Young scientists’ researches and achievements in science by Донецкий политехник (Донецкий национальный технический университет)

DONETSK NATIONAL TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY YOUNG SCIENTISTSâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; RESEARCHES AND ACHIEVEMENTS IN SCIENCE (APRILE 19, 2018)

DONETSK NATIONAL TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY YOUNG SCIENTISTS’ RESEARCHES AND ACHIEVEMENTS IN SCIENCE (APRILE 19, 2018)

ГОСУДАРСТВЕННОЕ ОБРАЗОВАТЕЛЬНОЕ УЧРЕЖДЕНИЕ ВЫСШЕГО ПРОФЕССИОНАЛЬНОГО ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ ДОНЕЦКИЙ НАЦИОНАЛЬНЫЙ ТЕХНИЧЕСКИЙ УНИВЕРСИТЕТ ФАКУЛЬТЕТ КОМПЬЮТЕРНЫХ НАУК И ТЕХНОЛОГИЙ КАФЕДРА АНГЛИЙСКОГО ЯЗЫКА

СБОРНИК ДОКЛАДОВ НАУЧНО-ТЕХНИЧЕСКОЙ КОНФЕРЕНЦИИ ДЛЯ МОЛОДЫХ УЧЕНЫХ «YOUNG SCIENTISTS’ RESEARCHES AND ACHIEVEMENTS IN SCIENCE» (18 АПРЕЛЯ 2019)

Донецк ДонНТУ, 2019 2

DONETSK NATIONAL TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY YOUNG SCIENTISTS’ RESEARCHES AND ACHIEVEMENTS IN SCIENCE (APRILE 19, 2018)

УДК 62 Young scientists’ researches and achievements in science: сборник докладов научнотехнической конференции для молодых учёных (Донецк, 18 апреля 2019 г.) / ответств. за вып. Е.Н. Кушниренко. – Донецк: ДонНТУ, 2019 – 107 с. Сборник подготовлен по результатам научно-технической конференции «Young scientists’ researches and achievements in science». Материалы, вошедшие в сборник, представлены студентами, магистрантами и аспирантами ГОУ ВПО «Донецкий национальный технический университет» и другими зарубежными авторами. Статьи печатаются в авторской редакции. Под редакцией Е.Н. Кушниренко. Рекомендовано к печати на заседании совета факультета компьютерных наук и технологий. Протокол №7 от «22» мая 2019г.

Председатель оргкомитета конференции: Соснина Л.В. – д.филол.н., доц. кафедры английского языка ДонНТУ Члены оргкомитета: Горбылева Е.В. – доцент кафедры английского языка ДонНТУ Гильманова Р.Р.– ст. преподаватель кафедры английского языка ДонНТУ Ответственный секретарь оргкомитета: Кушниренко Е.Н. – ст. преподаватель кафедры английского языка ДонНТУ

Адрес оргкомитетa: г. Донецк, ул. Артема, 131, Донецкий национальный технический университет, 11-й учебный корпус, факультет компьютерных наук и технологий, кафедра английского языка, ком. 248. Справки по телефонам: (062)305-23-72. e-mail: kaf_engl-2017@mail.ru

DONETSK NATIONAL TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY YOUNG SCIENTISTS’ RESEARCHES AND ACHIEVEMENTS IN SCIENCE (APRILE 19, 2018)

CONTENTS Alekseev S.V., Dedovets I.G., Boyko V.N. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6 RESEARCH

THERMOPREPARATION

COAL

PITCH

EXPERIMENTAL SETUP

Butsyak D.V., Artamonov V.N., Romanko V.V. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11 DEVELOPMENT OF ECOLOGICAL NETWORK OF DONETSK REGION BY MEANS OF INCLUSION COAL MINING DISTURBED LANDS

Bykova A.M., Zhukova N.V., Kaverina O. G. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .18 RESEARCH OF THE IMPACT OF CONTROL INTERVAL THE MPC CONTROLLER’S ON THE DELAY TIME IN SYSTEM OF AUTOMATIC CONTROL RATE OF LOAD OF THE BLAST FURNACE CHARGE

Kandaurova A.O., Kushnirenko Ye.N. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .27 ANALYSIS OF MODELS AND METHODS FOR STUDYING MULTIMEDIA PRODUCTS CUSTOMER SATISFACTION

Khalilova G.Z. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 PROBLEMS OF TEACHING THE RUSSIAN LANGUAGE IN CHILDREN WITH MENTAL RETARDATION

Kharitonov A.Y., Birukov A.B., Peresekin A.B., Barkov S.P., Kushnirenko Ye.N. . 40 MATHEMATICAL MODELING OF THE FURNACE LINING PROCESS IN LABVIEW ENVIRONMENT

Koibash A.A., Kaverina O.G. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 SENSOR DEVICES IN INTERNET OF THINGS

DONETSK NATIONAL TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY YOUNG SCIENTISTS’ RESEARCHES AND ACHIEVEMENTS IN SCIENCE (APRILE 19, 2018)

Kuzminа D. A. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .61 THE CONCEPT OF THE SOVIET UNION IN WESTERN MEDIA

Podroiko I.V., Butuzova L.F., Marinov S., Romanko V.V.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .67 RESEARCH OF STRUCTURE OF COALS OF THE DONETSK BASIN AND THEIR SEMI-COKE BY DRIFT-SPEKTROSKOPY

Politko K.A., Shaforostova M.N., Boyko V.N. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 TYRE RECYCLING

Savchenko N.V., Savkova E.O. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79 COMPUTERIZED SYSTEM FOR CALCULATING AN OPTIMAL ROUTE OF THE PIPELINE IN CONDITIONS OF THE SETTLEMENT

Shabalina L.V., Shcherbina A.Y. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .85 SMART CITIES: POSITIVE EFFECTS AND PROBLEMS OF INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGIES IMPLEMENTATION

Shkabura M.V., Khorhordin A.V., Gilmanova R.R. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93 TUBULAR ROTATING FURNACE FOR KAOLINS BURNING AS A CONTROL OBJECT

SidorchukV.I., SipakovD.S., KushnirenkoYe.N. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .99 THE METHOD OF MESSAGE CONCEALMENT BASED ON JARGON

DONETSK NATIONAL TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY YOUNG SCIENTISTS’ RESEARCHES AND ACHIEVEMENTS IN SCIENCE (APRILE 19, 2018)

UDC 662.749.33

RESEARCH OF THERMOPREPARATION OF COAL PITCH IN EXPERIMENTAL SETUP

Alekseev S.V., Dedovets I.G., Boyko V.N. s.w.a.t.2767@rambler.ru

Abstract. In the theses, the process of thermal preparation of pitch to obtain an electrode binder is considered. A pilot facility to study the process without air supply is proposed, which is expected to lead to decrease in the volatiles of the product. Keywords: coal pitch, volatile substances output, viscosity, density.

Coal pitch holds a specific place among products of processing of coal both on the output, and on value. It finds a set of applications, in particular, is primary binding for all types of carbon and graphite materials, electrode products, the electrode and anode masses, structural carbon and graphite materials, electro coal products [2]. Now in the DPR there are factors which complicate receiving qualitative electrode pitch from which it is necessary to distinguish the following:  change of the technological modes of coking;  inconstancy of initial raw materials composition;  outdated technologies of coal tar distillation;  the changing market condition. The most important technological properties of pitch are density, superficial tension, viscosity, wettability, heat stability, caking and ability to give the coke rest. These properties depend on quality of initial raw materials and features of production. The quality of pitches is estimated on such indicators as an exit of volatiles, ashcontent, temperature of softening and group structure. 6

DONETSK NATIONAL TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY YOUNG SCIENTISTS’ RESEARCHES AND ACHIEVEMENTS IN SCIENCE (APRILE 19, 2018)

The last one is the characteristic giving the greatest number of information on properties of pitch. The group structure is determined by solubility of pitch in various substances having the selective dissolving ability. The following fractions of group structure are the most important: 1. The substances insoluble in quinoline (α1-fraction) is the most high-molecular carbonaceous solid dispersed component, when processing pitch promotes formation of the coke rest, which, however, worsens ability of material to connect filler grains as has no plastic and adhesive properties. 2. The substances insoluble in toluene (α-fraction) which contain the substances insoluble in quinoline (α1-fraction), and the substances soluble in quinoline, but insoluble in toluene are (α2-fraction). These substances are the most valuable component of group structure as they have the binding properties and provide a high exit of the coke rest [2]. The features of coke-chemical production in DPR listed above demand the development of the optimum modes of pitch processing without which it is impossible to receive the product that conforms to standards. Now, the production technology of electrode medium temperature pitch, binding by thermooxidation, which results by single coal tar evaporation in distillation columns is used at the domestic plants. The essence of this method consists of inheat treatment of medium temperature pitch at 340–370 °C in cubes reactors of continuous action at continuous air bubbling through reactionary weight. Oxygen of the air is the factor which intensifies consolidation reactions (polycondensation and polymerization) and leads to necessary changes of physical and chemical properties of pitch. Density of the coal pitches received in similar conditions linearly grows with softening temperature increase. With the increase of heating temperature the linear dependence density from temperature of softening of pitch remains. Raise of temperature or duration of pitch heating increase leads to accumulation of high-molecular products in pitch. However, the prevalence in the raw materials coming for processing to the tar-distilling shop, pitches of low degree of a pyrolization is 7

DONETSK NATIONAL TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY YOUNG SCIENTISTS’ RESEARCHES AND ACHIEVEMENTS IN SCIENCE (APRILE 19, 2018)

characteristic now (with low values α-and α1) that leads to decrease in degree of a pyrolization of the raw materials coming for processing to the tar-distilling shop. When receiving electrode pitches from low pyrolization pitch, insignificant mass fractions of primary fractions insoluble in quinoline or in toluene, lead to an imbalance of such indicators of quality as the softening temperature, an exit of volatiles, a mass fractions ratio of group structure. In such conditions use of thermooxidizing technology often does incompatible bringing group structure of electrode pitch to the required values with preservation up to standard of other quality indicators (first of all – softening temperatures). Especially it affects by production of the most liquid of high-temperature brands of pitch for electrode products now. The existing technology in the changed conditions does not allow to receive pitch with preset values of an exit flying (for brand A – 59-63%, for brand B – 58-62%), at a heating temperature raising amount of volatiles increase (depending on the brand of pitch) that negatively affects the final product. The weight of evidence suggests that in the possible ways of maintenance of an exit of volatiles at the required level it is necessary: 

to increase the time of pitch stay in reactors;



to except an air supply in reactionary weight.

However, these assumptions need experimental check. It should be noted that besides the function of the thermooxidation reactions participant the air bubbling through pitch provides hashing of the heated weight. Interruption in supply of air will inevitably lead to violation of temperature condition in the reactor. The easiest way to provide uniformity of warming up of reactionary weight and by that to avoid local overheating of substance is to use mechanical mixers. Thermopreparation of pitch without use of oxidizer demands at first a research of whether receiving the indicators established by standards is possible in principle (not only volatiles), and in case of success – working off the necessary parameters of the 8

DONETSK NATIONAL TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY YOUNG SCIENTISTS’ RESEARCHES AND ACHIEVEMENTS IN SCIENCE (APRILE 19, 2018)

technological mode. Under production conditions it is difficult to make therefore laboratory installation is created. The skilled laboratory reactor (fig. 1) is a cylindrical capacity made of stainless steel on legs. Also it has special places for measuring devices connection (temperature sensors) and sampling. The reactor is supplied with the mixer set in motion by the electric motor.

Figure 1 – Experimental laboratory reactor 9

DONETSK NATIONAL TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY YOUNG SCIENTISTS’ RESEARCHES AND ACHIEVEMENTS IN SCIENCE (APRILE 19, 2018)

For carrying out researches the interval of temperatures of 340 – 370 °C is chosen as such interval is supported in production reactors. Reach and maintenance of this temperature is carried out by means of the external heat heater. The pitch heated to the specified temperature continuously mixes up by means of the mixer, sampling for definition of a volatiles exit and contents α – fractions is made at regular intervals. Also the consumed electric power which depends on viscosity of pitch is measured. It allows indirectly to estimate the change of a group structure.

References 1. Губанов

С.А.

Технологические

особенности

производства

каменноугольного пека из низкопиролизированных каменноугольных смол и варианты

совершенствования

процесса

С.А.

Губанов,

А.А.

Букка,

Е.Ю. Иващенко // науч. тех. журн. «Кокс и химия» – 2017. – №11 – 64 с. 2. Кауфман

А.А.

Технология

коксохимического

производства

А.А. Кауфман, Г.Д. Харлампович. – Е: ВУХИН, 2005. – 288 с. Аннотация. В тезисах доклада рассмотрен процесс термоподготовки пека для получения электродного связующего. Предложена опытная установка для исследования процесса без подачи воздуха, что, как ожидается, приведет к снижению выхода летучих из продукта. Ключевые слова: каменноугольный пек, выход летучих веществ, вязкость, плотность. Сведения об авторах: Алексеев Святослав Владимирович – ст.гр. ХТм-18, ДонНТУ Дедовец Игорь Граниевич – к.тех.н., доцент, кафедра «Химическая технология топлива», ДонНТУ Бойко Виктория Николаевна – ст.преподаватель кафедры английского языка, ДонНТУ 10

DONETSK NATIONAL TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY YOUNG SCIENTISTS’ RESEARCHES AND ACHIEVEMENTS IN SCIENCE (APRILE 19, 2018)

UDC 502.4

DEVELOPMENT OF ECOLOGICAL NETWORK OF DONETSK REGION BY MEANS OF INCLUSION COAL MINING DISTURBED LANDS

Butsyak D.V., Artamonov V.N., Romanko V.V. butsyack2010@yandex.ru

Abstract. The analysis of some special features of spoil heaps location within Donetsk region is given in the article. This has allowed to consider the main opportunities for developing of ecological network formation that gives the chance to expand it including coal mining disturbed lands as restoration elements. Keywords: sustainable development, ecological network, restoration areas, terricones, restoration, technogenic landscapes.

The problem of preserving a biological and landscape diversity is primary for achievement of sustainable development. For the first time at the international level, this principle was formulated at the United Nations Conference, held in Rio de Janeiro 3-14 June 1992. The principle finds the most concrete embodiment in the idea of ecological network. In Europe this idea was accepted as the main direction of realization of the PanEuropean biological and landscape strategy approved at the Third Ministerial Conference «Environment for Europe» held in Sofia (Bulgaria), from 23 to 25 October 1995. According to this strategy, should be establish at the Pan-European Ecological Network (PEEN) which would unite areas of environmental interest with natural or seminatural vegetation in the system of ecological corridors for stimulating resettlement and migration of species, to provide population survival and restoration, as well as preservation and protection of their habitats [1].

DONETSK NATIONAL TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY YOUNG SCIENTISTSâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; RESEARCHES AND ACHIEVEMENTS IN SCIENCE (APRILE 19, 2018)

The ecological network (econet) is a system functionally and territorially interconnected natural territories (water areas), providing a sustainable condition of the biosphere and the ecological functioning of natural systems. In essence the ecological network represents protected areas and ecological corridors connecting them. Econet includes a complex of the protected natural territories (reserves, national parks, wildlife areas, etc.) which are connected among themselves by the ecological corridors organized due to socio-economic and cultural characteristics of the region. The Ecological Network concept considers the region as a unit with natural interrelations, without administrative borders which are formal from the ecological point of view. The purpose of the Ecological Network concept is maintaining a biological and landscape diversity and achievement of steady environmental management. The spatial structure usually consists of the following elements of ecological network (fig. 1): 1. Core areas area natural areas, or the regional ecological centers which are formed on the natural territories having a high biological and landscape diversity, performing the main set of the ecosystem functions / services incorporating objects of nature reserve which share considerably exceeds average values. 2. Connection elements (ecological corridors) are sites of natural landscapes of various configurations and the size which are communication elements, providing the corresponding conditions for preservation of ecosystems and exchange of a gene pool between populations of various core areas and regions. Ecological corridors belong to nature protection territories; however unlike key territories in their limits the traditional way of managing (which is essentially not breaking structures and functioning of ecosystems) can remain. 3. Buffer zones provide protection of core areas and connection elements against anthropogenic influence. Are transitional strips between natural territories and territories of economic use? 4. Restoration areas provide formation of spatial integrity of ecological network for which primary measures concerning reconstruction of their primary natural state have 12

DONETSK NATIONAL TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY YOUNG SCIENTISTS’ RESEARCHES AND ACHIEVEMENTS IN SCIENCE (APRILE 19, 2018)

to be executed. These are such territories in which it is necessary and possible to restore a natural vegetation cover and to carry out repatriation of plant species and animals. A certain restored territories after holding the relevant activities for a renaturalization, can be included in structure of the core areas or connected territories, or to turn directly into them [2].

Figure 1 – The components of ecological networks 13

DONETSK NATIONAL TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY YOUNG SCIENTISTS’ RESEARCHES AND ACHIEVEMENTS IN SCIENCE (APRILE 19, 2018)

The Donetsk region is characterized by a large number of coal-mine disturbed lands because of the highly developed coal mining industry. Owing to such development natural landscapes of the region are strongly fragmented and are under strong technogenic and anthropogenic pressure that sets for society urgent tasks of their protection, rational use, reproduction and inclusion in biotic circulation of earlier unused resources. It has strong negative impact on a problem of maintaining landscape and biological diversity of the region which state do not conform to modern requirements of the balanced environmental management. Formation of ecological network as complete complex of ecosystems, habitats, types and landscapes can become a basis for the solution of this environmental problem in the region. But formation of ecological network in industrial regions is impossible without attraction of additional posttechnogenic elements. Feature of the Donetsk region is a large number of spoil heaps which are territorially located in the form of an extended strip from the west to the east. Such location gives the possibility to use these technogenic landscapes as restoration areas of regional ecological network which is considered to be a part of ecological corridors which are broken owing to anthropogenic human activity. According to the State Committee for Environmental Policy and Natural Resources, now the territory of the Donetsk People’s Republic are officially documented 521 spoil heaps, 83 of which burning, 54 – rehabilitated and planted trees and shrubs. Only in Donetsk there are 154 spoil heaps. All these waste heaps occupy the space about 4 thousand hectares and there are about 900 million cubic meters of waste. Terricones have negative effect on the environment (fig. 2). They occupy the huge spaces of valuable lands, reduce productivity of adjacent lands, pollute the atmosphere gases and dust, break the hydrogeological mode of the area. Besides, the waters which are flowing down from dumps destroy vegetation in the adjacent territory. Therefore, the terricones located near settlements worsen sanitary and hygienic living conditions of people. 14

DONETSK NATIONAL TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY YOUNG SCIENTISTSâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; RESEARCHES AND ACHIEVEMENTS IN SCIENCE (APRILE 19, 2018)

Figure 2 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Negative impact of terricones on the environment

The main directions of prevention and elimination of negative impact of spoil heaps have to be provided with a package of practical measures aimed at meeting the requirements concerning protection of the surrounding environment, the current legislation, sanitary standards and rules, hygienic norms, fire-prevention standards, local ecological conditions and restrictions. Operation of the existing spoil heaps and also their extinguishing and exploitation have to be carried out on special projects or sections of construction projects (reconstruction) of mines, concentrating factories and passports of a spoil heap which have to contain the following requirements [3]: -

prevention of self-ignition;

technologies of extinguishing and exploitation;

ensuring stability at operation, extinguishing and exploitation;

recultivation.

DONETSK NATIONAL TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY YOUNG SCIENTISTSâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; RESEARCHES AND ACHIEVEMENTS IN SCIENCE (APRILE 19, 2018)

At an optimum outcome of recultivation of spoil heaps it is possible to involve them in formation of ecological network as they become perspective recovery elements for the message of ecological corridors. Considerable part of ruptures of ecological corridors in the Donetsk region is caused by anthropogenic (technogenic) activity. Use the rehabilitated of technogenic landscapes as restoration elements of ecological network will allow to break barriers to migration of a biota. Use of inactive and not-firing planting spoil heaps when forming ecological network is one of a possibility to control its development conditions. Improving management process of formation of ecological network thus we not only we will provide full value of its structure, but also we will solve one of the main problems of the region: a problem of spoil heaps of mines which occupy the huge spaces of land resources and do harm to the environment and health of the population. Main objective of formation of ecological network is maintaining a biological and landscape diversity for achievement of sustainable development of the region. Therefore global benefit of creation of econet of the Donetsk region is providing a favorable ecological situation in the region, creation and maintenance of necessary conditions for maintaining a specific variety. At successful gardening and inclusion of spoil heaps in ecological network they can have the following positive ecological effects: -

restoration of ruptures of ecological corridors for migration of a biota;

providing safe ecological conditions for life and health of the population;

increase areas for the rest and health care;

growth of nature protection capacity of the region;

ensuring restoration of biogeochemical circulations in the environment,

reduction of threat of degradation and loss of fertility of lands; -

solution of the problem of deficiency of green plantings;

decrease in pollution of atmospheric air dust and harmful substances from a

surface of spoil heaps. 16

DONETSK NATIONAL TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY YOUNG SCIENTISTS’ RESEARCHES AND ACHIEVEMENTS IN SCIENCE (APRILE 19, 2018)

At this stage it is difficult to estimate economic effect of creation of ecological network of the region as introduction of nature protection actions always demands big expenses, and can be productive only in the long term. However increase in tourist capacity of the territory and decrease in economic damage owing to decrease in pollution of environment are positive economic effects of formation of ecological network. And considering the high nature protection importance of this project it is possible to consider its introduction expedient. The main social effects are: -

preservation of esthetic value of natural landscapes;

decrease in incidence of the population and increase in life expectancy;

improvement of working conditions and rest.

Thus, creation of ecological network of the Donetsk region with inclusion of spoil heaps as the additional restoration areas conducts to the solution of a number of environmental and social problems.

References 1.

Глухов А.З., Сафонов А.И. Экосеть: обоснование, концепции, опыт. –

Донецк: ДонНУ, 2011. – 320с. 2.

Шапарь А.Г. Ландшафтно-гидрографические подходы к созданию

экологической сети. – Днепропетровск: Монолит, 2002. – 71 с. 3.

Шматько

В.Г.

Экология

организация

природоохранной

деятельности : учеб. для вузов. – Киев: КНТ, 2008. – 304 с. Аннотация. Анализ особенностей расположения породных отвалов в пределах Донецкой области позволил рассмотреть основные возможности развития формирования экологической сети и ее расширения за счет включения нарушенных

горнодобывающими

работами

восстановительных элементов.

земель

качестве

DONETSK NATIONAL TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY YOUNG SCIENTISTS’ RESEARCHES AND ACHIEVEMENTS IN SCIENCE (APRILE 19, 2018)

Ключевые

слова:

устойчивое

развитие,

экологическая

сеть,

восстанавливаемые территории, терриконы, восстановление, техногенные ландшафты. Сведения об авторах: Буцяк Дарья Владимировна – ст.гр. УППм-18ФЭХТ, ДонНТУ Артамонов Владимир Николаевич – к.т.н., проф.каф. природоохранной деятельности, ДонНТУ Романько Виктория Валерьевна – асс.каф. английского языка, ДонНТУ

UDC 62-503.56

RESEARCH OF THE IMPACT OF CONTROL INTERVAL THE MPC CONTROLLER’S ON THE DELAY TIME IN SYSTEM OF AUTOMATIC CONTROL RATE OF LOAD OF THE BLAST FURNACE CHARGE

Bykova A.M., Zhukova N.V., Kaverina O. G. aleksandra-bykov@list.ru

Abstract. The article deals with the basic definitions on which MPC control is based, such as the prediction horizon, control interval and control horizon. The main research describes the influence of control interval MPC controller’s on transport delay in the system. The MPC Toolbox package was used for the study. This software package can handle models that include delays in the input and output channels. Keywords: MPC controller, the control interval, prediction horizon, control horizon, delay.

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In technological processes we often deal with such delay like a transportation of materials. This delay is formed, for example, when the substance or energy moving at a certain speed from one point to another without any change in their properties and characteristics [7]. Dead time has a significant impact on the process which flows in the control system, because it can cause problems with the sustainability, robustness and quality control. For instance, the sudden abnormal level of the grain bill of the charge on the furnace top, caused by the delay of the material may occur an emergency situation or the quality of pig iron will deteriorate [3]. With this purpose it is necessary to compensate the delay time to eliminate the above mentioned problems. In [6], the authors solved the actual problem based on the Smith predictor. System with a Smith predictor provides high static and dynamic stability and precision when changing tasks according to the level of the grain bill, and it is insensitive to step change of the linear density of the charge when it is fed onto a conveyor belt. The purpose of this publication is to study and analysis the compensation of delay based on the predictive model with MPC control (Model Predictive Control). The method of solving One of the modern formal approaches for analysis and synthesis of control systems based on mathematical optimization methods is the theory of control of dynamic objects with the use of predictive models [1]. This approach is an improvement of classical control with negative feedback, which takes into account the prediction of the behavior of the control object on different types of input. The controller relies on an empirical process model to predict future behavior based on previous values of the state variables. In addition, it is possible to account the transport delay, the changes in the quality criteria in the process, and failures of sensors measurement systems [2]. The MPC Toolbox can handle models that include delays in the input and output channels [10]. The MPC algorithm uses knowledge about the dynamic characteristics of the process. All interactions between the variables of the process are calculated on the basis of continuous solutions in real time. The main elements of the control circuit of a dynamic object, in according to the strategy of MPC is: an equivalent model in 19

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state space, which takes into account the internal relationships between state variables, which underlies the forecast within the horizon of prediction (estimation of the state, including resentment) in real-time; prediction of future conditions based on model optimization in real time of the future trajectory of the system gives the current limitations of the method of quadratic programming; the first step of the escape sequence [5]. While forming an equivalent model of the control object in the state space it was assumed the base model according to control channel and the disturbance obtained in [6] and checked on the condition of controllability and observability. In the formation of the MPC controller, the main parameters were set: prediction horizon, control interval, and control horizon. The prediction horizon is the time interval where the output signals will be predicted for the accounting in the control signal. It needs to be large enough to take into account the main dynamics of the model. Control interval is a realistic step for computing the control signal (the discretization step size of the MPC controller). The control horizon must be less than or equal to the prediction horizon, in order to take into account the main dynamics of the object. It is selected on the assumption of the time regulation of the model itself. When we select the above described options, there is a problem with the attempt of the controller to counteract the so-called «delay effect», whereby the transient characteristics control action and level of the grain bill on the furnace top, there are sharp jumps (Fig.1, Fig.2).

DONETSK NATIONAL TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY YOUNG SCIENTISTS’ RESEARCHES AND ACHIEVEMENTS IN SCIENCE (APRILE 19, 2018)

Figure 1 – Transient response of the output of the MPC-controller without using the strategy Blocking

Figure 2 – Transient response of the level of the grain bill on the furnace top without using the strategy Blocking

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To resolve this problem it was chosen Blocking strategy described in [9]. In the study of the impact of changes of the control interval on the transient rate of batch charging to the blast furnace, the delay time in the system is t=5 s. Control interval t i was chosen equal to 3, 5, 10 seconds, respectively, and the prediction horizon t ph=20, on the basis that the transient time rate of loading with PD controller is 16 seconds [6]. It was obtained the following transient process of controller output and the level of the grain bill on the furnace top (Fig.3, Fig.4). Plant Input: Inlevel 2.5 Control interval 3 sec. Control interval 5 sec. Control interval 10 sec.

Controller Output

1.5

0.5

-0.5

100

120

140

160

180

Time (seconds)

Figure3 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Transient response of the output of the MPC-controller with using the strategy Blocking

Analyzing transient characteristics (Fig. 3, Fig. 4) we can conclude: - when ti=3, t=3, the transient time 26 s, the overshoot is not observed, the change in the level set point from 1.25 to 2 meters on 80 seconds system fulfills for 23 seconds;

DONETSK NATIONAL TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY YOUNG SCIENTISTS’ RESEARCHES AND ACHIEVEMENTS IN SCIENCE (APRILE 19, 2018)

- when ti=5, t=5, the transient time of 46 seconds, overshoot isn’t also observed, changing the level set point from 1.25 to 2 meters on the 80 seconds system fulfills for 30 seconds; - when ti=10 s delay time is not observed, the transient time of 55 seconds, overshoot is not observed, a set point change from 1.25 to 2 meters on 80 seconds system fulfils for 50 seconds. Plant Output: Outlevel 2 1.8 1.6 1.4

level,m

1.2 1 0.8 0.6 0.4 delay 3 sec. delay 5 sec. delay not observed

0.2 0

100

120

140

160

180

Time (seconds)

Figure 4 – Transient response of the level of the grain bill on the furnace top with using the strategy Blocking

Thus, when the control interval is increasing, the delay time is reduced, the settling time in the system increases, but increases the static error at the output of the system. If you reduce control interval, the delay time slightly increases in the system, overshoot is observed, with a substantial reduction of the control interval system becomes 23

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unstable. Basing on the study of the effect of the control interval on the delay in the system, we selected the control interval 10 seconds which is more appropriate. Conclusion 1. The application of the MPC – controller requires the linearization of the model of the rate of batch charging. The operation of the linearization is made by Control Design Tool the software program Matlab-Simulink. We formed linear structure of the model of rate of loading satisfies the condition of controllability and observability. This model is loaded in the MPC Toolbox for MPC formation control. 2. Research of the model of the rate of batch charging showed that it is necessary to choose larger control interval than time delay in the system, if you want to get rid of the latency in the system. You will also notice that none of the cases did not show the ratio of time delay to the time of the transition process exceeding 0.1 (a transport delay typically in this respect corresponds to 0.2 to 0.5 [4]). 3. The use of predictive controllers in solving problems of control of systems with delay is justified. The introduction to the system dead time MPC – controller or Smith predictor compensates the latency impact of admission control on the object and allows to achieve the desired dynamic performance of the system. 4. In that case, if the system requires fast transient process and the control object is not a combination of a large number of dynamic elements, it is more appropriate to use a Smith predictor. This requires precise definition of time delay and satisfactory model of the control object. 5. If the object model is a quite complex nonlinear, it has a transport delay control channels and disturbances, which values may change due to technological peculiarities of the process, and also, if the system is restricted , it is necessary to consider the error of the sensors and it is more appropriate to apply the MPC – controller. The calculation algorithm of the MPC method requires considerable resources, but, nevertheless, it copes well with the task. Moreover, functions of the advanced process control (APC) embedded into the system process control SIMATIC PCS7, which mathematically

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describe even complex links of the process parameters, are implementing MPC predictive control [8].

References 1.

Веремей Е.И. Пособие «ModelPredictiveControlToolbox» // Электрон.

дан.– Режим доступа URL : http://matlab.exponenta.ru/modelpredict/book1/0.php 2.

Википедия: свободная энциклопедия // Электрон. дан. – Режим

доступаURL : https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Управление с прогнозирующими моделями 3.

Готлиб А.Б. Доменный процесс. / А.Б. Готлиб – М.: Металлургия. –

1966. 4.

Денисенко В. В. ПИД – регуляторы: вопросы реализации. Часть 2 //

СТА. – 2008. – №1. – С. 86-99. 5.

Мерцалова А. Метод управления с использованием прогнозирующей

модели // Автоматизация и информационныетехнологии в энергетике : / электрон. журн. – Режим доступа URL : http://www.avite.ru/stati/metodupravleniya-s-ispolzovaniem-prognoziruyuschey-modeli.html 6.

Система автоматизации управления темпом загрузки доменной шахты

/А.М. Быкова, Н.В. Жукова // Завалишинские чтения: Сб. докл. – СПб. ГУАП. – 2016. – С.21-23. 7.

Система автоматического управления с запаздыванием / Ю.Ю. Громов,

Н. А. Земской, А. В. Лагутин, О. Г. Иванова, В. М. Тютюнник. – Тамбов: Изд-во «ТГТУ», – 2007. – 76 с. 8.

Система управления процессами SIMATIC PCS7 // Электрон. дан. –

Режим доступа URL : http://armatinal.ru/assets/files/doc/Sistema-upravleniyaprocessami-SIMATIC-PCS7.pdf 9.

Liuping

Wang.

Model

Predictive

Control

System

Design

Implementation Using MATLAB. Springer – Verlag London Limited. – 2009.

and

DONETSK NATIONAL TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY YOUNG SCIENTISTS’ RESEARCHES AND ACHIEVEMENTS IN SCIENCE (APRILE 19, 2018)

10. Mathwork

Электрон.

дан.

–

Режим

доступа

URL

http://www.mathworks.com/help/mpc/gs/plant-models-withdelays.html?searchHighlight=Design%20Controller%20for%20Plant%20with%20De lays&s_tid=doc_srchtitle Аннотация. В статье рассматриваются основные понятия, на которых основано MPC управление, такие как горизонт прогнозирования, интервал управления и горизонт управления. Основное исследование описывает влияние управляющего интервала MPC контроллера на транспортную задержку в системе. Для исследования использовался пакет MPC Toolbox. Этот программный пакет может обрабатывать модели, которые включают задержки входных и выходных каналов. Ключевые слова: MPC контроллер, интервал управления, горизонт предсказания, горизонт управления, запаздывание. Сведения об авторах: Быкова

Александра

Михайловна

–

асс.

кафедры

автоматики

телекоммуникаций, ДонНТУ Жукова Наталья Викторовна – к. т. н., доц. кафедры автоматики и телекоммуникаций, ДонНТУ Каверина Ольга Геннадиевна – д. пед. н., профессор, зав.кафедрой английского языка, ДонНТУ

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UDC 004.05

ANALYSIS OF MODELS AND METHODS FOR STUDYING MULTIMEDIA PRODUCTS CUSTOMER SATISFACTION

Kandaurova A.O., Kushnirenko Ye.N. rafalelka97@gmail.com

Abstract. This article discusses the concepts of customer satisfaction and loyalty. Their role in the success of multimedia product developers is determined. The analysis of existing modern methods and models of consumer loyalty research is conducted. Keywords: customer satisfaction, loyalty, multimedia products, monitoring, customer relationship management systems.

Nowadays, in practice, it is not done to predict the level of customer satisfaction of the product being created, which can later become the cause of its “failure” in the market. In organizations engaged in the development of multimedia products, the communication process with the client is often not established well. This is due to the work specifics, because product development is a creative process in many ways that is difficult to document and lead to uniform requirements. This leads to the fact that there are often inaccuracies in work organizing, ambiguity and gross errors on the part of both the developer and the client. The main reason of it is misunderstanding between the client and developer. In turn, it is caused by the lack of information about the project, distorted by its submission, etc. In this connection, many organizations resort to a strategy aimed at increasing customer satisfaction and loyalty. As part of this strategy, customer satisfaction and loyalty are monitored, customer relationship management systems (CRM) are being introduced, and consumer surveys are being conducted. Ensuring customer satisfaction is one of the key tools for the success of a product being created. To retain existing ones, to replenish the regular customers ranks, 27

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to create more efficient products are common tasks for all developers, and their effective solution is impossible without introducing into the managing practice of customer satisfaction continuous monitoring. This explains the relevance of the chosen topic for organizations interested in creating the monitoring system of customer satisfaction and loyalty and obtaining scientifically based data from consumers for making management decisions of both strategic and tactical plans. The role of customer satisfaction in the success of developer Satisfaction is defined as the psychological state of a person as a result of achieving the desired goal. It characterizes the expectations compliance degree from the purchased product with its actual condition. Consumer satisfaction is defined as «a feeling experienced by a consumer after purchasing or using a product» [3]. In wellknown sources, it is noted that satisfaction is formed as a result of a comparison of the expected and actual properties of the product and all that is associated with it. The purpose of the study of customer satisfaction is to ensure that the maximum number of customers’ expectations come true. And it would be better if they are «covered» by the product characteristics, causing the customers delight. To manage the satisfaction level efficiently, it is necessary to clarify the mechanism of its formation and the influencing factors. Customer satisfaction measuring is a must-have attribute of customer relationship management systems (CRM). Before starting the development of a product, it is necessary to find a solution that could reduce the operating time and minimize errors at the developing stage. During solving these problems, special attention should be paid to customer satisfaction, since it is the basis for their loyalty formation to the developer, which later becomes the source of his financial well-being, thereby playing an important role in his success in the market. Today customer satisfaction is amount to quality management standards ISO 9000:2000, ISO 9001:2000, ISO 9004:2000. {Quality} = {Customer Satisfaction} = {Value} / {Cost} 28

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Standards cover the following areas: management responsibility, resource management, product sales, measurement, analysis and improvement. Evaluation and management of customer satisfaction allows to: – do better what is meaningful for consumers; – determine consumer needs and their relative importance; – understand how consumers perceive the product being created; – identify unmet needs and areas that are most significant to consumers; – identify the product extra functions; – set goals to improve the product and to control the process of achieving them; – improve performance by increasing customer loyalty. The analysis of customer satisfaction makes it much easier to compile a general picture of the multimedia product being created, highlight the main requirements for it, and also to evaluate the work of the developer for errors much easier. The relationship that is established by satisfaction between the developer and the process of multimedia products consumption is expressed through the attitude of the consumer to the product and depends on a specific time, a specific consumer segment, the commodity market and its structure. Customer satisfaction is influenced by some fundamental factors: the developer established reputation, goods quality, consumer expectations about the product, using value. It should be noted that customer satisfaction shapes customer loyalty directly. Consumer loyalty is determined by the positive consumer attitude in point of the entire activity of the developer, its products and services, to the company's staff, its image, brand, and logo. Satisfaction and loyalty are closely linked; therefore, only highly satisfied consumers remain loyal to the goods and services of organizations. To date, in connection with this, several universal models of consumer loyalty research have been developed, which work with different efficiencies on different product groups. Therefore, it is advisable to analyze models possible application to assessment of multimedia products consumer loyalty. 29

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Modern models and consumer loyalty research methods Methods of studying loyalty, as a rule, are divided into two groups. They are empirical methods and mathematical methods. However, they are quite rare. Usually they are used fully, as they allow you to determine different characteristics of the process under study. Empirical methods are aimed at identifying loyalty and determining its level, and mathematical methods are aimed at building a loyalty curve, identifying satisfaction, calculating support index and influence of factors which loyalty is formed through. There are six main methods of customer loyalty research, among which there are both empirical and mathematical. The method of needs separating arose in the 50s of XX century based on the experience of many companies engaged in trade and services. Its meaning is to determine the degree of customer loyalty in the numerical equivalent. For example, if a person purchased the product he needed from a conditional company 7 times out of 10, it says that it satisfies 70% of his needs. And the level of loyalty here is determined by how many times a customer turns to the same company, ignoring similar products from other companies. But the method of needs separating has one major drawback notably customers can buy goods of a particular company not only because they are truly loyal. And it is very difficult to determine exactly which purchases were made because of true loyalty. In addition, the percentage of repeated purchases is a very subjective value in order to determine loyal and disloyal customers. The conversion model was proposed by two researchers, Jan Hofmeyr and Butch Rice. It allows you to determine the degree of customer commitment. The main indicators here are: brand satisfaction, the importance of brand choice, alternatives and fluctuations. Satisfaction indicates that the higher its score, the greater commitment. But satisfaction cannot be correlated with behavior, so it is not possible to disclose the reasons for the customer actions fully. If the brand is not important for the client, then commitment will be difficult to achieve. It means that the brand should be of interest to the person. And if the brand matters to him, he will definitely take the time to decide 30

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which one suits him best. Another reason why the client retains loyalty to the company is the understanding that alternatives are worse than the chosen brand. However, if the client can find more interesting alternative for him, he will be able to change his preferences. The ANA methodology was developed by aircompany «ANA». Exploring customer loyalty issues, they distinguished four main customer segments: – customers who do not have the choice and are forced to purchase the product of one company; – unsatisfied and negatively inclined customers; – fuzzy customers; – regular customers. Great importance in the ANA model is given to attracting regular customers from the segment of fuzzy customers. But the company should not just meet the client needs, but «work» beyond his expectations as well, because the partially satisfied client may choose another company, supposing that the new choice will be better. Thus, in order to keep the client, the company must both attract new customers and retain old ones and motivate them to make new acquisitions. The technique proposed by customer loyalty expert Peter Wilton is interesting because of several levels of loyalty. In particular, the author divides loyal clients into «lawyers» and «allies» of the company. Lawyers are people who treat the brand positively, are faithful to it and give recommendations to other people. But the company ultimate goal should be to create «allies» who not only committed to the company and satisfied with it, but also participate in business processes. The author of another method is a well-known American marketing specialist David Aaker. It offers several options for measuring loyalty based on research: consumer behavior, costs accounting, satisfaction, relationship to the brand, commitment. The easiest way to measure loyalty is to observe the buyer’s behavior. The key parameters here are:

DONETSK NATIONAL TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY YOUNG SCIENTISTS’ RESEARCHES AND ACHIEVEMENTS IN SCIENCE (APRILE 19, 2018)

– repeat purchases indicators; – purchases percentage (how many purchases of the five fall on each brand); – the number of purchased goods of different brands (how many customers purchased goods of one brand, how many – two, etc.). Changing costs imply studying the preferences of customers in purchasing goods of one brand and their unwillingness to change their preferences. The degree of satisfaction is a fundamental factor, and the attitude to the brand can bet in respect, trust, willingness to pay a price that exceeds the price of competitors, etc. Nowadays, the Aaker technique has found wide application. In order to implement it, various types of surveys and questionnaires are used to determine each specific indicator of loyalty, for example, a relationship or level of satisfaction. Then loyalty indices are calculated by the arithmetic values of average points for all aspects. Thus, it is possible to make an estimation of all factors that form the loyalty degree. Another model was created by Jean-Jacques Lambin who is one of the most famous representatives of the European marketing school. His loyalty estimation is carried out by three criteria: the quality of the product main benefits, providing services process, and services value perceived by the client. The company that manages loyalty should estimate changes in customer commitment, comparing it with the greatest leaps periods, when profits increased owing to new customer influx and repeated purchases. The company should also solve new problems and find new directions for its development. Analyzing the presented methods of loyalty research, it can be concluded that with their complex application all the necessary indicators can be determined: the loyal availability, its level and development trends, and also to analyze the satisfaction with the product and the company service. All this information helps to find out how it is necessary to set the further loyalty management process, to understand which changes occur in loyalty over time and to find ways to improve the service quality, which will take into account the consumers interests and features. To solve this problem, the system Use Case Diagram is being 32

DONETSK NATIONAL TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY YOUNG SCIENTISTSâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; RESEARCHES AND ACHIEVEMENTS IN SCIENCE (APRILE 19, 2018)

developed and it is shown in figure 1.

Figure 1 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Use Case Diagram

In this way, the study of satisfaction and loyalty of multimedia products customers is an important element in developers work. Since, relying on the consumers wishes, the organization will be able to fulfil their requirements in full and anticipate their expectations, thereby increasing the quality of the products created. It will allow to achieve not only financial success but consumer commitment as well. Consequently, there arises the expediency to create a system for analyzing customer satisfaction and loyalty in order to implement the strategy of the multimedia products developing company. Research of consumer loyalty methods and models was carried out. During researching, it was revealed that while using these models and methods, it is possible to determine all necessary indicators for customer satisfaction study with the company's product and service. The Use Case Diagram of the developed system for analyzing the customer satisfaction level is made. 33

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References 1. Исследование лояльности клиентов / [Электронный ресурс] / – Режим доступа: https://4brain.ru/blog/ (дата обращения: 30.09.2018). 2. Полынская, Г. А. Сравнение методов оценки удовлетворенности потребителей при использовании разных способов сбора данных // Управление экономическими системами. – 2014. 3. Салимова Т.А. Управление качеством. 2-е издание. – М.: Омега –Л, 2008. – С.416. 4. Турко

С.В.

Мониторинг

удовлетворенности

лояльности

потребителей: автореф. дис. на соискание ученой степени канд. экономич. наук – Москва, 2006. – 29с. Аннотация.

данной

статье

рассматриваются

понятия

удовлетворенности и лояльности потребителей. Определяется их роль в успешности разработчиков мультимедийной продукции. Проводится анализ существующих современных методов и моделей исследования лояльности потребителей. Ключевые

слова:

удовлетворенность

потребителей,

лояльность,

мультимедийная продукция, мониторинг, системы управления отношениями с клиентами. Сведения об авторах: Кандаурова Александра Олеговна – гр. КМДм-18, ФКНТ, ДонНТУ Кушниренко Елена Николаевна – ст. преп. кафедры английского языка, ДонНТУ

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UDC 81'42

PROBLEMS OF TEACHING THE RUSSIAN LANGUAGE IN CHILDREN WITH MENTAL RETARDATION

Khalilova G.Z. dzhulija.latipova@yandex.ru

Abstract. Children with mental retardation are a special category of children who should be given special attention when teaching their native language. Children have defects in speech, as well as problems of learning speech. The article discusses the problems in the education of schoolchildren with mental retardation. Keywords:

learning,

skills, assimilation, analysis,

synthesis,

sounds,

pronunciation

Recently, theorists of pedagogical science, both in Russia and in other countries, have developed conceptual for the training of children with mental retardation and the improvement of the content of this training in new conditions for us. It was noted that it is necessary to lay the skills of educational work already in the preparatory class, as the effectiveness of the assimilation of knowledge during the period of training largely depends on how much already in the initial period students master the skills of educational work [1]. Before teachers the task: correction of specific deviations in the development of cognitive activity of students, their thinking (analysis, synthesis, comparison, generalization), filling gaps in basic knowledge, preparing to master the basic subjects, the formation of intellectual activity in the study of software material. When teaching children with ZPR, attention is paid to the formation of sound analysis and synthesis, teaching writing, grammar and spelling propaedeutic [5]. The formation of sound analysis and synthesis in children with ZPR, involves the management of tasks assigned to secondary schools, taking into account the specific, 35

DONETSK NATIONAL TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY YOUNG SCIENTISTSâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; RESEARCHES AND ACHIEVEMENTS IN SCIENCE (APRILE 19, 2018)

corrective tasks arising from the psycho-physiological characteristics of students in this category. Oral speech of children with mental retardation meets the needs of everyday communication. It does not have deep violations in pronunciation, use of vocabulary and grammatical system [7]. The majority of children with developmental delays in the pronunciation of individual sounds, as a rule, is preserved, but the speech as a whole is not sufficiently clear. Their speech shows the vagueness of the dictionary and the poverty of grammatical structures. The speech of children is characterized by the absence of many words, not the ability to use them in the context and close in meaning words. Often children with ZPR determine the names of some types of concepts through the names of other types of concepts [4]. Children from primary school cannot make out in the word of individual sounds, do not know how to produce sound analysis, it is available for older children with normal development; until the moment of learning to read and write every word appears to them only from the semantic side [6]. All this indicates that in the oral speech of children with ZPR has not accumulated enough experience of speaking and practical speech generalizations necessary for the assimilation of the school course of the native language. Therefore, teaching the native language of children with mental retardation should be preceded by special correctional and preparatory work. The word, acting for the child as a means of communication, should be the object of his observation and analysis. The preparation of children with mental retardation for language training should take place in stages. At the first stage, the main content of the work is aimed at developing the ability to listen to the sound of the word, to recognize, distinguish and highlight individual sounds, to develop a clear articulation of all sounds, clarifying their sound. Particular importance is attached to the formation of the ability (way) to isolate sounds from the word. At the second stage, the ability to consistently isolate the sound in words of different syllable structure is developed [8, 9, 10].

DONETSK NATIONAL TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY YOUNG SCIENTISTS’ RESEARCHES AND ACHIEVEMENTS IN SCIENCE (APRILE 19, 2018)

It should be noted that when teaching children, it is necessary to clarify the sound of each sound and develop a clear articulation of it, drawing the child's attention to the position of the language, lips, teeth, voice participation in the pronunciation of sound. Children with ZPR need to be armed with a way of extracting sound from the word. It is the exaggerated utterance of a separate sound by a child in the word, which occurs gradually [9]. Before that, the teacher himself pronounces the word, exaggerating the sound, and the children copy this method of pronouncing the word. In this case, not at first, the child often cannot be called isolated sound, allocated to them in pronunciation. The teacher calls him. Highlighting individual sounds, students usually learn to study the sound composition of words, consciously find a particular sound [3]. Based on the properties of sound speech and features of their pronunciation, perceived by the child, the teacher draws the child's attention to the fact that some sounds are pronounced with the voice, freely. The pronunciation of other sounds is due to the fact that the lips, teeth or tongue form an obstacle, an obstacle. Based on these features, the teacher practically introduces students to vowels and consonants. Teaching of individual sounds continues at the second stage of preparation of children with ZPR for language learning. Sound analysis means both distinguishing and isolating a sound, and establishing its exact place in the word. Therefore, its main task of the second stage of preparation for language learning is to teach children to establish the exact place of sound in the word, to determine their sequence in the word. Children with ZPR cannot independently choose the methods of sound analysis, and therefore it is necessary to organize the training of this category of students in such a way as to form a way for them to analyze the sound composition of the word. This way is «action to establish the sequence of sounds in the word», which is based on a clear and distinct perception and pronouncing each sound in the word. The subject of the analysis is sounds, not letters [3]. Initially, students sequentially identify sounds in a word based on loud speaking, correlating sounds with the graphical scheme of the word. Next comes the selection 37

DONETSK NATIONAL TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY YOUNG SCIENTISTSâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; RESEARCHES AND ACHIEVEMENTS IN SCIENCE (APRILE 19, 2018)

based sounds loud speaking, but without ready-made diagram of the sound structure of words. Then the sound analysis is based on pronouncing the word aloud, but without relying on external action with material objects. From this point on, children are encouraged to analyze the sound composition of the word without the scheme. Children should draw their own diagram of the sound composition of the word. In addition, it is worth paying attention to the oral report of the students on the work done. Children need to know and be able to explain what the graphic scheme reflects, what its cells and chips mean. Students should be taught to talk about the sequence of actions. The ability to properly report on the work performed contributes to its organization in the following stages. In addition, the ability to verbally describe the progress of the task leads to a more complete, accurate and durable assimilation of educational material. If we talk about learning to write, the features of speech, thinking, motor skills, and General fatigue inherent in the majority of younger students with mental retardation, requires the most careful preparation of each child for learning to write. Thus, by the end of the preparatory period, students should be able to independently, without the help of an adult, to allocate any sound from the word, to determine by ear the sequence of sounds in the words of any structure. Students should be able to correctly and clearly pronounce sentences, delimit one sentence from another in oral speech; hear a pause at the end of the sentence, distinguish words and sentences from oral speech. In conclusion, I would like to say that the organization of the educational process in the system of correctional and developmental education should be carried out on the basis of the principles of correctional pedagogy and involves a deep understanding of the main causes and features of deviations in the development of mental activity of children, the ability to determine the conditions for their intellectual development and to ensure the creation of a personal-developing environment that allows to realize the cognitive reserves of learning.

DONETSK NATIONAL TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY YOUNG SCIENTISTS’ RESEARCHES AND ACHIEVEMENTS IN SCIENCE (APRILE 19, 2018)

References 1.

Аксенова А.К. Методика обучения русскому языку в специальной

(коррекционной) школе: Учеб.для студ. дефект. фак. педвузов. / А.К. Аксенова – М.: Гуманит. изд. центр ВЛАДОС/ – 2000г. 2.

Актуальные проблемы нейропсихологии детского возраста Учебное

пособие/ под ред. Цветковой Л.С. – М.2001. 3.

Баширова Т.Е. Пути становления читательской самостоятельности у

учащихся младших классов вспомогательной школы // Дефектология. – 1991. – № 5. 4.

Василевская

В.Я.

Изучение

понимания

литературных

текстов

умственно отсталыми детьми / В.Я. Василевская // Изв. АПН РСФСР. – М. – 1961. – Вып. 114. – С. 42. 5.

Гнездилов М.Ф. Методика русского языка во вспомогательной школе.

/ М.Ф. Гнездилов – М. – 1965. 6.

Куликов

Л.В.

Психологическое

исследование

Методические

рекомендации по проведению. / Л.В. Куликов – С-Пб. – 2002. 7.

Лурия А.Р. Основы нейропсихологии. / А.Р. Лурия – М. – 2002.

Петрова В.Г. Развитие речи учащихся вспомогательной школы. – М.,

1977. 9.

Поддубная Н.Г. Своеобразие процессов непроизвольной памяти у

первоклассников с ЗПР//Дефектология, №4, 1980. 10. Психология детей с задержкой психического развития / сост. Защиринская О.В. – С-Пб. – 2003. Аннотация. Дети с задержкой психического развития – особенная категория детей, которым стоит уделить пристальное внимание при обучении родному языку. У детей наблюдаются дефекты в речи, а также проблемы усвоения речи. В статье рассматриваются проблемы при обучении школьников с ЗПР. 39

DONETSK NATIONAL TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY YOUNG SCIENTISTS’ RESEARCHES AND ACHIEVEMENTS IN SCIENCE (APRILE 19, 2018)

Ключевые слова: oбучение, навыки, усвоение, анализ, синтез, звуки, произношение Сведения об авторе: Халилова Гульдар Закировна – магистрант, Филологический факультет, ФГБОУ ВО БашГУ (г.Уфа)

UDC 621.3.036.53

MATHEMATICAL MODELING OF THE FURNACE LINING PROCESS IN LABVIEW ENVIRONMENT

Kharitonov A.Y., Birukov A.B., Peresekin A.B., Barkov S.P., Kushnirenko Ye.N. alexperesekin@gmail.com

Abstract. The actual problem of heat loss during the process of furnace lining is considered and the method of sufficient precision to predict thermal state of furnace lining is developed. For visual and dynamic diagnostics, the mathematical modeling of thermal state of furnace lining, programmed in LabVIEW environment is used. Keywords: lining, furnace, heat, heat content, mathematical model, environment, block diagram, loop, thermal conductivity, function, equation, temperature.

The loss of heat from the environment occurs in any furnace, but they are significant in thermal and cyclic furnaces, when the heat treating cycle includes furnace cooling to a low temperature, or when this cooling is due to long intervals between heating cycles. For those furnaces, heat loss is formed by three fundamentally different areas: through 40

DONETSK NATIONAL TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY YOUNG SCIENTISTSâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; RESEARCHES AND ACHIEVEMENTS IN SCIENCE (APRILE 19, 2018)

the refractory masonry, heating of atmospheric air, incoming to the environment through construction elements leakiness and refractory masonry, slope pipes cooling in welding and methodical furnace zones. Given areas are convenient to analyze using mathematical modeling. The essential production task is the development of the method of furnace lining residual heat content determination, allowing predicting of the thermal state of furnace lining after arbitrary duration stand-by. This information is required for defining rational technical parameters of furnace output during working thermal state. The problem of determining of heat content lining can be solved either by using the method of mathematical modeling or by using operational diagnostics based on the analysis of instantaneous heat balance [1-3]. A number of approaches for in-depth analysis of thermal state are shown in those given papers. The developed method [4] allows predicting thermal state of furnace lining after arbitrary duration stand-by with sufficient precision. This information is required to determine rational technical parameters of furnace output during working thermal state. The LabVIEW environment is used for visualization of the method. It can count mathematical model and its cycle in real time. The environment allows outputting calculated numerical values and graphs onto the interface. LabVIEW is an environment of graphical programming, which is used by technical specialists, engineers, teachers and scientists around the world for a quick creation of complex applications for measuring, testing, managing, automation of scientific experiments and educating. The LabVIEW basis includes the concept of graphical programming such as functional blocks series connection on block-diagram. Streaming programming in LabVIEW environment allows a developer fully focus on data and data processing ways. Program nodes, which are functions, cycles and other language constructions, receive data through entries, execute their processing and output data by outputs. As soon as the parameter values enter in every input terminal node, the node code is being executed (the processing of incoming data) [5].

DONETSK NATIONAL TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY YOUNG SCIENTISTSâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; RESEARCHES AND ACHIEVEMENTS IN SCIENCE (APRILE 19, 2018)

Mathematical model building The mathematical model, describing the process of furnace lining was built. It consists of series of equations. At the beginning, the initial heat flow is found (1.1, 1.2, 1.3):

4 â&#x2C6;?đ?&#x2018;&#x2DC; = 1,65â&#x2C6;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;Ąđ?&#x2018;&#x2DC; 1 â&#x2C6;&#x2019; đ?&#x2018;Ąđ?&#x2018;&#x153;đ?&#x2018; = 3,69

[[ â&#x2C6;?đ?&#x2018;&#x2013;đ?&#x2018;§1 = 5 Ă&#x2014;

đ?&#x2018;&#x17E;1 =

273 + đ?&#x2018;Ąđ?&#x2018;&#x2DC;1 4 273 + đ?&#x2018;Ąđ?&#x2018;&#x153;đ?&#x2018; 4 â&#x2C6;&#x2019; ] [ 100 100 ] ] đ?&#x2018;Ąđ?&#x2018;&#x2DC;1 â&#x2C6;&#x2019; đ?&#x2018;Ąđ?&#x2018;&#x153;đ?&#x2018;

đ?&#x2018;&#x2030;đ?&#x2018;Ą đ?&#x2018;&#x161;2 đ??ž

= 5,436

(1.1)

đ?&#x2018;&#x2030;đ?&#x2018;Ą đ?&#x2018;&#x161;2 đ??ž

(1.2)

đ?&#x2018;Ą1 â&#x2C6;&#x2019; đ?&#x2018;Ąđ?&#x2018;&#x153;đ?&#x2018; đ?&#x2018;&#x2030;đ?&#x2018;Ą = 561,755 2 đ?&#x203A;ż1 đ?&#x203A;ż2 đ?&#x203A;ż3 1 đ?&#x2018;&#x161; đ??ž + + + đ?&#x153;&#x2020;1 đ?&#x153;&#x2020;2 đ?&#x153;&#x2020;3 â&#x2C6;?đ?&#x2018;&#x2DC; +â&#x2C6;?đ?&#x2018;&#x2013;đ?&#x2018;§1

(1.3)

where: đ?&#x2018;Ąđ?&#x2018;&#x2DC;1

is the temperature on external boundary of insulating furnace, đ??ś ;

đ?&#x2018;Ąđ?&#x2018;&#x153;đ?&#x2018;

is the environment temperature, đ??ś ;

đ?&#x203A;ż1

is the thickness of furnace lining high-temperature, đ?&#x2018;&#x161;;

đ?&#x203A;ż2

is the thickness of the furnace lining main layer, đ?&#x2018;&#x161;;

đ?&#x203A;ż3

is the thickness of the furnace lining insulation layer, đ?&#x2018;&#x161;;

đ?&#x153;&#x2020;1

đ?&#x2018;&#x2030;đ?&#x2018;Ą is the thermal conductivity of furnace lining high-temperature, (đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x2020;) ;

đ?&#x153;&#x2020;2

đ?&#x2018;&#x2030;đ?&#x2018;Ą is the thermal conductivity of furnace lining main layer, (đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x2020;) ;

đ?&#x153;&#x2020;3

is the thermal conductivity of furnace lining insulation layer,

Temperatures of layers boundary are calculated (1.4, 1.5, 1.6):

đ?&#x2018;Ą2 = đ?&#x2018;Ą1 â&#x2C6;&#x2019; đ?&#x2018;&#x17E;1 Ă&#x2014;

đ?&#x203A;ż1 = 969,122 đ??ś đ?&#x153;&#x2020;1

đ?&#x203A;ż1 đ?&#x203A;ż2 đ?&#x2018;Ą3 = đ?&#x2018;Ą1 â&#x2C6;&#x2019; đ?&#x2018;&#x17E;1 Ă&#x2014; ( + ) = 788,112 đ??ś đ?&#x153;&#x2020;1 đ?&#x153;&#x2020;2 42

(1.4)

(1.5)

đ?&#x2018;&#x2030;đ?&#x2018;Ą (đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x2020;)

;

DONETSK NATIONAL TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY YOUNG SCIENTISTS’ RESEARCHES AND ACHIEVEMENTS IN SCIENCE (APRILE 19, 2018)

𝑡4 = 𝑡1 − 𝑞1 × (

𝛿1 𝛿2 𝛿3 + + ) = 76,556 𝐶 (1.6) 𝜆1 𝜆2 𝜆3

where: 𝑡1

is the temperature of furnace inner boundary, 𝐶 ;

Average layers temperatures are calculated (1.7, 1.8, 1.9): 𝑡1 + 𝑡2 = 1,11 × 103 𝐶 2

(1.7)

𝑡2𝑠 =

𝑡2 + 𝑡3 = 878,617 𝐶 2

(1.8)

𝑡3𝑠 =

𝑡3 + 𝑡4 = 432,334 𝐶 2

(1.9)

𝑡1𝑠 =

Heat flow is calculated (1.10, 1.11, 1.12):

∝ ′𝑘 = 1,65 4√𝑡4 − 𝑡𝑜𝑠 = 4,622

[[ ∝ ′𝑖𝑧1 = 5 ×

𝑞 ′1 =

273 + 𝑡4 4 273 + 𝑡𝑜𝑠 4 −[ ] ] 100 100 ] 𝑡4 − 𝑡𝑜𝑠

Вт м2 𝐾

= 6,539

(1.10)

𝑉𝑡 𝑚2 𝐾

𝑡1 − 𝑡𝑜𝑠 𝑉𝑡 = 561,755 2 𝛿1 𝛿2 𝛿3 1 𝑚 𝐾 + + + 𝜆1 𝜆2 𝜆3 ∝′ 𝑘 +∝′ 𝑖𝑧1

(1.11)

(1.12)

The thermal content of 1 m2 main boundary layer is calculated (1.13, 1.14, 1.15, 1.16): 𝑄𝑎𝑘1 = 1 × 𝛿1 × 𝜌1 × 𝐶1 × 𝑡1𝑠 = 3,761 × 103 𝑘𝐽

(1.13)

𝑄𝑎𝑘2 = 1 × 𝛿2 × 𝜌2 × 𝐶2 × 𝑡2𝑠 = 9,76 × 105 𝑘𝐽

(1.14)

𝑄𝑎𝑘3 = 1 × 𝛿3 × 𝜌3 × 𝐶3 × 𝑡3𝑠 = 8,576 × 104 𝑘𝐽

(1.15)

DONETSK NATIONAL TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY YOUNG SCIENTISTSâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; RESEARCHES AND ACHIEVEMENTS IN SCIENCE (APRILE 19, 2018)

â&#x2C6;&#x2018;đ?&#x2018;&#x201E;đ?&#x2018;&#x17D;đ?&#x2018;&#x2DC; = đ?&#x2018;&#x201E;đ?&#x2018;&#x17D;đ?&#x2018;&#x2DC;1 + đ?&#x2018;&#x201E;đ?&#x2018;&#x17D;đ?&#x2018;&#x2DC;2 + đ?&#x2018;&#x201E;đ?&#x2018;&#x17D;đ?&#x2018;&#x2DC;3 = 1,066 Ă&#x2014; 106 đ?&#x2018;&#x2DC;đ??˝

(1.16)

where: đ?&#x153;&#x152;1

is the density of high-temperature layer furnace lining, đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x2DC;đ?&#x2018;&#x201D;3;

đ?&#x153;&#x152;2

is the density of main layer furnace lining, đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x2DC;đ?&#x2018;&#x201D;3;

đ?&#x153;&#x152;3

is the density of furnace lining insulation layer, đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;&#x2DC;đ?&#x2018;&#x201D;3;

ĐĄ1

đ?&#x2018;&#x2DC;đ??˝ is the heat capacity of furnace lining high-temperature layer, đ?&#x2018;&#x2DC;đ?&#x2018;&#x201D;Ă&#x2014;đ??ž ;

ĐĄ2

đ?&#x2018;&#x2DC;đ??˝ is the heat capacity of furnace lining main layer, đ?&#x2018;&#x2DC;đ?&#x2018;&#x201D;Ă&#x2014;đ??ž ;

ĐĄ3

đ?&#x2018;&#x2DC;đ??˝ is the heat capacity of furnace lining insulation layer, đ?&#x2018;&#x2DC;đ?&#x2018;&#x201D;Ă&#x2014;đ??ž ;

The heat loss of furnace masonry is calculated (1.17): đ?&#x2018;&#x201E;đ?&#x2018;?đ?&#x2018;&#x2DC; = đ?&#x2018;&#x17E;1â&#x20AC;˛ Ă&#x2014; 1 Ă&#x2014; đ?&#x153;? = 2,041 Ă&#x2014; 106 đ??˝

(1.7)

where: đ?&#x153;?

is time interval, Ń ;

The heat loss of heating of atmospheric air (1.18, 1.19) is calculated: đ?&#x2018;&#x201E;đ?&#x2018;?đ?&#x2018;Ąđ?&#x2018;Ł = đ?&#x2018;&#x2030;đ?&#x2018;Ł Ă&#x2014; đ??śđ?&#x2018;Ł Ă&#x2014; (đ?&#x2018;Ą1 â&#x2C6;&#x2019; 100) Ă&#x2014; đ?&#x153;? == 1,485 Ă&#x2014; 105 đ??˝ đ?&#x2018;&#x201E;đ?&#x2018;?đ?&#x2018;Ł =

đ?&#x2018;&#x201E;đ?&#x2018;?đ?&#x2018;Ąđ?&#x2018;Ł = 1,375 Ă&#x2014; 103 đ??˝ đ??šđ?&#x2018;Ł

where: 3

đ?&#x2018;&#x2030;đ?&#x2018;Ł

is the volume of air, đ?&#x2018;&#x161;đ?&#x2018;? ;

ĐĄđ?&#x2018;Ł

đ?&#x2018;&#x2DC;đ??˝ is the air heat capacity, đ?&#x2018;&#x2DC;đ?&#x2018;&#x201D;Ă&#x2014;đ??ž ;

đ??šđ?&#x2018;Ł

is the wall area, đ?&#x2018;&#x161;2;

(1.19)

(1.18)

DONETSK NATIONAL TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY YOUNG SCIENTISTSâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; RESEARCHES AND ACHIEVEMENTS IN SCIENCE (APRILE 19, 2018)

Total heat loss is calculated (1.20): â&#x2C6;&#x2018;đ?&#x2018;&#x201E;đ?&#x2018;? = đ?&#x2018;&#x201E;đ?&#x2018;?đ?&#x2018;&#x2DC; + đ?&#x2018;&#x201E;đ?&#x2018;?đ?&#x2018;Ł = 2,042 Ă&#x2014; 106 đ??˝

(1.20)

The remaining masonry heat capacity is calculated (1.21): đ?&#x2018;&#x201E;đ?&#x2018;&#x153;đ?&#x2018; đ?&#x2018;Ą1 = â&#x2C6;&#x2018;đ?&#x2018;&#x201E;đ?&#x2018;&#x17D;đ?&#x2018;&#x2DC; Ă&#x2014; 1000 â&#x2C6;&#x2019; â&#x2C6;&#x2018;đ?&#x2018;&#x201E;đ?&#x2018;? == 1,0063 Ă&#x2014; 109 đ??˝

(1.21)

The residual heat in first, second and third layers are calculated (1.22, 1.23, 1.24): đ?&#x2018;&#x201E;đ?&#x2018;&#x17D;đ?&#x2018;&#x153;đ?&#x2018; đ?&#x2018;Ą1 =

đ?&#x2018;&#x201E;đ?&#x2018;&#x153;đ?&#x2018; đ?&#x2018;Ą1 đ?&#x2018;&#x201E;đ?&#x2018;&#x17D;đ?&#x2018;&#x2DC;1 Ă&#x2014; = 3,754 Ă&#x2014; 103 đ??˝ (1.22) 1000 â&#x2C6;&#x2018;đ?&#x2018;&#x201E;đ?&#x2018;&#x17D;đ?&#x2018;&#x2DC;

đ?&#x2018;&#x201E;đ?&#x2018;&#x17D;đ?&#x2018;&#x153;đ?&#x2018; đ?&#x2018;Ą2 =

đ?&#x2018;&#x201E;đ?&#x2018;&#x153;đ?&#x2018; đ?&#x2018;Ą1 đ?&#x2018;&#x201E;đ?&#x2018;&#x17D;đ?&#x2018;&#x2DC;2 Ă&#x2014; = 9,741 Ă&#x2014; 105 đ??˝ (1.23) 1000 â&#x2C6;&#x2018;đ?&#x2018;&#x201E;đ?&#x2018;&#x17D;đ?&#x2018;&#x2DC;

đ?&#x2018;&#x201E;đ?&#x2018;&#x17D;đ?&#x2018;&#x153;đ?&#x2018; đ?&#x2018;Ą3 =

đ?&#x2018;&#x201E;đ?&#x2018;&#x153;đ?&#x2018; đ?&#x2018;Ą1 đ?&#x2018;&#x201E;đ?&#x2018;&#x17D;đ?&#x2018;&#x2DC;3 Ă&#x2014; = 8,559 Ă&#x2014; 104 đ??˝ (1.24) 1000 â&#x2C6;&#x2018;đ?&#x2018;&#x201E;đ?&#x2018;&#x17D;đ?&#x2018;&#x2DC;

The average mass temperature of the first layer after one cooling interval is calculated (1.25): đ?&#x2018;Ąâ&#x20AC;˛1đ?&#x2018; đ?&#x2018;&#x161; =

đ?&#x2018;&#x201E;đ?&#x2018;&#x17D;đ?&#x2018;&#x153;đ?&#x2018; đ?&#x2018;Ą1 = 1,107 Ă&#x2014; 103 đ??ś (1.25) 1 Ă&#x2014; đ?&#x203A;ż1 Ă&#x2014; đ?&#x153;&#x152;1 Ă&#x2014; đ??ś1

The temperature of the first layer inner surface (1.26):

đ?&#x2018;Ą â&#x20AC;˛1 = đ?&#x2018;Ą1 Ă&#x2014;

đ?&#x2018;Ą â&#x20AC;˛1đ?&#x2018; đ?&#x2018;&#x161; = 1,248 Ă&#x2014; 103 đ??ś đ?&#x2018;Ą1đ?&#x2018;

(1.27)

The obtained result from the previous equation is the new value of temperature t1 and serves as the new calculation interval. The results of modeling process After developing the model, it was adapted in dynamic process in LabVIEW environment. The visual process consists of the furnace lining illustration, bar charts 45

DONETSK NATIONAL TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY YOUNG SCIENTISTS’ RESEARCHES AND ACHIEVEMENTS IN SCIENCE (APRILE 19, 2018)

of heat remaining in three layers deflection, the field of process speed change, field indicating the temperature value of outer boundary of furnace and pause-stop buttons to check the process conveniently. The screenshot of the process check initial start is shown below (Figure 1).

Figure 1 – The initial start of furnace lining process in LabVIEW environment

During the process operation check, the remaining heat values in three layers started stabilizing, as shown in the previous figure. The temperature drop at the inner boundary 46

DONETSK NATIONAL TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY YOUNG SCIENTISTSâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; RESEARCHES AND ACHIEVEMENTS IN SCIENCE (APRILE 19, 2018)

of the lining also decreased and assumed constant value

đ?&#x2018;Ą1 â&#x2030;&#x2C6; 15 đ??ś

in the result, which

led to changes in histograms of remaining heat in the layer (they look like lines) (Figure 2).

Figure 2 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; The values of remaining heat shown in histograms During the process of creating a block diagram, a ÂŤWhile LoopÂť was created, which can be found in the Structures function. A ÂŤStopÂť button is created on the front panel, which indicates the end of the program. It connects to the block of ÂŤStop if TrueÂť loop. 47

DONETSK NATIONAL TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY YOUNG SCIENTISTSâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; RESEARCHES AND ACHIEVEMENTS IN SCIENCE (APRILE 19, 2018)

When the ÂŤStopÂť button is pressed, the value ÂŤTrueÂť is transmitted, as a result the cycle terminates and thereafter the program. A pause button for the program ÂŤPauseÂť was also created. It is connected to the block of ÂŤContinue if TrueÂť loop. When the value is ÂŤTrueÂť, the cycle goes into pause mode. To continue the process, the button ÂŤPauseÂť should be pressed again. The sequences of blocks with various mathematical actions were created for calculation algorithms. For example, equations 1.18, 1.19 and 1.20 are given. It is necessary to find the heat loss đ?&#x2018;&#x201E;đ?&#x2018;?đ?&#x2018;Ąđ?&#x2018;Ł of equation 1.18. For this, a numerical constant of the same parameter was created. The original parameters of other values must be created (or add the earlier found blocks to the calculation), for example đ?&#x2018;&#x2030;đ?&#x2018;Ł , đ??śđ?&#x2018;Ł , etc. The value of đ?&#x2018;&#x201E;đ?&#x2018;?đ?&#x2018;Ł from equation 1.19 is found as a ratio. The ÂŤDivideÂť block was created from the Numeric function. Then the blocks

đ?&#x2018;&#x201E;đ?&#x2018;?đ?&#x2018;Ąđ?&#x2018;Ł

and

đ??šđ?&#x2018;Ł

are combined with it. The

resulting value is not needed on the front panel. The value of the total heat loss from equation 1.20 is calculated as the sum of the two previous blocks. The ÂŤAddÂť block of the Numeric function was created and then combined with blocks đ?&#x2018;&#x201E;đ?&#x2018;?đ?&#x2018;Ł and đ?&#x2018;&#x201E;đ?&#x2018;?đ?&#x2018;Ąđ?&#x2018;Ł . The value of the total heat loss â&#x2C6;&#x2018;đ?&#x2018;&#x201E;đ?&#x2018;? is obtained. It should be hidden. Other formulas with a difference in operations and input data were created similarly. The remaining heat values in three layers đ?&#x2018;&#x201E;đ?&#x2018;&#x17D;đ?&#x2018;&#x153;đ?&#x2018; đ?&#x2018;Ą1, đ?&#x2018;&#x201E;đ?&#x2018;&#x17D;đ?&#x2018;&#x153;đ?&#x2018; đ?&#x2018;Ą2 and đ?&#x2018;&#x201E;đ?&#x2018;&#x17D;đ?&#x2018;&#x153;đ?&#x2018; đ?&#x2018;Ą3 must be output in form of histograms. For this, values are wired to the graph block (Waveform Graph). To create a loop,

đ?&#x2018;Ą`1

must be converted to

đ?&#x2018;Ą1

and the wire must be conducted to the

beginning of loop. Thus, the program will run in a loop that the user can stop in anytime (Figure 3).

DONETSK NATIONAL TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY YOUNG SCIENTISTS’ RESEARCHES AND ACHIEVEMENTS IN SCIENCE (APRILE 19, 2018)

Figure 3 – block diagram of the furnace lining process in the LabVIEW environment 49

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Conclusion The actuality of heat loss in the furnace lining process is considered. The causes of heat loss in such areas have been identified: through the refractory masonry: heating of atmospheric air, incoming to the environment through leakiness of construction elements and refractory masonry; slope pipes cooling in welding and methodical furnace zones. The developed method allows accurately to predict the thermal state of the furnace lining. This technique is implemented in a mathematical model with cyclically varying values. The method also allows to predict the thermal state of the furnace lining after stand-by of arbitrary duration with a sufficient accuracy. This information is necessary to determine the rational technological parameters to adjust the furnace into working thermal state. The LabVIEW environment was used for visual and dynamical diagnostics and observing parameters by algorithm. These parameters are furnace temperature, the heat remaining of all layers and heat loss. A cycle in which all the equations are calculated in order is developed. The loop works endlessly; the user can pause and stop the process. The values of the heat remaining in three layers are displayed visually in the form of histograms.

References 1. Барков

С.П.,

Туяхов

А.И.

Исследование

тепловой

работы

нагревательной печи с внутренней изоляцией // Международная научнопрактическая конференция студентов «Металлургия ХХI столетия глазами молодых», Донецк – 2015. – С. 88-89 2. Барков

С.П.

Инженерная

методика

прогнозирования

теплового

состояния футеровки методической печи, находящейся в условиях простоя / С.П. Барков, А.И. Туяхо в // Вестник ДонНТУ. – 2016. №5(5). – С. 43-47. (сер.: металлургические процессы и оборудование)

DONETSK NATIONAL TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY YOUNG SCIENTISTS’ RESEARCHES AND ACHIEVEMENTS IN SCIENCE (APRILE 19, 2018)

3. Бирюков А.Б. Диагностика нагревательных печей периодического действия на основании построения и анализа моментальных тепловых балансов / А.Б. Бирюков, Е.В. Новикова, Т.Г. Олешкевич // Промышленная теплотехника. – 2014. – № 2. T. 36. – С. 29 4. Biryukov A.B. Mathematical model for studying of metal air-cooling process in furnaces / A.B. Biryukov, A.I. Voloshin, Gnitiev P.A.// Steel in Translation. – 2015. – № 7. – P. 77-81 5. Богословский В.Н., А.Н. Сканави Отопление: Учеб.для вузов .– М.: Стройиздат, 1991. – 735 с. 6. Быстрая разработка [электронный ресурс] // NationalInstruments Россия

[сайт].

URL:

http://www.labview.ru/labview/what_is_labview/rapid_development.php 7. Интеграция NationalInstruments

оборудованием Россия:

[электронный [сайт].

ресурс]

// URL:

http://www.labview.ru/labview/what_is_labview/integration_with_hardware.php 8. Комплексная программа «Энергосбережение в г.Донецке на 2010-2014 гг.» / А.А. Лукьянченко, Г.А. Гришин, С.М. Сафьянц и др. – Донецк,2010 – 188 с 9. Соколов Е.Я. Теплофикация и тепловые сети. – М.: Энергия, 1975. – 376 с. 10. Теплоснабжение / В.Е. Козин, Т.А. Левина, А.П. Марков и др.. – М.: Высш.шк., 1980. – 408 с 11. Теплоснабжение / А.А. Ионин, В.М. Хлыбов, В.Н. Братенков, Е.Н. Тарлецкая. – М.: Стройиздат, 1982. – 332 с 12. Отопление и вентиляция. Учебник для вузов В 2-х ч. Ч. 1. Отопление. Под ред. В. Н. Богословского.– М.: Стройиздат, 1976. – 439 с.

DONETSK NATIONAL TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY YOUNG SCIENTISTS’ RESEARCHES AND ACHIEVEMENTS IN SCIENCE (APRILE 19, 2018)

Аннотация. Рассмотрена актуальная проблема потери тепла в процессе футеровки печи и разработана методика, позволяющая с достаточной точностью прогнозировать тепловое состояние футеровки печи. Для визуальной и динамической диагностики использовано математическое моделирование

теплового

состояния

футеровки

печи,

которое

было

запрограммировано в среде LabVIEW. Ключевые

слова:

математическая

футеровка,

модель,

печь,

рабочая

теплота,

среда,

теплосодержание,

блок-диаграмма,

цикл,

теплопроводность, функция, уравнение, температура. Сведения об авторах: Барков Сергей Петрович – ст.преп. кафедры технической теплофизики, ДонНТУ Бирюков Алексей Борисович – профессор кафедры технической теплофизики, ДонНТУ Харитонов Антон Юрьевич – ст. преп. каф. компьютерного моделирования и дизайна, ДонНТУ Пересекин Александр Валериевич – магистр, ст. гр. КМДм-18, ФКНТ, ДонНТУ Кушниренко Елена Николаевна – ст. преп. каф. английского языка, ДонНТУ

DONETSK NATIONAL TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY YOUNG SCIENTISTSâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; RESEARCHES AND ACHIEVEMENTS IN SCIENCE (APRILE 19, 2018)

UDC 004.7

SENSOR DEVICES IN INTERNET OF THINGS

Koibash A.A., Kaverina O.G. mr.koibash@gmail.com

Abstract. Now the Internet is widespread and the pace of Internet of Things (IoT) development is extremely high. The number of devices has already surpassed the number of people living on earth and is growing further. However, device interaction with the real world requires sensors and smart systems. Thereby devices canbe connected with one another and can complement information obtained from different sources. Therefore, in this paper the latest research related to its sensory component made by scientists in the IoT field is presented. Keywords: IoT, supersensor, smart system, big data.

Sensors in super city Researchers have published information, that planning from smart city towards super city is expected. According to the report published by CISCO (2008), things connected to Internet surpassed the number of people living on earth. It is also added that these things will touch the limit of fifty billion by 2020, taking us to the world of digitization. These things interact and communicate with each other with the help of internet â&#x20AC;&#x201C; we call it the Internet of Things. Recent advancements in the domain of IoT have aided human lifestyles significantly, traversing fields of healthcare, automation and transportation, and disaster management and response. In the domain of IoT where different things are involved in it strengthening the capabilities of different devices. These strengthening capabilities include hearing, seeing, listening and communicating altogether with each other. Thus, IoT transforms those objects from being traditional toward smart by incorporating its ubiquitous and 53

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pervasive computing, embedded devices (e.g., actuators, smartphones, tablets, and other networked enabled devices), communication technologies, sensor networks, Internet Protocols and applications, revolutionize the way of human beings. The Internet will be no longer considered as the network of computers. Rather, it will be involved with billions of smart devices along with the embedded systems. As a result, Internet of Things (IoT) will greatly increase its size and scope, providing a new way of opportunities as well as challenges (Zeng, Guo, & Cheng, 2011). The majority of the countries have put forward longstanding national strategies for the implementations of IoT after completing the intangible stage of service level. For instance, Japan’s broadband access is providing the facility of communication between people, people and things, and things and things (Srivastava, 2004). Similarly, S. Korea’s smart home enables its people to access things remotely (Giroux & Pigot, 2005). Singapore’s next generation I-Hub (Han, 2005) intends to comprehend the next generation «U» type network through a secure and ubiquitous network (O’droma & Ganchev 2010). The stated initiatives laid the foundation of IoT (Xia et al., 2012). Also Now IoT tends to the Web of things that’s aiming to develop smart societies (Ahmad et al., 2016). Thus, a growing need for standardization for sustainable cities rises (ITU-T Focus Group on Smart Sustainable Cities, 2015). In the literature, extensive research work performed on the smart technology has been observed (Dixit & Prasad, 2007). Similarly, the idea of the smart home is also extended towards the Smart Community and Smart Society where Home Domain, Community Domain, and Service Domain are integrated to provide benefits to mankind. Traditionally, for urbanization, it is an extreme important factor to realize the desires for service profiling to enrich the efficiency and bring the recent advancement in the city administration. Currently, few organizations are working on their platforms for live monitoring of various process parameters. Such activities are followed by huge amount of data collection, Data filtration and processing, data analytics, and decision making. Usually, data gathering technique is expensive and hard to achieve. Therefore, it is necessary to integrate smart technologies that could efficiently generate and 54

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aggregate the data, perform analysis, and foresee the future for superior planning and development. With the advancement in IoT technology, smart systems, and Big Data analytics, the world is evolving to be smarter. The modern era is now turning from smart systems to Smart City and then from Smart City to Super City. Super City is the city in which everything is in perfect and in a near ideal condition. The Super City is the advanced form of Smart City with extra facilities not covered by the Smart City. In addition to the facilities of Smart City where people are facilitated anytime, anywhere for anything, in Super City people are more secure and safe from theft, robbery, assaults and other crimes as well as from external environments such as pollution. Super City has a neat and clean environment, good sanitation system, lot of parking areas at proper places, parking and cycling tracks, and many more. Resultantly, people living in the Super City are intelligent and have good health. Industries, roads, houses; all are constructed in an ideal way at proper locations with suitable structures. Number and location of roads and parking space fulfill the present and future demands of the citizens. The city has no scarcity of resources. All resources needed, such as energy, water etc., are premeasured and managed beforehand. The Super City also has safety from natural disasters, such as floods, tsunami, thunder storms, heavy rains, earthquakes, etc. Even though, we cannot escape from such disasters, however, if any disaster happens, the city has the technology to detect them in advance and take precautionary measures to save the citizens’ life. Here, in this paper, authors’ main objective is to give directions to the municipalities to use IoT technologies with various perspectives to plan and achieve Super City using Big Data analysis techniques in a time efficient manner. IoT generated Big Data can be used to build Smart City by realtime data analysis. Authors’ aim is to use the same resources such as smart systems and data generation with the historically stored information for Super City planning. In other words, authors proposed the way, they can use IoT generated Big Data and perform time efficient analysis for Smart City using real-time data and for Super City planning using larger size offline historical datasets. 55

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Having understood the practicability and potential of IoT-based smart systems, in this article, authors drive the concept of Smart City toward the Super City while working with Big Data analytics. The contributions of the work are manifold, and are as follows: 

Having understood the practicability and potential of IoT-based smart

systems, in this article, authors drive the concept of Smart City toward the Super City while working with Big Data analytics. The contributions of the work is manifold, and are as follows: 

Also, the system implementation model is given with the guidelines to

implement the system effectively. 

In addition, using the proposed system, the analysis is performed on the big

datasets in order to plan for Super City. These datasets are generated from smart systems, which are deployed in various cities. 

Finally, the system is implemented as a test case using Spark over Hadoop.

It is evaluated in terms of efficiency while considering processing time and system throughput on various datasets [1]. Super City planning Authors proposed the scheme of smart city planning. In order to generate data for analysis aiming at establishing IoT-based Super City planning system, authors have been proposed to deploy numerous sensors, surveillance cameras, emergency street buttons for safety, and other fixed devices. The data from existing smart systems in the city is also used for Super City planning. But, all sensors and smart systems generate abundant amount of Big Data with very high speed. The Hadoop ecosystem is used to process that data in an efficient way. This section demonstrates the proposed architecture containing the description of how the sensors are deployed and how the sensors generate data. The implementation model of the system is also depicted in the current section. For next generation Super City planning, the IoT-based smart systems are integrated for city data generation, as shown in Figure 1.

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Figure 1 – Sensors deployment and smart systems data generation [1] That smart systems’ data is stored at large storage that can later be analyzed for future Super City planning. By smart home generated data, government authorities can analyze the electricity consumption of the previous year, which gives the prediction of the electricity demand for the coming year. Consequently, municipalities can take the corresponding action to accomplish the future needs and make future plan for building new dams to produce more energy. Moreover, the patterns of the power usage at all houses can also be analyzed with different time periods in order to manage the power bills accordingly to properly assist the citizens. Moreover, various energy plans can also be set for various time-periods of the year subsequently. Also, from smart parking 57

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and vehicular traffic dataset analysis, the future plan can be designed for new parking lots, new buildings and malls, new roads or extending exiting roads based on future needs. The authors performed analysis on various IoT datasets to execute the feasibility study and the importance of the proposed system for Super City planning benefiting the future generation of citizens. The analysis makes it evident that how the IoT-based smart system can play a major role in Super City planning. It shows how they can use the huge amount of historic sensors data in Big Data analytics for Super City planning. This section describes the datasets used for analysis and evaluation purpose, and the analysis made which clarifies how they use IoT-based smart system for Super City planning [1]. Wearable sensors In other article authors have proposed wearable sensors. Wearable sensor nodes are generally deployed in wireless body area networks (WBAN) to monitor physiological parameters, such as body skin temperature, photoplethysmogram (PPG), or electrocardiogram (ECG). In addition to medical signals, they can be deployed to monitor environmental conditions around the human body as well, such as in the safety application, and environmental monitoring applications. Such a wearable sensor system can also provide invaluable and useful information about the environmental impact on subjects’ health. People can also gain a deeper understanding of their local micro-environment. A wearable system is not only limited to personal use, it can also be installed on a bicycle, car, and animal to form a wearable or mobile wireless sensor networks. For example, a mobile node is installed on bicycle for environmental monitoring Researchers present a self-powered wearable IoT sensor network, named as WE-Safe IoT project, for safety environmental monitoring. Each sensor node consists of a micropower manager, a sensing unit, and a wireless module. The micro-power manager is designed to harvest energy both indoors and outdoors to enable a continuous energy supply for the sensor node. The total sensor node is low power consuming 5.6 µA in 58

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sleep mode. The data collected is transmitted to a gateway via a long-range LoRa wireless technology. In order to design the hardware and software for a wearable sensor network system, the environmental sensors’ selection and the networking protocol need to be carefully considered upfront. In this work, low power electronics and solar energy harvesting techniques are deployed to enable a continuous power supply for the sensor node. The wearable sensor network is based on the long range LoRa wireless technology [3]. Alzheimer disease detection using wearable sensors Alzheimer disease is a significant problem in public health. Alzheimer disease causes severe problems with thinking, memory and activities. Alzheimer disease affected more on the people who are in the age group of 80-year-90. The foot movement monitoring system is used to detect the early stage of Alzheimer disease. Internets of things (IoT) devices are used in this paper to monitor the patients’ foot movement in continuous manner. Authors use dynamic time warping (DTW) algorithm to compare the various shapes of foot movements collected from the wearable IoT devices. The foot movements of the normal individuals and people who are affected by Alzheimer disease are compared with the help of middle level cross identification (MidCross) function. The identified cross levels are used to classify the gait signal for Alzheimer disease diagnosis. Sensitivity and specificity are calculated to evaluate the DTW algorithm based classification model for Alzheimer disease [2].

References 1. Rathore M.M. IoT-Based Big Data: From Smart City towards Next Generation Super City Planning / M.M. Rathore, P. Anand, A. Awais, J. Gwanggil // International Journal on Semantic Web and Information Systems (IJSWIS). – 2017. Vol. 13. № 1. – P. 28-47. 2. Varatharajan R. Wearable sensor devices for early detection of Alzheimer disease using dynamic time warping algorithm / R. Varatharajan, G. Manogaran, M.K. Priyan, R. Sundarasekar // Cluster Computing. – 2017. Vol. 21. № 13. – P. 681-690. 59

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3. Wu F. WE-Safe: A Self-Powered Wearable IoT Sensor Network for Safety Applications Based on LoRa / F. Wu, J. Redouté, M.R. Yuce // IEEEAccess. – 2018. Vol. 6. – P. 40846-40853. Аннотация. Сейчас интернет широко распространён и темпы развития интернета вещей крайне высоки. Количество устройств уже превысило количество людей, живущих на земле, и оно продолжает расти. Однако, взаимодействие устройств с реальным миром требует датчиков и умных систем. Таким образом, устройства могут соединяться друг с другом и дополнять полученную из разных источников информацию. Поэтому в этой статье представлены самые последние исследования ученых в области интернета вещей, связанные с его сенсорной составляющей. Ключевые слова: IoT, супер-сенсор, интеллектуальная система, большие данные. Сведения об авторах: Койбаш Александр Андреевич – аспирант кафедры «Компьютерная инженерия», ДонНТУ Каверина Ольга Геннадиевна – д.пед. н., профессор, зав.кафедрой английского языка, ДонНТУ

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UDC 81'23

THE CONCEPT OF THE SOVIET UNION IN WESTERN MEDIA

Kuzminа D. A. dzhulija.latipova@yandex.ru

Abstract. In recent years, with the development of cognitive science in science includes the term «concept». A concept is an idea, a representation that is not strictly fixed, but is amenable to development and change. The USSR has been a powerful power in the eyes of the whole world for many decades, but there are critical views of the great country both in the past and in the present. The purpose of this article is to identify the conceptual features of the concept of «USSR» in the Western mass media. Keyword words: concept, mass information, language, consciousness, culture

The USSR was the greatest country in the world. Was, is and will be the first country consisting of more than a dozen friendly countries. And countries of different Nations. Union adored at Home and hated in some Western countries. Why for the West of the USSR was the object of criticism? The answer to this question cannot be unambiguous, but to this day, even after the Union has not existed for more than 20 years, we residents of the former USSR have to face hostility to our country. How do we observe it? The answer is obvious – through the media (hereinafter media), which has a large number: television, Newspapers, magazines, and of course the Internet. The purpose of this article is to trace the attitude of the West to the USSR through the prism of information coming through the media. First you need to give an explanation of the concept of «concept», in order not to dwell on it from ignorance. A concept is an idea, an idea of something that can change depending on the environment, the choice of priorities and many other factors.

DONETSK NATIONAL TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY YOUNG SCIENTISTS’ RESEARCHES AND ACHIEVEMENTS IN SCIENCE (APRILE 19, 2018)

The topic of the concept of the USSR in the West through the media is of great importance, because this is how we can understand how to treat us, our country (former and present), and our people. Significant in the study of this topic is also the interpretation of the information that comes from media sources in the West, how it is «presented» to their citizens, how they portray the Union, which is always relevant. To understand this problem, it is necessary to refer directly to the sources, namely, first of all, to printed publications. Newspaper «the Telegraph» (UK) believes that «the world is not to prevent the transformation of Russia into a new Soviet Union» [4]. «The Washington Post» (USA) calls not to be afraid of Russian foreign policy ambitions. «Russia is not the Soviet Union, it is not the cold war, and Moscow does not seek world domination», the newspaper notes [7]. The American newspaper «Wall street journal» tries to compare modern Russia with the Soviet Union for resistance to external challenges. The publication concludes that the current socio-economic model of the country has a large margin of safety. The main secret of sustainability is taking into account the negative experience of the USSR. Russia’s economic policy, according to the WSJ, is based on a simple conservative principle «avoid large deficits and high inflation» [10]. Is it not true that these, and many other similar publications, so to speak, are not delighted with the past of Russia? Clearly seen some «injections» to the Soviet Union and its policies. Westerners focus special attention on the fact that the current Russia does not repeat any actions in politics similar to the actions of the Union. The problem with this concept is that we seemed to be seriously feared at the time. We were some kind of barricade. And now, even in their press, it is strongly recommended not to trust us and not to cooperate. However, there were situations when we were well thought of. This, of course, concerns the situation with the great Patriotic War. «Russia on merit punishes fascist tyrants. Civilization is in debt to Russia» [4]. Newspaper «The Washington Post» from 31 December 1942: 62

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«Russia’s allies are only now beginning to understand the role played by the Soviet Union’s sense of pride in its new society in its struggle against Hitlerism» [7]. The American newspaper «Tribune» 28 December 1942 stated: «Until the boastful Hitler was brought to his knees at the gates of Moscow last year, many in the US did not realize that the Soviet Union had great military power, that its generals were first-class strategists, that Stalin was one of the greatest leaders in the world. Now Russia drowns ambitious plans of Hitler in blood of his army» [9]. In the advanced English «The Daily Telegraph and Morning Post» noted: «...perfection of the organization of the offensive of the Soviet troops, endurance in the development of operations, the determination to implement the plans... This once again proves the validity of the characteristics given by Churchill to Prime Minister Stalin, whom he calls a heroic leader. We must pay tribute to the Russians, who bore the brunt of the war this year» [3]. As you can see, the attitude towards our country was twofold. We were both hated and respected at the same time. Since the spring of 1946, the Soviet Union was no longer portrayed as an ally on the pages of Newspapers and magazines and on the radio, but turned into a competitor that had long-standing contradictions with Washington. In June 1950, radio commentator E. Murray analyzed the results of a survey conducted among 50 American journalists. They were asked: «Under what title would you like to publish an editorial for tomorrow?». 80% of respondents said that they would choose the topic: relations with Russia, disarmament of Russia, guarantees of peace in the world, war with Russia, etc. One third of journalists said that they would really like the headline talking about the spontaneous revolution of the Russian people against the Communist regime [6]. TV USA in 1945-1952 he stood alone in American media. It was just beginning to develop. In 1946, the U.S. has sold only 6400 TVs, and in 1948, the US has already purchased 1 million 350 thousand televisions in American домов17. In the United States at that time, the largest broadcasters were NBC, CBS and Dumont. 63

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U.S. media formed the image of the USSR. Responding to the needs of the time, the media of the United States followed the official position, bringing to the ordinary Americans the necessary vision of the former ally. American publishers and broadcasters were well aware that the news is a product that can be profitable to sell, and did not refuse to use the image of an aggressive enemy for this purpose. Often in the United States, journalists themselves believed that the «red plague» is spreading rapidly around the planet. But cooperation with officials also gave the press certain advantages, forcing them to support the concept of the state Department's vision of a former ally in the anti-Hitler coalition on the pages of Newspapers and on the radio. Only those publications that valued their reputation, tried to remain relatively objective when submitting news. American television of the late 1940s – early 1950s was characterized by uncritical approach in the presentation of information about the Soviet Union and the Soviet-American dialogue. It only gained a place in the news market and sought to benefit from cooperation with the authorities. In the Soviet years, the radio station «Voice of America», «BBC» along with the radio station «Freedom», was one of the sources of information about the events in the USSR and the world. The Soviet authorities subjected the transfer to «jamming». However, people got the hang of listening to the program, although it required a lot of stress and attention – it was difficult to hear through the constant jamming and interference. Most high-quality reception (without killing) was from 1970 to 1980 (the period of detente \ «easing of international tension» as mentioned in the Soviet media) and from 1985 to 1999 – with the advent of «perestroika». Why did the Soviet government use «jamming»? It’s simple: there was improper for the Soviet Union remarks about her. The Soviet Union was represented as the «red plague» [1] that with the rapid, as they thought, the power comes on the world, which cannot be allowed. Later, closer to the years of perestroika, and after it, the intensity of the negative wave of media subsided. The mission was announced: «improving Russian understanding of the American course of development, politics and culture, as well as American views on Russia» [2]. 64

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The theme is a deep coverage of important issues for the United States, which include the spread of democracy, the rule of law and human rights, the fight against corruption, terrorism and ethnic conflicts. To date, the situation continues, but in a slightly different direction. Now they are discussing and condemning the current Russia. Dissatisfied with many of our undertakings and orders. To be surprised not to have, because for us it is not new, we have already experienced oppression «from the outside». Current circumstances – there is some unfinished «business» of the West. The same Newspapers, the same magazines, the same TV channels continue to tell what we are «terrible and unbridled». Turning to the conclusions, it should be noted that the media is a very serious structure of politics. Yes, politicians. Everything that is presented to us by any means of information acts as a «guide» to the situation. That is why, 20-30 years ago, we were in isolation with the outside world. We didn't perceive them, they didn't perceive us. We feared we tried to put monsters and angels at the same time. Based on this, it follows that the concept of the USSR in the Western media should be treated very carefully, and not «cut from the shoulder», drawing conclusions. In some situations, we are animals, and some saviors. Therefore, this topic will remain controversial, and for each it will be correct in its own way. But the USSR for the West will remain a country that was too huge to tolerate it.

References 1. Дзялошинский И.М. Манипулятивные технологии в масс-медиа // Вестник Московского университета. Сер.10. Журналистика. – 2005. – №1. – С.48. 2. Зарубежная

печать.

Краткий

справочник.

Газеты.

Журналы.

Информационные агенства / Редкол.: С.А.Лосев и др. М., 1986. – С.404. 3. Липпман У. Общественное мнение/ Пер. с англ. Т.В.Барчуновой. М. : 2004. – С.168. 4. Михайлов С.А. Журналистика Соединенных Штатов Америки. Спб, 2004. – С.179, 183-184. 65

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5. Научные ведомости. – №3 (34), 2007. 6. Статья. Ситникова Л.Е. Роль СМИ в процессе эволюции образа СССР в США

годы

президентства

Г.

Трумэна.

[Электронный

ресурс].

–

https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/rol-smi-v-protsesse-evolyutsii-obraza-sssr-v-ssha-vgody-prezidentstva-g-trumena (дата обращения 31.05.2018). 7. «The Washington Post»1942.12.31. P.2-4. 8. «The Washington Post». 2018.17.04. P.9-10. 9. «Tribune» 1942.12.28. P.5. 10.«Wall street journal» 2017.09.22. P.7. Аннотация. В последние годы с развитием когнитивистики в науку входит термин «концепт». Концепт – это идея, представление, которое не является строго фиксированной, а поддается развитию, изменению. СССР является мощной державой в глазах всего мира на протяжении многих десятилетий, однако в адрес великой страны наблюдаются критические взгляды как в прошлом, так и в настоящем времени. Целью данной статьи является выявление концептуальных признаков концепта «СССР» в западных масс медия. Ключевые слова: концепт, массовая информация, язык, сознание, культура Сведения об авторе: Кузьмина Дарья Андреевна – бакалавриат, Институт истории и государственной безопасности, ФГБОУ ВО БашГУ (г.Уфа).

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UDC 662.7:552.57

RESEARCH OF STRUCTURE OF COALS OF THE DONETSK BASIN AND THEIR SEMI-COKE BY DRIFT-SPEKTROSKOPY

Podroiko I.V., Butuzova L.F., Marinov S., Romanko V.V. chandrasekarr32@gmail.com

Abstract. In the report, a study was made of the change in the structural-group composition of coals of different types of conductivity in the processes of semi-coking. The influence of sulfur on the pyrolysis process is established. Keywords: drift-spectroscopy, coal, sulfur, semicoke.

Infrared spectroscopy with Fourier transform and diffuse reflection technique (DRIFT) has recently been used in coal chemistry and has significant advantages over other methods. An important advantage of this method is the possibility of using a computer for digital accumulation and processing of data, which allows programmatic control of the experiment, correction of the baseline. The baseline method allows to partially eliminate the consequences of deviations from the Lambert-Beer law, due to the heterogeneity of the samples, the presence of particles larger than the wavelength, etc. DRIFT is a surface localized FTIR spectroscopy, since it can provide both chemical and structural information for all types of solid surfaces. When infrared radiation reaches a sample surface, one or several processes can occur: light can be adsorbed, reflected from the surface, or it can penetrate the sample before being scattered. If scattering centers, which are fibers in the case of ACM, are randomly oriented, the phenomenon is isotropic and generates a diffuse reflectance. The scattered light is then collected and relayed to the IR detector, where the absorption by chemical groups is revealed. DRIFT spectrometry has many advantages with respect to the conventional transmission (or reflection) FTIR method: DRIFT is a fast and non-destructive 67

DONETSK NATIONAL TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY YOUNG SCIENTISTS’ RESEARCHES AND ACHIEVEMENTS IN SCIENCE (APRILE 19, 2018)

technique, since the sample can be directly analyzed, both as it is or in its powdered form; moreover, DRIFT is better suited to the analysis of strongly absorbing materials, whose main characteristic are very low signal and sloping baselines when analyzed in transmission. Since the optical phenomena that generate DRIFT signals are different from those involved in transmittance spectrometry, the spectra obtained by these methods cannot be considered equivalent. It is therefore mandatory to verify that DRIFT, which is a powerful experimental technique, can be usefully used as an analytical quantitative method in measuring the amount of asbestos contained in bulk materials. Diffuse-reflectance IR Fourier (DRIFT) spectroscopy is one of the few direct and informative methods of qualitative and quantitative molecular analysis of coal. It is possible to obtain the spectra of powder samples with particles no larger than 200 μm (standard analytical grinding). There is no need to prepare the coal sample in special ways for spectral analysis, thereby eliminating a source of mechanical or chemical modification. Diffuse-reflectance spectra are characterized by high contrast and low noise and match the quality of those obtained using dispersion spectrometers in tablets with KBr. However, a problem with DRIFT spectroscopy is the significant difference in the levels of reflection of parallel spectra of the same sample, with reproducibility of their overall shape and the position of the bands .The reasons for this difference are unclear, and correspondingly we cannot determine which of the parallel spectra is best for quantitative measurements. We may assume that such distortion is due to the following uncontrollable factors: the particle size of the coal powder at the light spot; the orientation of the coal grains relative to the incident radiation flux; and the formation of empty space between the grains. In the first and second cases, some of the scattered radiation is lost on account of deflection beyond the instrument’s optical system. In this case, there is a total loss of scattered radiation. Diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy (DRIFTS) is an infrared spectroscopy technique used on powder samples with no preparation. The sample is added to a sample cup and the data is collected on the bulk sample. The infrared light 68

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on a sample is reflected and transmitted at different amounts depending on the bulk properties of the material. The diffuse reflection is produced by the sample's rough surfaces' reflection of the light in all directions and is collected by use of an ellipsoid or paraboloid mirror. Shape, compactness, refractive index, reflectivity and absorption of the particles are all characteristic of the material being analyzed. If the sample is too absorbent, then it can be diluted with a nonabsorbent material such as potassium bromide, potassium chloride, etc. The particle size should be smaller than the wavelength of the incident light, so this would infer that it should be less than 5 µm for mid-range infrared spectroscopy. The spectra are plotted in units of log inverse reflectance versus wavenumber. Alternative plots of Kubelka-Munk units can be used, which relate reflectance to concentration using a scaling factor. The aim of the work is to assess the influence of the degree of metamorphism and the type of reduction on the structure of coal by the method of DRIFT-spectroscopy and determine the parameters that best reflect these characteristics. The object of the research is the coal of the Donetsk basin of the grades Д, Г, Ж, whose characteristics are given in Table 1. Table 1 – Elemental and technical composition of coal

Coalpit

Type Elemental and technical composition of coal

layer

Vdaf Cdaf

Hdaf

Std

Sпd

Cheluskincev l4 – Д

2,4

35,6 79,3 4,94

2,17

0,11 2,02

5,2

36,0 85,1 5,11

1,22

0,16 1,05

Gagarina,m3 Ж

3,7

28,7 87,8 5,10

0,70

0,03 0,6

Ukraina k8 Д

9,9

41,8 77,9 5,30

2,87

0,80 0,82

4,4

38,7 83,8 5,34

2,49

1,12 1,36

3,75

2,41 1,3

Centralnaya k7 - Г

Dimitrova l1 Г Gagarina, m4 Ж

12,2 35,6 83,6 4,9

Sod

DONETSK NATIONAL TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY YOUNG SCIENTISTS’ RESEARCHES AND ACHIEVEMENTS IN SCIENCE (APRILE 19, 2018)

Table 2 – Relative intensity Ix/I1600 Ix/I2920 for coals Д, Г, Ж and their product of pyrolysis T y p e

Coalpit layer

Cheluskincev, l4 Д a

Центральная k7 Г Gagarina, m3 Ж Ukraina k8 Д

Dimitrova l1 Г Gagarina, m4 Ж

T y p e

Coalpit layer

Cheluskincev, l4 Д а

Centralnaya k7 Г Gagarina, m3 Ж

Heart treat process

Relative intensity Ix/I1600 3300

3050

2950

2920

2850

coal SC* coal SC* coal SC* coal SC* coal SC* coal

0,93 0,63 0,31 0,27 0,15 0,33 0,81 0,71 0,47 0,58 0,19

0,93 0,87 0,12 0,20 0,14 0,14 0,78 0,87 0,13 0,48 0,13

1,03 0,75 0,34 0,10 0,39 0,19 0,97 0,83 0,37 0,25 0,54

1,03 0,70 0,610 0,157 0,72 0,45 0,97 0,79 0,61 0,28 0,88

SC* Heart treat process

0,33 0,15 0,42 Relative intensity Ix/I2920 1740

2950

coal SC* coal SC* coal SC*

0,76 0,94 0,01 0,50 0,04 0,13

1,00 1,07 0,54 0,62 0,54 0,42

1740

1640

1440 1370

1250

860

800

740

0,46 0,10 0,49 0,29 -

0,03 0,66 0,01 0,08 0,03 0,06 0,61 0,88 0,03 0,12 0,02

0,34 0,72 0,34 0,27 0,83 0,85 0,32

0,76 0,88 0,53 0,33 0,52 0,40 0,77 0,94 0,58 0,12 0,74

0,09 0,29 0,069 0,042 -

0,30

0,82 0,326 0,075 0,30 0,34 0,66 0,91 0,27 0,16 0,25

0,26 0,67 0,25 0,68 -

0,32 0,61 0,30 0,79 -

0,24 0,53 0,21 0,85 -

0,79

0,08

0,25

1,03

0,19

Type

3050

Coalpit layer

0,90 1,24 0,20 1,31 0,20 0,31

Ukrainа k8 Д Dimitrova, l1 Г Gagarina, m4 Ж

Heart treat process coal SC* coal SC* coal SC*

SC* – semi-coke, obtain at 520º 70

1740 2950

3050

0,63 1,11 0,04 0,43 0,03 0,11

0,80 1,10 0,21 1,70 0,15 0,19

1,00 1,05 0,61 0,89 0,61 0,54

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In analyzing the spectra, the ratio of different bands to the most stable band in the experimental conditions (1600 cm-1) was considered, which allows comparing different spectra. The results are presented in table 2. The main differences in the character of the spectra of long-flame coals of different types in terms of reduction are observed for the bands of 3050 cm-1 and 1640 cm-1. These differences show that when semi-coking of long-flame coals of type a decreases the relative content of aromatic hydrogen, aliphatic paraffin chains and carbonyl groups not associated with aromatics, and for semi-cokes of long-flame coals of type B, the opposite changes in the intensities of these bands occur. Estimating the relative intensity Ix / I2920, we can conclude that thermal transformations at the semi-coking stage generally lead to an increase in the strength of intermolecular interactions, an increase in the relative amount of short paraffin chains (except for grade Zh coal), as well as an increase in the amount of aromatic hydrogen relative to aliphatic, which is consistent with the data [1]. The relative intensity of the 1250 cm-1 band, which is responsible for the absorption of ethers, decreases for semi-cokes of grades G and W, which indicates the destruction of oxygen-containing and sulfur-containing bridges, which contributes to the transition of coal to a plastic state. Thus, the difference in the behavior of low-sulfur and sulfur coals during semicoking is that the semi-coke obtained from sulfur coals is characterized by a large relative amount of aromatic hydrogen and C = O groups compared to low-sulfur coals. In addition, during the pyrolysis of reduced-type coal, paraffin chains are more intensively destroyed and the proportion of short substitutes is much higher than during the pyrolysis of type-a coal.

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References 1. Bechtel, A., Butuzova, L., Turchanina. O. Thermochemical and geochemical characteristics of sulphur coals // Fuel Processing Technology, 2002. –V. 77-78, p. 4552. 2. Machnikowska, H. The characterization of coal macerals by diffuse reflectance infrared spectroscopy [Text] / H. Machnikowska, A. Krzton, J. Machnikowski / Fuel. – 2002. – V.81 –P. 245-252. Аннотация В докладе проведено сравнительное исследование поведения изометаморфных пар углей в процессе низкотемпературного пиролиза. Установлено влияние серы и степени метаморфизма на структурно-групповой состав углей и продуктов их пиролиза методом DRIFT-спектроскопии. Ключевые слова: drift-спектроскопия, угли, сера, полукокс. Сведения об авторах: Подройко Ирина Владимировна – магистрант, группа ХТм-18, ДонНТУ Stefan P. Marinov – аssoc. Prof. Dr., Institute of Organic Chemistry Bulg.Ю, Sofia 1113, Bulgaria Бутузова Людмила Федоровна – д. хим. н., профессор, зав. кфедрой «Химическая технология топлива», ДонНТУ Романько Виктория Валерьевна – ст.преподаватель кафедры английского языка, ДонНТУ

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UDC 504.062

TYRE RECYCLING

Politko K.A., Shaforostova M.N., Boyko V.N. politkoktistins@gmail.com

Abstract. In the theses, the process of tire recycling, some of the tire derived products, impact on environment and health are discusses. Collection of used or worn out tires, whole tire processing, steel liberation stage, screening, milling and cleaning stage are described. Keywords: tire recycling, freeze systems, mechanical systems, rubber.

You may not have ever given it much thought, but tyres are an extremely important part of your everyday life. You depend upon your vehicle’s tyres to take you from A to B, whether it’s the early morning commute to the train station or a quick dash to the supermarket. You wouldn’t be forgiven for not giving a second thought to your old tyres when they are replaced by newer tyres that make your car safer to drive. However, what exactly does happen to those end-of-life tyres once they’ve left your rims and been set to one side by your local garage or tyre specialist? It is said that as much as half-a-million tonnes of rubber tyres enter the waste stream across the UK each year. This poses an issue because tyres are among the most difficult items to recycle given that they’re made up of a combination of steel, rubber and textile. Additionally, the 2006 EU Landfill Directive no longer permits to store end-of-life tyres at landfill sites, which means all tyres must be recycled or re-used in some way, shape or form. In most cases, end-of-life tyres are granulated in the first instance to ensure that the various materials within an individual tyre can be retrieved. It is possible that some 73

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tyres will have oil and other contaminants from heavy road use that must be disposed. The tyres are then shredded into flakes, known as rubber crumb. Very often, the rubber crumb is utilised in the following applications: 

Sports surfaces and safety mats for children’s playgrounds



Equestrian training surfaces and arenas



Carpet underlay



High-performance running tracks and sports pitches



Rubberised asphalt for road surfaces

Tire recycling, also known as rubber recycling, refers to the process of used vehicle tires recycling that can no longer be used on the vehicles due to tire wear or irreparable damage. Used tires are among the most problematic and challenging sources of solid waste. This is due to their large volume, their resilience, and the fact that they contain components that pose a threat to the environment and to the people around. They also become the home ground for mosquitoes and rodents which are responsible for carrying many diseases. It is estimated that over 250,000,000 tires are thrown away annually. Because of this high availability, resilience, bulk and non-biodegradability, tires are prime targets for recycling. The best way to reduce the filling of the landfills with tires is to become involved in tire recycling. One of the major issue in tire recycling is the durability of tires as they are very hard to break down and therefore are seen lying in open space in large heaps. Process of Tire Recycling: 1. Collection of used or worn out tires. In every recycling process, collection is usually the first step. Here, tires are collected by individuals and some business individuals who have ventured into tire recycling business. People are paid for collecting tires and sending them to collection points. Once the tires reach the required number or volume, they are packed in huge tracks and sent to the processing plants for processing. Although it is considered a profitable venture, some people prefer reusing these used tires for other purposes at home. A good 74

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example is using the tires as rubber mulch, used in jungle gyms for strength, speed agility and resilience training. 2. Whole tire processing. At the processing plant, processing basically starts with cutting the tires into tiny pieces. This is an important step to reduce the volume of the tires and create a material that can be handled easily. The tire shredders (the machines specially designed to shred tires) basically shred or cut tires using two counter rotating shafts which produces 2 inch pieces. The end product of this stage can be used as a raw material for tire derived fuel. Tire processing employs one of these two systems: 

Mechanical systems

The mechanical systems grind scrap tires into small chips using the ambient process. In a typical ambient system, the rubber shreds are put into one granulator fitted with screens that help in determination of the product size. 

Cryogenic systems

These systems freeze tires at very low temperatures. This shutters the rubber to create different chip sizes. The tire shreds are then supper cooled using liquid nitrogen. The extremely brittle, cold rubber is then passed through a hammer mill which shatters the rubber into very tiny particles. From these tiny particles, steel is removed using powerful magnets and fibers are separated with air classifiers. Finally, clean recycled rubber is obtained and can used in other applications. 3. Steel liberation stage The tire shreds obtained from step 1 are processed and prepared for the elimination and separation of the tire wire from the rubber. This important step includes fiber separation and course screening. Tires contain steel wires for resilience, strength and versatility. The steel wires are removed, recycled and sent to steel rolling mills for the manufacture of new steel. The remaining rubber can be sold as rubber mulch or can be used as playground or field turf or used as crumb rubber feed stock.

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4. Screening and milling stage Once the wires are separated from the rubber, the next stage is screening. This involves careful observation of the rubber to ensure there are no more wires or other contaminations. The screening process is all about screening a huge number of different sized rubbers which contain no wires, sorting them into varied sizes, eliminating all unwanted substances, and the reduction of extra-large and unwanted rubber pieces. 5. Cleaning stage Once the screening process is complete, the next step is the cleaning stage. Here, the rubber obtained from the screening and milling stage is thoroughly cleaned. This process involves the use of water and other cleaning agents to thoroughly clean the rubber. Once the clean rubber is obtained, it can be packed and transported to other factories that require rubber as a raw material in their processing plants. For example, rubber shoes manufacturers, playground turf manufacturers and other rubber applications. Used or worn out tires have a number of applications. Although most worn out tires are burnt for fuel, scrap tires still have other significant uses as can be viewed below: A.

Construction materials. An entire home can be built using whole tires by simply

ramming them together filed with earth and later covering them with concrete and then they are similar to earth ships. Used tires can also be used in different civil engineering applications for example embankments and sub grade fill. They can be used for bridge abutments and as a back fill for walls. Used tires are also utilized as barriers for instance for collision reduction, blasting mats, rainwater runoff and wave action that protects marshes and piers as well as used as sound barriers between residences and roadways. B.

Used in apparel products. The process of recycling rubber through stamping and

cutting gives large pieces that can be used in sandals manufacturing, or road sub-base. The prices can also be connected together to form a flexible net. C.

Civil engineering applications. The shredded tires also referred to as Tire

Derived Aggregate have a number of applications in civil engineering. For example, 76

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they can be used as landfill gas trench collection walls, as back fill for road landslide repair, as vibration reducing material for railway lines and as back fill for maintaining walls. D.

Ground and crumb rubber. Ground rubber commonly referred to as size-reduced

rubber, has a number of applications. For example, it can be used in paving projects or be moulded into products. Common examples of rubber moulded products include carpet padding, rubber flooring materials, patio decks, livestock mats, movable speed bumps, sidewalks, dock bumpers, railroad crossing blocks just to mention but a few. E.

Carbon source. Instead of using coke or coal in steel mills, rubber can be used

as a source of fuel. In fact, studies have recommended that steel mills should adopt burning of rubber as fuel instead of coal, since coal is mined and can be depleted. Using rubber as fuel is a great way for these mills to go green and reduce their carbon footprints. Impact on environment and health: A.

Environmental concerns. Due to their huge sizes and heavy metal content, tires

pose a health risk to the environment and people. When put in waterlogged soils, tires can leach toxins into the groundwater and pose a huge problem. B.

Health concerns. Used and dumped tires pose health problems to the people

around. Insects and small animals can use the tires as their homes and later cause health issues to the human population. For example, when it rains and water is collected in the inner parts of the tires, mosquitoes can come and inhabit these places and later cause health problems to people. In conclusion, it is important to recycle any solid waste including tires to ensure that the environment is clean. The benefits include reducing landfills space, releases less toxic chemicals into the air, prevention the spread of diseases which could occur by piling of tires at the landfills sites.

DONETSK NATIONAL TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY YOUNG SCIENTISTS’ RESEARCHES AND ACHIEVEMENTS IN SCIENCE (APRILE 19, 2018)

References 1.

A Guide To Tyre Recycling [electronic resource] / ASM metal recycling //

Access mode: http://www.asm-recycling.co.uk/blog/guide-to-tyre-recycling-uk/ 2.

Tire Recycling [electronic resource] / Conserve Energy Future // Access

mode: https://www.conserve-energy-future.com/tirerecycling.php

Аннотация. В тезисах доклада рассмотрены процесс утилизации шин, некоторые из продуктов, полученных из шин, воздействие на окружающую среду и здоровье. Описан сбор изношенных или отработанных шин, обработка целых шин, этап удаления стали, этап просеивания и фрезерования, а также этап очистки шин. Ключевые слова: утилизация шин, системы заморозки, механические системы, резина. Сведения об авторах: Политько Кристина Алексеевна – магистрант, ДонНТУ. Шафоростова Марина Николаевна – к. н. по гос. упр., доцент, кафедра «Природоохранная деятельность», ДонНТУ. Бойко Виктория Николаевна – ст. преподаватель кафедры английского языка, ДонНТУ.

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UDC004.023

COMPUTERIZED SYSTEM FOR CALCULATING AN OPTIMAL ROUTE OF THE PIPELINE IN CONDITIONS OF THE SETTLEMENT

Savchenko N.V., Savkova E.O., Revina N.V. savcha97@mail.ru

Abstract: The article presents a new method of choosing the optimal route of the pipeline on the basis of genetic algorithm theory. The use of this method makes it possible to carry out an alternative design and ground the minimum cost of the gas pipeline route. Keyword: pipeline transport, route planning, minimal spanning tree, ant colony algorithm, fuzzy logic apparatus.

Gas pipelines affect more infrastructure objects than other engineering complexes and structures. Until recently, the route laying of gas pipelines has been chosen by hand on topographic maps. The choice of the route is the first significant step in a gas pipeline design and construction, this step can have a significant impact on the construction and operation of the gas pipeline as a whole, therefore the optimization of this process can significantly affect the financial and material resources necessary for constructing the gas pipeline. To make gas supply operate safely and fault-free it is to be designed and calculated. It is essential that the pipes for all types of pressure lines should be properly selected to ensure stable gas supply to the devices. In order to select pipes, fittings and equipment as accurately as possible the gas pipeline hydraulic calculation is to be done. Any hydraulic calculation to be done means determining the parameters of a future gas pipeline. This procedure is mandatory, as well as one of the most important preparatory

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stages for construction. Optimal gas pipeline operation will depend on proper calculation. When each hydraulic calculation is being carried out the following is determined: 

the required diameter of pipes that will ensure efficient and stable transportation

of the required amount of gas; 

whether pressure losses will be acceptable when transporting the required

amount of blue fuel in pipes of the diameter which is set. Pressure losses occur because of the hydraulic resistance in any gas pipeline. If it is calculated incorrectly, it can cause gas shortage for consumers’ normal operation in all modes or at the moments of its maximum consumption. Thus, an efficient way of route laying selection is important to minimize economic losses. The purpose of the thesis is to determine the optimal route of the gas pipeline. Information about the gas pipeline. Before starting the construction of the gas pipeline, the process of the future route designing is carried out. The selection of the latter affects profitability and reliability of the future transport line, as it is important to solve a number of problems dealt with the minimization of financial costs, construction conditions, limitations of construction terms, reliability of the pipeline and environmental protection. Information about the future pipeline means an amount of information that enables designers to quantify the conditions of construction and operation of the future pipeline. The lack of such information can lead to loss of the best route, an excessive amount of it – to unjustified complication of the design process. Therefore, designers are to select the most significant factors from the huge number of them that affect the position of the future route in order to take them into account when determining the so-called General direction of the route [2]. All information can be divided into two main groups: independent of climatic, topographic and hydrogeological conditions in which the future pipeline will be laid, and the information determined by these conditions. 80

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The first group of information includes: the initial, final and intermediate points of the gas pipeline, its diameter, the type and quantity of the pumped product, the shortest distance between the initial and final points. The second group of information includes the data that to some extent depend on the position of the future gas pipeline and the natural conditions under which it may be laid: - hydrogeological and climatic data of the route; - the number of large and medium-sized rivers, marshes, lakes, railways and roads, which could be intersected constructing the pipeline; - density of settlements and the presence of parallel roads and railways, river and sea routes; - location of operating pipelines and other extended facilities (power lines, main cable communication, etc.) passing along the proposed route; - the quantity and quality of cultivated agricultural land (arable land, gardens, meadows), the intersection of which, taking into account reclamation and alienation, increases the cost of the pipeline [3]. These are the factors that in most cases determine both the General direction and the detailed laying of the route on the area. Before finding an optimal route, the scope of its search has to be limited in order to reduce the amount of the source information. Though within it the best track should pass by all means, but outside it any track should obviously be the worst. The construction of pipelines undoubtedly requires long-term planning, including management decisions to determine the route, as well as effective protection of soil, water and people. A well-planned, well-constructed, properly operated pipeline with proper maintenance and repair is a reliable and environmentally friendly means of transporting liquid and gaseous hazardous substances. Route planning and environmental studies are among the most expensi0ve stages, therefore the success of the investment project depends on effectiveness of their implementation as a whole. The task of planning the route laying of pipeline transport networks includes the need to find the optimal cost-minimization criterion (or, for example, profit maximization) 81

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sequence of combining the territories of cities and other settlements, taking into account the restrictive conditions determined by the demand indicator in each of them and the characteristics of the pipes. When determining the search area, a fuzzy ant algorithm for planning the optimal route of gas pipeline transport can be used [5]. Ant algorithm. The problem is solved by searching on the graph G (V, E) (where V is the set of settlements, and E is the distance between them) the minimum spanning tree (MOD)–a tree connecting all vertices of V with the minimum length of edges. There is also a marked MODE, which differs in that for any edge of the graph, according to the marking function l: E, the marking ‘label’ of the set of labels is set. It is necessary to note that the formulation of the problem does not prohibit the use of parallel edges, which allows to assign several labels to one edge at the same time. To solve the problem, it is advisable to use an approach based on the search for optimal routes (marked MODES) using a modified algorithm of ant colonies. The essence of this method is to analyze and simulate the behavior of the colony of ants that are looking for a way to a source of food [4]. Communication between ants is carried out at the expense of pheromone, pheromone trails being «collective memory» of ants. The pheromone evaporates after a certain time, making it possible for ants to find new, more optimal routes. Unlike other types of heuristic search, such as simulated annealing or evolutionary algorithms, the ant colony method make it possible to integrate the knowledge about the problem into the construction of a new solution. In case of a new combinatorial optimization problem, there is often some knowledge of the problem that can be used for heuristic search. Thus, the main application of the ant colony algorithm is in the field of combinatorial optimization. The first problem to which this version of heuristics was applied was the traveling salesman problem [4]. The analysis of the problem solved allowed us to conclude that in order to improve the efficiency and validity of decisions it is advisable to take into account the vagueness and insufficiency of existing information about the problem. For example, the indicator of the amount of consumption in different settlements (tops of the graph) can be 82

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calculated only approximately, without taking possible deviations into account. The estimation of the total cost of the pipeline laying between the vertices, which sets the weight of the graph edge, is also an interval one. Processing of such data can be carried out with the use of fuzzy-logical apparatus, which makes it possible to move to formal rules and descriptions on the basis of fuzzy expert assessments [1]. On finishing to apply the developed fuzzy ant colonies algorithm to search the labeled MODES on the graph, which makes it possible to take the uncertainty and fuzziness of demand for products in settlements into account, the efficiency of the enterprise operation goes up due to improvement of the quality of pipelines route planning.

References 1.

Аверкин А.Н. Нечеткие множества в моделях управления и

искусственного интеллекта / А.Н. Аверкин, И.З. Батыршин, А.Ф. Блишун. Под ред. Д.А. Поспелова – М.: Наука, Гл. ред. физ.-мат. лит., 1986. – 312 с. 2.

АлиевР.А. Трубопроводный транспорт нефти и газа / Р.А.Алиев, В.Д.

Белоусов, А.Г. Немудров. –2-е изд. перераб. и доп. – М.: Недра, 1988. – 368 с. 3.

Багдасаров В.А. Аварийная служба городского газового хозяйства /

B.А. Багдасаров. – Л.: Недра, 1975. – 408 с. 4.

Круглов В.В., Дли М.И., Голунов Р.Ю. Нечеткая логика искусственные

нейронные сети. – М.: изд-во Физико-математической литературы.2001. 224с. 5.

Кузнецов Р. Н. Разработка метода определения оптимального

маршрута прокладки газопровода на основе генетических алгоритмов. / B. Н. Мелькумов, И. С. Кузнецов, Р. Н. Кузнецов, А. А. Горских// Приволжский научный журнал. – 2009. – № 3. – С. 69-74.

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Аннотация: В статье изложен новый метод выбора оптимального маршрута прокладки газопровода на основе теории генетических алгоритмов. Использование

полученного

метода

позволяет

выполнять

вариантное

проектирование и обосновывать минимальный по стоимости маршрут прокладки газопровода. Ключевые слова: трубопроводный транспорт, планирование маршрутов прокладки, минимальное остовное дерево, алгоритм муравьиных колоний, аппарат нечеткой логики. Сведения об авторах: Савченко Никита Валерьевич – ИСм-18 (Информационные управляющие системы в технике и бизнесе) ФКНТ, ДонНТУ Савкова Елена Осиповна –к.т.н., доц. кафедры «Автоматизированные системы управления», ДонНТУ Ревина Наталья Владимировна – ст. пр. каф. английского языка, ДонНТУ

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UDC 332.146.2

SMART CITIES: POSITIVE EFFECTS AND PROBLEMS OF INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGIES IMPLEMENTATION

Shabalina L.V., Shcherbina A.Yu. Alla.sherbina.2014@mail.ru

Abstract. The article is devoted to the key components of the implemented technologies of the «smart city» in the functioning of modern megacities. As a research task, the authors defined an attempt to identify problems arising from the introduction of innovative technologies into the city performance. The necessity of an integrated approach to the development of a strategy to solve them is validated. Keywords: smart city, development strategy, sensor overload, data protection.

According to UN estimates, by 2050 the number of urban population will amount 70% of all inhabitants of the planet, the number of which by this time will account for about 10 billion people. Modern megacities are becoming hostages of their success – the growing population absorbs the remaining corners of greenery, produces megatons of waste, the existing sewage systems do not cope with the annually increasing load, the damage from natural disasters on the territory of megacities increases tenfold due to dense building up – the list of problems can be continued. In the era of digitalization, the idea of «smart cities» of the future seems to be a potential recovery from many problems and is becoming a reality. Digital technologies created to improve the quality of life of the population of cities, regardless of the number of residents in them, used in the framework of the «smart city» concept, provide easy access of citizens to urban infrastructure information systems for transport, health care, education, public utility and other services. They also allow the city authorities to interact on-line with the structural elements, monitor the development of the city and, based on the analysis of 85

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the data obtained, timely generate management decisions aimed at improving the interaction of all components of city’s functioning. The functional areas in which the newest technologies of optimization, distribution and saving of resources and finances of smart cities are applied, are as follows: - education - energy saving - environmental protection - places of rest and recreation - security - waste management - telecommunications and communications - financial management - fire safety and emergency situations - e-government - health care - transport - city development planning - water supply, sewage - sanitation. Components and functional areas of «Smart City» projects are: Video surveillance and video analytics Photo and video recordings Situation centers ITS – intelligent transport systems Safety on public transport Professional radio and broadband access (LTE, 5G) IoT – Internet of Things Biometrics Unstructured Data Processing 86

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Decision Support Technologies Augmented and Virtual Reality Distributed Databases Geoinformation technologies and navigation Machine learning Cloud / Fog / Boundary Computing Currently, practically all the major cities of the world implement programs as part of their strategies to transform their cities into «smart cities». According to Roland Berger, European consulting company, 153 cities in the world have an officially approved, openly published «smart city» development strategy, 15 of them have an integrated strategic approach, and 8 of them demonstrate significant success in their implementation from 2017 to 2019 years. Researches of organizations and private consulting companies showed tendencies to diversity in implementation processes between cities, even those that follow the same plan. However, research has revealed a number of specific practices that have been adopted in successful intellectual cities and, apparently, can be equally useful for everyone. In particular: In successful cities, open and transparent rules governing the use of data (on which the functioning of any intelligent city depends) by government agencies and outside organizations, both in free exchange and monetization in order to cover the costs of data management, are applied. Many cities that are far advanced in the creation of intelligent urban systems are constantly striving to make information and communication technologies (ICT) and IoT (Internet of Things) infrastructure accessible to users both from and outside the city administration, and they manage to avoid scattering in information resources of different departments. Government agencies (and their outside partners), which are actively working to attract citizens to the implementation of initiatives to create an intelligent city, have achieved

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very high efficiency. This is especially true for initiatives where the benefits are most obvious, such as the setting of intelligent lighting systems or intelligent parking. The infrastructure of an intellectual city must be scalable to allow the possibility of growth and development in accordance with future needs, and ensure reliable protection of data of state bodies and individuals. Those cities that have chosen outsourcing companies as technology partners, are able to provide the necessary scale of innovation and have opportunities for investment and experience in solving real tasks, along with open technology platforms that allow to avoid dependence on a particular supplier, will receive maximum benefits. It is vital to develop strategies to better meet the needs of a growing urban population. During the evolution of intelligent cities, the ICT and IoT intellectual platforms will play an indispensable role. Many cities are already using these technologies to optimize infrastructures and services, make well founded decisions, stimulate economic development and social relations, and create more secure and environmentally friendly communities, while expanding the range of public services. Jeremy Green, a leading analyst at Machina Research and the author of the Scenarios for the Development of Intelligent Cities, wrote that no one says that turning a city into an intellectual one is a simple task. There are many choices to make. Technology and business models are evolving rapidly, and this leads to uncertainty in many aspects. Standards are already beginning to appear, but their creation is still very far from complete. Therefore, there is no simple way to provide intellectual capabilities [8]. However, the rapid development of practical innovative solutions needs to be streamlined and controlled by the management of countries and regions. It becomes obvious the need to develop strategies and criteria for assessing progress in innovation in building ÂŤsmart citiesÂť. The International Organization for Standardization has developed ISO Standards 37120: 2014 and 37151: 2015 2014-2015, in which it is noted that there are three levels of projects for the development of intelligent cities: the infrastructure level, the level of facilities and the level of urban services.

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The standards define a list of targets, the measurement and control of which allows cities to evaluate their development. ISO 37120: 2014, «Sustainable community development. Indicators of urban services and quality of life» regulates 46 mandatory and 56 auxiliary indicators in 17 areas. Standard ISO 37151: 2015 «Intellectual infrastructure of public utilities. Principles and requirements for the system of performance indicators» contains a methodology for assessing the performance of the municipal infrastructure of smart cities in 14 categories of the basic needs of the community (from the point of view of residents, managers and the environment protection authorities). The collection of data from cities and their analysis is carried out by the international organization of the World Urban Data Council World Council on City Data (WCCD), which performs the functions of certifying cities according to ISO standards. The use of standards helps to quantify the status of various areas in cities and identify problem areas. Using data-based decision making, cities improve key performance indicators and strengthen their position in the international WCCD registry. ISO-standards metrics reflect the work in different directions: improving the quality of services, efficiency of infrastructure and individual objects. This implies the optimization of energy supply systems, water supply, public transport, lighting, etc., which requires the integrated use of analytics. There are also alternative methods for evaluating the development of smart cities, among them the criteria system of the international consulting company Roland Berger and the international research bureau of The Economist Intelligence Unit. The development of smart cities seems to be an absolute good, but recently critical articles have appeared in the media and in the scientific literature pointing out the shortcomings of developing smart city systems. First of all, it means sensory overload. Smart cities are based on data. Sensors are needed so that with their help the platform could combine all the data and use them to make (or offer) decisions at speeds exceeding human capabilities.

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Sensors will measure temperature, driving patterns, pedestrian traffic, air quality and infrastructure integrity (for example, is the bridge safe?), and much more. Lux Research, a research and innovation advisory firm, reports that the world will have 1 trillion sensors installed by 2020. With the existing energy paradigms, it is impossible to power 1 trillion devices, not to mention a million in one city. Currently, projects are being developed for wireless sensor power supply. But large data sets themselves are not a panacea for all the ills of a big city. There are practical questions: how traffic during peak hours can be reduced based on data? How to reduce the amount of vehicle emissions in the air? Where do contaminants come from and how can it be stopped? How can be prevented the contamination of meat at a nearby food processing plant, which will cause the detriment of residents’ health of the entire city? As smart cities develop on the basis of data, their mass aggregation will establish some truths about how cities work. To interpret and use this data, the necessity will arise to have control personnel with a level of training that modern educational institutions cannot provide. This will lead to the emergence of a new type of inequality depending on the level of education, the level of access to data use, the level of skills to use technology, which further marginalizes the part of the population that is employed in the service sector, small business, farms, etc. The so-called «digital inequality» can become a large complex of problems that affect the rights of citizens, freedom of speech and their participation in democratic politics. These issues should be high on the agenda of national smart cities, which should find ways to encourage broader efforts by governing bodies to interact with marginal citizens. One more problem, that worries absolutely all residents not only of smart cities, but also of localities seeking to develop «smart technologies» in their territories, is the protection of data. Cyber wars are becoming part of the modern world, industrial espionage, stealing of personal data of citizens and state secrets have become another area of activity of criminal and terrorist organizations. 90

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Interference in private life is also a problem that is increasingly being paid attention by residents of big cities. The constant presence of cameras and hundreds of sensors in the field of view, even inside their own apartment, negatively affects urban residents and leads to an increasing nervousness of the population. While it is obvious that smart technology has the power to make lives of people much simpler – especially in highly populated urban areas – implementing that technology must be done in a carefully planned and highly secure manner. Rather than just focusing on what the solution can do, developers, governing bodies and tech companies must also consider how it will affect the people that come into contact with it. Further deep insight and investigations should be performed in order to clarify all possible risks and timely undertake corresponding preventive measures.

References 1. Мингатина А. М., Фатихова Л. Э. Инновационные исследования: возможные направления инноваций в сфере ЖКХ России и зарубежный опыт внедрения // Молодой ученый. – 2018. – №19. – С. 59-61. – URL: https://moluch.ru/archive/205/50245/ (дата обращения: 28.03.2019). 2. Проектный офис «Умный Санкт-Петербург». / [Электронный ресурс]. Режим доступа: URL: https://www.petersburgsmartcity.ru/ (дата обращения: 28.03.2019). 3. Технологии умных городов: что влияет на выбор горожан? / MCKINSEY CENTER FOR GOVERNMENT. / [Электронный ресурс]. Режим доступа: URL: https://www.mckinsey.com/ru/~/media/McKinsey/Industries

(дата

обращения:

28.03.2019). 4. Ein Service der Stadt Wien / [Электронный ресурс]. – Режим доступа: URL: https://smartcity.wien.gv.at/site/en/vienna-tops-melbourne-as-worlds-most-liveablecity-in-economist-study (дата обращения: 28.03.2019).

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5. International Organization for Standardization / [Электронный ресурс]. – Режим доступа: URL: https://www.iso.org/ru/news/2014/05/Ref1848.html (дата обращения: 28.03.2019). 6. Smart City Index Vienna and London lead the worldwide ranking. / [Электронный

ресурс].

–

Режим

доступа:

URL:

https://www.rolandberger.com/en/Media/Smart-City-Index-Vienna-and-Londonlead-the-worldwide-ranking.html (дата обращения: 28.03.2019). 7. The Global Live ability Index 2018 A free overview. The Economist. / [Электронный ресурс]. – Режим доступа: URL: http://www.eiu.com/topic/live ability (дата обращения: 28.03.2019). 8. Vertakova Y, Risin I, Treshchevsky Y. The methodical approach to the evaluation and development of clustering conditions of socio-economic space (Conference Paper) // 27th International Business Information Management Association Conference – Innovation Management and Education Excellence Vision 2020: From Regional Development Sustainability to Global Economic Growth, IBIMA (Milan, 2016). 9. World population forecast / [Электронный ресурс]. – Режим доступа: URL: https://countrymeters.info/ru/World#population_forecast

(дата

обращения:

28.03.2019).

Аннотация. В статье рассматриваются ключевые компоненты внедряемых технологий «умного города» в жизнедеятельность современных мегаполисов. В качестве исследовательской задачи авторами была определена попытка идентифицировать проблемы, возникающие при внедрении инновационных технологий в функционирование города. Обосновывается необходимость комплексного подхода к выработке стратегии их решения. Ключевые слова: умный город, стратегия развития, сенсорная перегрузка, защита данных. 92

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Сведения об авторах: Шабалина Людмила Валерьевна – к.э.н., доцент, зав.кафедрой «Международная экономика» инженерно-экономического факультета, ДонНТУ Щербина Алла Юрьевна – аспирант кафедры «Международная экономика», ДонНТУ

UDC 621: 681.51

TUBULAR ROTATING FURNACE FOR KAOLINS BURNING AS A CONTROL OBJECT

Shkabura M.V., Khorhordin A.V., Gilmanova R.R. manyasha150497@yandex.ru

Abstract. The furnace for firing high-alumina raw materials and producing kaolin as an object of automatic control is considered. The article analyzes input, output and disturbance effects. Tubular furnace is presented in the form of 5 zones, each mass transfer coefficient being assumed to be constant. Key words. Firing high-alumina raw materials, kaolin, tubular rotating furnace, control object.

The firing of high-alumina raw materials in tubular rotary kilns is one of the main operations of the production technology of mullite-corundum refractory products, which largely determines its technical and economic indicators. Therefore, the improvement of the operation of these furnaces to stabilize the quality of the product, reduce the specific heat loss and extend the furnace campaign life-time is of practical importance. These issues can be solved most effectively on the basis of expanding 93

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theoretical and experimental studies of the whole complex of mechanical, aerodynamic and heat and mass transfer processes taking place in rotary kilns while firing highalumina material for kaolin [2, 3] Brief description of the technological process. The tubular rotary kiln is designed to fire high-alumina raw materials for mullite-alum fireclay. The furnace under consideration is typical for refractory production: the furnace performance of mullitecorundum fireclay is 160-240 tpd, 75 metres in length with rotational speed 1.5-3.6 rpm and consumption of natural gas of 2000-2800 kg / h. The outer diameter of the furnace is 3.66 m, the inner diameter is 3.2 m, and the slope is 3°. To ensure a predetermined combustion mode the furnace is equipped with a fan-type gas burner designed designed by VostIO, a secondary air fan with a capacity of 10-50 thousand m3 / hour, a smoke exhauster with a capacity of 20-60 thousand m3 / hour. The raw materials for producing kaolin are briquettes (size 1, 2 and 3) made by briquette machine and ShKMK fireclay pieces with the size of 3-20 mm, the correction for shape irregularity being taken into account. Mass fraction of dust particles with the size less than 0.5 mm is up to 15%. The amount of briquettes loaded is determined by their capacity and amounts to 5-10 t / h; ShKMK fireclay additional charging is subject to its availability in stock in the amount of up to 15 t / h. Drying zone. The process of drying material is carried out in this zone. Its length is determined by cross sections of 0–21 ± 2 m. To improve the processes of mass and heat transfer this zone is equipped with blades 300 mm wide to pour material. The drying zone consists of three sections: loading, unloading and finish drying. The heating zone of the material is determined by cross sections of 21 ± 2 ÷ 30 ± 2 m. Within this zone, the material is heated to a temperature that corresponds to the beginning of the process of kaolinite dehydration (650 ° C). Within this zone, mass transfer between the phases does not occur. The dehydration zone is determined by cross sections of 30 ± 2 m ÷ 45 ± 2 m. The temperature of the material in the beginning and middle of this zone increases

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negligibly because almost all the heat absorbed by the material is used for the chemical decomposition reaction. Temperature rise is observed in the end of the zone. Recrystallization zone Al2O3. Alumina (γ-Al2O3) trandforms into corundum (Al2O3). It is determined by cross sections 45 ± 2 ÷ 54 ± 2 m. The process of recrystallization proceeds with exothermic effect of 92.11 kJ / kg Al2O3. Due to the high content of Al2O3 in the charge, the temperature rise of the material is accelerated. The burning zone is characterized by a sharp temperature change of the material with respect to the furnace axis (in the beginning of the zone it is higher and in the end it is lower) and nonuniformity of its distribution in the cross section. The maximum temperature reaches 1750-1780º С. The zone is defined by cross sections 62 ± 2 m ÷ 67 ± 1 m [1, 2]. The location of these zones is shown in Figure1.

Zone

drying

heating

Dehydration zone

Zone

recrystallization

firing

product

Figure 1 – Diagram of the location of the zones in a tubular rotating furnace.

Due to the considered technological process of kaolin production the following can be formulated: a) input values: 

gas consumption gg (2000-2400 kg / h);



air consumption ga (10-50 thousand m3 / hour);



material consumption gm (20-25 t / h);

b) adjustable values: 

finished products Gp (t / day); 95

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

flue gas temperature (° C);



Dust, R ;

c) disturbing quantities: 

ambient temperature (° C);



material moisture content Wm (%).

Figure 2 – Presentation of a a tubular rotating furnace as a control object

High gas consumption for production of fireclay is the reason for improving the management system in order to reduce gas consumption and improve the technical and economic indicators of production.

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Review of existing solutions. Professional literature gives the differential equations of the process of firing highalumina raw materials for kaoline in a tubular rotating furnace. [2] They serve to describe the process in details, but it requires constant monitoring of very many parameters for solving the optimization process and optimizing the management processes and control. Therefore, let us consider more simplified representation of a rotary furnace. We will select zones of drying, heating, dehydration, recrystallization and cooling in the rotary furnace. For each of these areas, we hypothesize a constant coefficient Îł (mass transfer intensity). It is known that the mass change gm along the length of the furnace is described by the following differential equation: đ?&#x2018;&#x2018;đ?&#x2018;&#x201D;Đź = â&#x2C6;&#x2019;đ?&#x203A;ž đ?&#x2018;&#x2018;đ?&#x2018;Ľ From the equation it follows that the loss is the integral of mass transfer. All the zones are interconnected. The structure of mass transfer can be represented by the following scheme.

Figure 3 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Structural diagram of mass transfer

On the basis of the presented scheme, a certain functional can be formulated for synthesizing optimal control of firing kaolin processes, which can be read as follows: 97

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«In order to maximize profits from kaolin production, it is necessary to minimize the consumption of gas and fuel and minimize the transformation of kaolin into dust (which will help preserve the environment)». Conclusions 1. The article under review presents the rotating tubular furnace in the form of 5 zones - drying, heating, dehydration, recrystallization, roasting. 2. Complicated mathematical dependences of the mass transfer intensity coefficient γ will be taken as constant in the first approximation. 3. The accepted assumptions allow us to formulate a system quality criterion in the form of a functional to minimize gas consumption and transform kaolin into dust while ensuring the specified furnace productivity and kaolin quality

References 1.

Бельский В.И., Б.В. Сергеев Б.В. Промышленные печи и трубы. Учеб.

Пособие для техникумов. Изд.2-е, испр. и доп. М., Стройиздат, 1974. 301с. 2. Голубев В.О. Исследование тепловой работы вращающейся печи для производства муллитокорундового шамота / Голубев В.О., Литвинова Т.Е. :Math Desinger, 2012. – 120 c. 3. Лисиенко, В. Г. Вращающиеся печи: теплотехника, управление и экология Кн. 1 : Справ. изд.: В 2 кн. / В. Г. Лисиенко, Я. М. Щелоков, М. Г. Ладыгичев; Под ред. В. Г. Лисиенко. – М. : Теплотехник , 2004. – 690 с. Аннотация. Рассматривается печь для обжига каолина и производства шамота как объект автоматического управления. Дан анализ входных, выходных и возмущающих воздействий. Трубчатая печь представлена в виде 5 зон, в каждой из которых коэффициент массообмена принимается постоянным. Ключевые слова. Обжиг высокоглиноземистого сырья, каолин, печь обжига, объект управления. 98

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Сведения об авторах: Шкабура Мария Васильевна – магистрант, группа СУАм-18, ФКИТА, ДонНТУ Хорхордин Александр Владимирович – к.т.н., доц. профессор, кафедра автоматики и телекоммуникаций, ФКИТА, ДонНТУ Гильманова Роза Разимовна – ст.преподаватель кафедры английского языка, ДонНТУ

UDC 003.026

THE METHOD OF MESSAGE CONCEALMENT BASED ON JARGON

SidorchukV.I., SipakovD.S., KushnirenkoYe.N. nohohone@gmail.com

Abstract. In this article the definition of stenography was described. The topic of data protection from unauthorized access was raised. A comparative analysis of message concealment methods was performed. Based on one of the methods, the author’s method of message concealment was developed. Keywords: steganography, linguistics, data protection, text, text concealment.

Steganography is often defined as the science and art of information concealment in a so-called container, the transferring of which from one person to another does not arouse suspicion. Unlike cryptography, whose aim is to protect the message itself, the main purpose of stenography is to protect the very fact that contains a hidden message. Modern stenographic tools mainly work in information environments that have greater redundancy. If you take into account the information which contains large amounts of noise data (such as sounds or images), the written text contains a small amount of redundant information that can be used to hide certain data. 99

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The methods of linguistic stenography are hidden implantation of coded arbitrary information into the texts, relying on linguistic resources. These methods have been known since medieval times. With the development of computer and information technologies, the medieval methods of linguistic stenography were revived at a new level and make it possible, in some cases, to hide the fact of secret correspondence not only from the «athematic censor», which monitors telecommunications networks, but also from the human himself. The problem of data protection from unauthorized access appeared in ancient times, and since then, the direction of solving this problem was marked and still exists today known as steganography. The main task of steganography is to ensure that a person does not suspect that the transmitted data, externally of absolutely no value, contains secret information. Thus, steganography allows you to transmit important data through open channels, hiding the very fact of its transmission. The purpose of the article is to conduct a comparative analysis of methods in linguistic steganography for the development of the author's method of message concealment. Comparative analysis of the methods The first method is the jargon method. The use of jargon in the text may confuse unauthorized reader. While implementing this method, a database with inserted words and corresponding jargons which will replace the words is created. This method is simple to implement, and while using it, there is no suspicion about the presence of hidden information in case of saving the text in a readable form. However, this method has drawbacks: the words database is limited to the list of words used by the participants in correspondence; the recipient must also know the used jargons; in case of unsuccessful use of jargon, the intruder can understand the hidden meaning of the message.

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Figure 1 – The flowchart of jargon method

The second method is semagramm. The semagramm is a way to hide information through signs or symbols. For example, placing objects on the table in a certain sequence, a certain sequence of numbers, etc. for an outsider won’t be seen.

Figure 2 – The flowchart of semagram method

Also, there are text semogramms. Text semogramms are messages hidden inside the text. To send any message, you can use capital letters, spaces between letters or words, features of underscore, etc. 101

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Among the advantages of this method it is worth noting that its implementation is simple and invisible to unauthorized reader. The disadvantage of this method is the fact that because of its simple implementation, an intruder can quite easily get the hidden information. The third method is hidden coding. Hidden coding is considered a special case of linguistic steganography. It is also more difficult to implement, but it provides high data secrecy. This method uses a special function that encrypts and decrypts the message for transmission. The method uses a «container» in which the hidden message is placed (see Figure 3). After receiving the hidden message, it is retrieved from the «container» by special algorithm.

Figure 3 – Classic flowchart of hidden coding method

This method has strong decryption resistance, but high implementation complexity. The fourth method is open coding. It means the following: the hidden message is placed into the text so that it does not catch the eye of the outsider. When it is necessary to analyze, computers and people demonstrate different methods of recognition and perceiving stenographic messages. This method is simple to implement, but easy to give away hidden data.

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The last method is phonetics. This method can be used if you know exactly which language the filter is programmed. This filter searches for words in that language which is mainly used by people in the country. Of course, it is impossible to say with certainty how exactly the filter is programmed. But to get closer to understanding, you can use phonetically similar words. This method is most suitable if you use an alphabet different from the one adopted in your country (for example, Latin instead of Cyrillic). This method is simple to implement, but the information is not actually hidden and an intruder can easily get hidden information. Thus, having examined each method, a comparison table which takes into account the following criteria for analyzing the methods: implementation complexity, decryption complexity, difficulty in determining the presence of a hidden message was compiled. Each method is scored from 1 to 3. Table 1 â&#x20AC;&#x201C;The comparison of stenography methods

Analysis criteria Implementation complexity Decryption complexity Difficulty in determining the presence of a hidden message

Methodoflinguisticsteganography Jargon

Semagram

Hidden coding

Open coding

Phonetics

During the research, various methods of linguistic steganography were analyzed, and a comparative table was constructed with the above methods. They were compared in terms of implementation complexity, decryption complexity, and difficulty in determining the presence of a message. After analyzing Table 1 it has been turned out that the method of hidden coding and the method of semagrams are the most effective 103

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in the implementation. Development of author's method Having examined each method above, it was decided to take the jargon method (aka the method of synonymous substitutions) as the basis for the author's algorithm. Unlike other studied methods, this method can work without words source, that is, only stegotext is required for work. Also, during development, it has been used the codes replacing mechanism in accordance with message bits sequence. In this case, letters according to their ASCII codes will be encoded instead of spaces. Some letters of the Russian and English alphabet have the same form of writing, but different codes (see Figure 4). Thus, it is possible to use this feature to encode any sequence of bits.

Figure4 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; The example of ASCII-codes table

In order to confuse a stegoanalytic, you need to add noise to the stego-text. In digital steganography, geometric transformations were used as image noise or audio files, but with text format other actions are needed. Thus, it is possible to choose an array of letters that will carry the encoded message, and the other letters will be changed randomly. To increase security, you should use a key. A key will be a word or phrase, the length of which will be equal to the length of the message to be hidden. During the inclusion, the stego-text will have an indent by the key length, and from that place the message will be concealed. 104

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Since noise is used, even the missing words will be changed, but they will not carry any information about the message. According to the key the recipient will know where to start extracting and how many words are in the message. Thus, methods for hiding a message in a text file contain the following steps: 1) checking the correspondence of message and key length; 2) encrypting a message with a key; 3) translation of an encrypted message into a sequence of bits (each letter occupies 8 bits, that is, 1 byte); 4) translation of stego-text into an array of bytes; 5) indent for key length; 6) encryption of the encrypted message; 7) translation of the received bytes of stego-text back to the string. Thus, the recipient of the message will not be able to extract the message from the stego-text without a specific key. During stegoanalys of the text in which the message is hidden, it is impossible to determine accurately the place where the hidden information is stored and which letters are significant, if there are sentences in Russian and English languages, the task for the intruder becomes more complicated. Conclusion The article presents the results of the analysis of 5-6 methods of linguistic steganography, as well as their comparative table. The table allows one to compare methods in accordance with the implementation complexity, the decryption complexity and the difficulty in a message detecting. As a result of the analysis, the jargon method was chosen to develop the author’s algorithm for hiding a message in a text file that provides transmission protection data. The author’s method has several advantages: – large sources or data storages are not used; – fast execution of data implementation and extraction; – low probability of transmitted message detecting; – the algorithm can be used for text of any style; – the inability to retrieve the message in case of detection. 105

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References 1. Академик

[Электронный

ресурс].

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URL:

https://dic.academic.ru/dic.nsf/ruwiki 2. Библиофонд. Электронная библиотека студента [Электронный ресурс.]– URL: https://www.bibliofond.ru/view.aspx?id=657009 3. Большаков

И.А.,

Гельбух

А.Ф.

Раздельное

представление

словосочетаний для существительных единственного и множественного числа. // Труды Международного Семинара по вычислительной лингвистике и ее приложениям. Диалог’96. Пущино, 1996. – с. 42–44. Мельчук И. А. Опыт теории лингвистических моделей «Смысл Û

Текст». Семантика, синтаксис. М.: Наука. – 1974. – 314 с. 5. Front Line International foundation for the protection of human rights defenders [Электронный ресурс] / L. Trappeniers [etal.] // Computer. – Электрон. дан.

–

2013.

–

Vol.46,

–

24-25.

–

Режим

доступа:

https://equalit.ie/esecman/russian/chapter2_7.html Аннотация. В статье было рассмотрено понятие стеганографии. Была поднята тема о защите информации от несанкционированного доступа. Был проведен сравнительный анализ методов сокрытия сообщения. На основе одного из методов, был разработан авторский метод сокрытия информации. Ключевые слова: стенография, лингвистика, защита данных текст, сокрытие. Сведения об авторах: Сидорчук Владимир Игоревич – магистрант, ст. гр. КМДм-18 , ФКНТ, ДонНТУ Кушниренко Елена Николаевна – ст. преподаватель каф. английского языка, ДонНТУ

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Научное издание

МАТЕРИАЛЫ научно-технической конференции для молодых ученых «Young scientists’ researches and achievements in science» 18 апреля 2019 г. г. Донецк Под редакцией Кушниренко Е.Н.

Адрес редакции: ДНР, 83001, г. Донецк, ул. Артема, 131, Донецкий национальный технический университет, 11-й учебный корпус, факультет компьютерных наук и технологий, кафедра английского языка, ком. 248, тел.: (062)305-23-72 e-mail: kaf_engl-2017@mail.ru

Web-сайт кафедры английского языка: http://www.ka.fknt.donntu.org

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