Survivors by Survivors Graduate Architecture Studio May 2017

SURVIVORS >healing architecture in response to political torture volume I

>foreword The studio project explores the relationships between human well-being and architecture through design of a facility, the purpose of which is to support the rehabilitation of torture survivors. For decades, and with increasing intensity, news media have reported about cruel conflicts and brutal wars in many regions of the world. Torture and other atrocities are among the horrific everyday experiences of many men, women, and children who have to endure life under viciously cruel political conditions. The goal of the studio is the investigation into the requirements, qualities, and characteristics through which an architectural setting can provide torture survivors with a healing sanctuary and help them rebuild their lives.

THE AUTHORS a unified effort

>levi caraway

>rachel gordon

>brianna grimm

>nicole harris

>mathew heatherly

>journi johnson

>sarah kershner

>shruti kumar

>ethan moulder

>sydell paul

>susanne siepl-coates

>blake wilson 5

TABLE OF CONTENTS volume I Acknowledgments_ 8 Chapter I _ preliminary research_ 10 _ defining torture_ 12 _ center for victims of torture _ 18 _ insights regarding healing environments_ 24 _ contextual need for torture rehabilitation_ 32 _ site history & context_ 36 Chapter II _ site analysis_ 46 _ study tour_ 48 _ location_ 52 _ topography & land use_ 58 _ demographics_ 66 _ transportation_ 72 _ vegetation & natural features_ 80 _ surrounding context_ 88 _ local resources_ 90 _ climate_ 100 _ sustainability_ 108 _ building code reference_ 114 Chapter III _ precedent studies_ 118 _ maggieâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s centres_ 122 _ global north projects_ 168 _ global south projects_ 238 Chapter IV _ vision_ 296 _ literature_ 298 _ interviews_ 300 _ study tour buildings_ 304 _ vision statements_ 314 Bibliography_ 320 7

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS thank you >contributions Several people contributed to the studio work during the fall 2016 semester. The class was skillfully challenged and capably supported by two professionals who served as graduate committee members: Dixie R. Junk, architect and former president of Junk Architects, P.C., Kansas City, MO, and currently priest-in-charge at St. Paulâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Episcopal Church in Kansas City, KS; and Aaron Schump, Visiting Assistant Professor at Kansas State University and president of the Manhattan, KS, based firm Aaron Schump // Architect, LLC. Two guest speakers who work with victims of trauma provided much experience-based information. Professor Briana Nelson Goff Ph.D. has focused her clinical work and research on stress symptoms in trauma survivor couples, families and children, with a specific focus on militaryand disaster-related traumatic events. She also worked with survivors of the war in Bosnia-Herzegovina, particularly with children without parental care. Michelle Houston, LSCSW, is a clinical social worker at Irwin Army Community Hospital, Ft. Riley, KS, where she provides behavioral health services to soldiers who have returned from in 4th Infantry Brigade Combat Team. Both speakers expounded on the effects of trauma on human well-being and described the various therapies used to address physical and emotional suffering. Christine Cole, County of Fresno Social Work Practitioner, kindly responded to a phone call and answered many of the initial questions regarding the effects of trauma and the therapeutic potential of architecture in support of healing. During a study tour to the Bay Area, students not only studied the site and its context but also visited a number of buildings the purposes of which would potentially be applied to a Center for Survivors of Trauma: Chief Administrative Officer Guy C. Qvistgaard gave us a most informative tour of the John George Psychiatric Hospital in San Leandro; Administration Volunteer Gary R. Speer showed us the LEED silver-certified Laguna Honda Hospital and Rehabilitation Center in San Francisco, an impressive facility addressing the needs of under-served populations in the city; in Berkeley, we were inspired by director Dmitri Belserâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s passion for the Ed Roberts Campus, an exemplary

building dedicated to disability rights and universal access; also in Berkeley, Program Director Kyle Cornforth led us through the ‘edible schoolyard’ and kitchen classroom, a demonstration site and learning lab at Martin Luther King Jr. Middle School; and guided by Communications and Programs Officer Laura Mitchell we explored UC Berkeley’s Jacobs Institute for Design Innovation, an interdisciplinary hub for learning and making. Smith Group JJR Design Principal Hiroko Miyake and Associate Kim Swanson generously hosted the class for lunch at the San Francisco office. They also presented several recently completed projects highlighting principles for design and sustainability relevant to the Bay Area. And lastly, architects Helen Degenhardt and Max Jacobson invited us to their home in the Berkeley Hills for a delightful evening of conversation, discussion, pizza, wine, and music. On behalf of the students in my class, I want to express sincere appreciation to everyone mentioned above for making this semester such an educationally informative and pleasurable experience.

Susanne Siepl-Coates Professor

>preliminary research When presented with the task of designing a Center for Torture Survivors, a building type that does not exist, there are many questions that come to mind. Initially, what is torture? What are the effects? How does one heal? Can architecture play a role in the healing process? The endeavor into the world of torture and survival began with defining torture and understanding its impacts. Further in the chapter is an in-depth study on the existing Center for Victims of Torture program in Minneapolis, Minnesota. From there the question arose of where are refugees and political torture survivors coming from. From torture, our research began to direct itself to the types of programs that offer insights into healing environments. We also needed to discover why Albany, California, would be the right location for the new California Center for Torture Survivors, and the need for it in the local Albany area. It was also imperative that the site history and context of the site be understood before the design process began.

CHAPTER I >preliminary research

defining torture research After hearing the word “torture,” many immediately think of people in other parts of the world who are poked and prodded in unimaginable ways that results in disfiguration or physical harm. However, this is not necessarily the case. The Center for Victims of Torture states that: “Torture has profound long-term effects. Physical reminders include headaches, chronic pain, respiratory problems and a host of other symptoms. The psychological damage is often worse. Living with constant fear, debilitating depression and regular panic attacks prevents survivors from caring for themselves, their families, and contributing to their communities” (The Center for Victims of Torture). Even when torture is a physical act and not purely psychological torture, “its aims are psychological: to degrade, break the will, terrorize or gain cooperation. And its legacy is psychic scars as deep or deeper than any physical ones” (Goleman). One may be surprised by who is a torture survivor. Many may think of torture that occurs in war or spy movies, as things that happen to other people, but not to people close by. Since torture has such a repulsive connotation, it is also referred to as ‘interrogation in depth’ or ‘civic therapy’ or ‘abuse’ among other things by those who inflict torture and those who survive it (“What is Torture”). The Amnesty International Report on Torture begins the discussion of a legal definition of torture and the problems that arise with trying to define it legally. The definition that was given: “Torture is the systematic and deliberate infliction of acute pain in any form by one person to another, or on a third person, in order to accomplish the purpose of the former against the will of the latter” (31). This is still vague; however, there is a legal definition on the Association for the Prevention of Torture (APT) agreed upon by the United Nations Convention against Torture and Other Cruel Inhuman or Degrading Treatment of Punishment (UNCAT):

“Torture means any act by which severe pain or suffering, whether physical or mental, is intentionally inflicted on a person for such purposes as obtaining from him or a third person information or a confession, punishing him for an act he or a third person has committed or is suspected of having committed, or intimidating or coercing him or a third person, or for any reason based on discrimination of any kind, when such pain or suffering is inflicted by or at the instigation of or with the consent or acquiescence of a public official or other person acting in an official capacity. It does not include pain or suffering arising only from, inherent in or incidental to lawful sanctions” (Association for the Prevention of Torture). The APT further points out that there are three cumulative elements in this definition: _ the intentional infliction of severe mental or physical suffering _ by a public official, who is directly or indirectly involved _ for a specific purpose (Association for the Prevention of Torture) A simplification of this by the International Rehabilitation Council for Torture Victims is: “Torture is the intentional infliction of severe mental or physical pain or suffering by or with the consent of the state authorities for a specific purpose” (Defining Torture). Looking at all of these definitions, one can begin to grasp what the world’s governments consider torture. The legal definition probably most fits the studio’s purposes. Merriam-Webster’s dictionary definition of torture uses phrases such as, “anguish of body or mind,” and, “something that causes agony or pain” (MerriamWebster). Other words associated with this topic are torturous, grief, pain, distress, trauma, suffering, agony, anguish, extreme, excruciating, distort, and warp.

There is no linear progression of distress and recovery for torture survivors. There are a wide variety of “symptoms,” but the intensity and rate of recovery from them are as different as the people affected by them. As the Amnesty International Report on Torture states: “[torture] describes human behavior, and each human being is unique, with his own pain threshold, his own psychological makeup, his own cultural conditioning. Furthermore, torture is a concept involving degree on a continuum ranging from discomfort to ill treatment to intolerable pain and death” (29). Because of this very personal nature of torture, it is believed that the fact that a symptom exists is more important than the category it exists in. The human component should not be lost in the project. Consider these words of Petur Hauksson: “Torture may have severe consequences and burden the victim with serious health problems and disability, without leaving any physical evidence. Psychological symptoms may be the only evidence of torture or ill-treatment... what usually makes an experience traumatic is a sense of horror, utter helplessness, serious injury or threat of physical injury or death. Different categories of trauma cause similar psychological symptoms. Victims who reach a high level of trauma symptoms (i.e. fulfill the diagnostic criteria for PTSD) have a worse prognosis than those that do not, even though they have considerable trauma symptoms. However, care should be taken not to reduce a natural response to severe stress into a medical disorder. A majority or trauma victims show a natural decline in “symptoms” or even complete recovery. It goes without saying that being a torture victim is not a psychopathological condition” (Hauksson 9). The review of the literature revealed the following struggles that often plague survivors of torture. 13

>hysteria This is not a word used much anymore in modern medicine; however, it was a label given for a wide range of symptoms we now know stem from torture and abuse. Herman says: “Both Janet and Freud recognized that the somatic symptoms of hysteria represented disguised representations of intensely distressing events which had been banished from memory. Unbearable emotional reactions to traumatic events produced an altered state of consciousness which in turn included hysterical symptoms“ (Herman, M.D. 12).

>self-harm / attempts This includes suicide attempts as well as mutilation of any part of the body. These acts can stem from several other categories such as depression or damaged self-concepts; however, it can be due to survivors, “carry[ing] their captors’ hatred with them even after release, and sometimes they continue to carry their captors’ destructive purposes with their own hands” (Herman, M.D. 95). Herman went on to find that most, “survivors who self-mutilate consistently describe a profound dissociative state preceding the act. ‘I do it to prove I exist’” (Herman, M.D. 109).

>neuropsychological impairment Survivors who have had severe physical torture such as suffocation, blows to the head, and prolonged malnutrition may end up having impairments of the brain. Sometimes this is temporary, but time is the only way to tell (Hauksson 6).

>nonverbal communication Sometimes a traumatic experience, in whole or in part, is so unbearable that is 14

figure 1. sensory deprivation

cannot be accurately described in words, or it may be too painful. Therefore, nonverbal communication is often used to convey a feeling or describe an event. This most often takes place in the form of a drawing, painting, or song (Herman, M.D. 177).

>post-traumatic stress disorder PTSD symptoms may include nightmares, intrusive thoughts/memories, or the inability to recall specific aspect of the event. The event experienced by the victim must cause, “significant distress or impairment of the functioning.” Typically this means that the event the individual experienced was “lifethreatening for him/herself or others and produced intense fear, helplessness, and horror (Hauksson 21).”

>somatic complaints These are common problems for torture survivors that are physical complaints of pain in various areas, but with no exact detectable cause for the pain—it is just there. The pain may not be constant, but it is present in the form of headaches, back pain, and musculo-skeletal pain.

>sexual dysfunction

>enduring personality changes

This symptom is not exclusive to those who have suffered sexual torture or rape. “It can be linked to depression and PTSD but can also be a direct result of an assault. Hypnotics or alcohol abuse can occur in this context (Hauksson 6).”

“The diagnosis is only definite if significant and persistent change in the individual’s pattern of perceiving, relating, or thinking about the environment and him or herself associated with inflexible and maladaptive behavior not present before the traumatic experience” (Hauksson 22).

>revenge It is a common feeling of people who have felt injustice to want to find that justice themselves in the form of revenge. The thinking is that if the injustice causes the pain, then revenge will be the relief of that pain. Herman finds that those who seek this route find the opposite to be true and their pain is compounded (Herman, M.D. 189).

>immediate pain There are a wide range of symptoms relating to the physical sense. This could be electroshock, suffocation, blunt force trauma, sharp force trauma, etc.

_ hostility _ distrustful attitude to the world _ social withdrawal _ feelings of emptiness _ hopelessness _ being “on edge” _ feeling threatened (when not) _ estrangement

>phantom limb syndrome “Phantom limb pain refers to mild to extreme pain felt in the area where a limb has been amputated. Phantom limb sensations usually will disappear or decrease over time; when phantom limb pain continues for more than six months, however, the prognosis for improvement is poor (WebMD, LLC.).”

>avoidance & emotional numbing Herman says that traumatized children will often try to keep their face expressionless, become as inconspicuous as possible, and avoid attracting attention to themselves (Herman, M.D.). However, Hauksson, gives a more detailed account of this: “This includes things such as “avoidance of any thoughts, conversations, activities, places, or people that arouse recollection of the trauma, profound emotional constrictions, profound personal detachment and social withdrawal, and inability to recall an important aspect of the trauma” (4). figure 2. symptoms of ptsd

>stages of recovery syndrome hysteria combat trauma complicated PTSD multiple personality disorder traumatic disorders

stage one

stage two

stage three

Stabilization & Symptom-Oriented Treatment

Exploration of Traumatic Memories

Personality Reintegration & Rehabilitation

Trust, Stress-Management & Education

Re-experiencing Trauma

Integration of Trauma

Stabilization

Integration of Memories

Development of Self & Drive Integration

Diagnosis, Stabilization, Communication & Cooperation

Metabolism of Trauma

Resolution, Integration & Development of PostResolution Coping Skills

Safety

Remembrance & Mourning

Reconnection

figure 3. stages of recovery

>psychosis _ delusions _ hallucinations: auditory, visual, tactile, olfactory _ bizarre ideation and behavior _ illusions or perceptual distortions _ paranoia and delusions of persecution _ recurrence of psychotic disorders or mood disorders

>hyper-arousal Commonly referred to as paranoia, but in torture survivors the threat is or has been very real, â&#x20AC;&#x153;hyper-arousal reflects the persistent expectation of danger; intrusion reflects the indelible imprint of the traumatic momentâ&#x20AC;&#x153; (Herman, M.D., 35; Hauksson, 5). _ difficulty falling or staying asleep _ irritability or outbursts of anger _ difficulty concentrating _ hyper-vigilance 16

_ exaggerated startle response _ generalized anxiety

>re-experiencing trauma _ flashbacks or intrusive memories _ recurrent frightening dreams or nightmares that include elements of the traumatic event(s) in either their original or symbolic form _ physiological or psychological stress reactions at exposure to cues that symbolize or resemble the trauma. This may include lack of trust and fear of persons of authority, including physicians and psychologists (Hauksson 4)

>depression Depression can take many forms. Unless otherwise specified, the following symptoms of depression are common according to Petur Hauksson:

_ depressed mood _ markedly diminished interest or pleasure in activities _ appetite disturbance and resulting weight loss, or weight gain _ insomnia and hyper-somnia _ psycho-motor agitation or retardation _ fatigue and loss of energy _ difficulty in attention, concentration and memory, _ thoughts of dying, suicidal ideation, suicide attempts (5)

>dissociation, depersonalization, & atypical behavior _ “Dissociation: a disruption in the integration of consciousness, self perception, memory, and actions. A person may be cut off or unaware of certain actions or may feel split in two and feel as if observing him or herself from a distance” _ “Depersonalization: feeling detached from oneself or one’s body” _ “Impulse control problems, resulting in behaviors that the survivor considers highly atypical with respect to his or her pre-trauma personality. A previously cautious individual may engage in high risk behavior“ (Hauksson 5)

>damaged self concepts & foreshortened future

surprise and might be a relief. Disclosure may be difficult especially if the abuse is ongoing and there is a danger of retaliation, but if the allegations may lead to transfer to a safer setting, more openness is to be expected” (10).

>substance abuse This is a common trait among those suffering from PTSD (“Amnesty International Report on Torture”). Hauksson informs us that, “alcohol and drug abuse often develops secondarily in torture survivors as a way of obliterating traumatic memories, regulating affect and managing anxiety” (6).

>conclusion There is some overlap within the range of symptoms presented here. There is no linear progression of treatment or predictable series of stages of recovery. Treating torture survivors truly is a holistic problem, dealing with a number of variables involving the mind, body, and spirit. The hope is that better understanding the symptoms helps to establish a foundation for understanding the problem as the studio tries to find approaches by which architectural design can support the healing process and give torture survivors hope for a peaceful future.

This symptom attacks the identity of the individual, their worth, and hope. Herman says, “the result, for most victims, is a contaminated identity. Victims may be preoccupied with shame, self-loathing, and a sense of failure” (Herman, M.D. 94). Hauksson says that feelings of self-blame are common and that many secrets of what happened may take a long time to come up—especially prostitution. He says that for those who have been sexually abused, denials are to be expected and, “questions about abuse will not come as a 17

Center for victims of torture research >what is the center for victims of torture (CVT)? _ an organization focused on healing victims of torture; _ training and strengthening partners who help in healing; _ advocating for the protection and care of survivors; _ researching and evaluating the effectiveness of care (CVT)

>how did CVT start? _ governor of Minnesota, Rudy Perpich, was challenged by his son’s question, “What are you doing for human rights?” _ he was a volunteer with Amnesty International _ went to Denmark to visit the first rehabilitation center for survivors of torture _ established a task force to create a similar center in Minnesota (CVT)

>how is CVT set up? _ founded as a non-government organization _ started in conjunction with the St. Paul Ramsey Medical Center (CVT)

>history of dignity as precedent for CVT _ 1973 -- Amnesty International appeals to documenting torture and its consequences _ 1980 -- Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is recognized for the first time _ 1981 -- Danish support a proposal to set up a treatment center _ 1982 -- Inge Genefke founds the Rehabilitation and Research Centre for Torture Victims (RCT) _ 1994 -- RCT and IRCT change location to central Copenhagen _ 1998 -- RCT and IRCT are separated into two independent organizations _ 2002 -- UN adopts the Optional Protocol to the UN Convention against Torture (OPCAT) _ 2010 -- RCT is one of three national centers specializing in traumatized refugees (“Project History”)

â&#x20AC;&#x153;

We are forging new ways to ad vance human rights and build a future free from tor ture. Through research, training, advocacy and our healing ser vices for sur vivors, each initiative we under take plays a role in building a larger vision for the tor ture rehabilitation movement. We provide a bridge between tor ture victims, the local community and society as a whole, working to restore the dignity of the human spirit one sur vivor at a time. --CVT Vision Statement

Dignity CVT

figure 4. world map of dignity

>services

>general care

_ medical treatment _ psychiatric care _ referrals to specialists _ nursing care _ psychotherapy _ social services _ agency referrals _ massage and physical therapy _ support services

_ confidential and comprehensive care _ transportation support _ interpreters (CVT)

>refugees are a diverse group of people... _ of torture survivors... _ 69% had some college education

69%

_ 43% were college graduates

43%

_ 54% held professional or skilled labor positions

54%

_ 20% were students

20%

_ of new CVT clients... _ 74% were diagnosed with PTSD or another disorder

74%

_ 67% were diagnosed with PTSD and another disorder

67%

_ 76% had children

76%

_ 56% were separated from one or more of their children

56%

_ 54% were married

54%

_ 65% were separated from their spouse

65%

_ 20% were tortured as children (CVT)

20%

>architectural significance according to CVT _ torture places are dark spaces, the center is therefore filled with natural light and with bright colors _ survivors can always see outside and find their way out _ homey, comfortable and not worn out furniture _ therapy rooms have three chairs for survivor, therapist, and interpreter partners in healing _ a garden symbolizes healing and renewal, a peaceful place where survivors can reflect, pray, or simply be still (CVT)

>architectural significance according to building dignity _ site design _ empower -- Gardens can offer solace _ secure -- Define boundaries between the shelter and community _ (re)connect -- Multiple levels of access for public areas _ parent -- Facilitate parents supervising their children _ harmonize -- Accommodate smokers and minimize their impact

_ communal space _ empower -- Quiet spaces outside of the rooms _ secure -- Adjustable window blinds or shades _ (re)connect: Public meeting spaces to connect to community _ parent -- Clear sight lines for parents to supervise their children _ harmonize -- Separate high stimulus areas from quiet ones

_ kitchen _ empower -- Flexible dining furniture allows for individual and communal dining _ secure -- Visibility for children supervision _ (re)connect -- Industrial kitchen can allow residents to build self-sufficiency _ parent -- Integrate child safety features _ harmonize -- Abundant space reduces conflict

_ private space _ empower -- Plentiful lighting in bedrooms contributes to comfort and control _ secure -- Healthy interior environments minimize respiratory risk factors _ (re)connect -- Individual apartments let residents choose when to have company _ parent -- Flexible spaces with shared amenities _ harmonize -- Create opportunities for personalization to promote identity

_ staff space _ empower -- Acoustically and visually separate spaces to keep conversations private _ secure -- Security systems to help monitor entrances and exits _ (re)connect -- Locating computers near advocacy offices for more interactions _ parent -- Need child-friendly areas around advocates _ harmonize -- Welcoming environments support survivor-centered advocacy (â&#x20AC;&#x153;Project Historyâ&#x20AC;?)

>where CVT works... _ shimelba refugee camp, ethiopia

_ established in 2004 _ primarily Eritrean refugees _ escaping authoritarian government figure 5. shimelba refugee camp

_ mai-aini refugee camp, ethiopia

_ established in 2008 _ primarily Eritrean refugees _ escaping authoritarian government figure 6. mai-aini refugee camp

_ adi harush refugee camp, ethiopia

_ established in 2010 _ primarily Eritrean refugees _ escaping authoritarian government figure 7. adi harush refugee camp

_ uganda

_ established in 2009 _ refugees from Sudan, South Sudan, DRC & CAR _ escaping the Lord’s Resistance Army figure 8. uganda’s lord’s resistance army

_ amman, jordan

_ established in 2008 _ refugees from Iraq and Syria _ escaping ISIS and other extremists figure 9. amman, jordan

_ zarqa, jordan

_ established in 2016 _ refugees from Iraq and Syria _ escaping ISIS and other extremists figure 10. zarqa refugee camp

_ dadaab, kenya

_ established in 2013 _ refugees from Eritrea, Ethiopia, Somalia & South Sudan _ escaping human rights violations figure 11. dadaab refugee camp

_ nairobi, kenya

_ established in 2013 _ refugees from Sudan, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Somalia, Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi & DRC _ escaping human rights violations (CVT)

figure 12. nairobi, kenya

figure 13. CVT in minnesota

figure 14. CVT in washington d.c.

figure 15. CVT in atlanta

UNITED STATES Minnesota Washington D.C. Georgia

MIDDLE EAST Amman, Jordan

Zarqa, Jordan

Ethiopia Uganda

Dadaab, Kenya Nairobi, Kenya

AFRICA

figure 16. CVT across the world

>current locations in the US

>current locations abroad

_ minneapolis, minnesota 1985 _ washington d.c. 1992

_ shimelba, ethiopia _ mai-aini, ethiopia _ adi harush, ethiopia

_ atlanta, georgia 2016 (CVT)

_ uganda _ amman, jordon _ zarqa, jordan _ dadaab, kenya _ nairobi, kenya (CVT)

Insights regarding healing research environments >health facilities BEHAVIORAL HEALTH

_ women’s shelters REHABILITATION CLINICS

Hyperarousal

Psychosis Neurological Impairment Phantom Limb Syndrome

Substance Abuse Sexual Dysfunction

Dislocations PTSD

Chronic Distress Depression Guilt and Shame

Sublaxations Torn Ligaments, Tendons, Nerves, or Soft Tissue Concussive Trauma Amputations

Rape

_ rehabilitation clinics

Battery Ligatures or Binding of Genitalia

Fractures

Child Abuse

WOMEN’S SHELTERS

HOSPITALS

figure 17. specific focus facilities and their treatment of typical torture survivor’s symptoms

_ specific focus facilities When individual facilities provide care independently, it disadvantages the patient, care providers, and families. Patients seeking treatment for a variety of disorders and illnesses may have problems that require the attention of multiple types of care providers, forcing patients to visit multiple facilities and seeing multiple specialists to achieve wellness.

_ behavioral health

“Women’s shelter” is a broad term that encompasses, “shelters, refuges, safe homes, and anti-violence centers.” These facilities provide safe places for women and their children that have suffered physical, sexual, psychological harm, or suffering (Global Network of Women’s Shelters).

Behavioral health is an inclusive term for a facility that handles the prevention, management and treatment of both mental illness and substance abuse/addiction. The term behavioral health is less stigmatizing than mental health, it provides patients with a sense of hope and less negative feelings (Sandler).

Physical rehabilitation is the process of recovering from an injury or illness that reduces a patient’s ability to physically perform certain tasks. Therapy may be divided into specific types of care environments, varying in intensity and duration (Association of Rehabilitation Nurses).

_ hospitals Hospitals are facilities that provide a wide variety of health care services through medical and professional staff. They are open 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, and generally provide both inpatient and outpatient services. They deal with conditions beyond the specialty of primary care facilities, providing treatment for acute or chronic conditions (World Health Organization).

Torture

_ integrated focus facilities When facilities focus on the integration of their services, it allows patients to work with a team of doctors and medical professionals, as well as other support systems, to focus on overall healing of all aspects of their illness or injury.

Rape

Ligatures or Binding of Genitalia

Dislocations

Hyperarousal

Sublaxations

Amputations

Psychosis

Depression

Sexual Dysfunction

Child Abuse Neurological Impairment

Chronic Distress

Battery

PTSD

Concussive Trauma

Torn Ligaments, Tendons, Nerves, or Soft Tissue

Phantom Limb Syndrome

Substance Abuse

Fractures

Guilt and Shame

_ hospice Hospice facilities focus on providing care for individuals with illnesses or injuries that limit their ability to provide self-care. These facilities typically provide medical care, pain management, and emotional support to patients and their families. They typically focus on the individual receiving care, as well as their family and support system. Professionals working at these facilities provide assistance beyond the scope of basic treatment (National Hospice and Palliative Care Organization).

_ holistic healing centers “Integrative [holistic] medicine seeks to restore and maintain health and wellness across a person’s lifespan by understanding the patient’s unique set of circumstances and addressing the full range of physical, emotional, mental, social, and spiritual influences that affect health.” This method addresses the cause of the illness, instead of simply curing the symptoms (Duke Health).

Psychological and Physical Eﬀects Team of Professionals

Whole-Body Healing

Wellness figure 18. integrated care method and approach to treatment of symptoms

_ community health centers The Community Health Center program was started to provide quality healthcare to patients who may not otherwise be able to afford care. In the US, they provide care to approximately 23 million patients. These facilities focus on providing primary care, as well as preventative health services. Most of these facilities aim to, “improve quality, lower costs, and enhance both patient and provider experience” (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services).

_ integrated care facilities Integrated care is the “systematic coordination of general and behavioral healthcare. Integrating mental health, substance abuse, and primary care services produces the best outcomes and proves the most effective approach to caring for people with multiple healthcare needs” (SAMHSA-HRSA Center for Integrated Health Solutions). This allows for a care method that focuses on care management and coordination, evidence based treatments, consultations, and diagnosis and outcome tracking. 25

>healing programs _ healing programs & architecture By understanding the methods used in healing programs, a facility that supports a process of healing rather than the treatment of symptoms, can be designed easily. These programs, while focusing on survivors of various traumas rather than torture survivors specifically, introduce the stages and processes involved in healing. These programs also

provide valuable information regarding the potential for duration of patient stay at facilities, as well as the number of patients requiring facilities and programs (“Wounded Warrior Project”).

_ wounded warrior project _ mind -- Receiving support to overcome the challenges of readjustment _ interactive programs _ outdoor rehabilitative retreats _ peer support _ professional services _ relationship bonding with friends and family _ pursuing life goals _ body -- Maintaining an active and healthy life _ sports _ health _ nutrition _ recreational activities _ economic empowerment -- Providing opportunities to pursue career development for financial stability for themselves and family members _ education programs _ information technology training _ employment assistance _ engagement -- Connection of people _ peer mentoring _ alumni programs _ family support programs _ giving a voice for government affairs (“Wounded Warrior Project”)

figure 19. wounded warrior project

_ programs for torture victims

figure 20. psychological counseling

figure 21. social service & healing groups

figure 22. therapy sessions

_ psychological counseling -- This step involves the patient, caretaker, and family member in the healing process. Programs include individual or family psychotherapy, psychological evaluation, psychiatric evaluation, and follow-up care (“PVTLA | Healing Lives”). _ social service & healing groups -- This step involves group activities and necessities for support. These include women’s support groups, asylum readiness groups, groups that provide a sense of community along clientele, and groups that openly share experiences and promote self-confidence. Needs such as cash assistance, food, clothing, employment opportunities, and housing are accommodated (“PVTLA | Healing Lives”). _ therapy sessions -- Therapy sessions help connect the community to the program through local teaching institutions and volunteer professionals. Sessions can include: massage therapy, chiropractic care, acupuncture, art therapy, and theater (“PVTLA | Healing Lives”). _ legal support -- Legal support is provided to patients through legal aid organizations and attorneys (“PVTLA | Healing Lives”).

figure 23. legal support

figure 24. outpatient medical & dental

_ outpatient medical & dental care -- Most survivors, especially during their first year in the United States, do not have health insurance. PTV helps provide care with physicians that are specialized in trauma (“PVTLA | Healing Lives”). _ public education & advocacy -- The PTV contributes to public programs that educate the public about governmental-sponsored torture, persecution, and the consequences. They help educate other about how human rights are being abused and help reunite survivors to their families (“PVTLA | Healing Lives”).

figure 25. public education & advocacy

>comprehensive clinical methods for recovery _ recovery-centered clinical system The Recovery-Center Clinical System (RCCS) focuses on creating collaborative environments. Staff and patients work together to create a supportive programmatic space. This space is broken down into two complementary areas:

UNIQUENESS

POWER IDENTITY

RESPECT

_ culture -- Being aware of your thoughts and actions to create interpersonal relationship where recovery can flourish. The recovery environment uses five areas of awareness: uniqueness, power, judgment, motivation, and respect (Our Clinical Approach). _ conversations -- By focusing on the UNIQUENESS during POWER individual and the five components discussions; identity, hope, choice, harm, and connection, caregivers can help jump start the healing process (Our Clinical Approach). RESPECT NON-

NONJUDGMENT

HARM MOTIVATION

THE CULTURE

IDENTITY

JUDGMENT

THE CONVER

HOPE

CONNECTION

_ cognitive-behavioral therapy

CHOICE

HARM MOTIVATION

CBT is an effective treatment for PTSD. Group or individual sessions can be conducted as therapeutic meetings. The THE CULTURE therapist’s techniques are usually focus on negative and harmful thoughts that relate to the traumatic event. Types of cognitive behavioral therapy include:

_ prolong exposure (PE) -- Focuses on Emotional Processing Therapy. This helps reconnect victims to their symptoms of PTSD to heal traumarelated thoughts, reminders, activities, and situations _ cognitive processing therapy (CPT) -Focuses on transitioning traumatic events into a constructive format to help the individual master control over their life. CPT helps heal self-blame, safety issues, trust, power and control, selfesteem, and intimacy issues (“Center for Deployment Psychology”).

CONNECTION

THE CONVERSATIONS figure 26. recovery-centered clinical system

THOUGHTS

CBT BEHAVIORS

EMOTIONS

figure 27. cognitive behavioral therapy

_ stair / nst Skills Training in Affective and Interpersonal Regulation / Narrative StoryTelling is a healing process that addresses the experience of a traumatic event, as well as the need to motivate and develop skills for present and future progression. It provides cognitive-behavioral therapy for individuals suffering from PTSD. STAIR/ NST can be used as individual therapy or trauma-focused therapies (Cloitre). There are two modules:

EMOTIONAL AWARENESS

EMOTIONAL REGULATION

UNDERSTANDING RELATIONSHIP PATTERNS

_ skills training in affective and interpersonal regulation (STAIR) -Focuses in emotional management and interpersonal difficulties _ narrative story-telling (NST) -- Focuses on the traumatic past experiences using story-telling format to explain events. Individuals are to see these stories they create as an autobiography. This is to teach that the traumatic event was only a chapter in their life, and the individual is their own author of the stories to come (“What is STAIR Narrative Therapy”).

IMPROVING INTERPERSONAL RELATIONSHIPS IN THE HERE AND NOW

IDENTIFYING CURRENT DIFFICULTIES AS BASED IN PAST TRAUMAS AND LETTING THEM GO

BUILDING AN AUTOBIOGRAPHY

STAIR Learning the diﬀerence between traumatic experiences and social functioning

NST Identifying strategies that control extreme emotions and reactions

Understanding how traumatic experiences inﬂuence views and expectations when forming relationships

Learning new ways of relation and behaving with others through role play

Review of traumatic memories to acknowledge that the past actions were of value for responding to traumatic events and acknowledging that there are now new ways to feel and act

Organizing a narrative for the traumatic event to use as a cognitive behavior healing process

figure 28. goals and objectives of stair/nst

>comprehensive methods for creating healing environments _ biophilia _ planetree model of care The Planetree Model of Care is a holistic approach that encompasses patientcentered care. Patient-centered care focuses around active involvement of both patient and family members to have complete decision-making control over the treatment process. This model focuses on a healthcare system that encourages mental, emotional, spiritual, social, and physical healing. The Planetree model consists of eleven “core dimensions”, which can be seen in figure 29 (“Planetree”). Patient-centered care can often be experienced through sources of comfort or communication. Staff and family members get involved with the healing process through different activities that evoke the patient to feel comfortable and communicate.

FUNCTIONS AND STRUCTURES NECESSARY FOR CULTURE CHANGE

Biophilia can be defined as humans’ innate affinity for nature and the natural world. Research has shown that people have a tendency to pay attention and respond positively to nature, allowing it to potentially increase psychological well-being. Nature can be particularly beneficial in medical facilities, helping to reduce patient and staff stress, as well as facilitate the healing process (“Biophilic Theory”).

_ evidence-based design Evidence based design provides a framework for returning the focus of healthcare to the psychological and social needs of patients, instead of functionality and cost. By understanding research and studies relating to the user’s experience,

HUMAN INTERACTION

INFORMATION AND EDUCATION

ARTS AND ENTERTAINMENT COMPLEMENTARY THERAPIES

PLANETREE MODEL OF CARE

SPIRITUAL AND DIVERSE HEALING

ARCHITECTURAL AND INTERIOR DESIGN figure 29. dimensions of the planetree model of care

NUTRITIONAL AND NUTURING ASPECTS OF FOOD

FAMILY, FRIENDS, AND SOCIAL SUPPORT

HUMAN TOUCH “WE ARE ALL CAREGIVERS”

in the case of the patient’s experience in a healthcare facility, architects can design buildings that are both efficient, as well as address users’ physical and emotional needs. Basic characteristics may include: _ the negative impact of noise _ the negative impacts of windowless rooms _ the positive influence of sunshine and natural views _ the impact of single vs. multiple patient rooms in different medical settings

EVIDENCE-BASED DESIGN

_ creating an environment that allows for control, privacy, fosters, social interactions and support, provides access to nature, and offers positive distractions Creating positive user environments may reduce stress and anxiety, improve sleep, reduce paint, lower infection, improve user satisfaction, increase working environment satisfaction for staff, and reduce costs of facility operation (“Evidence Based”).

The design of an intervention on the basis of research data, past evaluations, health planning frameworks, and theories of behavior change IDENTIFY PROBLEM Epidemiological analysis Consult experts Review existing national policies and strategies

DEFINE FOCUS AND APPROACH

BUILD AND TEST

EVALUATE AND PUBLISH

Review literature

Build program logic

Monitor outcomes

Assess and select theory of change

Evaluation framewoork tools

Publish results

Identify outcomes and impacts

Build experiments

figure 30. evidence-based design methods

Review for safety and ethics

figure 31. views of nature (i.e. through windows), are generally found to be more effective when paired with natural sounds

figure 32. i.e. radiation rooms, MRI rooms, immuno-compromised patient treatment rooms

figure 33. healing gardens, specifically those that are varied and cater to a variety of user groups and their reasons for medical treatment

figure 34. introduction of quality daylight - made more powerful by the allowing patients to see cycles of light and darkness throughout the day

contextual need for torture rehabilitation

research

>description The Bay Area is a collection of 9 counties that surround the San Francisco Bay. The counties are: Marin, Sonoma, Napa, Solano, Contra Costa, Alameda, Santa Clara, San Mateo, and San Francisco. The counties are also recognized in groupings named North Bay, East Bay, South Bay, Peninsula, and San Francisco (â&#x20AC;&#x153;Bay Area(California)â&#x20AC;?).

>important factors determining need _ no other center of this kind in reasonable distance _ corresponding/conjunction programs in the area for support and connection _ high population of those in need of care _ similar facilities are not capable of caring for torture survivors _ creates more jobs in the area and for the medical field _ stimulates growth and technological advances

Napa Sonoma Solano Marin Contra Costa San Fransisco Alameda San Mateo Santa Clara

figure 35. san francisco bay area within california

_ state of california -_ population in 2010: 37,254,503 people _ population in 2015: 39,144,818 people _ 5.1% growth

,9 95 , - 5 900 50 ,5 0, 00 50 , 0 <8 - 8 000 ,9 60 ,9 6 , >1 000 0,0 00 3, 00 0 13 ,0 00 -2 27 7, ,0 00 000 -5 53 3, ,0 00 000 -8 8, 50 0

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>about california

figure 36.

figure 37.

_ oakland -_ population in 2015: 419,267 people _ veterans in 2010-2014: 14,656 _ foreign born in 2010-2014: 27.1% _san francisco -_ population in 2015: 864,816 people _ veterans in 2010-2014: 28,505 _ foreign born in 2010-2014: 35.5%

figure 36. US census map

_ berkeley -_ population in 2015: 120,927 people _ veterans in 2010-2014: 3,724 _ foreign born in 2010-2014: 20.8% _ albany -_ population in 2015: 19,735 people _ veterans in 2010-2014: 527 _ foreign born in 2010-2014: 32.2% (â&#x20AC;&#x153;Quick Facts-Californiaâ&#x20AC;?)

figure 37. US census by city

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figure 38.

70,000

60,000

refugee population

50,000

40,000

30,000

20,000

10,000

0 1983

1984

1985

1986

1987

1988

1989

1990

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002 2003 2004

year

figure 39. refugee resettlement by region

240,000

refugee admissions

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1975

1980

1985

1990

1995

2000

2005

2010

2015

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figure 38. refugee arrivals into california counties

figure 40. refugee admissions into the US

>refugee arrivals in the USA Since 1975, 3,252,493 refugees have been admitted to the United States. Since 1982, 504,298 of the total refugees settled in California (Bureau of Population, Refugees, and Migration). Approximately one third of Refugees in California settled in the counties of the Bay Area. Refugees have come from many different countries; however Vietnam, Russia and Iran are the three countries with the most refugees that have settled in California since 1982. Although refugees come from various different places, there are general trends in higher numbers of refugees coming from countries experiencing political or social unrest, whether it be political oppression, wars, or civil conflicts. 34

Since 1975, the amount of refugees being admitted into the United States has generally been decreasing. This is in part due to the annual refugee admission ceiling. The ceiling is decided by the President and Congress each fiscal year. In 2015, the ceiling was at 70,000 refugees; however, President Obama has proposed that for the 2017 fiscal year, the ceiling be raised

to 100,000 refugees due to the ongoing wars in the Middle East and civil unrest in other areas of the world (Zong). With this expected increase of refugees who come from countries facing wars and civil and political unrest, there also comes an increase in the number of refugees who are more than refugees, but are also survivors of torture. There are many reasons one may become a refugee, including fear of persecution or death, financial reasons, or escaping one’s past due to torture.

>refugees and torture According to the CVT, over the past 20 years it was estimated that there are 400,000 - 500,000 refugees who are survivors of torture, which is approximatively 30% of all refugees living in the United States. However, recent studies suggest that closer to 44% of refugees are survivors of torture (“U.S. Home to Far More”). If these estimates are true, that would mean that 1.4 million refugees living in the United States have been subject to torture. That would also mean that there are 221,891 survivors of torture settled in California. Approximately 66,567 survivors live in one of the 18 counties in or around the Bay Area.

>ptsd as a symptom According to the CVT, 40-50% of torture survivors experience PTSD or severe depression (“U.S. Home to Far More”). Due to the psychological effects of torture, survivors require a place that can facilitate them back into society. With such a large number of torture survivors and so few treatment centers, it is clear that a center is needed. PTSD, or post traumatic stress disorder, is something that many veterans experience. It is also a common side effect of torture survivors. The United States Department of Veterans Affairs estimates that 31% of Vietnam veterans, 10% of Gulf War veterans, 11% of veterans of the war in Afghanistan and 20% of the Iraqi war veterans struggle with PTSD (“PTSD: A Growing Epidemic”). For some people, the effects only last a few months, but for others, the effects can last for years or even a lifetime. This causes them to struggle in everyday life, effecting their relationships, career and can even lead to suicide. The reality of the information can help lead to meaningful solutions.

Those numbers are for refugees who have experienced torture first-hand. This number does not include secondary torture survivors, which are the immediate family members of first-hand torture survivors. Though they may not have as severe side effects as first-hand survivors, they can still exhibit psychological issues such as behavioral and learning problems, anxiety and fear.

site history & context research >background The setting for the California Center for Torture Survivors is situated within the East Bay region of California in the northwest corner of Alameda County in the town of Albany. The project is in a seismic location, nestled just west of the Hayward Fault line. To the east of the site is San Pablo Avenue, a noisy and car congested road running north to south with the strip of retail stores that accompany it. To the north of the site is Buchanan Street, serving as the main artery connecting vehicles from San Pablo Avenue to Interstate80. To the west is Jackson Street, a less crowded street that runs alongside the residential neighborhood of collegiate houses used by the University of California, Berkeley (UC Berkeley). Once a part of diverse native Ohlone Indian land, bought and sold among settlers and descendants, Gill Tract now belongs to the UC Berkeley. This is some of the last open land in the area, kept clear while the city densified around it, but commercial developments are beginning to encroach on and pave the land. Currently, the nine-acre site is divided into thirds, with two thirds of the site growing crops as agricultural research for the UC Berkeley. Gill Tract Community Farm sits on the last third, making use of the rich class one soil to grow fruit, vegetables, spices and herbs for the surrounding community.

>history Native Ohlone people once occupied the Bay Area. The Ohlone consisted of about forty tribelets, each functioning on their own. They would, however, trade, marry, and occasionally engage in battles with one another. Despite being mostly huntergatherers, they lived in fixed villages. They had a strong connection to nature and believed in the cleansing power of water. Due to this, sweat lodges were seen as religious buildings.

figure 41. fixed village

Spain established missions in the California area around 1769. Many Ohlone chose or were forced into converting to Christianity and were brought into these missions to live and work. Upon living in these missions, western diseases spread easily and many Ohlone died. In 1820, the King of Spain gave a large chunk of land to Don Luis Maria Peralta, who split it among his sons upon his death. Jose Domingo Peralta received a piece of land containing what is now Gill Tract, where he cattle farmed, selling off pieces over time, some that would become Fleming Point off to the west.

figure 42. mission

figure 43. cattle farming

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figure 44. landfill area

figure 45. berkeley & albany

figure 46. old gill tract

>gill tract 1848 brought many people west with the gold rush. While little gold was located around the Gill Tract, powder plants for dynamite and related land fills were. These land filled areas have since become park spaces. In 1908, a group of women protested the dumping of trash from Berkeley in their local area. Shortly after, the neighborhood of Ocean View broke off from Berkeley, later changing its name to Albany. Edward Gill purchased what would be known as the Gill Tract, working a large nursery until 1909, when his son took over.

In 1928, the Gill Tract was sold to the University of California, Berkeley for $450,000. During World War II, the federal government built housing for a Navy training base and shipyard workers in the Gill Tract. In 1956, these were given to UC Berkeley for student housing. This University Village was rebuilt around 2000, and is used as housing for students with dependents.

ct iv er s US ity DA villa ge cu rre nt de gi ve ll t lo ra pm ct fa en rm t

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figure 47. gill tract

>development In 1940, the United States Department of Agriculture opened the Western Regional Research Center. Since 1944, an area of the Gill Tract has been used by the UC Berkeley for research experimentation on Biological Pest Management. â&#x20AC;&#x153;Occupy the Farmâ&#x20AC;? is a group in protest of development of the remaining Gill Tract in favor of urban agro-ecology and food sovereignty. Many proposals for sustainable urban agriculture have been denied by the UC Berkeley, leading to multiple short occupations of the land. Resultant of this, Gill Tract Farm now sits on the NE corner of Gill Tract and is

figure 48. protests

a collaboration between UC Berkeley and the community. The Gill Tract holds the last bit of class one soil in the east Bay Area. Making use of the last of the clean soil can provide work and hobby for patients. The community can positively interact with the facility. 39

figure 50. base isolation bearing system

figure 49. hayward fault line

figure 51. base isolation section

>hayward fault line

>base isolation bearing system

Within the Bay Area are three major fault lines that include the San Andreas, Hayward and the Calaveras faults. In relation to the site, the San Andreas Fault line is located on the other side of the bay running along the coastline; however, the site is still located within its earthquake zone. Located within a mile to the east of the site is the Hayward Fault Line. This fault line would cause an MMI (Modified Mercalli Intensity) of 8 out of 10 on its scale, thus having very strong shaking of the ground within the site (Association of the Bay Area).

The base isolation bearing system separates the buildingâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s structure from the ground. Doing this relieves the building from seismic lateral loads that may occur when the ground is shaking. With these pads the ground can shake vigorously while the building has little to no oscillation.

>base isolation hidden One method to create a seismic base isolation bearing system is by hiding it underground and/or building the pads behind retaining walls that will hide the components from view.

figure 52. hidden base isolation bearing system

>base isolation exposed Another approach to implementing a seismic base isolation bearing system is to have it exposed and sitting on grade. In figure 53, the building sits on the pads that sit on the ground allowing for passive ventilation to occur underneath the building. figure 53. exposed base isolation bearing system

>application _ any building built in Albany should be able to withstand an earthquake _ incorporating seismic base isolation pads is one way to design for seismic lateral forces _ symmetrical arrangement of masses can help to balance stiffness and resist torsion within a manageable range _ using ductile materials will allow the building to flex,

bend and deflect without shear failure _ use direct load paths as well as short structural spans _ include uniform sections and elevations whenever possible _ use light roof structures, braced frames, moment resistant frames and shear walls

4 5

1 figure 55. alcatraz island

figure 54. surrounding context of the bay area

figure 56. berkeley marina

figure 57. berkeley pier

>bay area context 1 _ berkeley pier -- This pier covering 2.5 miles in length, used to be a mile longer before extensive filling of the bay and the creation of the Marina shortened the distance. 2 _ berkeley marina -- The Berkeley Marina encompasses fifty two acres on the waterfront and is home to over 1,100 boats and vessels. On the south side of the site are three restaurants as well as the Adventure Playground and Shorebird Nature Center. 3 _ alcatraz prison -- Operating from 1934 to 1963, Alcatraz Federal Penitentiary was a maximum security prison that held the countries worst criminals. It was considered escape proof and Americaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s strongest prison. 42

4 _ angel island state park -Angel Island offers one of the best panoramic views of San Francisco. Now a State Park and landmark, it took on many lives including: a base camp for military forts, a US Public Health Quarantine Station as well as an immigration checkpoint (Wikipedia).

figure 58. angel island

figure 59. golden gate bridge

figure 60. university of california, berkeley

figure 61. treasure island

5 _ golden gate bridge -- The Golden Gate suspension bridge spans 1.7 miles long connecting the city of San Francisco to the northern tip of the San Francisco Peninsula. It is the most photographed bridge in the world.

7 _ university of california, berkeley -- Founded in 1868, this research university is the oldest of the affiliated schools in the California university system (Wikipedia).

6 _ treasure island -- Treasure Island is an artificial island built in 1936 to house the 1939 Golden Gate International Worldâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Fair Exposition. Now it serves as a State landmark and neighborhood.

>application _ awareness of the immediate surroundings contributes to a sense of history and culture of the area. The surrounding context can also present design opportunities to interact with contextual features.

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figure 62. surrounding context

>regional context Analyzing the major circulation routes around the site can determine how connected the site is with the rest of Albany while also displaying how busy and congested streets adjacent to the site will be. The number of commuters adjacent to the site can foresee the amount of noise that will be heard from within the site parameters. 44

Studying circulation routes can also predict how many people might be around the area. An event space like the Golden Gate Fields will draw in large amounts of people during certain times of the day.

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figure 63. land uses

>geography _ studying the geographical features of the existing site in relationship to the surrounding context _ the 12 foot slope of the site presents an opportunity to manipulate the ground plane in response to the building _ a strong connection between site elements can create opportunities for meaningful program

_ the surrounding context defines edges, nodes, and paths that shapes the buildingâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s form _ major and minor roads create noise and transportation congestion that negatively impact portions of the site

>site analysis Following the preliminary research of our studio came an indepth study of the selected site. We needed to understand as many contexts and perspectives as possible on the area before designing. The California Center for Torture Survivors is located in Albany, California, just north of Berkeley and across the bay from San Francisco. Our studio conducted a site visit in November of 2016. From our gatherings we made observations on the topography, land use, transportation, vegetation, natural features, surrounding context, local resources, and climate. From much research in addition to our observations, we gained a greater grasp of the areaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s demographics, sustainability, zoning regulations, and building code. The State of California has additional codes and regulations that go beyond the International Building Code that needed to be considered as well as the extra level of care that is given to healthcare facilities. These are all precursors to total building design.

CHAPTER II >site analysis

study tour

site analysis

>importance of an architectural study tour An architectural study tour can be defined as a group trip to gain first-hand knowledge of a particular areaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s environmental setting, buildings, and cultural relevance. Social dynamics and stronger bonds can be formed through engagement and exposure to new places and settings that are relevant to the groupâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s studies. This engagement and exposure inspires new ideas and concepts for project development, and reinforces the professorâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s instruction. Additional information can be gained through professional insights, relevant architectural design, and historic influences. A part of the study tour involves understanding project site challenges and opportunities. Research done beforehand, such as site size, landscape, climate constraints, and surrounding context, can be evaluated and confirmed or corrected. Additional discoveries are made in person through sensory input analysis of sight, smell, sound, taste, and touch. Opportunities to engage the site, sketch out surrounding context, or understand the cultural influences can also provide moments of critical trajectory for the project. Reflecting on the study tour, the studio found it to be a beneficial experience to the outcome of the project proposals. It allowed for confirmation of conceptual ideas, environmental constraints, and cultural influences. It also provided human-scale site experiences, group development, and educational insights. Overall, study tours are a valuable part to the architectural education; they allow for real world experience and expanded geographical knowledge.

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figure 1. site map

figure 2. ohlone native american circle

figure 3. mount tamalpais and albany hill

figure 4. san pablo ridge

figure 5. service road

figure 6. uc berkeley research field

figure 7. creek

figure 8. buchanan road

figure 9. ocean view elementary school

figure 10. grocery store

figure 11. jackson street

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10 7

figure 12. uc berkeley apartments

5 4 3

figure 13. key map

8 2

LOCATION

site analysis

>the bigger picture Starting the process of analyzing the site begins with understanding the location within multiple contexts. The California Center for Torture Survivors is situated in the Western World. The users of the Center will be arriving from all corners of the world with a myriad of backgrounds and cultures all of which will merge in one location. The world’s economy is dominated by the United States with the top GDP at $14.2 trillion, and California’s economy holds its own at $1.8 trillion, the eighth largest in the world. There are approximately 6,692,030,277 people living the world, and California accounts for 0.55% of the world’s population at 36,961,664. California is impressive enough to stand as its own country to the rest of the world. However, California has an unemployment rate of 12.8% which is 6.2% higher than the world’s unemployment rate (Wesley). Alameda County accounts for roughly 4% of the population of California, but the density is 2,046 people per square mile while the California average is only 239 people. The county’s average household income is $10,000 more than the state’s average and the unemployment rate is 0.7% lower than California’s 12.8% (Alameda County Government). Albany City only comprises 1.2% of the county’s total population at 18, 539. The population majority is either 17 and under or between 45 and 64. The average household income is lower than the rest of the county and state. California has prime access to the coast and is a destination for refugees. The opportunity is prime to address a global and local need (Albany, CA).

$14.2

figure 14. world map with GDP

.55%

figure 15. national map with california’s population

1.2% 12.1%

figure 16. state map with alameda county’s unemployment rate

figure 17. bay area map with albany city’s population

>context The location of the site is nested within a variety of contexts. Across the world, the site is located in the United States of the Western World. The site is in California on the Northwest portion of the country.

The site is in Alameda County on the North half of the state. The site is in Albany City along the Eastern side of the bay.

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figure 18. berkeley boundaries

Albany Hill

Northern Coast Mountain Range

Site

University of California Berkeley

San Francisco Bay

>regional boundaries The site is located on the Gill Tract, which is a property connected to the University of California, Berkeley and sits to the West of University Village.

It is surrounded by natural barriers with the San Francisco Bay to the West, the Northern Coast Range to the East, and Albany Hill to the North (Albany, CA).

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figure 19. city and site boundaries

Cerrito Creek

Curtis Street

Albany Mudflats State Marine Park

Solano Avenue

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>local boundaries The city is bordered to the Northwest by the Albany Mudflats State Marine Park and to the Southwest by the Berkeley Reef. The Cerrito Creek borders the North and the Codornices Creek to the South. All of which are natural water barriers.

Curtis Street and Solano Avenue border the city to the East. The project site is bordered by Jackson Street to the West, Buchanan Street to the North, and San Pablo Avenue to the East. The Codornices Creek also borders the site to the South (Albany, CA).

ri e s da un bo od ho or hb ne ig ny ba al figure 20. albany city map with neighborhoods

hore

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in Wash West o Hill

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>neighborhood boundaries The city of Albany has fourteen neighborhoods with a total population of 16,225 people. From West to East; East Shore, Hillside, Garfield, San Gabriel Triangle, Thousand Oaks, Solano Hill, West Washington, East Washington, Lower Solano, Nomar, Ocean View, Dartmouth, Albany Terrace, and Somar. The average 56

age of city residents is 46, with roughly 48% of the population owning homes. An increase in average age correlates to an increase of home ownership and a decrease of population of the neighborhood. The inverse is also true (Nextdoor).

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figure 21.

figure 23.

>average age The residents in the neighborhood of Ocean View, where the site is located, has an average age of 33 years. Ten other neighborhoods in Albany have an average age in the 40â&#x20AC;&#x2122;s. San Gabriel Triangle, Albany Terrace, and Somar are the three neighborhoods with the average age in the 50â&#x20AC;&#x2122;s (Nextdoor).

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figure 21. albany city average age

>population The neighborhoods with the highest populations are Hillside on Albany Hill and Ocean View in University Village. The neighborhoods with the lowest population are San Gabriel Triangle and East Shore along the Eastshore Freeway (Nextdoor).

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figure 22. albany city population

>homeowner percentage The neighborhood of Ocean View has a 1% homeowner percentage. East Shore, Lower Solano, and Solano Hill have less than half homeowner percentages. Ten neighborhoods have over fifty percent as homeowners. Thousand Oaks has the largest percentage of 75% (Nextdoor).

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San Gabriel Triangle

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figure 23. albany city homeowner percentage

TOPOGRAPHY & LAND USEsite analysis >the ups & the downs The project site has three major topographic vistas that provide a pleasant view beyond the confines of the specified area. Located 16.1 miles to the west of the site across the Bay is Mount Tamalpais, the tallest mountain within the Bay Area standing at 2,500 feet above sea level. Resting on the other side of Buchanan Street to the north of the site is Albany Hill, a 310-foot knoll that provides refuge, recreational activity, and views to the surrounding Bay Area. To the east of the project site is the San Pablo Ridge, a mountain chain that sits on the Hayward Fault line and stretches from Berkeley to Oakland for several miles at 1,000+ vertical feet. The periphery of the California Center for Torture Survivors has a twelve-foot elevation change from the high side of the site on the east to the low side on the west, spanning 730 feet in length. Running from north to south in the center of Albany is San Pablo Avenue, a very busy car congested boulevard that dictates nearby land use development. Directly adjacent buildings to this major circulation artery are zoned as business retail, with high, medium, and low density residential sprawling off this major axis. Solano Avenue is the major street running from east to west. Defining Albanyâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s north and south borders is a municipal creek conservation area that branches off and runs along the south edge of the site. Interstate80 divides the commercial service and production use buildings from the commercial recreation, parks and open spaces on the west end of the towns periphery. The industrial and commercial box buildings are present on the south end. As for the California Center for Torture Survivors, it lies within University Village that makes up the University of California, Berkeleyâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s agricultural research department, just west of San Pablo Avenue.

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figure 24. albany california planning and zoning - generic plan

SOLANO AVE

SAN O PABL AVE

>generic land uses of albany Albany, California, is located in Alameda County. The Bay to the west, Berkeley to the south and east, El Cerrito to the north west, and Richmond to the north. Contra Costa county occupies the territory to the north of Albany (Google Maps).

San Pablo Avenue, running north to south, and Solano Avenue, running east to west, are two major circulation axes running parallel and perpendicular to the site located on the Gill Tract. Immediately adjacent to these major commuting arteries are mixed use spaces serving as both high density housing along with commercial retail (City of Albany).

en tia re l lo si de w nt de ia ns re l si m ity de ed (R nt iu -1 i m al re ) si h d ig en de h si nt de ty ia re ns lt (R si o i de -2 ty w ) er nt (R s ia -3 co ( l R) hi m 4) ll s m er id ci e pa al de rk ve s lo an pm d hi pu gh en b t( de lic RH n la si un D) n t y iv d ho er si u ty si m ng vi ed lla iu ge (HD m H) (U de si te V) ns an ity d ho th ci e t us y gi bo in ll t r ra de g (M ct r DH )

re si d

figure 25. albany california planning and zoning - residential districts

E SOLANO AV

SAN O PABL AVE

>residential uses of albany _ R-1 -- Low-density residential development characterized by single family homes _ R-2 -- Moderate-density residential development characterized by secondary family units

_ RHD -- Hillside districts establishes requirements to prevent erosion, minimize grading, run off, and preserving landscape through specific building code requirements _ UV -- The University Village designated student housing for those with families at the University of California, Berkeley

_ R-3 -- High-density residential development utilizing mixed housing types; duplexes, apartments, condominiums

_ HDH -- These districts are closely related to the San Pablo avenue corridor through Albany

_ R-4 -- Tower district is located west of Albany hill providing high-rise housing

_ MDH -- Provides a transition between high density housing and the remaining residential districts (City of Albany)

SP ) /l ig ht /s in ol m du an er st ci pa o al ri a di rk st m l( s r ixe M an ic t( LI d d re ) S p u si P u s de SD e bl (C ic nt ) M ia la co l nd X) m m er ci co al m se m rv er ic ci si es al te re an an c d d re pr ci a th tio od ty e n bo uc gi (C ll t tio rd R) ra er n ct (C

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figure 26. albany california planning and zoning - commercial districts

SOLANO AV

E SOLANO AV

E O AV AVE PABLABLO SANSAN P

>land uses of albany _ MLI -- Manufacturing involving bulk transportation of products whose processes include chemical use and heavy machining

_ CSP -- This area is adapted to provide larger-scale commercial and creative activities and light industrial manufacturing

_ SPSD -- San Pablo and Solano commercial districts restrict use of digital broadcasting equipment

_ CR -- Applies to Golden Gate Fields designation as a park, open space, conservation, and commercial recreation activities (City of Albany)

_ CMX -- Commercial mixed use district allow broad range of commercial including light industrial and regulate site requirements appropriate for the use

ci lit iv ie er s si (P ty F) re v si i l la de ge n (U pa tial V) rk s an d cr op ee en k co sp ns ac pu er es bl v ic at (P io qu OS si n as te ar ) i -p ea an ub d ( C lic ci CA gi ty ll t ) bo (PQ ra ) rd ct er

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figure 27. albany california planning and zoning - public and green space districts

SOLANO AVE

SAN VE LO A PAB

>land uses of albany _ WF -- Waterfront district west of I-80 preserves the open space for recreational use _ PF -- Public facilities include parks and government owned land _ UV -- Creates a multi-family housing district for UC Berkeley married students and families as well as park areas for the residence

_ PQ -- City owned land such as schools, libraries, and City Hall that are used by the public. Residential use is not permitted in this zone

_ POS -- Encompasses Albany Hill, the linear parks, city and memorial parks and open space on private developments set aside for conservation _ CCA -- The over lay designates areas to ensure minimal adverse effects of erosion and flooding caused by development _ PQ -- Includes community services and transportation corridors of Albany (City of Albany)

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figure 28. bay area topography

Mount Tamalpais 2,572’ Golden Gate Bridge 746’ San Bruno Mtn. 1,314’

Twin Peaks 925’

Mount Davidson 935’

Telegraph Hill Alcatraz Island 275’ 143’

Our Site 35’

Angel Island 788’ Southern Heights Ridge 540’

Las Trampas Ridge 1,880’

Albany Hill 310’ Gudde Ridge 1,762’

Russian Hill Yerba Buena 300’ Island 338’ Rob Hill 387’

San Pablo Ridge 1057’ Berkeley Hills Vollmer Peak 525’ 1,905’

NCISCO

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SAN FRA

BERKEL A ALAMED

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>topography of the bay area Within the Bay Area are drastic changes of topography ranging anywhere between sea level and 2,500+ feet of vertical elevation. In relation to the site there are three topological extrusions that can be clearly evident from ground level of the site. To the northeast is the peak of the Mount Tamalpais, the highest peak of the

Northern California Coast Ranges. Directly to the east of the site is the San Pablo Ridge, a mountainous region 1,057 feet above sea level stretching endlessly away from view. The third major topographic change is Albany Hill, located just north of the site with 310 feet of elevation change (Peakbagger).

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figure 29.

figure 29. albany topography

>topography of albany The site remains fairly flat as we are approximately 35 feet above sea level (Peakbagger). The closest visual asset is the Albany Hill located within a half mile north of the site. The topography change of Albany Hill can be used as a landmark indicating the location of the site. Vistas

to the east of the site include the San Pablo Ridge as well as Mount Tamalpais located on the other end of the harbor. Many nearby topographical areas are omitted from view due to nearby trees, power lines, and buildings.

de ve lo pm ut in im en g po ts ha rta rd nt sc bu ap si ild gh e ab t l le in es ar ea

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figure 30.

>the san pablo ridge -- 1

The San Pablo ridge sits at 1,057 feet above sea level and provides housing and trails to the residents of Berkeley (Peakbagger). 2

1 40’ 35’ 30’

figure 31. san pablo ridge

>mount tamalpais -- 2 This mountain peak stretches 2,572 feet above the bay and can be seen from 16.5 miles away from the site. It is the tallest of the Northern California Coast Ranges (Peakbagger).

figure 30. site topography figure 32. mount tamalpais

>topography of the site

>albany hill -- 3

Within the site is a topography change of 14 feet with the highest contour on the east and the lowest contour on the west end of the site. From the ground plane, views to Mount Tamalpais, Albany Hill and the San Pablo Ridge are available for utilization.

Albany Hill is zoned as medium and high density housing that also accommodates Albany Hill Park that includes nature trails and views to the San Francisco Bay (City of Albany). Its elevation is 310 feet above sea level (Peakbagger).

figure 33. albany hill

DEMOGRAPHICS

site analysis

>celebrating diversity Demographics provide statistics that give a better idea of the target audience for the building in the immediate area of the site, as well as the general area. In terms of this project, The California Center for Torture Survivors, statistics regarding population numbers, gender, age groups, income and race of the general public does not really pertain to this project. What is of importance, however, is the specific group of people who would interact with the facility. The target demographic are refugees, both in California and the Bay Area and in Alameda County. The next few pages highlight an overview of the number of refugees from different countries of origin, the total number of refugees in the Bay Area counties, as well as a more narrow focus of the refugees in Alameda County. From this information, once can better decide exactly who is the specific target group for the Center.

population density per sqare mile 2016 marin sonoma napa

>nine counties The Bay Area consist of nine neighboring counties; Marin, Sonoma, Napa, Solano, Contra Costa, Alameda, Santa Clara, San Mateo, and San Francisco. San Francisco City, in San Francisco County, is the most populated in the Bay Area, housing close to 850,000 people and catering to over 6,700 homeless in 2015 (Fagan). In 2000, a population study was conducted comparing the population density per square mile of 2016 to the projected density in 2030. The result of this study can be found in figure 34.

solano contra costa alameda santa clara san mateo

2030

500

300

400

200

300

500

700

1,500

1,900

2,000

2,300

1,400

1,600

1,900

17,200

19,000

san francisco

figure 34. population per square mile

sonoma napa solano marin san francisco san mateo

contra costa alameda santa clara

figure 35. nine-county bay area

10 10, 0 ,0 01 00 > 50 50 ,0 ,0 00 00

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figure 36. total refugee arrivals in california by country of origin between 1982 and 2015

>refugee country of origin _ Since 1982 -_ 504,298 total refugees _ 163,344 refugees from Vietnam _ followed by Russia, Iran, Laos, Iraq and Ukraine (â&#x20AC;&#x153;Federal Office of Refugee Resettlement Data Systemâ&#x20AC;?)

Considering the vast number of countries that refugees flee from, there are many ethnic and religious considerations when it comes to The California Center for Torture Survivors. Perhaps the center will seek to reach a specific ethnic group or religious group of refugees rather than just refugees in general.

-1 ,0 00 00 0 -5 5, , 00 000 0 -1 > 0, 10 00 ,0 0 00 1,

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figure 37. number of refugees in bay area counties since 1982

>bay area refugee resettlement _ 32,998 refugees who have settled in one of the nine Bay Area counties _ 6.5% of all refugees who have settled in California (â&#x20AC;&#x153;Total Arrivals to Californiaâ&#x20AC;?) _ Top three counties -_ santa clara: 15,480 _ san francisco: 7,900 _ alameda county: 6,244 Though these numbers are not exact due to potential fluctuations in totals due to deaths and refugees moving, the numbers likely represent a fairly accurate number of refugees in the area.

Sonoma

Napa

172

Solano

Marin Contra Costa San Francisco Alameda San Mateo

Santa Clara

With approximatively 6,244 refugees within Alameda County, there is a large demographic that the project could serve. Based on estimates by the CVT, 3040% of refugees are survivors of torture (Partner News). If this is true, then there could potentially be 1,873 - 2,497 torture survivors in Alameda county alone. These numbers are not exact and are just estimates; however, it represents that there is a need for a center such as the one proposed by the studio. 69

>refugee resettlement

_ Syria

_ Democratic Republic of the Congo

There are 4.8 million refugees fleeing from Syria since 2011 alone, making it the number one country for refugees in 2016. Many are trying to escape Civil War and ISIS forces (Huber).

There are many fleeing the DRC, making it the sixth highest country in 2016 for refugees. The people are flying from mass executions, mutilations, and rape by armed militants (Tisdall).

_ Afghanistan

_ Myanmar (Burma)

There are 2.6 million refugees, making it the second top country for refugees in 2016. The increased violence in the Middle East has lead more people to leave (Huber).

There are many Rohingya people leaving Myanmar in 2016, making it the seventh country for refugees. The minority ethnic group is fleeing government persecution (Woodruff).

_ Somalia There are 980,000 refugees in 2016, making it the third country for refugees. The people are fleeing overall instability of the area (Huber).

_ South Sudan There are 727,000 refugees from this new country in 2016, making it the fourth country in refugees. They are fleeing the ongoing violence and food insecurity (Huber).

_ Sudan There are 641,000 refugees in 2016 from this parent country, making it number five. The people are running from conflict and instability (Huber).

_ Central African Republic The are thousands fleeing violence in CAR, making it the eighth highest country for refugees in 2016. The people are escaping increasing violence of the two opposing militias (Schlein).

_ Iraq There is continued violence in the area, making it the ninth largest country for refugees. People are fleeing ISIS, as well as continued ethnic tension between Sunni/ Shia and Arab/Kurd groups (Jansen).

_ Eritrea The newly independent territory is still undergoing violence, making it the tenth most country for refugees. People are under a repressive dictatorship and militant government (Jansen).

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figure 38. top ten countries of origin for refugees in 2016

>internally displaced persons _ 1 -- Syria _ 2 -- Afghanistan _ 3 -- Somalia _ 4 -- South Sudan _ 5 -- Sudan _ 6 -- Democratic Republic of the Congo _ 7 -- Myanmar (Burma) _ 8 -- Central African Republic _ 9 -- Iraq _ 10 -- Eritrea

One in one hundred and thirteen people around the world are now internally displaced. That is almost 1% of the worldâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s population (Huber).

TRANSPORTATION site analysis >bridges, highways, & bike lanes The infrastructure of transportation emphasizes the importance of the countiesâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; progress and connections. Transportation infrastructure provides citizens ways to move quickly and efficiently around the Bay Area. The routes provide physical connectivity between the rural and urban cities, allowing a wider network range for the people in the Bay Area to connect, prosper, educate, and provide. Transportation also links people with amenities, attractions, basic needs, and other accommodations for daily life. There are many different ways to use transportation in the Bay Area such as roadways, bus, subway, bike, or on foot. Healing environments can be enhanced through quality transportation infrastructure. Natural elements and landmarks may be experienced while using transportation. Examples of healing environments can include parks, historical sites, or local landmarks. By understanding the interaction of these forces, the site can produce a major impact on healing, comfort, and occupantsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; wellbeing.

s ar y ro se ad co s nd ar y ro ad

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figure 42. highway system

figure 39. golden gate bridge

1 1

>highway system figure 40. san francisco/oakland bay bridge

Roads can be divided into primary arterials that accumulate higher speed traffic and secondary multilane roads. The arterials help connect the Bay Area through the three bridges; Golden Gate Bridge, San Francisco-Oakland Bay Bridge, and the RichmondSan Rafael Bridge.

>bridges

figure 41. richmond/san rafael bridge

The Golden Gate Bridge is a suspension bridge which allows vehicular, and pedestrian access. This 1.7 mile-long bride connects the city of San Francisco to the south of Marin County near Sausalito. The San Francisco-Oakland Bay Bridge is a four and half milelong bridge that connects Oakland to San Francisco. The eastern span of the suspension bridge is a new addition that was finished in 2013 (Associated Press Reporter). It holds ten lanes of traffic. The RichmondSan Rafael Bridge is a five and half mile-long bridge that connects east Richmond to west San Rafael. It is a complex bridge with two decks that allow one-way traffic on the top going towards Richmond and oneway traffic below going towards San Rafael.

ar y ro se ad co s nd ar te y rti ro ar ad y s r oa si te ds

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figure 43. road access

>road access The roads can be divided into primary arterials, secondary roads, and tertiary roads. Primary arterials span long distances to connect larger regional areas. Secondary roads have high speed limits and multiple lanes with the intention of connecting the larger Alameda County area. Tertiary roads provide access to the 74

residential streets. The site has to take into consideration the noise transmitted by the main arterial road running to the west that provides an offramp to a secondary road running north of the site.

on d ri c hm to m st on illb at d io ra to n e fre m on t e

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ba figure 44. transit system

>transit system Originally established in Alameda and Contra Costa County, the AC transit lines 1-299 operate commuting periods from 6-9 am and 4-6 pm (lines 200-299 serve Fremont and Newark, while 1-199 serve East Bay from Richmond to Hayward), lines 300-399 do not operate during commute period, lines 600-699 operate during school

hours, lines 800-899 are the all-night lines (“Alameda-Contra Costa”). Lines A-Z are the Trans-bay Routes connecting East Bay to San Francisco and the Peninsula. The BART subway system has two lines through Alameda County running from Richmond to Millbrae and Richmond to Fremont (“Bay Area Rapid Transit”). 75

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figure 45. bicycle system

>bicycle system Over the years the city of Albany has been developing their bike lanes and paths for healthier, safer routes for the community to get around. The city has provided days for the community to bike together. These days include biking to work, school, or other activities. Berkeley is ranked the safest city with a population over 60,000 76

in California and has 9.7% of residents commuting on bike (Bicycling in Berkeley). Berkeley is also developing a bicycle plan to make biking a more convenient way of transportation. The site should take this into consideration when developing ways of access. Bike racks should also be placed to encourage bikers that arrive on site.

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figure 46. walking proximity

5 mins 10 mins 1/4 mi 1/2 mi

20 mins 1 mi

30 mins 1 1/2 mi

>walking proximity This map presents general walking distances from the proposed site location of the California Center for Torture Survivors.

This map allows an understanding of distance and amenities that could be reached by foot.

ar y ro se ad co s nd ar te y rti ro ar ad y s r oa AC tra ds n AC sit bu tra s ro ns ut it si es st te op s

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AC figure 47. road access

AC AC

>gill tract road access The Gill Tract provides a collaborative environment for community involvement such as farming or recreational park activities. The Gill Tract includes 78

developments of industrial, residential, agricultural and education uses. Multiple bus stops around the location allow for easier public transportation.

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figure 48. bicycle routes

>gill tract bike routes The Gill Tract provides dedicated bike lanes along the northern edge providing safer transportation along higher speed zone areas. Bike friendly routes are along

the west side providing sidewalks for pedestrians and bikers. Other bike friendly routes can be found further east. 79

VEGETATION & NATURAL FEATURES site analysis >simply organic Californiaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s temperate climate allows for a variety of year round outdoor recreation. Ample parks and recreation spaces cover both Berkeley and Albany. Residents have the opportunity to explore the great outdoors in many different ways. Some of the parks include walking and biking trails, gardens, outdoor gym equipment, swimming facilities, tennis, basketball, baseball, and much more. Nature is an important design element especially when considering a healing environment, so by having all of these spaces accessible, the survivors can mend at their own discretion within the community. As the studio moves forward in the design process, it is important to start to think about the integration of nature within the site. Already, the presence of great Oaks take place on the Southern border of the site. Through research, native plant species that could be well implemented into the context have been identified.

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figure 49. berkeley map

16 3 15

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>parks _ 1 -- aquatic park _ 2 -- berkeley rose garden _ 3 -- indian rock garden _ 4 -- live oak park _ 5 -- cesar chavez park _ 6 -- strawberry creek park _ 7 -- harrison park _ 8 -- cedar rose park

_ 9 -- codornices park _ 10 -- san pablo park _ 11 -- willard park _ 12 -- ocean view park _ 13 -- grove park _ 14 -- ohlone park west _ 15 -- golden gate fields _ 16 -- albany hill park _ (La Pilitas Nursery)

figure 50. berkeley rose garden

figure 51. ocean view park

>berkeley rose garden

>ocean view park

_ location -- 1200 euclid ave. _ size -- 3.64 acres _ founded -- 1933 _ amenities -- _ botanical garden _ terrace overlook

_ location -- 900 buchanan st. _ size -- 3.61 acres _ founded -- unknown _ amenities -_ community organic garden _ picnic areas

figure 52. cesar chavez park

figure 53. albany hill

>cesar chavez park

>albany hill

_ location -- 11 spinnaker way _ size -- 90 acres _ founded -- 1996 _ amenities -- _ kite festivals _ multi-purpose turf area

_ location -- 700 taft ave _ size -- unknown _ founded -- unknown _ amenities -- _ hiking trails _ view overlook

figure 54. aquatic park

>aquatic park

>healing properties

_ location -- 80 bolivar dr. _ size -- 32.76 land acres, 67.7 water acres _ founded -- 1935 _ hours -- 6 am-10 pm _ amenities -- _ playground _ soccer field _ multi-purpose turf _ picnic areas _ wetlands and park lake _ hiking/biking trails _ water sports _ frisbee golf course _ fitness exercise course _ rowing center _ bird-watching

The Aquatic Park is a quiet destination immersed in the natural wetlands of the West Coast. The 32 acre land dwarfs in comparison to the 67 acreage of wetlands. This waterfront beauty is perfect for healing torture survivors to seek solace among the many benches or socialize around the playgrounds or many picnic areas (Calscape, Nature Plant Society).

>trees _ madrone

(arbutus menziesii) _ height -- 15’ - 100’ _ width -- 5’ - 25’ _ form -- upright columnar _ fragrance -- slight _ growth rate -- slow _ dormancy -- evergreen _ flower -- white _ flower season -- april - june

figure 55. madrone

_ white alder

(alnus rhombifolia) _ height -- 75’ _ width -- 35’ _ form -- rounded, upright columnar _ fragrance -- pleasant fragrance _ growth rate -- fast _ dormancy -- winter deciduous _ flower -- none _ flower season -- none

figure 56. white alder

_ california buckeye

(aesculus californica)

figure 57. california buckeye

_ height -- 39’ _ width -- 40’ _ form -- rounded _ fragrance -- none _ growth rate -- pleasant _ dormancy -- summer deciduous, winter deciduous _ flower -- cream, white _ flower season -- april - september _ (Calscape, Nature Plant Society)

>shrubs _ creek dogwood

(cornus sericea ssp. sericea) _ height -- 3’ - 4’ _ width -- 9’ - 15’ _ form -- spreading _ fragrance -- slight _ growth rate -- fast _ dormancy -- winter deciduous _ flower -- white _ flower season -- april - september figure 58. creek dogwood

_ common sun rose

(crocanthemum scoparium) _ height -- 1’ - 2’ _ width -- 1’ - 2’ _ form -- spreading _ fragrance -- pleasant fragrance _ growth rate -- fast _ dormancy -- summer semi-deciduous _ flower -- yellow _ flower season -- january - september figure 59. common sun rose

_ coffee berry

(frangula californica) _ height -- 15’ _ width -- 5’ - 15’ _ form -- mounding,rounded, spreading _ fragrance -- none _ growth rate -- moderate _ dormancy -- evergreen _ flower -- cream, green, white _ flower season -- april - september _ (Calscape, Nature Plant Society)

figure 60. coffee berry

>grasses _ giant wildrye

(elymus condensatus) _ height -- 3’ - 10’ _ width -- 2’ - 8’ _ form -- fountian, weeping _ fragrance -- none _ growth rate -- moderate _ dormancy -- evergreen _ flower -- none _ flower season -- none

figure 61. giant wildrye

_ panicled bulrush

(scirpus microcarpus) _ height -- 5’ _ width -- 5’ _ form -- spreading _ fragrance -- none _ growth rate -- fast _ dormancy -- evergreen _ flower -- none _ flower season -- none

figure 62. panicled bulrush

_ soft rush

(juncus effusus)

figure 63. soft rush

_ height -- 5’ _ width -- 3’ _ form -- fountain _ fragrance -- none _ growth rate -- fast _ dormancy -- evergreen _ flower -- none _ flower season -- none _ (Calscape, Nature Plant Society)

>flowers _ ithuriel’s spear (triteleia laxa)

_ height -- 2’ _ width -- 2’ - 3’ _ form -- flower _ fragrance -- slight _ growth rate -- moderate _ dormancy -- summer deciduous _ flower -- blue, lavender, purple, white _ flower season -- april - september figure 64. ithuriel’s Spear

_ california cudweed

(pseudognaphalium californicum) _ height -- 3’ _ width -- 2’ _ form -- flower _ fragrance -- fragrant - pleasant _ growth rate -- moderate _ dormancy -- summer semi-deciduous _ flower -- cream, white _ flower season -- january - september figure 65. california cudweed

_ western columbine (aquilegia fomosa)

_ height -- 2’ - 3’ _ width -- 11 _ form -- fountain _ fragrance -- none _ growth rate -- fast _ dormancy -- winter deciduous _ flower -- red, yellow _ flower season -- january - june _ (Calscape, Nature Plant Society)

figure 66. western columbine

Surrounding Context site analysis >sights to see The San Fransisco Bay Area is a vibrant community with quite a few places that would attract people to them. The top 14 locations are shown on the map. 1 _ mclaughlin eastshore state park -- includes tidal marshes and beaches as well as pedestrian and bicycle trails (McLaughlin Eastshore) 2 _ treasure island -- man made island originally created for the 1939 golden gate international exposition (Formerbases.com) 3 _ san pablo reservoir -- variety of outdoor activities including fishing, boating, kayaking and hiking (Rocky Mountain Recreation Company) 4 _ siesta valley recreational park includes a number of hiking trails for the outdoor enthusiast (Yu) 5 _ angel island -- largest natural island in the bay and offers spectacular views as well as camping and outdoor activities (Angel Island Company) 6 _ san fransisco museum of modern art -- offers an indoor activity to view modern paintings, sculptures and other artwork (San Francisco Museum) 7 _ pier 39 -- has plenty of restaurants and shops along the Bay (Google Maps) 8 _ alcatraz island -- home of the most secure federal penitentiary and has now been converted to a historic attraction (National Park Service) 9 _ redwood regional park -- an area to walk among a small, timeless redwood forest (Redwood Regional Park) 10 _ golden gate park -- an urban park in downtown san fransisco (SF Rec & Park) 11 _ golden gate bridge -- an icon of america (History.com) 12 _ bay area discovery museum -- a place for kids, families to discover the world around them (Bay Area Discovery Museum) 13 _ golden gate state park -- home to windmills, gardens, bison, japanese tea garden, California Academy of Sciences, and other attractions (Golden Gate Park) 14 _ mount tamalpais -- located in a state park by the same name and clear days offers breathtaking views of the surrounding Bay Area (California Department)

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figure 67. bay area attractions

LOCAL RESOURCES

site analysis

>in the neighborhood The location of the site is close to Solano Avenue and San Pablo Avenue, which are the two most commercial streets in the locality. The intersection of the two streets is concentrated with eatery joints, with most hospitality buildings on the Solano Avenue. The close proximity of the site to these streets benefits with a wide variety of options to dine in several different kinds of specialty restaurants, besides cafes, bars and fast-food joints. Aside from hospitality, most of the retail stores are also concentrated in this area. Albany has grocery stores spread evenly across its area in order to provide easy access to all the parts within reasonable walking distance. The site has several schools ranging from preschools, elementary schools, Montessori schools, high schools to adult schools within a 20-minute walking distance, making the location of the site ideal for its users by providing convenient access to these buildings. One drawback is that there are no hospitals in Albany, and most of the clinics are alternative treatment centers instead of traditional medical clinics. There are many places of worship within the ten minute walking range of the site, and a large variety of cultural and civic building in close vicinity of the location of the site as well.

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elementary montessori high school

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adult school

figure 68. albany city education centers

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>education centers Albany has a higher number of preschools in comparison to elementary or high schools. Most of the elementary schools are situated within a 5-minute walking distance from the site in the central part of Albany, whereas the preschools are evenly distributed throughout the city, making it easier for the younger age-group

of children to be able to attend school near their locality. There is one high school towards the north of the city within a 20-minute walking distance from the site. Most of the colleges close to the site are located further than 20-minute walking distance outside the city in the Northern Berkeley region (Google Maps). 91

ck y, e tra l ce rri de to rj pl oe az ho ’s a sa (s p nn ec a ia 99 or lty ie ra nt gr nc a oc lf h co er oo m ) lu a d rk sa ( ko et m r ( sa ea pa ar fe ke n nty gr as t oc gr ia an oc n er gr y) er dr oc y on st e ic ry or to o’s ) e ky (h o ig fis hh be en m rk d a el gr r k ey oc et m na er on s) tu te ra re lg y an ro m ce dr ar on ry ke ic co t sa o’s (fr m fe ui c ty t a pa n om y gr n m d w oc un ve ho er ge ity le y ta st fo m bl or od a es rk e s et ) m ar ke t

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figure 69. albany city grocery stores

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>grocery stores The grocery stores or farmer’s markets are sparsely located throughout the city, with no big stores in the central part of the city, or within a 5-minute walking distance. Although there are two places to shop for groceries within a 10-minute walking distance, one is a fish market and the other is a market for organic foods. Most of the 92

bigger grocery stores for daily needs are either within a 20-minute walking distance or further than that. The city does have a wide variety of options for grocery stores which can be beneficial for patients of different nationalities visiting the center (Google Maps).

o sh ac ne k st be (ele ct dd fo ro am ing ni cs cr ) e D at J io co ns m pu ea te st rs ba y ta pa rg in et tc en of te fic r e de po ve ri z t on th e no r no th f a m ad ce o ic ut ca le tra t lif de or r ni s a (c m sk lo et t ic ro om hing PC go S st pa co or od ny e) rp w or ill at al ( s ba e ec st ny on or d f e or -h ho d a ps nd y go (b od ee fiv s) rs e lit to tle re ) ca m on sa ke oa ys xa av (to ca en y (g ue sh i ft ya op to s rn ho ) ys go p (k ) -ro ni ka tti un n th d m (to g s up an y pl du sh ie o im s) p) po rts

di ra 1

figure 70. albany city retail locations

1 13

8 2

16 17

ute

-M

in ut

20 -

in ut e

>retail locations Most of the retail stores lie in the central part of the city on the San Pablo Avenue and Solano Avenue within a convenient distance from the site. With most restaurants and stores located around the site, this could be a benefit in providing distraction for the users of the center, for either the patients or the staff.

With options within a 5-minute walking distance from the site, it could help in encouraging the patients residing in the accommodation to be able to feel safe while going out, and yet not too far away for their comfort zone (Google Maps).

m ny un ph ity re y st ac si ca or up at lt un i h on EF er ct ap T ur ph th e y y si er ca ap na l y tu th ra er lly ap va he y ra al in he g al M sh i D en ng a rts cl m so inic as ur sa ce ge f or ro w be e rt lln l ca evin ess hn e he em ac up alth a be un ce nn rk ct nt m el ur er ed ey e ic c be ac l a i n l rk up ic el un clin e ic ct he y ps ur nd yc e ho ri c l k o so ea gi st n st ch s ba & iro y th IP na pr er C a t ap u ct ho ro o is sp pa r ts ita th ic ls cl in ic

traditional

sa r

co m

alternative

supplemental

figure 71. albany city medical facilities

13 10

11 12

3 2

4 7

>medical facilities There are no hospitals in the Albany area; however, there are many acupuncture clinics and various other medically related clinics or alternative medicine facilities that offer massage, physical therapy, chiropractic care, naturopathic clinic, psychotherapy, etc. 94

While these may not always come to mind first for medical care, they may be useful resources to the people who come to the California Center for Torture Survivors (Google Maps).

rth ar ou ea se cu se nn ltu in ra f lc o pu un on bl d ne ic at ct io lib io n al r ns ar fo ba y r (B ny ja p an AYC ab recr es C) ea ra e m tio cu s n ltu ar al an ts ba ra d la ny co rts m se ve m ni te un or ra ity ce nâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s nt ce ci m er nt ty em er cl er or k ia su l ha ila sa lim po ur be lly da nc e

co u ny 2

ba y

ba al 1

civic

cultural

figure 72. albany city civic and cultural centers

10 9

20 -

in ut e

-M

in ut

ute

>civic & cultural centers The courthouse is right across the street from the site and has a number of law offices nearby as well. Albany is very active in getting the community together. There are a number of community centers that provide classes, community events, resources, and programs for different people of the community. They

have a Senior Center, Teen Center, and general Community and Recreation Center. These are all within walking distance. There are a few facilities that are dedicated to specific cultural traditions or arts, such as karate and belly dancing (Google Maps). 95

ny HE YM CA AL pi la ha na tes bi TG jud o ta ek w w on oo do ho o fit be fit pe rs al on ba al ny tra co al in m l in in m g un on i e t SW y fit re ne EA cr ss ea T st tio pe r n e rfo ng ce rm th nt er an & kr cy ce av c fit m lin ne ag g fit ss a ne xt & re ss M m M e ph evo A lv oe e ni x gy kr av m m ag an a xt yt re im m e e fit an ne yt ss im e fit ne ss

ba al 1

specialty membership

figure 73. albany city recreation facilities

6 4 2

3 5

ute

12 13

20 -

in ut e

-M

in ut

>recreation There are several opportunities for recreation within walking distance of the site.

This includes membership gyms and specialty exercise gyms (Google Maps).

20 M in ut e

-M

in ut

ute

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Many worship centers of a variety of faiths are located in the Albany area. 11 12

13 14

3 2

9 10

1 15

ba ny

an un

co m

ite d

ity ch ur ko m ch r e e th m a od os pr es is ai tc c by hu ch te ri a rc ur h ch n ch o ch fn ur ch ur az ch ar en o be n e th rk e el co ey rn ch bu er ri s dd tia hi st n st sc pr .a io i e m nc ry br e os sa re ad e ka ch in ya ur g d ro c st ec h om .a he lb n er l i ng s tra ep ns is co ce nd pa ev lc en an hu ta ge l rc m h be lica ed lb rk ita ib el tio e le n ch no y co ur rth ve c n h br an ae tc co hu m rc m h un ity ch ur ch zi

so l

other

evangelical

meditation

figure 74. albany city worship centers

10 15

>worship centers

Most are within walking distance of the site (Google Maps).

d oo st f

ts an ur

ur re st a

sp ec ia lty ca re fe st a

20 -

in ut e

-M

in ut

ute

figure 75. albany city hospitality

>hospitality Albany has a wide variety of restaurants located along San Pablo Avenue and Solano Avenue. Most of the cafes are located around the intersection between the two avenues within a 5-minute walking range from the site, and also have a concentration of specialty restaurants around it. San Pablo Avenue mostly has 98

a concentration of American restaurants and fast food joints at regular intervals within a 10-minute walking distance, whereas most of the hospitality joints are along Solano Avenue, with a high concentration of Specialty restaurants, spanning up to a 20-minute walking radium (Google Maps).

9 ft 20 -2 9 ft 30 -3 5 ft 36 + ft

10 -1

nd si te

g in

gr ou

ild bu

figure 76. figure ground

figure 77. building heights

>mass vs. void

>building heights

Residential housing to the north and east have a smaller footprint and dense spacing. Industrial building footprints to the south vary; however, they are generally large and spaced out. University Village, to the west, has long footprints organized into large blocks.

The site is surrounded by various land uses. Residential housing to the north and east have a general heights of 10-20 ft with some taller buildings standing out. Industrial buildings to the south vary largely, with 20-30 ft building heights nearest to Gill Tract. University Village, to the west, has a taller 30-35 ft general heights.

climate site analysis >smoke on the water California is a large state that spans a great distance of over 800 miles from north to south (Net State). Due to its large area coverage and geographic diversity, climate ranges greatly throughout. The Bay Area is in the Mediterranean realm of climate classifications. The Mediterranean climate is defined as mild, with warm summers and short rainy or mild winters; summers are also noted for having clear skies and temperate night weather (National Geographic). The temperature is desirable for outdoor activity year round and provides opportunity to host certain design elements that would not otherwise be feasible in dry or continental climates. Some resources also consider that the Marine climate, which is also among mild climate types, covers some of the region of the Bay Area (Golden Gate Bridge). The marine climate specifically pertains to the west most area – being San Francisco, San Mateo, and Marin County. In Harold Gilliam’s book, “Weather of the San Francisco Bay,” he touches on the multifaceted weather matter, “because the land takes these varied forms, there is actually no such thing as a Bay Region climate. There are only innumerable micro climates within the region, varying widely from mountain to mountain, from valley to valley, and from point to point within the mountains and valleys” (Gilliam). The site location in Albany, California has particularly interesting climatic characteristics that will call for attention during the programming and design process.

100

ri d

ne an id ar

se m

i -a

te rra

ed i

ar m

figure 78. california climate types

>climate types The state of California has 5 different climate regions. Climate is very dependent on elevation. The northern coastal edge is Marine. It is characterized by cooler weather and comparatively more rain. Highlands sit on the northeast and mid-areas of California where there are mountains. The Mediterranean climate type makes up most of the central and west land, generally including the site. These temperatures are moderate in nature. Semiarid and arid climates exist in a couple spots across the state. The temperatures in these regions largely vary. Death Valley is an extreme and has the highest recorded temperatures.

Sacramento San Francisco San Jose Fresno

Los Angeles

San Diego

101

rre nt n of re w ct ar io m n di ,m o re fi oi nc ct st io o m n ai r of in g co fo ld g ,u pw el lin g cu di

re ct io di

figure 79. fog in the bay area

>fog conditions Albany and Berkeley are located northeast of the Golden Gate Bridge and across the bay. This positioning affects weather. Fog and stratus clouds often blanket the air during the morning and evening in the

102

summer months (Golden Gate Bridge). This creates a large variety of micro-climates within the San Francisco Bay Area due to the variety in elevation and proximity to the Bay and Pacific Ocean.

ge lo av w er te ag m e pe hi ra ra gh in t fa t em ure ll ( ( Fo in p ch er ) at es ur ) e ( Fo )

av er a

figure 80. albany average high and low temperatures and rainfall

6 in

5 in

4 in

3 in

2 in

1 in

0 in Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

>average temperatures Temperatures and rainfall data are similar for the cities of Berkeley and Albany. The mild climate has temperate highs and lows that result in similar seasons. December through February (winter) has high temperatures around 60o F while the lows are around 40o F. March through May’s (spring) high temperatures average around high 60’s while the low temperatures stay in the high 40’s. June through August has highs near the mid-40’s and lows around the 50’s. September through November (fall) reflect high temperatures ranging from the mid-60’s to mid-70’s while the low temperatures fall around 50o F(US Climate Data).

High/Low Averages in Degrees Fahrenheit; Rainfall in Inches: _ Jan -- 58/42; 4.96 _ Feb -- 62/44; 5.2 _ Mar -- 64/46; 3.86 _ Apr -- 67/47; 1.65 _ May -- 70/49; 0.87 _ Jun -- 73/52; 0.16 _ Jul -- 74/53; 0 _ Aug -- 74/54; 0.08 _ Sept -- 75/53; 0.24 _ Oct -- 73/53; 1.38 _ Nov -- 65/47; 3.31 _ Dec -- 59/43; 5.04

103

ph m

1. 1

m 8. 8

-1

m 5. 7

-8

3. 6

-5

ph m .1

-3

-2

2. 1

0. 5

figure 81. wind rose for the berkeley, california area NW

18%

NNE

16% 14%

12% 10% 8%

WNW

ENE

6% 4% 2%

WSW

ESE

SE SSW

SSE

>wind averages Wind on the site comes primarily from the west. Winds coming from this direction are typically higher speeds coming from the same general direction, including the west-north-west and the west-south-west shown in figure 81. Wind varies slightly from season to season. In spring, winds come more quickly from the west to northwest. In Summer, wind comes from the north-west to the west-south-west at generally lower speeds. Wind comes from all directions, but primarily the west and south-east during fall and winter. These speeds are higher in the winter than they are in the fall (California Environmental 104

Protection Agency Air Resources Board). There is no perceivable wind movement 10.40% of the time. It is most calm during the Spring and most windy during Fall months. This seasonal variation in wind direction and speed presents opportunities for passive cooling through ventilation. The building should be protected from the fast West and south-east winds in the winter, and open to the north-west and south-west during the summer months.

51°F 8 mph january wind rose

55°F 9 mph february wind rose

59°F 10 mph april wind rose

57°F 10 mph

59°F 9 mph

59°F 11 mph june wind rose

60°F 9 mph august wind rose

60°F 7 mph october wind rose

march wind rose

may wind rose

july wind rose

55°F 9 mph

60°F 9 mph september wind rose

55°F 5 mph november wind rose

50°F 6 mph december wind rose

figure 82. yearly wind rose

105

rk ne ss su ns hi ne da w n du sk

figure 83. sunrise and sunset times 24 22 20 18

hour

16 14 12 10 8 6 4

april

may

june

july

aug

sep

oct

nov

august

september

october

november

march

july

feb

june

jan

may

april

2 dec

16 hr 14 hr 12 hr 10 hr 8 hr

march

february

2 hr

january

4 hr

0 hr figure 84. monthly sunshine duration

december

6 hr

>sun conditions Berkeley receives the most sunlight hours per day between May and September, with December and January receiving the least. This correlates heavily with sunrise and 106

sunset times for the area. The same months that receive the largest amount of daylight also tend to have earlier sunrise times and later sunset times.

>sky conditions

nu an

so l

su np st at ic h e va -d so ri a ec ls tic em tio e be n -j un r e

lit y) bi co ve r cl ou cl ou dy d sk y he y sk co y av ve co y r fo ve g r (> 1/ 4 m ile vi si y

rtl

sk y cl ea r

figure 85.

figure 86.

10° 20°

The site has a fairly typical sunpath, with the sun rising in the west-south-west and setting in the east-south-east during the summer season. During the winter season, the sun rises in the west-northwest and sets in the eastnorth-east.

30° 40° 50° 60° 70° 80°

The sky cover for the site is mostly clear between May and October, and mostly cloudy between November and March. Partly-cloudy conditions occur at a fairly average rate throughout the year. September through February typically have days with heavy fog, meaning visibility is reduced to less than 1/4 mile. January and February typically have the highest number of these heavy fog days.

figure 85. sunpath

32 30 28 26 24

18 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2

figure 86. sky cover

dec

nov

oct

sept

aug

july

june

may

april

march

feb

0 jan

days per month

22 20

107

sustainabilitysite analysis >embracing stewardship Sustainable practices are an important effort in order to provide longevity for the people and the Earth on which we live. Designing with sustainable foundations ensure that the final product will be enjoyed for years to come in an environment that is healthy enough to sustain architecture and its desire. “The California Sustainability Alliance is designed to help meet the States’ aggressive energy, climate and other resource and environmental goals by increasing and accelerating energy efficiency in combination with complementary green measures and strategies” (The California Sustainability Alliance). There are a multitude of site factors that will affect the placement and orientation of the building on the site. These factors, depending on the building’s features, may come to either harm or help the building in terms of its usability, comfort, and energy efficiency. Creating healing environments typically involves incorporating nature and natural systems, either directly or indirectly, it is extremely important that the building also have some relationship with environmental factors, whether directly or indirectly. By understanding these forces and their interaction with the site, the site can become an integral part of the building, establishing a stronger sense of place. These factors include surrounding context and views, wind information, sun information, heating and cooling information, as well as several other factors.

108

>sustainable goals The Water-Energy Advisory Committee is brainstorming ways that water can be conserved and used effectively generate energy; recycling water is a facet of the sustainability practices that the committee are eagerly looking into. The Green Building Advisory Committee oversees the process and development of green buildings. Establishing zero net energy buildings are a goal within the next 15 years for both new and existing architecture. A focus on maintaining and developing multi-family housing is a pursuit towards sustainability. The Sustainable Communities Advisory Committee are promoting owners toward energy saving methods and reduction of greenhouse gas production. The Long Term Energy Efficient Strategic Plan acts to implement green practices through policy, plans, and example (The California Sustainability Alliance).

green buildings green government

water energy

multifamily housing

figure 87. california sustainability alliance focus

figure 88. california energy consumption estimates, 2011

109

pe er d pl hy st an or dr t a oe g e l po nu ect ri c w cl er ea po pl rp w an so er ow t la pl er rp an pl ow t an ge er t ot pl he a nt rm al po w er pl an t

er p

m pu

as s

po d

om bi

in w

figure 89. sustainable california power plants

figure 90. sustainable bay area power plants

>energy California uses a large amount of energy as the footprint of land and population is very large. The sources of energy range from fossil fuels and coal to wind and hydroelectricity. The diversity allows for a balance in resources; however, renewable energy altogether better for the land and people. Use of solar energy is represented largely by the number of plants shown above.

110

Two of the power plants in the Bay Area produce biomass energy. Biomass energy uses material from once living organisms. The nuclear power plant shown in San Francisco produces energy through nuclear fusion. These and additional plants that support alternative energy will be beneficial for the sustainable growth of the area.

relative humidity 100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50%

40% .020

>psychrometric charts

comfort zone

.012 20%

humidity ratio

30% .016

Based on the average climate conditions, the interior of a building in the Berkeley area will be considered comfortable 7.8% of the hours in a year.

.008

10% .004

figure 91. psychrometric chart with comfort zone

100

dry-bulb temperature (Â°F) relative humidity 100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50%

>increasing indoor comfort

40% .020

By using strategies such as natural ventilation, thermal mass, and internal heat gain, the indoor comfort can be increased to 61.1% of hours in a year.

30% .016

high thermal mass

.012 20%

internal heat gain

humidity ratio

natural ventilation cooling

.008

10% .004

figure 92. psychrometric chart with design strategies

100

dry-bulb temperature (Â°F)

111

>sustainability requirements _ sustainable sites

figure 93. sustainable sites

Sustainable Site strategies aim to minimize a buildings impact on the surrounding context and its natural environment. A building should consider reducing the amount of hard-scape that increases unwanted storm-water runoff for the municipality as well as raises local temperatures as a result of the “heat island effect” (McCrorey). The construction process should have a low-impact on the surrounding area and the end product should attempt to reduce CO2 emissions by promoting cleaner means of travel (Chen).

_ water efficiency figure 94. water efficiency

Design solutions should be considered to reduce the amount of water being relied on by the municipal water system. Additionally, water waste management strategies should reduce the amount of gray and black water being pumped back into the cities pipes. Water fixers that minimize the amount of water used should be implemented such as low-flow toilets and sinks. Ways to reuse water can be used to reduce wasted water, such as proper irrigation techniques (Chen).

_ indoor environmental quality figure 95. indoor environmental quality

This category explores the passive design strategies that are used to improve the quality of interior air. Proper ventilation strategies should be implemented to relieve the interior of pollutants and contaminants especially within the breathing zone. Improving the interior environment will improve the health and wellness of the occupants. Thermal, acoustical, and visual comfort should be achieved, allowing for views and access to natural light and nature (Chen).

_ energy and atmosphere figure 96. energy and atmosphere

The energy and concept credit works to reduce the amount of energy consumption from non-renewable means such as coal, natural gas, and oil by increasing on-site renewable energy generation from resources such as wind generators, solar collectors, and geothermal energy. Renewable energy is essentially “free” and will never be depleted (Chen).

_ innovation in design figure 97. innovation in design

This LEED credit gives designers the opportunity to achieve exceptional performance above the requirements set by the LEED Green Building Rating System. Any design strategy that pushes a LEED idea further in an innovative way is said to gain a credit under this category (McCrorey).

_ materials and resources

figure 98. materials and resources

112

By reusing and diverting materials from the waste stream a building is minimizes the amount of waste sent to landfills every year. This can be accomplished further by using long lasting and durable materials. Interior materials should be carefully selected to ensure they are not releasing harmful chemicals into the air such as volatile organic compounds (Chen).

least 65 percent of the available roof area” (California Energy Commission, 129).

>natural ventilation standards

figure 99. state of california energy commission

“Naturally ventilated spaces shall be permanently open to and within 20 feet of operable wall or roof openings to the outdoors, the operable area of which is not less than 5 percent of the conditioned floor area of the naturally ventilated space. Where openings are covered with louvers or otherwise obstructed, operable area shall be based on the free unobstructed area through the opening” (California Energy Commission, 134).

>mechanical ventilation standards

“Each space that is not naturally ventilated under Item 1 above shall be ventilated with a mechanical system capable of providing an outdoor air rate no less than the larger of: _ A -- The conditioned floor area of the space times the applicable ventilation rate from TABLE 120.1-A; or _ B -- 15 cfm per person times the expected number of occupants. figure 100. california building energy efficiency

>california building energy efficiency standards

Title 24 of 2016 Building Energy Efficiency Standards For Residential and Nonresidential Buildings lay out requirements for specific building regulations. Below are some relevant examples of such. Please refer to the 2016 Standards For Residential and Nonresidential Buildings for additional information.

>water efficiency standards

“Install a rainwater catchment system designed to comply with the California Plumbing Code and any applicable local ordinances, and that uses rainwater flowing from at

For meeting the requirement in Section 120.1(b)2B for spaces without fixed seating, the expected number of occupants shall be either the expected number specified by the building designer or one half of the maximum occupant load assumed for egress purposes in the CBC, [California Building Code] whichever is greater. For spaces with fixed seating, the expected number of occupants shall be determined in accordance with the CBC” (California Energy Commission, 134).

>california building sustainability goals

Regulations for natural gas and electricity use are made by the California Public Utilities Commission. Due to their efforts, California has set a precedent for other states (State of California). The California Solar Initiative encourages solar energy use for residential, commercial, and other building types (State of California). “The CSI Program has a goal to install 1,940 MW of new solar by the end of 2016. As of March 31, 2015, the CSI program has achieved a total of 1,664 MW of installed capacity, 85.8% of the program goal, since program inception” (State of California). 113

building code reference

site analysis

>building group _ section 308 Institutional Group 1 Institutional Group 1 Occupancy includes, among others, the use of a building or structure, or a portion thereof, in which care or supervision is provided to persons who are or are not capable of self-preservation without physical assistance or in which persons are detained for penal or correctional purposes or in which the liberty of the occupants is restricted. Institutional occupancies shall be classified as group 1-1, 1-2, 1-2.1, 1-3, of 1-4. Restraint shall not be permitted in any building except in group 1-3 occupancies constructed for such use, see Section 308.1 (“2015 International Building Code”). Where occupancies house both ambulatory and non-ambulatory persons, the more restrictive requirements shall apply.

_ section 308.4.1 Institutional Group 1-2.1 Ambulatory Health Care Facility A healthcare facility that receives persons for outpatient medical care that may render the patient incapable of unassisted self-preservation and where each tenant space accommodates more than five such patients (“2015 International Building Code”).

>construction classification 602.1 General Buildings and structures erected or to be erected, altered or extended in height or area shall be classified in one of the five construction types defined in Sections 602.2 through 602.5. The building elements shall have a fire-resistance rating not less than that specified in Table 601 and exterior walls shall have a fire-resistance rating not less than that specified in Table 602. Where required to have a fire-resistance rating by Table 601, building elements shall comply with applicable provisions of Section 703.2. The protection of openings, ducts and air transfer openings in building elements shall not be required by other provisions of this code (“Supplement”).

>california electrical, mechanical, and plumbing code The Electrical, Mechanical and Plumbing codes of practice attempt to minimize public risk by specifying technical standards of design, materials, 114

workmanship and maintenance for plumbing systems. The main aims of the code are: _ to ensure that planners, administrators and plumbers develop the required competency to ensure that the codes are applied and upheld; _ that standards are set to ensure that plumbing assemblies, materials and technologies are safe and effective; _ to ensure that plumbing installations meet these standards; _ to ensure safety and effectiveness continuously through the proper maintenance of these installations (“Supplement”).

tions by district -- nonresidential

>accessibility

Chapter 11 of the California sc pf (1) Building Code tions by district -- nonresidential (part one) contains scoping and technical 20 unit minimum 63 n/a m density requirements for accessibility to sites, zoning district

ling units/acre e residential opment is osed)

facilities, and buildings sc pf (1) by individuals with disabilities.

ling units/acre m FAR (floor are/lot e residential opment is d-use development osed)

The chapter expands and specifies the requirements for both --adults and children -though diagrams, charts and text.

mercial portion of any pment m FAR (floor are/lot

-family dwelling d-use development work space mercial portion of any pment

m lot area per -family dwelling g unit (sq. ft.)

work space

m lot size (sq. ft.) m lot area per g unit (sq. ft.) m lot width (ft.)

m lot size (sq. ft.) m lot coverage t area) m lot width (ft.) m building height

m lot coverage t area) m yard setbacks m building height

20 unit minimum 63

1.25

n/a

The minimum and maximum tolerance --of---- potential conflicts ---- is discussed with 1.25 n/a legally approved solutions. (3) --

n/a --

Topics from head clearance, distance of -protrusions on a wall, --slope of ramps and none none accessible area for wheelchairs can be (3) n/a found in this part of the code as well. none

>parking none 100%

none none --

none _ none 11B-208 Parking Spaces 35

100% -11B-208.1 General -- Where parking spaces are provided, parking spaces shall be 35

, or exterior side

(6) (7)

interior

(8)

m yard setbacks

_ 11B-208.2.1 Hospital Outpatient Facilities (“2015 International Building Code”)

_ 11B-208.2.2 Rehabilitation Facilities & Outpatient Physical Therapy Facilities (“Supplement”) >total # of parking spaces provided in parking facility

zoning district

m density

provided in accordance with Section 11B208. Exception -- Parking spaces used exclusively for buses, trucks, other delivery vehicles, or vehicular impound shall not be required to comply with section 11B-208 provided that lots accessed by the public are provided with a passenger loading zone complying with section 11B-503 (“2015 International Building Code”).

>minimum # of required accessible parking spaces

1 - 25

26 - 50

>total # of parking spaces 51 - 75 provided in parking facility 76 - 100 1 - 25 101 - 150 26 - 50 151 - 200 51 - 75 201 - 300 76 - 100 301 - 400 101 - 150 401 - 500 151 - 200 501 - 1000 201 - 300 1001 + 301 - 400

401 - 500 figure 101. ibc parking 501 - 1000

>minimum # of required 3 accessible parking spaces 4 1 5 2 6 3 7 4 8 5 9 6 2 % of total 7 20, + 1 for each 100, or fraction 8thereof, over 1000 9 2 % of total

_ 20.28.030 Parking Space 1001 + 20, + 1 forRequirements each 100, or fraction >land use

thereof, over 1000 >parking requirement See Table 5. 20.28.030

(“Albany, CA Land Development Code”) Community Assembly

Cultural Activities/Institutions >land use Day Care Center (Non-Family)

1/100

1/400 >parking requirement See Table 20.28.030 1 space per 65. individuals under care

Community Assembly Hospitals and Clinics

1/100 Hospital: UP / Clinic: 1/300

Cultural Activities/Institutions Industry, limited

1/400 1/800

Day Care Center (Non-Family) 1 space per 6 individuals under care http://clerkshq.com/default.ashx?clientsite=albany-ca Hospitals and Clinics

Hospital: UP / Clinic: 1/300

Industry, limited

1/800

http://clerkshq.com/default.ashx?clientsite=albany-ca

figure 102. albany parking

115

>site regulations by district -- nonresidential standard

sc maximum density

>tota prov

zoning district

20 unit minimum 63

pf (1) n/a

_ (dwelling units/acre where residential development is proposed)

maximum FAR (floor are/lot ratio) _ mixed-use development

1 - 25

26 - 5

51 - 7

76 - 1 101 151 201 301 --

_ commercial portion of any development

1.25

n/a

_ multi-family dwelling

_ live/work space

minimum lot area per dwelling unit (sq. ft.)

(3)

n/a

minimum lot size (sq. ft.)

none

minimum lot width (ft.)

none

minimum lot coverage (% of lot area)

100%

maximum building height (ft.)

_ front, or exterior side

(6) (7)

_ side, interior

(8)

_ rear

(8) (10)

401 -

501 -

1001

>land

Comm

Day C

Hosp --

116

Indus

http:/

maximum yard setbacks (ft.)

figure 103. site regulations by zoning district

Cultu

_ business (section 304) -- group B

_ assembly (section 303) -- groups _ A-1 (fixed seating) _ A-2 (food consumption)

ild

ar ea

>occupancy classification

figure 104. site

_ educational (section 305) -- group E _ classroom & vocational room _ institutional (section 308) -- groups _ I-2 (outpatient) _ I-4 (daycare)

-7 -6

_ storage (section 311) -- groups S-1 _ moderate-hazard storage

-8

_ utility & miscellaneous (section 312) -_ group U (greenhouse)

>occupancy load factor _ assembly -_ fixed seating (see section 1004.4) _ food consumption (15 net) _ business -- 100 gross _ educational -_ classroom (20 net) _ vocational room (50 net) _ institutional -_ outpatient (100 gross) _ daycare (35 net) _ storage -- 500 gross _ utility & miscellaneous -_ greenhouse & vocational room (50 net) (“2015 International Building Code”)

-6

>notes In cases of public/semi-public uses in all districts, site regulations not otherwise specified will be determine by the planning and zoning commission on a use permit/ design review basis. The lot is deemed to have two front property lines, if the buildable area fronts two streets therefore the front yard setback requirements shall be applicable to both lines. No setbacks are required along San Pablo Ave. If a front setback is provided, it shall not exceed a depth of four feet at street level. When fronting a street immediately parallel to San Pablo Avenue, a 15’ plus a daylight plane is required (“Supplement”).

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>precedent studies To begin creating healing architecture, each member of the studio took an in-depth look into an existing piece of predominate architecture. The projects ranged in type from hospitals to schools to thermal baths. The populations also varied from cancer patients to blind and deaf children to impoverished Rwandan communities to wealthy spa-goers. The locations of the various projects were focused in Europe, the United States, and Africa. Each student studied their building at a descriptive and analytical level. The end goal was to extrapolate information and techniques from the site and building scale to apply to our own California Center for Torture Survivors.

CHAPTER III >precedent studies

HEALING ARCHITECTURE precedent study

>project list _ maggie’s centres _ 1 -- Glasgow Gartnavel; Glasgow, Scotland _ 2 -- Newcastle; Newcastle upon Tyne, England _ 3 -- Lanarkshire; Lanarkshire, Scotland _ global north projects _ 4 -- Rehab Basel; Basel, Switzerland _ 5 -- Thermal Baths; Vals, Switzerland _ 6 -- Hazelwood School; Glasgow, Scotland _ 7 -- Sandy Hook School; Newtown, Connecticut _ global south projects _ 8 -- Surgical Clinic and Health Center; Léo, Burkina Faso _ 9 -- Centre de Santé et de Promotion Sociale; Laongo, Burkina Faso _ 10 -- Women’s Opportunity Center; Kayonza, Rwanda _ 11 -- Butaro Hospital; Burera, Rwanda

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figure 1. world map

Newtown, CT

Glasgow, Scotland Lanarkshire, Scotland 2

Newcastle upon Tyne, England

4 Basel, Switzerland 5 9

Vals, Switzerland

Laongo, Burkina Faso

8 LĂŠo, Burkina Faso

Burera, Rwanda

11 10 Kayonza, Rwanda

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maggie’s centre gartnavel precedent study >description In 1996, Maggie Keswick Jencks started the Maggie Centre program in response to her personal experience with advanced cancer. Her belief was that people should not, “lose the joy of living in the fear of dying.” Today, Maggie Centres are an extension outreach program for cancer patients and their family and friends throughout the United Kingdom. The twenty existing centres provide practical, emotional, spiritual, and social support to the cancer patients and their families and friends free of cost. They focus their attention specifically on the needs of the patient and aim to structure their support in a non-institutional setting (Maggie’s Centres). Additionally, the Maggie Centres offer many courses and activities used to alleviate pain and stress to rejuvinate the mind and cleanse the spirit. These healing programs include: stress management, art expression, creative writing, gardening, financial advice and counseling, culinary arts, hair loss support, returning to work after cancer seminars, information regarding cancer, as well as many exercise programs. All of these programs offer the resources necessary to move a patient forward in an active, healthy, and progressive way towards their future (Maggie’s Centres). Maggie’s Centre Gartnavel, designed by OMA with leading partners Rem Koolhaas and Ellen van Loon, focuses on creating an environment that fosters “practical and emotional support for people with cancer, their families, and friends” (OMA). Gartnavel is the second Maggie’s Centre in Glasgow and is on the campus of Gartnavel General Hospital and the Beatson West of Scotland Cancer Center, which is a specialty centre that serves 2.8 million people per year. The Maggie’s Centre houses counseling rooms, library, kitchen, dining room, office, and a small courtyard designed by Maggie Jenck’s daughter, Lily Jencks. The interlocking L-shaped rooms reduce circulation routes through the centre, providing an intimate environment for patients to understand their disease and receive support (OMA). _ location -- Glasgow, Scotland _ architect -- OMA _ completed -- 2011 _ size -- 5,747 sq. ft. _ client -- Maggie Keswick Jenck’s Cancer Caring Centres _ users -- Gartnavel General Hospital patients, friends, & family 122

figure 2. OMAâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s maggieâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s centre gartnavel

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>site & context

figure 3. site context diagram

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5 6 figure 4. site plan

figure 5. roof plan

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Maggieâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Centre Gartnavel is located in the UK. It is the second centre in the Glasgow, Scotland area, second to the Glasgow Maggieâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s at the Western Infirmary. The UK has a population of around 64.1 million people, with Scotland being home to 5.3 million (The World Bank Group). The area also includes several rail-line stops, parks, a pond, and a nearby highway. The irregular interlocking rectangular spaces that make up a circle are nestled in the topography and trees in the middle of the campus. The building interacts with the topography in a variety of ways, sometimes sitting just above the land and sometimes sitting within it. The building also features a landscaped trail that runs behind the facility through a large grouping of trees (OMA).

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figure 7.

>climate Glasgow, Scotland, has a wide range of temperatures throughout the year. Lower temperatures occur from November February, with the highest temperatures typically occurring in June and July. These generally range from around 30°F 70°F (Lomax).

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The site receives varying amounts of rain throughout the year. September, October, November, and January typically receive the most rain, while April, May, June, and July receive the least. Most of the rain can be considered moderate rainfall, with some drizzle and light rain. Thunderstorms occur rarely (Lomax).

figure 6. average rainfall 70°F 60°F 50°F 40°F

While the Centre is located on a large hospital campus, the building itself is located within a grouping of trees. The wind blows primarily from the southwest at generally low speeds (Windfinder).

30°F 20°F 10°F 0°F figure 7. average temperature nne ne

ssw figure 8. wind rose

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Glasgow receives the most sunshine between May and July. During the warmer months, the sun is out typically between 125 - 175 hours per month, compared to 40 - 90 hours during the rest of the year.

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>parti & form The project is focused on an interior courtyard that directs circulation around the building, with glass windows in a ring around the exterior. This allows for views and establishes a connection to nature.

figure 10. parti

figure 11. form

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>floor plan The plan consists of interlocking L-shaped rooms that reduce space that exists solely for circulation. This also allows these L-shapes to have mass, leaving the rest of the structure to be open void. This creates a series of focused views and allows the user to experience nature the entire time they are in the facility (OMA).

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>program _ 2 offices _ dining room _ kitchen _ library _ large group meeting room _ 2 medium counseling rooms _ 2 small counseling rooms _ 2 bathrooms _ technical room/mechanical room _ 2 terraces _ courtyard

figure 13. perspective plan

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figure 14. section a

figure 15. section b

figure 16. section c

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figure 17. north elevation

figure 18. east elevation

figure 19. south elevation

figure 20. west elevation

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figure 21. front entry of maggieâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s centre gartnavel

figure 22. mirrored corridor around office space

figure 23. kitchen

figure 24. interior courtyard

>the project Maggieâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Centre Gartnavelâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s simple material palette and focus on the exterior is what makes it successful. The centralized scheme provides a sense of control for users, as well as allows both visitors and staff to see what is occurring throughout the facility. Smaller rooms provide privacy, while still establishing relationships to the exterior, either through windows or skylights. Glazing and polyester resin panels allow views,

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either clear or partially obstructed, while the pre-cast concrete walls allow the orange furniture accents and surrounding greenery to dominate the scheme. The lack of corridors helps to establish a feeling of connection and community. The single hallway in the building, which moves visitors around the open office space, has glazing on one side and floorto-ceiling mirrors on the other that reflect the greenery, giving users a connection with nature and a moment of privacy.

figure 25. pre-cast concrete ceiling with inlaid beach plywood planks

figure 26. polyester resin interior wall

figure 27. mirror-clad interior wall with in-floor uplighting

figure 28. natural elm wall in counseling room

>construction assemblies & materials The exterior enclosure consists of precast concrete wall and non-load-bearing glazing. The building is mostly concrete, with inlaid beach plywood planks to soften the concrete and add texture in the ceilings of the interior spaces.

_ natural elm in counseling room _ tourmaline flooring _ pre-cast painted concrete _ polyester resin for built in furniture _ double glazed glass with low-e coating _ anodized aluminum door and window frames

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figure 30.

>circulation The building is located within the hospital complex. It can be accessed by both car or on foot. The nearby parking lot is a short walk from the facility, but is hidden from the interior of Maggieâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Gartnavel by the surrounding trees. Cars may park in the street parking spots or in one of the several lots located on the campus.

figure 29. site circulation

figure 30. building circulation

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The building circulation is unique. Instead of a series of hallways, spaces are interlocked in a way that minimizes hallways and allows all rooms in the building to interact with one another. Because of this placement, as well as the use of the interior courtyard, almost all of the rooms in the facility have either a direct or indirect relationship with one another. The only diversion of this concept is the office space, which promotes visitors to use the corridor on the other side of the partition wall, which offers incredible views to the exterior and provides a space for contemplation.

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figure 32.

>structure The structure consists of 4 concrete columns and a series of L-shaped concrete walls. The columns tie into the concrete slab foundation and the concrete roof slab above. Columns help to support the load when the span between the walls is too far. figure 31. structural system

>heating Heating is provided through an integrated system of floor trenches that occur directly next to glazing. This allows heat to rise, reducing the amount of conditioned air. By placing these directly next to the glass, it also helps to reduce condensation accumulation on the window. figure 32. heating

>mechanical systems Building system mechanics are located in the technical/ mechanical room in the basement of the facility. This helps to keep it out of sight, as well as reduces mechanical equipment noise. Chases hidden in mass walls help to keep mechanical systems out of sight. figure 33. water collection

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figure 36.

>spatial qualities The public portion of the facility, including the interior courtyard, are the primary spaces of the facility, including the kitchen, library, and dining room. Typically, Maggieâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Centres have a centralized kitchen, but in the case of Gartnavel, the courtyard is central. The counseling spaces and outdoor terraces are the secondary spaces, with the office, service spaces, and transition spaces being tertiary. figure 34. spatial hierarchy

figure 35. served vs. servant

figure 36. public vs. private

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The scheme is very direct in its served vs. servant relationships. Due to its lack of dedicated circulation spaces, only the 2 bathrooms, the mechanical space and staircase, and the storage room are considered servant spaces. The rest of the facility is habitable space. The site contributes significantly to the privacy of the building. The entry has the least dense grouping of trees, with the exterior area around the kitchen, dining room, and library being the most public. The other side of the facility, which includes the counseling rooms, can be considered more private. The visual relationships that the windows create greatly affect the privacy.

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figure 39.

>views The facility offers a variety of framed views, some looking outward into the surrounding landscape, while others looking inward towards the interior courtyard. Threshold rooms, as well as seating areas like the office, dining room, and library, have internal views to the courtyard, designed by Maggieâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Centre founderâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s daughter, Lily Jencks, landscape architect and artist. figure 37. views to exterior

figure 38. visual relationship to entrance

The public spaces within the building have a direct visual connection with the front entrance of the facility, allowing the entrance to serve as a point of control, similar to the office space, which allows users to see into the same spaces. Smaller conference rooms, the large group room, and service rooms are private and cannot be viewed from the entrance, while the doors to these rooms can, allowing for a level of visual control and security. The office space also serves as a control point for the facility, providing views to most of the public spaces. This allows the entrance to be secure without the need for a reception desk or area at the front, making the process of visiting the centre less overwhelming and more personal.

figure 39. visual relationship to office

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figure 42.

>relationship to exterior & light

figure 40. interior exterior relationship

The building has a strong relationship with the exterior, including both the interior courtyard and the small forested walking trail behind the facility. The trees establish a sense of privacy, as well as help to define the outdoor realm. Windows in each nonservice room allow users to see outside, while services rooms and one of the small counseling rooms without windows use skylights to introduce natural lighting and allow for views without affecting privacy. Outdoor terraces create outdoor spaces that still provide the user with a level of safety and control. Artificial lighting throughout the building typically occurs most frequently above task surfaces, such as desks or tables. Lighting either occurs as small can lights within the plywood inlaid ceiling or as fluorescent tube lighting, which occurs behind some of the polyester resin built in furniture, creating a subtle glow.

figure 41. artificial lighting

figure 42. natural lighting

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Most of the spaces within the facility are naturally lit, with the exception of the service spaces and the most private small counseling room. These four spaces are instead lit by skylights. There is no room in the facility that does not receive at least one form of natural light. These windows are skylights were designed based on the amount of privacy that each space requires. Most spaces receive daylight from at least 2 walls of the room.

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figure 45.

>symbolic content

figure 43. relationship to site

The building has a strong relationship with the sloping site topography. Some elements of the building seemingly float above the ground, while others, including one of the terraces, are sunken into the Earth. This allows users to experience and understand the sloping nature of the site at a deeper level, as well as help to connect them to the buildingâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s exterior and landscape. The sloping floors within the building also help users to understand the site conditions. The circulation path has a lot to do with the symbolic content of the facility. The path provides a variety of viewpoints to the interior courtyard and the surrounding exterior space. This creates a journey through all of the spaces, allowing visitors to experience the landscape from a variety of perspectives and viewpoints.

figure 44. journey and focus on nature

The circulation path also sets up areas of both formal and informal social interaction. Visitors can choose to participate in group discussions, seek privacy, or simply observe these interactions taking place. This helps to provide users with a sense of control in their treatment and in their life, allows them to find new support systems, and helps to establish relationships.

figure 45. social interaction

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>summary Maggieâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Centre Gartnavel is a successful healing facility for a large variety of reasons. Its focus on nature, its security and privacy, and its adaptability for user control make it a place where the healing process can occur at all levels of the human body mentally, physically, emotionally, socially, and spiritually. Its views, circulation, privacy gradient, and lighting scheme establish a non-threatening layout that allows users to feel at home and provides easy wayfinding and navigation, reducing the overwhelming feeling typically associated with medical facilities. The materials used in the building are sensory and keep visual and physical interest of the user. These materials also help to frame the surrounding natural environment.

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Because of Gartnavelâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s unique use of the centralized courtyard scheme, instead of the typically centralized kitchen, this building puts the emphasis on interacting with the natural world around us, giving users a sense of meaning and purpose. It creates an environment that allows users to more easily establish connections with the world around them, reducing feelings of loneliness and encouraging the further development of personal relationships and support systems. Overall, Maggieâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Centre Gartnavel creates a haven for users that allows them to take control of their illness and begin the process of holistic healing.

figure 46. small counseling room

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Maggie’s Newcastle precedent study >description Maggie’s Cancer Care Centre in Newcastle is located on the Freeman Hospital grounds just outside of Newcastle Upon Tyne, United Kingdom. Designed by the Cullinan Studio in 2013, this 3,200 sf building accommodates cancer patients, friends, and families while they struggle with the tough questions, exhausting treatments, and difficult emotions of cancer (Maggie’s Newcastle / Cullinan Studio). This building is organized in an L-shape plan with a double height space where the two bars cross, creating the entryway. The site is manipulated to ensure a balance between intimacy and connection to the outdoors. Materiality was carefully considered to establish a warm and inviting environment that fosters growth, renewal, and clarity to its users. _ location -- Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK _ architect -- Cullinan Studio _ completed -- 2013 _ size -- 3,200 sq.ft. _ client -- The Maggie’s Centre _ users -- Cancer patients, friends, & family

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figure 47. maggieâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s centre newcastle upon tyne

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figure 48. context

>context

Maggie’s Cancer Care Center

This Maggie’s Centre is located on the Freeman Hospital Grounds of Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK. To the Northeast is the Benton Park View, the largest secure civilian government complex in Europe. The building is operated by the Newcastle Estates Partnership and the Department for Work and Pensions. Dividing the site from the Benton Park view is the Coxlodge Waggonway, a pedestrian bike and walking path that stretches 1.5 kilometers (Wikipedia).

>site The approach to the building includes a shaded and wind protected canopy of trees that create an entry promenade to the Maggie’s Centre. The vegetation and its contours have been manipulated in such a way to shield visual access to the hardscapes of the parking spaces of the facility. Further landscaping has been used to block views and noise to the neighboring street to the east.

figure 49. building site plan

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>wind direction The wind statistics derived from the weather station at Newcastle upon Tyneâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s local airport display the strongest winds coming predominantly from the west throughout every month of the year (Windfinder).

figure 50. wind direction distribution in (%)

>wind temperature The warmest month of the year is July, with an average temperature of 58.1o F. January has the lowest temperatures that average 37.4o F (Climate: Newcastle Upon Tyne).

figure 51. average wind temperature

>rainfall The driest month of the year is February, with 44mm of rainfall while August is the month with the most precipitation with an average of 71mm (Climate: Newcastle Upon Tyne).

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figure 52. rainfall

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figure 53. parti

>parti The parti for this Maggie’s Centre is a courtyard scheme defined in part by the buildings “L”-shaped plan with an artificial berm outlining the second half of the exterior space.

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The interior “heart” of the building is represented by a double volume atrium space that has a direct adjacency to the exterior “heart” of the protective landscaped enclosure.

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figure 56.

>elevation composition

figure 56. northwest elevation

The northwest elevation is composed of wide openings, soft natural wood materials, as well as natural elements in order to make the overall entry composition warm and inviting. The swooping nature of the double volume entry roof efficiently captures the sun while also symbolically indicating the entrance to the building.

>passive & solar systems

figure 57. northwest section

The double story volume that encompasses the heart of the building allows passive ventilation to flow upwards from the ground floor through the openings on the south floor. Operable windows are abundant throughout to accommodate natural breezes. Its earth integration protects the courtyard space from wind and noise.

>artificial and vegetated enclosure

figure 58. courtyard protection

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The southwest elevation demonstrates how the berm protects the courtyard space from unwanted wind, noise and views towards the private courtyard. The implementation of the berm serves as many functions as it also creates the enclosed exterior healing space. The intimacy created by this protective enclosure makes this a nurturing space.

>environmental factors The building’s L-shaped scheme is oriented in such a way as to allow the courtyard and its vegetation to fully embrace the southern sun. Trees are located strategically to act as a windbreak to the eastern winds as well as a noise barrier to the busy street to the south.

figure 59. sun, wind, and noise

>views Views are predominantly directed towards the enclosed courtyard where a natural healing environment is located. Each elevation consists of one slotted window that cuts into the bermed landscape in order to bring in additional light and views within the ground floor. The interior walls are transparent, partitioned and open to allow for visual connection between spaces.

figure 60. views

>structural grid organization The structural grid is made up of a 15’x15’ module that is used to organize the building and its interior and exterior spaces. The 15’ wide bays are further divided into three5’ segments that represent the window mullion structure of the larger opening.

figure 61. structure

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>first floor private vs. public All interior public, semi-public, and private spaces are evenly distributed throughout both wings of the building to ensure that every type of space is in close proximity to the user. Even larger semi-public spaces can house a private space within the space. Exterior spaces similarly have public, semi-public, and private spaces within the courtyard to accommodate all types of situations. figure 62. first floor private vs. public

>second floor private vs. public The second floor is a much more private sector by nature. The interior provides small isolation nooks within the stairway walls to allow for a small escape from the busy first floor. The roof terraces on the second floor allows people to be exposed to the outside while still being isolated from the ground below. figure 63. second floor private vs. public

>artificial lighting organization

figure 64. interior lighting

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The 15â&#x20AC;&#x2122;x15â&#x20AC;&#x2122; structural grid module provides the organization to the entire floor plan of the building. It is used to layout interior spaces while additionally locating the placement of the wood lighting components. The combination of the soft wood and the warmness of the lights both act to balance the cool and hardness of the reinforced concrete ceiling.

>first floor indoor/outdoor relationships Full height curtain walls adjacent to the exterior courtyard space allow for a connection to the healing space beyond the building. The courtyard is the external heart of the site, defined by its protective berm-landscape. Slotted angular windows on every elevation help to lower the contours in certain areas to bring in outdoor light and views to the earth integrated ground floor spaces.

figure 65. first floor indoor/outdoor relationship

>second floor indoor/outdoor relationships The glazing walls of the atrium space continue from the ground floor to curved ceiling of the second floor allowing plenty of opportunity to stay connected to the courtyard space from a different perspective. Doors and windows on this level continue to grant visual access to the vegetated roof terraces as well as the natural features below.

figure 66. second floor indoor/outdoor relationship

>symbolism The vegetated berm and the building define the courtyard that symbolically embraces its occupants. The wildflowers and deciduous tree that make up the center of this space represent life to someone who is struggling to grasp it. The falling of leaves can symbolize the struggle to hold on to life as the rebirth of life in the spring can demonstrate how a new beginning can come from an abrupt end. figure 67. symbolic importance

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>the atrium â&#x20AC;&#x153;heartâ&#x20AC;? of the interior The Maggieâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Centre uses natural organic materials to soften the interior and help to bring outdoor elements to the interior. In this photo, one can observe the efficiency of space as the central stair serves as a library as well as a location for small isolation nooks where one can escape from a public space in order to recharge their mind and spirit.

>vertical separation The rooftop terrace is private due to its distance from the ground floor and entry foyer, yet it is open and exposed to the exterior elements. These terraces offer a different perspective to the courtyard space below and can make people feel empowered as they look down at everything before them.

figure 68. interior heart of the building

figure 69. exterior

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>open kitchen The coolness and hard nature of the concrete structure is supplemented by the contrasting softness of the wood cabinets, lighting fixtures, and trim along its white plastered walls, thus making the overall composition well balanced. The full height glazing adjacent to the courtyard similarly opposes the clerestory windows on the earth integrated opposing wall which creates another relationship to the overall composition.

figure 70. open kitchen

>open dining space The dining room is one of the more strongly connected spaces throughout the building. It has a direct relationship to the courtyard through full height glazing as well as direct communication to the open kitchen. Most importantly, an interior glass wall allows for a visual connection to the visitors in the entry foyer which provides empowerment control, and security to the people in this social gathering space.

figure 71. open dining room

>group gathering space This group gathering space is open and flexible to allow for its multitude of functions. The angular slotted window drops down to make this earth integrated room feel less underground. The 15â&#x20AC;&#x2122;x15â&#x20AC;&#x2122; structural bays provide the organization for the lighting components of the building. The combination of the natural light from the clerestories and the artificial lighting allow for a pleasant interior ambiance.

figure 72. group gathering space

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>vegetated berm

figure 73. vegetated berm

The densely vegetated berm takes on the illusion that this landscaped element is organic and natural when really it is artificial and carefully designed to symbolically embrace its users. The wildflowers found in this garden include copper beeches, cherry blossom, crocuses, as well as many seasonal herbs that change with the seasons (The Maggie Keswick Jencks Cancer Centres Trust).

>materiality

figure 74. materiality

The hardness of the corten metal and steel structure is equally balanced with the softness and permeability of the landscaped elements. The exterior is the central focus of the building. All interior spaces are in relation to the courtyard, each providing its own perspective to it. The courtyard includes a pebble garden, climate tolerant shrubbery, as well as a deciduous tree symbolizing growth and recovery from its seasons. The connection to nature is this Maggie Centreâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s strongest healing element for its occupants.

>visual connectivity Partition, transparent, and open air walls are used for visual connections throughout the interior spaces. One can easily see where people are, which can help people feel in control of their surroundings. Openings vary between seating and standing positions to allow for both vision and light to filter through the spaces. figure 75. symbolic relationship

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>angular fenestration The slotted angular fenestration cuts into the artificial berm to strengthen the indoor/outdoor relationship within certain spaces of the building. This pleasurable disruption from the clerestory windows in the group gathering room presents views from seated and standing positions. The positioning of these slanted windows creates a focal point among every major circulation axis that help to draw users toward the wing spaces from the entry foyer.

figure 76. angular window

>bringing the outdoors in Using exterior materials within the interior helps to create an indoor/ outdoor relationship without being able to have visual access to the outside. The appearance of the lightweight wood material makes the roof feel lightweight and floating above the entry atrium. Its light color contradicts the cooler concrete to balance the overall composition. figure 77. symbolic relationship

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Maggie’s Centre Lanarkshire

>description Maggie’s Centre in Lanarkshire is the 17th Maggie’s Cancer Caring Centre. A critical part of this design is the relationship between the interior and the exterior, a relationship that allows for users to have various internal and external spaces to sit and reflect or receive support from staff members. The entire building is surrounded by a complexly laid brick wall, creating two courtyards with the interior between them. Even in the interior, there are four spaces that are exterior spaces. The aim of this center is to create a place of peace, paradise, reflection and support. The users that come to Maggie’s Lanarkshire are generally patients with cancer; however, one third of the visitors do not have cancer, but are family members or friends of cancer patients. The centre serves to comfort and support these clients as they are struggling with the various grievances and pain associated with cancer. _ location -- Airdrie, Lanarkshire, Scotland _ architect -- Reiach and Hall Architects _ completed -- 2014 _ size -- 3,200 sq.ft. _ client -- Maggie’s Cancer Caring Centre _ users -- Cancer patients, friends, & family

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figure 78. view of maggieâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s lanarkshire from the eastern courtyard

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figure 79. immediate site plan

>site Located in the town of Airdrie, this centre is about 12 miles east of Glasgow. Maggieâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Lanarkshire is located in the northern region of the Monklands District General Hospital. The site of the centre was once a small parking lot for the hospital. The parking lots on the northern edge are in pockets because the tree belt on the north edge was meant to stay in tact.

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In keeping with this desire to keep the tree belt untouched, Maggieâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Lanarkshire was designed and built within these trees, some of which sit within the walls of the centre. Other than the hospital, immediately around the centre is primarily residential areas as well as large open fields just north of the site.

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figure 80. parti

>parti The overall form and parti of the building is rather simple. In essence, it is three elements enclosed by an exterior brick wall. Two courtyards are divided by the building itself, dividing the site into three separate parts. Within the interior, four courtyards continue this relationship between the two exterior courtyards and the connection between exterior and interior.

>spatial division The interior is simple in form. Three parts allow for a separation of space. The diagram to the right illustrates how spaces within the three zones are spread apart and the space in between becomes the interior courtyards.

figure 80. parti

figure 81. spatial division of form

>design inspiration As with many Maggieâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Centres, a key design element is that the dining room table or the kitchen act as the heart of the centre, allowing for socializing and interaction to flow from this area. In this centre, the dining room and kitchen are in the very middle of the interior and can be seen from almost anywhere, whether inside or outside the building.

figure 82. dining room table as the heart of the centre

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figure 84. east courtyard view of outside wall

figure 83. interior courtyard in the evening

figure 85. small sitting room in the interior

>materials

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The materials used within the centre are simple. On the interior, the space is primarily wood including the floors, the joists, and the panel walls. All this creates a soft and natural palette that keeps things light as well as relating to the relationship of the interior with the exterior. There are also white steel columns that are interspersed throughout the building and are separated from the envelope.

On the exterior, the entire centre is enclosed by a wall. The wall is a perforated and made up of handmade Danish Petersen Tegl bricks. The mortar joints were rubbed with linen in order to maintain the finish of the wall.

Other portions of the interior include four small courtyards that are enclosed glass boxes. While all of the courtyards bring light into the building, only two are occupied. Within these two, gold metal boxes on the ceiling allow the reflection of light bounce down and fill the interior with more natural light.

The lighter colored wall is offset by the brown-gray brick paths in the courtyards. The terrace leading from the building is a lighter stone of what appears to be a polished limestone.

12 7

1_ ENTRY 2_ WEST COURTYARD 3_ ENTRY SEATING 4_ SMALL MEETING ROOM 5_ ADMINISTRATIVE OFFICES 6_ RESTROOMS 7_ KITCHEN 8_ DINING ROOM 9_ COUNSELING ROOMS 10_ SITTING AREA 11_ LIVING ROOM 12_ EAST COURTYARD

figure 86. exterior and interior floor plan

>site & building plan The building sits in between two courtyards, a smaller entry courtyard and a larger courtyard on the east. Within the building there are four smaller courtyards, two of which are occupied, the other two serve as ventilation.

The building is divided in three parts running east to west. These grid lines dictate design elements and the spaces within. Running north to south, another set of grid lines is formed based on the structural steel columns.

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figure 87. west elevation

figure 88. north elevation

figure 89. cross-section

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figure 90. east elevation

figure 91. south elevation

figure 92. longitudinal section

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figure 94.

>ecological consideration Previously, the site was a small parking lot utilized by the hospital. A major design consideration was keeping the existing trees and fitting the building within them. The exterior walls wrap around a few of the trees and bring them into the courtyards. The building utilizes the leveled ground from the parking lot. figure 93. before and after site conditions

>spatial hierarchy Within the interior and exterior, several spaces are more important than others. In the interior, the main middle section is of most importance, and on the exterior it is the private spaces within the courtyards.

figure 94. interior and exterior spatial hierarchy

>structural grid

figure 95. structural grid and division of spaces

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Throughout the building and the site, a spatial grid-line determines spaces and design features. The steel column and beam structural system is placed along the grid.

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figure 96.

>privacy gradient The front courtyard is more public, versus the east courtyard, which is more private. Within the building, the main middle space is the least private, with the spaces off to the sides being more private.

figure 96. privacy gradient

>building circulation The circulation is fairly free flowing due to the open floor plan of the main middle section. All circulation flows from this space into smaller spaces or the exterior.

figure 97. exterior and interior circulation

>interior courtyard light distribution Despite the glazed facades on the west and east sides of the building, the low ceilings cause a lighting issue. To counter this, the interior courtyards bring light in through geode light catchers. The gold color reflects warm light into the building and evenly lights the spaces within. The perforations also allow for playful shadows on the floor and walls. They not only reflect light, but reflections of the exterior as well.

figure 98. section of interior courtyard

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>interior spaces The interior aims to create multiple spaces that allow for flexibility in social interaction. Almost all of the spaces have a relationship with the exterior, again enhancing interior and exterior relationships. The space is meant to be light and calming, aided by the material palette as well as all the natural lighting.

figure 99. view of interior courtyard and spaces beyond

figure 100. dining room view

figure 101. interior of private counseling room

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>exterior spaces The front courtyard serves as the entry point to the centre, and as a moment of reflection before entering the building. There is a running water feature as users walk in that serves to draw users into the centre and creates a calming feel. On the other side of the building, in the east courtyard, there are many individual spaces for users to go and reflect. At the end of the courtyard, there is another water feature, this one being still water. This connects the entry and the end, thus tying together the whole site as one journey. The brick wall that surrounds the centre is a complex pattern which is defined by the interior spatial divisions of 3m, 2m, 4m, 2m, and 5m. These sizes become the pattern of the brick sizes, which is the offset to prevent a continual pattern, but instead varies it across the entire site.

figure 102. view of east courtyard

figure 103. view of front courtyard looking into building

figure 104. close up of exterior brick wall design

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figure 105. east courtyard space

figure 106. small seating space in main section of interior

>human well-being The centre serves as a place for reflection and receiving support. With this being the purpose of the centre, it is important that the architecture supports this objective. One of the biggest aspects is the relationship of the interior and the exterior. The entry brings people in, allowing them to stop and reflect and the flowing water brings them into the site as well as creates a calming sound, a moment of pause before entering the building. Within the building, the color palette is muted as almost all of the interior is a wood material. All of the finishings, such as furniture and wall decorations, are carefully selected. Where the artwork is located, the architecture works with it, designed to hold that specific piece of work. The interior is well lit, with light coming from the glass facades on the east and the west of the site.

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Even more light is brought in through the four interior courtyard light wells. The interior spaces allow for multiple spaces in which small group conversations are facilitated by the intimate scale of varying spaces. In the east courtyard, it can be seen as an enclosed garden, a space for reflection and meditation. It ends with a still body of water, thus connecting the entire site as one experience.

figure 107. gold reflective boxes in interior courtyards

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rehab baselprecedent study >description The REHAB Basel Centre for Spinal Cord and Brain Injuries takes a new step towards an environment of healing that does not have the look or feel of a hospital. REHAB Basel functions as a clinic and health care center housing 92 beds for patients to stay in up to 18 months (Herzog & de Meuron). The building offers residential quarters, gymnasium, cafeteria, pool, therapy rooms, medical facilities, conference and office administration, fitness center, kitchen and ornamental garden, and private rooms for family (Herzog & de Meuron). One objective helped form the design to achieve a balance between home, therapy, and hospital – to help make the journey towards healing easier for everyone (Herzog & de Meuron). The design allows for patients to work with doctors and therapists, to enjoy their free time, and to connect with friends and family all in one place. The end goal of the facility is to help patients heal and be able to transition back into working life. Programs offered for healing include: neurorehabilitation, paraplegiology, pain consultants, behavioral problems consultants, spasticity, outpatient consultants. Treatments include: physiotherapy, ergotherapy, speech therapy, neuropsychology, recreational, music, art and painting, animal assisted therapy, and hippotherapy (“Welcome to REHAB Basel”). _ location -- Basel, Switzerland _ architect -- Herzog & de Meuron _ completed -- 2002 _ size -- 246,387 Gross sq. ft. _ client -- REHAB Basel AG _ users -- Patients, staff, friends & family

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figure 108. rehab basel entrance

>purpose From the beginning of design, the clients made it clear that the function and aesthetics of the building should not resemble a hospital. According to Herzog & de Meuron, â&#x20AC;&#x153;Elevators and indoor corridors flanked by countless doors leading to rooms or examination rooms, a waiting lounge at the end of the hall or next to the elevator. The same pattern repeated on as many floors as permitted by zoning regulations - an economic solution because it is repetitive to the extreme, and requires no modification of staff behavior.â&#x20AC;?

The REHAB Basel is a place where people can learn to cope with the changes in their life. The calming, natural environment that the architects created provides healing qualities through incorporating gardens and light into every aspect of space. The simple layout provides patients with control over their decisions as they move, sleep, play, or eat in the building. High visibility allows freedom and security for patients and staff supervision. The emphasis of the building is to allow patients to become independent again. 169

nd itz er la se l, s w ba figure 109. site plan & figure 110. context plan

pola belgium

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switzerland italy

austria slovenia croatia

>site Near the border of France and Germany, and a short train ride from the city of Basel is the REHAB Basel. The location on the outskirts of town was for the safety of users, but amenities like medical clinics, recreational facilities, and openness with animals in the distance helped with the transition. 170

From above, the green roof allows the building to blend with the context. Five courtyards are cut into the building to help provide natural daylight and nature into the built environment. These courtyards provide different environments in scale, materiality, and shape for patients to encounter.

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figure 111. immediate adjacent neighboring buildings

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figure 112. sportzentrum pfaffenholz

figure 113. burgerspital basel hospital

figure 114. im burgfelderhof zoo

>neighboring buildings The community recreational center encourages patients at REHAB Basel to develop a program that fits with their healing process. Programs include swimming, walking, torso power groups, wheelchair fitness, and hand-bike training (Blankenbehler). The hospital clinic cares for the elderly, people with disabilities, and

provides medical care for rehabilitation. The clinic is an independent public community that belongs to the citizens of Basel (Neubau). The animal assisted therapy center provides therapeutic healing for patients. Hippotherapy is offered, as well as therapy with goats, rabbits, guinea pigs, chickens, and cats. 171

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figure 115. switzerland climate

>climate Basel, Switzerland is located in a cool continental climate. The annual temperature averages around 49o F. In winter, the temperature can reach up to 40o F in the day and 28o F at night, spring can reach up to from 61o F in the day and

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40o F at night, summer temperatures can reach up to 77o F in the day and 54o F at night, and fall can reach up to 60o F in the day and 43o F at night.

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figure 117.

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figure 116. average yearly wind speed based on % of time

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figure 119. wind impact

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figure 120. daylight impact

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>organization

figure 121. parti

Instead of the arrangement of structures, the courtyards control the positioning and the layout of the building. These courtyards frame the views, orientation, and overall environmental effects for users. The courtyards celebrate a sense of transparency by providing large, open, and airy spaces for people to congregate. They also provide a connection between indoor and outdoor spaces for the users to experience. The voids of the courtyards create a hierarchy of mass vs. void. Since the voids occur as a removal of the overall mass, the void appears active. [This activity from the subtraction distinctively shapes the voids to create congregation in the space.] This result contributes to the overall goal of the design to form relationships through the voids with the overall mass to providing an environment that can connect the user to nature and visually open space.

figure 122. mass vs. void

The design forms a multi-functional, almost town-like environment with streets, plazas, neighborhoods, and community centers. The overall massing of the design is broken down through the public courtyards into five different spaces, or neighborhoods. These neighborhoods form a sense of identity that is shaped around the neighborhoodâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s smaller, more private courtyard.

figure 123. forming of neighborhoods

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figure 124.

figure 125.

>organization of the inner town

figure 124. neighborhood approach

figure 125. neighborhood breakdown

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To approach each neighborhood, one would enter through the courtyard on the first floor. This courtyard acts as a market street, shown in figure 124, that openly embraces you into the environment. The market street provides a central hub through activities such as a cultivated garden and cafeteria. The market street then connects to the central plaza, shown in figure 124, of the complex. This plaza provides you direct connection into the five neighborhoods. Within a neighborhood there are dwelling units (patient rooms shown in light green), a community center (lounge space shown in dashed green), and a central courtyard (shown by red line). The dwelling units surround the outer edges of the neighborhood. The community center is located in the center of the dwelling units, but in front of the central courtyard. This location provides the community center a distant view throughout the complex while still creating a boundary of safety and security.

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figure 126. & 127.

>circulation Parking can be approached in multiple ways. Handicap spaces can be found directly in front of the entrance to REHAB Basel, with a limited number of visitor spots available (“Parking”). The center also allows parking near the Grand Casino Basel, the Airport Hotel, and the Sportplatz Pfaffenholz. Upon entry to the REHAB Basel, users enter from an exterior environment into an exterior courtyard. This transition provides a preview and understanding of the space before entering the main lobby. This allows the users to understand that this building is not a typical hospital, but instead a rural, comfortable, safe, open, and wood box. Due to the design’s town-like environment with smaller neighborhoods, the user is provided with a sense of independence and way finding within the larger environment. Each user can be conscious of their current surrounding and be able to guide themselves from point A to B with the use of the courtyards and neighborhoods.

figure 126. circulation second floor

figure 127. circulation first floor

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figure 128. & 129.

>functional organization

figure 128. spatial hierarchy second floor

figure 129. spatial hierarchy first floor

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The spatial organization can be categorized as administration, healing facilities, community spaces, and patientsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; room. These spaces provide an overarching hierarchy on the programmatic organization within the built environment. Community spaces, such as the courtyards, tend to be the dividing of spatial elements. They break down the rectangular form into smaller realms. Within each realm the healing facilities and administration are grouped. Patient rooms also follow the same principle of being divided up into smaller spaces of the whole rectangle, but arrange themselves around the periphery of the building.

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figure 130. & 131.

>public vs. private In the rehabilitation centre, the most public spaces tend to be more central. These spaces include all the courtyards, except the one containing the pool. The semi-public spaces tend to organize themselves radially around the center. They form a smaller hub of administration and community space. Semiprivate spaces float around the semi-public, they are categorized as healing facility, meeting rooms, and visitor hotel spaces. The most private spaces include the outpatient guest rooms and the patient rooms. The private spaces tend to organize themselves around the periphery of the building.

figure 130. public vs. private second floor

figure 131. public vs. private first floor

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rty ar ds co u figure 132. & 133.

>plans & sections The plan is a rectangular shape with voids that allow daylight and landscape into the interior environment. There are five courtyard voids that span vertically on all floors and four voids that only span vertically on the second floor. They provide multiple public spaces for people to gather.

figure 132. second floor plan

figure 133. first floor plan

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The first floor provides public functions such as the cafeteria, reception, and a pool for patients. The second floor, on the other hand, provides more private functions such as patient rooms, conference space, and spaces for family members. The building section illustrate the continuous wood veranda that acts as a solar shading device around the buildingâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s perimeter. The veranda is wide enough for wheelchair accessibility from one space to another, and connecting directly into each patientâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s room. Each room contains a plastic transparent sphere skylight, 6 feet in diameter, that eliminates the need for artificial lighting (Guenther). These rooms provide a feeling of home and connection to nature, providing the patient with an optimal healing environment.

figure 135

figure 134. longitudinal section a

skylight green roof

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figure 135. section detail of patient room

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figure 136. & 137.

>function zoning key 20

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figure 137. function zoning first floor

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_ 1 -- entrance court _ 2 -- outpatient rooms _ 3 -- day hospital _ 4 -- cafeteria _ 5 -- administration office _ 6 -- reception _ 7 -- neuropsychology _ 8 -- occupational and speech therapy _ 9 -- therapy pool _ 10 -- physiotherapy _ 11 -- multipurpose space _ 12 -- french garden _ 13 -- intensive care _ 14 -- medical services _ 15 -- diagnostic _ 16 -- courtyard with pool _ 17 -- patientsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; bedrooms _ 18 -- service _ 19 -- office _ 20 -- lounge _ 21 -- nurses stations

figure 138. & 139.

>structure & construction The center is designed for maximum visibility, so instead of an arrangement of structure, the architects focused more on courtyard placement that the structure can work around. The structure of the building is a cast-in-place concrete slab with cylindrical steel columns. The steel columns are used discretely in public spaces like in the courtyards as not to block the views (Vassigh). The materials used for the project focused on renewable untreated oak, pin, larch, and ironwoods for the enclosure (Verderbe). Glazing is used throughout the building near courtyards and upper level decks. Other materials also include steel, masonry, aluminum, laminated beams, fabric window shades, wood screens, wall panels, and concrete (Verderber).

figure 138. structure second floor

figure 139. structure first floor

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figure 140. detail wall section

>construction system _ 1 -- green roof _ 2 -- insulation _ 3 -- corrugated acrylic sheet _ 4 -- wood cladding _ 5 -- glass

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_ 6 -- concrete slab _ 7 -- insulation _ 8 -- wood deck _ 9 -- plexiglass dowels _ 10 -- wood dowels

figure 141. veranda lighting

>active environmental controls The wooden rods are found all around the building enclosing the veranda space. They provide shading for patientsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; rooms and the lower floor through a screening system. They are spaced out just enough to allow light to pass into the veranda and the patientsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; rooms. The spherical plexiglass within the dowels are used to provide light and security for users. The lights glisten at night to provide a sense of way finding and comfort as one moves from space to space.

figure 142. plexiglass lights

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>passive environmental controls Skylights in patientsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; room offer each patient lying in bed a view up to the sky. This provides a connection to nature and healing for the patient. The skylight can also open and shut through a textile window shade allowing comfort control in each room. The use of the skylight can minimize the need for artificial lighting during the day. The skylights are also double glazed to minimize the thermal break (Vassigh). The veranda surrounding the entire building allows patientsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; rooms to have an outdoor patio. The veranda offers a wooden screen that runs vertically down the ceiling providing shading from solar heat gain and glare. The handrails from the veranda extend downwards providing the second wooden screen for the lower floor. Patients can use the veranda for therapy by pushing their bed out onto the deck or opening the glass door to allow ventilation in. A textile window shade is also placed near the glass door to provide privacy when opened.

figure 143. patient room skylight

figure 144. veranda

The green roof on the REHAB Basel provides insulation for the building. This insulation helps to block the heat gain into the interior environment. The green roof is also viewable from a third story conversation area. During stormy, rainy seasons the green roof will also filter rainwater. figure 145. green roof

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figure 146. courtyard 1

figure 147. courtyard 2

figure 148. courtyard 3

figure 149. courtyard 4

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figure 150. courtyard location first floor plan

figure 151. courtyard 5

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figure 152. & 153.

>views

figure 152. views second floor plan

figure 153. views first floor plan

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The views provided illustrate the effect of human well-being in the built environment. View one shows the connection from the lobby to the entrance courtyard highlighting the exterior transition. View two shows a courtyardsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; community aspects such as chairs being placed around for users to converse. View three illustrates visibility to the reception desk. This image showcases the openness of the building that aids patients in seeking help. View four illustrates the visual connection of the pool. Users can use it for way-finding through skylights in the pool and the odd form of the building outside. View five contributes to the idea of openness in the building. Patients can feel more comfortable and in control from seeing a wider range of their surroundings. View six illustrates the different room options. For patientsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; health and well-being, some rooms have roommates so patients do not have to go through the healing process alone.

figure 154. view 1 lobby

figure 155. view 2 courtyard

figure 156. view 3 reception desk

figure 157. view 4 pool

figure 158. view 5 central stair

figure 159. view 6 patient room

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therme valsprecedent study >description The bath house was constructed to take advantage of the natural hot springs in the area. It was designed to look as if it were built before the hotel complex, almost like a cave or quarry-like structure that peeps out of the mountain. Users come to the facility in search of a holistic healing experience. Zumthor, the architect, did an amazing job of dedicating every aspect of the design and its construction to the patrons that will use it. Zumthor envisioned a space free of modern, distracting technologies. He visited a variety of thermal baths including Budapest, Istanbul, and Bursa where he gained the inspiration of a simple, non-distracting space. Therme Vals was chosen as a precedent study because of its numerous healing design qualities. These qualities include, views, circulation paths, scents, sounds, and many other sensory enhancing mechanisms. The bath house is based off the ancient idealism of coming together in a community setting and using natural elements to calm, soothe, and replenish the body, mind, and spirit. _ location -- Vals, Switzerland _ architect -- Peter Zumthor _ completed -- 1996 _ size --Unknown _ client --Town of Vals, hotel complex _ users -- Hotel clientele & outside hotel clientele

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figure 160. south elevation

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figure 161.

figure 162.

figure 161. map of europe

figure 162. contextual figure ground map of vals, switzerland

>vals, switzerland Switzerland in general is a landlocked country covered in mountains. Five European countries surround Switzerland; Austria, Liechtenstein, France, Italy, and Germany. Its unique setting turns its climate into a sort of convergence zone, creating a large range of temperatures in both the Winter and Summer months. 192

Vals is located in the Graubueden canton of Switzerland. The setting is a small town known for great skiing as it is surrounded by the Swiss alps. The Therme Vals is set into a slope that faces amazing mountain views. There is a Mediterranean influence on the style of the town due to its close vicinity to Ticino (Villa Vals).

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figure 163. therme site plan

>therme complex Therme Vals is a part of a larger hotel complex which includes the 7132 Hotel as well as a variety of villas. The five-star luxury hotel includes rooms that have been designed by architects such as Ando, Kuma, Mayne, and Zumthor.

Villa Vals is comprised of a series of small integrated dwellings tucked into the mountain side. They are designed by Dutch Architects Bjarne Mastenbroek and Christian Muller. Architects seem to come to Vals for the gorgeous mountain views and the challenge that the slope offers the design (7132 Therme Vals). 193

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figure 165.

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Jan Feb Mar Apr May figure 165. rainy days vs. sunny days

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>temperature & humidity

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Vals recieves a tremendous amount of rain in the Spring and Winter. Its annual precipitation is recorded at 933mm. Switzerland is affected by the Westerlies, a belt of prevailing winds from the west, Vals has an average of 121.1 days of rain per year. Its wettest month is August, averaging about 100mm of precipitation.

Often during August, there is an average of 12.6 days of rainfall. May, however, has the most days of precipitation, with an average of 12.8 days, but only 129mm of precipitation. The driest month of the year is January with an average of 55mm of precipitation over a total of 12.6 days (Wind Statistics).

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>wind patterns

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figure 166. wind distribution by year N 22 20 18 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2

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Dramatic temperature increases are due to Foehn, a dry, warm, down-slope wind that occurs on the downward side of a mountain range. It cools at a slower rate, rising over the mountains due to precipitation. The Foehn then is heated and dried as it descends down the Northern valleys which in tern moderates the climate on the Northern slopes of the alps (Wind Statistics).

SSE

August

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Winds primarily come from the West, but because Vals is set in a valley air currents channel through and can become violent. These winds are associated with the leading edge of a low-pressure system which moves across Europe north of Switzerland. These winds can occur throughout the year, but more often than not, come in the Spring time.

SSE

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figure 167. wind distribution by month

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si te

figure 168. site contours

>sun angles

>climate

The location of Vals offers a wide variation between temperatures and sun angles. The greatest difference can be found between the summer and winter time. In the summer time, the sun can reach up to 80o in altitude and shines for almost twelve hours of the day. In the winter time, the sun remains low all day never rising above 20o in altitude.

Some areas in the Alps are impacted by polar climate. Vals, has a more temperate, Mediterranean climate due to its location at Switzerlandâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Southern-most point. Vals can be described as cool, dry, clear skies, no fog, and intensive sunshine.

Zumthor designed the ceiling with this in mind. The light fissures which run along the wall allow streams of natural light to flow into the building in the afternoon hours. All of the windows, which face south-east, light the building successfully in the morning hours. On average, the sun shines for 1,541 hours per year (Wind Statistics). 196

summer sun rise at 5:48 am winter sun rise at 5:48 am

figure 169. section a-a

spring & fall sun angle at 43.5

summer sun angle at 67

winter sun angle at 20

figure 170. section b-b

197

figure 171. floor plan

7 6

2 3

25 14

16 26

15 10

12 11

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28 23 24

1. point of access 2. cleanerâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s store room 3. make-up room 4. hall with drinking fountains 5. changing roomsplan key >floor 6. showers 7. water closets

8. sweat stone and chambers 9. indoor bath 10. outdoor bath 11. stone island 12. rock terrace 13. sound bath 14. fire bath

_ 1 -- point of access _ 2 -- janitorâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s closet _ 3 -- make up room _ 4 -- hall with drinking fountains _ 5 -- changing rooms _ 6 -- showers _ 7 -- water closet _ 8 -- sweat stone & chambers _ 9 -- indoor bath _ 10 -- outdoor bath _ 11 -- stone island _ 12 -- rock terrace _ 13 -- sound bath

198

15. cold bath 16. shower stone 17. drinking stone 18. sounding stone 19. flower bath 20. rest space 21. outdoor shower stone

22. rest space 23. massage 24. rest space 25. disabled water closets 26. disabled cloaks/first-aid 27. disabled access 28. bath attendants

_ 14 -- fire bath _ 15 -- cold bath _ 16 -- shower stone _ 17 -- drinking stone _ 18 -- sounding stone _ 19 -- flower bath _ 20 -- rest space _ 21 -- outdoor shower stone _ 22 -- massage _ 23 -- disabled water closets _ 24 -- disabled cloaks/first-aid _ 25 -- disabled access _ 26 -- bath attendants

>parti The bath facility is built up of fifteen different table-like units. The mass figures that hold up the structure shape the spaces in a variety of ways. The building is designed as a continuation of the natural slope, just chipped away in some areas to form the bathing and lounging areas (Diack et al).

figure 172. parti

>circulation Patrons move through tunnels and around large stone massings which are meticulously placed to offer varying degrees of privacy for some of the pools and lounging areas. It is in this diagram that we can start to distinguish the ambiance of each bath that Zumthor wanted to create. Zumthor does a magnificent job of framing views.(Diack et al). figure 173. circulation

199

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bl pu

ar se y co nd a te rti ry ar y vo lu m e ea rth

im pr

figure 174.

figure 175.

>spatial hierarchy

figure 174. spatial hierarchy

Each of the spaces in Therme Vals is defined by the masses that surround it. The outdoor pool is the most important space in the facility and this is noted because of how open it is. It is not segmented and has many different access points. The indoor pool is secondary because of its limited view points but allows for a variety of access points which means it is more public (Diack et al).

>privacy gradient

figure 175. privacy gradient

200

Every room and hallway that is backed up against the earth is designed to be more private. They are service areas, water closets, dressing rooms, etc. As one moves farther away from the Earth, one starts to see a better variation of private and public spaces. The rooms or spaces that are tucked away with the help of these masses are semi-public because they are open for anyone to walk in, but still allow a relaxing zone for anyone that is already there (Diack et al).

ce th

so u

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ts ou ar

e th

ea r

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vo l

4 e

zo n

2 e

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zo n

figure 176.

figure 177.

>functional zoning _ zone 1 -- general public open bathing _ zone 2 -- public lounging _ zone 3 -- open circulation _ zone 4 -- general circulation _ zone 5 -- private circulation entrance & exit

figure 176. functional zoning

>sensory Visitors are able to experience different levels of humidity throughout the space. There is one bath dedicated to the a different smells and that is the flower pool which is set at 33o C. The pool is filled with pleasant smelling petals of flowers. When descending into the water, users are tickled by the petals (Diack et al). figure 177. sensory

201

d co l

ar w

t ho

figure 178. thermal zoning

1. point of access 2. cleanerâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s store room 3. make-up room 4. hall with drinking fountains 5. changing rooms 6. showers 7. water closets

>summary

8. sweat stone and chambers 9. indoor bath 10. outdoor bath 11. stone island 12. rock terrace 13. sound bath 14. fire bath

Therme Vals offers a variety of different pools at different temperatures in order to accommodate every season and every personal preference from its patrons. Five of the six baths stay the same temperature year- round while the sixth, the outdoor bath, changes degrees from winter to summer time. In order to enrich the visual experience, the bathing rooms are colored according to the warmth of their water (Therme Vals in Switzerland). 202

15. cold bath 16. shower stone 17. drinking stone 18. sounding stone 19. flower bath 20. rest space 21. outdoor shower stone program

indoor pool outdoor pool (winter) outdoor pool (summer) fire bath ice bath drinking stone flower bath sound bath

22. rest space 23. massage 24. rest space 25. disabled water closets 26. disabled cloaks/first-aid 27. disabled access 28. bath attendants temperature

32o C 36o C 30o C 42o C 14o C 30o C 33o C 35o C

figure 179. indoor bath

figure 180. outdoor bath (summer time)

figure 181. fire bath

figure 182. sound bath

figure 183. outdoor bath (winter time)

203

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as s

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figure 184. skylight fissures in plan

>skylight fissures Skylights are organized in an intersecting â&#x20AC;&#x153;Tâ&#x20AC;? form against the stone masses. They replicate spring water flowing down the quarrier. Skylights were integrated so that natural light could stream in without the use of windows letting heat in. One side of the mass is washed with natural light, while the other side sinks into darkness (Therme Vals in Switzerland). figure 185. skylight fissure

204

figure 186. naturally lite interior

figure 187. artificial â&#x20AC;&#x153;blue-lightâ&#x20AC;? interior

figure 189. artificial light

>artificial light Sixteen skylights flank the roof of the indoor pool. The size of the light facility is only one-fifth of the opening. The blue light offers the space a cool, bold, and mysterious tone.

figure 188. dark ambiance

As a secondary space, the indoor rivals the primary space, the outdoor pool. The outdoor pool is completely immersed in natural light. These skylights allow the indoor pool its own unique play with natural light (Therme Vals in Switzerland).

205

figure 190. edge relationship close up

>stone The grass roof structure of the baths are a direct reveal of the form of the various bath rooms which it houses. Commissioned by the city of Vals, Zumthor uses the local stone-strata in order to blend in with the local community. Although the placement of the stone-strata resembles an ashlar template, every stone is placed in a regulated order rather than a random one. There is a total of three layers of stone stacked together in order to create fifteen centimeters. The cladding stones are of three different dimensions: sixty-one millimeters, forty-seven millimeters, and thirtyone millimeters. It does not matter what sequence these are placed in, together with three millimeters of mortar, they always equate to fifteen centimeters (Therme Vals in Switzerland).

206

figure 191. edge relationship

>valser quartzite The Valser quartzite is a metamorphic rock that dates back to over two hundred and fifty years ago to a transformation that occurred with the folding of the alps around fifty million years ago. New minerals were created with the mixing of quartz and feldspar crystals.

figure 192. horizontal relationship to water

figure 193. stone strata

figure 194. interior stairs

>continuity

>technique

There is no repetitive pattern in the stone facade, it is scattered, enhancing stability. This is done so as not to distract the visitor, but to be recessive. This allows a state of visual calm because of the absence of visually superfluous elements that wold give an imbalance to the composition as a whole.

The construction process for the stone-strata is consistent throughout the entire building. Stone provides the texture for the floor, stairs, and wall. It is completely immersive. The stone is not purely selected for aesthetic reasons; it is structural as well. The stone slabs are first put together and then concrete is poured in the void space. The concrete then takes on the weight of the roof while the stones sustain the pressure of pre-curing concrete. Peter Zumthor selected each of his materials because of its visual, tacitly, and olfactory attributes. The techniques in which these materials are applied is as important as the finished aesthetics (Lalonde). 207

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figure 195.

>structure Comprised of sixteen parts, the green roof does not sit directly on top of the walls below it. Thick walls hide away all of the technical infrastructure so as to conceal all of the systems so that no patron is distracted by the unnecessary technicalities of the building. A thin layer of insulation is applied to the exterior perimeter of the building cutting the concrete floor slabs into two pieces. The insulation extends to the roof slab continuing the insulated perimeter. The grass window framessoil are placed in aggregate concrete â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;Tâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; shaped insulated members which prevents heat loss from the cold exterior concrete and stone. This also gives the facade a continuous surface. The walls on the cantilevering side (south side) are thicker in order to support the roof structure. This is where stone majority of the drainage stone mesh system for the roof is housed. The water isinsulation channeled concrete through a concealed system into these drains (Therme Vals Switzerland).

figure 195. structure axonometric

208

figure 196. exterior wall section

figure 197. roof joint section

figure 198. skylight roof detail

1 Exterior Wall 1a. Stone Wall Slab 1b. Filled-in Concrete 1c. Insulation 1d. Reinforce steel bar

3 Floor 3a. Ground Tile 3b. Radiant Heating system 3c. Insulation 3d. Concrete Floor Slab

2 Interior Wall 2a. Stone Wall 2b. Concrete 2c. Cavity

4. Expansion Joint Roof Connection 4a. L-steel 4b. Turf 4c. Protective Glass Layer 4d. Double layer Glass 4e. Frame Support 4f. Rubber

1 Exterior Wall 1a. Stone Wall Slab 1b. Filled-in Concrete 1c. Insulation 1d. Reinforce steel bar

3 Floor 3a. Ground 3b. Radiant 3c. Insulatio 3d. Concre

2 Interior Wall 2a. Stone Wall 2b. Concrete 2c. Cavity

4. Expansion Jo 4a. L-steel 4b. Turf 4c. Protecti 4d. Double 4e. Frame S 4f. Rubber

5 Roof 5a. Steel Support 5b. Concrete Slab 5c. Wire Reinforcing 5d. Insulation 5e. Reinforce bars 5f. Skylight Channel

figure 199. structural axonometric

209

selfactualization esteem social safety physiological figure 200. maslow’s hierarchy of needs

>maslow’s hierarchy of needs Psychologist Abraham Maslow created a diagram describing the hierarchy of basic human needs. A need is a congenital desire aimed at satisfying physical, psychological or social demand. The need for food, water, and comfort must come before the need for physical and social security. _ physiological needs -- The consumption of food, water, air, physical movement, and reproduction. This is represented in the pre-bathing rooms; the bathrooms, showers, make-up room. _ safety needs -- The security, stability, order, protection against harsh elements, pains, discomforts, and not having feelings or anxiety or fear. The entrance turn styles restrict occupancy so that no one will fee overwhelmed. _ social needs -- The need to belong, love, and friendship. The indoor and outdoor main pools allow for a variety of social interactions. _ esteem needs -- The self-respect, confidence, achievement, recognition, status, and dignity. The lounging and massage rooms are dedicated for awareness of one’s body, mind, and spirit. _ self-actualization -- Seek to actualize congenital abilities and to reach peak experience or revelations. The smaller pools challenge the occupant to focus on oneself and their immediate surroundings.

210

The three lower levels are classified as deprivation needs and the two upper levels are classified as growth needs (Maslow, Hierarchy of Needs).

figure 201. outdoor pool

figure 202. outdoor pool

figure 203. interior terrace

211

hazelwood school precedent study >description Hazelwood School is a truly remarkable building. The school resides on an area of land in Glasgow, Scotland. Its location between a major highway and a large park provides accessibility, while the architectural response to the environment exudes safety and graceful control. The neighborhood has been positively impacted by the presence of this facility. The children attending the school have a need for a healing environment that suits them as well as challenges them to grow. The students, who range from age 2-18, are dual sensory impaired; this term includes those who are visually impaired as well as hearing impaired (Hunter). Architect Alan Dunlop had a vision to create sensory elements throughout the school while preserving sustainable practice in the context of its placement (Hunter). The school has profound impacts on the children, teachers, and faculty that it serves. It has received positive feedback and stands as a testament to a healing educational environment. _ location -- Glasgow, Scotland, UK _ architect -- Alan Dunlop Architect Limited _ completed -- July 2007 _ size -- 28,632 sq ft _ client -- Glasgow City Council _ users -- Children 2-18, faculty, & staff

212

figure 204. site sketch

>accolades One of the head teachers and clients, Monica McGeeve, shares her experience of the school and its impact, â&#x20AC;&#x153;whilst the impact of educational experiences is often directly related to the quality of the teaching and staff commitment, our building and facilities have a direct effect on staff and pupil motivation. All those

involved with our school have a great pride in its achievements as a well designed school and as a vessel for high quality educationâ&#x20AC;? (World Architecture News).

213

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as go gl

figure 205. location map

>location Glasgow, Scotland, is a part the larger landmass of the United Kingdom. It is northern and the climate is considered mild. Its typology is marine west coast (Clima Temps.com). The summers are warm and the winters are cooler.

214

Typically, the winter season last longer and precipitation happens two-thirds of the cool season (National Geographic). Glasgow is known for its attractive and innovative architecture as well as its friendly people.

e) ta g ge lo av w er te ag m e pe hi pr ra gh ec t ip t em ure ita ( Fo pe tio av ) er ra n ag (i n tu re e ch m av ( Fo es on er ) ) ag th ly e re su la nl tiv ig e ht hu (h m ou id rs ity ) (p er ce n

av er a

figure 206. average high and low temperatures and rainfall

6 in

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figure 207. average monthly sunlight hours

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figure 208. average relative humidity

>climate The high temperatures reach a peak in July at 65o F. The average temperature is 59o F. The low temperatures plummet to 33o F in January and average at 37o F. Total precipitation is 43.7 inches with the most in September. The average for hours of sunshine per year are 1,243

hours. Comparatively, Kansas City, Kansas gets an average of about 2,700 hours of sunshine per year. Sunny days in Glasgow are less than half of Kansas City. Humidity averages around 70% year round (Clima Temps.com).

215

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figure 209. zoning

figure 210. roadways

>zoning

>roadways

Hazelwood school is located in the midst of a neighborhood. It is east of the large Bellahouston Park. Single family homes, duplexes, apartment housing and two high-rise building surround the site. In the immediate area shown, the school holds the largest building footprint. Green spaces that reside in between neighborhoods give the place a mature and natural feel.

Roadways are present on all sides of the school. An interstate, or autobahn, containing 4-6 lanes of traffic runs to the far southeast corner of the site map. Tracks for trains also follow a similar path. A highway holding up to 5 lanes passes directly adjacent to the site. This condition results in immediate noise to the east and south sides of the school property. For this reason, the architects placed slated walls and used ample vegetation to minimize the effect of traffic (Hunter). Smaller roadways and streets give access to the buildings and houses. On site, a drop off loop services the school south of the parking lot.

216

figure 211. parti

figure 212. ground plan

figure 213. datum to tree line

>parti, plan & elevation The formal design of the school is based on the notion of protecting and keeping the mature trees that existed on site before the building (Dunlop). The building wraps around these trees in a ribbon like motion. The main circulation follows this motion.

The height of the building holds a datum at the tree canopy. The juxtaposition of the high trees and low building help to maintain its overall relationship with the site.

217

>sensory awareness loss of hearing

dual sensory impaired

cognitive impairment

loss of vision

multi-sensory impaired

dual sensory impaired

figure 214. sensory impairment organization chart

mobility impairment

The children at this school are dually disabled. Some suffer further from issues that affect mobility or cognitive thinking (Dunlop). For these reasons, most of the children will never be able to fully support themselves. It is important to give them the ability to excel in their education and give them the opportunity to connect with the world around them in a safe and exploratory manner. In designing a school, it was important to gather information to serve the users well. Sensory awareness was a big concept in the design of Hazelwood (Dunlop). Due to the conditions of the children attending, there are certain limitations surrounding sense. Emphasizing sense through new ways allows children to compensate for their disabilities through other functioning senses.

figure 215. ideal focus diagrams

218

_ 1 -- parking lot, _ 2 -- entry and dining room, _ 3 -- administrative offices, _ 4 -- recreational rooms, _ 5 -- nursery, _ 6 -- classrooms, _ 7 -- senior classrooms, _ 8 -- learning spaces, and _ 9 -- life skills house. (Dunlop)

ry ,a dm ci rc in is ul tra at io tio co n n, la m ye & m cl r un as ity sr sp oo ac m s es la la ye ye r r

The groupings of rooms are shown in a diagram produced by the firm. The illustration also loosely shows the immediate context of the site. Essentially, the school is bordered by two streets on the east and south sides. To reduce noise and visual distraction, a wall and a barrier of tree circumscribe the site. The numbers in the diagrams represent the following:

en t

>program & massing

figure 217.

figure 216. program organization

Layering is a technique that is used to separate and connect spaces according to their uses. There are three major bars that define built space. The first, consisting of the entry and administration, also houses the classrooms. The second bar is the circulation spine which connects every major room and fades at the ends into larger program elements. The third prominent bar has gathering spaces that serve all ages of kids, and users of the building. It also gives access to the south garden area. figure 217. layering

219

ne m ci rc s ul at io n sp i

ss ro o cl a

figure 218. classrooms nursery

junior school classrooms

senior school classrooms

middle school classrooms

leavers school classrooms

>classrooms In the plan of the building it is clear that programmatic elements with similar purposes are placed together. The nursery is the closest from the entrance. Going east along the spine circulation are junior, middle and senior classrooms. These rooms receive cool northern light through clerestory windows. Storage lines the 220

northern wall. There is a buffer space between the main circulation spine and the classrooms that contains supporting program. This allows teachers, nurses, and staff to tend to childrenâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s needs conveniently while maintaining control of access points.

er in g ci sp rc ul ac at es io n sp in e

th ga

figure 219. interior gathering spaces exhibition/flexible area

hydrotherapy pool

soft play room

gym

dining, multipurpose, assembly

music room

home economics art room

residence living area & kitchen

library

>gathering spaces Gathering spaces are located mostly on the southern side where the have access to more direct light and the southern garden area. These spaces that have been diagrammed as gathering are where children of different age groups and abilities might share space outside of the classroom environment.

The Life Skills building also contains a living room and kitchen for people to come together.

221

in is tra ci rc tio ul n at & io s n sp taff in e

m ad

figure 220. administration & staff spaces staff room

deput head teacher & head teacher offices; reception

staff meeting room

physiotherapist's room

staff area

janitor

doctor’s & nurse’s room

specialist’s office

kitchen

>administrative & staff spaces Administration is made up of all the offices and meetings room that the staff and administration need to serve the students and efficiently run a school.

222

A cluster of rooms are positioned close to the entry and foyer and the rest are spread yet remain in close proximity to the central spine.

po rt sp ci rc ac ul es at io n sp in e

su p

figure 221. support spaces support

>supporting spaces The supporting program is in proximity to the rooms in which they support. Focus and speech therapy rooms lie in between classrooms, and the changing restrooms are nearby. 223

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bl pu

figure 222. public vs. private spaces

>public, semi-public, & private The more public program tends to be located towards the outside edge of the building while the private spaces tend to be tucked between other program. The public spaces such as the dining, assembly, multipurpose room, and the music room are accessed off of the main 224

hall as well directly accessible from the south garden area. The semi-public areas consist of classrooms, shared staff spaces and more control oriented rooms. The private spaces consist of offices, storage rooms, bathrooms, and other generally small spaces.

figure 223. sketch of outside the senior classroom window

figure 224. early sketch of south facing court

figure 225. sketch showing the school following natural contours

figure 226. early sketch showing the school and landscape wrapping around beech trees

225

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su n

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rth

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figure 227, 228, & 229.

figure 227. south vs. north sunlight

figure 228. sun-path

figure 229. sensory hall values of light

>sunlight & visual cues Hazelwood school makes good use of the available sunlight through the positioning of windows in the spaces. The central hall which guides circulation shows the varying light conditions. The southern portion of the site receives direct light which is greater in its intensity and value. It could be considered warm light. Large 226

windows bathe the hall in light while sunshading panels and trees provide some variation in shade. The north side receives a cooler value of light. Clerestories allow the light to be used throughout the rooms and in the hall while maintaining maximum wall space.

ce s fa su r e ct il ta figure 230. tactile floor ventilation strip

figure 231. timber beams and acoustic ceiling

figure 232. sensory hall tactile features

figure 233. sensory wall

>tactile cues & textures The main circulation hall is prominent in its position to provide access to most of the spaces in the building. It has been coined as the sensory hall, containing a long tactile wall finished with cork and a ventilation strip that sits on the ground near the windows (Hunter). The sensory wall has various grooves that children

can use as a way finding mechanism throughout the length of the building. The timber beams and ventilation strip also provide texture for the children to use for placement knowledge. Penetrations in the ceiling diffuse echoed noise to help with sensory guided-movement (Hunter). 227

slate wall

zinc roof

wood framing

timber wood paneling

wood sun-shading

timber wood beams

figure 234. north elevation with materials

figure 235. north elevation of classrooms

>materiality It was important that the materials used for building be local to the area, durable, and defining of the shape, textures and use (Dunlop). A zinc roof covers the entirety of the school varying in its angle to make way for clerestories. The ridges align in the direction of the slope. 228

The exterior facades are composed of weathered timber cladding, slated walls, and glazing (Dunlop).The windows are strategically mounted with horizontal timber as sun-shading especially on the southern side.

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figure 236.

figure 237.

figure 236. structural system

>structure The building is supported by a system of large glue-lam timber wood beams and columns (Dunlop). They are also a beautiful design element throughout the spaces. The width and contour of the building is effectively supported by this method. The life skills house is structured using load-bearing walls. The slate walls are thick prominently used for noise reduction and as tactile cues (Dunlop).

figure 237. roof angles

Zinc roof panels cover the entirety of the building. The are contoured to control runoff water and to make way for clerestory windows.

229

figure 238. south gardens

figure 239. views map

>views

230

Photographs share the vibrant and playful environment that result from this architectural endeavor. The materiality and diversity in program stand out as exceptionally captivating. The snapshots show both exterior and interior spaces that can be traced back to their positioning within the plan.

There are multiple play spaces around the school which cater to different sensory needs. The interior rooms are comparatively large in relation to the occupancy. This may allow children to move around somewhat freely and practice independence.

figure 240. entry

figure 242. play space off the music room

figure 244. southern play space

figure 246. northeast side play grounds

figure 241. hydrotherapy pool

figure 243. soft gym

figure 245. dining space

figure 247. nursery

231

Sandy Hook Elementary precedent study >description Following the tragic shooting at Sandy Hook Elementary School, with a 50 million dollar publicly approved grant from the state of Connecticut, the community set out to create a sanctuary for the district. After four years, the only students present during the shooting were the incoming 4th graders who were attending kindergarten in 2012 (Hussey). “As architects, we aspire for opportunities like this, to build a meaningful symbol that serves a community as well as a global emblem. This is a school to nurture and grow young members of our society,” says Jay Brotman, an architect managing partner at Svigals + Partners” (Budds). The new elementary school is the community’s response to the 2012 Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting. The school encourages students to embrace life and the place they live though learning (SLATE). The schools shape provides staff a watchful eye through bullet resistant glazing, as visitors approach the site (Budds). “The intent of this building is to offer a warm and comfortable environment for students and it hit a grand slam with that, but I can also share with you the security measures in this building are second to none,” Superintendent Dr. Joseph Erardi (Buildings). _ location -- Newtown, Connecticut _ architect -- Svigal + Partners _ completed -- 2016 _ size -- 86,800 sq. ft. _ client -- Newtown Public School District _ users -- Students & community

232

figure 248. front elevation sandy hook elementary

>facade As the tree tops sway across the hills, the built hills of the facade in-turn roll across the sky (Stott). The landscaped entry and soft facade welcome visitors. The school has been referred to as, â&#x20AC;&#x153;a gentle fortress,â&#x20AC;? by some (Budds).

The only element missing from the site is a formal memorial to the twenty students and six staff who lost their lives in the shooting. Local officials have commissioned plans for a reflection space elsewhere in town to provide solace to the school site (Hussey). 233

n ra av ng er e ag e ra m ng ea e n hi gh es t& co lo m w fo es rt zo t re co ne rd ed

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figure 249, 250, & 251.

>temperature range

110 100 90

The temperature range of Newtown, Connecticut, spans as low as 10o F and tops out over 100o F. Approximately one twelfth of the year is within the comfort zone (Climate Consultant).

Degrees Fahrenheit

80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

Anual

figure 249. temperature range

>amount of daylight

10000 9000

This graph shows the intensity of light during daylight hours. There is a correlation of sky coverage and the foot-candles of available light. The geographic region leads to high light during the summer months, and lower intensity during the winter months (Climate Consultant).

8000

Footcandels

7000 6000 5000 4000 3000 2000 1000 00

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

Anual

figure 250. amount of daylight

>sky coverage

100% 90%

The average sky coverage is 48% over the year. The beginning of the year has more coverage as jet streams shift into the warmer months and the sky becomes much more open (Climate Consultant).

Degrees Fahrenheit

80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 00%

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

figure 251. sky coverage

234

Anual

figure 252. figure 253. & 254.

figure 252. parti

figure 253. second floor

figure 254. first floor

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m in i su stra tio pp n or t cl as sr oo m gy s m /c af et do er ub ia le h ei ci gh rc ul ts at pa io ce n

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figure 255.

figure 256.

>exterior circulation & sight lines Sandy Hook Elementary Schoolâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s front facades open to show views of the only access road from the north east. Upon arrival, visitors and buses must park then walk across pedestrian bridges to access the school. This disconnect is one measure of security to separate the students from visitors (Sisson). figure 255. exterior circulation and sight lines

>public vs. private Upon arrival, visitors pass through a security gate and progress up the one way road to parking. Progression through the schoolâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s property shows that the furthest points are the most secure (Sisson). Referencing the floor plan one will find that the spaces occupied by students are primarily toward the south and rear. This creates the most private and secure spaces (Svigals + Partners).

figure 256. public vs. private

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figure 257.

figure 258.

>served vs. servant Yet another form of security is the organization of the buildings uses. Administration and service sectors are located primarily in the front. This buffer protects the student spaces to the south and east of the building (Sisson). figure 257. served vs. servant

>materiality The front facade depicts the local landscape. Wainscot and stone symbolize solidity of the mountains of Connecticut. Above there are two waving bands of wood that tie to the forest canopy interacting with the mountain peaks. Set back from the public facade is the second story spaces of splitface masonry units (Hussey).

figure 258. materiality

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Leo Surgical Clinicprecedent study >description The Surgical Clinic and Health Center, located in Leo, Burkina Faso, West Africa, was a dream for German surgeon, Bernhard Rumstadt. By partnering with Festspielhaus Afrika gGmbH to take on the project and Diebedo Francis Kere to design it, the dream became a reality in April of 2014 (Rumstadt). Burkina Faso is one of the poorest countries in Africa. The healthcare system in Burkina Faso requires that the people pay out of pocket for their medical treatment excluding childbirth and vaccinations. Therefore many poorer families go without necessary treatment and surgeries--until now. Since the clinic has higher medical standards than many other facilities in the area, it is the ideal place for anyone to go. The middle and upper class can usually afford to pay for their treatment, and live nearby in the capital city, therefore, the income from performing the surgeries of wealthier clients keeps the clinic running and allows for surgeries to be preformed free of charge for those who cannot afford it (Rumstadt). During the construction, local people were hired and trained in various skills that they were able to take to other jobs later on. All the bricks were made on site with a portable device and the people hired were able to support their families on their wages (Archilovers). The goals for the clinic are not only to provide excellent healthcare to the impoverished area, but to do so in a strategic location, be an example of sustainable architecture, and to be a place the community will use (Rumstadt). _ location -- Leo, Burkino Faso, Africa _ architect -- Diebedo Frances Kere _ completed -- April 2014 _ client -- Festspielhaus Afrika gGmbH _ users -- Surgical patients & families

238

figure 259. view through courtyard

figure 260. view from southwest

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figure 262. west africa

figure 261. site plan

figure 263. leo, burkina faso

>location The clinic is located in the country of Burkina Faso in West Africa, and borders the countries of Ghana, Cote dâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;lvoire, Mali, Niger, Togo, and Benin. The city of Leo boasts a population that is roughly 50,000 people and is located on the best road between the capital city of Ouagadougou and Ghana. This means that the clinic is highly accessible even in bad weather, particularly during the hard summer rains that turn the ground to marsh. The local government donated the land for just such reasons because the government of Burkina Faso supports the creation of this clinic and others like it (Rumstadt).

240

figure 264. site location

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figure 265. parti

>building uses The clinic has three main zones; the surgical wing, the patient area, and the administration area. Most of the clinic is dedicated to surgery, half in fact, because this is a place where doctors can come and train under skilled surgeons. During construction, it was discovered that the design needed to be altered due to the harsh summer rains. While it is not frequent, it is enough of a force during part of the year and turns the normally dry, hard ground to wet marsh. This meant that the footings needed to be deepened and the buildings needed to be raised on a 18â&#x20AC;?-20â&#x20AC;? platform (Rumstadt). It was done tastefully though ,providing many points of entry and places to gather, wait, or rest.

figure 266. building uses

241

figure 267. elevation

figure 268. floor plan

242

>elevation

>floor plan

Some features to point out here are the seating spaces for gathering and stairs to get up on the platform, the slope of the roofs and their openness to the interior, and the playful location of the windows.

While the floor plan shows seating and trees in the center courtyard, pictures of the site have indicated that it has been built yet. The trapezoids, however, do exist and are filled with gravel for drainage.

figure 269. brick

figure 270. steel roof

>brick

>steel

Compressed earth bricks mixed with concrete and dried in the sun are the main building material for the clinic. This technique was created by the architect and the actual bricks were made by local craftsmen and hired hands who were trained (Archilovers).

Steel structure and sheet metal were used for the roof construction as a durable and affordable material for the large overhangs desired.

figure 271. gravel bed

figure 272. windows

>gravel

>color

The gravel on the platform surrounding the buildings are used to help with water runoff during the hard summer rains so that the walls are not damaged and people can walk around the buildings.

The window boxes not only house operable windows for light and ventilation but they shade the glazing to avoid heat gain by the sun. The bright colors were chosen to lighten the mood of those who visit and help them feel comfortable (Divisare).

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figure 273. USGS arid desert zones

>climate Burkina Faso, indicated in Teal, is located on the edge of the region dominated by the Sahara Desert and is just north of the equator. This means the climate is extremely hot, it is an average of 87o F all year long and frequently climbs above 113o F in the hottest months. All wind is hot in temperature except the East winds, which are very rare. They are typically cooler, although still warm. Since it is on the edge of the Sahara desert, the region is not as arid as other places in North and West Africa, and is in fact extremely humid despite the fact that it only rains significantly a few months out of the year (World Weather and Climate Information). This humidity makes it difficult to cool building interiors, passively. Additionally, when it does rain, it pours and turns the normally dusty roads and ground into mud and marsh. Water collection is ideal during this time. 244

N NNW

NNE 10

8 6 WNW

ENE

4 2

WSW

ESE

SW SSW

figure 274. wind

SSE S

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figure 275, 276, & 277.

figure 275. temperature

figure 276. precipitation

figure 277. relative humidity

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figure 279. after construction

figure 278. water retention

figure 280. after construction

>water Water is a precious commodity, and this is no different in Burkina Faso. Since the rain is only significant a few months out of the year, water must be collected and stored. This is done through cisterns. While no information could be found to what type of system is used, we do know that the roofs collect the water for reuse. It is supposed that the water drains into these circular areas and filter through the gravel into the cistern. The water collected is used to irrigate plants and trees on the site. In addition to collecting rainwater, the clinic is able to reuse all of its gray-water through the use of the first biological purifier in Burkina Faso which adds oxygen to the water (Archilovers).

>solar panels Another feature of sustainability of the surgical clinic is its investment in solar panels. With the hot climate and nearness to the equator, the solar panels provide much of the energy needed to power the building (Rumstadt). 246

figure 281. solar panels

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figure 282, 283, & 284.

>passive systems

figure 282. ventilation

figure 283. thermal mass

Since the air and climate is so hot, there are a few passive cooling strategies employed in the building design--particularly the roofs. The wide overhangs shade the building walls from the sun and from the hard summer rains. Once the roof no longer provides shade, the compressed earth walls act as a thermal mass, and stores the heat during the day and releases it during the colder night (Archilovers). Additionally, each of the ten roofs have V-shaped design to force rising hot air out of the interior of the building through the open top. The building has high ceilings to allow for the hot air to rise and not interfere with daily activities (Rumstadt). To take advantage of the wind; there are many windows of various sizes on all sides of the building. This allows for the hot air to travel through one window and be drawn out through another. As the air passes through the building, hot air rises to escape sometimes with the help of fans.

figure 284. shading overhang

The deep box window design also deals with issues presented by the rain and sun. The vertical fins of the window help shade the window glazing (near the interior of the wall) from heat gain as the sun rises and sets and the horizontal fins help keep rain away during harsh storms.

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figure 285. public vs. private

figure 286. public space

>public vs. private The surgical wing is on the north side of the site, and consists of mostly private and semi-private areas. This area is for the patients and their doctors and medical team. The building on the south side is more open to the public. The waiting room where family can wait is in the south-east side of the building in the patient area as indicated on the diagram on the left page. This area is semi-public. There are also inpatient wards and storage in this side.

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figure 287. semi-private space

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figure 288. modular building

>modular building The clinic was built using a modular system of 10 boxes (Archilovers). Those boxes were then used to create unique and interesting interstitial spaces between them. You can see the outline of the roof overhangs which further accentuates the 10 building modular system. This system was also designed with the purpose to be recreated for other clinics in other parts of Burkina Faso in the future.

figure 289. modular building photo

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figure 290. places of rest and gathering

figure 291. gathering on the edge

figure 292. gathering behind the building

>function of exterior space Since many people in the region are wary of medical buildings, the design was purposed to attract people to it and give it a sense of community (Divisare). This is achieved through the courtyard and playful nature of the building design. The two wings of the building are like a zipper that is pulled together by the courtyard. The action happens in the middle. The non-uniform entries also give it a town-like feel to further push the point of community. The main circulation happens along the axis between the buildings with secondary circulation along the perimeters of the buildings to the patios or to exit off of the platform. However, places of rest and gathering 250

happen on the perimeters of the building and the platform-with the exception of the north side of the administration and patient area and the unbuilt seating in the courtyard. These areas are more open to the public. The north side of the building is also one of the most shaded spots, which is why it is so popular in the hot climate. This is also true for the patios on the back sides of the two

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figure 293, 294, 295, & 296.

figure 293. entry

figure 294. courtyard

figure 295. circulation

figure 296. shade

>healing lessons buildings and the sides. You can see that the hot sun is avoided by most. If the resting area in the middle were actually built with the trees, it would be used even more than the patios because it is near the building entrances, but it would also be shaded. Entry on the platform not only takes place on the main axis, but on the perimeters of the platform as well. This invites people to enjoy the whole area and to gather in the seating areas.

Perhaps the biggest healing aspect of the Leo Surgical Clinic can be found in the way it approaches community. No one is isolated, but everyone is given privacy when needed. The clinic makes the people of the community feel welcome, it meets their needs, and it encourages use for patients as well as visitors. By doing so, this is a happy place of healing.

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Centre de Santé et de Promotion Socialeprecedent study >description The Centre de Santé et de Promotion Sociale is a medical center that is part of the larger Opera Village, a performance center surrounded by classrooms, housing, workshops, and media labs (under construction). While the CSPS provides preliminary medical assistance to the area, a primary focus of the facility is on preventative lessons and classes for locals (Kéré Architecture). _ location -- Laongo, Burkina Faso, Africa _ architect -- Diébédo Francis Kéré _ completed -- 2014 _ size -- 1200 sq. m. _ client -- Festspielhaus Afrika GmbH. _ users -- Patients & family

figure 297. centre de santé et de promotion sociale

252

figure 298. courtyard

figure 299. exterior of wall

figure 300. sky-lit interior

figure 301. patient room

253

figure 302. site plan

10 11 9

12 15 7 16

2 3

_ 1 -- patient ward _ 2 -- treatment _ 3 -- doctorâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s office _ 4 -- head doctorâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s office _ 5 -- bathroom for head doctor _ 6 -- birthing room _ 7 -- waiting room for births _ 8 -- doctor of gynecology office _ 9 -- head midwife _ 10 -- bathroom for head midwife _ 11 -- patient ward for gynecology _ 12 -- dentist treatment _ 13 -- storage _ 14 -- pharmacy _ 15 -- reception _ 16 -- general waiting room

figure 303. building plan

>isolation The Opera Village is fairly isolated, having small clusters of houses along the main road, with a larger town an hour walk north. A tricycle ambulance is on site for emergencies.

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The CSPS sits outside of the main establishments of Opera Village, with its entrance pointing towards dirt paths behind Opera Village from the main road.

figure 304. elevation

figure 305. section diagram

> air movement This elevation shows the large window, where prescriptions may be picked up from the pharmacy. A similar window faces the entry from reception.

Large skylights in each building function as chimneys to direct hot air out from the centers, pulling air cooled in the courtyards through the many operable windows.

Tall ceilings leave space for hot air to rise and move through, as well as maintain an openness.

This is important when the temperature only ranges from 77Â° F to 90Â° F. 255

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figure 308.

se rv ed gr ay ar ea se rv an t sk y lig ht figure 307.

>diagrams The three masses and their sky-lit courtyards are a controlling factor within the layout of the project. These are integral parts of all aspects within the building.

figure 306. parti

Served and servant spaces occupy all three masses, with most spaces accessed through an intermediate sky lit space.

figure 307. served vs. servant

Spaces become more private as you move deeper into the building. The progression through spaces brings you by a skylight, lightening a possibly claustrophobic feeling.

figure 308. private vs. public

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figure 309.

>diagrams The CSPS consists of three areas of treatment: dentistry, gynecology and obstetrics, and general medicine. The remaining interior is a pharmacy, reception, and storage.

figure 309. functions

The building is made up of three separate masses, one for each area of treatment. The interstitial spaces between make a central waiting room, hallways, and half the borders of the courtyards. Despite being separate buildings, the interrelation of walls and spaces within the larger L floor plan creates a unified feeling, important to a healing place. figure 310. mass vs. void

Reception catches visitors before entering the central waiting room. From this point, the spaces become gradually more private as you enter deeper rooms within the buildings.

figure 311. circulation

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figure 312. gutters

figure 313. construction process

>windows The windows add much character to the building. The varying placement, angles, and sizes, paired with the light and views they hold, create a light hearted nature throughout the building. The placements come from a wish to make views for all, whether standing, sitting, or bedridden. The solid wall they are held in create a protective enclosure, while the windows and orange color keep it from feeling too stout. Interior windows are equipped with steel doors to block out light and patch the holes in the wall back to being fully protective.

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Gutters direct water outside and away from the walls. The building sits high due to large floods in the area . Local labor worked the construction, using a double envelope of local clay over laterite stone for increased rain protection. This also fits with the Opera Village aesthetic. Windows, beams, and the foundation are made of concrete. The roof structure is made of steel.

figure 314. windows

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womenâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s opportunity Center precedent study >project description The Womenâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Opportunity Center is designed by Sharon Davis, an architect from New York City. It is located about one hour from the capital city of Kigali in Kayonza. The site is two hectares in area in a semi-rural setting and faces a valley to its back. It is a project commissioned by Women for Women International, a non-profit organization set up in Washington D.C. The project was completed in 2013 with Bruce Engel managing the project. The project aimed to help women who were survivors of war by building an educational and community center. The center helps these women to start businesses to support themselves and their families by training them to transition from subsistence farming to larger scale entrepreneurial farming. It is designed as a meeting place that bridges the gap between urban buyers and rural farmers. It has clusters of classrooms that help women learn new business skills and also provides an opportunity for them to socialize and network with other groups that meet regularly. It is an environmentally sustainable campus along a well connected road and market stalls that is easily accessible for the public (Women for Women International). _ location -- Kayonza, Rwanda, Africa _ architect -- Sharon Davis Design _ completed -- 2013 _ size -- 215,278 sq. ft. _ client -- Women for Women International _ users -- Women survivors of war

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figure 315. womenâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s opportunity center classrooms view

>facilities Facilities include a kitchen and restaurant, guest lodging, a large celebration space, organic vegetable and fruit gardens, and storage, training, and office space for lease to partner organizations and businesses. Inspired by traditional Rwandan meeting spaces, classrooms are shaped as circular

pavilions and are at the center of the Womenâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Opportunity Center. Behind the center, there is a large commercial demonstration farm in a fertile valley (Womenâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s International Opportunity / Sharon Davis Design).

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figure 316. map of climate zones in africa

>climate Rwanda temperatures than are typical for equatorial countries due to its high elevation. Kigali, in the center of the country, has a typical daily temperature range between 12 °C (54 °F) and 27 °C (81 °F), with little variation through the year. During the two rainy seasons (Feb–May and Sept– Dec), heavy downpours occur almost daily, alternating with sunny weather. Annual rainfall averages 800 mm (31.5 in) and is heavier in the western and northwestern mountains than in the eastern savannas (Wikimedia Foundation Inc.).

>location

figure 317. site location

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Rwanda is the most densely populated country in Africa. The Women’s Opportunity Centre was built for up to 300 women in order to help the survivors of war build a better future. The 2 hectares site lies one hour from Rwandan capital of Kigali in Kayonza. It is a war torn country with very few means of survival. The site lies in a semi-rural setting, where women dedicate their days to small subsistence farms, fetching water and scavenging wood for fuel (Sharon Davis Design).

>project goals The goals of the project were to build a safe and secure environment for the women who are looking to start a new life and heal from their devastating past as a result of the war. It aims to build community for women where they interact and share their grievances. It is to help them grow as an individual and acquire skills to be able to build a better future for themselves. The project looks to building spaces that are open yet provide a sense of privacy for the women (Womenâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s International Opportunity / Sharon Davis Design).

figure 318. goals of the project

>site The site is at a crossroad above a fertile valley. With a street in the front for access, the site is contoured and slopes downwards toward the back. The site was chosen due to the fertility of the soil that can provide for good farming opportunity in order to create revenue for the center for self sustenance in the longer run. Prevailing winds from the side of the valley blow on to the site, providing scope for natural ventilation using sustainable means of construction (Womenâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s International Opportunity / Sharon Davis Design). figure 319. site constraints

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figure 320. site plan for building layout

>building layout The site is approached through the guard house located at the entrance of the site, that leads to the central gathering area through the administrative blocks. The gathering area is surrounded by classrooms that can take up to 20 people in a room. The marketplace also lies at the entrance of the site, easily accessible by the public, and is a major revenue generating source for the 264

site. With provisions for staff and guest lodging, the campus allows for visitors to spend time and see how the center functions. The farm is located towards the valley, which not only grows fruits and vegetables but also holds animals and helps women learn how to breed them, which also helps in generating revenue for the center (Sharon Davis Design).

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figure 321. site plan for landscaping features

>landscaping The site uses bamboo as a screening fence on the periphery of the site, with tree groves planted across to provide privacy for the users. It also has flowering vines to climb the fence to provide better coverage and screening from the street. There are tree groves to the back of the site that hold for a more quite and private zone, with seating features that include

stone benches that rise and descend into grade. The well designated paths leading to different spaces help in free movement of the user. There are also zones that grow fruit and herb trees as a source for food, other than the farm towards the valley which provides for vegetables. The flowerbeds segregate spaces from one another in addition to adding to the beauty of the landscape (Designboom).

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figure 323. noise zone distribution on the site

Farm

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figure 322. circulation around the site

Classrooms

Gathering Space

Canteen Guest Lodging

Admin Blocks

Parking

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Staff Lodging

Market

>circulation

>noise zones

The site is approached in the front through the guard house with an alternate path leading to the parking lot. It also has a direct access to the marketplace along the road and a service entry that leads to the farm at the back of the site. The central gathering area is surrounded by clusters of classrooms at the back and a kitchen/ canteen area. Towards the south of the site behind the market are the staff and guest lodges with a quite zone on the north of the site (Sharon Davis Design).

The spaces with the highest noise levels on the site is the main access leading to the central gathering area, and the animal sheds in the farm towards the back of the site. The landscaping strategy helps minimize the noise levels in the classrooms as well as the offices. (Sharon Davis Design).

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figure 324. public vs. private space distribution on the site

figure 325. parti for the site

>public vs. private spaces

>parti diagram

Most of the public and open spaces are either easily approachable by the road, such as the marketplace and parking lot, or the centrally located gathering area on the site. These spaces branch off to the more semi-public or private spaces. The more private spaces are tucked away from the more crowded spaces on the site in order to provide more privacy. The semipublic spaces are also either at the back of the site, or surrounding the more private spaces, with indirect approach to them. (Designboom).

267

>classrooms The classroom design is based on the traditional Rwandan meeting space design. They are the core of the social regeneration at the Womenâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Opportunity Center. They are designed and dimensioned to foster intimacy among a group of 20 women.

figure 326. classroom interior

The design is such that the classrooms get natural lighting and are ventilated through a perforated brick wall enclosing it. The roof is high and overhangs. It provides a safe haven for women to be educated and counseled. The design is based on the Kingâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Royal palace in the southern part of Rwanda. The circular class rooms are entered though a ramp at its entrance and steps down on the inside in an amphitheatrelike form to provide for seating. It has corrugated metal rooftops that harvest rainwater into a cistern before it evaporates. The shape also deflects sunshine to minimize solar heat gain while promoting natural passive cooling and shade. the direction of the openings are calculated to take advantage of Rwandaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s local prevailing breezes (Sharon Davis Design).

figure 327. floor plan, roof plan and section of classroom

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>kitchen and canteen The kitchen and canteen are centrally located on the site where women work together to turn the campusâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; fruits into self-sustaining meals. It helps create a communal space for the women through which it helps them to reconnect with Rwandan culinary traditions and cooking techniques. They also harvest special ingredients in the farm which they use in their dishes.

figure 328. kitchen and canteen area

The kitchen is passively ventilated through a perforated brick wall, and is sustainable in the sense of using bio-gas produced on the site to cook the meals. On-site bio-gas replaces firewood as the main cooking fuel since deforestation is a national issue in the country. Part of the educational program teaches women to collect animal waste from the demonstration farm for fuel. For continued sustainability, a sand and UV water filter was designed especially for the project, providing sustainable clean water for drinking and gardening (Sharon Davis Design).

figure 329. floor plan and sections of kitchen and canteen

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>gathering area

figure 330. gathering area

The covered central gathering space is a unique and flexible space for almost any type of large gathering. It is available to rent for special events and celebrations for up to 350 guests. Set on a hill with views of the valley below, it makes for an ideal place for special events, weddings and other celebrations. This central space resounds with the traditional dance and music that are emblematic of Rwandaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s cultural heritage (Mckeough).

>marketplace The marketplace is set around an inviting plaza that can easily be reached by motorists and public transit. The market showcases the centerâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s economic potential where women sell food, textiles, baskets, and other products produced by them on the site. The also sell potable waters that is collected through rooftops and harvested. The market spaces are rented out to generate additional income, building a self sufficient community network in Kayonza (Mckeough). figure 331. marketplace

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>demonstration farm The compact, easily maintained animal pens and classrooms help the commercial integrated farming initiative that teaches the women to make an income off the land through organic techniques leading towards commercial production. Women learn to profitably raise pigs, cows, goats, and rabbits, along with food storage and processing methods, which they can use to form their own for cooperatives. The sheds are cooled through green roofs (OpenBuildings).

figure 332. demonstration farm

>partner rooms The partner rooms help women reconnect with their past while finding economic empowerment in the fair trade of woven baskets, jewelry, and textile. Through programs in the partner rooms, they rediscover their cultural roots.

figure 333. partner rooms

Organizations such as Gahaya Links, which is a local handicraft company that helps teach women their traditional weaving techniques, helps reintroduce their cultural heritage in a large central classroom flanked by smaller teaching spaces (OpenBuildings).

figure 334. partner room floor plan

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figure 335. passive cooling system

>passive cooling The design uses the traditional Rwandan construction method of rounded, perforated brick walls that allow for passive cooking and solar shading while maintaining a sense of privacy. The roof

overhangs to provide sufficient shading from the direct sunlight, and the reflected sunlight penetrates through the walls to provide ambient lighting in the interior (Sharon Davis Design).

figure 336. shading system of roof

>shading technique

272

The sunlight falling on the brick wall structure was first analyzed in order to design the shading system for the roof. The peaks of the four different season were studied with the direction of the sun rays during moderate to peak hours of the

day. This study was then put together to cast an overall shadow for the four seasons and the resultant roof design was based on this study. It was an efficient way to study the impact of the sun all around the year (Sharon Davis Design).

>sustainable construction The center is intended as a model of small-scale sustainable architecture. The 450,000 bricks used to create the structures were handmade by local women from clay on the site. It also helps the women devise a better brick building technique.

figure 337. construction technique

>rainwater harvesting The roof is designed with corrugated-metal that helps to channel rainwater into cisterns. Women spend most of their time collecting water in cans. This act helps them build social and economic networks to make their lives more purposeful.

figure 338. rainwater recycling

>bio-gas fuel Deforestation is a severe concern in the surrounding neighborhood, where wood is used as fuel to cook. The technique of bio-gas production uses animal waste for clean-burning methane as a more sustainable method to cook food.

figure 339. bio-gas production

>composting toilets The latrines found in Rwanda pollute the groundwater and are a concern for causing diseases. The hygienic composting toilets help reduce the use of water while capturing nitrogen-rich solid and liquid waste that produce fertilizers that can nourish the farm or be sold for revenue (Sharon Davis Design).

figure 340. composting toilet

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BUTARO HOSPITALprecedent study >description The Butaro Hospital is located in the Burera District in the Northern Province of Rwanda in Africa. The Burera District has 400,000 Rwandans and had been without a doctor and a hospital until 2011. The architect on the project was MASS Group lead by Michael Murphy, a Harvard Graduate student. The firm was created to add design to the services provided by Partners in Health. The hospital is approximately 6040m2 or 65,000ft2, large enough to hold 150-beds (MASS Group). _ location --Burera, Rwanda _ architect -- MASS Group _ completed -- 2011 _ size -- 65,014 sq. ft. _ client -- Rwanda Ministry of Health & Partners in Health _ users -- Residents of the Burera district

figure 341. butaro hospital from the south parking lot

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figure 342. burera district hilltop

>location and site plan The site of the hospital is a former military base during the Rwandan Civil War in the 1990â&#x20AC;&#x2122;s, of which the Rwandan genocide operated out of in 1994. Reclaiming the site became an imperative role in restoring dignity to the community and providing a sense of ownership over the land.

The site of the Butaro Hospital is settled atop a hill with neighboring villages with easy access to medical care. There are eleven buildings on site that rest within the hill. These buildings can be grouped into four major clusters to represent the four major clients: women, men, pediatrics, and ICU (Nguma). 275

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figure 343. butaro climate

>climate The Northern Province of Rwanda has a Tropical Savanna climate type. The country is located below the equator, placing the sun to the north.

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The wind rose for the area shows moderate wind speeds of 3mph to 7mph from the southeast the majority of the year (Meteoblue).

pr ec ip ita tio m ea n n da ho il td ym ax ay im s m um ea n da co ily ol m in ni im gh um ts figure 344. butaro temperature and precipitation

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>climate The wet season runs from October through May. The four summer months of June, July, August, and September are the country’s dry season.

The temperature remains moderate throughout the entire year. The average high temperatures are in the upper 60’s and lower 70’s while the average lows are in the 50’s (Meteoblue).

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st er s cl u g in ild bu or aj m

si te figure 345. elongated bar parti

figure 346. exterior modulation

>building form & clusters The parti of the building is a bar scheme formed off the contours of the site. The four bars house the four major wards for men, women, children, and ICU.

figure 347. hill site contours in section

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figure 348. upper site plan with program

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figure 349. lower site plan with program

>location of program The lower buildings include the ambulatory, pharmacy, and lab situated on the northwest side. The west side of the hill also includes the mechanical and women’s ward. The east side of the hill houses a string of pediatric resources as well as the staff and conference spaces on the southeast side of the site. The upper buildings include the ICU, operating rooms, and post-operations

situated above the ambulatory center. The check-in building is in the center of the site with access to all other services. The post-delivery center is above the women’s ward. West of the post-delivery unit are the neonatal ICU, pre-delivery, and delivery units which are situated above the pediatrics ward. An extension of the pediatrics ward is above the staff center. The men’s ward stands alone on the south side of the site (MASS Group). 279

ac ce ss po st in ai ts rs figure 350. upper site circulation

figure 351. lower site circulation

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>access points The favorable Butaro weather of the allows for circulation to be primarily exterior. This strategy decreases patientsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; risk of exposure to other diseases. This concept has not been widely applied because Western hospital models have been the basis for most designs, even though there are drastic climatic differences (Arch Daily). The lower site buildings are primarily accessed from either the East or West side; whereas the upper site buildings can be accessed from multiple sides.

figure 352. exterior stairs and ramps

The corridors directly correlate to the sides of the buildings with the access points. The corridors are also situated to increase cross ventilation.

figure 353. exterior corridor

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figure 354. upper site massing

figure 355. lower site massing

282

se rv ed sp se ac rv es an ts pa ce s figure 356. interior and exterior relationships

figure 357. interior courtyard off the menâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s ward

figure 358. exterior corridor looking down the hill

>interior & exterior relationships The premise that a new model of architecture that is appropriate for the Rwandan climate leads to a building that exteriorly focused.

The interior space comprises less than half of the site with the circulation occurring on the exterior only. The sun, taking walks, and gardens all contribute to healing.

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figure 359. structure

>structure The structure is a simple load-bearing system with the majority of the walls being constructed from local stone to bear the weight. The roof of the upper level is comprised of 4-foot trusses.

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The lower level structure acts as a massive retaining wall to hold back the earth of the hill. A continuous floor is used to avoid unnecessary joints where bacteria can collect (Arch Daily).

figure 360. excavating building site

figure 361. working the land

figure 362. community hands

figure 363. re-bar foundation

>ownership The hospital was built with 100% local labor. Over 3, 898 people were trained to excavate the land as well as construct and manage the ongoing project.

The builders were organized into six teams that alternated working over a two-week time period. They were provided with food, water, and healthcare (Arch Daily).

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figure 364. south elevation of the check-in building flanked by the womenâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s ward to the left and pediatric ward to the right

figure 365. east elevation with staff and conference spaces to the left and the pediatrics and delivery to the right

>materials The exterior of the buildings is primarily clad with volcanic rock from the local Virunga Mountains. Many of the local people were trained as master masons to create the beautiful rock elevations.

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In addition to the low-mortar rock walls are metal covered walkways, wood doors and window louvers, and white painted walls with accent colors for way-finding. A minimal amount of glass is used in delivery areas (Nguma).

figure 366. virunga mountains

figure 367. volcanic rock from the mountains

figure 368. covered corridors

figure 369. post-delivery

figure 370. color-coded signage

figure 371. color-coded nursing station

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figure 372. east elevation with the menâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s ward to the left and the staff to the right

figure 373. north elevation with the ambulatory below and the ICU above

>elevations The shorter elevations of the building help to express the relationship between the lower and upper regions of the site

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Since the hospital is built into the hill, there are a variety of stairs, ramps, terraces, and gardens that arrange the space outside of the building (Nguma).

ds in es tw w rth no ea st to th so u figure 374. section of ordering system

>ordering system The structure and circulation order the building all based on the site and climatic impacts of the area. Between the fans and cross-ventilation there can be 15 air changes an hour in the building (Nguma).

The contours of the site and winds dictated where the exterior circulation should occur and the structure reinforced that model.

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ac ce ss po st in ai ts rs figure 375. lower site views from beds

figure 376. womenâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s ward

figure 377. pediatric ward

>views Each ward is color-coded based on the user, and the color, along with the lighting, cheers up each space.

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The lower site plan only has beds that face the west and look down into the valley (Arch Daily).

ac ce ss po st in ai ts rs figure 378. upper site views from beds

figure 379. examination room

figure 380. delivery room

>views The examination and delivery rooms have less windows for privacy, but still utilize natural lighting along with the germicidal UV lights.

The upper site plan has views in all directions including the emphasis on interior courtyards and gardens so that everyone has a view (Arch Daily).

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figure 381. site hierarchy

>hierarchy Across the site, the primary buildings contain the spaces where the majority of healing is done. The long-term users are typically in the menâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s, womenâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s, pediatrics, or ICU wards.

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The secondary spaces have short-term circulation through them including the reception, pre-delivery, delivery, and neonatal. The tertiary spaces are support spaces.

se rv ed sp se ac rv es an ts pa ce s figure 382. served and servant spaces

>served & servant The support spaces are intentionally placed to the sides of each ward which allows the patient to be in the center.

This layout allows for everyoneâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s focus to be outward to the courtyards or to the valleys down the hill.

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figure 383. privacy gradient

>privacy gradient The hospital is primarily open to the public with circulation happening out in the open, thus the gradient occurs radially. The center of the site where check-in happens is most private in addition to all of the support rooms that flank each ward.

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The rooms with short-term users have a semi-private relationship. The public spaces include each ward. Patients may not have their own room, but each bed has a canopy that can be lowered to cover their own space.

figure 384. aerial view of site

>healing environment Creating beauty that provides dignity; beauty that pulls the best out of each individual is imperative. The goal was to create architecture with a positive impact in the best way to contribute to peace, to provide ownership, and to restore dignity. The community was asked to come together to contribute to the construction to provide jobs and education. Others were trained as physicians for the facility. This given purpose lead to ownership. The communityâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s dignity is restored by solving layout issues between patient and staff, as well as the issue of spreading infections.

These struggles were relieved through natural ventilation, no interior corridors, large fans and louvered windows, continuous floors, germicidal UV lights, and each patient bed is directed towards the windows. Symbolically and literally, respect is given to each member of the community through the architecture. Whether they need care from the hospital, are the caregivers themselves, or were taught a trade through the building process; the whole community was involved and restored to life (Design Boom).

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>vision Research is an integral part of the design process; without research, buildings would be merely hollow concepts. The aim of our studio is to cast the net wide, and gather as much information and expertise from sources outside of the architectural realm. Over the course of several months, we reached out to eight individuals who are experts working in numerous fields ranging from psychiatric hospital work to edible schoolyard management and family studies to PTSD therapy in the military. Their perspectives address a variety of age groups through a variety of services that are all connected through the physical and psychological well-being of the human. In addition to the rigorous interviews and group-based discussions, we all have immersed ourselves in readings pertaining to trauma, the healing process, and evidence-based design that can support an architectural proposal. The breadth of knowledge has been documented and further translated into one vision statement for each studentâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s project. The vision statements encompass both a mastery of the problem of political torture as well as a forecast for design solutions of environments that promote healing. The expansion of each students vision can be found in the corresponding volume two.

CHAPTER IV >vision

LITERATURE reviews >Trauma and Recovery by Judith Herman, M.D.

>Healing Places by Wilbert M. Gesler

Trauma and Recovery, by Judith Herman, focuses on people who have developed Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) due to being subjected to trauma and victimized by torture.

Geslerâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s concept of healing can be thought of as a holistic process that connects and integrates the physical, mental, spiritual, emotional, and social aspects of the human-being.

The sufferers in the book have specifically experienced political terror, incest, battery, rape and/or child abuse.

This process is ongoing, and must be meaningful, have a humanistic approach, and come from within.

To begin the healing process, one needs to confront their past to cope with it.

The path to healing involves more than just a cure.

Although many people may have been tortured in the same way, everyone may handle the coping and recovery process differently.

The scientific and medical community has only begun to discover the connections and implications that the different aspects of the body have on each other.

The recovery portion of this book provides many insights into how people find healing through safety, remembrance, mourning, close relationships, reconnection, group therapy, and human-centered design (Herman, M.D.).

The second part of Geslerâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s concept of healing is that healing always happens in a place; therefore, place also has an important contribution to healing. There are four types of environments that Gesler identifies as being important to making a healing place: natural, built, symbolic, and social. Since architecture is the practice of making place, architecture affects healing (Gesler).

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>Evidence-Based Design for Multiple Building Types by D. Kirk Hamilton, FAIA and David H. Watkins, FAIA Evidence-based design is a growing trend in healthcare. There are a number of reasons for this growth, including the need to replace aging facilities, a competitive marketplace for healthcare services, the need to improve staff and material flow to achieve operational efficiencies, the ability to accommodate technological advances, consumer demand for privacy and family-centered care, and the need to reduce preventable hospital-acquired injuries and infections. Healthcare administrators are constantly searching for proven, cost-effective strategies that improve patient safety; patient outcomes; patient, family, and staff satisfaction; improve the efficiency and effectiveness of staff; and a positive impact on the budget. Evidence-based designers along with an informed client, make decisions based on the best information available from research, from project evaluation, and from evidence gathered from the operations of the client, which should result in demonstrated improvements in the organizationâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s utilization of resources. A center for torture survivors is a healthcare facility that primarily deals with patients diagnosed with one or more mental and physical problems. While working with survivors of torture, one of the major

challenges is to provide the feeling of a safe environment where they are protected and can show positive improvements in their treatment. Evidence of positive changes that can be brought into the environment through architecture can play a large role in determining the effective ways for treating the diagnosed problems. Clients have been known to trust program managers over architects. They limit the role of an architect in projects and hire other professionals to make important decisions about space reduction and proposed changes. Architects are thought to be driven by ego, and focus on aesthetics, while clients seek efficiency and performance. Contractors tend to have a better bonding capacity with the clients as compared to an architect, because an architect cannot claim a legitimate offer about the cost reduction since the construction work is carried out by the contractor. It is important to justify design and the claims made during the design process about how it will help the client, with the help of statistics in order to gain trust and prove how design elements will likely function. Credible data is needed to prove positive results to convince clients. Evidence-based design helps to increase the credibility of architecture as a profession (Hamilton).

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INTERVIEWdiscussions >The Body Keeps the Score by Bessel Van der Kolk, M.D.

>Dmitri Belser -- 10.31.16 President of Ed Roberts Campus and Executive Director of the Center for Accessible Technology

Dr. Bessel van der Kolk has been working with trauma survivors for three decades and is considered one of the foremost experts in trauma.

Dimitric Belser can be described as an enthusiastic and passionate director who cares immensely about his work with disabled users and how they interact with the Ed Roberts campus.

His book, The Body Keeps the Score, calls on recent scientific advances to show how the body and brain are physically reshaped by trauma, often leaving an individual with troubled control of regular emotions and interactions. He begins with the identification of a trauma victim and what past mistakes and misunderstandings in their treatment has brought about, moving on to explaining what the brain is experiencing during trauma and its lasting imprints on a person, and finishes with the path to recovery. Innovative treatments are discussed; such as neurofeedback, yoga, and meditation, which offer new recovery potentials through the natural working of the brain. The Center for Torture Survivors seeks to create healing environments. Understanding the impacts of trauma and symptoms related to it help designers to avoid creating potentially triggering situations within designs.

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Understanding this, as well as new treatment methods, can help designers to create healing places rather than harmful ones (Kolk).

Belser was excited to talk young aspiring architects, hoping that some of the universal design methods learned about on the campus would be implement throughout other designs, both presently and in the future. Belser emphasized that physically impaired users will never be able to be completely independent, but small gestures such as a conveniently placed call button could grant them more independence than they are used to. The Ed Roberts campus is directly adjacent to a transit stop in order to provide easy accessibility for users.

>Christine Cole -- 9.1.16 County of Fresno Social Work Practitioner

>Kyle Cornforth -- 11.1.16 Director of the Edible Schoolyard Berkeley

Through talking with Christine Cole, great perspective was gained on the potential safety threats that any refugee may face upon arrival in the United States.

The Edible School Yard is a program run by the Martin Luther King, Jr. Middle School in Berkeley that also has designated and purposefully designed cultivation spaces.

Often times refugees and survivors of political torture will not seek help until years after the fact, and they are coming mainly for asylum.

The visit included time touring both the garden and the kitchen classrooms.

In addition to the legal situation, refugees may not feel safe with interpreters if they are originally from the same area since word can spread fast back to their home country concerning their current whereabouts. Overall, there are over 500,000 people living in the United States who have suffered from torture, and they need help though they may not seek it immediately. Social services is an important amenity to include in a future Center for Torture Survivors because they are able to connect refugees with much needed resources beyond therapy.

The meaning that the garden held with these children and teachers was discussed; it has brought about behavior improvement, collaboration, confidence, resiliency, and care for the environment in which they live. Spaces like the ramada and picnic areas, serve to organize group discussion and facilitate lively interaction. The kitchen classroom, adjacent to the garden, is designed in a way that encourages the students to cook alongside teachers and learn with their peers. It also is an environment where different cultures are celebrated. Every tool has a place and the children are encouraged to believe they have access and to and a responsibility to utilize their facility properly. As one teacher put it, â&#x20AC;&#x153;The culture of care permeates the school.â&#x20AC;? The Edible School Yard offers meaningful precedence in designing a place that the community claims as their own.

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>Briana Goff -- 11.14.16 Kansas State University Professor of Family Studies and Human Service

>Michelle Houston -- 10.10.16 Clinical Social Worker at Irwin Army Community Hospital

Briana Goff, Professor of Family Studies and Human Service, made an appearance to discuss insights and programmatic methods to help survivors of torture through the healing process.

Michelle Houston is a Licensed Specialist Clinical Social Worker.

Her specialties in post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), trauma and traumatic stress, and her research in developing collaborative education, outreach, and clinical services for survivors of war, provided beneficial insight to help the development for the California Center for Torture Survivors. Professor Goff discussed conceptual ideas involving community connection, safety and security, and solutions to ethnic differences. She also discussed programmatic development for multipurpose spaces, connection to nature, community spaces within the facility, staffing requirements, and private staff space. Her accumulated experience and knowledge provided us with beneficial insights into torture survivors. All torture survivors are different and require different types of therapeutic healing and community integration.

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Safety and security is a must in the design to ensure a successful environment.

She is a veteran, and continues to serve her community at Fort Riley, Kansas, through provided behavioral health services to the 4th Infantry Brigade Combat Team. As of late, she works at Irwin Army Community Hospital located at Fort Riley. Treatment environments were discussed, as well as their relationship to both the patient and caregivers comfort level. Ms. Houston provided insight into professional practice of behavioral health services in relation to her military experience, discussing coping mechanisms, therapy, support systems and triggers.

>Guy Qvistgaard, MFT, FRSPH -- 11.2.16 Chief Administrative Officer at John George Psychiatric Hospital

>Gary R. Speer -- 11.3.16 Volunteer at Laguna Honda Hospital and Rehabilitation Center

Through visiting the John George Psychiatric Hospital and speaking with Chief Administrative Officer Guy Qvistgaard, a lot of insight about patient experience and patient empowerment was gained.

Gary Speer is a volunteer at Laguna Honda Hospital in San Francisco.

Through his work at the facility, Guy has much experience with improving an existing care environment to be more healing for both patients and staff, as well as understanding how to better deal with users that might have dealt with traumatic situations. Guy was able to recommend a variety of strategies ranging from models of care, to methods for establishing strong provider patient relationships, and to suggestions for creating healing interior and exterior spaces. Through an in-depth conversation with Guy, as well as a tour of the facility, including, the courtyard and labyrinth, the patient care spaces, staff spaces, and the services spaces, the studio was able to gain a greater understanding of working with behavioral health patients, which may include survivors of political torture.

He has worked as a volunteer at the hospital for 8 years, helping orchestrate various events including a Christmas drive that gives gifts to the residents at the hospital. He cares deeply for the residents at Laguna Honda, hoping that his efforts benefit all those who live or work at the hospital. Gary facilitated a tour showing the studio around the old part of the hospital, as well as the new addition that was recently completed in 2010. Through his tour a better understanding of a hospital that is designed through evidence-based design, and seeks to better the lives of all within the space through its design was gained.

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STUDY TOUR buildings >alcatraz Alcatraz Island which was once a federal prison that housed America’s most dangerously notorious criminals is located in the Bay, 1.25 miles offshore from San Francisco.

figure 1. alcatraz island

The small 22 acre island has facilities such as a lighthouse, military fortification, military prison, and federal prison. In 1850, it was assigned for military use, and a fortress was constructed with 100 canons to protect the Bay Area. In 1933, it was came under the control of the U.S. Justice Department, and a prison was established for the dangerous and difficult criminals. It typically held 260275 prisoners who each had their own cell.

figure 2. exterior diagram

Over the three decades of operation, Alcatraz housed a total of 1,576 men. Due to the high expenses to operate the prison in comparison to other federal prisons at the time, and also due to the crumbling buildings due to exposure to salty sea air, the prison closed in 1963 A group of Native Americans led by Mohawk activist Richard Oakes claimed the island in 1969 on behalf of the “Indians of All Tribes”. The island was later vacated after 1970, following the death of Oakes stepdaughter.

figure 3. prison plan

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It became a part of the Golden Gate National Recreation Area in 1972, and was opened to public. (Staff) (Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.)

figure 6.

>boalt hall Boalt Hall expanded with a below grade law library, topped by a busy café and student lounge. The café has courtyards on either side, a roof garden looking out to the bay, and is pushed up close to the sidewalk and road Glassy connections to the original, newly renovated, building allow sunlight into the library’s two levels of reading and seminar rooms, offices, and stacks (“Ratcliff Architects - Projects”).

figure 4. interior stairwell

figure 5. cross-section

figure 6. plan with plazas

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figure 9.

>c.v. starr east asian library The 69,000sf library, designed by Tod Williams Billie Tsien Architects is located in University of California, Berkeley (Tod Williams Billie Tsien Architects and Partners).

figure 7. building exterior

figure 8. interior section

figure 9. third floor entry level

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It was established in 1947 as a branch within the University Library. It offers a broad range of programs in East Asian studies. It houses more than 900,000 volumes of Chinese, Japanese, and Korean materials that includes woodblock prints, rare maps and scrolls, contemporary political posters, and Buddhist scriptures (Berkeley Library University of California). The building consists of four stories and is cut into a steep hillside. A pedestrian bridge leads into the third floor of the building which overlooks the campus. It is pitched with clay tile roof, and has a symmetrical faรงade made of white granite. The building has sand-cast bronze screens on the outer faรงade. The perforated metal screens behind the bronze screens bring in diffused sunlight. It is primarily constructed of rough concrete and clad in stone from China. A structural spine wall supports the cantilevered stone stairway on the inside that connects the four floors. The north facing skylight brings in filtered light into the interior spaces giving an ambient effect. It is a LEED Silver equivalent certified building compliant with UC Sustainability standards (Institute of East Asian Studies, University of California, Berkeley).

figure 11.

figure 12.

>ed roberts campus The Ed Roberts Campus by Leddy Maytum Stacy Architects implements the ideals of Universal Design. The building includes offices, a cafĂŠ exhibition space, community gathering rooms and training classrooms that can all be easily accessed by anyone despite any handicaps they may have. The design, down to the very details excludes no one and thus becomes welcoming to everyone who enters. Along with its Universal Design elements, the building also incorporates many sustainable design practices that meet LEED Gold requirements such as natural ventilation, enhanced indoor air quality, PV panels and sun shading.

figure 10. interior ADA ramp

Throughout the design process, the community was always an important factor and many workshops and engagements with the local community led to a design that truly included everyone (Design). figure 11. floor plans

figure 12. exploded axonometric

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figure 14.

>flora lamson hewlett library The Flora Lamson Hewlett Library is a part of the Graduate Theological Union in The University of California Berkeley.

figure 13. ceiling

It was design be Louis Kahn, who passed away in 1974 during the process, and was commissioned to two professors from UCâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s college of environmental design who studied under Kahn, Richard Peters and Joseph Esherick to complete the program. Thomas J. Caulfield was appointed the lead architect for designing. Wilson House that lay on the site was of little value and was demolished despite opposition to construct the library (Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.). The construction of the building was divided into two phases with the completion of the Phase-1 in 1981 and Phase-2 in 1992. When Phase 1 was complete, volunteer crews, staff, faculty and trustees moved over 300,000 volumes from the Church Divinity School and Pacific School of Religion library into the half-completed building. In 2006, the library went viral, expanding its online databases and incorporated wireless internet access as well as improved its online course management system (Holy Hill & The GTU).

figure 14. floor plan

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figure 17.

>jacobs institute Designed by Architects.

Leddy

Maytum

Stacy

“The Jacobs Institute for Design Innovation is UC Berkeley’s interdisciplinary hub for learning and making at the intersection of design and technology. Bringing together technical depth, design methodology, and a focus on societal impact, we aim to educate students and practitioners who understand both the under-the-hood details that make something work and the big-picture context that makes something matter” (“Our Space”). Included in this building are a Prototyping Lab, Wood Fab Lab, AV Production Lab, Makerspaces, Electronics Lab, CAD/CAM Lab, Lecture Studio, and Creative Studio, all open to university for collaborative making.

figure 15. interior work space

figure 16. building section

figure 17. entry level plan

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figure 19.

>john george psychiatric hospital John George Psychiatric Hospital serves Alameda County as the main psychiatric hospital in the county, providing services for people with mental illnesses. At the hospital, a variety of therapies are implemented such as psychotherapy, group, occupational and activity therapy.

figure 18. interior courtyard

The design revolves around a central courtyard, creating a safe and secure outdoor space for patients. Surrounding the courtyard, several wings stem off the main building and serve as inpatient rooms. The administration is situated opposite of the patient wings (JGPH Fact Sheet).

figure 19. floor plan

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figure 21 & 22.

>laguna honda hospital Laguna Honda Hospital has existed since 1866 and recently rennovated and expanded by Ashen and Allen Architects. For many patients, Laguna Honda is like a home because of their prolonged stays. Due to this, the new facility incorporates user based design, a way of creating space with the users in mind. All the patient rooms have windows which allow for ventilation, natural light and views to the exterior. The form is split into four wings that stem from a central common space that allows for activities to take place.

figure 20. site view

At the end of each wing, a living room allows for semi private spaces for patients to gather outside of their room but away from the common area. The hospital also offers many therapeutic activities such as hydrotherapy, physical therapy and an art space. Laguna Honda is also a green building, garnering a LEED Silver award and was the first green certified hospital in California (The Laguna Honda Campus).

figure 21. second floor plan

figure 22. first floor plan

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>martin luther king jr. middle school edible schoolyard Established in 1995, this 1 acre urban farm is run and operated by 10 staff in charge of around 1000 6th, 7th, and 8th graders.

figure 23. edible schoolyard ariel view

The farm involves students in all aspects of the farm, as well as preparing, serving, and eating the food produced as a means of awakening their senses and encouraging awareness and appreciation of the transformational values of nourishment, community, and stewardship of the land. Integrated classes bring a greater connection to the typical classroom experience (â&#x20AC;&#x153;The Edible Schoolyard Projecyâ&#x20AC;?).

figure 24. students working in the garden

figure 25. students planting the garden

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>tipping building The Tipping Building is a three-story structure built to be a permanent home for Steven Tippingâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s firm in downtown Berkeley. The first structure built is a multi-use building that houses a dwelling unit, office, corner cafĂŠ, and commercial space. An additional second building was built later and houses a brew pub. Passive systems were incorporated into the design such as passive solar, radiant heating, and natural ventilation (Tipping Structural Engineers). One of the most interesting things about the building is that the base isolation system (used in earthquake prone areas) is not hidden beneath the building like it usually is. Instead, the system is exposed in the interior and incorporated into the columns (San Fransisco Chronicle).

figure 26. exterior view

figure 27. interior view

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VISION statements

figure 28. Adam, a very intelligent tour guide at Alcatraz

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>vision statements

>levi caraway

The following are one sentence thesis statements for each student of the 20162017 graduate architecture studio class.

To provide a community interacting and healing through the transformative effects of biophilia and horticultural therapy.

>rachel gordon

>brianna grimm

To embrace women and children into a community of fellowship in order to redeem their lives through freedom from the past and be inspired toward a future of hope and peace.

To create a rhythmic vessel in which music therapy restores the unique voice of each person while mediating differences, so that everyone can gather together in peace.

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>nicole harris

>mathew heatherly

Using hydrotherapy in collaboration with cognitive therapy methods, water will serve as the guiding element throughout the site offering reflection and sustenance.

The Center for Torture Survivors provides a healing environment to address its clientsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; psychological and physical health through creative release within making studios.

>journi johnson

>sarah kershner

Through cultivating connection to the natural environment, horticultural therapy heals and revitalizes the users; it embraces communal support and personal growth to facilitate health and well-being.

A sanctuary that encourages meditation and mindfulness practices through a reflective and contemplative atmosphere.

317

318

>shruti kumar

>ethan moulder

A safe haven for healing tortured refugee children through play therapy in a nurturing environment nestled in nature.

To create a setting in which plants and animals aid in nurturing trauma survivors through rehabilitation strategies while presenting an opportunity to improve oneâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s quality of life through education and social interaction.

>sydell paul

>blake wilson

The California Center for Survivors of Torture empowers users through physiotherapy and a connection with nature in an interactive and therapeutic environment.

This center focuses on these three concepts: enhancing and facilitating learning; empowering people to overcome their past, and creating bridges that connect all ages, ethnicities and cultures.

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Agency

Air

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CHAPTER 2 -- IMAGERY figure 1. Gordon, Rachel and Sydell Paul. Site Map. Kansas State University. Survivors: Healing Architecture in Response to Political Torture. Manhattan, KS, 2016. Digital. figure 2. Wilson, Blake. Ohlone Native American Circle. Kansas State University. Manhattan, KS, 2016. Photograph. figure 3. Johnson, Journi. Mount Tamalpais and Albany Hill. Kansas State University. Manhattan, KS, 2016. Photograph.

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in Response to Political Torture. Manhattan, KS, 2016. Digital. figure 14. Grimm, Brianna. World Map with GDP. Kansas State University. Survivors: Healing Architecture in Response to Political Torture. Manhattan, KS, 2016. Digital. with reference to Wesley, Daniel. California Vs. The World. n.d. Web. 14 Sept. 2016. figure 15. Grimm, Brianna. National Map with California’s Population. Kansas State University. Survivors: Healing Architecture in Response to Political Torture. Manhattan, KS, 2016. Digital. with reference to Wesley, Daniel. California Vs. The World. n.d. Web. 14 Sept. 2016. figure 16. Grimm, Brianna. State Map with Alameda County’s Unemployment Rate. Kansas State University. Survivors: Healing Architecture in Response to Political Torture. Manhattan, KS, 2016. Digital. with reference to Wesley, Daniel. California Vs. The World. n.d. Web. 14 Sept. 2016. figure 17. Grimm, Brianna. Bay Area Map with Albany City’s Population. Kansas State University. Survivors: Healing Architecture in Response to Political Torture. Manhattan, KS, 2016. Digital. with reference to Wesley, Daniel. California Vs. The World. n.d. Web. 14 Sept. 2016. figure 18. Grimm, Brianna. Berkeley Boundaries. Kansas State University. Survivors: Healing Architecture in Response to Political Torture. Manhattan, KS, 2016. Digital. with reference to Albany, CA. Demographics. 2000. Web. 16 Sept. 2016. figure 19. Grimm, Brianna. City and Site Boundaries. Kansas State University. Survivors: Healing Architecture in Response to Political Torture. Manhattan, KS, 2016. Digital. with reference to Albany, CA. Demographics. 2000. Web. 16 Sept. 2016. figure 20. Grimm, Brianna. Albany City Map with Neighborhoods. Kansas State University. Survivors: Healing Architecture in Response to Political Torture. Manhattan, KS, 2016. Digital. with reference to Nextdoor. Albany Neighborhoods. 2010. Web. 14 Sept. 2016. figure 21. Grimm, Brianna. Albany City Average Age. Kansas State University. Survivors: Healing Architecture in Response to Political Torture. Manhattan, KS, 2016. Digital. with reference to Nextdoor. Albany Neighborhoods. 2010. Web. 14 Sept. 2016. figure 22. Grimm, Brianna. Albany City Population. Kansas State University. Survivors: Healing Architecture in Response to Political Torture. Manhattan, KS, 2016. Digital. with reference to Nextdoor. Albany Neighborhoods. 2010. Web. 14 Sept. 2016. figure 23. Grimm, Brianna. Albany City Homeowner Percentage. Kansas State University. Survivors: Healing Architecture in Response to Political Torture. Manhattan,

KS, 2016. Digital. with reference to Nextdoor. Albany Neighborhoods. 2010. Web. 14 Sept. 2016. figure 24. Heatherly, Mathew T. Albany California Planning and Zoning - Generic Plan. Kansas State University. Survivors: Healing Architecture in Response to Political Torture. Manhattan, 2016. Digital. with reference to (City of Albany, City of Berkeley, City of El Cerrito, City of Richmond) figure 25. Heatherly, Mathew T. Albany California Planning and Zoning – Residential Districts. Kansas State University. Survivors: Healing Architecture in Response to Political Torture. Manhattan, 2016. Digital. with reference to (City of Albany, City of Berkeley, City of El Cerrito, City of Richmond) figure 26. Heatherly, Mathew T. Albany California Planning and Zoning – Commercial Districts. Kansas State University. Survivors: Healing Architecture in Response to Political Torture. Manhattan, 2016. Digital. with reference to (City of Albany, City of Berkeley, City of El Cerrito, City of Richmond) figure 27. Heatherly, Mathew T. Albany California Planning and Zoning – Public and Green Space Districts. Kansas State University. Survivors: Healing Architecture in Response to Political Torture. Manhattan, 2016. Digital. with reference to (City of Albany, City of Berkeley, City of El Cerrito, City of Richmond) figure 28. Moulder, Ethan C. Bay Area Topography. Kansas State University. Survivors: Healing Architecture in Response to Political Torture. Manhattan, KS, 2016. Digital. with reference to (bayhiker.com, Coleman, Elevationmap. net, Golden Gate Bridge, Maplogs, Peakbagger) figure 29. Moulder, Ethan C. Albany Topography. Kansas State University. Survivors: Healing Architecture in Response to Political Torture. Manhattan, KS, 2016. Digital. with reference to Google. Google Maps. n.d. Web. 19 Sept. 2016. & ESRI 2011. ArcGIS Desktop. Redlands, CA: Environmental Systems Research Institute, n.d. Web. 19 Sept. 2016. figure 30. Moulder, Ethan C. Site Topography. Kansas State University. Survivors: Healing Architecture in Response to Political Torture. Manhattan, KS, 2016. Digital. with reference to Google. Google Maps. n.d. Web. 19 Sept. 2016. & ESRI 2011. ArcGIS Desktop. Redlands, CA: Environmental Systems Research Institute, n.d. Web. 19 Sept. 2016. and DB. Albany_Parcel B-PLANNING SUBMITTAL – REDUCED. Albany, CA: Lowney Architecture, 08 July 2013. Digital. and PL. 2013-0917 Belmont Senior Plans Revised. Albany, CA: HKIT Architects, 13 Aug. 2013. Digital. figure 31. Google. Google Maps. n.d. Web. 19 Sept. 2016. figure 32. Google. Google Maps. n.d. Web. 19 Sept. 2016. figure 33. Google. Google Maps. n.d. Web. 19 Sept. 2016. figure 34. Paul, Sydell. Population Density per Square Mile.

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Kansas State University. Survivors: Healing Architecture in Response to Political Torture. Manhattan, KS, 2016. Digital. with reference to Brown, Edmund, Jr. “Total Population Projections for California and Counties.” http://www. tularecog.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/06/AppendixF-Demographic-Forecast-Department-of-Finance-Newpopulation-projections. Digital. Accessed Oct. 4 2016. figure 35. Paul, Sydell. Nine-County Bay Area. Kansas State University. Survivors: Healing Architecture in Response to Political Torture. Manhattan, KS, 2016. Digital. with reference to “Maps of Europe.” Free Vector Maps, https://freevectormaps.com/europe. Accessed Oct. 4 2016. figure 36. Wilson, Blake. Total Refugee Arrivals to California by Country of Origin Between 1982 and 2015. Kansas State University. Survivors: Healing Architecture in Response to Political Torture. Manhattan, KS, 2016. Digital. with reference to CDSS (California Department of Social Services-Refugee Programs Bureau). Total Arrivals to California Counties by Country of Origin. May 2016. figure 37. Wilson, Blake. Number of Refugees in Bay Area Counties Since 1982. Kansas State University. Survivors: Healing Architecture in Response to Political Torture. Manhattan, KS, 2016. Diagram. with reference to CDSS (California Department of Social Services-Refugee Programs Bureau). Total Arrivals to California Counties by Country of Origin. May 2016. figure 38. Grimm, Brianna. Top Ten Countries of Origin for Refugees in 2016. Kansas State University. Survivors: Healing Architecture in Response to Political Torture. Manhattan, KS, 2016. Digital. with reference to Huber, Chris. Forced to Flee: Top 5 Countries Refugees are Coming From. World Vision. 28 June 2016. Web. 22 Oct. 2016. figure 39. “Golden Gate Bridge.” Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, n.d. Web. 05 Oct. 2016.

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2016. Accessed Oct. 4 2016. figure 45. Paul, Sydell. Bicycle System. Kansas State University. Survivors: Healing Architecture in Response to Political Torture. Manhattan, KS, 2016. Digital. with reference to “Albany, CA.” Map. Google Maps. Google, 2016. Accessed Oct. 4 2016. figure 46. Paul, Sydell. Walking Proximity. Kansas State University. Survivors: Healing Architecture in Response to Political Torture. Manhattan, KS, 2016. Digital. with reference to “Albany, CA.” Map. Google Maps. Google, 2016. Accessed Oct. 4 2016. figure 47. Paul, Sydell. Road Access. Kansas State University. Survivors: Healing Architecture in Response to Political Torture. Manhattan, KS, 2016. Digital. with reference to “Albany, CA.” Map. Google Maps. Google, 2016. Accessed Oct. 4 2016. figure 48. Paul, Sydell. Bicycle Routes. Kansas State University. Survivors: Healing Architecture in Response to Political Torture. Manhattan, KS, 2016. Digital. with reference to “Albany, CA.” Map. Google Maps. Google, 2016. Accessed Oct. 4 2016. figure 49. Harris, Nicole. Berkeley Map. Kansas State University. Survivors: Healing Architecture in Response to Political Torture. Manhattan, KS, 2016. Digital. figure 50. Berkeley Rose Garden. Berkeley Travel. wp content. 2010. Photograph. figure 51. Ocean View Park. Albany, Ca. Government. Modules. Albany, California, n.d. Photograph. figure 52. Cesar Chavez Park. CC, Madrone. Public Field Image. Santa Cruz Hill Tromper. Sites. Santa Cruz, n.d. Photograph. figure 53. Bart, Elcerrito. Sites. kped. wp-contents. 2011. Photograph. figure 54. Untitled. Staticflickr. Photograph.

figure 40. Wang, Brian. “How Fixing the Bay Bridge Went from $250 Million to a Likely $13 Billion including Interest and Financing Costs.” Next Big Future. N.p., 15 Oct. 2015. Web. 05 Oct. 2016.

figure 55. Pin Image. Media Cache. Originals. n.d. Photograph.

figure 41. “Richmond-San Rafael Bridge.” Mapio. N.p., n.d. Web. 05 Oct. 2016.

figure 57. California Buckeye Tree. Cal Poly. Selectree. calpoly. n.d. Photograph.

figure 42. Paul, Sydell. Highway Systems. Kansas State University. Survivors: Healing Architecture in Response to Political Torture. Manhattan, KS, 2016. Digital. with reference to “Albany, CA.” Map. Google Maps. Google, 2016. Accessed Oct. 4 2016.

figure 58. Creek Photograph.

figure 43. Paul, Sydell. Road Access. Kansas State University. Survivors: Healing Architecture in Response to Political Torture. Manhattan, KS, 2016. Digital. with reference to “Albany, CA.” Map. Google Maps. Google, 2016. Accessed Oct. 4 2016.

figure 60. Coffee Berry. Watershed Nursery. Wp-content. San Pedro Park, California, 2012. Photograph.

figure 44. Paul, Sydell. Transit System. Kansas State University. Survivors: Healing Architecture in Response to Political Torture. Manhattan, KS, 2016. Digital. with reference to “Albany, CA.” Map. Google Maps. Google,

figure 62. Morse, Keir. Panicled Bulrush. California Native Plant Society, California. Photograph.

figure 56. Res, Max. Untitled. Photograph.

Dogwood.

Science.halleyhosing.

figure 59. Calscape. Common Sun Rose. California Native Plant Society, California. Photograph.

figure 61. Calscape. Giant Wildrye. California native Plant Society, California. Photograph.

figure 63. Vincentz, Frank. Soft Rush. California Native

Plant Society, California. Photography.

Climate Zone, Planting Map, US Chart. 2012. Web.

figure 64. Watson, Lynn. Ithurielâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Spear. California Native Plant Society, California. Photography.

figure 79. Johnson, Journi. Fog in the Bay Area. Kansas State University. Survivors: Healing Architecture in Response to Political Torture. Manhattan, KS, 2016. Digital. with reference to Allen, Jesse and Robert Simon. Another Foggy Day in San Francisco. NASA. Another Foggy Day in San Francisco. 2012. Digital. and Unnamed. Components of California Coastal Fog. Quora. Why does the San Francisco Bay Area have a dry climate despite being next to an ocean? 2015. Digital

figure 65. Calscape. Xalifornia Cudweed. California Native Plant Society. California Native Plants. California, 2011. Photograph. figure 66. Monroe, Gary A. Western Columbine. California Native Plant Society, California. Photography. figure 67. ESRI 2011. ArcGIS Desktop. Redlands, CA: Environmental Systems Research Institute, n.d. Web. 19 Sept. 2016. figure 68. Gordon, Rachel. Albany City Education Centers. Kansas State University. Survivors: Healing Architecture in Response to Political Torture. Manhattan, KS, 2016. Digital. figure 69. Gordon, Rachel. Albany City Grocery Stores. Kansas State University. Survivors: Healing Architecture in Response to Political Torture. Manhattan, KS, 2016. Digital. figure 70. Gordon, Rachel. Albany City Retail Locations. Kansas State University. Survivors: Healing Architecture in Response to Political Torture. Manhattan, KS, 2016. Digital. figure 71. Gordon, Rachel. Albany City Medical Facilities. Kansas State University. Survivors: Healing Architecture in Response to Political Torture. Manhattan, KS, 2016. Digital. figure 72. Gordon, Rachel. Albany City Civic and Cultural Centers. Kansas State University. Survivors: Healing Architecture in Response to Political Torture. Manhattan, KS, 2016. Digital. figure 73. Gordon, Rachel. Albany City Recreation Facilities. Kansas State University. Survivors: Healing Architecture in Response to Political Torture. Manhattan, KS, 2016. Digital. figure 74. Gordon, Rachel. Albany City Worship Centers. Kansas State University. Survivors: Healing Architecture in Response to Political Torture. Manhattan, KS, 2016. Digital. figure 75. Gordon, Rachel. Albany City Hospitality. Kansas State University. Survivors: Healing Architecture in Response to Political Torture. Manhattan, KS, 2016. Digital. figure 76. Caraway, Levi. Figure Ground. Kansas State University. Survivors: Healing Architecture in Response to Political Torture. Manhattan, KS, 2016. Digital. figure 77. Caraway, Levi. Building Heights. Kansas State University. Survivors: Healing Architecture in Response to Political Torture. Manhattan, KS, 2016. Digital. figure 78. Johnson, Journi. California Climate Types. Kansas State University. Survivors: Healing Architecture in Response to Political Torture. Manhattan, KS, 2016. Digital. with reference to GeoNova. Untitled. TJs Garden. Regional

figure 80. Johnson, Journi. Albany Average High and Low Temperatures and Rainfall. Kansas State University. Survivors: Healing Architecture in Response to Political Torture. Manhattan, KS, 2016. Digital. with reference to Berkeley, U.S. Climate Data - Climate. Climate Berkeley. U.S.Climate Data. Climate of Berkeley. Berkeley, 2016. Digital. figure 81. Kershner, Sarah. Wind Rose for the Berkeley, California Area. Kansas State University. Survivors: Healing Architecture in Response to Political Torture. Manhattan, KS, 2016. Digital. with reference to: California Environmental Protection Agency. Appendix F. n.d. Web. 22 Sept. 2016. figure 82. Kershner, Sarah. Monthly Wind Roses. Kansas State University. Survivors: Healing Architecture in Response to Political Torture. Manhattan, KS, 2016. Digital. with reference to: Windfinder. n.d. Web. 26 Sept. 2016. figure 83. Kershner, Sarah. Sunrise and Sunset Times. Kansas State University. Survivors: Healing Architecture in Response to Political Torture. Manhattan, KS, 2016. Digital. with reference to: Gaisma. Berkeley, California. n.d. Web. 3 Oct. 2016. figure 84. Kershner, Sarah. Monthly Sunshine Duration. Kansas State University. Survivors: Healing Architecture in Response to Political Torture. Manhattan, KS, 2016. Digital. with reference to: Gaisma. Berkeley, California. n.d. Web. 3 Oct. 2016. figure 85. Kershner, Sarah. Sunpath. Kansas State University. Survivors: Healing Architecture in Response to Political Torture. Manhattan, KS, 2016. Digital. with reference to: Gaisma. Berkeley, California. n.d. Web. 3 Oct. 2016. Figure 86. Kershner, Sarah. Sky Cover. Kansas State University. Survivors: Healing Architecture in Response to Political Torture. Manhattan, KS, 2016. Digital. with reference to: Western Regional Climate Center. 2016. Web. 6 Oct. 2016. figure 87. Johnson, Journi. California Sustainability Alliance Focus . Kansas State University. Survivors: Healing Architecture in Response to Political Torture. Manhattan, KS, 2016. Digital. with reference to The California Sustainability Alliance. California Sustainability Alliance. 2016. Web. 19 Sept. 2016.

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figure 88. EIA. California Energy Consumption Estimates, 2014. U.S. Department of Energy. California State Profile and Energy Estimates. 2015. Digital. figure 89. Johnson, Journi. Sustainable California Power Plants. Kansas State University. Survivors: Healing Architecture in Response to Political Torture. Manhattan, KS, 2016. Digital. with reference to EIA. Untitled. U.S. Department of Energy. California State Profile and Energy Estimates. 2016. Digital. figure 90. Johnson, Journi. Sustainable Bay Area Power Plants. Kansas State University. Kansas State University. Manhattan, KS, 2016. Digital. figure 91. Kershner, Sarah. Psychrometric Chart with Comfort Zone. Kansas State University. Survivors: Healing Architecture in Response to Political Torture. Manhattan, KS, 2016. Digital. with reference to: Robin, Liggett, Murray Milne, Carlos Gomez, Don Leeper, Andrew Benson, and Yasmin Bhattacharya. Climate Consultant. Computer Softward. Vers. 6. UCLA Energy Design Tools Group, n.d. Web. 24 Sept. 2016. figure 92. Kershner, Sarah. Psychrometric Chart with Design Strategies. Kansas State University. Survivors: Healing Architecture in Response to Political Torture. Manhattan, KS, 2016. Digital. with reference to: Robin, Liggett, Murray Milne, Carlos Gomez, Don Leeper, Andrew Benson, and Yasmin Bhattacharya. Climate Consultant. Computer Softward. Vers. 6. UCLA Energy Design Tools Group, n.d. Web. 24 Sept. 2016. figure 93. LEED Credits. n.d. 5 Dec. 2016. figure 94. LEED Credits. n.d. 5 Dec. 2016. figure 95. LEED Credits. n.d. 5 Dec. 2016. figure 96. LEED Credits. n.d. 5 Dec. 2016. figure 97. LEED Credits. n.d. 5 Dec. 2016. figure 98. LEED Credits. n.d. 5 Dec. 2016. figure 99. Commission, California Energy. State of California Energy Commission. California Energy Commission. 2016 Building Energy Efficiency Standards for Residential and Nonresidential Buildings. 2015. Digital. figure 100. Commission, California Energy. Untitled. California Energy Commission. 2016 Building Energy Efficiency Standards for Residential and Nonresidential Buildings. 2015. Digital. figure 101. Harris, Nicole. IBC Parking. Kansas State University. Survivors: Healing Architecture in Response to Political Torture. Manhattan, KS, 2016. Digital. with reference to “Supplement”. 2013 Current Codes. 2015. Digital. Accessed 5 Dec. 2016. figure 102. Grimm, Brianna. Albany Parking. Kansas State University. Survivors: Healing Architecture in Response to Political Torture. Manhattan, KS, 2017. Digital. with Reference to “Albany, CA Land Development Code.”

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2017. Web. Accessed 26 Feb. 2017. figure 103. Harris, Nicole. Site Regulations by Zoning District. Kansas State University. Survivors: Healing Architecture in Response to Political Torture. Manhattan, KS, 2016. Digital. with reference to “Supplement”. 2013 Current Codes. 2015. Digital. Accessed 5 Dec. 2016. figure 104. Harris, Nicole. Site. Kansas State University. Survivors: Healing Architecture in Response to Political Torture. Manhattan, KS, 2016. Digital. with reference to “Supplement”. 2013 Current Codes. 2015. Digital. Accessed 5 Dec. 2016.

CHAPTER 3 -- TEXT 7132 Thermal Baths & Spas. n.d. Digital. Sept. 2016. http://7132.com/en/thermal-baths-and-spa/nonresident-guests Arch Daily. Butaro Hospital/MASS Design Group. 6 Sept. 2011. Web. 27 Sept. 2016. Archilovers. Surgical Clinic in Léo. 27 May 2014. http:// www.archilovers.com/projects/127540/surgical-clinicin-leo.html#images. 28 Sept. 2016. Blankenbehler, Benjamin. “Pfaffenholz Sport Centre, St. Louis Basel Switzerland.” Architecture Revived. N.p., 25 Sept. 201504 Oct. 2016. Budds, Diana. “The School An Entire Town Designed: Rebuilding Sandy Hook Elementary.” Co.Design. Aug. 26, 2016. Accessed Oct. 18, 2016. Web. Buildings. “New Sandy Hook Elementary Showcases Advanced Security Features and Design.” New Sandy Hook Elementary Showcases Advanced Security Features and Design. Aug. 16, 2016. Accessed Oct. 18, 2016. Web. Climate: Newcastle Upon Tyne. Oct. 6 2016. 6 Oct. 2016. ClimaTemps.com. “Glasgow, Scotland Climate and Temperature.” 2015. ClimaTemps.com. Web. 26 Sept. 2016. Designboom. Sharon Davis Design: Women’s Opportunity Center in Kayonza, Rwanda. 1 Dec. 2011. Web. 28 Sept. 2016. ---. MASS Design Group: Butaro Hospital, Rwanda. n.d. Web. 27 Sept. 2016. Dezeen Magazine. Maggie’s Gartnavel by OMA. 5 Oct. 2011. Web. 26 Sept. 2016. Divisare. Kéré Architecture Surgical Clinic and Health Center. 31 March 2016. 27 Sept. 2016. Dunlop, Alan. Untitled. Alan Dunlop Architect Limited. Hazelwood Sketchbook. Glasgow, 2007. Digital. Guenther, Robin, and Gail Vittori. Sustainable Healthcare Architecture. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, 2008. Print. Herzog & de Meuron. “165 REHAB BASEL.” HERZOG & DE MEURON. 04 Oct. 2016.

Hierarchy of Needs. The Future of Golf. Wp-content. n.d. Hunter, Keith. Untitled. Institute for Human Centered Design. Hazelwood School. Boston, MA, 2008. Digital. Hussey, Kristin, and Lisa W. Foderaro. “New Sandy Hook School is Ready Nearly 4 Years After Massacre.” The New York Times. 29 July 2016. Accessed 18 October, 2016. “Kéré Architecture.” :: Centre De Santé Et De Promotion Sociale / Laongo / Burkina Faso. N.p., n.d. Web. 07 Oct. 2016. Lalonde, Dani. Case Study. Thermal Baths. Peter Zumthor. 2012. Sept. 2016. Lomax, Daniel. Issuu. 2013. 28 Sep. 2016. “Maggie’s Lanarkshire / Reiach and Hall Architects.” 20 April 2015. ArchDaily. 28 Sept. 2016. Maggie’s Newcastle / Cullinan Studio. 14 Aug. 2013. 4 Oct. 2016. MASS Group. The Butaro District Hospital. n.d. Web. 27 Sept. 2016.

Design Finds Safety, Security in Openness.” Curbed. Aug. 28, 2016. Accessed Oct. 18, 2016. Web. Smith, Laura. “Building the New Sandy Hook Elementary.” Slate Magazine. N.p., 25 Dec. 2014. Web. 18 Oct. 2016. Stott, Rory. “Rebuilding Sandy Hook: How Svigals Partners’ Design Offers Safety and Solace.” ArchDaily. Feb. 06, 2015. Accessed Oct. 18, 2016. Web. Svigals + Partners. “Sandy Hook School - Svigals Partners.” Svigals Partners. Accessed Oct. 18, 2016. Web. “The Lighting of Maggie’s Cancer Caring Centre, Lanarkshire, by Speirs + Major.” 13 October 2015. Illumni. 28 September 2016. The Maggie Keswick Jencks Cancer Caring Centres Trust. Maggie’s. n.d. Web. 26 Sept. 2016. The World Bank Group. GDP. 2016. Web. 26 Sept. 2016. Vassigh, Shahin, and Jason R. Chandler. Building Systems Integration for Enhanced Environmental Performance. Ft. Lauderdale, FL: J. Ross Pub., 2011. Print.

Diack,Mathew and Christian Kisereu, Brian Kobe, Kaveh Naeeni. Thermal Vals Networks. 14 Oct. 2015. Sept. 2016. <http://gamerlab.la/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/ NETWORKS_THERMAL-VALS.jpg>.

Verderber, Stephen. Innovations in Hospital Architecture. New York: Routledge, 2010. Print.

Mckeough, Tim. Web. 31 Oct. 2013. Sept. 2016.

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2016.

National

“Neubau, Umbau & Erweiterung Bürgerspital - S B Baumanagement AG.” S B Baumanagement AG. N.p., n.d. http://www.s-b.swiss/referenz/neubau-erweiterungbuergerspital/. 04 Oct. 2016. Nguma, Samuel. Archute. 10 March 2015. Web. 27 Sept. 2016. OMA. Maggie’s Centre – Gartnavel. n.d. Web. 26 Sept. 2016. OpenBuildings. Web. n.d. Sept. 2016. REHAB Basel. “Animal Assisted Therapy Zoo.” Rehab Basel. N.p., n.d. 04 Oct. 2016. ---. “Parking”. 04 Oct. 2016. ---. “Welcome to REHAB Basel.” Clinic for Neurorehabilitation and Paraplegiology. N.p., n.d. 04 Oct. 2016. Reiach and Hall Architects. “Maggie’s Centre Lanarkshire.” sleeper publications, 2014. Digital. Rumstadt, Bernhard. “I Want To Make The Impossible, Possible!” 2012. Indiegogo. https://www.indiegogo.com/ projects/help-us-finalize-our-surgical-clinic-in-burkinafaso#/. 28 Sep. 2016. Sharon Davis Design. Web. n.d. Sept. 2016. Sisson, Patrick. “New Sandy Hook Elementary School

Villa Vals. n.d. Sept. 2016. <http://www.villavals.ch/>.

Wikimedia Foundation Inc. Web. n.d. Sept. 2016. Wikipedia the free Encylopedia. 25 Oct. 2015. 6 Oct. 2016. Women for Women International. Web. n.d. Sept. 2016. Women’s International Opportunity / Sharon Davis Design. Web. 3 Oct. 2013. Web. Sept. 2016. World Architecture News.cm. “A School of Thought.” 20 Dec. 2010. World Architecture News.com. Web. 4 Oct. 2016. World Weather and Climate Information. Average Monthly Weather In Oeagadougou, Burkina Faso. 28 Sept. 2016.

CHAPTER 3 -- IMAGERY figure 1. Grimm, Brianna. World Map. Kansas State University. Survivors: Healing Architecture in Response to Political Torture. Manhattan, KS, 2016. Digital. figure 2. Ruault, Philippe. Untitled. Maggie’s Gartnavel by OMA. 2011. Photograph. figure 3. Kershner, Sarah. Site Context Diagram. Kansas State University. Survivors: Healing Architecture in Response to Political Torture. Manhattan, KS, 2016. Digital.

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with reference to: “Glasgow, Scotland.” Map. Google Maps. Google, 2016. Web. Accessed 26 Sept. 2016. figure 4. Kershner, Sarah. Site Plan. Kansas State University. Survivors: Healing Architecture in Response to Political Torture. Manhattan, KS, 2016. Digital. with reference to: “Glasgow, Scotland.” Map. Google Maps. Google, 2016. Web. Accessed 26 Sept. 2016. figure 5. Kershner, Sarah. Roof Plan. Kansas State University. Survivors: Healing Architecture in Response to Political Torture. Manhattan, KS, 2016. Digital. with reference to: Dezeen Magazine. Maggie’s Gartnavel by OMA. 5 Oct. 2011. Web. 26 Sept. 2016. figure 6. Kershner, Sarah. Average Rainfall. Kansas State University. Survivors: Healing Architecture in Response to Political Torture. Manhattan, KS, 2016. Digital. with reference to: Lomax, Daniel. Issuu. 2013. 28 Sept. 2016. figure 7. Kershner, Sarah. Average Temperature. Kansas State University. Survivors: Healing Architecture in Response to Political Torture. Manhattan, KS, 2016. Digital. with reference to: Lomax, Daniel. Issuu. 2013. 28 Sept. 2016. figure 8. Kershner, Sarah. Wind Rose. Kansas State University. Survivors: Healing Architecture in Response to Political Torture. Manhattan, KS, 2016. Digital. with reference to: Windfinder. n.d. Web. 30 Sept. 2016. figure 9. Kershner, Sarah. Wind Rose. Kansas State University. Survivors: Healing Architecture in Response to Political Torture. Manhattan, KS, 2016. Digital. with reference to: World Weather and Climate Information. Average Monthly Weather in Glasgow, Scotland. 2016. Web. 30 Sept. 2016. figure 10. Kershner, Sarah. Parti. Kansas State University. Survivors: Healing Architecture in Response to Political Torture. Manhattan, KS, 2016. Digital.

figure 16. Kershner, Sarah. Section C. Kansas State University. Survivors: Healing Architecture in Response to Political Torture. Manhattan, KS, 2016. Digital. with reference to: Open Buildings. Maggie’s Centre Glasgow. 2012. Web. 30 Sept. 2016. figure 17. Kershner, Sarah. North Elevation. Kansas State University. Survivors: Healing Architecture in Response to Political Torture. Manhattan, KS, 2016. Digital. with reference to: Open Buildings. Maggie’s Centre Glasgow. 2012. Web. 30 Sept. 2016. figure 18. Kershner, Sarah. East Elevation. Kansas State University. Survivors: Healing Architecture in Response to Political Torture. Manhattan, KS, 2016. Digital. with reference to: Open Buildings. Maggie’s Centre Glasgow. 2012. Web. 30 Sept. 2016. figure 19. Kershner, Sarah. South Elevation. Kansas State University. Survivors: Healing Architecture in Response to Political Torture. Manhattan, KS, 2016. Digital. with reference to: Open Buildings. Maggie’s Centre Glasgow. 2012. Web. 30 Sept. 2016. figure 20. Kershner, Sarah. West Elevation. Kansas State University. Survivors: Healing Architecture in Response to Political Torture. Manhattan, KS, 2016. Digital. with reference to: Open Buildings. Maggie’s Centre Glasgow. 2012. Web. 30 Sept. 2016. figure 21. Ruault, Philippe. Untitled. Maggie’s Gartnavel by OMA. 2011. Photograph. figure 22. Ruault, Philippe. Untitled. Maggie’s Gartnavel by OMA. 2011. Photograph. figure 23. Ruault, Philippe. Untitled. Maggie’s Gartnavel by OMA. 2011. Photograph.

figure 11. Kershner, Sarah. Form. Kansas State University. Survivors: Healing Architecture in Response to Political Torture. Manhattan, KS, 2016. Digital. with reference to: Dezeen Magazine. Maggie’s Gartnavel by OMA. 5 Oct. 2011. Web. 26 Sept. 2016.

figure 24. Ruault, Philippe. Untitled. Maggie’s Gartnavel by OMA. 2011. Photograph.

figure 12. Kershner, Sarah. Floor Plan. Kansas State University. Survivors: Healing Architecture in Response to Political Torture. Manhattan, KS, 2016. Digital. with reference to: Dezeen Magazine. Maggie’s Gartnavel by OMA. 5 Oct. 2011. Web. 26 Sept. 2016.

figure 26. Ruault, Philippe. Untitled. Maggie’s Gartnavel by OMA. 2011. Photograph.

figure 13. Kershner, Sarah. Floor Plan. Kansas State University. Survivors: Healing Architecture in Response to Political Torture. Manhattan, KS, 2016. Digital. with reference to: Dezeen Magazine. Maggie’s Gartnavel by OMA. 5 Oct. 2011. Web. 26 Sept. 2016.

figure 28. Ruault, Philippe. Untitled. Maggie’s Gartnavel by OMA. 2011. Photograph.

figure 14. Kershner, Sarah. Section A. Kansas State University. Survivors: Healing Architecture in Response to Political Torture. Manhattan, KS, 2016. Digital. with reference to: Open Buildings. Maggie’s Centre Glasgow. 2012. Web. 30 Sept. 2016. figure 15. Kershner, Sarah. Section B. Kansas State

330

University. Survivors: Healing Architecture in Response to Political Torture. Manhattan, KS, 2016. Digital. with reference to: Open Buildings. Maggie’s Centre Glasgow. 2012. Web. 30 Sept. 2016.

figure 25. Ruault, Philippe. Untitled. Maggie’s Gartnavel by OMA. 2011. Photograph.

figure 27. Ruault, Philippe. Untitled. Maggie’s Gartnavel by OMA. 2011. Photograph.

figure 29. Kershner, Sarah. Site Circulation. Kansas State University. Survivors: Healing Architecture in Response to Political Torture. Manhattan, KS, 2016. Digital. with reference to: “Glasgow, Scotland.” Map. Google Maps. Google, 2016. Web. Accessed 26 Sept. 2016. figure 30. Kershner, Sarah. Building Circulation. Kansas State University. Survivors: Healing Architecture in Response to Political Torture. Manhattan, KS, 2016. Digital.

with reference to: Dezeen Magazine. Maggie’s Gartnavel by OMA. 5 Oct. 2011. Web. 26 Sept. 2016. figure 31. Kershner, Sarah. Structural System. Kansas State University. Survivors: Healing Architecture in Response to Political Torture. Manhattan, KS, 2016. Digital. with reference to: Dezeen Magazine. Maggie’s Gartnavel by OMA. 5 Oct. 2011. Web. 26 Sept. 2016. figure 32. Kershner, Sarah. Heating. Kansas State University. Survivors: Healing Architecture in Response to Political Torture. Manhattan, KS, 2016. Digital. with reference to: Lomax, Daniel. Issuu. 2013. 28 Sept. 2016. figure 33. Kershner, Sarah. Water Collection. Kansas State University. Survivors: Healing Architecture in Response to Political Torture. Manhattan, KS, 2016. Digital. with reference to: Lomax, Daniel. Issuu. 2013. 28 Sept. 2016. figure 34. Kershner, Sarah. Spatial Hierarchy. Kansas State University. Survivors: Healing Architecture in Response to Political Torture. Manhattan, KS, 2016. Digital. with reference to: Dezeen Magazine. Maggie’s Gartnavel by OMA. 5 Oct. 2011. Web. 26 Sept. 2016. figure 35. Kershner, Sarah. Served vs. Servant. Kansas State University. Survivors: Healing Architecture in Response to Political Torture. Manhattan, KS, 2016. Digital. with reference to: Dezeen Magazine. Maggie’s Gartnavel by OMA. 5 Oct. 2011. Web. 26 Sept. 2016. figure 36. Kershner, Sarah. Public vs. Private. Kansas State University. Survivors: Healing Architecture in Response to Political Torture. Manhattan, KS, 2016. Digital. with reference to: Dezeen Magazine. Maggie’s Gartnavel by OMA. 5 Oct. 2011. Web. 26 Sept. 2016. figure 37. Kershner, Sarah. Views to Exterior. Kansas State University. Survivors: Healing Architecture in Response to Political Torture. Manhattan, KS, 2016. Digital. with reference to: Dezeen Magazine. Maggie’s Gartnavel by OMA. 5 Oct. 2011. Web. 26 Sept. 2016. figure 38. Kershner, Sarah. Visual Relationship to Entrance. Kansas State University. Survivors: Healing Architecture in Response to Political Torture. Manhattan, KS, 2016. Digital. with reference to: Dezeen Magazine. Maggie’s Gartnavel by OMA. 5 Oct. 2011. Web. 26 Sept. 2016. figure 39. Kershner, Sarah. Visual Relationship to Office. Kansas State University. Survivors: Healing Architecture in Response to Political Torture. Manhattan, KS, 2016. Digital. with reference to: Dezeen Magazine. Maggie’s Gartnavel by OMA. 5 Oct. 2011. Web. 26 Sept. 2016. figure 40. Kershner, Sarah. Interior Exterior Relationship. Kansas State University. Survivors: Healing Architecture in Response to Political Torture. Manhattan, KS, 2016. Digital. with reference to: Dezeen Magazine. Maggie’s Gartnavel by OMA. 5 Oct. 2011. Web. 26 Sept. 2016. figure 41. Kershner, Sarah. Artificial Lighting. Kansas State

University. Survivors: Healing Architecture in Response to Political Torture. Manhattan, KS, 2016. Digital. with reference to: Dezeen Magazine. Maggie’s Gartnavel by OMA. 5 Oct. 2011. Web. 26 Sept. 2016. figure 42. Kershner, Sarah. Natural Lighting. Kansas State University. Survivors: Healing Architecture in Response to Political Torture. Manhattan, KS, 2016. Digital. with reference to: Dezeen Magazine. Maggie’s Gartnavel by OMA. 5 Oct. 2011. Web. 26 Sept. 2016. figure 43. Kershner, Sarah. Relationship to Site. Kansas State University. Survivors: Healing Architecture in Response to Political Torture. Manhattan, KS, 2016. Digital. with reference to: Open Buildings. Maggie’s Centre Glasgow. 2012. Web. 30 Sep. 2016. figure 44. Kershner, Sarah. Journey and Focus on Nature. Kansas State University. Survivors: Healing Architecture in Response to Political Torture. Manhattan, KS, 2016. Digital. with reference to: Dezeen Magazine. Maggie’s Gartnavel by OMA. 5 Oct. 2011. Web. 26 Sept. 2016. figure 45. Kershner, Sarah. Social Interaction. Kansas State University. Survivors: Healing Architecture in Response to Political Torture. Manhattan, KS, 2016. Digital. with reference to: Dezeen Magazine. Maggie’s Gartnavel by OMA. 5 Oct. 2011. Web. 26 Sept. 2016. figure 46. Ruault, Philippe. Untitled. Maggie’s Gartnavel by OMA. 2011. Photograph. figure 47. Maggie’s Newcastle / Cullinan Studio. 14 Aug 2013. 4 Oct. 2016. figure 48. Moulder, Ethan. Context. Kansas State University. Survivors: Healing Architecture in Response to Political Torture. Manhattan, KS, 2016. Digital. with reference to “Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK.” Map. Google Maps. Google, 15 Apr. 2016. Web. Oct. 18, 2016. figure 49. Moulder, Ethan. Building Site Plan. Kansas State University. Survivors: Healing Architecture in Response to Political Torture. Manhattan, KS, 2016. Digital. with reference to “Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK.” Map. Google Maps. Google, 15 Apr. 2016. Web. Oct. 18, 2016. figure 50. Moulder, Ethan. Wind Direction Distribution. Kansas State University. Survivors: Healing Architecture in Response to Political Torture. Manhattan, KS, 2016. Digital. with reference to Maggie’s Newcastle / Cullinan Studio. 14 Aug 2013. 4 Oct. 2016. figure 51. Moulder, Ethan. Average Wind Temperature. Kansas State University. Survivors: Healing Architecture in Response to Political Torture. Manhattan, KS, 2016. Digital. with reference to Maggie’s Newcastle / Cullinan Studio. 14 Aug 2013. 4 Oct. 2016. figure 52. Moulder, Ethan. Rainfall. Kansas State University. Survivors: Healing Architecture in Response to Political Torture. Manhattan, KS, 2016. Digital. with reference to Maggie’s Newcastle / Cullinan Studio. 14 Aug 2013. 4 Oct. 2016.

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figure 53. Moulder, Ethan. Parti. Kansas State University. Survivors: Healing Architecture in Response to Political Torture. Manhattan, KS, 2016. Digital. with reference to Maggie’s Newcastle / Cullinan Studio. 14 Aug 2013. 4 Oct. 2016. figure 54. Maggie’s Newcastle / Cullinan Studio. 14 Aug 2013. 4 Oct. 2016. figure 55. Maggie’s Newcastle / Cullinan Studio. 14 Aug 2013. 4 Oct. 2016. figure 56. Moulder, Ethan. Northwest Elevation. Kansas State University. Survivors: Healing Architecture in Response to Political Torture. Manhattan, KS, 2016. Digital. with reference to Maggie’s Newcastle / Cullinan Studio. 14 Aug 2013. 4 Oct. 2016. figure 57. Moulder, Ethan. Northwest Section. Kansas State University. Survivors: Healing Architecture in Response to Political Torture. Manhattan, KS, 2016. Digital. with reference to Maggie’s Newcastle / Cullinan Studio. 14 Aug 2013. 4 Oct. 2016. figure 58. Moulder, Ethan. Courtyard Protection. Kansas State University. Survivors: Healing Architecture in Response to Political Torture. Manhattan, KS, 2016. Digital. with reference to Maggie’s Newcastle / Cullinan Studio. 14 Aug 2013. 4 Oct. 2016. figure 59. Moulder, Ethan. Sun, Wind, and Noise. Kansas State University. Survivors: Healing Architecture in Response to Political Torture. Manhattan, KS, 2016. Digital. with reference to Maggie’s Newcastle / Cullinan Studio. 14 Aug 2013. 4 Oct. 2016. figure 60. Moulder, Ethan. Views. Kansas State University. Survivors: Healing Architecture in Response to Political Torture. Manhattan, KS, 2016. Digital. with reference to Maggie’s Newcastle / Cullinan Studio. 14 Aug 2013. 4 Oct. 2016. figure 61. Moulder, Ethan. Structure. Kansas State University. Survivors: Healing Architecture in Response to Political Torture. Manhattan, KS, 2016. Digital. with reference to Maggie’s Newcastle / Cullinan Studio. 14 Aug 2013. 4 Oct. 2016. figure 62. Moulder, Ethan. First Floor Public vs. Private. Kansas State University. Survivors: Healing Architecture in Response to Political Torture. Manhattan, KS, 2016. Digital. with reference to Maggie’s Newcastle / Cullinan Studio. 14 Aug 2013. 4 Oct. 2016. figure 63. Moulder, Ethan. Second Floor Public vs. Private. Kansas State University. Survivors: Healing Architecture in Response to Political Torture. Manhattan, KS, 2016. Digital. with reference to Maggie’s Newcastle / Cullinan Studio. 14 Aug 2013. 4 Oct. 2016. figure 64. Moulder, Ethan. Interior Lighting. Kansas State University. Survivors: Healing Architecture in Response to Political Torture. Manhattan, KS, 2016. Digital.

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with reference to Maggie’s Newcastle / Cullinan Studio. 14 Aug 2013. 4 Oct. 2016. figure 65. Moulder, Ethan. First Floor Indoor/Outdoor Relationship. Kansas State University. Survivors: Healing Architecture in Response to Political Torture. Manhattan, KS, 2016. Digital. with reference to Maggie’s Newcastle / Cullinan Studio. 14 Aug 2013. 4 Oct. 2016. figure 66. Moulder, Ethan. Second Floor Indoor/Outdoor Relationship. Kansas State University. Survivors: Healing Architecture in Response to Political Torture. Manhattan, KS, 2016. Digital. with reference to Maggie’s Newcastle / Cullinan Studio. 14 Aug 2013. 4 Oct. 2016. figure 67. Moulder, Ethan. Symbolic Importance. Kansas State University. Survivors: Healing Architecture in Response to Political Torture. Manhattan, KS, 2016. Digital. with reference to Maggie’s Newcastle / Cullinan Studio. 14 Aug 2013. 4 Oct. 2016. figure 68. Maggie’s Newcastle / Cullinan Studio. 14 Aug 2013. 4 Oct. 2016. figure 69. Maggie’s Newcastle / Cullinan Studio. 14 Aug 2013. 4 Oct. 2016. figure 70. Maggie’s Newcastle / Cullinan Studio. 14 Aug 2013. 4 Oct. 2016. figure 71. Maggie’s Newcastle / Cullinan Studio. 14 Aug 2013. 4 Oct. 2016. figure 72. Maggie’s Newcastle / Cullinan Studio. 14 Aug 2013. 4 Oct. 2016. figure 73. Maggie’s Newcastle / Cullinan Studio. 14 Aug 2013. 4 Oct. 2016. figure 74. Maggie’s Newcastle / Cullinan Studio. 14 Aug 2013. 4 Oct. 2016. figure 75. Maggie’s Newcastle / Cullinan Studio. 14 Aug 2013. 4 Oct. 2016. figure 76. Maggie’s Newcastle / Cullinan Studio. 14 Aug 2013. 4 Oct. 2016. figure 77. Maggie’s Newcastle / Cullinan Studio. 14 Aug 2013. 4 Oct. 2016. figure 78. Stephenson, Jim. View of Maggie’s Lanarkshire from the Eastern Courtyard. 28 Sep. 2016, Photograph. figure 79. ESRI 2011. ArcGIS Desktop. Redlands, CA: Environmental Systems Research Institute, n.d. Web. 19 Sep. 2016. figure 80. Wilson, Blake. Parti. Kansas State University. Survivors: Healing Architecture in Response to Political Torture. Manhattan, KS, 2016. Digital. with reference to Reiach and Hall Architects. “Maggie’s Centre Lanarkshire.” Sleeper Publications, 2014. figure 81. Wilson, Blake. Spatial Division of Form. Kansas State University. Survivors: Healing Architecture in

Response to Political Torture. Manhattan, KS, 2016. Digital. with reference to Reiach and Hall Architects. “Maggie’s Centre Lanarkshire.” Sleeper Publications, 2014. figure 82. Wilson, Blake. Dining Room Table as the Heart of the Centre. Kansas State University. Survivors: Healing Architecture in Response to Political Torture. Manhattan, KS, 2016. Digital. with reference to Reiach and Hall Architects. “Maggie’s Centre Lanarkshire.” Sleeper Publications, 2014.

figure 97. Wilson, Blake. Exterior and Interior Circulation. Kansas State University. Survivors: Healing Architecture in Response to Political Torture. Manhattan, KS, 2016. Digital. with reference to Reiach and Hall Architects. “Maggie’s Centre Lanarkshire.” Sleeper Publications, 2014. figure 98. Wilson, Blake. Section of Interior Courtyard. Kansas State University. Survivors: Healing Architecture in Response to Political Torture. Manhattan, KS, 2016. Digital.

figure 83. Interior courtyard in the evening. 10 Dec. 2015, Photograph, Mondoarc.

figure 99. View of Interior Courtyard and Spaces Beyond. 9 April 2015. Photograph. Mondoarc.

figure 84. Grandorge, David. East courtyard view of outside wall. 2014, Photograph, Reiach and Hall.

figure 100. Grandorge, David. Dining Room View. 2014, photograph, ArchDaily.

figure 85. Grandorge, David. Small sitting room in the interior. 2014, Photograph, Reiach and Hall.

figure 101. Grandorge, David. Interior of Private Counseling Room. 2014, photograph, ArchDaily.

figure 86. Wilson, Blake. Exterior and Interior Floor Plan. Kansas State University. Survivors: Healing Architecture in Response to Political Torture. Manhattan, KS, 2016. Digital. with reference to Reiach and Hall Architects. “Maggie’s Centre Lanarkshire.” Sleeper Publications, 2014.

figure 102. View of East Courtyard. Photograph, Vande Moortel.

figure 87. Reiach and Hall Architects. West Elevation. 2015, Diagram, ArchDaily. figure 88. Reiach and Hall Architects. North Elevation. 2015, Diagram, ArchDaily. figure 89. Reiach and Hall Architects. Cross Section. 2015, Diagram, ArchDaily. figure 90. Reiach and Hall Architects. East Elevation. 2015, Diagram, ArchDaily. figure 91. Reiach and Hall Architects. South Elevation. 2015, Diagram, ArchDaily. figure 92. Reiach and Hall Architects. Longitudinal Section. 2015, Diagram, ArchDaily. figure 93. Wilson, Blake. Before and After Site Conditions. Kansas State University. TBD. Manhattan, KS, 2016. Diagram. with reference to Reiach and Hall Architects. “Maggie’s Centre Lanarkshire.” Sleeper Publications, 2014. figure 94. Wilson, Blake. Interior and Exterior Spatial Hierarchy. Kansas State University. Survivors: Healing Architecture in Response to Political Torture. Manhattan, KS, 2016. Digital. with reference to Reiach and Hall Architects. “Maggie’s Centre Lanarkshire.” Sleeper Publications, 2014. figure 95. Wilson, Blake. Structural Grid and Division of Spaces. Kansas State University. Survivors: Healing Architecture in Response to Political Torture. Manhattan, KS, 2016. Digital. figure 96. Wilson, Blake. Privacy Gradient. Kansas State University. Survivors: Healing Architecture in Response to Political Torture. Manhattan, KS, 2016. Digital. with reference to Reiach and Hall Architects. “Maggie’s Centre Lanarkshire.” Sleeper Publications, 2014.

figure 103. Grandorge, David. View of Front Courtyard Looking into Building. 2014, photograph, ArchDaily. figure 104. Grandorge, David. Close up of Exterior Brick Wall. 2014, Photograph, ArchDaily. figure 105. Grandorge, David. Dining Room View. 2014, Photograph, Reiach and Hall. figure 106. Grandorge, David. Small Seating Space in Main Section of Interior. 2014, Photograph, ArchDaily. figure 107. Grandorge, David. Gold Reflective Boxes in Interior Courtyards. 2014, Photograph, ArchDaily. figure 108. “REHAB Basel, Centre for Spinal Cord and Brain Injuries, Basel, Switzerland | LAUFEN Bathrooms.” Laufen. N.p., n.d. 04 Oct. 2016. figure 109. Paul, Sydell. Site Plan. Kansas State University. Survivors: Healing Architecture in Response to Political Torture. Manhattan, KS, 2016. Digital. figure 110. Paul, Sydell. Context Plan. Kansas State University. Survivors: Healing Architecture in Response to Political Torture. Manhattan, KS, 2016. Digital. with reference to “Maps of Europe.” Free Vector Maps, https://freevectormaps.com/europe. Accessed Oct. 4 2016. figure 111. Paul, Sydell. Immediate Adjacent Neighborhood Buildings. Kansas State University. Survivors: Healing Architecture in Response to Political Torture. Manhattan, KS, 2016. Digital. with reference to “Basel, Switzerland.” Map. Bing Maps. Bing, 2016. Accessed Oct. 6 2016. figure 112. Blankenbehler, Benjamin. “Pfaffenholz Sport Centre, St. Louis Basel Switzerland.” Architecture Revived. N.p., 25 Sept. 2015. 04 Oct. 2016. figure 113. “Neubau, Umbau & Erweiterung Bürgerspital S B Baumanagement AG.” S B Baumanagement AG. N.p., n.d. 04 Oct. 2016.

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figure 114. REHAB Basel. “Animal Assisted Therapy Zoo.” Rehab Basel. N.p., n.d. 04 Oct. 2016. figure 115. Paul, Sydell. Switzerland Climate. Kansas State University. Survivors: Healing Architecture in Response to Political Torture. Manhattan, KS, 2016. Digital. with reference to “Maps of Europe.” Free Vector Maps, Accessed 4 Oct. 2016. figure 116. Paul, Sydell. Average Yearly Wind Speed Based on % of Time. Kansas State University. Survivors: Healing Architecture in Response to Political Torture. Manhattan, KS, 2016. Digital. with reference to “Wind and Weather Statistic Basel/ Binningen.” Windfinder.com. Accessed Oct. 4 2016. figure 117. Paul, Sydell. Average Yearly Temperature. Kansas State University. Survivors: Healing Architecture in Response to Political Torture. Manhattan, KS, 2016. Digital. with reference to “Wind and Weather Statistic Basel/ Binningen.” Windfinder.com. Accessed Oct. 4 2016. figure 118. Paul, Sydell. Average Yearly Rainfall. Kansas State University. Survivors: Healing Architecture in Response to Political Torture. Manhattan, KS, 2016. Digital. with reference to “Wind and Weather Statistic Basel/ Binningen.” Windfinder.com. Accessed 4 Oct. 2016. figure 119. Paul, Sydell. Wind Impact. Kansas State University. Survivors: Healing Architecture in Response to Political Torture. Manhattan, KS, 2016. Digital. figure 120. Paul, Sydell. Daylight Impact. Kansas State University. Survivors: Healing Architecture in Response to Political Torture. Manhattan, KS, 2016. Digital. with reference to “REHAB Basel, Center for Spinal Cord and Brain Injuries.” Herzog & de Meuron, vol. 1998-2002. 2011, pp. 166-169. Accessed 4 Oct. 2016. figure 121. Paul, Sydell. Parti. Kansas State University. Survivors: Healing Architecture in Response to Political Torture. Manhattan, KS, 2016. Digital. figure 120. Paul, Sydell. Mass vs Void. 2016. Kansas State University. Diagram. Digital File. figure 123. Paul, Sydell. Forming of Neighborhoods. Kansas State University. Survivors: Healing Architecture in Response to Political Torture. Manhattan, KS, 2016. Digital. figure 124. Paul, Sydell. Neighborhood Approach. Kansas State University. Survivors: Healing Architecture in Response to Political Torture. Manhattan, KS, 2016. Digital. figure 125. Paul, Sydell. Neighborhood Breakdown. Kansas State University. Survivors: Healing Architecture in Response to Political Torture. Manhattan, KS, 2016. Digital. figure 126. Paul, Sydell. Circulation Second Floor. Kansas State University. Survivors: Healing Architecture in Response to Political Torture. Manhattan, KS, 2016. Digital. with reference to “REHAB Basel, Center for Spinal Cord and Brain Injuries.” Herzog & de Meuron, vol. 1998-2002.

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2011, pp. 166-169. Accessed 4 Oct. 2016. figure 127. Paul, Sydell. Circulation First Floor. Kansas State University. Survivors: Healing Architecture in Response to Political Torture. Manhattan, KS, 2016. Digital. with reference to “REHAB Basel, Center for Spinal Cord and Brain Injuries.” Herzog & de Meuron, vol. 1998-2002. 2011, pp. 166-169. Accessed 4 Oct. 2016. figure 128. Paul, Sydell. Spatial Hierarchy Second Floor. Kansas State University. Survivors: Healing Architecture in Response to Political Torture. Manhattan, KS, 2016. Digital. with reference to “REHAB Basel, Center for Spinal Cord and Brain Injuries.” Herzog & de Meuron, vol. 1998-2002. 2011, pp. 166-169. Accessed 4 Oct. 2016. figure 129. Paul, Sydell. Spatial Hierarchy First Floor. Kansas State University. Survivors: Healing Architecture in Response to Political Torture. Manhattan, KS, 2016. Digital. with reference to “REHAB Basel, Center for Spinal Cord and Brain Injuries.” Herzog & de Meuron, vol. 1998-2002. 2011, pp. 166-169. Accessed 4 Oct. 2016. figure 130. Paul, Sydell. Private vs Public Second Floor. Kansas State University. Survivors: Healing Architecture in Response to Political Torture. Manhattan, KS, 2016. Digital. with reference to “REHAB Basel, Center for Spinal Cord and Brain Injuries.” Herzog & de Meuron, vol. 1998-2002. 2011, pp. 166-169. Accessed 4 Oct. 2016. figure 131. Paul, Sydell. Private vs Public First Floor. Kansas State University. Survivors: Healing Architecture in Response to Political Torture. Manhattan, KS, 2016. Digital. with reference to “REHAB Basel, Center for Spinal Cord and Brain Injuries.” Herzog & de Meuron, vol. 1998-2002. 2011, pp. 166-169. Accessed 4 Oct. 2016. figure 132. Paul, Sydell. Second Floor. Kansas State University. Survivors: Healing Architecture in Response to Political Torture. Manhattan, KS, 2016. Digital. with reference to “REHAB Basel, Center for Spinal Cord and Brain Injuries.” Herzog & de Meuron, vol. 1998-2002. 2011, pp. 166-169. Accessed 4 Oct. 2016. figure 133. Paul, Sydell. First Floor. Kansas State University. Survivors: Healing Architecture in Response to Political Torture. Manhattan, KS, 2016. Digital. with reference to “REHAB Basel, Center for Spinal Cord and Brain Injuries.” Herzog & de Meuron, vol. 1998-2002. 2011, pp. 166-169. Accessed 4 Oct. 2016. figure 134. Paul, Sydell. Longitudinal Section A. Kansas State University. Survivors: Healing Architecture in Response to Political Torture. Manhattan, KS, 2016. Digital. with reference to “REHAB Basel, Center for Spinal Cord and Brain Injuries.” Herzog & de Meuron, vol. 1998-2002. 2011, pp. 166-169. Accessed 4 Oct. 2016. figure 135. Paul, Sydell. Section Detail of Patient Room. Kansas State University. Survivors: Healing Architecture in Response to Political Torture. Manhattan, KS, 2016. Digital. with reference to “REHAB Basel, Center for Spinal Cord

and Brain Injuries.” Accessed 4 Oct. 2016.

REHAB Basel. Herzog & De Meuron. 3 Oct. 2016.

figure 136. Paul, Sydell. Function Zoning Second Floor. Kansas State University. Survivors: Healing Architecture in Response to Political Torture. Manhattan, KS, 2016. Digital. with reference to “REHAB Basel, Center for Spinal Cord and Brain Injuries.” Herzog & de Meuron, vol. 1998-2002. 2011, pp. 166-169. Accessed 4 Oct. 2016.

figure 149. Hosl, Robert. 165_CP_0203_708_RH. Herzog & De Meuron, Basel, Switzerland. 165 REHAB Basel. Herzog & De Meuron. 4 Oct. 2016.

figure 137. Paul, Sydell. Function Zoning First Floor. Kansas State University. Survivors: Healing Architecture in Response to Political Torture. Manhattan, KS, 2016. Digital. with reference to “REHAB Basel, Center for Spinal Cord and Brain Injuries.” Herzog & de Meuron, vol. 1998-2002. 2011, pp. 166-169. Accessed 4 Oct. 2016. figure 138. Paul, Sydell. Structure Second Floor. Kansas State University. Survivors: Healing Architecture in Response to Political Torture. Manhattan, KS, 2016. Digital. with reference to “REHAB Basel, Center for Spinal Cord and Brain Injuries.” Herzog & de Meuron, vol. 1998-2002. 2011, pp. 166-169. Accessed 4 Oct. 2016. figure 139. Paul, Sydell. Structure First Floor. Kansas State University. Survivors: Healing Architecture in Response to Political Torture. Manhattan, KS, 2016. Digital. with reference to “REHAB Basel, Center for Spinal Cord and Brain Injuries.” Herzog & de Meuron, vol. 1998-2002. 2011, pp. 166-169. Accessed 4 Oct. 2016. figure 140. Paul, Sydell. Detail Wall Section. Kansas State University. Survivors: Healing Architecture in Response to Political Torture. Manhattan, KS, 2016. Digital. with reference to “REHAB Basel, Center for Spinal Cord and Brain Injuries.” Accessed 4 Oct. 2016. figure 141. Herzog & de Meuron. “165 REHAB Basel.” Herzog & De Meuron. 4 Oct. 2016. figure 142. “Rehab Basel.” Flickr. N.p., n.d. 4 Oct. 2016. figure 143. Spiluttini, Margherita. 165_CP_0305_735_MS. Mar. 2003. Architeckturzentrum Wien Collection, Herzog & De Meuron, Basel, Switzerland. 165 REHAB Basel. Herzog & De Meuron. 3 Oct. 2016. figure 144. Spiluttini, Margherita. 165_CP_0305_735_MS. Mar. 2003. Architeckturzentrum Wien Collection, Herzog & De Meuron, Basel, Switzerland. 165 REHAB Basel. Herzog & De Meuron. 3 Oct. 2016. figure 145. “REHAB Basel, Centre for Spinal Cord and Brain Injuries, Basel, Switzerland | LAUFEN Bathrooms.” Laufen. N.p., n.d.. 4 Oct. 2016. figure 146. Spiluttini, Margherita. 165_CP_0305_735_MS. Mar. 2003. Architeckturzentrum Wien Collection, Herzog & De Meuron, Basel, Switzerland. 165 REHAB Basel. Herzog & De Meuron. 3 Oct. 2016. figure 147. “REHAB, Centre for Spinal Cord and Brain Injuries.” Flickr. N.p., 1 Jan. 2014. 4 Oct. 2016. figure 148. Spiluttini, Margherita. 165_CP_0305_735_MS. Mar. 2003. Architeckturzentrum Wien Collection, Herzog & De Meuron, Basel, Switzerland. 165

figure 150. Paul, Sydell. Courtyard Location First Floor Plan. 2016. Kansas State University. Diagram. Digital File. with reference to “REHAB Basel, Center for Spinal Cord and Brain Injuries.” Herzog & de Meuron, vol. 1998-2002. 2011, pp. 166-169. Accessed 4 Oct. 2016. figure 151. Spiluttini, Margherita. 165_CP_0305_735_MS. Mar. 2003. Architeckturzentrum Wien Collection, Herzog & De Meuron, Basel, Switzerland. 165 REHAB Basel. Herzog & De Meuron. 3 Oct. 2016. figure 152. Paul, Sydell. Views Second Floor Plan. Kansas State University. Survivors: Healing Architecture in Response to Political Torture. Manhattan, KS, 2016. Digital. with reference to “REHAB Basel, Center for Spinal Cord and Brain Injuries.” Herzog & de Meuron, vol. 1998-2002. 2011, pp. 166-169. Accessed 4 Oct. 2016. figure 153. Paul, Sydell. Views First Floor Plan. Kansas State University. Survivors: Healing Architecture in Response to Political Torture. Manhattan, KS, 2016. Digital. with reference to “REHAB Basel, Center for Spinal Cord and Brain Injuries.” Herzog & de Meuron, vol. 1998-2002. 2011, pp. 166-169. Accessed 4 Oct. 2016. figure 154. REHAB Basel. “Austritt.” Rehab Basel. N.p., n.d. 4 Oct. 2016. figure 155. REHAB Basel. “Welcome to REHAB Basel.” Clinic for Neurorehabilitation and Paraplegiology. N.p., n.d. http://www.rehab.ch/en/home. html. 4 Oct. 2016. figure 156. Spiluttini, Margherita. 165_CP_0305_735_MS. Mar. 2003. Architeckturzentrum Wien Collection, Herzog & De Meuron, Basel, Switzerland. 165 REHAB Basel. Herzog & De Meuron. 3 Oct. 2016. figure 157. Spiluttini, Margherita. 165_CP_0305_735_MS. Mar. 2003. Architeckturzentrum Wien Collection, Herzog & De Meuron, Basel, Switzerland. 165 REHAB Basel. Herzog & De Meuron. 3 Oct. 2016. figure 158. Spiluttini, Margherita. 165_CP_0305_735_MS. Mar. 2003. Architeckturzentrum Wien Collection, Herzog & De Meuron, Basel, Switzerland. 165 REHAB Basel. Herzog & De Meuron. 3 Oct. 2016. figure 159. REHAB Basel. “Eintritt.” Rehab Basel. N.p., n.d. 4 Oct. 2016. figure 160. South Elevation. Word Press. Follow the Flammias. 2011. Photography. figure 161. Harris, Nicole. Map of Europe. Kansas State University. Survivors: Healing Architecture in Response to Political Torture. Manhattan, KS, 2016. Digital. with reference to: “Free Vector Maps, Editable.” Free Vector Maps, Editable. N.p., n.d. Web. 6 Oct. 2016. figure 162. Harris, Nicole. Contextual Figure-Ground Map

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of Vals, Switzerland. Kansas State University. Survivors: Healing Architecture in Response to Political Torture. Manhattan, KS, 2016.

figure 177. Harris, Nicole. Sensory. Kansas State University. Survivors: Healing Architecture in Response to Political Torture. Manhattan, KS, 2016. Digital.

figure 163. Harris, Nicole. Therme Site Plan. Kansas State University. Survivors: Healing Architecture in Response to Political Torture. Manhattan, KS, 2016. Digital. with reference to: Daily Icon. N.p., n.d. Web. Sept. 2016.

figure 178. Harris, Nicole. Thermal Zoning. Kansas State University. Survivors: Healing Architecture in Response to Political Torture. Manhattan, KS, 2016. Digital. with reference to: media-Cache. Photograph.

figure 164. Harris, Nicole. Average Temperature. Kansas State University. Survivors: Healing Architecture in Response to Political Torture. Manhattan, KS, 2016. Digital.

figure 179. Therme Vals. Talkpas. Wp-content. 2009. Photography.

figure 165. Harris, Nicole. Rainy Days Versus Sunny Days. Kansas State University. Survivors: Healing Architecture in Response to Political Torture. Manhattan, KS, 2016. Digital. figure 166. Harris, Nicole. Yearly Wind Distribution. Kansas State University. Survivors: Healing Architecture in Response to Political Torture. Manhattan, KS, 2016. Digital.

figure 181. Zumthor Vals Fire Bath. Word Press. Photography. vals-fire-bath.jpg. figure 182. Therme Vals. Hotel Design. Vals, Switzerland, n.d. Photograph. figure 183. Therme_Vals_Switzerland. Travel Libro. Cover_Pictures. n.d.

figure 167. Harris, Nicole. Monthly Wind Distribution. Kansas State University. Survivors: Healing Architecture in Response to Political Torture. Manhattan, KS, 2016. Digital.

figure 184. Harris, Nicole. Skylight Fissures in Plan. Kansas State University. Survivors: Healing Architecture in Response to Political Torture. Manhattan, KS, 2016. Digital.

figure 168. Harris, Nicole. Site Contours. K Kansas State University. Survivors: Healing Architecture in Response to Political Torture. Manhattan, KS, 2016. Digital.

figure 185. Untitled. Blender Artists. Forum. n.d. Photopgraph.

figure 169. Harris, Nicole. Section A-A. Kansas State University. Survivors: Healing Architecture in Response to Political Torture. Manhattan, KS, 2016. Digital. with reference to: N.p., n.d. Web. Sept. 2016. figure 170. Harris, Nicole. Section B-B. Kansas State University. Survivors: Healing Architecture in Response to Political Torture. Manhattan, KS, 2016. Digital. with reference to: N.p., n.d. Web. Sept. 2016. figure 171. Harris, Nicole. Floor Plan. Kansas State University. Survivors: Healing Architecture in Response to Political Torture. Manhattan, KS, 2016. Digital. with reference to: N.p., n.d. Web. Sept. 2016. figure 172. Harris, Nicole. Parti. Kansas State University. Survivors: Healing Architecture in Response to Political Torture. Manhattan, KS, 2016. Digital. figure 173. Harris, Nicole. Circulation. Kansas State University. Survivors: Healing Architecture in Response to Political Torture. Manhattan, KS, 2016. Digital. with reference to: N.p., n.d. Web. Sept. 2016. figure 174. Harris, Nicole. Spatial Hierarchy. Kansas State University. Survivors: Healing Architecture in Response to Political Torture. Manhattan, KS, 2016. Digital. figure 175. Harris, Nicole. Privacy Gradient. Kansas State University. Survivors: Healing Architecture in Response to Political Torture. Manhattan, KS, 2016. Digital. figure 176. Harris, Nicole. Functional Zoning. Kansas State University. Survivors: Healing Architecture in Response to Political Torture. Manhattan, KS, 2016. Digital.

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figure 180. Top Natural Pools Vals2. Places to See in Your Lifetime. Wp-content. 2014. Photography.

figure 186. Vals-Therme-Original. Photograph.

Images.nzz.

n.d.

figure 187. Untitled. Wix Static. Photograph. figure 188. Untitled. Media Cache. Photograph. figure 189. Untitled. Media Cache. Pinimage. n.d. Photograph. figure 190. Untitled. Media Cache. Originals. n.d. Photograph. figure 191. Harris, Nicole. Edge Relationship. Kansas State University. Survivors: Healing Architecture in Response to Political Torture. Manhattan, KS, 2016. Digital. with reference to: Untitled. Static Flickr. Photography. figure 192. Vals 67. Daily Icon. Magazine. 2008. Photography. figure 193. Untitled. Media Cache. Photograph. figure 194. Stairs Inside Therme Vals. Clemsoningenoa, 2009. Photograph. figure 195. Untitled. Media Cache. Photograph. figure 196. Qian Ruobing, Du Wenfei, Ng Tsing Yin. Therme Vals in Switzerland. Arch 3114 Precedents Case Studies. 2012-2014. Digital Document. figure 197. Qian Ruobing, Du Wenfei, Ng Tsing Yin. Therme Vals in Switzerland. Arch 3114 Precedents Case Studies. 2012-2014. Digital Document. figure 198. Qian Ruobing, Du Wenfei, Ng Tsing Yin.

Therme Vals in Switzerland. Arch 3114 Precedents Case Studies. 2012-2014. Digital Document. figure 199. Qian Ruobing, Du Wenfei, Ng Tsing Yin. Therme Vals in Switzerland. Arch 3114 Precedents Case Studies. 2012-2014. Digital Document. figure 200. Harris, Nicole. Maslowâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Hierarchy of Needs. Kansas State University. Survivors: Healing Architecture in Response to Political Torture. Manhattan, KS, 2016. Digital. figure 201. Buehne. Untitled. My Switzerland. Images. n.d. Photograph . figure 202. Untitled. Media Cache. Photograph. figure 203. Seating Area Overlooking Swiss Mountains in Therme Vals Spa. Homeli. Wp-content. 2014. Photography. figure 204. Dunlop, Alan. Untitled. Alan Dunlop Architect Limited. Hazelwood Sketchbook. Glasgow, 2007. Drawing. figure 205. Johnson, Journi. Location Map. Kansas State University. Survivors: Healing Architecture in Response to Political Torture. Manhattan, KS, 2016. Digital. with reference to Eugster, Simon. World Map. Wikimedia Commons. BlankMap-World gray.svg. 2006. Digital. figure 206. Johnson, Journi. Average High and Low Temperatures and Rainfall. Kansas State University. Survivors: Healing Architecture in Response to Political Torture. Manhattan, KS, 2016. Digital. with reference to Unnamed. Average Minimum and Maximum Temperature Over The Year. World Weather and Climate Information. Average Monthly Weather In Glasgow, Scotland. Glasgow, 2016. Digital. figure 207. Johnson, Journi. Average Monthly Sunlight Hours. Kansas State University. Survivors: Healing Architecture in Response to Political Torture. Manhattan, KS, 2016. Digital. with reference to Unnamed. Average Monthly Hours Of Sunshine Over The Year. World Weather and Climate Information. Average Monthly Weather In Glasgow, Scotland. Glasgow, 2016. Digital. figure 208. Johnson, Journi. Average Relative Humidity. Kansas State University. Survivors: Healing Architecture in Response to Political Torture. Manhattan, KS, 2016. Digital. with reference to Unnamed. Average Humidity Over The Year. World Weather and Climate Information. Average Monthly Weather In Glasgow, Scotland. Glasgow, 2016. Digital. figure 209. Johnson, Journi. Zoning. Kansas State University. Survivors: Healing Architecture in Response to Political Torture. Manhattan, KS, 2016. Digital. with reference to Google. Hazelwood School. Google Maps. Hazelwood School . Glasgow, 2016. Digital. figure 210. Johnson, Journi. Roadways. Kansas State University. Survivors: Healing Architecture in Response to Political Torture. Manhattan, KS, 2016. Digital. with reference to Google. Hazelwood School. Google Maps. Hazelwood School . Glasgow, 2016. Digital.

figure 211. Johnson, Journi. Parti. Kansas State University. Survivors: Healing Architecture in Response to Political Torture. Manhattan, KS, 2016. Digital. with reference to Unnamed. Ground Floor Plan. Design Share. Hazelwood School For The Multiple Sensory Impaired. 2016. Digital. figure 212. Dunlop, Alan. Untitled. Alan Dunlop Architect Limited. Hazelwood Sketchbook. Glasgow, 2007. Digital. figure 213. Johnson, Journi. Datum to Tree Line. Kansas State University. Survivors: Healing Architecture in Response to Political Torture. Manhattan, KS, 2016. Digital. with reference to Unnamed. South Elevation . Design Share. Hazelwood School For The Multiple Sensory Impaired. 2016. Digital. figure 214. Johnson, Journi. Sensory Impairment Organization Chart. Kansas State University. Survivors: Healing Architecture in Response to Political Torture. Manhattan, KS, 2016. Digital. figure 215. Dunlop, Alan. Untitled. Alan Dunlop Architect Limited. Hazelwood Sketchbook. Glasgow, 2007. Digital. figure 216. Dunlop, Alan. Untitled. Alan Dunlop Architect Limited. Hazelwood Sketchbook. Glasgow, 2007. Digital. figure 217. Johnson, Journi. Layering. Kansas State University . Survivors: Healing Architecture in Response to Political Torture. Manhattan, KS, 2016. Digital. with reference to Dunlop, Alan. Untitled. Alan Dunlop Architect Limited. Hazelwood Sketchbook. Glasgow, 2007. Digital. figure 218. Johnson, Journi. Classrooms. Kansas State University . Survivors: Healing Architecture in Response to Political Torture. Manhattan, KS, 2016. Digital. with reference to Unnamed. Ground Floor Plan. Design Share. Hazelwood School For The Multiple Sensory Impaired. 2016. Digital. figure 219. Johnson, Journi. Interior Gathering Spaces. Kansas State University. Survivors: Healing Architecture in Response to Political Torture. Manhattan, KS, 2016. Digital. with reference to Unnamed. Ground Floor Plan. Design Share. Hazelwood School For The Multiple Sensory Impaired. 2016. Digital. figure 220. Johnson, Journi. Administration and Staff Spaces. Kansas State University. Survivors: Healing Architecture in Response to Political Torture. Manhattan, KS, 2016. Digital. with reference to Unnamed. Ground Floor Plan. Design Share. Hazelwood School For The Multiple Sensory Impaired. 2016. Digital. figure 221. Johnson, Journi. Support Spaces. Kansas State University. Survivors: Healing Architecture in Response to Political Torture. Manhattan, KS, 2016. Digital. with reference to Unnamed. Ground Floor Plan. Design Share. Hazelwood School For The Multiple Sensory Impaired. 2016. Digital. figure 222. Johnson, Journi. Public vs Private Spaces. Kansas State University. Survivors: Healing Architecture

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in Response to Political Torture. Manhattan, KS, 2016. Digital. with reference to Unnamed. Ground Floor Plan. Design Share. Hazelwood School For The Multiple Sensory Impaired. 2016. Digital. figure 223. Dunlop, Alan. Untitled. Alan Dunlop Architect Limited. Hazelwood Sketchbook. Glasgow, 2007. Digital. figure 224. Dunlop, Alan. Untitled. Alan Dunlop Architect Limited. Hazelwood Sketchbook. Glasgow, 2007. Digital. figure 225. Dunlop, Alan. Untitled. Alan Dunlop Architect Limited. Hazelwood Sketchbook. Glasgow, 2007. Digital. figure 226. Dunlop, Alan. Untitled. Alan Dunlop Architect Limited. Hazelwood Sketchbook. Glasgow, 2007. Digital. figure 227. Johnson, Journi. South vs. North Sunlight. Kansas State University. Survivors: Healing Architecture in Response to Political Torture. Manhattan, KS, 2016. Digital. with reference to Dunlop, Alan. Untitled. Alan Dunlop Architect Limited. Hazelwood Sketchbook. Glasgow, 2007. Digital. figure 228. Johnson, Journi. Sun-path. Kansas State University. Survivors: Healing Architecture in Response to Political Torture. Manhattan, KS, 2016. Digital. with reference to Unnamed. Ground Floor Plan. Design Share. Hazelwood School For The Multiple Sensory Impaired. 2016. Digital.

figure 237. Johnson, Journi. Roof Angles. Kansas State University. Survivors: Healing Architecture in Response to Political Torture. Manhattan, KS, 2016. Digital. with reference to Google. Hazelwood School. Google Maps. Hazelwood School . Glasgow, 2016. Digital. figure 238. Unnamed. Hazelwood Elevation 2. 2 Modern. Hazelwood School, Glasgow, by Alan Dunlop Architects. San Francisco, CA, 2015. Digital. figure 239. Johnson, Journi. Views Map. Kansas State University. Survivors: Healing Architecture in Response to Political Torture. Manhattan, KS, 2016. Digital. with reference to Unnamed. Ground Floor Plan. Design Share. Hazelwood School For The Multiple Sensory Impaired. 2016. Digital. figure 240. Government, Scottish. Unnamed. OECD Center for Effective Learning Environments. Best Practice in Educational Facilities Investments. 2016. Digital. figure 241. Government, Scottish. Unnamed. OECD Center for Effective Learning Environments. Best Practice in Educational Facilities Investments. 2016. Digital.

figure 229. Johnson, Journi. Sensory Hall Values of Light. Kansas State University. Survivors: Healing Architecture in Response to Political Torture. Manhattan, KS, 2016. Digital. with reference to Unnamed. Untitled. Architizer. Hazelwood School. New York, NY, 2016. Digital.

figure 242. Unnamed. Untitled. Flickr. Engage for Education. n.d. Digital.

figure 230. Unnamed. Untitled. Architizer. Hazelwood School. New York, NY, 2016. Digital.

figure 244. Government, Scottish. Unnamed. OECD Center for Effective Learning Environments. Best Practice in Educational Facilities Investments. 2016. Digital.

figure 231. Unnamed. Untitled. Architizer. Hazelwood School. New York, NY, 2016. Digital. figure 232. Johnson, Journi. Sensory Hall Tactile Features. Kansas State University. Survivors: Healing Architecture in Response to Political Torture. Manhattan, KS, 2016. Digital. with reference to: Unnamed. Untitled. Architizer. Hazelwood School. New York, NY, 2016. Digital. figure 233. Unnamed. Untitled. Architizer. Hazelwood School. New York, NY, 2016. Digital. figure 234. Johnson, Journi. North Elevation with Materials. Kansas State University. Survivors: Healing Architecture in Response to Political Torture. Manhattan, KS, 2016. Digital. with reference to Dunlop, Alan and Gordon Murray. North Elevation Showing Vertical Slate Wall. Gordon Murray and Alan Dunlop Architects. Curious Rationalism. Glasgow, SCT, 2006. Book. figure 235. Dunlop, Alan and Gordon Murray. North Elevation Of Classrooms. Gordon Murray and Alan Dunlop Architects. Curious Rationalism. Glasgow, SCT, 2006. Book.

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figure 236. Johnson, Journi. Structural System. Kansas State University. Survivors: Healing Architecture in Response to Political Torture. Manhattan, KS, 2016. Digital. with reference to Unnamed. Ground Floor Plan. Design Share. Hazelwood School For The Multiple Sensory Impaired. 2016. Digital.

figure 243. Government, Scottish. Unnamed. OECD Center for Effective Learning Environments. Best Practice in Educational Facilities Investments. 2016. Digital.

figure 245. Unnamed. Untitled. Architizer. Hazelwood School. New York, NY, 2016. Digital. figure 246. Hunter, Keith. Untitled. Institue for Human Centered Design. Hazelwood School. Boston, MA, 2008. Digital. figure 247. Unnamed. Untitled. Architizer. Hazelwood School. New York, NY, 2016. Digital. figure 248. Svigals Partners. â&#x20AC;&#x153;Sandy Hook School - Svigals Partners.â&#x20AC;? Svigals Partners. Accessed Oct. 18, 2016. figure 249. Heatherly, Mathew T. Temperature Range. Kansas State University. Survivors: Healing Architecture in Response to Political Torture. Manhattan, KS, 2016. Digital. with reference to Robin, Liggett, Murray Milne, Carlos Gomez, Don Leeper, Andrew Benson, and Yasmin Bhattacharya. Climate Consultant. Computer Softward. Vers. 6. UCLA Energy Design Tools Group, n.d. Web. 24 Sept. 2016. figure 250. Heatherly, Mathew T. Amount of Daylight. Kansas State University. Survivors: Healing Architecture

in Response to Political Torture. Manhattan, KS, 2016. Digital. with reference to Robin, Liggett, Murray Milne, Carlos Gomez, Don Leeper, Andrew Benson, and Yasmin Bhattacharya. Climate Consultant. Computer Softward. Vers. 6. UCLA Energy Design Tools Group, n.d. Web. 24 Sep. 2016. figure 251. Heatherly, Mathew T. Sky Coverage. Kansas State University. Survivors: Healing Architecture in Response to Political Torture. Manhattan, KS, 2016. Digital. with reference to Robin, Liggett, Murray Milne, Carlos Gomez, Don Leeper, Andrew Benson, and Yasmin Bhattacharya. Climate Consultant. Computer Softward. Vers. 6. UCLA Energy Design Tools Group, n.d. Web. 24 Sept. 2016. figure 252. Heatherly, Mathew T. Parti. Kansas State University. Survivors: Healing Architecture in Response to Political Torture. Manhattan, KS, 2016. Digital. with reference to Stott, Rory. “Rebuilding Sandy Hook: How Svigals Partners’ Design Offers Safety and Solace.” ArchDaily. Feb. 06, 2015. Accessed Oct. 18, 2016. Web. figure 253. Heatherly, Mathew T. Second. Kansas State University. Survivors: Healing Architecture in Response to Political Torture. Manhattan, KS, 2016. Digital. with reference to Stott, Rory. “Rebuilding Sandy Hook: How Svigals Partners’ Design Offers Safety and Solace.” ArchDaily. Feb. 06, 2015. Accessed Oct. 18, 2016. Web. figure 254. Heatherly, Mathew T. First Floor. Kansas State University. Survivors: Healing Architecture in Response to Political Torture. Manhattan, KS, 2016. Digital. with reference to Stott, Rory. “Rebuilding Sandy Hook: How Svigals Partners’ Design Offers Safety and Solace.” ArchDaily. Feb. 06, 2015. Accessed Oct. 18, 2016. Web. figure 255. Heatherly, Mathew T. Exterior Circulation and Sight Lines. Kansas State University. Survivors: Healing Architecture in Response to Political Torture. Manhattan, KS, 2016. Digital. with reference to Stott, Rory. “Rebuilding Sandy Hook: How Svigals Partners’ Design Offers Safety and Solace.” ArchDaily. Feb. 06, 2015. Accessed Oct. 18, 2016. Web. and Sisson, Patrick. “New Sandy Hook Elementary School Design Finds Safety, Security in Openness.” Curbed. Aug. 28, 2016. Accessed Oct. 18, 2016. Web. figure 256. Heatherly, Mathew T. Public vs. Private. Kansas State University. Survivors: Healing Architecture in Response to Political Torture. Manhattan, KS, 2016. Digital. with reference to Stott, Rory. “Rebuilding Sandy Hook: How Svigals Partners’ Design Offers Safety and Solace.” ArchDaily. Feb. 06, 2015. Accessed Oct. 18, 2016. Web. and Sisson, Patrick. “New Sandy Hook Elementary School Design Finds Safety, Security in Openness.” Curbed. Aug. 28, 2016. Accessed Oct. 18, 2016. Web. and Svigals Partners. “Sandy Hook School - Svigals Partners.” Svigals Partners. Accessed Oct. 18, 2016. Web. figure 257. Heatherly, Mathew T. Served vs. Servant. Kansas State University. Survivors: Healing Architecture in Response to Political Torture. Manhattan, KS, 2016. Digital. with reference to Stott, Rory. “Rebuilding Sandy Hook: How Svigals Partners’ Design Offers Safety and Solace.”

ArchDaily. Feb. 06, 2015. Accessed Oct. 18, 2016. Web. and Sisson, Patrick. “New Sandy Hook Elementary School Design Finds Safety, Security in Openness.” Curbed. Aug. 28, 2016. Accessed Oct. 18, 2016. Web. figure 258. Heatherly, Mathew T. Materiality. Kansas State University. Survivors: Healing Architecture in Response to Political Torture. Manhattan, KS, 2016. Digital. with reference to: Hussey, Kristin, and Lisa W. Foderaro. “New Sandy Hook School Is Ready Nearly 4 Years After Massacre.” The New York Times. July 29, 2016. Accessed Oct. 18, 2016. Web. and Stott, Rory. “Rebuilding Sandy Hook: How Svigals Partners’ Design Offers Safety and Solace.” ArchDaily. Feb. 06, 2015. Accessed 18 Oct. 2016. Web. figure 259. Kéré Architecture. Kéré Architecture. Surgical Clinic and Health Center. Berlin, Germany, 2014. 26 Sept. 2016. figure 260. Kéré Architecture. Surgical Clinic in Léo. Berlin, Germany, 2014. figure 261. Gordon, Rachel. Site Map. Kansas State University. Survivors: Healing Architecture in Response to Political Torture. Manhattan, KS, 2016. Digital. figure 262. Gordon, Rachel. West Africa. Kansas State University. Survivors: Healing Architecture in Response to Political Torture. Manhattan, KS, 2016. Digital. figure 263. Gordon, Rachel. City of Léo, Burkina Faso. Kansas State University. Survivors: Healing Architecture in Response to Political Torture. Manhattan, KS, 2016. Digital. figure 264. Kéré Architecture. Kéré Architecture. Surgical Clinic and Health Center. Berlin, Germany, 2014. 26 Sept. 2016. figure 265. Gordon, Rachel. Parti. Kansas State University. Survivors: Healing Architecture in Response to Political Torture. Manhattan, KS, 2016. Digital. figure 266. Kéré Architecture. “Building Uses.” Kéré Architecture. Surgical Clinic and Health Center. Berlin, Germany, 2014. 26 Sep. 2016. figure 267. Kéré Architecture. “Elevation.” Surgical Clinic in Léo. Berlin, Germany, 2014. figure 268. Kéré Architecture. “Floor Plan.” Surgical Clinic in Léo. Berlin, Germany, 2014. figure 269. Kéré Architecture. “Brick.” Surgical Clinic in Léo. Berlin, Germany, 2014. figure 270. Kéré Architecture. “Steel.” Surgical Clinic in Léo. Berlin, Germany, 2014. figure 271. Kéré Architecture. “Gravel Bed.” Kéré Architecture. Kéré Architecture Surgical Clinic and Health Center. Berlin, Germany, 2014. figure 272. Kéré Architecture. “Windows.” Surgical Clinic in Léo. Berlin, Germany, 2014. figure 273. USGS. Sahara Desert Map. Geology.com. The Sahara Desert in Africa: World’s Largest Non-Polar

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Desert. n.d. http://geology.com/records/sahara-desertmap.shtml. 26 Sep. 2016. figure 274. Gordon, Rachel. Burkina Faso Wind Rose. Kansas State University. Survivors: Healing Architecture in Response to Political Torture. Manhattan, KS, 2016. Digital. figure 275. Gordon, Rachel. Temperature. Kansas State University. Survivors: Healing Architecture in Response to Political Torture. Manhattan, KS, 2016. Digital. with reference to World Weather and Climate Information. Average Monthly Weather In Oeagadougou, Burkina Faso. n.d. Web. figure 276. Gordon, Rachel. Precipitation. Kansas State University. Survivors: Healing Architecture in Response to Political Torture. Manhattan, KS, 2016. Digital. with reference to World Weather and Climate Information. Average Monthly Weather In Oeagadougou, Burkina Faso. n.d. Web. figure 277. Gordon, Rachel. Relative Humidity. Kansas State University. Survivors: Healing Architecture in Response to Political Torture. Manhattan, KS, 2016. Digital. with reference to World Weather and Climate Information. Average Monthly Weather In Oeagadougou, Burkina Faso. n.d. Web. figure 278. Gordon, Rachel. Water Retention. Kansas State University. Survivors: Healing Architecture in Response to Political Torture. Manhattan, KS, 2016. Digital. with reference to Kéré Architecture. Surgical Clinic in Léo. Berlin, Germany, 2014. Web. figure 279. Kéré Architecture. Surgical Clinic in Léo. Berlin, Germany, 2014. Web. figure 280. Kéré Architecture. Surgical Clinic in Léo. Berlin, Germany, 2014. figure 281. Kéré Architecture. Surgical Clinic in Léo. Berlin, Germany, 2014. Web. figure 282. Gordon, Rachel. Ventilation. Kansas State University. Survivors: Healing Architecture in Response to Political Torture. Manhattan, KS, 2016. Digital. figure 283. Gordon, Rachel. Thermal Mass. Kansas State University. Survivors: Healing Architecture in Response to Political Torture. Manhattan, KS, 2016. Digital.. figure 284. Gordon, Rachel. Shading Overhang. Kansas State University. Survivors: Healing Architecture in Response to Political Torture. Manhattan, KS, 2016. Digital. figure 285. Gordon, Rachel. Public vs. Private. Kansas State University. Survivors: Healing Architecture in Response to Political Torture. Manhattan, KS, 2016. Digital. figure 286. Kéré Architecture. Kéré Architecture. Surgical Clinic and Health Center. Berlin, Germany, 2014. Web. 26 Sept. 2016. figure 287. Kéré Architecture. Kéré Architecture. Surgical Clinic and Health Center. Berlin, Germany, 2014. Web. 26

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Sept. 2016. figure 288. Gordon, Rachel. Modular Building. Kansas State University. Survivors: Healing Architecture in Response to Political Torture. Manhattan, KS, 2016. Digital. figure 289. Kéré Architecture. Kéré Architecture. Kéré Architecture Surgical Clinic and Health Center. Berlin, Germany, 2014. Web. figure 290. Gordon, Rachel. Places of Rest and Gathering. Kansas State University. Survivors: Healing Architecture in Response to Political Torture. Manhattan, KS, 2016. Digital. figure 291. Kéré Architecture. Kéré Architecture. Surgical Clinic and Health Center. Berlin, Germany, 2014. Web. 26 Sep. 2016. figure 292. Kéré Architecture. Kéré Architecture. Surgical Clinic and Health Center. Berlin, Germany, 2014. Web. 26 Sep. 2016. figure 293. Gordon, Rachel. Entry. Kansas State University. Survivors: Healing Architecture in Response to Political Torture. Manhattan, KS, 2016. Digital. figure 294. Gordon, Rachel. Courtyard. Kansas State University. Survivors: Healing Architecture in Response to Political Torture. Manhattan, KS, 2016. Digital. figure 295. Gordon, Rachel. Circulation. Kansas State University. Survivors: Healing Architecture in Response to Political Torture. Manhattan, KS, 2016. Digital. figure 296. Gordon, Rachel. Shade. Kansas State University. Survivors: Healing Architecture in Response to Political Torture. Manhattan, KS, 2016. Digital. figure 297. “Kéré Architecture.” :: Centre De Santé Et De Promotion Sociale / Laongo / Burkina Faso. N.p., n.d. Web. 7 Oct. 2016. figure 298. “Archello - How It’s Made. Discover the Products, Stories and Building Teams behind the Project.” Archello.com. N.p., n.d. Web. 4 Dec. 2016. figure 299. “Kéré Architecture.” :: Centre De Santé Et De Promotion Sociale / Laongo / Burkina Faso. N.p., n.d. Web. 7 Oct. 2016. figure 300. “Kéré Architecture.” :: Centre De Santé Et De Promotion Sociale / Laongo / Burkina Faso. N.p., n.d. Web. 7 Oct. 2016. figure 301. GmbH, BauNetz Media. “Gesund in Ougadougou - Krankenstation in Burkina Faso Fertig.” BauNetz. N.p., 3 June 2014. Web. 04 Dec. 2016. figure 302. “Archello - How It’s Made. Discover the Products, Stories and Building Teams behind the Project.” Archello.com. N.p., n.d. Web. 4 Dec. 2016. figure 303. “Archello - How It’s Made. Discover the Products, Stories and Building Teams behind the Project.” Archello.com. N.p., n.d. Web. 4 Dec. 2016. figure 304. “Archello - How It’s Made. Discover the

Products, Stories and Building Teams behind the Project.” Archello.com. N.p., n.d. Web. 4 Dec. 2016.

with reference to Zifan, Ali. Map of Climatic Zones in Africa. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. Photograph.

figure 305. “Archello - How It’s Made. Discover the Products, Stories and Building Teams behind the Project.” Archello.com. N.p., n.d. Web. 4 Dec. 2016.

figure 317. Kumar, Shruti. Site Location. Kansas State University. Survivors: Healing Architecture in Response to Political Torture. Manhattan, KS, 2016. Digital.

figure 306. Caraway, Levi. Parti. Kansas State University. Survivors: Healing Architecture in Response to Political Torture. Manhattan, KS, 2016. Digital. with reference to “Archello - How It’s Made. Discover the Products, Stories and Building Teams behind the Project.” Archello.com. N.p., n.d. Web. 07 Oct. 1993.

figure 318. Sharon Davis Design. Goals of the Project. Sharon Davis Design. Photograph.

figure 307. Caraway, Levi. Served vs. Servant. Kansas State University. Survivors: Healing Architecture in Response to Political Torture. Manhattan, KS, 2016. Digital. with reference to “Archello - How It’s Made. Discover the Products, Stories and Building Teams behind the Project.” Archello.com. N.p., n.d. Web. 07 Oct. 1993. figure 308. Caraway, Levi. Public vs. Private. Kansas State University. Survivors: Healing Architecture in Response to Political Torture. Manhattan, KS, 2016. Digital. with reference to “Archello - How It’s Made. Discover the Products, Stories and Building Teams behind the Project.” Archello.com. N.p., n.d. Web. 07 Oct. 1993. figure 309. Caraway, Levi. Functions. Kansas State University. Survivors: Healing Architecture in Response to Political Torture. Manhattan, KS, 2016. Digital. with reference to “Archello - How It’s Made. Discover the Products, Stories and Building Teams behind the Project.” Archello.com. N.p., n.d. Web. 7 Oct. 1993. figure 310. Caraway, Levi. Mass Void. Kansas State University. Survivors: Healing Architecture in Response to Political Torture. Manhattan, KS, 2016. Digital. with reference to “Archello - How It’s Made. Discover the Products, Stories and Building Teams behind the Project.” Archello.com. N.p., n.d. Web. 07 Oct. 1993. figure 311. Caraway, Levi. circulation. 2016. Kansas State University. Diagram. Digital File. With reference to “Archello - How It’s Made. Discover the Products, Stories and Building Teams behind the Project.” Archello.com. N.p., n.d. Web. 07 Oct. 1993. figure 312. “Archello - How It’s Made. Discover the Products, Stories and Building Teams behind the Project.” Archello.com. N.p., n.d. Web. 04 Dec. 2016. figure 313. Mutonga, Peninah. “Centre De Santé Et De Promotion Sociale/ Kéré Architecture.” Archidatum. N.p., 10 Apr. 2015. Web. 7 Oct. 2016. figure 314. (www.dw.com), Deutsche Welle. “« Afritecture » Ou L’architecture Innovante D’Afrique | Tous Les Contenus | DW.COM | 27.09.2013.” DW.COM. N.p., n.d. Web. 04 Dec. 2016. figure 315. Felicella, Elizabeth. Women’s Opportunity Centre. figure 316. Kumar, Shruti. Map of Climate Zones in Africa. Kansas State University. Survivors: Healing Architecture in Response to Political Torture. Manhattan, KS, 2016. Digital.

figure 319. Sharon Davis Design. Site Constraints. Sharon Davis Design. Photograph. figure 320. Kumar, Shruti. Site Plan for Building Layout. Kansas State University. Survivors: Healing Architecture in Response to Political Torture. Manhattan, KS, 2016. Digital. with reference to: Metalocus. Site Plan. Sharon Davis Design. Photograph. figure 321. Kumar, Shruti. Site Plan for Landscape Features. Kansas State University. Survivors: Healing Architecture in Response to Political Torture. Manhattan, KS, 2016. Digital. with reference american-architects. Site Plan. Sharon Davis Design, Manhattan. Photograph. figure 322. Kumar, Shruti. Circulation Around the Site. Kansas State University. Survivors: Healing Architecture in Response to Political Torture. Manhattan, KS, 2016. Digital. with reference to: american-architects. Site Plan. Sharon Davis Design, Manhattan. Photograph. figure 323. Kumar, Shruti. Noise Zone Distribution on the Site. Kansas State University. Survivors: Healing Architecture in Response to Political Torture. Manhattan, KS, 2016. Digital. with reference to: american-architects. Site Plan. Sharon Davis Design, Manhattan. Photograph. figure 324. Kumar, Shruti. Public vs. Private Space Distribution on Site. Kansas State University. Survivors: Healing Architecture in Response to Political Torture. Manhattan, KS, 2016. Digital. with reference to: american-architects. Site Plan. Sharon Davis Design, Manhattan. Photograph. figure 325. Kumar, Shruti. Parti for the Site. Kansas State University. Survivors: Healing Architecture in Response to Political Torture. Manhattan, KS, 2016. Digital. with reference to: american-architects. Site Plan. Sharon Davis Design, Manhattan. Photograph. figure 326. Architizers. Classroom Interior. Sharon Davis Design. Photograph. figure 327. Sharon Davis Design. Floor Plan, Roof Plan and Section of Classroom. Sharon Davis Design. Photograph. figure 328. Sharon Davis Design. Kitchen and Canteen Area. Sharon Davis Design. Photograph. figure 329. Sharon Davis Design. Floor Plan and Sections of Kitchen and Canteen. Sharon Davis Design. Photograph. figure 330. Sharon Davis Design. Gathering Area. Sharon Davis Design. Photograph.

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figure 331. Sharon Davis Design. Marketplace. Sharon Davis Design. Photograph. figure 332. Sharon Davis Design. Demonstration Farm. Sharon Davis Design. Photograph. figure 333. Sharon Davis Design. Partner Rooms. Sharon Davis Design. Photograph. figure 334. Sharon Davis Design. Partner Room Floor Plan. Sharon Davis Design. Photograph. figure 335. Kumar, Shruti. Passive Cooling System. Kansas State University. Survivors: Healing Architecture in Response to Political Torture. Manhattan, KS, 2016. Digital. with reference to: Sharon Davis Design. Passive Cooling. Sharon Davis Design. Photograph. figure 336. Kumar, Shruti. Shading System of Roof. Kansas State University. Survivors: Healing Architecture in Response to Political Torture. Manhattan, KS, 2016. Digital. with reference to: Sharon Davis Design. Passive cooling. Sharon Davis Design. Photograph. figure 337. Sharon Davis Design. Construction Technique. Sharon Davis Design. Photograph. figure 338. Sharon Davis Design. Rainwater Recycling. Sharon Davis Design. Photograph. figure 339. Sharon Davis Design. Bio-Gas Production. Sharon Davis Design. Photograph. figure 340. Sharon Davis Design. Composting Toilet. Sharon Davis Design. Photograph. figure 341. Baan, Iwan. Butaro Hospital from the South Parking Lot. Iwan Baan Photography B.V. Photograph. figure 342. Grimm, Brianna. Burera District Hilltop. Kansas State University. Survivors: Healing Architecture in Response to Political Torture. Manhattan, KS, 2016. Digital. with reference to MASS Group. The Butaro District Hospital. n.d. Web. 27 Sept. 2016.

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State University. Survivors: Healing Architecture in Response to Political Torture. Manhattan, KS, 2016. Digital. with reference to Arch Daily. Butaro Hospital/MASS Design Group. 6 Sept. 2011. Web. 27 Sept. 2016. figure 347. Grimm, Brianna. Hill Site Contours in Section. Kansas State University. Survivors: Healing Architecture in Response to Political Torture. Manhattan, KS, 2016. Digital. with reference to Arch Daily. Butaro Hospital/MASS Design Group. 6 Sept. 2011. Web. 27 Sept. 2016. figure 348. Grimm, Brianna. Upper Site Plan with Program. Kansas State University. Survivors: Healing Architecture in Response to Political Torture. Manhattan, KS, 2016. Digital. with reference to Arch Daily. Butaro Hospital/MASS Design Group. 6 Sept. 2011. Web. 27 Sept. 2016. figure 349. Grimm, Brianna. Lower Site Plan with Program. Kansas State University. Survivors: Healing Architecture in Response to Political Torture. Manhattan, KS, 2016. Digital. with reference to Arch Daily. Butaro Hospital/MASS Design Group. 6 Sept. 2011. Web. 27 Sept. 2016. figure 350. Grimm, Brianna. Upper Site Circulation. Kansas State University. Survivors: Healing Architecture in Response to Political Torture. Manhattan, KS, 2016. Digital. with reference to Arch Daily. Butaro Hospital/MASS Design Group. 6 Sept. 2011. Web. 27 Sept. 2016. figure 351. Grimm, Brianna. Lower Site Circulation. Kansas State University. Survivors: Healing Architecture in Response to Political Torture. Manhattan, KS, 2016. Digital. with reference to Arch Daily. Butaro Hospital/MASS Design Group. 6 Sept. 2011. Web. 27 Sept. 2016. figure 352. Baan, Iwan. Exterior Stairs and Ramps. Iwan Baan Photography B.V. Photograph. figure 353. Baan, Iwan. Exterior Corridor. Iwan Baan Photography B.V. Photograph.

figure 343. Grimm, Brianna. Butaro Climate. Kansas State University. Survivors: Healing Architecture in Response to Political Torture. Manhattan, KS, 2016. Digital. with reference to Meteoblue. Climate Butaro. n.d. Web. 28 Sept 2016.

figure 354. Grimm, Brianna. Upper Site Massing. Kansas State University. Survivors: Healing Architecture in Response to Political Torture. Manhattan, KS, 2016. Digital. with reference to Arch Daily. Butaro Hospital/MASS Design Group. 6 Sept. 2011. Web. 27 Sept. 2016.

figure 344. Grimm, Brianna. Butaro Temperature and Precipitation. Kansas State University. Survivors: Healing Architecture in Response to Political Torture. Manhattan, KS, 2016. Digital. with reference to Meteoblue. Climate Butaro. n.d. Web. 28 Sept 2016.

figure 355. Grimm, Brianna. Lower Site Massing. Kansas State University. Survivors: Healing Architecture in Response to Political Torture. Manhattan, KS, 2016. Digital. with reference to Arch Daily. Butaro Hospital/MASS Design Group. 6 Sept. 2011. Web. 27 Sept. 2016.

figure 345. Grimm, Brianna. Elongated Bar Parti. Kansas State University. Survivors: Healing Architecture in Response to Political Torture. Manhattan, KS, 2016. Digital. with reference to Arch Daily. Butaro Hospital/MASS Design Group. 6 Sep. 2011. Web. 27 Sept. 2016.

figure 356. Grimm, Brianna. Interior and Exterior Relationships. Kansas State University. Survivors: Healing Architecture in Response to Political Torture. Manhattan, KS, 2016. Digital. with reference to Arch Daily. Butaro Hospital/MASS Design Group. 6 Sept. 2011. Web. 27 Sept. 2016.

figure 346. Grimm, Brianna. Exterior Modulation. Kansas

figure 357. Baan, Iwan. Interior Courtyard off the Menâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s

Ward. Iwan Baan Photography B.V. Photograph. figure 358. Baan, Iwan. Exterior Corridor Looking Down the Hill. Iwan Baan Photography B.V. Photograph. figure 359. Grimm, Brianna. Structure. Kansas State University. Survivors: Healing Architecture in Response to Political Torture. Manhattan, KS, 2016. Digital. with reference to Arch Daily. Butaro Hospital/MASS Design Group. 6 Sept. 2011. Web. 27 Sept. 2016. figure 360. MASS Design Group. Excavating Building Site. MASS Design Group. Photograph. figure 361. MASS Design Group. Working the Land. MASS Design Group. Photograph. figure 362. MASS Design Group. Community Hands. MASS Design Group. Photograph. figure 363. MASS Design Group. Re-Bar Foundation. MASS Design Group. Photograph. figure 364. MASS Design Group. South Elevation. Mass Design Group. Digital. figure 365. MASS Design Group. East Elevation. MASS Design Group. Digital. figure 366. Virunga Mountains. WCC. Photograph. figure 367. MASS Design Group. Volcanic Rock from the Mountains. MASS Design Group. Photograph. figure 368. Baan, Iwan. Covered Corridors. Iwan Baan Photography B.V. Photograph. figure 369. Cody, Jay. Delivery Room. Design Boom. Photography.

figure 377. Baan, Iwan. Pediatric Ward. Iwan Baan Photography B.V. Photograph. figure 378. Grimm, Brianna. Upper Site Views from Beds. Kansas State University. Survivors: Healing Architecture in Response to Political Torture. Manhattan, KS, 2016. Digital. with reference to Arch Daily. Butaro Hospital/MASS Design Group. 6 Sept. 2011. Web. 27 Sept. 2016. figure 379. Cody, Jay. Examination Room. Design Boom. Photograph. figure 380. Cody, Jay. Delivery Room. Design Boom. Photography. figure 381. Grimm, Brianna. Site Hierarchy. Kansas State University. Survivors: Healing Architecture in Response to Political Torture. Manhattan, KS, 2016. Digital. with reference to Arch Daily. Butaro Hospital/MASS Design Group. 6 Sept. 2011. Web. 27 Sept. 2016. figure 382. Grimm, Brianna. Served and Servant Spaces. Kansas State University. Survivors: Healing Architecture in Response to Political Torture. Manhattan, KS, 2016. Digital. with reference to Arch Daily. Butaro Hospital/MASS Design Group. 6 Sept. 2011. Web. 27 Sept. 2016. figure 383. Grimm, Brianna. Privacy Gradient. Kansas State University. Survivors: Healing Architecture in Response to Political Torture. Manhattan, KS, 2016. Digital. with reference to Arch Daily. Butaro Hospital/MASS Design Group. 6 Sept. 2011. Web. 27 Sept. 2016. figure 384. Baan, Iwan. Aerial View of Site. Iwan Baan Photography B.V. Photograph.

figure 370. Cody, Jay. Color-Coded Signage. Design Boom. Photograph.

CHAPTER 4 -- TEXT

figure 371. Cody, Jay. Color-Coded Nursing Station. Design Boom. Photograph.

Gesler, Wilbert M. Healing Places. Rowman & Littlefield, 2003. Print.

figure 372. MASS Design Group. East Elevation Short. MASS Design Group. Digital.

Hamilton, FAIA, D. Kirk, and David H. Watkins, FAIA. Evidence-Based Design for Multiple Building Types. Wiley, 2008. Print.

figure 373. MASS Design Group. North Elevation. MASS Design Group. Digital. figure 374. Grimm, Brianna. Section of Ordering System. Kansas State University. Survivors: Healing Architecture in Response to Political Torture. Manhattan, KS, 2016. Digital. with reference to Arch Daily. Butaro Hospital/MASS Design Group. 6 Sept. 2011. Web. 27 Sept. 2016. figure 375. Grimm, Brianna. Lower Site Views from Beds. Kansas State University. Survivors: Healing Architecture in Response to Political Torture. Manhattan, KS, 2016. Digital. with reference to Arch Daily. Butaro Hospital/MASS Design Group. 6 Sept. 2011. Web. 27 Sept. 2016. figure 376. Baan, Iwan. Women’s Ward. Iwan Baan Photography B.V. Photograph.

Herman, M.D., Judith Lewis. Trauma and Recovery. New York: Basic Books, 1992. Kolk, M.D., Bessel Van der. The Body Keeps the Score. Penguin Books, 2015. Print. Besler, Dmitri. Ed Roberts Campus Building Tour. Professor Siepl-Coates’ 2016-2017 Studio. 30 Oct. 2016. Berkeley Library University of California. lib.berkeley.edu. n.d. Web. 5 December 2016. Cole, Christine. Phone Call Interview. Professor SieplCoates’ 2016-2017 Studio. 2 Sep. 2016. Cornforth, Kyle. Martin Luther King Jr. Middle School Edible Schoolyard Tour. Professor Siepl-Coates’ 20162017 Studio. 1 Nov. 2016.

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Besler, Dmitri. Ed Roberts Campus Building Tour. Professor Siepl-Coates’ 2016-2017 Studio. 30 Oct. 2016. “Design.” 2016. Ed Roberts Campus. 4 December 2016. Goff, Briana. Class Interview. Professor Siepl-Coates’ 2016-2017 Studio. 14 Nov. 2016. Holy Hill & The GTU. holyhillberkeley.wordpress.com. n.d. Web. 5 December 2016. Houston, Michelle. Class Interview. Professor SieplCoates’ 2016-2017 Studio. 12 Oct. 2016. Institute of East Asian Studies, University of California, Berkeley. ieas.berkeley.edu. n.d. Web. 5 Dec. 2016. “JGPH Fact Sheet.” 30 June 2015. John George AHS. Web. 4 December 2016. “Our Space.” Jacobs Institute for Design Innovation. N.p., n.d. Web. 05 Dec. 2016 Qvistgaard, Guy. John George Psychiatric Hospital Building Tour. Professor Siepl-Coates’ 2016-2017 Studio. 2 Nov. 2016. Ratcliff Architects - Projects. Ratcliff Architects - Projects. N.p., n.d. Web. 05 Dec. 2016. San Fransisco Chronicle. 22 July 2015. 26 October 2016. Speer, Gary R. Laguna Honda Hospital and Rehabilitation Center Building Tour. Professor Siepl-Coates’ 2016-2017 Studio. 3 Nov. 2016. Staff, History.com. History.com. 2009. Web. 5 December 2016. “The Edible Schoolyard Project.” The Edible Schoolyard Project. N.p. 25 Oct. 2016. Web. 5 Dec. 2016.

figure 5. Cross-Section. ArchDaily. N.p., n.d. Digital. figure 6. Plan with Plazas. ArchDaily. N.p., n.d. Digital. figure 7. Building Exterior. Steve McConnell/UC Berkeley. UC Berkeley News. n.d. Photograph figure 8. Spence, Jacob. Interior Section. C.V. Starr East Asian Library. Photograph. figure 9. Third Floor Entry Level. Tod Williams Billie Tsien. Robin Chiang & Co. n.d. Digital. figure 10. Wilson, Blake. Interior ADA Ramp. Kansas State University. Photograph figure 11. Floor Plans. Ed Roberts Campus Floor Plan. 15 October 2015. Digital. figure 12. Exploded Axonometric. “Ed Roberts Campus/ LMS Architects.” 28 March 2011. ArchDaily.com. Digital. figure 13. Ceiling. Muller & Caulfield. n.d. Photograph. figure 14. Grimm, Brianna. Floor Plan. Kansas State University. Manhattan, KS, 2016. Photograph. figure 15. Interior Work Space. Jacobs Institute for Design Innovation. AIA Top Ten. N.p., n.d. Photograph. figure 16. Building Section. Jacobs Institute for Design Innovation. AIA Top Ten. N.p., n.d. Digital. figure 17. Entry Level Plan. Jacobs Institute for Design Innovation. AIA Top Ten. N.p., n.d. Digital. figure 18. Gordon, Rachel. Interior Courtyard. Kansas State University. Photograph.

“The Laguna Honda Campus - Choice and Community in a Therapeutic Setting.” n.d. Laguna Honda. 4 December 2016.

figure 19. Wilson, Blake. Floor Plan. 2016. Kansas State University. Digital. with reference to Gordon, Rachel. John George Floor Plan. Kansas State University. Photograph.

Tipping Structural Engineers. 1906 Shattuck Avenue. 2014. 26 October 2016.

figure 20. Johnson, Journi. Site View. Kansas State University. Photograph.

Tod Williams Billie Tsien Architects and Partners. twbta. com. n.d. Web. 5 December 2016.

figure 21. Second Floor Plan. Architects, Ashen and Allen. “Laguna Honda Hospital Replacement Program.” n.d. Digital.

Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. wikipedia.org. n.d. Web. 5 December 2016.

CHAPTER 4 -- IMAGERY figure 1. Alcatraz Island. The Huffington TheHuffingtonPost.com,Inc., n.d. Photogrpah.

figure 22. First Floor Plan. Architects, Ashen and Allen. “Laguna Honda Hospital Replacement Program.” n.d. Digital. figure 23. Chicorel, Dylan. Edible Schoolyard Ariel View. Edible Schoolyard. N.p., 2016. Photograph.

Post.

figure 24. Students Working in the Garden. The Edible Schoolyard Project. N.p., n.d. Photograph.

figure 2. Exterior Diagram. Ocean View Publishing. San Francisco Bay, n.d. Digital.

figure 25. Students Planting the Garden. The Edible Schoolyard Project. N.p., n.d. Photograph.

figure 3. Prison Plan. Wikiwand. n.d. Digital.

figure 26. Exterior View. Architects, Fernau & Hartman. n.d. Photograph.

figure 4. Interior Stairwell. Ratcliff Architects - Projects.

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N.p., n.d. Photograph

figure 27. Interior View. Architects, Fernau & Hartman. n.d. Photograph. figure 28. Adam, Tour Guide. Alcatraz National Park. Photograph.

CLASS CITATIONS Climate Data -Climate Consultant Robin, Liggett, Murray Milne, Carlos Gomez, Don Leeper, Andrew Benson, and Yasmin Bhattacharya. Climate Consultant. Computer Softward. Vers. 6. UCLA Energy Design Tools Group, n.d. Web. 24 Sept. 2016. Maps and Geographic Data -ArcGIS Basemaps ESRI 2011. ArcGIS Desktop. Redlands, CA: Environmental Systems Research Institute, n.d. Web. 19 Sept. 2016. Google Maps Google. Google Maps. n.d. Web. 19 Sept. 2016. Cover Images -Syria Conflict: Jordan Facing Refugee Dilemma. BBC. 2016. A Refugee Crisis is a Symptom of Government. Photograph. Accessed 26 Nov. 2016. Chapter Image -“Untitled”. The 87ist Living Room Designs and Decorations. 2016. Photograph. Accessed 1 Sept. 2016. Uncredited Photography -All uncredited photography is property of the authors & the Department of Architecture at Kansas State University

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