Earth Science Topic 1 Mrs. Corradino Name: _____________________________________________ Introduction to Earths Changing Environment!
Observations Topic 1: Introduction to Earth’s Changing Environment, Lesson 1: Workbook pages 1- 5; 3 Bonus Points available! What is Earth Science? •
The study of Earth and its position in our Universe
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A combination of different scientific areas •
Geology
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Oceanography
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Meteorology
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Astronomy
Observations •
All science inquiry starts with ________________
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Gathering of information based on our senses •
Sight
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Hearing
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Touch
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Taste
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Smell
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Limited by our ________________
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We use instruments to aid in observation •
Microscope
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________________
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Barometer
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Magnets
Take 5 minutes , to try and locate “Waldo on the following page. Wait until you are instructed to begin searching for “Waldo” to look at the image. Once you have found “Waldo” circle him on your handout. If you found the image, and have extra time try to find the following. 1. Elderly man with a cane 4. Man wearing a leisure suit
2. Children on horseback 5. Small dog
3. Cactus plant
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Inferences •
An ________________________________of an observation
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A mental process that will allow you to
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________________a cause
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come to a ________________________________
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explain what has been observed
A _____________________________is an inference •
Predict a hurricane using observations from weather instruments
EXAMPLE QUESTION: The diagram represents a solid material of uniform composition. Which statement about this object is an inference? A) The object is longer than it is wide. B) The object has flat sides. C) The object is made of a naturally occurring substance. D) The object has sharp corners.
EXAMPLE QUESTION: A student observed a freshly dug hole in the ground and recorded statements about the sediment at the bottom of the hole. Which statement is an inference? A) The sediments were deposited by a stream. B) Over 50% of the sediments are the size of sand grains or smaller. C) Some of the particles are rounded. D) The hole is 2 meters deep.
Misconception •
An idea based on an incorrect ________________
Example: •
Aristotle inferred that the Earth was the center of the universe surrounded by crystal spheres that contained the other planets and stars. This inference was based on his observations of the night sky.
Classification •
The ________________________________of similar information
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Helps us to understand ________________________________ better
Example: The ___________________________ of a weather event includes thunderstorms, blizzards, hail, hurricanes etc. Measurement •
A way to express a ________________for an observation
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Allows for greater ___________________________
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Assigns a numerical value to an observation
Length ● ● ● ● ●
the ________________between two points kilometers (km) meters (m) centimeters (cm) millimeters (mm)
________________ ● The amount of ________________an object takes up ● Measured by the amount of water the object displaces- how much the water moves when the object is added to the container 3 ● Measured in a unit of length cubed, cubic centimeters (cm )
Time ● The duration of an event
● Measured in hours (h), minutes (min), seconds (sec) It is important to use ________ when discussing measurements A value without a unit is not much help 100____ what? dollars, cents, ducks?
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Percent Error (Percent Deviation) •
How ________________ are your measurements?
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Every measurement is subject to ________________ •
________________________ in the instruments, the observers senses
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Carelessness of the investigator
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Measurements can be ________________________to accepted values for a substance
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The ________________the percent deviation is the more accurate your results are
Percent Deviation = difference from accepted value x 100 % accepted value Homework Workbook •
Read pages 5-7
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Pg. 4 #1-9
Topic 1: Lesson 2 Density Workbook page 5- 7; 4 Bonus Points Available! DO NOW: Workbook page 15 # 16 & 21 16. _____ 21. Percent Deviation for: Student 1 ____________
Student 2 ____________
Student 3 ____________
Density •
Definition: •
The ______________________ of ________________in an object
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The ratio of an objects mass to its volume
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A property of a material that affects the way that material ________________with the environment
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To determine density divide the mass of an object by it’s volume
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Formula (see ESRT p.1)
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Density often has units of grams per cubic centimeter (g/cm3). Remember, grams is a mass and cubic centimeters is a volume (the same volume as 1 milliliter).
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You probably have an intuitive feeling for density in the materials you use often. For example, sponges are low in density; they have a low mass per unit volume. You are not surprised when a large sponge is easy to lift. In contrast, iron is dense. If you pick up an iron skillet, you expect it to be heavy.
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Don’t confuse weight with density. The words heavy and light on their own refer to mass, and not density. A very large sponge may weigh a lot (have a high mass), but its density is low because it still weighs very little per unit of volume.
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The box that has more marbles has more mass per unit of volume. This property of matter is called density. The density of a material helps to distinguish it from other materials.
Example QuestionWhat is the density of a rock which has a mass of 35 grams and a volume of 7.0 cubic centimeters? A) 42 g/cm3 B) 0.20 g/cm3 C) 28 g/cm3 D) 5.0 g/cm3 EXAMPLE QUESTION The diagram represents a rectangular object with a mass of 450 grams. According to the Earth Science Reference Tables , what is the density of the object? A) 2 grams per cubic centimeter B) 4 grams per cubic centimeter C) 1 gram per cubic centimeter D) 3 grams per cubic centimeter
Density Continued •
Remains the same •
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even if the ________________or shape changes when temperature & pressure are held constant
Changes in ________________________ & pressure ________change the objects density
Relative Density •
The density of an object when ________________to some other substance
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Example water •
If an objects density is •
less than water it will float
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greater than water it will sink
EXAMPLE QUESTION Base your answer on the two tables below and on your knowledge of Earth science. Table 1 shows the composition, hardness, and average density of four minerals often used as gemstones. Table 2 lists the minerals in Moh’s Scale of Hardness from 1 (softest) to 10 (hardest).
If the mass of a spinel crystal is 9.5 grams, what is the volume of this spinel crystal? a.
0.4 cm3
b.
2.5 cm3
c.
5.7 cm3
d.
36.1 cm3
Physical Changes that Affect Density •
Temperature ( T )
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Pressure ( P ) •
When T ________________ but P is constant, the density will ________ ________ ( liquid to a gas - molecules will spread apart from each other)
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When T ________________& P is constant the density will increase (gas to a solid the molecules are more compact)
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If P increases the density will ________________
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If P ________________ the density will decrease
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Phases of Matter impact the density •
Three forms of matter common on earth (liquid, solid, gas)
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Density changes as the ________________ changes •
Gas to liquid → ________________in density
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Liquid to solid → increases in density
Water is an exception! •
The highest density of water occurs during the ________________ state
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Water is less dense as a solid than a liquid •
HOMEWORK Workbook •
Page 7 #10-18
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Read page 7-12
This is why ice floats in water
Topic 1: Lesson 3 The Changing Environment Workbook pages 7-10 3 Bonus Points Available Do Now: Workbook pg. 13 # 5, 7, p. 15 #23 5. _______ 7. _______ 23._____________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________ _______
Change •
Change occurs when the properties or ________________________ of a part of the environment have been altered
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An Event is when a change occurs in a ________________ •
Example: Hurricane is a weather event
Rate of Change •
A field – a ________________________ part of the environment
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Rate of Change how much a field has been altered over a given period of ________________
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Formula (ESRT pg. 1) •
Measured in the unit of the field/time •
Example: Rate of temperature change is measured in ⁰C/min
EXAMPLE QUESTION From sea level to an elevation of 1,200 meters, air pressure decreased at the rate of A) 10.0 mb/m B) 1.0 mb/m C) 100.0 mb/m
D) 0.1 mb/m Cyclic Change •
Cyclic Change occurs when there is a ________________ to an event in nature •
Example: •
Low & High Tides
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Movement of celestial objects (sun, moon, planets, etc)
Example Question The best example of a noncyclic event is A) a phase change of the Moon B) a volcanic eruption C) an apparent star movement D) a change of seasons
EXAMPLE QUESTION Scientists can plan to photograph a solar eclipse because most astronomical events are a.
cyclic and predictable
b.
cyclic and unpredictable
c.
random and predictable
d.
random and unpredictable
Prediction of Change •
Prediction a type of ________________ about the conditions of the environment •
When you know ________________ about the change you can make predictions •
Amount
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Type
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Direction
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Natural Disasters a non-human process that can cause injury, loss of life, or loss of property
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Predicting natural disasters can help
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Save lives & ________________
Environmental Equilibrium •
A result of dynamic equilibrium •
Forces or actions ________________ out in nature
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Example: •
The amount of O2 in the atmosphere remains mostly constant even though O2 moves in & out of the atmosphere
Homework •
Read pages 11-13
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Complete Multiple Choice Handout
Predicting the Tides:
Topic 1 Lesson 4: Workbook page 11-13 Human Interaction with the Environment Natural Resources ● ____________________ found in the environment that humans use in daily life Examples: Air, water, plants animals, sun, fossil fuels etc. Ethical Dilemma •
Countries are in conflict over ____________________ of natural resources •
Wars over oil, land
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Who controls use of these resources?
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Are those in charge of the resources responsible and ethical individuals? •
Saddam Hussein → tyrant who used money from natural resources for evil…
Pollution of the Environment •
Pollution occurs when a ____________________ of any substance reaches a level that is harmful to people, and other life on earth
Causes •
Pollutants- ____________________ that cause pollution
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Technology
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Natural Events (pollen, volcanic ash)
Homework Workbook ● Page 10 #19-28 • Page 12 #29-39 •
Read 17-20