Workstream 1
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Regenerative Hydroscape
Claudia Siric, 1264477 Haoxin Shi, 1227356 Chuen Fan Lee, 1146479 Kelly Yutong Jin, 991449
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Introduction Workstream 1 explores water as a resource in Bayles, a Victorian rural area. It communicates the importance of water both on the surface and underground. Two major climate concerns of drought and flooding on nature and the man-made area will be discussed as they affect both surface water and aquifers productions. To cope with water challenges, connections between soil, waste, floodwater, sewage will be made. Impacts on each system and the others will be investigated, aiming at understanding their effect on the quality and quantity of water. The interconnected cycle can regenerate and replenish the natural resources of water. Once the cycle is stable and established, it may strengthen the water security for Western Port Basin. The studied systems will be taken into consideration to improve the existing system to create a more effective and efficient cycle.
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Contents
0.0
4.0
5.0
Introduction
S1: Leaky Weirs
S2: Wetland Cells
Introduction
4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6
5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5
Water Crisis 1.1 Rural Victoria Flooding History 1.2 Rural Victoria Drought history 1.2 Aquifer 2.1 2.2 2.3
Bayles, Victoria 3981 History of Bayles Site Inventory Agriculture in Victoria
System 1 Summary Leaky Weirs Native Flora Leaky Weir Iterations Site Plan Water Flow System Phase of Site - Construction & Operations of Leaky Weir
System 2 Summary Wetland Cells Wetland Cells System Design Diagram Wetland Cell Detail Wetland Cell Section Phase of Site - Construction & Operations of Wetland Cells
Design intent 3.1 Strategy
6.0
7.0
8.0
9.0
S3: Regenerative Farming
S4: Waste-to-Engery Plant
S5: Artificial Forest
Result
6.0 System 3 Summary 6.1 Regenerative Farming 6.2 Land Division 6.3 Water Movement above and below ground 6.4 Research – Irrigation Method 6.5 Application – Irrigation: Layer 1 6.6 Application – Irrigation: Layer 2 6.7 Farmland Development 6.8 HaHa Land Division 6.9 Phase of Site - Construction & Operations of Regenerative Farming
7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5 7.6
8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 8.5 8.6
9.1 Matrix 9.2 Overall Site 9.3 Contour Map 9.4 Section – System Flow 9.5 Section – Water Flow 9.6 Section – Normal Scenario 9.7 Section – Flooding & Drought Scenario 9.8 Section – Bush Fire Scenario 9.9 Renders 9.10 Projection Map
System 4 Summary Types of Biogas Power Plants Waste-to-Energy Plant Phases of Waste-to-Energy Plant Structure & Materials Waste-to-Energy Plant Sections Rehabilitate Close Landfill
System 5 Summary Artificial Forest Ecological Succession Bee Knowledge Beehive Placement Artificial Forest Section Phase of Site - Construction & Operations of Waste-to-Energy Plant & Artificial Forest
Conclusion
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Water Crisis
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KOO WEE RUP SWAMP DRAINAGE SCHEME (KNOWN TODAY AS THE KWRLFPD) Rural Victoria Flooding history and drainage scheme
*average recurrence interval (ARI) The average or expected value of the periods between exceedances of a given rainfall total accumulated over a given duration. It is implicit in this definition that the periods between exceedances are generally random
The intent of these works is to renew the levee banks and increase the flow carrying capacity of the main The intent of these works is to renew the levee banks and increase the flow carrying drain to a 15 year ARI event
capacity of the main drain to a 15 year ARI event.
in 1936
late 1800s early 1900s swamp slowly drained
Royal commission-drainage system A Royal Commission was established in 1936 that noted the deficiencies in the drainage system and recommended that substantial improvements be made. The works involved alternations (eg levee construction, sediment removal) and extensions to main drains.
the swamp was slowly drained by the construction of over 500 kilometres of major and minor channels to convey stream flows from upstream catchments and local runoff through the swamp to Western Port.
KWRLFPD MAJOR FLOODING
CHANNELS
1901
1911
From: • topping of the main carrier levees • the local catchments exceeding the capacity of KOO WEE RUP SWAMP thelocal drainage system. Mapped flooding
Characteristics: • large areas of water pondage, particularly behind raised roads and levees. • Due to the extremely flat nature of the terrain, even relatively minor events can inundate large areas within the district.
MAIN DRAINS ALTERNATIONS (EG LEVEE CONSTRUCTION, SEDIMENT REMOVAL) AND EXTENSIONS
1923 1924
in 1962 Spillway
The Outfall splits the flow of the Bunyip Main Drain at Cora Lynn.
The completion of the spillway at Cora Lynn in 1962 was done to divert floodwaters into the Yallock Outfall and so protect the township of Koo Wee Rup
OUTFALL
in 2001
Values: The KWRLFPD is low lying and former swampland which means it is susceptible to flooding. A number of areas also have a high conservation value including providing wildlife corridors for the Southern Brown Bandicoot or habitat for Australian Grayling.
The spillway was the last major work to take place in the KWRLFPD until the Bunyip Main Drain rehabilitation works commenced in 2001 with the last stage of these works currently being constructed.
MAIN DRAIN REHABILITATION
SPILLWAY
SPILLWAY WAS THE LAST MAJOR WORK
in 2011_RAINFALL EVENT
These conservation values cause considerable tension with the local farming community who see the main value of the districts drains as providing drainage values. Equally other sectors of the community see these conservation values as being of prime importance. To address these competing concerns we are working with state and federal departments to find a more strategic longterm solution.
inches
A major storm event occurred over the district and its contributing catchments between the 4 and 6 February 2011. Work undertaken by a consultant on MelChallenges bourne Water’s behalf found that: • Rainfall totals in excess of the 200 year ARI were recorded in some district • It causes a large area of water pontage, particularly behind raised catchments, with rainfall totals above 120mm being experienced in multiroads and levees. Due to the extremely flat nature of the terrain, even ple locations. relatively minor events can inundate large area within the district. • The storm event was variable across system the contributing catchments • The drainage not working efficientlydue in to its capacity of the spatial and temporal distributions. intensity of extraordinary floods. • Recorded flows in Deep Creek and Eumemmering Creek in excess of in this district. • The maintenance of drains has beenwere a difficult problem the 100 year ARI. For Toomuc and Cardinia Creeks, flow rates in excess of the 200 year ARI were estimated. In the Bunyip River flows were estimated at approximately equivalent to an 18 year ARI event. • Flooding within the Opportunities district was wide spread as would be expected given the amount of rainfall during the event. Figure 6 shows the extent
450
Square miles
• The KWRLFPD is low lying and former swampland which means it is susceptible to flooding. A number of areas also have a high conservation value including providing wildlife corridors for the Southern Brown Bandicoot or habitat for Australian Grayling. • These conservation values cause considerable tension with the local farming community who see the main value of the districts drains as providing drainage values. Equally other sectors of the community see these conservation values as being of prime importance.
We will never completely eliminate the risk of flooding in the area however we can improve the resilience of the district and ensure that residents and growers are better protected in the future. * The Main Drain carries the runoff from about 260 square miles of hilly to the mountainous country, some of which receives nearly 70 inches.
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Bunyip Main Drain rehabilitation
1934 1935 1937
44
Bayles
in the 1950s Outfall
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Rural Victoria Drought history The main contributing factor to Drought is due to the lack or decrease of rainfall across Victoria, if there is a way to capture and store water through the wet seasons to then distribute throughout the dry seasons.
https://www.melbournewater.com.au/sites/default/files/2018-02/Understanding_the_Western_Port_Environment_0.pdf vro.agriculture.vic.gov.au
Contributing factors to drought in Victoria Challenges • The amount of land clearing that has been done over the years has exposed the soil so much that it is no longer rich in nutrients. • The land clearing has led to open fields allowing for fire to move very quickly across the land, as there is nothing in the way to prevent the spreading. •
Opportunities • The KWRLFPD is lying on former swamplands which means it has the potential for the restoration of the land to its former glory of being a sanctuary for both flora and fauna. • Once restored through the re-introduction of native flora the land would be able to hold water and nutrients in a much more efficient way, therefore becoming a preventative for bushfires and drought.
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Aquifer Factors of a Productive Aquifer • • • • • •
unconfined storage relatively shallow depth, so it is easy to fill and draw from cannot cause adverse impacts such as land subsidence, water quality degradation Permeable rock/ soil Stable and suitable salinity Note: Very productive aquifers can be found in the alluvial plains of Australia’s river systems, and the coastal plains. The sediments in these areas have porous, permeable layers and give good yields of water up to 0.8 ML/day at a shallow depth that can be easily pumped.
Aquifer
Why groundwater banking for the site? Groundwater within the Koo Wee Rup WSPA is currently used for irrigation, dairy, industrial, and stock and domestic purposes. • To build up on the existing Koo Wee Rup Groundwater Management Unit • To build up on existing drainage system • To increase water security for human use and ecosystem • To harvest flood water swiftly and flood mitigation
Underground Water Flow Directions
Groundwater Banking What is groundwater banking? It is a water management mechanism to save water into an aquifer for future use. Source of water includes floodwaters or other surface water. Why the use of groundwater will increase? Groundwater is stored underground in the aquifer. It is similar to a safety box that prevents water from evaporation. In Australia, around 90 percent of rainfall is lost to evaporation or transpiration. It occurs when water returns to the atmosphere from a surface such as land surface, upper soil layer and water body. Diagram showing water storage efficiency with surface water body/ aquifer
Current Linkage of aquifer to the site. The groundwater is not only used for drinking and irrigation during long periods of drought, but also for sustaining life in wetlands.
https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=http%3A%2F%2Fearthresources.efirst.com.au%2Fproduct.asp%3FpID%3D720%26cID%3D55&psig=AOvVaw0wRR2VgRZ91-AeD4CcBHMR&ust=1616060403437000&sourc e=images&cd=vfe&ved=2ahUKEwi748OjhLfvAhVSCN4KHR23BdYQjB16BAgAEAg
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2.0 Bayles, Victoria 3981
Bayles is a town located 70 km south-east of Melbourne’s Central Business District. It sits in Koo Wee Rup catchment area within the Shire of Cardinia. It is formerly known as ‘the Great Swamp’ and thrived with the dairy industry. Nowadays, it is a town with 461 residents (population) and mainly work in the road freight transport industry. Farms mainly produce beef, poultry, and vegetables such as asparagus. Current amenities include a pre-school and kindergarten, a regional primary school, general stores, public hall, tennis courts and the fauna park.
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• • • •
High conservation value about farming and ecosystem Soil: low salinity, suitable for storing water and producing fresh water Aquifer underneath Bayles, that stretches from the coast to Bunyip History of flooding, new challenges due to climate change and sea level changing, new strategy needs to be proposed
https://www.victorianplaces.com.au/bayles https://quickstats.censusdata.abs.gov.au/census_services/getproduct/census/2016/quickstat/SSC20170
Source: Guidelines for Development within the Koo Wee Rup and Longwarry Flood Protection District July 2019
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Western Port Basin Farming
Salinity levels in Melbourne
https://www.vgls.vic.gov.au/client/en_AU/search/asset/1162549/0
Bayles distance from Melbourne CBD Landfill Site & Fresh Deep Aquifer
Map showing the distance from Bayles to Melbourne CBD Map: https://www.google.com/maps/@-38.007969,145.0773511,11z
Demographics Capital & Operating Expenditure 2008 - 2013
Education
Industry of Employment
Western Port Basin: Landfill Site and Fresh Deep Aquifer
Landfill: https://nationalmap.gov.au/#share=s-f5r5qq5cndrnyxzCDJYBPk4422I Aquifer: https://www.vgls.vic.gov.au/client/en_AU/search/asset/1162549/0
Chosen site: Bayles, Victoria 3981 Victoria has a select few areas that have the specific qualities of low salinity, an Aquifer and a Landfill site. Reviewing Victoria Bayles is one of the places that fits the criteria of what is needed. Bayles, is within the Western Port Basin that is a low salinity, a Landfill Site that recycled Putrescible Waste, and a Fresh Deep Aquifer that is suitable for human consumption. https://mrccc.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/Water-Quality-Salinity-Standards.pdf
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https://www.parliament.vic.gov.au/images/stories/FLOOD/37_Melbourne_Water.pdf https://quickstats.censusdata.abs.gov.au/census_services/getproduct/census/2016/quickstat/SSC20170
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Agriculture in Victoria
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Flora and Soil Exposure next to a Creek
Percentage of Farming in Bayles
The diagram above demonstrates in percentages the different types of argriculture there is within Bayles.
Percentage of Irrigation Systems in VIC
Water Flow underground allowing Flora to grow
The diagram above demonstrates in percentages the different types of irrigation systems used in Farming within Victoria. Balyes, Victoria was specifically chosen as it had a variety of different farming practices throughout not only Bayles itself but the Cardinia Shire which is one of the Australian’s local government area. It will also serve as a test site to be able to form an evaluation of the combined farming practices that are been used throughout the world. As there is a general problem throughout not only Australia but the whole world, is that the need for Farming Practices to change to help support and execute a more sustainable way of working. The strategies that have been combined into one system will not only be able to extend further than what is proposed but be implemented throughout the world.
https://economy.id.com.au/cardinia/employment-by-industry https://economy.id.com.au/cardinia/value-of-agriculture https://agriculture.vic.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0005/612941/Strong-Innovative-Sustainable-a-new-strategy-for-Agriculture-in-Victoria.pdf http://www.nswic.org.au/pdf/irrigation_statistics/Facts%20Figures.pdf
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Design Intent
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Strategy This project is proposing a new form of small scale regenerative farming system that considers water as resources in baileys that act as an ecosystem of Soil, aquifer, and waste energy.
S1. Leaky weir system: rehydrating soil leaky weir system.
S2. Wetland cell system: filtrating and collecting.
S3. Regenerative farming: improving the local water-cycle .
S4. W.T.E: to eliminate contamination and transform waste into environmentally friendly resources for human use.
Demonstrates the cycle of how the system will improve the two main subjects of Drought and Flooding, it specifies the positive and negative impacts through the red and green line
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Strategies
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S1
Soil and Water cycle
Soil and plants absorb water through saturation from rain, the water would then percolate down to the aquifers and flow laterally into nearby streams. Water from plant “sweat”, soil and water body return to the atmosphere cycle creating clouds to form the natural water cycle. But, in order to create this natural cycle the need of healthy soil is vital because the healthier the soil the more permeable it is to allow water particles to flow through. The more dense the soil the more water runoff there is which lead into either suitable or unsuitable places, this can be the result of flooding in certain areas because the soil is so dense that is no longer able to absorb water efficiently. http://beachapedia.org/Healthy_Soils
Soil Type: Monomeith Clay Loam with Sandy Ridges Landform: Alluvial Plain Amount of water (mm) flow through soil (per hour): 5 - 8 mm/hr Typical profile of Monomeith Clay Loam with Sandy Ridges:
Soil Ecosystem
Australia’s economy depends on the health of soil due to Agriculture and Horticulture depend on excellent nutritional soil. Prolonging the health of soil depends keeping or restoring the nutrients, this can be done by maintaining or introducing plants into the soil. This would boost and protect the soil from being overexposed to the sun, which is the main cause of soil erosion. Once plants are introduced and there is a good source of water then microorganisms will take over feeding on the decomposing leaf litter and allow for reproduction of new foliage. This would then improve the surrounding ecosystem and therefore enhance the soil’s health. Diagram to the left: shows how the soil microbe ecosystem functions feed the plants.
Soil pH is important as it “affects the amount of nutrients and chemicals that are soluble in soil water, and therefore the amount of nutrients are available to plants.” [1] There are two ways pH levels can go when being measured and that is they’re either more acidic or alkaline. The most neutral reading would be around a 7 pH as it means it is stable, Bayles soil is between 5.0 - 5.8, this is good for growing horticulture and agriculture.
https://symsoil.com/soil-ecosystem-how-itworks/ https://goldsamples.blog/soils/
[1]https://www.qld.gov.au/environment/land/management/soil/soil-properties/ph-levels#:~:text=Soil%20 pH%20affects%20the%20amount,more%20available%20under%20alkaline%20conditions http://www.wpcln.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2015/06/Soils_Common-Ground_WPLCN-v1.6-Final.pdf
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Leaky Weir
Before the English Settlers arrived in Australia in the 1800 - 1900’s the land looked a lot different with a lot of wetlands and boglands that held a lot of water which support the surrounding flora and fauna. This enabled the soil to be very porous and was able to replenish the underground aquifers with clean water. Throughout rural Victoria there were a lot of Leaky Weirs that are pools of water in a line that have soil either side of them. The water flow from each leaky weir is underground which enables the soil to be very porous. There was vegetation either side of the leaky weirs, even covering the gaps between each pool, which prevented soil from erosion has it was covered from the sun’s UV. This technique is currently being used throughout rural Victoria on farmlands which have been a great success with enabling water to travel a long distance and be the main water source. Implementing this system into our design will not only help the soils health but be a great foundation and support for the surrounding Agriculture and Horticulture in Bayles. The diagrams on the left describe certain water levels determined on the scenarios to explain what would happen in a Drought or Flooding within Bayles.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TFk1cFWnV0M https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6vQW8Tl_KLc https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ntJouJhLM48
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Native Flora Re-introducing Native Flora to the site with enhance the soil’s health as it is a main contributor to holding and storing water to help support the
surrounding
micro-organisms
in the soil. There will also be Nonpollinating vegetation that will help prevent any chemicals or dust from both the Agriculture and Horticulture that the creek is surrounded by. The inner layer of the vegetation is wetland flora that will help with water retention and purifying the water that flows through the Leaky Weirs.
Placement of Flora
Wetland Flora
Australian Native Flora
Non-Pollunating Flora
https://www.melbournewater.com.au/media/1426 https://www.ppwcma.vic.gov.au/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/Victorian-Pollinators-Guide-16pp-DL.pd https://www.aussiebee.com.au/flowerslovedbybees.htmlf https://www.beechworthhoney.com.au/blog/tree-planting-for-bees/ https://www.wwf.org.au/news/blogs/9-australian-native-plants-and-trees-to-attract-wildlife-and-bees-to-your-apartment-balcony-or-garden#gs.xj8zpc https://www.ccmaknowledgebase.vic.gov.au/resources/Bird_et_al_1992.pdf
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Swamp location 1960-1990’s
Water Flow Direction
Iteration 3
Iteration 1
Iteration 2
Detail: Leaky Weir and Vegetation
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Iteration 4
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Leaky Weir Placement
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Farmland
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Leaky Weir
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Wetland Cell
Wetland Edge
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500m
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The logical growth of the site The logical growth of the site
Yallock Creek_ Wetland
Original Site
Yallock Creek_Leaky Weir
Final Product
Wetland Cell_UTFI Farming Area_Wetland
Wetland Cell_UTFI
Farming Area_Leaky Weir
Farming Area_Irriga�on and fencing system Waste Energy Plant and Forest
Operation & Constrcution Phases Installa�on
2025
2035
2045
2055
Landfill gas extraction wells installed Landfill gas extraction wells operate
Solid Waste
WtE plant completed
Wetland cell
Phase 1: Wetland Cell
Construction of berms & sedding (phase 02)
Self-sufficient forest
Phase 1: Installed UTFI & Planting Flora Wetland Cell: Collecting water from Rainfall &Flooding
Phase 2: Wetland Cell
Wetland Cell: Collecting water for Phase 3 Farmlands Phase 4: Wetland Cell
Phase 2: Leaky Weirs
Yallock Creek: wetland cells collecting water for Phase 3 Farmlands Phase 4: Leaky Weirs
Farmland
Phase 1: Re-planning lots
Irrigation and Plumbing system installed
Phase 1: Re-planning lots
Yallock Creek: wetland cells collecting water for Phase 5 Farmlands
Crop Variety improvement. Irrigation and Plumbing system installed
Phase 1: Re-planning lots
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Wetland Cell: Collecting water for Phase 5 Farmlands
Phase 1: Planting Flora Yallock Creek: wetland cells collecting water
Creek
Phase 1: Leaky Weirs
2075
Expansion of WtE Plant + Repurpose for Aquifer Museum
Waste-to-energy plant operates
Construction of berms & sedding (phase 01)
Artificial Forest
2065
Regenerate landfill to farmland
Closed Landfill Waste-toenergy plant
Comple�on
Crop Production
Crop Variety improvement. Irrigation and Plumbing system installed
Crop Production
Crop Variety improvement.
Crop Production
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Maintenance
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S2 Diagram of UTFI
Diagram of Sendimentation Basin
Natural Sedimentation Basin & UTFI B. Natural Sedimentation Basin Benefit •
Improve Water Quality: 1. Remove coarse and medium sized sediments prior to run-off entering downstream treatment systems. 2. Control flows entering downstream treatment systems by diverting high flows, protecting them from scour and resuspension.
•
Water treatment (primarily sediment and some particulate nutrients and pesticides and may also facilitate some pesticide degradation).
•
Moderates peak flows and slows velocity, reducing risk of flooding and erosion.
•
Can facilitate water collection and reuse, if configured for that purpose and consistent with water take allowances and requirements.
C. Possible locations of sediment basins In treatment trains for water quality improvement in agricultural production systems.
Wetland Cells A. Natural Sedimentation Basin Sediment basins work by slowing water velocity, causing sedimentation of coarse and medium-sized sediments (typically
D. UFTI
125μm and larger). Sediment accumulates in the bottom of
•
the sediment basin and regular removal (desilting) is required
vative approach to co-managing floods and groundwater
to maintain the capacity of the basin to remove subsequent
depletion at the river basin scale.
sediment additions. An advantage of using sediment basins in agriculture, is that sediment from the farm can be trapped and used back on the farm. In some instances sediment
•
UTFI tackles the dual challenges of floods and groundwater depletion. UTFI involves targeted recharging of excess wet
basins can also be used for water capture and re-use, pro-
season flows in aquifers to protect lives and assets down-
viding additional benefits for the land manager, although care
stream and boosting agricultural productivity in the region.
must be taken to not impede the natural flow of water and approvals may be required.
Underground Taming of Floods for Irrigation (UTFI): An inno-
•
With the frequency and intensity of floods and droughts predicted to intensify in the near future, UTFI represents a new management approach that has the capacity to reduce climate-related vulnerability and risks.
https://wetlandinfo.des.qld.gov.au/wetlands/management/treatment-systems/for-agriculture/treatment-sys-nav-page/sediment-basins/ https://utfi.iwmi.org/
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Wetland Cells
0.35 km²
0.15 km²
0.20 km²
0.35 km²
0.15 km²
0.20 km²
0.44 km²
Natural Reserve
0.21 km² Forest
F.M.
0.35 km²
0.15 km²
0.20 km²
Forest
Food Market/ Leisure Area
0.44 km²
Natural Reserve
0.15 km²
0.21 km²
0.27 0.44km² km²
W.T.E
Forest
F.M.
0.15 km² 0.21 km² Forest
0.39km²
F.M
0.31 km²
Wetlands where waterarrived is the primary factorincontrolling Before are theareas English Settlers in Australia the 1800 the ecosystem. Wetlands absorb excess waterwith from reducing 1900’s the land looked a lot different a large lot offloods, wetlands and how high the that water rises, andofprotecting people’s property. Croplands boglands held a lot water which support the surroundon ing floodplains enriched by the flooding, can beflora andare fauna. This enabled the soil and to bethose very lands porous and come productive crops afteraquifers the floods wasespecially able to replenish the for underground withsubside. clean water. Throughout rural Victoria there were a lot of Leaky Weirs that Many as environmental “sponges,” absorbing storarewetlands pools ofact water in a line that have soil either side ofand them. ing The excess runoff and weir diminishing flood severity water flowfrom fromstorms, each leaky is underground whichdownenstream. ables the soil to be very porous. There was vegetation either side of the leaky weirs, even covering the gaps between each Reductions in flood peaks soil caused byerosion wetlands protect people and pool, which prevented from hascan it was covered from their theproperty sun’s UV.from destructive flooding.
0.15 km²
0.34 km²
0.15 km² 0.13 km²
0.15km k 0.21
F.M
0.27 km²
Bridge for Small & Medium Scale Cell
Small Scale Wetland Cell R ≈ 45 m, A ≤ 0.25 km²
Bridge for Large ScaleFarmland Cell Leaky Weir
0.15 km²
Wetland Cell
Forest
0.31 km²
Wetland Edge
0.15 km² Road Verge 0.13Concrete km² Bridge
Medium Scale Wetland Cell R ≈ 65 m, 0.25 km² <A ≤ 0.35 km² Large Scale Wetland Cell R ≈ 85 m, A> 0.35 km²
W.T.E
Berm structure for
0.39km²
F.M
Highest Point in Farmland
F.M
Bridge for Small & Medium Scale Cell
B
Small Scale Wetland Cell R ≈ 45 m, A ≤ 0.25 km²
0.31 km²
Medium Scale Wetland Cell R ≈ 65 m, 0.25 km² <A ≤ 0.35 km²
0.34 km²
Large Scale Wetland Cell R ≈ 85 m, A> 0.35 km²
0.13 km²
Highest Point in Farmland Small Scale Wetland Cell R ≈ 45 m, A ≤ 0.25 km² Medium Scale Wetland Cell R ≈ 65 m, 0.25 km² <A ≤ 0.35 km² Large Scale Wetland Cell R ≈ 85 m, A> 0.35 km²
Highest Point in Farmland
041 039
Food Market/ Leisure Area
0.44 km² 0.27 km²
W.T.E
Highest Point in Farmland
W.T.E
ForThis farmers, agricultural fields being located on floodplains enriched technique is currently used throughoutare rural Victoriaby floodwaters (by sediment and nutrient supplements to enabling the soils).waWaon farmlands which have been a great success with ter ter retained in wetlands maintains levels of surficial (shallow) aquifers, to travel a long distance and be the main water source. Imenhancing adjacent soil moisture, and potentially reducing thesoils need plementing this system into our design will not only help the for health irrigation. but be a great foundation and support for the surrounding Agriculture and Horticulture in Bayles. The diagrams on the left describe certain water levels determined on the scenarios to explain what would happen in a Drought or Flooding within Bayles.
0.3
0.20 km²
Forest
Forest Food Market/ Leisure Area
Natural Reserve
Small Scale Wetland Cell R ≈ 45 m, A ≤ 0.25 km²
Bridge for Small & Medium Scale Cell
Bridge for Large ScaleFarmland Cell Leaky Weir
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Wetland Cell Wetland Edge
Bridge for
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Wetland Cells System Design Diagram
Precedent Program Sedimentation Basin
Naturally, Primarily Water Treatment
Step 1:
Design System Connect Site
Natural Sedimentation Basin Step 1-1:
Irrigation:
Step 1-2:
Water run-off, carrying sediment particles (coarse & fine) and dissolved pollutants (nutrients & pesticides)
Slowing of run-off. Reducing flow velocity increases sediment deposition rate
Step 1-4:
Step 1-3:
Water leaving treatment system with reduced sediment loads
Wetland Cell Type 1: Agriculture & Horticulture (Farming Land)
Step 3:
Final Treatment
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Landfills Wastewater
Landscape:
Yallock Creek Yallock Outfall Drain Nature Reserve
Wetland Cell Type 2: Yallcok Creek
Initial Treatment Secondary Treatment
Residential Commercial Industrial:
Deposition of coarse (and some fine) sediment particles
Step 2:
Wetland Cells
Horticulture Agriculture
UTFI (Underground Taming of Floods for Irrigation):
Pump Station
Local Underwater Aquifer
Step 4:
Connection with Other Design System
044
WORKSTREAM 1
STUDIO H20
Wetland Cell Detail
Wetland Zone Natural Sedimentation Basin Soil Bed Floating Treatment Plants UTFI Bridge
0
045
10
50
m
046
Basin
Wetland Cell WORKSTREAM 1
STUDIO H20 Floa�ng Natural Floa�ng Floa�ng UTFI Overflow Zone Wetland ZoneNatural Overflow SoilZone Bed Wetland Soil Bed UTFI Treatment Plants Treatment Plants Treatment Plants Zone Sedimenta�on Zone Sedimenta�on Basin Basin Wetland Cell Section Wetland Zone
Wetland Cell
Floa�ng Floa�ng Treatment Treatment Plants Plants
Wetland Cell Overflow Zone Wetland Natural Soil Bed Zone Sedimenta�on Basin
Floa�ng Treatment Plants
Floa�ng Treatment Plants
UTFI
Floa�ng Treatment Plants
Floa�ng Treatment Plants
UTFI
Natural Wetland Sedimenta�on Zone Basin
Slo�ed inner pipe Brick Structure Filled with Pea Gravel
Gravel Filled Outer Pipe
Slo�ed inner pipe
Slo�ed inner pipe Brick Structure Filled with Pea Gravel
Slo�ed inner pipe Brick Structure Filled with Pea Gravel
Slo�ed inner pipe Brick Structure Filled with Pea Gravel
Gravel Filled Outer Pipe
Gravel Filled Outer Pipe
Gravel Filled Outer Pipe
Slo�ed inner pipe
Slo�ed inner pipe
Step1: Wetland Filtration
Step2: Natural Sedimentation
Slo�ed inner pipe
Step3: Floating Plants Ttreatment
Step4: Water Collection
Wetland Cell Farmland
Wetland Zone
Overflow Zone Wetland Natural Soil Bed Zone Sedimenta�on Basin
Floa�ng Treatment Plants
Floa�ng Treatment Plants
UTFI
Floa�ng Treatment Plants
UTFI
Floa�ng Treatment Plants
Natural Wetland Sedimenta�on Zone Basin
Farmland
Bridge 1.3° (0.05-0.5°)
Slo�ed inner pipe Brick Structure Filled with Pea Gravel
Monomeith Clay Loam Sandy Ridges
Gravel Filled Outer Pipe
Slo�ed inner pipe
Aquifer
047
048
UTFI
Trea
WORKSTREAM 1
STUDIO H20
The logical growth of the site The logical growth of the site
Yallock Creek_ Wetland
Original Site
Yallock Creek_Leaky Weir
Final Product
Wetland Cell_UTFI Farming Area_Wetland
Wetland Cell_UTFI
Farming Area_Leaky Weir
Farming Area_Irriga�on and fencing system Waste Energy Plant and Forest
Operation & Constrcution Phases Installa�on
2025
2035
2045
2055
Landfill gas extraction wells installed Landfill gas extraction wells operate
Solid Waste
WtE plant completed
Wetland cell
Phase 1: Wetland Cell
Construction of berms & sedding (phase 02)
Self-sufficient forest
Phase 1: Installed UTFI & Planting Flora Wetland Cell: Collecting water from Rainfall &Flooding
Phase 2: Wetland Cell
Wetland Cell: Collecting water for Phase 3 Farmlands Phase 4: Wetland Cell
Phase 2: Leaky Weirs
Yallock Creek: wetland cells collecting water for Phase 3 Farmlands Phase 4: Leaky Weirs
Farmland
Phase 1: Re-planning lots
Irrigation and Plumbing system installed
Phase 1: Re-planning lots
Yallock Creek: wetland cells collecting water for Phase 5 Farmlands
Crop Variety improvement. Irrigation and Plumbing system installed
Phase 1: Re-planning lots
049
Wetland Cell: Collecting water for Phase 5 Farmlands
Phase 1: Planting Flora Yallock Creek: wetland cells collecting water
Creek
Phase 1: Leaky Weirs
2075
Expansion of WtE Plant + Repurpose for Aquifer Museum
Waste-to-energy plant operates
Construction of berms & sedding (phase 01)
Artificial Forest
2065
Regenerate landfill to farmland
Closed Landfill Waste-toenergy plant
Comple�on
Crop Production
Crop Variety improvement. Irrigation and Plumbing system installed
Crop Production
Crop Variety improvement.
Crop Production
050
Maintenance
WORKSTREAM 1
STUDIO H20
S3 Conventional Farming
Regenerative Farming
GHG 22%
Landuse is the second biggest sources of Greenhouse Gas Emissions
Regenerative Farming Regenerative Agriculture is a holistic land management practice that leverages the power of photosysthesis in plants to close the carbon cycle, and build soil health, crop resilience and nutrient density. Proponents of regenerative agriculture avoid using chemical pesticides and advocate for methods like crop rotation, livestock rotation, composting, no-till farming, agroecology, and agroforestry. Regenerative agriculture increases the amount of arable topsoil, which results in a healthier, better food system. The practice helps to reverse climate change by rebuilding soil organic substance and restoring degraded soil biodiversity. It contributes to both carbon drawdown and improving water cycle. https://www.masterclass.com/articles/regenerative-farming-practices#4-basic-regenerative-farming-practices
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6vQW8Tl_KLc https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-4OBcRHX1Bc
051
C02 Till Compete With Nature Disturb Soil Monoculture Reductionist
H20
C02 No Till Partner With Nature Protect Soil Diversity Holistic
052
H20
STUDIO H20
A. Land rotation
WORKSTREAM 1
Regenerative Farming 3.1. Mixed Crops The Agroforestry specifies the proportion of land use for different level of water and sunlight requirement. Once different plants are planted, they will release various carbohydrates (sugars) through their roots and microbes will feed on these carbs to return all sorts of different nutrients back to the plant and the soil. By increasing the diversity of agricultural species and sizes , it helps to create the rich, varied, and nutrientdense soils that lead to more productive yields.The strategy also supports diverse wildlife communities, and help to improve ecosystem services, aiming to achieve a more ecologically diverse and socially productive output from the land than is possible through conventional agriculture. https://www.britannica.com/science/agroforestry
The climate connection
3.2. Livestock Rotation
The climate crisis has fundamentally altered the water cycle around the world. The result is shifting precipitation patterns and increased evaporation that causes more-frequent powerful rainfall events and more severe droughts. In many areas, rainfall has become either increasingly abundant or in desperately short supply, relative to longtime averages. It’s a classic case of feast or famine. By using regenerative methods and not disturbing the soil, it helps to mitigate climate change effects by building organic matter and increasing water-holding capacity of the soil.
Land pastures are broken into sections (paddocks) where livestock are fenced in and are moved between paddocks when 50% to 70% of the land cover has been removed. Once the paddocks have been grazed on they will sit for a period of 25 - 30 days to allow it to re-grow to grazing height. Using this system allows for the plants to grow and sustain a good root system which absorbs nitrates that are harmful to the ecosystem. It reduces soil erosion because the soil is not exposed when the clearing of the plants are done by livestock. https://www.sacredcow.info/blog/is-grassfed-good-enough
https://www.climaterealityproject.org/blog/what-regenerative-agriculture https://globalecoguy.org/the-three-most-important-graphs-in-climate-change-e64d3f4ed76 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6vQW8Tl_KLc https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-4OBcRHX1Bc
053
054
STUDIO H20
WORKSTREAM 1
Leaky Weir Allocation Major crops grow in Victoria
Land division Iteration 3
1. Based on contour and existing division of farmland
1. Based on contour and existing division of farmland
2. Based on direction of Yallock Creek
Wet season: Natural rainall for irrigation Drought season: Pump water from aquifer Wetland cell to collect water
055
056 Wet season: Natural rainall for irrigation Drought season: Pump water from aquifer
+3.50 +2.50
STUDIO H20
WORKSTREAM 1 +1.50
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Water flow map
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Main Stream +2.50 +3.50
River Bed Flow Irrigation water and rain water runs off
0
100m
500m
Main Stream River Bed Flow Irrigation water and rain water runs off
057
058
WORKSTREAM 1
STUDIO H20
Research--Irrigation Method
Bay/ Border strip irrigation
Zig zag method
Application for the system
These is a common used irrigation method in Australia, considered as a hybrid of level basin and furrow irrigation which serves for Long distance and better efficiency
These types of irrigation is a special method of controlled flooding. Each plot is provided with levees (or small bunds) such that the water takes the circuitous path covering the entire plot.
1. Bay/ Border strip irrigation Moving water across the field 2. Zig zag method Controlling spped and prevent soil erosion: Moving water across the field: Moving water across the field:
http://cetehama.ucanr.edu/files/188402.pdf https://www.alamy.com/citrus-fruits-citrus-fruit-industry-citrus-fruit-industry-irrigation-197-fig-58-zigzag-furrows-wet-the-ground-between-the-trees-please-note-that-these-images-are-extracted-from-scannedpage-images-that-may-have-been-digitally-enhanced-for-readability-coloration-and-appearance-of-these-illustrations-may-not-perfectly-resemble-the-original-work-coit-john-eliot-1880-from-old-catalog-new-yorkthe-macmillan-company-im
059
060
WORKSTREAM 1
STUDIO H20
Application - Irrigation Layer 1 : Transferring Ferrel
Pump and water flow direction 0
100m
Farmland lot Pump and water flow direction Leaky Weir Farmland lot Wetland Cell Leaky Weir Wetland Edge Wetland Cell Main Traffic Wetland Edge Road Verge Main Traffic Concrete Bridge Road Verge
500m
Concrete Bridge
061
062
WORKSTREAM 1
STUDIO H20
Application - Irrigation Layer 2 : Ferrel for Controlling Speed of Water
Pump and water flow direction 0
100m
Farmland lot Pump and water flow direction Leaky Weir Farmland lot Wetland Cell Leaky Weir Wetland Edge Wetland Cell Main Traffic Wetland Edge Road Verge Main Traffic Concrete Bridge Road Verge
500m
Concrete Bridge
063
064
STUDIO H20
WORKSTREAM 1
3.3. Farm Land Development Major crops grow in Victoria
Site Plan Mixed crops
Sunlight Sunlight Water Water Condi�on Condi�on Orienta�on Density Orienta�oncondi�on condi�on Density Wheat Wheat
FullFull SunSun
700mm 700mm ave.ave. rainfall rainfall
22.5 22.5 cmcm
Barley Barley
Par�al Par�al shade shade tolerant tolerant
Dry Dry
18-36 18-36 cmcm
FullFull SunSun
WetWet
20-25 20-25 cmcm
FullFull SunSun
900mm 900mm ave.ave. rainfall rainfall
OATOAT
L
Loca�on Loca�on & &Row Row Spacing Spacing L M
L
H
H L
L L
ML H M H
L
L
Tri�cale Tri�cale
HM
H
L
LM
M H
HL
M
M
H
H
F.M.
F.M.
H
H
Natural Reserve Natural Reserve
9-54 9-54 cmcm L Forest
Canola Canola
FullFull SunSun
Moderate Moderate amount amount
22-44 22-44 cmcm
Field Field PeaPea
Par�al Par�al shade shade tolerant tolerant
Moderate Moderate amount amount
15-45 15-45 cmcm
FullFull SunSun
Drought Drought tolerant tolerant
30 30 cmcm
Forest
Forest
H
Len�l Len�l
Forest
L
M L HM
H Forest
W.T.E
Faba Faba Bean Bean Lupin Lupin
FullFull SunSun
400mm 400mm ave.ave. rainfall rainfall
20-50 20-50 cmcm
FullFull SunSun
Moderate Moderate amount amount
18-25 18-25 cmcm
L M
Vetch Vetch
FullFull SunSun
Dry Dry
20-100 20-100 cmcm
Par�al Par�al shade shade tolerant tolerant
Moderate Moderate amount amount
25-36 25-36 cmcm
H
L
H Landfill
Higher Higher Density Density
South South Facing Facing
Large Large graingrain size size
F.M
HL
H
L
100m
H
L H
ML
L
ML
M H
M H
H
H
H
500m
Lower Lower Density Density
Dry Dry
* According * According to The to The Victorian Victorian Crop Crop Sowing Sowing Guide Guide outlines outlines information information on on current current varieties varieties of the of the major major winter winter crops crops grown grown in in
065
H
F.M
L
H
0
HL
HL
Landfill
L
North North Facing Facing
L
W.T.E W.T.E
M H
Chickpea Chickpea
L
L
L
Food Market/ Food Market/ Leisure Area Leisure Area
Forest
066
H
High density of water
Farmland Farmland
M
Medium density of water
Leaky WeirLeaky Weir
L
Low density of water
Wetland Cell Wetland Cell
N oriented
Wetland Edge Wetland Edge
N oriented_Large grain size
Main TrafficMain Traffic
S oriented
Road VergeRoad Verge
S oriented_Large grain size
Concrete Bridge Concrete Bridge
L
H
STUDIO H20
WORKSTREAM 1
3.3. Farm Land Development Livestock Rotation and HAHA Fencing
Site Plan Livestock Rotation
L
L L M
L
HM
H
H
H L
L L
ML H M H
L
LM
L
M H
HL
M
M
H
H
H
H
Natural Reserve Natural Reserve
Forest
L
Forest
Forest
H L
M L HM
Forest
H
Forest
W.T.E
L
L
L
H
L
H Landfill
H
L
W.T.E
HL
L
HL
H
H
W.T.E
Landfill
M
M
Food Market/ Food Market/ Leisure Area Leisure Area
Forest
F.M
F.M
L
H
HL
H
L
ML
L
ML
M H
M H
H
H
~1.5m
L
~2m
0
HAHA Fencing
100m
L H
H
500m
~1.5m
Ha-ha fencing will be applied as a recessed landscape design element that creates a vertical barrier while preserving an uninterrupted view of the ~2m landscape for management. Access will be left for livestock rotation.
067
H
High density of water
M
Medium density of water
L
Leaky Weir Leaky Weir
Low density of water
Wetland Cell Wetland Cell
N oriented
Wetland Edge Wetland Edge Main Traffic Main Traffic Road Verge Road Verge Concrete Bridge Concrete Bridge
N oriented_Large grain size S oriented S oriented_Large grain size
068
L
F.M.
F.M.
Farmland
Farmland
H
WORKSTREAM 1
STUDIO H20
Access
1.Main Road
2.Concrete Bridge
3.Rural road Verge
0
100m
500m
Pump and water flow direction Farmland lot Leaky Weir
069
070
Wetland Cell
Wetland Edge
WORKSTREAM 1
STUDIO H20
The logical growth of the site The logical growth of the site
Yallock Creek_ Wetland
Original Site
Yallock Creek_Leaky Weir
Final Product
Wetland Cell_UTFI Farming Area_Wetland
Wetland Cell_UTFI
Farming Area_Leaky Weir
Farming Area_Irriga�on and fencing system Waste Energy Plant and Forest
Operation & Constrcution Phases Installa�on
2025
2035
2045
2055
Landfill gas extraction wells installed Landfill gas extraction wells operate
Solid Waste
WtE plant completed
Wetland cell
Phase 1: Wetland Cell
Construction of berms & sedding (phase 02)
Self-sufficient forest
Phase 1: Installed UTFI & Planting Flora Wetland Cell: Collecting water from Rainfall &Flooding
Phase 2: Wetland Cell
Wetland Cell: Collecting water for Phase 3 Farmlands Phase 4: Wetland Cell
Phase 2: Leaky Weirs
Yallock Creek: wetland cells collecting water for Phase 3 Farmlands Phase 4: Leaky Weirs
Farmland
Phase 1: Re-planning lots
Irrigation and Plumbing system installed
Phase 1: Re-planning lots
Yallock Creek: wetland cells collecting water for Phase 5 Farmlands
Crop Variety improvement. Irrigation and Plumbing system installed
Phase 1: Re-planning lots
071
Wetland Cell: Collecting water for Phase 5 Farmlands
Phase 1: Planting Flora Yallock Creek: wetland cells collecting water
Creek
Phase 1: Leaky Weirs
2075
Expansion of WtE Plant + Repurpose for Aquifer Museum
Waste-to-energy plant operates
Construction of berms & sedding (phase 01)
Artificial Forest
2065
Regenerate landfill to farmland
Closed Landfill Waste-toenergy plant
Comple�on
Crop Production
Crop Variety improvement. Irrigation and Plumbing system installed
Crop Production
Crop Variety improvement.
Crop Production
072
Maintenance
WORKSTREAM 1
STUDIO H20
S4
4.1. Solid Waste System
Waste-to-Energy Plant (Biogas) The Waste-to-energy plant (WtE) is an infrastructure to process organic waste. It tackles the problem of waste, eliminates water and land contamination, and converts it into environmentally friendly resources for human use. The technology of anaerobic digestion breaks down waste into digestate, a nutrient-rich material for agricultural purposes, and biogas for electricity and heat generation. In Australia, the biogas industry is emerging since it is a renewable energy that can reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Australia has a relatively stable source of organic residue as input, and landfill gas is a common source for half of the biogas plant in Australia. The latter utilize landfill gas instead of being flared.
Another advantage of building a WtE is to strengthen the resilience of the whole system through decentralizing the energy system from the large plant. When there is damage in pipelines and infrastructure, it affects domestic life of people living in the town and agriculture and horticulture since it relies on machines and robots to boost efficiency and yield. With a shorter traveling distance, the stronger the energy grid is.
The Waste-to-Energy (biogas) offers Bayles’s agriculture and horticulture industry a great opportunity to use cleaner resources generated by unwanted waste and landfill gas. The system supports the new farming system through energy generation for domestic and machinery usage and nutritious digestate for better plant growth and soil health.
WtE Plant Benefited Area
073
074
WORKSTREAM 1
STUDIO H20
S4
Precedent of biogas power plant
Types of biogas power plant There are two types of anaerobic digestion technology: wet and dry. The application of the two techniques is based on the quality of input and target of function.
• • •
Wet anaerobic digestion • • • •
Although the biogas plant in Breuna is small, it generates 840kW el. biomethane that can support the whole area. It produces electricity for 7,000 people and heat production for 300 private houses. The power is generated using one hectare of biogas plant as input. Consider Bayles only has around 400 people in the town, the combination of input can be more flexible, including organic waste and biogas plant, to boost the power generation. Extra energy production can benefit other nearby towns such as Koo Wee Rup.
Breuna, Germany The precedent is a small-scale biogas plant located in Breuna, Germany. It is a small municipality with around 3700 population in 2009. The area is demonstrating a system called decentralized bioenergy village. Decentralized energy means electricity is generated outside the main grid instead of a central power plant. There are several benefits:
Potential Area
biomass with equal or less than 40% of dry solid content pumpable organic matter Farmers who produce crops, manure, slurry Energy Provider
reduces transmission losses reduces carbon emission using renewable energy creates a less vulnerable mini-grid system due to damage of power line caused by factors such as fire and storm
Dry anaerobic digestion • • • • • •
biomass with more than 40% of dry solid content non-pumpable organic matter Municipal Organic Waste Compost Facility Food Processor Energy Provider
Since the input includes wet content, wet anaerobic digestion is more suitable for Bayles. Below is a typical layout of a biogas plant processing wet anaerobic digestion in Germany.
Around Bayles, there are two waste treatment facilities. They are Cleanaway Leongatha Municipal Solid Waste and Cleanaway South East Organics Facility. Both of them take an hour to drive from Bayles to the destination. During the journey, it increases traffic load and pollutes the air and water if there is any leakage. Locating a biogas power plant next to the closed landfill utilizes the existing generating biogas and serves the local community with a short traveling distance. Therefore, the size of the plant is set up base on the size neighborhood and the site.
Satillite View of Breuna & Power Grid
Locate onto the Site in Bayles
1 Dosing station 2 Liquid reception pit 3 Performance digester (mixer) 4 Anaerobic digester 5 CHP Unit + system control 6 Transformer Station 7 Gas-tight fermentation residue storage
Birdeye View on Biogas Plant Note: Gas-tight/ open fermentation-residue story depends if there is potential odour (i.e. solid manure handling) https://www.unescap.org/sites/default/files/Day%202.1_SAG_Platz_Biogas.pdf
075
https://www.unescap.org/sites/default/files/Day%202.1_SAG_Platz_Biogas.pdf
076
WORKSTREAM 1
STUDIO H20
Waste-to-Energy Plant
Efficiency of Shape There is lots of spare space with a rectangular shape since most of the large equipment is cylindrical. A hexagonal shape can create less remaining space to free it for other purposes.
Formal Arrangement Hexagonal shape can tessellate, which suits the arrangement of the WtE plant. It also provides the flexibility of repurposing the building using modular structures.
Programme Arrangement The arrangement of the programme is based on the proximity of the machine for efficient mechanical operation. Therefore, the equipment is placed orderly. This also gives convenience for education purpose, showing visitors how the plant operates with a clear and shorter path.
Concept
Wind
To design a WtE plant for Bayles, there are several considerations. We want to create a structure that brings an interesting landscape to merge the surroundings natural and man-made nature, i.e. farmland. It works visually and conceptually to create harmony with the context, although it is treating unwanted materials.
Although the plant is enclosed and biogas plant seldom has odour issue, smell of waste may leak from trucks before they enter the plant. To prevent the spread by the prevailing north wind, the plant is located next to a no-man area on the south, while there will be trees planted on the north.
Bridge The elevated walkway connects areas with level difference and provides a safe platform for workers and visitors to view the plant’s operation.
Landforming & Enclosure To improve public perception of waste treatment facility, an envelope is applied to disguise equipment and waste handling operation. The form is designed as a hill to highlight its existence and work harmoniously with the surrounding nature as a green roof.
077
078
STUDIO H20
WORKSTREAM 1
Lifespan & Maintenance
Phase 01: WtE Plant
In WtE plant, equipment needs to be maintained, and some need to be replaced in a certain time interval due to its life expectancy. Therefore, spaces are reserved for building new equipment for replacement in various phases.
Steel Anaerobic Digester Advantage: cost-effective Maintenance: anticorrosive coating must be applied and checked at regular intervals Construction Time: within a week Lifespan: 15-20 years
Phase 01a: Moving Digester
Membrane Biogas Holders Advantage: Cost-effective Maintenance: Simple maintenance with regular check Construction Time: mounting in only a few days Lifespan: 15-20 years
Phase 01b: Moving Storage
Steel Digestate Storage Advantage: Cost-effective Construction Time: within a week Lifespan: 15-20 years
Phase 02: WtE Plant & Aquifer Museum
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STUDIO H20 Structure & Material
Elevated Walkway through the WtE Facilities
Choice of materials aims to have low maintenance, easy to install, and high end-of-life recycling rates, such as the stainless steel tank for digester and storage. 1
1a 1b 1c
1d 2
3 4 5
Extensive green roof: It improves the building visually and enhance sound insulation, thermal protection and filtration of dust with plants growing on shallow soil. Plug plant Substrate Raster system It is a system installing grid elements on the roof to hold substrate for plants.It is lightweight and made of recycled polyethylene (HDPE) Water retention mat made with retention fibre Precast hollow-core concrete slab With tubular voids in the slab, it reduces carbon footprint in production and weight of the slab Steel frame Metal Liner: lightweight and recyclable Concrete floor
Raster System
Exploded Axonometric for Structure
Aquifer Simulation in the Museum
Exterior View from the Closed Landfill
Detail Section
https://zinco-greenroof.co.uk/systems/steep-pitched-green-roof?fbclid=IwAR2uUkGWwwYBs20 UKNIxXLEavEtHUbK_vB00RWZFzcg65OYMHkMLyoBfwNI https://nickelinstitute.org/media/2694/cs3-aurora-waste.pdf
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The WtE does not only functions as a plant to transform resources, but also an experimental structure to display how the proposed water system can be applied on an architectural scale. The form collects water by directing rainwater to the water tank, which stores water for the plant’s usage. Some enter the aquifer through filtering of wetland cells, while some water the vegetation near human access for landscaping. The place performs its dual environmental-friendly quality of self-sustainability and purification in energy and water. It also gives a chance to educate the public about the operation of organic waste handling and the whole water banking system at the same time.
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The section shows the relationship between the closed landfill, WtE plant, and the artificial forest. The WtE plant acts as a medium to collect wasted biogas and transform it into energy. The transformation of organic waste creates output that benefits the nutrient of soil and plant growth. This creates the next system- the artificial forest.
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STUDIO H20
Rehabilitate Close Landfill
Plants Grow in Cold Season
Plants Grow in Warm Season
triticale
sweet corn
grass & clover
beetroot
https://www.sbs.com.au/language/english/audio/covid19-contra-barley https://www.bejo.com.au/beetroot/boro-conventional https://bothkamp.com.au/produce/maize/ https://robinneweiss.com/2017/10/27/subterranean-clover/
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Next to the WtE plant, it is a closed landfill that was used to dump organic waste. Besides installing biogas extraction well, the area will be reformed and rehabilitated as farmland for energy crops. According to a guideline about rehabilitation practice, the closed landfill area is encouraged to blend with surrounding land uses or plant vegetation to minimize run-off. Hence, agriculture is a suitable activity to be introduced there. Since the waste dumping practice and content is unknown, growing non-edible crops is preferred to reduce food risk. Energy crop be one of the feedstock to increase the energy output of the WtE plant.
Energy Output Expressed as Methane Yield per Hectare
Plants Growth in Closed Landfill
Growing Period of Crops
Triticale, grass and clover have lower output, but they require less input and time to grow. In contrast, corn and beetroot need more resources but much more methane is produced. Beets are easy to grow in the climate in Victoria, while corn is considered as a good rotational crop since the operation can be mechanized. Grass-clover ley and triticale are both cover crops that can replenish soil nutrients effectively.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0961953414001901#fig2
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S5
Water Collection & Root Depth Diverse types of plants need to absorb water in different soil dpeth
Water Purification Plants absorb and filter water pollutants such as nitrate from farming practice
Soil Erosion Prevention Tree roots bind the land and prevent water draining soil away
Biodiversity An established forest provides habitat for various plants and animals
Artificial Forest
Carbon Sink Plants absorb some of the carbon dioxide from atmosphere through photosynthesis
Before human settlement, Bayles was part of the Koo Wee Rup swamp with diverse species of plants and animals. Since the mid19th century, to make the land drier to live and farm, the swamp is drained, and many trees and scrubs were removed. Artificial forest is to re-establish the landscape and extend the natural reserve as a belt of forest for water purification and habitats for plants and animals.
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Artificial Forest 5.1. Input
Digestate Digestate is the by-product of the anaerobic digestion of organic matter.
-Highly Nutritious Nutrients are kept in anearobic digestion, so nutrients can be recycled. Meanwhile, digestate has more nitrogen than the raw form of organic materials
-Safety Since the digestate is an organic feedstock that has gone through thermal pretreatment, the possibility of spreading weed seeds and odour is reduced.
The growth of the forest is facilitated by soil berms constructed by solid digestate produced from the WtE plant. It has rich nutrients for plant growth. The V-shape berms collect and redistribute water for species with different water demands. The tip of the berm collects most of the water for species like trees, while the rest infiltrates underground or continue spreading downslope. The alternate arrangement of berms creates a continuous and dynamic layer of forest to improve the whole system.
5.2. Output The artificial landscapes provide a suitable habitat to restore the ecosystem of the place. Plants on the left would be cultivated in the forest to help creating the best environment for the animals.
The artificial forest can prevent soil erosion and increase the ability to produce clean water to alleviate the water crisis. With diverse species of plants, organic matter falling on the ground makes the soil fertile. The roots absorb and hold water to prevent soil erosion, hence fewer pollutants entering the river. The sustaining forest creates a habitat for animals and acts as a filter of water and carbon sink. The vacant land becomes beneficial to the environment, which is transformed using the outcome from the WtE.
http://europeanbiogas.eu/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/Digestate-paper-final-08072015.pdf https://www.yarraranges.vic.gov.au/PlantDirectory/Home
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Ecological Succession Ecological succession is the steady change of species structure in a particular area. It begins with a land with a few organic matters to an environment occupied by diverse living organisms. After an extended period, the development of plant and animal communities becomes stable, reaching the climax. To achieve it, changes in species and physical environment such as soil pH value can be altered by humans or happen naturally.
https://livingnatureweb.wordpress.com/ecological-succession/ https://forestrypedia.com/plant-succession/
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Artificial Forest Section
https://sporastudios.org/greenstudio/?p=569
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Bee Knowledge
The hive was designed to allow the bees entrance to be on one side of the hive and the extraction area to be on the other, so there is minimal disturbance to the bees. Honey is harvested simply through opening the hive to expose the Flow Frames and by using an allen key it cracks the honeycomb to the available honey to then pour out of the hive. https://www.honeyflow.com.au/pages/how-flow-works
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Beehive Placement
The Beehives bee entrances are all placed in the East-South direction to allow the bees to have the optimal position to ensure they can perform at their utmost performance. The beehives are placed next to one another on a slight curved line to ensure the entrances are positioned slightly angled away from eachother.
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The logical growth of the site The logical growth of the site
Yallock Creek_ Wetland
Original Site
Yallock Creek_Leaky Weir
Final Product
Wetland Cell_UTFI Farming Area_Wetland
Wetland Cell_UTFI
Farming Area_Leaky Weir
Farming Area_Irriga�on and fencing system Waste Energy Plant and Forest
Operation & Constrcution Phases Installa�on
2025
2035
2045
2055
Landfill gas extraction wells installed Landfill gas extraction wells operate
Solid Waste
WtE plant completed
Wetland cell
Phase 1: Wetland Cell
Construction of berms & sedding (phase 02)
Self-sufficient forest
Phase 1: Installed UTFI & Planting Flora Wetland Cell: Collecting water from Rainfall &Flooding
Phase 2: Wetland Cell
Wetland Cell: Collecting water for Phase 3 Farmlands Phase 4: Wetland Cell
Phase 2: Leaky Weirs
Yallock Creek: wetland cells collecting water for Phase 3 Farmlands Phase 4: Leaky Weirs
Farmland
Phase 1: Re-planning lots
Irrigation and Plumbing system installed
Phase 1: Re-planning lots
Yallock Creek: wetland cells collecting water for Phase 5 Farmlands
Crop Variety improvement. Irrigation and Plumbing system installed
Phase 1: Re-planning lots
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Wetland Cell: Collecting water for Phase 5 Farmlands
Phase 1: Planting Flora Yallock Creek: wetland cells collecting water
Creek
Phase 1: Leaky Weirs
2075
Expansion of WtE Plant + Repurpose for Aquifer Museum
Waste-to-energy plant operates
Construction of berms & sedding (phase 01)
Artificial Forest
2065
Regenerate landfill to farmland
Closed Landfill Waste-toenergy plant
Comple�on
Crop Production
Crop Variety improvement. Irrigation and Plumbing system installed
Crop Production
Crop Variety improvement.
Crop Production
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Maintenance
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Design Intent
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Matrix
Systems Interelationship under different scenario Farmland & Wetland Cell
Farmland
Farmland,Leaky Weir & Wetland Cell
Artificial Forest & Leaky Weir
Normal
Flooding
Drought
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STUDIO H20 Overall Site
Natural Reserve
Forest
F.M.
Forest Food Market/ Leisure Area
W.T.E
F.M
0
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500m
Farmland Leaky Weir
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Wetland Cell Wetland Edge
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500m
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STUDIO H20 Contour map
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100m
500m
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Creek
llock Creek
Farm land
Ar�ficial Forest
STUDIO H20
FarmAr�ficial land Forest
Ar�ficial Forest
Farm land
Yallock Creek
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Farm land
Ar�ficial Forest
Wetland cell
Farm land
Ar�ficial Forest
RIver Bed Yallock Creek Farm land
RIver Bed
Wetland cell
Section
Ar�ficial Forest
Farm land
RIver Bed Wetland cell
System Flow
Wet season
Wet season
Wet season Dry season
Dry season
Dry season
Dry season
Dry season
Dry season Wet season
Dry season
Wet season
Runsoff
Runsoff
Dry season
Dry season
Runs off
Natural recharge from precipitation
Farm land
Farm land
Ar�ficial Forest
Dry season
Wet season Dry season
Wet season
Wetland Filtration
Ar�ficial Forest
Yallock Creek
Wet season
Dry season
1.3° (0.05-0.5°)
Dry season
Injection well
1.3° (0.05-0.5°)
1.3° (0.05-0.5°)
Runsoff
Recharge Well (utifi system)
Farm land
RIver Bed Wetland cell
Wet season
Dry season
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Wet season
Dry season
Dry season
Wet season
Runsoff Dry season
1.3° (0.05-0.5°)
Dry season
114
Wet season
Wet season
R
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Section
Yallock Creek
Water Flow
and
Ar�ficial Forest Wetland cell
Yallock Creek Farm land
Farm land
Ar�ficial Forest
Ar�ficial Forest
Ar�ficial Forest
Wetland cell
Yallock Creek
Yallock Creek
Ar�ficial Forest
Wetland cell
Wetland cell
Wetland cell
on
Normal Seas
Wet Season
Wet Season Wet Season Normal Season Normal Season
Runs off from Farmland
Runs off from Artificial forest
Water rehydrating the soil
Natural recharge from precipitation
Recharge Well (utifi system)
Yallock Creek Farm land
Farm land
Ar�ficial Forest Wetland cell
Local natural reserve
Wet Season Normal Season
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Local natural reserve
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Section
Normal Scenario
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Section
Soil Condition
Flooding and Drought Scenario
Flooding and Drought Scenario
Flooding
Without system
With system
Drought
Without system
With system
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Section
Bush Fire Scenario
By increasing water holding capacity of soil, the system also helps to reduce the risk of spreading bush fire.
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Leaky Weir and Wetland Cells
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Short Stay Area 125
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Short Stay & Working Area
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Regenerative Farmland 129
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Waste-to-Energy Plant & Artificial Forest
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Overall Site Nomarl Conditions 133
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Overall Site Flooding Conditions 135
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STUDIO H20 Recreational map
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100m
500m
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STUDIO H20 Projection map
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Conclusion In conclusion, while facing two major climate concerns of drought and flooding, Koo Wee Rup Swamp has great potential value of turning water into resources by connecting soil, waste & energy, managing floods, water collecting and recycling into one system. By considering the importance of water both on the surface and underground, the relationships between each individual system were formed through aquifer production and storage. It supports the replenishment and management of water which will improve the local ecosystem and farming activities. It will further assist in the generation of clean water and a safe environment for not only Bayles, but has the potential to
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be implemented into the whole of Caradinia Shire’s agriculture and
Link: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5vEXwy_122Y
horticulture. The wider application will transform the current climate challenges into opportunities to educate the local public alongside benefit the surrounding environment.
Claudia Siric, 1264477
141
Haoxin Shi, 1227356
Chuen Fan Lee, 1146479
142
Kelly Yutong Jin, 991449