GATEWAY COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE AND DESIGN SONIPAT 131001
DISSERTATION REPORT November, 2017
SPIRITUALITY THROUGH ARCHITECTURE
SUBMITTED BY: Suhela GCAD/13/135
GUIDED BY: Ar. Animesh Dev
GATEWAY COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE AND DESIGN
DECLARATION
I, SUHELA, Roll Number, GCAD/13/135 hereby declare that the dissertation titled SPIRITUALITY THROUGH ARCHITECTURE_ submitted by me, in partial fulfillment of the requirement of the curriculum of Bachelor of Architecture as per the university norms, to Gateway College of Architecture and Design, is a record of my original work with credits given for information collected from any other source.
SUHELA
GATEWAY COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE AND DESIGN
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the dissertation titled SPIRTUALITY THROUGH ARCHITECTURE submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement of the curriculum of Bachelor of Architecture is the work of SUHELA, Roll Number GCAD/13/135, who carried out research work under our supervision in Gateway College of Architecture and Design, Sonipat, Haryana.
We recommend that the dissertation report be placed before the examiners for their consideration.
Ar. Animesh Dev
Ar. Manisha Singh
Signature of the Guide
Signature of the Coordinator
Abstract The purpose of this dissertation is to explore the issues inferred by the topic, as how spirituality influences architecture or can be derived through architecture. Architecture is seen to be a medium to establish a dialogue among the groups by adhering to the need of selfeducation in terms of spiritual knowledge and practice. The key questions posed were the key elements to the secondary research that included an in-depth literature review and concepts leading to a list of architectural theories and concepts leading to a list of architectural design considerations. The theory of phenomenology was addressed by concentrating on the qualities that would evoke and invoke the essence of spirituality in an environment. The study also attempts to understand the functional, physical and experiential qualities that contribute in making the spirit of a place. The holistic nature of place and sacred architecture has been an essential area of research in an aim to discovering the metaphysical, symbolic and tactile qualities that enforce the pragmatic functional requirements of the centre. The need for an understanding of the science of meditation and self education was beneficial in identifying the spatial, functional and spiritual requirements of the place. The relationship between man and his environment was further studied in term of natural and sensory experiential qualities that would form a serene atmosphere. Primary research consisted of case studies where buildings were analyzed on specific criteria of study. Interviews were carried out with experienced members of the institutions for a better understanding of the spiritual practices conducted and the environment. The outcomes of these interviews were critically and theoretically analyzed. The data collected through empirical studies revealed some pragmatic requirements of a spiritual environment. The study concludes that man cannot be separated from his environment; he is a part and parcel of it. The study also concluded that architecture is the binding material of man with nature whilst the understanding of the inner self and his senses enables him to become aware of his surroundings. A holistic environment is then created and is suitable for spiritual practice. Such a space evokes a sense of spirituality.
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Dedication I am extremely grateful to my parents for their love, prayers, caring and sacrifices for educating and preparing me for my future.
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Acknowledgements I would like to express my deep and sincere gratitude to my research supervisor, Ar. Animesh Dev and the dissertation coordinator Prof. Bikramjeet for giving me the opportunity to do research and providing invaluable guidance throughout this research. Their dynamism, vision, sincerity and motivation have deeply inspired me. They have taught me the methodology to carry out the research and to present the research works as clearly as possible. It was a great privilege and honor to work and study under his guidance. I am extremely grateful for what they have offered me. I would also like to thank my senior Vijay Rai for providing me with valuable readings which he had done during his thesis and the confidence to do my dissertation in a better manner.
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PREFACE “Spirituality includes the conviction that there is more to the unseen aspects of it, and in doing so their own being is enhanced.”- Nandaka Jaysinghe
The introduction to this segment allowed me to explore various aspects of diverse topics that could be studied and expressed. The reason for settling down for this topic is not because it is close to me but because this is one thing that made me realize is important for humans. I felt there is a lack of understanding and acceptance in people regarding this topic. Spirituality is the bread and butter to our daily routine yet, people have forgotten its worth and importance. The idea was to understand the relation between Spirituality and architecture. Both being poles apart yet have common grounds for the human race to ponder. The art of architecture plays an important role in understanding the effect of spirituality in our daily lives. The study of various structures and their orientation and geometry and everything as a whole affects the people using the space in some way or the other. During the initial phase of actually understanding the entire concept of “spirituality through architecture”, I realized that there have been establishments of various masses which have been derived by the principles of architecture and are actually spiritual in nature. Through case studies and proceeding, these doubts were cleared which helped me in sorting and staring to pen down the erratic thoughts. This particular piece of work might help people in understanding the importance of what is lost and can help in regenerating it for a better future. Happy reading! Suhela Sonipat, 2017
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Table of Contents ABSTRACT…………………………………………………………………………….. i DEDICATION…………………………………………………………………………. ii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS…………………………………………………………….. iii PREFACE ……………………………………………………………………………..
iv
Table of Contents……………………………………………………………………...
v
List of figures ...…………………………………….………………………………….
viii
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION …………………………………………………….. (09) 1.1
The Premise- background of the research
1.2
The Definitions and Meaning of the important parameters
1.3
The Intent of the Dissertation
1.4
The Central Claim
1.5
The Research Question
1.6
The Aim and Objective of the Research
1.7
The Scope and Limitations of the Research
CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW- Contribution to Knowledge………..….. (14) 2.1
Purpose of the Literature Review
2.2
Categorization of Literature 2.2.1Pre “Research-Question” Stage 2.2.2 Post “Research-Question” Stage 2.2.3 Phenomenology of place and different elements of architecture
2.3
Selection process of the Literature and method
2.4
Brief review of each referred documents
2.5
Collating the Literature Review learnings
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CHAPTER 3: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY- Structure of the study……….…. (24) 3.1
Method opted of Data/ case Selection and its Justification
3.2
Method opted for Data Collection and its Justification
3.3
Method opted for Data Analysis and its Justification
3.4
Advantages and Limitations of the method adopted
CHAPTER 4: DATA DEMONSTRATION …………………………………………. (29) 4.1
Data collection structure/ format
4.2
Data Set: Presentation of unprocessed Data
4.3
Challenges in data collection Procedure
4.4
The Nature of the Data Set: Qualitative or Quantitative or Mix
CHAPTER 5: ANALYSIS OF ARCHITECTURAL QUALITIES…………...……. (33) 5.1
Analysis of the collected Data 5.1.1 Strengths 5.1.2 Limitations
5.2
Visual Representation of the Data 5.2.1 Understanding the cases and their inter-relationship 5.2.2 Studies on various projects 5.2.3 Inference from data collection- Questionnaire
5.3
Cause and Effect relationship
5.4
The Final Comments
CHAPTER 6: CONCLUSIONS AND POSSIBILITIES …………..……………… (38) 6.1
Recapitulation of Research Question & its Significance
6.2
Research Inference and its Significance
6.3
Revisiting the Central Claim (in the light of Research inference)
6.4
The future Research possibilities
6.5
Project possibilities
6.6
Conclusion
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REFERENCES……………………………………………………………………. (41) Books and Publications Internet Sources
APPENDIX:…………………………………………………………………..…. (44)
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List of Figures S.NO. TITLE
SOURCES
PAGE NO.
1.
Understanding the relationship of the topic Amidst the woodland
Author
Page 15
www.dezeen.com/2009/01/04/shell-by-artechnicarchitects/
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3.
The holiday villaJapan
www.dezeen.com/2009/01/04/shell-by-artechnicarchitects/
Page 19
4.
Site plan- Church of light
wwwbcf.usc.edu/kcoleman/Precedents/ ALL%20PDFs/Ando_ChurchOfLight.pdf
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5.
Illustrating natural light as an integrated feature of holistic atmosphere
in.pinterest.com/akinsahin07/tadao-ando/?lp=true
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6.
Showing the relation of built with nature
fi.pinterest.com/pin/517773288392780032/?lp=true Page 21
7.
Framework for spirituality in place
Spirituality in place: building connections between architecture, design and spiritual experienceRobert Birch, Brian R. Sinclair
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8.
Hall of meditationLotus temple
mydecorative.com/lotus-temple-of-delhi/
Page 25
9.
Hall of meditationIsha Yoga
www.yoga.in/centers/isha-yoga-center-112.html
Page 25
10.
Hall of meditationMaitrimandir
travelinggypsykelsey.wordpress.com/Maitrimandir
Page 25
11.
Lotus temple and its surroundings
Author
Page 31
12.
Meditation hallVipasana center
Author
Page 31
13.
Surroundings of the ashram
Author
Page 31
2.
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CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
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1.1 The premise Spirituality derived from the word “spirit” is a broad concept with room for many perspectives. In general, it includes a sense of connection to something bigger than ourselves, and typically involves a search for meaning in life. It may be described as an experience of being sacred or transcendent or simply a deep sense of aliveness. It may vary from person to person as some may find that spiritual life is intricately linked to their association with a church,temple,mosque while others may pray or find comfort in a personal relationship with God. Others seek meaning through their connections to nature or art. The individual description of spirituality may change throughout one’s life, become accustomed to one’s own experiences. On a personal level how does it feel when you listen to a peaceful music? How does it feel to be in a pin-drop silent room? How does it feel to sail in a middle of a lake? Do you feel connected to yourself, then? If we think about it somewhere all of the mentioned above does make one feel peaceful. The reason being that one needs a certain time for themselves to realize and analysis their inner most consciousness. It is only at such instances that one realizes the importance of self healing and self awakening. Not only can one feel spiritual in a temple or any sacred place but may also feel the same in their own comfort zones. This is only possible when one starts to analyze their energies and capabilities to soothe the unconscious mind. When we look back to the past, there was a time when children, after the age of five were sent to Gurukuls in order to attain knowledge. Knowledge, that was limitless and not restricted to just books or teaching. The routine was such that it only helped them in becoming aware of their own body and achieves a mental stability and peace. Whereas, in the new generation that we all are a part of, has outgrown the importance of sustaining what was given to us. The values and the essence of such beliefs have faded over time majorly because of the intervention of technologies which have sucked the human energy. Humans have now got a tendency to get attracted to what is outside them and not what lies within. To fill this void that has created a vast change in the human race, spiritual spaces are a need of the hour. Though, peace can be found anywhere and everywhere but, because of the hush-bush around us, people are getting away from the real spirituality i.e. connection with your inner self. Therefore, because of the imbalance that is being created has to change in terms of human well-being giving an opportunity to the vast study of architecture to put forward its intelligence in creating spaces that will attract humans for their own benefits and that it will keep them at a distance from the commercial world. Architecture is a phenomenon that defines the quality of the built environment whilst accommodating various functions. Architecture is not simply the “design of buildings” that are mere physical enclosures. On the contrary, it is an expression of thoughts, preferences, beliefs and emotions in built form, symbolically communicating with its users. Architecture expresses the experiences of being-in-the world and strengthens our senses of reality and self. It does not make us dwell in worlds of sheer falsehood and fantasy. Spirituality has always been a part of the human civilization and from the time unknown it has been interlinked with architecture. It is through architecture that humans have tried to achieve internal peace, inner contentment and spirituality. The experiential value of architecture is serene and is accentuated with the interaction of the senses through movement and action in an environment. Architecture relates to the spirit of a place – an environment where man engages for his daily activities. Such a place can be defined by cosmic, spiritual and natural qualities such as light, sound, air, water bodies, green landscape, open-to-sky spaces and climatic Page 10 of 50
conditions. Spirituality and architecture are interlinked where different layers lead to the creation of a holistic environment. Spirituality is aimed at all cultures and people of all communities are approached to embark on that journey. Spiritual architecture therefore serves the wider community in that all cultures come together at one place to conduct spiritual practices. According to Swami Paramananda (2005), spiritual practices are undertaken by an individual to develop his inner and divine qualities to attain eternal happiness and bliss. They are carried out to increase one’s spiritual growth towards the experience of a state of Godliness. A spiritual awakening is important so that people become aware of their actions. Meditation is a means by which such transformation in an individual is possible (Swami Paramananda, 2005: 2). Therefore, architecture is not limited to space and functions only; it also addresses various aspects like nature. Nature provides an ideal source for architectural forms which are variations of the basic shapes like cone, cube, cylinder, sphere and pyramid. Besides, these forms are platform independent, free from cultural bias and effective in projecting global images. The Sydney Opera House, Australia and the Lotus Temple, New Delhi are examples that use natural shell shapes in their roof structures thereby, effectively signify global ideals.
1.2 The definitions and meaning of the important parameters The words enlisted below have been used frequently throughout the research and their meanings are provided for a better understanding. Elements of architecture: Elements like line, shape, color and texture do not exist in isolation on a building. They are combined to make formal compositions in an architectural design, creating pattern, rhythm, symmetry, balance, contrast, proportion, theme, and unity. It is important that the variety of elements used for a building blend together well so that the design appears unified. Human well-being: It is the recognition that everyone around the world, regardless of geography, age, culture, religion or political environment, aspires to live well Minimalism: Design elements strive to convey the message of simplicity. The basic geometric forms, elements without decoration, simple materials and the repetitions of structures represent a sense of order and essential quality. The movement of natural light in buildings reveals simple and clean spaces. Monumentality: it may be defined as a quality, a spiritual quality inherent in a structure which conveys the feeling of its eternity that cannot be added to or changed. Sacred geometry: Involves sacred universal patterns used in the design of everything in our reality, most often seen in sacred architecture and sacred art. The basic belief is that geometry and mathematical ratios, harmonics and proportion are also found in music, light, and cosmology. This value system is seen as widespread even in prehistory, a cultural universal of the human condition. Spiritual: It is the adjective form of the word spirit, which comes from the Latin word for "breath," and means the thing that animates life.
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1.3 The intent of the dissertation The purpose of this paper is to understand the importance of various elements of architecture that will influence the human spiritual well being. This will be done by studying about elements of architecture and their effects on different kinds of spiritual buildings. Understanding of human sense and their need for such spaces will also be done in order to establish the research.
1.4 The central claim Qualities of architecture will influence the human spiritual wellbeing. By exploring the various spiritual architecture dimensions and by understanding the effect of space, light and the spiritual experience of architecture on humans.
1.5 The research questions 1. How will the elements of architecture (eg.light) be favorable for spiritual practices? 2. What is the role of order in arranging the elements of architecture for creating the sense of spirituality? 3. How do the human senses and perception of spiritual experiences contribute to the spirit of a place? A subconscious mind, also a state of mind, makes us do things even during the time of absence of our attention. Human beings have the tendency to act subconsciously during their extremes. For an example, if one is furious over something, he would probably want to scream, throw something out of anger and if not anything, cry, shove it off through tears. But do we really want ourselves to be this miserable? Have we ever looked ourselves up in the mirror during these helpless situations? Well, if we know ourselves from within, this can be a way of dealing the extremes in us. When does a person be all by himself? When he is all alone, yes, but also at the right place. Is it when he feels connected to his own spirit? Is it when he feels the essence of spirituality? The topic of spirituality offers an opportunity to explore various architectural approaches in the research study. Architecture deals with spaces, people and their engagement in a place. Spiritual Architecture is serene as it allows man to engage in NATURE and its immediate environment but with a strong sense of awareness of what they are surrounded with. In spiritual architecture there is a sense of order, discipline, geometry, proportions and simplicity which can be vividly seen in the work of Architect Tadao Ando. He states that, “architecture should be experienced with one’s senses rather than through the media, which is overriding importance”. Such establishments have enabled people to experience a journey involving awareness, and thinking by the means of the practiced arrangement of path sequences such that the metaphysical philosophical thinking could be experienced.
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1.6 The aim and objectives
Aim To study the qualities of architecture that will influence the human spiritual well being towards establishing architectural guideline that will facilitate spiritual practices. These guidelines will be extracted from concepts, theories, precedents and case studies. Objectives The main objective is to examine the spiritual qualities of the architecture that are required to design a meditation centre. The sacred aspects of architecture will be analyzed with relevance to nature and context. Sensory experiences in architecture will be studied to understand the relation of man and his environment. Landscaping elements, geometry, proportion, symbolism and aesthetics will be areas of investigation to understand the factors required to reinforce the quality and enhance the character of spaces created for human occupation.
1.7 The scope and limitations of the research SCOPE- Since spirituality is a universal policy and this research is catering for multicultural aspects, it will become difficult to cater for every different believer. LIMITATION- However, the main challenge is study the elements of architecture that is appropriate for everybody. The major concentration would be on the study of architectural qualities that are necessary in creating a spiritual environment. There will be a brief discussion on the aspects of religion and nature. The major focus of this study will be more on the metaphysical a symbolic aspects of architecture.
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CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW Contribution to knowledge
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2.1 Purpose of literature review The intention of literature review is to provide with an overview of ideas, theories and significant literature. This research will be based on an in-depth study of certain philosophies, concepts and theories that will address the issues and problems stated earlier in this document. As a result, a literature review will comprise these issues that will be critically analyze and strengthened with appropriate precedents and case studies. The experiential aspects and tactile qualities that enhance a place are discussed in the theory of phenomenology. The natural environment will be investigated in relation to qualities that affect man physically, mentally and spiritually. The relationship between man and his environment will be analyzed.
2.2 Categorization of literature Building connections between architecture, design and spiritual experiences “SPIRITUALITY IN PLACE”- is a notion which seeks the qualities of the built environment that contribute to places which, through their physical design, allows the user to find greater meaning in their surroundings. It is important to understand and develop a link between architecture, design and spiritual experience as these will later make its user experience the meaning, beauty, poetics, connection, atmosphere and other ethereal, invisible aspects of a place. The development and justification of a framework begins to unite spirituality and place, moving towards a holistic relationship between architecture, people and their environment.
2.2.1 Pre “research-question” stage Understanding of the terms- SPIRITUAL HOW? SPIRITUAL SPACES
ARCHITECTURE ELEMENTS: LIGHT, GEOMETRY, SHAPE, SOUND
EFFECT ON SPIRITUAL SPACES
Fig: 01-understading the relationship of the topic
“Spiritual” is an experience which is beyond the limitations of the physical. That means you are in a boundless space. It is an experience that has been evolving over the years and has different meanings. Spirituality is commonly pronounced to be a state where humans connect to the other world (spirits). Considering the new generation, spirituality as is popular for people who don’t believe in any particular religion or cult. In the fast pace life, people have started taking meditation, yoga or turn to spiritual journeys. Page 15 of 50
Spirituality has always been a part of the human civilization. If natural phenomenon be considered where human beings lived their lives on a daily bases thenWe can see the growth of civilization humans needed and grasped maximum advantage from the nature. This was majorly because people back then lacked in resources and sources to keep themselves busy. There came no external factors which affected their health and wealth and had the only direct source of nature which helped them grow in a healthy manner. “THE ART OF SPIRITUAL LIVING”- Throughout the ages, the mystics, saints, sages, and yogis have all given us the same answer: to develop a personal relationship with God — one that connects us with Spirit in our everyday lives. Spiritual living is a practical approach to developing that relationship. Considering the ancient times when people routined themselves according to the natural phenomenon i.e. “early to bed-early to rise” made humans healthy, wealthy and wise. Going back in time people were more concerned about their health rather than any other external factor of living. The only difference that has emerged now is due to the growth of humans. People now are more focused on the tangibles than on the intangibles i.e. inclined more towards technology than any other natural phenomenon. For the gen-next, the ancient ideologies have become mundane that has limited their growth in terms of health and natural being. There has been a major shift in the standard of living in terms of health and well-being that people have forgotten to analyze themselves. The balanced lifestyle and meditation practices are based on an understanding of the interconnection of body, mind, and soul. They are a comprehensive system designed to strengthen, balance, and keep healthy all these aspects of our nature. The role of architecture now comes into picture as, architecture gives life to such space. Spirituality can be found anywhere and everywhere but there has been a major ignorance in the society that they lack in understanding this little difference for which there is a need to establish separate spaces for people to actually find peace and inner-contentment. Thus, the idea of spiritual architecture comes into existence.
2.2.2 Post “research-question” stage This chapter firstly aims at investigating issues of spiritual practice and its benefits to the individual. A thorough research is carried out to understand the relationship between spirituality and architecture. The phenomenology of place relates to the consciousness level that one experiences internally and externally in an environment. Spirituality is strongly linked with nature and religion. An insight of that connection will aid to understand the need for selfeducation and how a holistic environment can be created. The second part of this chapter includes the influence of natural elements in architecture and the influence of natural landscape in architecture. Natural elements and forms are the pillars of spiritual architecture and have symbolic meanings in creating an experiential place. Spiritual aspects will be investigated in the built form. Symbolic meanings will be identified and various examples will be looked at to understand the functional, spatial, aesthetic, environmental and socio-cultural aspects. The natural landscape will be explored in terms of the natural forms that they provide to the environment. After the understanding of the topic it is important to understand as to how we are supposed to inculcate the theories in to practical. We will now be questioning the unquestioned to analyze the research and find legit answers to it.
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2.2.3 Phenomenology of place and different elements of architecture Spiritual practices It is the personal journey undertaken by an individual to find his inner self. To understand the meaning of their being. Spiritual practice is an honest and sincere effort done consistently on a daily basis to develop divine qualities and achieve an utmost level of tranquility and bliss. Healing energies are one of the types where healers can channel the healing energies into a patient and effect positive results. Spiritual healing is a positive flow of energies which can be channelized through the art of healing. Healing has various processes which include Reiki, Yoga, Meditation and these benefits the human body. Expression of physical health at any point of time in life may be used as the medium to progress on the path of spiritual development. Spirituality is believed to be the ultimate solution to all problems. It has been the endless and tireless efforts of spiritual masters to bring about awareness of spirituality in the world. The nature of pure spirituality has been distorted and therefore people have negative attitudes at those who are supposedly spiritual. Spiritual practice is a process of liberation of the mind which has been engulfed by numerous impressions and wrong habits. Hence, spiritual practice aims at making the individual realize and experience that he lives eternally as a free spirit. Our body has some specific centers called the “Energy Centers”. These energy centers are the trigger points that draw the energy and distribute all over in other parts. The seven fundamental chakras are known as muladhara, which is located at the perineum, the space between the anal outlet and the genital organ; swadhisthana, which is just above the genital organ; manipuraka, which is just below the navel; anahata, which is just beneath where the rib cage meets; vishuddhi, which is at the pit of the throat; ajna, which is between the eyebrows; and sahasrara, also known as brahmarandra, which is at the top of the head, where when a child is born, there is a soft spot. Spirituality and architecture Spirituality is a sense of achieving inner contentment through various processes likemeditation, religious beliefs, yoga, etc. The soul has the potential to attain consciousness after being through innumerable animal and human lives. The process of cleansing the mind from all impressions, wrong education and habits is called the spiritual practice. With these characteristics in mind it is possible to develop an idea of what a “spiritual experience” might look like for someone who engages themselves with their surroundings. The question becomes- how does architecture connect to an individual in a way that it complements the experiences, fulfilling the higher order humans need of self- transcendence. Architecture plays a major role in expressing the intangible to tangibles. The profound Tadao Ando’s design presents the concept of the spirit of place and establishes the nature and soul of architecture. His architecture is an assemblage of artistically composed surprises in space and form. And his works have enabled people to experience a journey involving growth, awareness and thinking by means of the practiced arrangement of path sequences such that the strength of metaphysical philosophical thinking could be experienced.
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Phenomenology of a place Phenomenology is the philosophical name for the method of investigating or inquiring into the meanings of our experiences as we live them. The method is phenomenological reflecting on pre-reflective or lived experience. (MOMENTS by Will Hoffman Inspired by David Eagleman’s book SUM). It is regarded as a multi-sensory architectural doctrine which helps in making people sense the architecture and brings the user closer to things and also drives them within. The interaction of movement-action, senses is essential as one is then able to identify scales, see a direction and enhance perceptions by experiencing. The understanding of the concept of spirituality is critical in this study leading towards its application in architecture. Holistic environment A holistic and spiritual approach to architecture may be seen in the works of Louis Kahn. He is typically described as a spiritual, mystical and religious figure in a period otherwise characterized by sterile determinism. The MacMillan Encyclopedia of Architects credits Kahn with the reintroduction of “inspirational and spiritual values to an art which had become stereotyped into anonymity and abstractions.” In Contemporary Architects Robert Maxwell also emphasizes the spiritual quality of Kahn’s work, claiming that “if the opportunity had been offered, Kahn would have been equal to the task of designing a cathedral for the modern age.” Kahn’s theory has a religious, philosophical and mystical basis and provokes questions of a metaphysical and theological nature. This dimension to his theory may be laid over a ‘this-worldly’ approach to design, and it may have been embellished in various articles which have been written about Kahn, but it does exist. He explains that silence is not quietness but he sees it as ‘lightless’ and darkness. His statement describes that light gives birth to the presence of the material that is enhanced by a shadow cast. Light and silence works in hand as they complement each other and inspire the users. Moreover, language is a medium to express art which has an everlasting value. The essence of silence therefore creates a sense of commonness that will last. (Jenks, 1997-206,207) Architecture design, when employed as a means of embodying holistic principles, can provide healing environments that directly relate to our human body structure. Holistic environment is primarily associated with treating the whole person through the built environment i.e. the physical, mental, emotional and spiritual. Pondering upon different ideologies health and well being are a part of the body spirit. Sickness is considered as an imbalance in life in the oriental civilization. Therefore, balance and harmony are vital and need to be restored in the body. In architecture, one can witness this through the various buildings but one of the profound designs is the holiday villa in Karuizawa, Japan, could well owe something to Frank Lloyd Wright's Falling water both buildings fit perfectly into their respective natural surroundings, while also echoing nature in their design. As its name suggests, the villa, which is set in woodland, is reminiscent of a shell.
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Fig 02- amidst the woodland
Fig 03- the holiday villa- Japan
According to the architects, ARTechnic: 'being in sync with nature isn't about yielding to nature - it's about coexistence. The existence of the structure depends on its power to endure nature. By isolating living space from the wilderness, and upgrading its quality as a shelter, the house will be protected from nature and will provide a comfortable environment. With this, the house will be taken care of and used frequently and continuously.' On another plane, organic architecture is symbolic of an expression of freedom. It could be used to renew traditional values. The influence of form, space and color of mankind has resulted in a spiritual ecology that needs to cater for all species in the environment. These elements combine together to create a holistic environment that induces spiritual consciousness. Fundamental solutions have been sought to allow a harmonious living with the land and nature. Nature is composed of interwoven ecosystems which are ‘continuous, interconnected and sustainable’. Nature is a self-sustained source. Thus, providing a selfsustained, holistic environment for its users.
Serene Qualities of spiritual architecture Through various readings and references we can now state that spirituality can be justified through the source of architecture. We live in a world of manifest phenomena. Yet, since the beginning of time, man has intuitively sensed the existence of another world: a no manifest world whose presence underlies — and makes manageable — the one he experiences every day. The principal vehicles through which we explore and communicate our notions of this no manifest world are religion, philosophy, and the arts. Like these, architecture too is generated by mythic beliefs, expressing the presence of a reality more profound than the manifest world in which it exists. Architecture has evolved through time and spirituality is one term which has been derived through the principles of architecture. It is through time that various architects and designers have started believing in designing spaces which are not limited to its façade but also has a meaning behind it. Under the readings of Emotional Architecture, Tadao Ando’s philosophy of designing has helped generate such the intangibles to tangibles. His designs have ushered accurate and moving concepts and themes by emulating delightful and moving feelings which provide people with a good poetic experience in various spatial structures. The actual significance of architecture lies in the feeling and affection it engenders in people (Tadao Ando-2012).
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Fig 04 - site plan- church of light
Figure 05 - illustrating natural light as an integrated feature of holistic atmosphere
Ando believes that the aim of all religions is the same, but there exists different ways to achieve it. But his architectural work expresses spirituality which is neutral, to all seekers of spirituality and not particularly of a given religion. Spiritual architecture is accompanied by an experiential feel into the space. For example, the Church of Light is a rectangular box angled by a bisecting free-standing concrete wall that directs the visitors into the chapel (Figure.05)
Landscaping elements in the environment In general human understanding of landscape is a fragment of nature understood as free from any presence, interference or control on the part of the man. The concepts that are the closest to it includes: wilderness, virginity, innocence and purity emphasizing the state of being immaculate, uncultivated and untouched by the man. The vegetative materials that exist or have been designed to enhance a landscape. Trees, hedges and grass form part of soft landscaping that includes water elements as well. Trees are used to provide shade apart from the benefits of refreshing the atmosphere. Grass is used as lawn areas that often become spaces of socialization and relaxation. Soft landscaping can be used to create framed views from an interior space. Some may provide a visual link from one space to the other while others define a hierarchy from public to private areas. Colors, textures, soft-scape are beneficial in terms of psychology. Natural spaces or even manmade landscaped areas provide calmness. Thus, all type of buildings have an open space or park or garden or landscaped zone or play areas for people to come and have a relaxing time. This is majorly because the human mind calls for a change, any kind of monotony may bring stress and depression to the humans. Spiritual practices can be performed in that kind of an environment where nature, fresh air and quietness are necessary.
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2.3 Selection process of the literature and method The basic idea of taking the specific literature readings was to understand the topic: SPIRITUALITY and ARCHITECTURE as separate entities and as combined topic. The literature has been selected on the basis of its requirement. For each of the topics and sub-topics there has been a different kind of literature reference that has been studied in an order that can be produced as it is in the research. These subtopics have helped evolve the research in a better manner. The methods used were book readings by various renowned architects and authors. These books varied from an architectural book to spiritual books and readings, the importance of nature and landscape, religion, phenomenology, history and many more. The other method used was internet study which was basically done for all kinds of information and their legibility. This process helped in the categorization of topics and sub-topics in a chronological order which was indeed helpful in systematically arranging the research that had to be done.
2.4 Brief review of each referred document A basic review has to be done on the documents and articles that are referred during the research process. Some of the relatable and important documents have been quoted below: Emotional architecture – A study by Tadao Ando’s Genius Loci Design philosophy and design syntax: The reading suggested the design philosophies and ideologies that have been used by Tadao Ando. His philosophy of designing: a. five senses design mode. b. Minimal design syntax mode and c. detail composition syntax with sky, light and water.
Fig: 06- showing the relation of built with nature
The primitive idea was to understand his design principles and how his work gave people a peace of mind and calmness. This article also included some of his famous works like- The Chichu Art museum, which was designed keeping earth and nature in mind, similar to a building embedded in the earth.(Figure: 06) the next referred document was Spirituality in place- Robert birch, Brian r. Sinclair .This article gave an overview about the design practice Page 21 of 50
in western society which primarily focuses on the human needs (physical and physiological). Using physiological theory to establish a basis for well-being and health. The basic help that was generated by this document was the understanding of creating spaces and places that connect in a meaningful way to the user. This paper commensurate the early exploration of the intersection between spirituality and place. What follows is the development and justification of a framework that begins to coalesce spirituality and place, moving toward the holistic relationship between architecture, people and the environment (Figure: 07). Different philosophies, their importance and how can they be implemented has also been portrayed. Major study of the Buddhist and the Taoist philosophies which offer a unique approach of producing spirituality.
Fig: 07- framework for spirituality in place.
“Monumentality”- the word in architecture may be defined as a quality, a spiritual quality inherent in a structure which conveys the feeling of its eternity that cannot be added to or changed. This has been elaborated in Study of monumentality- conversation with students by: Louis I.Kahn. During his lectures, Sir Louis I. Kahn has mentioned the importance of various aspects of architecture and design. One of which was Monumentality wherein he has explained that monumentality is enigmatic and cannot be intentionally created. This book has helped in understanding the causes and effects of a monumental scale building on humans. The study of monumentality has clarified many questions regarding how a building can be called spiritual or how a temple or sacred space creates that generates a feeling of awe. Thus, helping in answering much of the questions related to spirituality in architecture. There are various parameters which help in building a spiritual space. These parameters have been referred in various formats but to analyze this topic of research, the role of “Sacred geometry” has been studied in order to divert the human mind in the direction of sacredness of a space and not just its geometry. Geometry is essentially the study of space and architecture. Broadly, it is the formulation of space by construction or subdivision. The simplest enclosed space is the igloo that revolves around geometry (Blackwell, 1984: 3). A building must be designed to accommodate all the related elements of nature – rain, wind, fire, snow, earthquake and climatic changes. Nature and architecture are similar as they belong to the same surroundings. Buildings have to blend into the landscape without any disturbance to conserve natural resources. There are ancient monuments that continue to fascinate us and these Page 22 of 50
buildings where one breathes in, what we call, a certain ‘spirit’. Why is this so? Sri Aurobindo mentions this presence of the invisible in his book The Foundations of Indian Culture: “Architecture, sculpture and painting, because they are the three great arts which appeal to the spirit through the eye, are those too in which the sensible and the invisible meet with the strongest emphasis on themselves and yet the greatest necessity of each other”. It is well known that the Great Pyramid has a profound effect on man and matter. Research has shown that the room inside the pyramid influences the physical, chemical and biological processes of any object brought into it. This is majorly because of its proportions which are based on the golden section. Thus, incorporating proportions into a building can also generate spiritual movements and can be called a peace providing place.
2.5 Collating the literature review learnings The inferences generated by the above mentioned referred documents are mentioned below. Spirituality in architecture can be generated by the use of its elements and their effect can help the human mind attain calmness. Various non-religious buildings also generate such emotions by adequately using the natural elements. Minimalism and monumentality play a major role in generating the feeling of amazement and awe. The study of sacred geometry is not restricted to religious structures but can also be incorporated in any building which will influence the human’s physical, biological and chemical processes due to its proportions. Understanding of various philosophies and physiologies that affect the humans. Varied philosophies and design practices done in the Western countries have also been given which helps in analyzing and differentiating those with the other countries.
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CHAPTER 3 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY Structure of the Study
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3.1 Methods opted for data/case selection and its justification Four local case studies have been chosen in this chapter: The Lotus Temple (Figure: 08) , New Delhi, The Isha Yoga center (Figure: 09) , Veillingeri foothills, Coimbatore and Maitri Mandir,(Figure: 10) Auroville. The main reason for this selection is that each of the buildings contains specific aspect of spirituality and dealt in a different context. Information was gathered from the users of the building including authorities within the facilities. The collected data will lead to a better understanding of the institutional typology and its relevance in its context.
Fig: 08 -hall for meditation-Lotus temple
Fig 09-hall for meditation-Isha yoga
Fig: 10- hall for Meditation, Maitrimandir
A meditation centre is not only a hall to be in communion with the self, but it also incorporates various facilities that are useful to open the human senses and initiate the creativity of the mind. This chapter consists of different aspects that categorize the issues and problems mentioned earlier in the research. The idea is to test the theories as discussed in the literature review and establish a critique of the case studies. The chapter will consist of issues that have been raised previously in the literature review and they will be analyzed in various buildings. In this section, the issues are dealt with more importance by analyzing both qualitative and empirical data.
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
Primary data study Having a personal experience of spiritual spaces, the primary data comes from the case that was taken in Lotus Temple, New Delhi. It includes the procedure of how the survey was carried out and the understanding and interpretation of people from different countries and religion.

Secondary data study The secondary research consisted of the review of literature that was based on the concepts and theories stated in the previous section in order to address the research questions. The collection of data was carried out using the following resources: libraries and related resources, the computer and related resources, communication tools. The literature review consisted of a critical analysis from which recommendations and solutions for the research problems would be extracted. The research tools comprised references that were sourced from books, journals, articles, papers, electronic articles, precedent studies, raw data from interviews and questionnaires. The research problem and the selected case study were studied comprehensively as per the observations made. The collected materials were in the hard copy format that includes images, diagrams, photographs and sketches. Techniques of measurement were also applied to determine specific data. Substantial measurement was mostly used for objects and things especially in measuring lengths of an enclosed space.
3.1.1 Justification of study The cases have been carefully chosen for specific reason. The Lotus Temple in New Delhi where the inter-relationship between elements expresses the way man lives. The temple of the Baha’i faith is an iconic architectural structure and is viewed as the Mother Temple in the continent. Another case study of Isha Yoga Center, Veillingeri foothills, Coimbatore has been taken as it is an ashram which is created as a powerful sthana (a center for inner growth), this popular destination attracts people from all parts of the world and is unique in its offering of all the four major paths of yoga - gnana (knowledge), karma (action), kriya (energy), and bhakthi (devotion). Furthermore, there are two more case studies done, one- Maitri Mandir, Auroville, which has been built on the principles of sacred geometry which is incorporated from the Pyramids of Egypt. Maitri Mandir is a similar place as the Lotus Temple. These two case studies can be analyzed in a comparative manner to understand their structural differences and surroundings. The second case study is of the Lingaraja Temple, Bhuweneshwar which is taken considering the different aspects of spirituality which prevails in these religious temple and can be compared with the other three cases where there is no actual deity residing in the structure. Thus, to understand various factors affecting spirituality of a structure can be studied through these above mentioned cases.
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3.2 Methods opted for data/case collection and its justification Research methods have been explored to provide the basis of collection and analysis of data which was deemed necessary in satisfying the objectives of this study. A systematic method of collecting and analyzing information was established to recommend solutions to problems and issues inferred by the topic. The methodical approach of this study concentrated on site investigations. Various methods used for data collection are: Online referencing Questionnaire Survey Participant observer Library study
3.3 Methods opted for data analysis and its justification The information that is now gathered can further be analyzed through different methods. In order to draw inferences from the collected data, the process of the study of these matters becomes important. The following methods can be carried out in order to analyze the data:
Interpretation of case studies
The data has been collected in the form of literature case study as the cases involve study of different spiritual spaces like – ashrams and temples. Thus, the information gathered is analyzed in a way that the inferences from individual cases help in further studies.
Data presentation
The data collected can further be elaborated in the form of, matrix, graphs and charts which will then help in evaluating the data in a specific manner. Thus, making the data presentation easier to comprehend the study. Graphical representation is a more appropriate way of presenting the data as it will make the cases look clearer.
Descriptive method
The data collected can also be represented in a subjective manner. This can be done by primarily organizing the data in an order and then taking out the inferences. This will help in understanding the research and hence, help in drawing better conclusions.
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3.4 Advantages and limitations of the methods opted During the process of data selection, collection and analysis there are many advantages like having to converse with people who are a part of that organization. This gives the case a more authenticity and reliability. This also helped in limiting the scope of the research while getting the first hand experience. Limitations faced during this process were the availability of the authorities which gave authentic knowledge on the place (which consumed a lot of time).
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CHAPTER 4 DATA DEMONSTRATION
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4.1 Data collection structure/format Data collection format will help in arranging the study in a proper hierarchy. The methods used for data collection:
Internet study
The study being such a wide topic that is being faced across the world and different measures are being taken on a comprehensive level, online sources are very reliable sources where maximum data can be interpreted and collected. Study of different kinds of cases in different scenarios becomes important to understand and resolve case specific solution.
Library study
To understand the cases and site there is a need to know the history of the place. Library study is important as it gives qualitative data and reliable sources for the study. The significance of using these methods was to chronologically arrange the study in order to have better inference.
Questionnaire
Questionnaires are prepared for the people who are a part of the event directly. This is done in order to understand the then current scenario of the ashrams or the spiritual centers and how these people feel while in that space. A set of questions are prepared for the people in order to extract information that is required.
Survey
Survey of the site is a must as it gives a direct analysis of the effects of various elements of architecture that will bring out the feeling of spirituality in people at that very moment.
Participant observer
Being involved directly in such places gives extensive firsthand experience, this helps in better analyzing of the place. The need to understand the requirement of the people in these areas is important. Thus, information is collected through surveys which are conducted in these areas.
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4.2 Data set: presentation of unprocessed data The unprocessed data is a set of study which has not been inferred at all. The cases are presented as it is without the understanding and implication of the study.
CASE 1: LOTUS TEMPLE, NEW DELHI The Lotus Temple (Figure: 11)of the Baha’i Faith is an iconic architectural structure in India. It is viewed as the Mother Temple in the continent. It was designed by Iranian architect Fariborz Sahba. The Lotus Temple accommodates people of all religions. The aim is to practice meditation in a perfect place to achieve peace of mind. The temple is a symbol that represents the Baha’i Faith by expressing simplicity, clarity and freshness by the architecture it reveals. The motif of the lotus flower as held in the hand is symbolic of divine birth in the spiritual world. It also represents eternal life, its preservation and procreation.
Fig: 11 - lotus temple and its surroundings.
CASE 2: DHAMMA VIPASANA CENTER- PUSHKAR, RAJASTHAN Dhamma Pushkar, meaning 'Lotus of Dhamma', is situated at Village Rewat (Kadel) near Pushkar in District Ajmer, Rajasthan, India. Residential meditation courses are held here throughout the year. The Centre ( Figure: 12) is surrounded by the age old Aravalli hills on one side while the sacred lake of Pushkar and sprawling sand dunes stretch on the other.
Fig: 12 - Meditation hall
Fig: 13 - surroundings of the ashram
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4.3 Challenges in data collection procedure The data collected for purpose of conducting research had few limitations which acted as the constraints for the dissertation. The methods used for data collection were simple, authentic, helpful and easily accessible yet there are few methods which came with restrictions.  Conducting surveys was not as an easy task as it was time consuming and also that the people are not always willing to be a part of the survey.  Being involved directly in such places gives extensive firsthand experience, this helps in better analyzing of the place. But, there can be an issue of permissions which may act as a barrier in getting the desired data.
4.4 The nature of the data set: both qualitative and quantitative It is through elaborate word description of what is observed. Throughout the research, the analysis depended on the researcher’s personal judgment and critical analysis on the case studies. Methods that are usually opted for gathering information are: 1. Participant observation 2. Field notes 3. Structural/ Semi-structural interviews and analysis of documents and materials. Considering the above data, it is structured and analyzed in the above chapters which are extensively done through qualitative nature of data set. The advantages have been seen throughout the writing process as it has helped in keeping the context into account. The study has managed to keep the research deep and smooth. The research is dynamic in nature as it can account for and adapt to quick changes.
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CHAPTER 5 ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION
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CHAPTER 5 ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION This chapter consists of an analysis of the research findings in the previous chapters in this document. The aim is to have a comprehensive understanding of the research in a summarized form. Important aspects of the literature review such as concepts and theories will be analyzed, discussed and compared as well as the constituents of precedents and case studies
5.1 Strength and limitations of the collected data A thorough research was carried out to understand the various qualities of architecture that would establish and enhance a spiritual environment. The phenomenology of place reveals that the experiential journey is essential in designing a sacred environment. A place is designed for the benefit of humans psychologically, visually, physically, socially and culturally. Nature is highly influential in creating a holistic environment as it combines with architectural elements to evoke and invoke the essence of spirituality. Such an environment is conducive for spiritual practices that include meditation and yoga. The collected data has its strengths and limitations which have helped in achieving the answers to the critical questions.
5.1.1 Strength While collecting and understanding the data mentioned above there have been few things which came to notice. These have helped in evolving the crux of the entire research. The data is resourceful and reliable as the source of the data is authentic The data has provided with facts that where unknown to the researcher and has helped in understanding and answering the critical enquiries. During the process of data collection for example- primary case study, was the ease of access to the site-Lotus temple, New Delhi. This made the job easier to analyze the building and its effect on humans. 5.1.2 Limitations Under the same circumstances, there were few issues where the research found limitation to under and express things better. The difficulty in understanding different religions and the belief in spirituality. While conducting the case studies there were not many willing people who would want to answer to the given questions. The issues in getting permission for a few building mentioned above in the case studies. Not all the case studies could be primary studies due to their distance and limitation with time.
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5.2 Visual representations of the data This segment will represent the data that has been inferred in a visual manner. This analysis has helped in the development of the research and a better understanding of the different use of elements of architecture with spiritual meaning which is being derived from it.
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5.2.3 Inferences taken from the data collection through questionnaire for youth. This survey was conducted to infer the ideologies and perception of our youth about religion and spirituality. I. HOW OFTEN DO YOU VISIT A RELIGIOUS PLACE?
VISITING RELIGIOUS PLACES 10%
ONCE A WEEK 20% 70%
ONCE A YEAR RARELY/OCCASS IONALY/NEVER
II. DO YOU PAY THE VISIT WILLINGLY OR DUE TO EXTERNAL REASONS?
PAYING VISIT TO RELIGIOUS PLACES 10%
WILLINGLY 90%
UN-WILLINGLY
III. IS THERE A NEED TO ESTABLISH SEPARATE SPIRITUAL CENTERS?
NEED FOR SEPARATE SPIRITUAL CENTERS 10% YES
NO 90%
MAYBE
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5.3 Cause and effect relationship The topic of spirituality through architecture has already unfolded different meanings throughout the research. The cause and effect of this subject has been mentioned throughout the study of this topic. The studies of various elements that have helped generate the essence of spirits, spirituality, peace and calmness which are the effects of various architectural causes. These effects can be seen through different cases studied so far to analyze the relationship between the causes and the effect. While observing the humongous Lotus Temple, New Delhi, there were few things that stayed in the mind because of its explicit form. The role of monumentality in this structure has been a major cause of generating the effect of awe. Thus, spirituality came to existence in this building. Further, study on various aspects like sacred geometry which has led to the beautiful Maitrimandir, Auroville to be magnificent and so peaceful that it attracts people for the purpose of meditation. The aspects of sacred geometry has been studied and mentioned in the previous chapters which state its purpose and logic of geometry used. Thus, leaving an effect on the users.
5.4 The final comments This research has illustrated the various qualities of architecture and how they can be applied to create a holistic environment. The buildings analyzed have architectural elements that make the journey through them experiential and memorable. There is a human belonging to the place. These elements enhance the spiritual quality of the space as well as the well-being of the users. Hence, upon interacting in a serene environment the users are welcomed in a spiritual world as their sensory experience augment in space. A holistic atmosphere is existent and is effective for spiritual practice. The following chapter marks the conclusion of the research by examining the research questions posed in this study.
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CHAPTER 6 CONCLUSION
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6.1 Recapitulations of research question and its significance The research findings provide comprehensive literature regarding the problems stated in this dissertation. The main question posed in this research was the determining architectural qualities that will be necessary in creating an environment favorable for spiritual practices. The objective was to source these qualities by conducting thorough studies on theories related to architecture to establish a contextual and critical understanding of these issues. First, the human senses have been deeply described and the sensory nature of experiences has been addressed by explaining how it contributes to the spirit of a place. The human body conceals energy sources named chakras which when activated during meditation practices may allow a continuous flow of energy leading to self-realization. The five sensory faculties of touch, sight, hearing, taste and smell can be refined through spiritual practices. Thus, the senses are responsive and become aware to changes in the environment and in the human body. Such a transformation is effective when architectural elements in space manifest in creating experiential journeys. The notion of multi-sensory experiences is stated in the theory of phenomenology. The latter strongly advocates the interaction of the senses in terms of movement and action; allowing people to identify with the space they are in. Furthermore, the role of order in arranging the elements of architecture for creating the sense of spirituality mentioned in the research questions have been studied by analyzing the approach presented by serene qualities of architecture which is associated with the holistic approach and the surrounding environment. Climatic and physical conditions of the environment influence the building and its users. The engagement of different elements with nature can be used to create a poetic essence of place in the form of light and art. The user’s experience involves a sense of touch in contrast to a visual sense. By adopting a universal approach, a sense of expression is created that involves the evolution of the being. Hence, ideas are generated to respond to the transformation of human experience.
6.2 Research inference and its significance Throughout the research process there have been various assured documents that have been referred and taken inference from. These research documents have helped in generating inferences which have helped in validating the entire research. The aim was to study the qualities of architecture that will influence the human spiritual well being towards establishing architectural guideline that will facilitate spiritual practices. These guidelines will be extracted from concepts, theories, precedents and case studies. The literature review carried out focused on these aspects and the study was able to determine that space requires a physical element. As such, space becomes a place as its physical attributes allow it to be identifiable since it develops a character based on functional, spatial and environmental factors. The research has been able to determine the application of various architectural qualities like study of phenomenology, light, holistic environment, spirituality and nature which has helped in determining an appropriate environment for the spiritual practice.
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6.3 Revisiting the central claim Qualities of architecture will influence the human spiritual wellbeing. By exploring the various spiritual architecture dimensions and by understanding the effect of space, light and the spiritual experience of architecture on humans. The precedents and case studies revealed the application of architectural qualities to create the essence of spirituality. Concepts and theories were used as main design generators to create serene environments for spiritual practices. Natural landscaping is part and parcel of the holistic value of a place where not only soft landscaping but also hard landscaping is applied effectively to suit the needs of the users. On the whole, this dissertation consists of an indepth study of architectural qualities that coexist and form a balance in creating the spirit of a place.
6.4 The future research possibilities Further studies may be required to investigate the relation of these architectural qualities with Earth. Access to spiritual workshops and possible engagement in spiritual activities may help to understand better, the needs of the users and the issues inferred by the topic. In a more detailed research, the origin of spirituality and how it was brought in religion in prehistoric times might be a future study where aspects of Gods and their relation to humans may be tackled in an aim to develop spiritual architecture. Further research may also look at devising a universal architecture that is accepted by all religions in an aim to propagate spirituality globally.
6.5 Project Possibilities After understanding the use of architectural elements which will generate the essence of spirituality will lead to a better understanding for designing: Spiritual retreat Meditation center Spiritual resort Yoga center
6.6 Conclusion To conclude, this current document comprises studies that have been researched primarily to the optimum capabilities of the researcher whilst considering certain constraints that may have prevented the broader studies indicated. Throughout this dissertation, various aspects of architecture have been researched and analyzed. These aspects are needed to create a spiritual environment towards establishing meditation centers that will primarily accommodate spiritual practices. The spatial, functional, tactile, sensory and natural elements contribute in connecting man to his environment. These qualities will be used in the design stage complemented by the concepts and theories studied in the literature review.
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REFERENCE
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Books and Publications Asthana, Dr. Ranjana. Wholesome Health. Gwalior, Madhia Pradesh: Admen Multi Studios, 2008. A journey from Pain to Liberation Blackwell, William. Geometry in architecture. New York: Wiley, 1984 Brown, Percy. Indian architecture. Bombay: D.B. Taraporevala Sons, 1956. Juhani, Pallasmaa. The eyes of the skin: architecture and the senses. Chichester: Wiley, 2014 Kahn, Louis I. Louis I. Kahn: Conversations with students. Houston, Texas: Princeton architectural press, 1969. Ohashi, Tomio. Tadao Ando Naoshima contemporary art museum. Tokyo: Kajima Institute, 2002. Swami Paramananda, S. 2004. Spiritual Experiences. Rose Hill: Mauritius Printing Specialist.
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Internet Sources "Brief History of Matrimandir's Conception." Brief History of Matrimandir's Conception | Auroville. Accessed November 12, 2017. https://www.auroville.org/contents/2084 "Expressing spirituality in art and architecture." Artrust - In art we trust. Accessed November 12, 2017. https://www.artrust.ch/expressing-spirituality-in-art-and-architecture/?lang=en. "Isha Yoga Center." Isha.sadhguru.org. Accessed November 12, 2017. http://isha.sadhguru.org/isha-global-centers/isha-yoga-center/. "Organic architecture - 11 best buildings." DesignCurial. Accessed November 12, 2017. http://www.designcurial.com/news/organic-architecture---11-best-buildings-4540983/8 "Pyramid." Ancient History Encyclopedia. Accessed November 12, 2017. https://www.ancient.eu/pyramid/. "Shell by ARTechnic architects." Dezeen. July 18, 2012. Accessed November 12, 2017. https://www.dezeen.com/2009/01/04/shell-by-artechnic-architects/. "Spirituality In Architecture." THE JOURNAL OF THE SRI LANKA INSITITUTE OF ARCHITECTS. Accessed November 12, 2017. http://www.thearchitect.lk/2011/10/spritualityin-architecture/. TEDtalksDirector. "How do you build a sacred space? | Siamak Hariri." YouTube. May 12, 2017. Accessed November 12, 2017. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sRT61YB0hSQ. The Art of Spiritual Living. Accessed November 12, 2017. http://www.yoganandasrf.org/HowtoLive/The_Art_of_Spiritual_Living.aspx#.WggvZFuCy01.
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APPENDIX
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APPENDIX 1: INTERVIEWS Appendix 1.1: Interview Questions- For youth 1. What is spirituality for you?
2. How would you define peace?
3. Is there any particular kind of place where you find inner peace?
4. How do you feel when in a room and when in an open area?
5. Your belief in religion?
6. How often do you visit a religious place?
7. Do you pay the visit willingly or due to external reasons?
8. What difference do you find in a spiritual religious and a spiritual non-religious place?
9. Is there a need to establish separate spiritual centers?
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Appendix 1.2: Interview of Respondent 1 1. What is spirituality for you? Spirituality for me is enlightenment, the knowledge when I will no more be affected by the trade of the world. 2. How would you define peace? Where my world is stable, away from the chaos 3. Is there any particular kind of place where you find inner peace? Still finding that place 4. How do you feel when in a room and when in an open area? Feel claustrophobic in an enclosed cubical, especially when there are many people. Would prefer an open area. 5. Your belief in religion? Skeptical! I believe in one power, the energy. 6. How often do you visit a religious place? Rarely 7. Do you pay the visit willingly or due to external reasons? Sometimes willingly, most time due to external reasons 8. What difference do you find in a spiritual religious and a spiritual nonreligious place? Haven’t ever visited non-religious spiritual place, so cant say, but like the idea of it. 9. Is there a need to establish separate spiritual centers? Yes, but care must be taken that they don’t become crowded, else it will affect human behavioral pattern.
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Appendix 1.3: Interview of Respondent 2 1. What is spirituality for you? 2. How would you define peace? That state of mind where all I can hear is the chirping of birds, rustling of trees, a river flowing and a unicorn is running down a rainbow in my sight. 3. Is there any particular kind of place where you find inner peace? All these places that promote my interests, family. 4. How do you feel when in a room and when in an open area? When I’m in a room, the question I ask myself “what can I do sitting in this room,” once I burst through the walls, I have a whole new world ahead of me. 5. Your belief in religion? For me, religion is something that is holding you back from being the real you. 6. How often do you visit a religious place? Neva-eva Nigga! 7. Do you pay the visit willingly or due to external reasons? My parents fool me into going to the Gurudwara. They say, “ Praveer, we hav to go somewhere, we have some work there.” 8. What difference do you find in a spiritual religious and a spiritual nonreligious place? At a spiritual religious place, people spend money on a statue to bring about a change in their lives, whereas in a spiritual non-religious place people get that done by spending money on themselves and sometimes for free. 9. Is there a need to establish separate spiritual centers? Yes, because there are groups of people with similar thought process
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