Adobe Photoshop CS3: Digital Image Manipulation The Photoshop Work Area Reset to Default Preferences Click on Adobe Photoshop CS2 from the Programs list, then immediately hold down Ctrl-Alt-Shift (Command-Option-Shift on Mac) to reset the default settings. When prompted, click yes to confirm that you wnat to delete the Adobe Photoshop Settings File. Then click on Close to close the Welcome Screen.
Work Area Your work area should look like the following picture ( A. Menu bar; B. Tool options bar; C. Toolbox; D. Document window; E. Doc of collapsed panels; F. Floating palettes).
Using the Window Palettes Palettes In Photoshop, Palettes help you to monitor and modify images. You can display or hide them as you work. By default, they appear in stacked groups to the right of your work area. • To make a palette appear at the front of its group, click the palette’s tab. • To move an entire palette group, drag its title bar. • To rearrange or separate a palette group, drag a palette’s tab. Dragging a palette outside of an existing group creates a new group. • To display a palettes pop-up menu, position the pointer on the triangle in the upper right (see F below) corner of the palette, and hold down the mouse button. • To place a pallete in the Palette Well drag its tab to the desired Palette Well.
History Palette The History palette lets you jump to any recent state of the image created during the current work session. Each time you apply a change to an image, the new state of that image is added to the palette. Each state is listed with the name of the tool or command used to change the image. By default, the History palette lists the previous 20 states. Older states are automatically deleted to free more memory for Photoshop. Once you close and reopen the document, all states from the last working session are cleared from the palette. 1.
To revert to a previous state of your image, do one of the following: • Click the name of the state. • Drag the slider at the left of the state up or down to another state. • Choose Step Forward or Step Backward from the pop-up menu to move to the next or previous state. • Press Alt + Ctrl + Z (Windows) or Option + Command + Z (Mac) to move to the previous state.
2.
To delete a state of your image do one of the following: • Click the name of the state, and choose Delete from the pop-up menu on the History palette to delete that change as well as those that came after. • Drag the state to the Trash icon to delete that change as well as those that came after.
A. Thumbnail of your image B. History state slider C. Create new document from current state D. Create new snapshot E. Trash button F. History pop-up menu
Layers Palette The Layers palette lets you create, hide, display, copy, merge, and delete layers in Photoshop. Changes to an image affect only the highlighted or active layer. You select a layer to make it active. An active layer appears highlighted in blue in the Layers palette. Only visible layers (eye icon) are viewable for editing in the work area.
1.
To show or hide a layer click the eye icon next to a layer to hide that layer. Click in the column again to display the layer.
A. Blending mode B. Lock C. Layer visibility icon D. Layer pop-up menu E. Link F. Add layer style G. Add layer mask H. Create new group I. Create new layer J. Delete layer
2.
The stacking order determines whether a layer appears in front of or behind other layers. To change the order of a layer, do the following: A. Select the layer that you want to move. B. Click and drag the layer up or down in the Layers palette. When the highlighted line appears in the desired position, release the mouse button.
3.
To add a new layer do one of the following: • Choose from the Layer menu Layer > New > Layer. • Choose New Layer from the Layers palette pop-up menu. • Click the Create New Layer button at the bottom of the Layers palette.
4.
To delete a layer, drag the layer to the Delete Layer icon or select the layer(s) and click the Delete Layer icon.
Swatches Palette The Swatches Palette lets you select colors to apply with your tools (like the paintbursh tool). Swatches can be saved and used as custom palettes for different images. 1.
To choose a color setting for a painting or drawing tools, do the following: • Select the tool you want to use (e.g. Paintbrush, Pencil, ...). • In the Swatches Palette, click the color you want to use. You can also create a new color by clicking on the Foreground color box located on the Toolbox and creating a new color.
2.
A foreground color can be added to your Swatches Palette by moving your mousecursor over an empty Swatche Palette box, then holding down the ALT key (windows) or the Option key (Mac) and clicking the mouse. (Notice that the cursor icon changes to the Paint Bucket icon and is inserted in the location that you selected in the Swatches Palette.
3.
To save or load a Swatches Palette: click and hold down the mouse button on the swatches pop-up menu located in the upper right-hand corner of the Swatches Palette. Then select Load Swatches or Save Swatches. The Swatches Palette can also be Replaced or Reset from this pop-up menu.
Navigation Palette The Navigation Palette lets you zoom in/out the working area of your image as well as adjust the positon witin a zomed image.
The Toolbox Toolbox In Photoshop, the toolbox contains all of the main tools for working with images. You select a tool from the toolbox by clicking the tool or pressing its corresponding shortcut key. Hidden tools may be selected by clicking and holding the Left Mouse button, or ALT-clicking (Windows) / Option-clicking (Mac) to cycle through the hidden tools.
Selection Tools First, we are going to cover some of the selection tools present in Photoshop.
Marquee Tool The Marquee(M) tool lets you select rectangular areas and is located in the top left-hand corner of the Toolbox. 1.)
Select the Marquee tool by clicking on the rectangular marquee icon in the Toolbox or by pressing the M key. If rectangular Marquee tool icon is not the current tool: click and hold down the mouse button on the current icon, then drag until the rectangular Marquee tool icon becomes highlighted. Release the mouse button to select the rectangular Marquee tool.
2.)
To make a selection with the Marquee tool, click and drag with the mouse button over the area that you want to select. Holding down the Shift key as you drag will constrain the marquee to a square. To drag a marquee from its center, hold down the Alt key (windows) or Option key (Mac) after you begin dragging.
Lasso Tool The Lasso(L) tool lets you draw both straight-edged and freehand segments of a selection border. This tool is located below the marquee tool in the Toolbox.
1.
Select the Lasso tool by clicking and holding the mouse button down until you can pick the Lasso tool. Your cursor will change to the Lasso tool icon.
2.
Drag to draw a freehand selection border.
3.
To draw a straight-edged selection border, hold down Alt (windows) or Option (Mac), and click where segments should begin and end. You can switch between drawing freehand and straight-edged segments.
4.
To erase recently drawn segments, hold down Delete until you’ve erased the desired segment.
5.
To close the selection border, release the mouse without holding down Alt/Option.
Magic Wand The Magic Wand(W) tool lets you select a consistently colored area without having to trace its outline. The Magic Wand tool options (color range - tolerance) can be specified in the Tool options bar. 1.
Select the Magic Wand tool from the Toolbox.
2.
To set the tolerance, enter values in pixels ranging from 0 to 255. A low value will select colors very similar to the pixel you click; a higher value will select a broad range of color.
3.
Selecting the Anti-aliased check box will define a smooth edge.
4.
To select colors from all the visible layers, select Use All Layers. Otherwise, the magic wand tool selects colors from the current active layer only.
Magnetic Lasso The Magnetic Lasso tool creates a selection marquee that snaps to the edges of defined areas in the image. This tool is especially useful for quickly selecting objects with complex edges set against high-contrast backgrounds. This tool is located in the Lasso tool drawer. 1.
If the Magnetic Lasso tool is not displayed, then click and hold down the Lasso tool to extend the drawer an select the Magnetic Lasso tool. You can set its options from the Tool options bar: • To specify the blurring of edges by building a transition boundary between the selection and its surrounding pixels, enter a pixel value for Feather. • To smooth the jagged edges of a selection by softening the color transition between edge pixels and background pixels, select the Anti-aliasing check box. • To specify a detection width, enter a pixel value from 1 - 40 for Lasso Width. This is the distance the tool looks for edges from the pointer. • To specify the rate at which the lasso sets fastening points, enter a value from 0 - 100 for Frequency. • To specify the lasso’s sensitivity to edges in the image, enter a value from 1% - 100% for Edge Contrast.
2.
Click on the image to set the first fastening point. This will anchor the selection border in place.
3.
To draw a freehand segment, move the pointer along the desired edge to trace. As you move the pointer, the active segment snaps to the strongest edge in the image. If the border doesn’t snap to the desired edge, click once to add a fastening point. Continue to trace and the edge and add fastening points as needed.
4.
To switch temporarily to the other lasso tools, do one of the following: • For the Lasso tool - hold down ALT(Windows) or Option(Mac) and drag with the mouse button depressed. • For the Polygon Lasso tool - hold down ALT(Windows) or Option(Mac) and click.
5.
To erase recently drawn segments and fastening points, press the Delete key.
6.
To close a selection border: • With a freehand magnetic segment - double-click, or press the Enter key. • With a straight segment - hold down ALT(Windows) or Option(Mac) and double-click.
Viewpoint Tools Now, we are going to look at tools that help you change your viewpoint in Photoshop.
Zoom Tool The Zoom(Z) tool allows you to magnify or reduce your view. The title bar displays the zoom percentage at all times. This tool is located in the lower right-hand corner of the toolbox.
1.
Select the Zoom tool from the toolbox by clicking on it once. Your cursor will change to the Zoom tool icon.
2.
To zoom your view in, do one of the following: • Click the area you want to magnify. Each click magnifies the image to the next preset percentage, centering the display around the point at which you clicked. At maximum magnification, the center of the Zoom tool icon of your cursor appears empty. • Choose View > Zoom In to magnify to the next preset percentage.
3.
To zoom your view out, do one of the following: • Hold down Alt (windows) or Option (Mac) to activate the Zoom-out tool, and click the area of the image you want to reduce. Each click reduces the view to the previous preset percentage. • Choose View > Zoom Out to reduce to the previous preset percentage.
4.
You can also magnify a part of the image by clicking and holding down the mouse button, then dragging to select the area that you want to zoom. The area within the zoom marquee appears at the highest possible magnification.
5.
To display an image at 100%, double-click the zoom tool in the toolbox.
Hand Tool The Hand(H) tool allows you to move around the viewable area when you are zoomed in on your image. This tool is located in the lower left-hand corner of the toolbox. 1.
Select the Hand tool from the toolbox by clicking on it once. Your cursor will change to the Hand tool icon.
2.
Click and drag anywhere in your work area to move the viewable area.
Editing Tools Below are a few of the main editing tools in Photoshop. These are the ones that we will be using in this training workshop.
Move Tool The Move(V) tool lets you drag a selection or layer to a new location in the image. This tool is located to the right of the marquee tool in the toolbox.
1.
Select the Move tool by clicking on it in the toolbox. Your cursor will change to the Move tool icon.
2.
To move a selection or layer, move the pointer inside the selection boarder and click and drag the selection to a new position. If you have selected multiple areas, all areas will move as you drag.
Original selection, and moved selection
Eraser Tool The Eraser(E) tool allows you to remove unwanted parts of an image. This tool is the sixth one down on the left of the toolbox.
1.
Select the Eraser tool from the toolbox by clicking on it once. Your cursor will change to the outline shape of the brush setting in the Tool options bar.
2.
To change a brush size/shape, click on the arrow button next to the bruhes icon in the Tool options bar. Then select a brush size from the Brushes pop-up menu.
3.
Click and hold down the mouse button to erase any part of your image that you may not want. The area erased will be the size/shape of the brush that you picked from the Brushes pop-up (Note if there is no Background Layer present in your work area, the erased area will appear as a grey and white chekerboard. This indicates that the erased area is transparent).
Crop Tool The Crop(C) tool allows you to trim and save only the image information that you need for your file. By cropping an image and keeping only the information that you need, your final file size may be much smaller.
1.
Select the Crop tool near the upper left of the toolbox or by pressing the C key . Your cursor will change to the,Crop tool icon.
2.
Use the Crop tool to select and drag the area of your image that you want to keep. (Note: After you let go of the mouse button, you can still adjust the area of the crop marquee by clicking and dragging one of the handles around the marque).
3.
Double-click inside the marque to crop the image.
Rubber Stamp The Rubber Stamp(S) tool takes a sample of the image and allows you to apply it over another image or part of the same image. 1.
Select the Rubber Stamp tool in the tool box. You can set its options from the Tool options bar: • Specify the brush size/shape, blending mode and opacity for the tool. • To sample data from all visible layers, select Sample All Layers. If left deselected, the Rubber Stamp tool only samples data from the active layer. • To apply the entire sample area once regardless of how many times you stop and start painting, select Aligned. To apply the sampled area from the initial sampling point each time you stop and start painting, deselect Aligned.
2.
To set the sampling point, position the pointer on the part of the image you want to sample, then hold down ALT(Windows) or Option(Mac) and click.
3.
Drag to paint with the Rubber Stamp tool.
History Brush The History Brush(Y) tool allows you to paint a copy of one state or snapshot of an image into the current image window.
1.
Select the History Brush tool in the tool box. You can set its options from the Tool options bar: • Select the brush size/shape for the tool. • Specify the blending mode and opacity for the tool.
2.
In the History palette, click the left column of the state or snapshot to use as the source for the history brush.
3.
Drag to paint with the History Brush tool.
General Steps in Retouching Most image retouching follows eight general steps, in this specific order: 1.
Work with a duplicate of the original image so that you can always recover the original later if need be.
2.
Check the image quality to make sure that the resolution is appropriate for how you will use the final image.
3.
Crop the image to the final size and orientation.
4.
Repair flaws in damaged photos.
5.
Adjust the overall brightness/contrast of the image.
6.
Remove any color cast.
7.
Adjust the color and tone in specific parts of the image to bring out the highlights, midtones, shadows and desaturated colors.
8.
Sharpen the overall focus in the the image.
Masks Masks isolate and protect part(s) of an image when editing.With masks you can make and save complicated selections for use again. Also, masks can be used for other time-consuming tasks such as appling color change or filter effects to an image. When creating or editing a mask, always remember that black hides and white reveals (shades of gray partially hide).
Quick Mask Quick Masks are temporary masks, used for editing an image. These masks are converted back into a selection before being used. A quick mask can however be saved as a more permanent alpha-channel mask and reused. To create a quick mask, you need to be in Quick Mask Mode (see left - when this part of the tool box is darken, you are in Quick Mask Mode). As you paint with black, a red overlay appears - this will be the masked area of your selection.
Layer Mask For Layer Masks, you do not use the Quick Mask Mode to create or edit the mask. A Layer Mask is attached to a specific layer and lets you control which part of the layer is revealed or hidden. These types of masks appear as a blank thumbnail next to the layer thumbnail in the Layers palette (a black outline indicates that it is selected).
Styles and Filters Layer Styles Photoshop has a set of built-in common styles (Drop Shadow, Glow, Bevel, and Emboss) that can be applied to any layer within your image. When you apply a layer style, an “f” icon appears to the right of the layer’s name in the Layers palette. Each layer style is linked to the layer content. When you move or edit the content the layer, the effects are modified as well. (Note: You cannot apply layer styles to a background).
Filters Photoshop also has a set of built-in Filters for adding specialized effects to your images. Unlike Layer Styles, Filters can be applied to the background and layers. At the top of the Photoshop window select Filter > and any of the listed filters to apply the filter effect to your image.
More Information and Resources Contact If you have Photoshop related questions I can be reached by one of the methods below: David M. Allen Director, Multimedia Resources Center - School of Pharmacy Purdue University Office: RHPH rm. 506A Phone: (765) 494-3288 E-mail: dallen@pharmacy.purdue.edu Web: http://people.pharmacy.purdue.edu/~dallen/pmultim.html
Websites Below are some website resources that may help in your digital image manipulation work with Photoshop: • School of Pharmacy training documents: http://www.pharmacy.purdue.edu/~mrc/training.html • Adobe training resources: http://www.adobe.com/training/ • Purdue Software Site Licenses: http://www.itap.purdue.edu/support/licensing/SiteLicense/ • Copyright Issues in Digital Media: http://www.cbo.gov/showdoc.cfm?index=5738&sequence=0 • Morgue File, Public Image Reference Archive: http://www.morguefile.com/