ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Firstly, I would like to thank Pearl Academy for providing me an opportunity and a bundle of knowledge for working through this assignment. I would like to express my heartily gratitude to my tutor Ms Suhasini mam for her great support and guidance. I would like to thank Harroop mam, for helping me with my report and guiding me through the assignment. I would also like to thank the people and specially the sights who have helped me a lot which are duly acknowledged in the assignment.
Content
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The report will cover the history of interior design and art through the ancient times. It shows how style has evolved, related factors. The report also highlights the different social events that took place in different periods and took over the designing styles.
PRE HISTORIC
Introduction Mesopotamia, Greek meaning 'between two rivers’ was an ancient region in the eastern Mediterranean bounded in the northeast by the Zagros Mountains and in the southeast by the Arabian Plateau. The 'two rivers' of the name referred to the Tigris and the Euphrates rivers and the land was known as 'Al-Jazirah' (the island) by the Arabs referencing what Egyptologist J.H. Breasted would later call the Fertile Crescent where Mesopotamian civilization began. Mesopotamia was a collection of varied cultures whose only real bonds were their script their Gods and their attitude toward women.
Plague – Lion biting man’s neck
Sculptures Many of the extant figures in stone are votive statues, as indicated by the phrases used in the inscriptions that they often bear: “It offers prayers” or “Statue, say to my king (God)” Male statues stand or sit with hands clasped in an attitude of prayer. They are often naked above the waist and wear a woollen skirt woven in an unusual pattern that suggests overlapping petals (commonly described by the Greek word kaunakes, meaning “thick cloak”). A toga like garment sometimes covers one shoulder. Men generally wear long hair and a heavy beard, both often trimmed in corrugations and painted black. The eyes and eyebrows are emphasized with coloured inlay. The female coiffure varies considerably but predominantly consists of a heavy coil arranged vertically from ear to ear and a chignon behind. The hair is sometimes concealed by a headdress of folded linen. Ritual nakedness is confined to priests. Statue of Gudea
Greek Architecture
Historians divide Ancient Greek civilization into two eras, the Hellenic period (from around 900 BC to the death of Alexander the Great in 323 BC), and the Hellenistic period (323 BC to 30 AD). During the later (Hellenistic) period, Greek culture spread widely, initially as a result of Alexander's conquest of other lands, and later as a result of the rise of the Roman Empire, which adopted much of Greek culture. The second important type of building that survives all over the Hellenic world is the open-air theatre, with the earliest dating from around 350 BC. Other architectural forms that are still in evidence are the processional gateway (propylon), the public square (agora) surrounded by storied colonnade (stoa), the town council building (bouleuterion), the public monument, the monumental tomb (mausoleum) and the stadium.
Pillar www.ancient.eu
Egypt Architecture For almost 30 centuries—from its unification around 3100 B.C. to its conquest by Alexander the Great in 332 B.C.—ancient Egypt was the preeminent civilization in the Mediterranean world. From the great pyramids of the Old Kingdom through the military conquests of the Archeology virginia New Kingdom, Egypt’s majesty has long www.archeologyvirginia.org entranced archaeologists and historians and created a vibrant field of study all its own: Egyptology. The main sources of information about ancient Egypt are the many monuments, objects and artefacts that have been recovered from archaeological sites, covered with hieroglyphs that have only recently been deciphered. The picture that emerges is of a culture with few equals in the beauty of its art, Ancient Sphinx Giza the accomplishment of its architecture or the hdwallpapersfactory.com richness of its religious traditions.
ZIGGURATS Ziggurats were built by the Sumerians, Babylonians, Elamites, Akkadians, and Assyrians for local religions. Each ziggurat was part of a temple complex which included other buildings. The precursors of the ziggurat were raised platforms that date from the Ubaid period during the fourth millennium BC. Sun-baked bricks made up the core of the ziggurat with facings of fired bricks on the outside. The facings were often glazed in different colours and may have had astrological significance.
www.google.co.in
Ramesses Ramses born in 1303 BC; died July or August 1213 BC; reigned 1279–1213 BC), also known as Ramses the Great, was the third pharaoh of the Nineteenth Dynasty of Egypt. He is often regarded as the greatest, most celebrated, and most powerful pharaoh of the Egyptian Empire. His successors and later Egyptians called him the "Great Ancestor At age fourteen, Ramses was appointed Prince Regent by his father . He is believed to have taken the throne in his late teens and is known to have ruled Egypt from 1279 BC to 1213 BC. On his death, he was buried in a tomb in the Valley of the Kings his body was later moved to a royal cache where it was discovered in 1881, and is now on display in the Cairo Museum.
Ramesses Flikko 2.bp.blogspot.com
Moses Moses was, according to the Hebrew Bible, a former Egyptian prince later turned prophet, religious leader and lawgiver, to whom the authorship of the Torah is traditionally attributed. Also called Moshe Rabbenu in Hebrew he is the most important prophet in Judaism. He is also an important prophet in Christianity and Islam, as well as a number of other faiths. The existence of Moses as well as the veracity of the Exodus story are disputed among archaeologists and Egyptologists, with experts in the field of biblical criticism citing logical inconsistencies, new archaeological evidence, historical evidence, and related origin myths in Canaanite culture. Other historians maintain that the biographical details and Egyptian background attributed to Moses imply the existence of a historical political and religious leader who was involved in the consolidation of the Hebrew tribes in Canaan towards the end of the Bronze Age.
Moses Breaking the Tables of the Law
en.wikipedia.org
Hellenistic The Hellenistic period is the period of ancient Greek and eastern Mediterranean history between the death of Alexander the Great in 323 BC and the emergence of the Roman Empire as signified by the Battle of Actium in 31 BC and the subsequent conquest of Ptolemaic Egypt the following year. At this time, Greek cultural influence and power was at its peak in Europe, Africa and Asia, experiencing prosperity and progress in the arts, exploration, literature, theatre, archi tecture, music, mathematics, philosophy, and science. It is often considered a period of transition, sometimes even of decadence or degeneration, compared to the brilliance of the Greek Classical era.
Hellenistic Art
World of Art www.google.co.in
Art Poster by Ollywood
Introduction Art Deco is also called as style modern movement in the decorative arts and Architecture that originated in the 1920s and was developed into a major style in western Europe and the United States during the 1930s. Its name was derived from the Exposition Internationale des Arts Poster by Bevis Hillier elvirabarney.files.wordpress.com DĂŠcoratifs et Industriels Modernes, held in Paris in 1925, where the style was first exhibited. Art Deco design represented modernism turned into fashion. Its products included both individually crafted luxury items and mass-produced wares, but in either case, the intention was to create a sleek and anti traditional elegance that symbolized wealth and sophistication.
History The Art Deco style, adopted by architects and designers around the world, spanned the "Roaring Twenties", the Great Depression of the early 1930s, and the years leading up to the Second World War. It suffered a decline in popularity during the late 30s and early 40s, when it began to be seen as too gaudy and ostentatious for wartime austerity, after which it quickly fell out of fashion. The first resurgence of interest in Art Deco occurred in the 1960s - coincident with the movement's affect on Pop Art - and then again in the 1980s, in line with growing interest in graphic design. The style appeared in a number of jewellery and fashion ads.
Stained in glass. www.artdecodesign.info
Glass stained www.purldeco.com
Architecture Art Deco architecture was first and foremost considered to be decorative ornamental and Brick work in Detroit beautifying. Buildings, hotels, cinemas, railway bbandm.files.wordpress.com stations, etc. were all embellished with quintessential Deco patterns like zigzags, sunbursts, Egyptian motifs and similar geometric patterns all in the name of beauty. The fact that Art Deco architectural designs were so enthusiastically adopted by architects in countries as diverse as the United Kingdom, Spain, Cuba, Indonesia, the Philippines, Argentina, Romania, Australia, New Zealand, India and Brazil, says much for the style's novel monumentality.
The blissery www.theblissery.com
Peacock by Chronoperates
Introduction
Art Nouveau, the French term for “New Art,� is a colourful movement in the arts that captivated Europe during the transition from the 19th century to the 20th century. Czech Republic This cultural movement included decorative www.czechtourism.com and applied arts, architecture, and painting during the years 1890 to 1905. The Art Nouveau movement produced new themes in architecture. Curvy lines known as curvilinear in art, asymmetrical shapes and forms, surfaces with leaf and vine decorations, and other patterns characterize Art Nouveau buildings. F. Champenois fineartamerica.com
Architecture Art Nouveau architecture was one of the great ubiquitous cultural impulses, appearing virtually throughout Europe and Scandinavia, and in America too. A very vigorous strain developed in Belgium, where Henri van de European city Velde (1863-1937) pared away the conventions www.puretravel.com of art and architecture in favour of a rather rigid floral style (his house at Uccle, 1895), while Victor Horta (1861-1947) seems to have passed the rule-book through a maze of botanical fact (the Hotel Tassel, 1892-3, and the Maison du Peuple, 1896-9 in Brussels). Horta was widely admired for his readiness to reconsider basic design problems and for the Victorian + Edwardian Eras cdn.yomadic.com fluency of his adaptations of organic principle.
Furniture Furniture created in the Art Nouveau style was prominent from the late 19th century to the advent of the First World War. Unlike furniture made by the British Arts and Crafts movement, from which it emerged in stylistic respects, most Art Nouveau furniture was produced in factories by normal manufacturing techniques, which led to tensions with Arts and Crafts figures in England, who criticised continental Art Nouveau furniture for not being 'honestly' constructed. It also tended to be expensive, as a fine finish, usually polished or varnished, was regarded as essential, and continental designs were usually very complex, with curving shapes that were expensive to make. It by no means entirely replaced other styles of furniture, which continued to be popular, with Art Nouveau styles largely restricted to an expensive "art furniture" category.
www.custommade.com
Victoria Culture www.cv.vic.gov.au
Introduction Romanticism was an artistic, literary, and intellectual movement that originated in Europe toward the end of the 18th century and in most areas was at its peak in the approximate period from 1800 to 1850. It was embodied most strongly in the visual arts, music, and literature, but had a major impact on historiography, education and the natural sciences. Romantic period it was associated with liberalism and radicalism, its longterm effect on the growth of nationalism was probably more significant.
The three Fates www.oilpaintingfactory.com
Romanticism was a literary movement that swept through virtually every country of Europe, the United States, and Latin America that lasted from about 1750 to 1870. Romanticism's essential spirit was one of revolt against an established order of things-against precise rules, laws, dogmas, and formulas that characterized Classicism in general and late18th-century Neoclassicism in particular
Titanic Bottle www.kingsacademy.com
REALISM
Mona Lisa germotte.ca
Still Life www.danielchiriac.com
Realism naturalism in the arts is the attempt to represent subject matter truthfully, without artificiality and avoiding artistic conventions, implausible, exotic and supernatural elements. The realism art movement in painting began in France in the 1850s, after the 1848 Revolution. The realist painters rejected Romanticism, which had come to dominate French literature and art, with roots in the late 18th century.
Realism in Asia opencontours.files.wordpress.com
Socialist Realism Habits www.marxists.org
Art Realism is the very precise, detailed and accurate representation in art of the visual appearance of scenes and objects. Realism in this sense is also called naturalism, mimesis or illusionism. had ever seen in real life. In 19thcentury Realism art movement painters such as Courbet are by no means especially noted for precise and careful depiction of visual appearances; in Courbet's time that was more often a characteristic of Academic painting, which very often depicted with great skill and care scenes that were contrived and artificial, or imagined historical scenes.
Nocturne: Blue and GoldOld Battersea Bridge en.wikipedia.org
BAROQUE
Introduction The Baroque is often thought of as a period of artistic style that used exaggerated motion and clear, easily interpreted detail to produce drama, tension, exuberance, and grandeur in sculpture, painting, architecture, literature, dance, and music. The style began around 1600 in Rome, Italy and spread to most of Europe. The popularity and success of the Baroque style was encouraged by the Catholic Church, which had decided at the time of the Council of Trent, in response to the Protestant Reformation, that the arts should communicate religious themes in direct and emotional involvement.
The Church of Sant'Andrea al Quirinale, designed by Gian Lorenzo Bernini.
en.wikipedia.org.jpg
Aeneas flees burning Troy, Federico Barocci, 1598.
en.wikipedia.org.jpg
Paintings A defining statement of what Baroque signifies in painting is provided by the series of paintings executed by Peter Paul Rubens for Marie de Medici at the Luxembourg Palace in Paris in which a Catholic painter satisfied a Catholic patron, Baroque-era conceptions of monarchy, iconography, handling of paint, and compositions as well as the depiction of space and movement. The later Baroque style gradually gave way to a more decorative Rococo.
Still-life, by Josefa de Ă“bidos, c.1679,SantarĂŠm, Portugal, Municipal Library
en.wikipedia.org4.jpg
Caravaggio, The Crowning with Thorns
en.wikipedia.org
Sculptures In Baroque sculpture, groups of figures assumed new importance and there was a dynamic movement and energy of human. Baroque sculpture often had multiple ideal viewing angles.
Stanislas Kostka on his deathbed by Pierre Le Gros the Younger. en.wikipedia.jpg
CUBISM
Introduction Cubism has been considered the most influential art movement of the 20th century. The term is broadly used in association with a wide variety of art produced in Paris during the 1910s and extending through the 1920s. The movement was pioneered by Georges Braque and Pablo Picasso, A primary influence that led to Cubism was the representation of threedimensional form in the late works of Paul CĂŠzanne.
Picaso Pablo – Self Portrait 3.bp.blogspot.com
Art In Cubist artwork, objects are analyzed, broken up and reassembled in an abstracted form—instead of depicting objects from one viewpoint, the artist depicts the subject from a multitude of viewpoints to represent the subject in a greater context.
Pablo Picasso’s Portrait www.redbubble.com
Architecture Cubism formed an important link between early 20th-century art and architecture. Architectural interest in Cubism centered on the dissolution and reconstitution of threedimensional form, using simple geometric shapes, juxtaposed without the illusions of classical perspective. Diverse elements could be superimposed, made transparent or penetrate one another, while retaining their spatial relationships.
Introduction Futurism was an artistic and social movement that originated in Italy in the early 20th century. It emphasized and glorified themes associated with contemporary concepts of the future, including speed, technology, youth and violence, and objects such as the car, the aero plane and the industrial city. It was largely and Italian phenomenon, though there were parallel movements in Russia, England and elsewhere. The Futurists practiced in every medium of art, including painting, sculpture, ceramics, graphic design, industrial design, etc.
Rendering based on Antonio Sant’Elia
Architecture In an early-20th century form of architecture born in Italy, characterized by strong chromaticism, long dynamic lines, suggesting speed, motion, urgency and lyricism: it was a part of futurism, an artistic movement founded by the poet Filippo Tommaso Marinetti, who produced its first manifesto in 1909. The movement attracted not only poets, musicians, and artists. A cult of the machine age and even a glorification of war and violence were among the themes of the Futurists.
Perspective drawings
LIMITATIONS • Lack of books is the major limitation for. • Other limitation is covering maximum topics in less time. • Referencing of images was a major task. Lastly, I enjoyed making the report as I like history.
CONCLUSION By the end of this report, I have gathered information related to various architectural styles, concepts and arts of different times throughout history. This information can further be used in different projects to make outstanding designs. I can now relate different paintings and styles to different periods which will help me in styling a space in a different way.
BIBLIOGRAPHY •http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_of_Mesopotamia#mediaviewer/File:Nimrud_ivory_li on_eating_a_man.jpg • http://i0.wp.com/www.danielchiriac.com/casavada/paintings/still_life-realismfine_art-oil_painting-bookshelf.jpg •http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_of_Mesopotamia#mediaviewer/File:Statue_Gudea_M et_59.2.jpg •http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moses#mediaviewer/File:Rembrandt__Moses_with_the_Ten_Commandments_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg •www.google.co.in/search?newwindow=1&espv=2&biw=1366&bih=624&tbm=isch&sa=1 &q=ZIGGURATS&oq=ZIGGURATS&gs •http://opencontours.files.wordpress.com/2010/05/marketplace.jpg •http://i0.wp.com/www.danielchiriac.com/casavada/paintings/still_life-realism-fine_artoil_painting-bookshelf.jpg