridge” short story as his subject because it is one of the famous short stories by Ambrose Bierceshort. The researcher hopes that this research can give description of the intrinsic elements of Ambrose Bierceshort short story “An Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridgein” in order to help readers to understand the content of the short story and can give more information about the intrinsic elements of the short story. ۡ ُ َ ُ ُ ۡ َ َ َۡ ) َ ُۡ َ َۡ ۡ ّ َ ۡ ُ ۡ ۡ َ ۡ َ َ ﴿ َ َ َ ٰ َ ٱ ُ ٱ ۡ َ ِ ُ ٱ ۡ َ ۗ َو ﴾=3 ٗ 5ِ 6ِ ب زِد "+ ِ أن-. /ِ0 ان ِ "!ء# ِ ِ ۖۥ و< ر$%&* إِ' و «So high [above all] is Allah, the Sovereign, the Truth. And, [O Muhammad], do not hasten with [recitation of] the Qur'an before its revelation is completed to you, and say, "My Lord, increase me in knowledge."(114)»
1.2 RESEARCH QUESTION : 1. What is the intrinsic element in this story? 2. What is the extrinsic element in this story? 1.3 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY : 1. To describe the intrinsic elements in the story 2. To find out the extrinsic element in the story
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CHAPTER II ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION 2.1 Short story Short Story is an invented prose narrative shorter than a novel usually dealing with a few characters and aiming at unity of effect and often concentrating on the creation of mood rather than plot. 2.2 Structuralism Structuralism is a method of interpreting and analysing such things as language, literature, and society, which focuses on contrasting ideas or elements of structure and attempts to show how they relate to the whole structure. 2.3 Genetic Structuralism: Genetic Structuralism Theoretical reference used in this research is Genetic Structuralism by Lucien Goldmann. Genetic structuralism is a branch of literary research that gives attention to both intrinsic an extrinsic element. The person who introduces genetic structuralism for the first time was Taine. “Taine believed that literary work is not only an imaginative fact and personal imagination, but also a reflection of culture record, a shape of certain mind when literary work was created”.13 His view then developed through sociological literary study. Goldmann is the one who developed genetic structuralism. In his view human facts are structures that have meaning. All activity of human being is a response from individual or collective subject in certain situation representing creation to modification situations in order to fit in with the aspiration.
2.4 Intrinsic Factor A. Character 1. Major -
Peyton Farquhar: good-looking, friendly, traitor
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Union Scout posing as Confederate: sly
2. Minor -
Union soldiers: respect the rules
3. Supporting -
Peyton Farquhar’s wife: friendly, kind
B. Setting 1. Place : -
A railroad bridge over river or stream in northern Albama 2
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the owl creek bridge
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the plantation
2. Time : -
In the evening on a rustic bench
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An American Civil War between April 1861 and April 1865
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The spring of 1863
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An Union Victory in 1862
3. Situation and Atmosphere : A man stood upon in a railroad bridge in northern Albama Tense and horrible
C. Plot 1. Exposition The story of an occurrence at owl Creek Bridge is during the Civil War. The setting of the story in Northern Alabama, where there are soldier, officer, sergeant, captain who stayed at owl creek bridge. They punished civilians with hanging them if the civilians against them whereas the South relied on agriculture. Peyton Farquhar was a well-to-do farmer who wanted more than anything to have an impact on the war, even though he could not be a soldier. Peyton in south’ side. -
Problem One evening while Farquhar and his wife were sitting on a rustic bench near
the entrance to his grounds, a gray-clad soldier (Federal scout) rode up to the gate and asked for a drink of water. Mrs. Farquhar was only too happy to serve him with her own white hands. While she was fetching the water her husband approached the dusty horseman and inquired eagerly for news from the front and learned that the Northern forces were repairing the railroads and nearing Owl Creek bridge to advance their forces. Then, Farquhar told want to set the bridge on fire. -
Conflict The conflict within himself and the society. He is an southern’ side whether society is in the northen’ side
2. Rising Action
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The soldier, who was actually a Union soldier in disguise, told Farquhar that any civilian caught interfering with the North's efforts would be hanged, and also mentioned how easy it would be to set the bridge on fire.
3. Climax Farquhar about to be hanged by a Union captain in the middle of a bridge over raging water in Northern Alabama -
Suspense It seems that Farquhar is awakened by the cold current of the river, having lost consciousness after the noose broke and he fell from the bridge. His executioners are firign at him from the bridge, he suffers a gunshot wound, comes up for air, dives back under, only to see a cannonball land within two yards..
4. Falling Action He thinks he's doomed, but then seems to be ejected from the river onto a bank, out of sight and firing range. But then he hears gunshots, escapes through the forest, taking backroads to return to his home. He seems to greet his wife, but then feels a sharp blow on his neck, sees a blinking white light, and all falls to silence and darkness.
5. Resolution Peyton Farquhar was dead, his body with a broken neck, swung gently from side to side beneath the timbers of the owl creek bridge. -
Ending Close ending because Peyton Farquhar dead.
D. Content of the Story 1. Subject matters Patriotism 2. Theme A soldier should respect the rule and defend a threatening by enemy. 3. Moral Lesson Donâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t believe someone randomly 4
E. Literary Devices: 1. Symbolism : -
Soldier: an enlisted a man/woman who serves in army
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Payton Farquhar: is a hero and an anti-hero, as just he is a man stuck between reality and fantasy
2. Diction : War, soldier, federal army, sergeant, officer, sentinel, invader, civil 3. Figurative Languages
F. Point of View The point of view that used in this story is the third person’s. This point of view is characterized by the pronoun and mentions the name of the character. G. Figurative Language There are some figurative language on story “An Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridge” by Ambrose Bierce
1. Simile •
“They hurt his ear like the thrust of a knife”
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“The water roared in his ear like the voice of Niagara”
The similes give the story a more dark and suspensful side with words such as thrust of a knife and roaring water. They are dangerous phrases.
2. Metaphor •
“He thought with the rapidity of lightning”
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“Death is a dignitary who when he comes annouched is to be received with formal manifestations of respect...”
These give more details on how he was going through in the time before his execution. It also shows his view on death.
3. Personification •
“The days became maddening”
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“The light above him shot upward”
These phrases give the things such as the days and the light an animal like characteristic.. Something dangerous that could cause harm to the person, in this case. Farquhar.
4. Imagery •
“The water touched to gold by the early sun” 5
•
“The two private soldiers stepped aside and each drew away the plank on which he had been standing”
These examples help the reader see what the watter looked like. It also shows who had pulled out the planks under Farquhar in order to finish his execution.
2.5 EKSTRINSICT ELEMENTS
1. AUTHOR BIOGRAPHY Ambrose Bierce, in full Ambrose Gwinnett Biercewas born on June 24, 1842 in Meigs county, Ohio, US. He worked as a printer's apprentice and enlisted to fight in the Civil War. After the war he worked as an editor, journalist, and short story writer; capturing his war experiences in vivid detail. Bierce's book The Devil's Dictionary was named as one of "The 100 Greatest Masterpieces of American Literature" by the American Revolution Bicentennial Administration. His story "An Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridge" has been described as "one of the most famous and frequently anthologized stories in American literature". Bierce was regarded as one of the most influential journalists in the United States. He is considered one of the only major authors of the Civil War genre to have first-hand knowledge as a soldier. 2. NORTHERN ALABAMA CIVIL WAR BATTLES The war pitted Unionists against Secessionists. The war ended slavery. The war encouraged industrialization. Alabamians came to identify themselves not as Americans but as southerners, fiercely loyal to their Lost Cause. All of this was purchased with the lives of 600,000 Americans.
3. Streight’s Raid in Alabama – April-May 1863 Union Colonel Abel D. Streight led a raid through Alabama and Georgia from April 19 to May 3, 1863. His goal was to destroy parts of the Western and Atlantic Railroad, which was supplying the Confederate Army of Tennessee. The raid was poorly supplied and planned and was hindered by locals who had the advantage of home territory and opposed the Union. The raid ended with the defeat and capture of Streight and his 1,700 men at Cedar Bluff, Alabama, by Confederate Brigadier General Nathan Bedford Forrest who had 500 men. Day’s Gap – April 30, 1863 – Also called the Battle of Sand Mountain, this battle occurred in Cullman County, Alabama on April 30, 1863. Union Colonel Abel D. Streight led a 6
provisional brigade on a raid to cut the Western & Atlantic Railroad that supplied General Braxton Bragg’s Confederate army in Middle Tennessee. From Nashville, Tennessee, Streight’s command traveled to Eastport, Mississippi, and then proceeded east to Tuscumbia, Alabama, in conjunction with another Union force commanded by Brigadier General Grenville Dodge. On April 26, 1863, Streight’s men left Tuscumbia and marched southeast with their initial movements screened by Dodge’s troops. On April 30, Confederate Brigadier General Nathan Bedford Forrest’s brigade caught up with Streight’s expedition and attacked its rearguard at Day’s Gap on Sand Mountain. The Federals repulsed this attack and continued their march to avoid further delay and envelopment. Thus began a running series of skirmishes and engagements at Crooked Creek and Hog Mountain on April 30, Blountsville on May 1, and Black Creek/Gadsden and Blount’s Plantation on May 2. Forrest finally surrounded the exhausted Union soldiers near Rome, Georgia, where he forced their surrender on May 3. The running battle resulted in a Union victory, though Streight’s Raid ultimately failed. Total casualties were estimated at 88, with 23 from the Union and 65 of the Confederate.
4. Operations in North Alabama, 1864 Athens – January 26, 1864 – Also called the Battle of Sulphur Creek Trestle, this battle took place in Limestone County on January 26, 1964. This battle occurred when the Confederate cavalry, led by Lieutenant Colonel Moses W. Hannon led about 600 men in attacking the town of Athens, Alabama which was being held by Union troops. At about 4:00 am on the morning of January 26, 1864, the Rebels attacked Union Captain Emil Adams and his force of about 100 soldiers. Even though the Union defenders had no fortifications and were outnumbered six to one, they were able to repulse the Confederate attack and force them into a retreat after a two-hour battle. The Union victory resulted in an estimated 50 casualties – 20 Union and 30 Confederate.
5. Franklin-Nashville Campaign, 1864 The Franklin-Nashville Campaign, also known as Hood’s Tennessee Campaign, was a series of battles in the Western Theater, conducted from September 18 to December 27, 1864, in Alabama, Tennessee, and northwestern Georgia. The Confederate Army of Tennessee under Lieutenant General John Bell Hood drove north from Atlanta, threatening Major General William T. Sherman’s lines of communications and central Tennessee. After a brief attempt to pursue Hood, Sherman returned to Atlanta and began his March to the Sea, 7
leaving Union forces under Major General George H. Thomas to deal with Hood’s threat. The first two battles of the campaign were fought in Allatoona, Georgia and Decatur, Alabama. Six more battles would be fought in Tennessee before the campaign ended.
6. Decatur – October 26-29, 1864 Taking place in Morgan County and Limestone Counties, on October 26-29, 1864, this battle was part of Confederate General John B. Hood’s Franklin-Nashville Campaign during the fall of 1864. When Hood was marching through northern Alabama on his way to Unionheld Tennessee, he originally planned to cross the Tennessee River at Guntersville, Alabama. However, when he learned that it was highly guarded, he changed directions and decided to cross at Decatur, 40 miles to the west. When he and his troops arrived on October 26, they found that this crossing was also heavily fortified with a Federal infantry force of 3,000 to 5,000 men, two forts, two gunboats, and 1,600 yards of rifle pits. On October 27, Hood and his men encircled Decatur and the next morning, he sent Confederate skirmishers through a dense fog to a ravine within 800 yards of the main fortifications. At about noon, a Federal regiment drove the Confederate troops out of the ravine, capturing 125 men. “With the soldiers hungry and supplies scarce”, Hood knew he could not afford the casualties from a full-scale assault and decided to cross the Tennessee River elsewhere. He then marched further westward and crossed near Tuscumbia, Alabama, where Muscle Shoals prevented interference by the Federal gunboats. The Union victory resulted in estimated casualties of 155 Union and 450 Confederate.
7. REMINISCENCES OF DAILY LIFE ON A SOUTHERN PLANTATION DURING THE WAR. Later, bread riots hit Mobile in both April and September 1863. By 1864, roving bands of "corn women" wandered the state begging and stealing, as encouraged in the Book of Leviticus 23:22, to leave edges of crops for the poor to harvest. 8. SPYING IN THE CIVIL WAR Though neither the Union nor the Confederacy had a formal military intelligence network during the Civil War, each side obtained crucial information from spying or espionage operations. From early in the war, the Confederacy set up a spy network in the federal capital of Washington, D.C., home to many southern sympathizers. The Confederate Signal Corps also included a covert intelligence agency known as the Secret Service Bureau, 8
which managed spying operations along the so-called “Secret Line” from Washington to Richmond. As the Union had no centralized military intelligence agency, individual generals took charge of intelligence gathering for their own operations. General George B. McClellan hired the prominent Chicago detective Allan Pinkerton to set up the first Union espionage organization in mid-1861. 9. LIEBER CODE President Lincoln imposed the Lieber Code in April of 1863, which were instructions for how soldiers should conduct themselves in wartime, such as the ethical treatment of populations in occupied terrorities, prisoners of war, and the lawfulness of emancipating slaves. In Bierce's story, the Federal soldiers are complying with a strict code of conduct.
2.6 The Elaborate of Intrinsic Elements and Extrinsic Elements Using Genetic Structuralism of "An Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridge” by Ambrose Bierce Genetic structuralism is a theory under the sociology of literature. Genetic structuralism was born from a French sociologist Lucien Goldmann 1975. Appearance caused, dissatisfaction against the approach of structuralism, which studies only focused on the intrinsic elements without regard to extrinsic elements of literary works, literary works are considered to be separated from its social context. Genetic factors include genetic structuralism in literature, literary means the origin of the genetic literature. The factors involved in the origin of literature and is the author of historical fact are also conditioned the literature when it was created. Genetic structuralism trying to fix weaknesses structuralism approach, by inserting genetic factors in understanding literature. Genetic structuralism often referred to historical structuralism, which considers the typical literary work is analyzed in terms of the historical. Goldmann intends to bridge the gap between the approaches of structuralism (intrinsic) and sociological approaches (extrinsic). An occurrence at owl creek bridge’s short story is tell about a civilian named Peyton Farquhar as a planter who lived in the American civil war between April 1861 and April 1865. The setting of the story is located in Northern Alabama. In this era, there is a rule that if the civilians against them whereas the South relied on agriculture will be punished with hanging them who against them. Peyton Farquhar is one of civilian who against the rule, so he get punishment by hanging in the owl creek bridge. While in the extrinsic elements, Ambrose Bierce as the writer of this short story is an American. He worked as a printer's 9
apprentice and enlisted to fight in the Civil War. While he write this short story, the situation in his environment is same with the story he was written. Northern Alabama civil war battles is the civil war that happened while he write this story. Ambrose Bierce try to capture the situation of the civil war at that time. The war pitted Unionists against Secessionists. The war ended slavery. The war encouraged industrialization. Alabamians came to identify themselves not as Americans but as southerners, fiercely loyal to their Lost Cause. All of this was purchased with the lives of 600,000 Americans. Those are the situation that were happened at that time. In this case, the researcher use genetic structuralism to analyze the short story of Ambrose Bierce titled "An Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridgeâ&#x20AC;? by elaborate the intrinsic elements with the extrinsic elements.
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BAB III CONCLUSION
In conclusion, to analyze genetic structuralism we should elaborate intrinsic elements and extrinsic element. Intrinsic element should be elaborate to get a meaning of literary work itself, whereas extrinsic elements the origin of literary work, means about the author biography, historical fact that describe the condition condition when the literary created. Therefore, the intrinsic tells about the condition when civil war (Northern Alabama) happened and describe the society. Also, the extrinsic element which tells Ambrose Bierce as the writer of this short story is an American who worked as a printer's apprentice and enlisted to fight in the Civil War. While he write this short story, the situation in his environment is same with the story he was written. Northern Alabama civil war battles is the civil war that happened while he write this story, means extrinsic elements also influenced this literary work.
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REFERENCES https://www.biography.com/people/ambrose-bierce-9212162 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambrose_Bierce https://americanliterature.com/author/ambrose-bierce https://www.history.com/topics/american-civil-war/civil-war-spie http://www.encyclopediaofalabama.org/article/h-1429 https://www.legendsofamerica.com/al-civilwarbattles/2/ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabama_in_the_American_Civil_War https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/short%20story https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/structuralism Nur’aini,Witri. 2009. Genetic Structuralism Analysis on “Lucky Jim” By Kingsley Amis. Jakarta : State Islamic University Syarif Hidayatullah.
BIOGRAPHY OF THE WRITER M Yusril Ihza Mahendra lahir di Kediri, Provinsi Jawa Timur, pada 26 Maret 1998. Dia adalah anak kedua dari empat bersaudara. Ayahnya berprofesi sebagai dosen. Ia pernah bersekolah di SDN Kasing Malang, MTsN Tambakberas Jombang dan MAN Tambakberas Jombang. Semasa sekolah di Tambakberas dia juga menempuh pendidikan pesantren selama 6 tahun. Sekarang, Ia adalah seorang mahasiswa UIN Malang jurusan Sastra Inggris.