Panchatantra of Vishnu Gupta__ by Sushanta K Sahu

THE PANCHATANTRA

XT**! VTEJtSXTY

All Rights

OS OBIGA.GO 1

Reserved

Published September r^>as Second Impression October Ttiird Imp>re&&ion I>ec ember

TABLE OF CONTENTS PAOK

TRANSLATOR'S INTRODUCTION INTRODUCTION

3 13

BOOK I THE LOSS OF FRIENDS THE Loss OF FRIENDS THE WEDGE-PULLING MONKEY THE JACKAL AND THE WAR-DRUM MERCHANT STRONG-TOOTH

25 41

GODLY AND JUNE

THE JACKAL AT THE RAM-FIGHT THE WEAVER'S WIFE How THE CROW-HEN KILLED THE BLACK SNAKE THE HERON THAT LIKED CRAB-MEAT NUMSKULL AND THE RABBIT THE WEAVER WHO LOVED A PRINCESS THE UNGRATEFUL MAN

58 61

...

76 81

..,

112

LEAP AND CREEP

119 122

THE BLUE JACKAL PASSION AND THE

OWL

129

UGLY'S TRUST ABUSED

134

THE LION AND THE CARPENTER THE PLOVER WHO FOUGHT THE OCEAN

141

145

SHELL-NECK, SLIM, AND GRIM FORETHOUGHT, READYWIT, AND FATALIST

THE DUEL BETWEEN ELEPHANT AND SPARROW THE SHREWD OLD GANDER THE LION AND THE RAM

147 149 .

153

157

SMART, THE JACKAL

159 164

THE MONK WHO LEFT His BODY BEHIND THE GIRL WHO MARRIED A SNAKE

177

174

TABLE OF CONTENTS

PACK

POOR BLOSSOM THE UNTEACHABLE MONKEY RlGHT-MlND AND WRONG-MlND A REMEDY WORSE THAN THE DISEASE THE MICE THAT ATE IRON

179 183

184 188

192

THE RESULTS OF EDUCATION THE SENSIBLE ENEMY THE FOOLISH FRIEND

BOOK

197 198

203

THE WINNING OF FRIENDS

THE WINNING OF FRIENDS THE BHARUNDA BIRDS GOLD'S GLOOM MOTHER SHANDILEE'S BARGAIN

213 216 231

234

SELF-DEFEATING FORETHOUGHT MISTER DULY SOFT, THE WEAVER HANG-BALL AND GREEDY THE MICE THAT SET ELEPHANTS FREE

235 247 260

264

274

SPOT'S CAPTIVITY

BOOK

279 III

CROWS AND OWLS

How THE How THE

291

BIRDS PICKED A KING

304

RABBIT FOOLED THE ELEPHANT

308

THE CAT'S JUDGMENT THE BRAHMAN'S GOAT THE SNAKE AND THE ANTS THE SNAKE WHO PAID CASH THE UNSOCIAL SWANS THE SELF-SACRIFICING DOVE THE OLD MAN WITH THE YOUNG WIFE THE BRAHMAN, THE THIEF, AND THE GHOST THE SNAKE IN THE PRINCE'S BELLY THE GULLIBLE CARPENTER

315

324 326 331

333

334

....

341

343

346 348

TABLE OF CONTENTS

vii PAGE

MOUSE-MAID MADE MOUSE THE BIRD WITH GOLDEN DUNO THE CAVE THAT TALKED THE FROGS THAT RODE SNAKEBACK THE BUTTER-BLINDED BRAHMAN

353

359 361

..,....

BOOK Loss OF GAINS

381

THE MONKEY AND THE CROCODILE HANDSOME AND THEODORE

THE UNGRATEFUL WIFE

370

LOSS OF GAINS

FLOP-EAR AND DUSTY THE POTTER MILITANT THE JACKAL WHO KILLED

368

381

388

395 400

No ELEPHANTS

401

405

KING JOY AND SECRETARY SPLENDOR

408

THE Ass IN THE TIGER-SKIN THE FARMER'S WIFE THE PERT HEN-SPARROW

409 412 415

HOW

SUPERSMART ATE THE ELEPHANT THE DOG WHO WENT ABROAD

4! 8

,421

BOOK V ILL-CONSIDERED ACTION ILL-CONSIDERED ACTION

THE LOYAL MUNGOOSE THE FOUR TREASURE-SEEKERS THE LION-MAKERS HUNDRED-WIT, THOU SAND-WIT, AND THE MUSICAL DONKEY SLOW, THE WEAVER THE BRAHMAN'S DREAM THE UNFORGIVING MONKEY THE CREDULOUS FIEND THE THREE-BREASTED PRINCESS THE FIEND WHO WASHED His FEET

427

432 434 442 SINGLE-WIT

444

446 449 453

454

462 465 465

INTRODUCTIONS

TRANSLATOR'S INTRODUCTION I

One Vishnusharman, shrewdly

gleaning

All worldly wisdom's inner meaning, In these five books the charm compresses

Of all such books

the world possesses.

INTRODUCTION TO THE Panchatantra the most widely known were further declared that

The Panchatantra contains stories in the world. If it

the Panchatantra

the best collection of stories in

the world, the assertion could hardly be disproved, and would probably command the assent of those possessing the

knowledge

for a

judgment.

Assuming

varied forms in their native India, then traveling in translations, and translations of translations, through Persia, Arabia, Syria, and the civilized countries of Europe, these stories have, for more than twenty centuries, brought delight to hundreds of millions. Since the stories gathered in the Panchatantra are

very ancient, and since they can no longer be ascribed to their respective authors, it is not possible to give an accurate report of their genesis, while much in their subsequent history will always remain obscure. Dr. Hertel, the learned and painstaking editor of the text used by the present translator, believes that the

original

work was composed

Kashmir, about 200

THE PANCHATANTRA

4 B.C.

this date, however, many of the individual were already ancient. He then enumerates no than twenty-five recensions of the work in India.

stories less

The

text here translated

is late,

dating from the year

1199 A.D. It

not here intended to summarize the history

of these stories in India, nor their travels through the

Near East and through Europe. The story is attracwhose interest is not awakened by learning, for tive example, that in this work he makes the acquaintance of one of La Fontaine's important sources? Yet here, as elsewhere, the work of the "scholars" has been of somewhat doubtful value, diverting attention from the primary to the secondary, from literature itself more or less important, about literature. The present version has not been made by a scholar, but to facts,

by the opposite of a

scholar, a lover of

good books,

eager, so far as his powers permit, to extend an accurate and joyful acquaintance with the world's

masterpieces. He will therefore not endeavor to tell the history of the Panchatantra, but to tell what the

Panchatantra

is.

Whoever learns the work by Or through the story-teller's Becomes acquainted, His

life

by sad defeat

The king of heaven be

heart, art

although his foe

Is never tainted.

INTRODUCTION TO THE Panchatantra

TRANSLATOR'S INTRODUCTION

The Panchatantra is a niti-shastra y or textbook of niti. The word niti means roughly "the wise conduct of

life."

shame term

Many niti is,

Western

civilization

in realizing that

found

must endure a

certain

no precise equivalent of the

in English,

French, Latin, or Greek.

words are therefore necessary to explain what though the idea, once grasped, is clear, im-

portant, and satisfying. First of all, niti presupposes that one has conrejected, the possibility of living as a saint. It can be practiced only by a social being, and

sidered,

and

represents an admirable attempt to answer the insistent question how to win the utmost possible joy

from

life in

the world of men.

The negative foundation

security.

For example,

a mouse, his dwelling must contain recesses beyond the reach of a cat's paw. Pleasant stanzas concerning the necessity of security are scattered

one

throughout the work. Thus:

The poor are in peculiar need Of being secret when they feed; The lion killed the ram who could Not check his appetite for food. or again: In houses where no snakes are found, sleeps; or where the snakes are bound:

One

But perfect rest is hard to win With serpents bobbing out and

The mere

in.

negative foundation of security requires a considerable exercise of intelligence, since the world

THE PANCHATANTRA

swarms with rascals, and no sensible man can imagine them capable of reformation. Caress a rascal as you is a rascal

will,

He was and

still:

and sweating-treatments fail To take the kink from doggy's tail. All salve-

Yet roguery can be defeated;

for

its

nature

it is

stupid. Since scamp and sneak and snake So often undertake

A plan

that does not thrive, on, alive.

The world wags

Having made provision

for security, in the realiza-

tion that

A man

to thrive

Must keep

alive,

one faces the necessity of having money. The Panchatantra> being very wise, never falls into the vulgar error of supposing

must be

money

to be important.

there, in reasonable

unimportant, and what wise

important to

occupy

his

Money

amount, because

man

it is

permits things un-

mind? Time and again the

Panchatantra insists on the misery of poverty, with greatest detail in the story of "Gold's Gloom" in the

second book, never perhaps with more point than in the stanza:

A beggar And

to the graveyard hied

there "Friend corpse, arise," he cried;

"One moment lift my heavy weight Of poverty; for I of late

TRANSLATOR'S INTRODUCTION Grow weary, and

desire instead

Your comfort; you are good and dead." The corpse was silent. He was sure 'Twas better to be dead than poor.

Needless to say, worldly property need not be, indeed should not be, too extensive, since it has no value in possession, but only in use: In case of horse or book or sword,

Of woman, man or lute or word, The use or uselessness depends

qualities the user lends.

Now

for the positive content of niti. Granted seand freedom from degrading worry, then joy curity

from resolute, yet of use the active powers; from intercircumspect, course with like-minded friends; and above all, from results

from three occupations

exercise of the intelligence. Necessary, to begin with, for the experience of true joy in the world of men, is resolute action. The

worthy

difficulties are

not blinked: is no toy Called easy joy;

There

But man must

strain

body's pain.

Time and

again this note is struck the difficulty and the inestimable reward of sturdy action. Perhaps the

most splendid expression of

this essential part of niti

book, in the words which the crow, Live-Strong, addresses to his king, Cloudy: is

found

in the third

THE PANCHATANTRA

A noble purpose

to attain

Desiderates extended pain, Asks man's full greatness, pluck, and care, And loved ones aiding with a prayer. Yet if it climb to heart's desire, What man of pride and fighting fire, Of passion and of self-esteem Can bear the unaccomplished dream? His heart indignantly is bent (Through its achievement) on content.

Equal

stress is laid

of intelligent friends.

upon the winning and holding

The very name

of the second

book is "The Winning of Friends"; the name of the first book is "The Loss of Friends." Throughout the whole work, we are never permitted to be long oblivious of the rarity, the necessity, and the pricelessness of friendship with the excellent. For, indeed,

The days when meetings do not With wise and good

fail

Are lovely clearings on the trail Through life's wild wood.

So speaks Slow, the presses

turtle;

and

Swift, the crow, ex-

thus:

They

taste the best of bliss, are good, find life's truest ends,

And

glad and gladdening, rejoice In love, with loving friends.

Who,

Last of all, and in a sense including all else, is the use of the intelligence. Without it, no human joy is possible, nothing beyond animal happiness.

TRANSLATOR'S INTRODUCTION

For if there be no mind Debating good and ill,

And

religion

send

challenge to the will, If only greed be there For some material feast,

How

draw a

line

between

The man-beast and

the beast?

One must have at disposal all valid results ship, yet one must not be a scholar. For

of scholar-

Scholarship is less than sense; Therefore seek intelligence.

One must command

a wealth of detailed fact, ever

alert to the deceptiveness of seeming fact, since often-

times

The

firefly

seems a

Yet sky and

fly are

fire,

the sky looks

flat;

neither this nor that.

One must understand

that there is no substitute for no to end and the reward of discriminating judgment, judgment: To know oneself is hard, to know

Wise effort, effort vain; But accurate self-critics are Secure in times of strain.

One must be

ever conscious of the past, yet only as it offers material for wisdom, never as an object of

brooding regret: For lost and dead and past The wise have no laments: Between the wise and fools Is just this difference.

THE PANCHATANTRA

This

is the lofty consolation offered by a wooda to whose have been crushed pecker hen-sparrow eggs

by an elephant with the spring fever. And the whole matter finds its most admirable expression in the noble words of Cheek, the jackal: What is learning whose attaining Sees no passion wane, no reigning Love and self-control ? Does not make the mind a menial, Finds in virtue no congenial Path and final goal? Whose attaining is but straining For a name, and never gaining

Fame This

is nitty

or peace of soul ?

the harmonious development of the

life in which security, prosperity, resolute action, friendship, and good learning are so combined as to produce joy. It is a noble ideal, sham-

powers of man, a

ambitions, many vulgar catchour And this noble ideal is presented words of day. in an artistic form of perfect fitness, in five books of wise and witty stories, in most of which the actors are ing

many tawdry

animals.

in Better with the learned dwell, Even though it be in hell Than with vulgar spirits roam Palaces that gods call home.

;

Panchatantra y Book II

The word Panchatantra means the Pentateuch.

Each of the

five

the "Five Books,"

books

independ-

TRANSLATOR'S INTRODUCTION

ent, consisting of a framing story with numerous inserted stories, told, as fit circumstances arise, by

one or another of the characters in the main narrative. Thus, the first book relates the broken friendship of the lion Rusty and the bull Lively, with some thirty inserted stories, told for the most part by the

two jackals, Victor and Cheek. The second book has as its framing story the tale of the friendship of the crow, the mouse, the turtle, and the deer, whose names

and Spot. The third book has as framing story the war between crows and owls. These three books are of considerable length and show great skill in construction. A somewhat different impression is left by Books IV and V. The framing story of Book IV, the tale of the monkey and are Swift, Gold, Slow,

the crocodile, has less interest than the inserted Book can hardly be said to have a

stories, while

framing story, and it ends with a couple of grotesque tales, somewhat different in character from the others. These two shorter books, in spite of the charm of their contents, have the appearance of being addenda, and in some of the older recensions are reduced in bulk to the verge of extinction. The device of the framing story is familiar in oriental works, the instance best known to Europeans

being that of the Arabian Nights. Equally characterthe use of epigrammatic verses by the actors

istic is

in the various tales.

These verses are

for the

most

part quoted from sacred writings or other sources of

THE PANCHATANTRA

dignity and authority. It is as if the animals in some English beast-fable were to justify their actions by quotations from Shakespeare and the Bible. These

wise verses

it is

which make the

The

Panchatantra.

when regarded

stories,

real character of the

indeed,

as pure narrative; but

are

charming

the beauty, wisdom, and wit of the verses which lift the Panchatantra far above the level of the best story-books. It hardly needs to be sion, verse

prose.

The

added that

it is

in the present ver-

always rendered by verse, prose by of the individual stories, however,

titles

have been supplied by the

translator, since the orig-

inal has none.

large majority of the actors are animals, who of course, a fairly constant character. Thus, the have, lion is strong but dull of wit, the jackal crafty, the

The

heron stupid, the cat a hypocrite. The animal actors present, far more vividly and more urbanely than men a view life here recommended all and of free shrewd, undeceived, sentimentality; a view that, piercing the humbug of every false ideal,

could do, the view of

reveals with incomparable wit the sources of lasting

joy.

ARTHUR W. RYDER BERKELEY, CALIFORNIA July, 1925

INTRODUCTION One Vishnusharman, shrewdly

gleaning

All worldly wisdom's inner meaning, In these five books the charm compresses

Of all such books

And

this is

how

the world possesses.

happened.

In the southern country Delight. There lived a king

a city called Maidens'

named Immortal-Power.

He was familiar with all the works treating of the wise life. His feet were made dazzling by the in of from of the diadems of light jewels rays tangle mighty kings who knelt before him. He had reached

conduct of

the far shore of

the arts that embellish

all

life.

This

names were Rich-Power, Fierce-Power, Endless-Power, and they were supreme king had three

sons. Their

blockheads.

Now when

the king perceived that they were hostile to education, he summoned his counselors and said:

"Gentlemen,

it is

known

you that these sons

of mine, being hostile to education, are lacking in discernment. So when I behold them, my kingdom brings me no happiness, though all external thorns are

drawn. For there

wisdom

in the proverb:

Of sons unborn, or dead, or Unborn or dead will do:

fools,

THE PANCHATANTRA

They cause a little grief, no doubt; But fools, a long life through.

And

again:

To what good

purpose can a cow calf nor milk, be bent? Or why beget a son who proves A dunce and disobedient?

That brings no

Some means must

therefore be devised to

awaken

their intelligence."

they, one after another, replied: "O King, first one learns grammar, in twelve years. If this sub-

And

somehow been mastered, then one masters books on religion and practical life. Then the

ject has

the

intelligence

awakens."

But one of their number, a counselor named Keen, said: "O King, the duration of life is limited, and the verbal

sciences

much

time

for

mastery.

some kind of epitome be devised to intelligence. There is a proverb that says:

Therefore

wake

require

their

let

Since verbal science has no final end, Since life is short, and obstacles impend, Let central facts be picked and firmly fixed, As swans extract the milk with water mixed.

"Now

there

Brahman

here

named Vishnu-

sharman, with a reputation for competence in numerous sciences. Intrust the princes to him. He will certainly

make them

intelligent in a twinkling."

When the king had listened to this, he summoned Vishnusharman and said: "Holy sir, as a favor to me

INTRODUCTION

you must make these princes incomparable masters of the art of practical life. In return, I will bestow upon you a hundred land-grants." And Vishnusharman made answer to the king: "O King, listen. Here is the plain truth. I am not the man to sell good learning for a hundred land-grants. But if I do not, in six months' time, make the boys acquainted with the art of intelligent living, I will give up my own name. Let us cut the matter short. Listen to

lion-roar.

boasting arises from no

greed for cash. Besides, I

have no use

all

and

for

money;

the objects of sensual eighty years old, desire have lost their charm. But in order that your

request may be granted, I will show a sporting spirit in reference to artistic matters. Make a note of the date.

If I

fail

to render

your sons,

in six

months'

time, incomparable masters of the art of intelligent living, then His Majesty is at liberty to show me His

Majestic bare bottom." When the king, surrounded by his counselors, had listened to the Brahman's highly unconventional promise, he was penetrated with wonder, intrusted the princes to him, and experienced supreme content.

Meanwhile, Vishnusharman took the boys, went home, and made them learn by heart five books which he composed and called: (I) "The Loss of (II) "The Winning of Friends," "Crows and Owls," (IV) "Loss of Gains," (V)

Friends,"

considered Action."

(III) "Ill-

THE PANCHATANTRA

These the princes learned, and in six months' time they answered the prescription. Since that day this work on the art of intelligent living, called Panchatantra, or the "Five Books," has traveled the world, aiming at the awakening of intelligence in the

young.

To sum

the matter up:

Whoever learns the work by Or through the story-teller's Becomes acquainted, His

life

heart, art

by sad defeat although of heaven be his foe'

The king

Is never tainted.

BOOK I THE LOSS OF FRIENDS

BOOK

THE LOSS OF FRIENDS Here then begins Book

The

Friends."

first

called

"The Loss of

verse runs:

The forest lion and the bull Were linked in friendship, growing,

full:

A jackal

then estranged the friends For greedy and malicious ends.

And

this

how

happened.

In the southern country was a city called Maidens' Delight. It rivaled the city of heaven's King, so

abounding

every urban excellence as to form the

central jewel of Earth's diadem. Its contour was like that of Kailasa Peak. Its gates and palaces were stocked with machines, missile weapons, and chariots in great variety. Its central portal,

kila

Mountain, was

and arch,

all

fitted

massive as Indra-

with bolt and bar, panel

formidable, impressive, solid. Its numer-

ous temples lifted their firm bulk near spacious squares and crossings. It wore a moat-girdled zone of walls that recalled the high-uplifted Himalayas. In this city lived a merchant

named

Increase.

possessed a heap of numerous virtues, and a heap of money, a result of the accumulation of merit in earlier lives. 19

THE PANCHATANTRA

As he once pondered clusions took this form:

dead of night,

his con-

"Even an abundant

store of

in the

wealth, if pecked at, sinks together like a pile of soot.

very little, if added to, grows like an ant-hill. Hence, even though money be abundant, it should be increased. Riches unearned should be earned. What

What is guarded, is earned, should be guarded. should be enlarged and heedfully invested. Money, even if hoarded in commonplace fashion, is likely to many. Money unemployed when opportunities arise, is the same as

in a flash, the hindrances being

money unpossessed. Therefore, money once acquired should be guarded, increased, employed. As the proverb says: Release the

So keep

money you have

safely

earned;

still:

The surplus water of a tank Must find a way to spill. Wild elephants are caught by tame;

With

capital it is the same: In business, beggars have no scope Whose stock-in-trade is empty hope.

any fail to use his fate For joy in this or future state, His riches serve as foolish fetters; If

simply keeps them for his betters."

Having thus

set his

mind

in order,

he collected

merchandise bound for the city of Mathura, assembled his servants, and after saying farewell to his parents

when

asterism and lunar station were aus-

THE LOSS OF FRIENDS

from the city, with his people folblare of conch-shell and beat of with and lowing drum preceding. At the first water he bade his friends forth picious, set

turn back, while he proceeded. To bear the yoke he had two bulls of good omen. Their names were Joyful and Lively; they looked like

white clouds, and their chests were girded with golden bells.

Presently he reached a forest lovely with grisleas, acacias, dhaks, and sals, densely planted with other

charming aspect; fearsome with elephants, buffaloes, deer, grun ting-cows, boars, tigers, leopards, and bears; abounding in water that issued from the flanks of mountains; rich in caves and trees of

wild oxen,

thickets.

Here the bull Lively was overcome, partly by the excessive weight of the wagon, partly because one foot sank helpless where far-flung water from cascades

made

spot. At this spot the bull somehow the yoke and sank in a heap. When the snapped driver saw that he was down, he jumped excitedly from the wagon, ran to the merchant not far away,

muddy

and humbly bowing, said: "Oh, my lord! Lively was wearied by the trip, and sank in the mud." On hearing this, merchant Increase was deeply

He halted for five nights, but when the poor not return to health, he left caretakers with a supply of fodder, and said: "You must join me

dejected. bull did

later, bringing Lively, if he lives; if he dies, after per-

THE PANCHATANTRA

forming the last sad rites." Having given these rections, he started for his destination.

di-

the next day, the men, fearing the many drawforest, started also and made a false re-

backs of the

port to their master. "Poor Lively died," they said, "and we performed the last sad rites with fire and

everything else." And the merchant, feeling grieved for a mere moment, out of gratitude performed a ceremony that included rites for the departed, then

journeyed without hindrance to Mathura. In the meantime, Lively, since his fate willed it and further life was predestined, hobbled step by step to the bank of the Jumna, his body invigorated by a mist of spray from the cascades. There he browsed on the emerald tips of grass-blades, and in a

few days grew plump as Shiva's bull, high-humped, and full of energy. Every day he tore the tops of antwith goring horns, and frisked like an elephant. But one day a lion named Rusty, with a retinue of kinds of animals, came down to the bank of the

hills

all

Jumna

for water.

There he heard Lively's prodigious

The sound

troubled his heart exceedingly, but he concealed his inner feelings while beneath a

bellow.

spreading banyan tree he drew up his is called the Circle of Four.

company

what

Now

the divisions of the Circle of Four are given

as: (i) the lion, (2) the lion's guard, (3) the under-

strappers, (4)

the menials.

all

cities,

capitals,

towns, hamlets, market-centers, settlements, border-

THE LOSS OF FRIENDS

land-grants, monasteries, and communities there is just one occupant of the lion's post. Relalion's guard. The undertively few are active as the

posts,

The menials strappers are the indiscriminate throng. classes are three The outskirts. are posted on the each divided into members high, middle, and low. Now Rusty, with counselors and intimates, en-

joyed a kingship of the following order. His royal

though lacking the pomp of umbrella, flyflap, fan, vehicle, and amorous display, was held erect by sheer pride in the sentiment of unaffected pluck. It

office,

showed unbroken haughtiness and abounding selfesteem. It manifested a native zeal for unchecked power that brooked no rival. It was ignorant of cringing speech, which it delegated to those who like that

by means of impatience, wrath, haste, and hauteur. Its manly goal was fearsort of thing. It functioned

lessness, disdaining fawning, strange to obsequious-

ness,

unalarmed. It but glittered in

made

use of no wheedling arti-

on enterprise, valor, dignity. It was independent, unattached, free from selfish worry. It advertised the reward of manliness by its pleasure in benefiting others. It was unconquered, free from constraint and meanness, while it had no thought of elaborating defensive works. It fices,

its

reliance

kept no account of revenue and expenditure. It knew no deviousness nor time-serving, but was prickly with the energy earned by loftiness of spirit. It wasted no deliberation on the conventional six expedients, nor

THE PANCHATANTRA

hoard weapons or jewelry. It had an uncomappetite for power, never adopted subterfuges, was never an object of suspicion. It paid no heed to did

mon

wives or ambush-layers, to their torrents of tears or their squeals. It was without reproach. It had no artificial training in the use of weapons, but it did not disappoint expectations. It found satisfactory food and shelter without dependence on servants.

had no timidity about any foreign forest, and no alarms. Its head was high. As the proverb says: It

The

lion needs, in forest station, trappings and no education, But lonely power and pride; And all the song his subjects sing, Is in the words: "O King! King!"

And

epithet beside.

again:

The

lion needs, for his appointing,

ceremony, no anointing; His deeds of heroism bring Him fortune. Nature crowns him king.

The elephant is the lion's meat, With drops of trickling ichor sweet; Though lack thereof should come to The lion does not nibble grass.

Now

Rusty had

pass,

two jackals, sons of counselors, but out of a job. Their names were Cheek and Victor. These two conferred secretly, and Victor said :

in his train

"My dear Cheek, just look at our master Rusty.

He came this way for water.

For what reason does he

THE LOSS OF FRIENDS crouch here so disconsolate ?" fellow?" said Cheek. "There

"Why meddle, my dear is

a saying:

Death pursues the meddling flunkey: Note the wedge-extracting monkey."

"How was

that?" asked Victor.

And Cheek

told

the story of

THE WEDGE-PULLING MONKEY There was a city in a certain region. In a grove near by, a merchant was having a temple built. Each day at the noon hour the foreman and workers would go to the city for lunch. Now one day a troop of monkeys came upon the half-built temple. There lay a tremendous anj analog,

which a mechanic had begun to

split,

a wedge of

acacia-wood being thrust in at the top.

There the monkeys began their playful frolics upon tree-top, lofty roof, and woodpile. Then one of them, whose doom was near, thoughtlessly bestrode the log, thinking: "Who stuck a wedge in this queer place?" So he seized it with both hands and started to

work it loose.

Now what happened when the wedge

gave at the spot where his private parts entered the cleft, that, sir,

you know without being

told.

"And that is why I say that meddling should be avoided by the intelligent. And you know," he continued, "that we two pick up a fair living just from his leavings."

THE PANCHATANTRA

"But," said Victor, "how can you give first-rate service merely from a desire for food with no desire for distinction ? There is wisdom in the saying: In hurting foes and helping friends

The wise perceive the proper ends Of serving kings. The belly's call

And

answer,

no job

all.

again:

When many Then

A crow, His

lives

life is life

on one depend, indeed:

with beak equipped, can

fill

belly's selfish need.

If loving kindness be not shown To friends and souls in pain, To teachers, servants, and one's self, What use in life, what gain?

A crow will And

live for many years eat the offered grain.

A dog is quite contented He

gets a meatless bone,

dirty thing with gristle-strings

And marrow-fat alone And not enough of it at that To still his belly's moan. The

lion scorns the jackal, though his paws, to smite

Between

The elephant. For everyone, However sad his plight, Demands the recompense that he Esteems

his native right.

THE LOSS OF FRIENDS

Dogs wag their tails and fawn and roll, Bare mouth and belly, at your feet: Bull-elephants show self-esteem,

Demand much

tiny

coaxing ere they eat.

rill

quick to fill, And quick a mouse's paws; So seedy men Is

Are grateful, when There is but little cause. if there be no mind Debating good and ill,

For

And

if religion

send

challenge to the will, If only greed be there For some material feast, How draw a line between

The man-beast and

Or more

the beast?

accurately yet: Since cattle draw the plow

Through rough and

level soil,

And bend their patient necks To heavy wagons' toil, Are kind, of sinless

And

birth, find in grass a feast,

How

can they be compared With any human beast?"

"But

at present/' said Cheek, "we two hold no at court. So why meddle?" dear fellow," job said Victor, "after a little the jobless man does hold

"My

a job. As the saying goes:

THE PANCHATANTRA

The jobless man

hired

For careful serving;

The

holder

may

fired,

If undeserving.

No character moves up or down At others' smile or others' frown; But honor or contempt on earth Will follow conduct's inner worth.

And

once more: It costs

effort still

carry stones uphill; They tumble in a trice: So virtue, and so vice."

"Well," said Cheek, "what do you wish to imply?" And Victor answered: "You see, our master is frightened, his servants are frightened, and he does know what to do." "How can you be sure of

not

that?" asked Cheek, and Victor said: "Isn't

ox can understand, of course, The spoken word; a driven horse

elephant, exerts his force;

But men of wisdom can infer Unuttered thought from features' For wit rewards its worshiper.

And

again:

From feature, gesture, gait, From twitch, or word, From change in eye or face Is thought inferred.

stir

plain?

THE LOSS OF FRIENDS

So by virtue of native intelligence I intend to get him into my power this very day." "Why," said Cheek, "you do not know how to make yourself useful to a superior. So tell me. How can you establish power over him?" "And why, my good fellow, do I not know how to

make myself useful?"

said Victor. "The saintly poet has the sung entry of the Pandu princes into Vyasa Virata's court. From his poem I learned the whole

duty of a functionary. You have heard the proverb:

No To

burden enervates the strong; enterprise no road is long;

The

well-informed

countries range;

all

To flatterers no man

strange."

But Cheek objected: "He might perhaps despise you for forcing yourself into a position that does not belong to you." "Yes," said Victor, "there is point in that. However, I am also a judge of occasions.

And

there are rules, as follows:

The Lord

of Learning, speaking to

A false occasion, Will meet with hatred, and of course

Lack

And

all

persuasion.

again:

The

favorite's business

A sudden When

comes to be

source of king's ennui,

he is thoughtful, trying scents, Retiring, or in conference.

THE PANCHATANTRA

And

once again:

hours of talk or squabbling rude,

Of physic,

barber, flirting, food,

A gentleman does not intrude. Let everyone be cautious

In palaces of kings; let not students rummage In their professor's things: For naughty meddlers suffer Destruction swift and sure, Like evening candles, lighted In houses of the poor.

And

Or put

it this

way:

entering a palace,

Adjust a modest dress; Go slowly, bowing lowly In timely humbleness; And sound the kingly temper, And kingly whims no less.

this

way: Though ignorant and common, Unworth the honoring,

Men win to royal favor By standing near the

king:

For kings and vines and maidens

And

nearest neighbors cling.

once again:

The

servant in his master's face Discerns the signs of wrath and grace, And though the master jerk and tack, The servant slowly mounts his back.

THE LOSS OF FRIENDS And

finally:

brave, the learned, he who wins bureaucratic power These three, alone of all mankind,

The

Can pluck

"Now

let

earth's golden flower.

inform you

how power

dancing attendance on a master.

Win the friendly counselors, To the monarch dear, Win persuasive speakers; so Gain the royal

ear.

the undiscerning

mob

'Tis not wise to toil:

No man

reaps a harvest

Plowing barren

soil.

Serve a king of merit, though Friendless, destitute;

After some delay, you pluck

Long-enduring

fruit.

Hate your master, and you

fill

Servant's meanest state:

Not

discerning

'Tis yourself

whom

to serve,

you hate.

Treat the dowager, the queen,

And

the king-to-be,

Chaplain, porter, counselor, Most obsequiously.

One who

seeks the

van

in fights.

In the palace clings, In the city walks behind, Is beloved of kings.

gained by

THE PANCHATANTRA One who

flatters when addressed, Does the proper things,

Acts without expressing doubts. Is beloved of kings.

One, the royal gifts of cash Prudently who flings, Wearing gifts of garments, he Is beloved of kings.

One who never makes

That his master stings, Never boisterously laughs, Is beloved of kings.

One who never hearkens

Queenly whisperings, In the women's quarters dumb, Is beloved of kings.

One who, even

in distress,

Never boasts and

sings

Of his

master's favor, he Is beloved of kings.

One who

hates his master's foe,

Loves his friend, and brings Pain or joy to either one, Is beloved of kings.

One who never

disagrees,

Blames, or pulls the strings Of intrigue with enemies, Is beloved of kings.

THE LOSS OF FRIENDS

One who

finds in battle, peace Free from questionings, Thinks of exile as of home, Is beloved of kings.

One who thinks of dice as Wine as poison-stings,

death,

Others' wives as statues, he Is beloved of kings."

"Well," said Cheek, "when you come into his presence, what do you intend to say first? Please tell me that."

And

Victor replied:

"Answers, after speech begins, Further answers breed, As a seed, with timely rain,

Ripens other seed.

And

besides:

clever servant

shows

his

master

The gleam of triumph or disaster From good or evil courses springing, And shows him wit, decision-bringing.

The man

possessing such a wit Should magnify and foster it; Thereby he earns a livelihood And public honor from the good.

And

there

a saying:

Let anyone who does not seek His master's fall, unbidden speak; So act at least the excellent:

The

other kind are different."

THE PANCHATANTRA

"But," said Cheek, "kings are hard There is a saying: In sensuous

And

to conciliate.

coil

heartless toil,

In sinuous course

And armored

force,

In savage harms

That In

all

yield to charms these things

Are snakes

like kings.

Uneven, rough, high enough Yet low folk roam Their flanks as home, And wild things haunt Them, hungry, gaunt

And

all

Are

these things

hills like kings.

The

things that claw, and the things that gore Are unreliable things; And so is a man with a sword in his hand, And rivers, and women, and kings."

"Quite true," said Victor. "However: The clever man soon penetrates The subject's mind, and captivates.

him when angry; Love his friend and hate his foe; Duly advertise his presents Trust no magic win him so. Cringe, and flatter

And

yet: If a

man

excel in action, Learning, fluent word,

THE LOSS OF FRIENDS Make

yourself his

While

humble servant

his

power is stirred, Quick to leave him at the moment When he grows absurd. Plant your words where profit lies: Whiter cloth takes faster dyes. Till

you know his power and manhood, no scope:

Effort has

Moonlight's glitter vainly rivals Himalaya's slope."

And Cheek

replied:

"If you have

made up your

mind, then seek the feet of the king. Blest be your journeyings. May your purpose be accomplished.

heedful in the presence of the king; also to your health and fortune cling."

Then Victor bowed

to his friend,

and went

meet

Rusty.

Now when Rusty saw Victor approaching, he said "Away with your reed of office! an old acquaintance, the counselor's son VicHe has free entrance. Let him come in. He be-

to the doorkeeper:

This tor.

longs to the second circle." So Victor entered, bowed to Rusty, and sat down on the seat indicated to him.

Then Rusty extended

a right

paw adorned with

claws as formidable as thunderbolts, and said respectfully: "Do you enjoy health? Why has so long a time passed since you were last visible?" tor replied:

"Even though

present need of me,

still

And

Vic-

royal master has no

ought to report at the

THE PANCHATANTRA

proper time. For there is nothing that may not render service to a king. As the saying goes:

clean a tooth or scratch an ear

A straw may serve

a king:

A man, with speech and action, is A higher kind of thing. "Besides,

we who

are ancestral servants of our

royal master, follow him even in disasters. For us there is no other course. Now the proverb says: Set in

fit

position each

Gem or serving-man; No tiaras on the toes, Just because you

cam

Servants leave the kings

who

their

Qualities ignore,

Even

kings of lofty line,

Wealthy, served of yore.

Lacking honor from their equals, Jobless, dfcIassS,

Servants give their master notice That they will not stay.

And

again: If set in tin, a

gem

that would

Adorn a golden frame, Will never scream nor fail to gleam, Yet tells its wearer's shame.

The king who

reads a servant's mind Dull, faithless, faithful, wise May servants find of every kind

For every

enterprise.

THE LOSS OF FRIENDS "And

as for

my master's remark:

long since you were last visible/ pray hear the reason of that:

Where just

distinction

Between the

left

and

'It is

not drawn

right,

The

self-respecting, if they can, Will quickly take to flight.

If masters

Among

distinction

make

their servants, then

They lose the zealous Of energetic men.

offices

And

in a market where it seems That no distinctions hold Between red-eye and ruby, how Can precious gems be sold?

There must be bonds of union In

all

their dealings, since

prince can lack his servants Nor servants lack a prince.

"Yet the nature of the servant also depends on the master's quality. As the saying goes: In case of horse or book or sword,

Of woman, man or lute or word, The use or uselessness depends

qualities the user lends.

"And another because

Silk

point.

You do wrong

to despise

a jackal. For

comes from worms, and gold from stone;

From cow's hair sacred grass is grown; The water-lily springs from mud; From cow-dung sprouts the lotus-bud;

THE PANCHATANTRA

The moon

its rise from ocean takes; proceed from hoods of snakes; cows' bile yellow dyestuffs come;

And gems From

And

fire in wood is quite at home: The worthy, by display of worth,

Attain distinction, not by birth.

And

again: Kill,

although domestic born,

Any

hurtful mouse:

Bribe an alien cat

who

will

Help to clean the house.

And

once again:

How

use the faithful, lacking power?

Or strong, who evil do? But me, O King, you should not For I am strong and true.

scorn,

Scorn not the wise who penetrate Truth's universal law; They are not men to be restrained

By money's petty straw: When beauty glistens on their By trickling ichor lent,

cheeks

Bull-elephants feel lotus-chains

As no impediment."

"Oh," said Rusty, "you must not say such things. are our counselor's son, an old retainer." "O

You

King," said Victor, "there is something that should be said." And the king replied: "My good fellow,

what is in your heart." Then Victor began: "My master set out to take water. Why did he turn back and camp here?" And reveal

THE LOSS OF FRIENDS Rusty, concealing his inner it

"Victor,

King," said the jackal, "if not a thing to disclose, then let it be.

just happened so."

it is

feelings, said:

Some things a man should tell his Some things to friend and some

All these are trusted.

wife, to son;

should not

Tell everything to everyone."

Hereupon Rusty reflected: "He seems trustworthy. I will tell him what I have in mind. For the proverb says:

You find repose, in sore disaster, By telling things to powerful master, To honest servant, faithful friend, Or wife who loves you till the end. Friend Victor, did you hear a great voice in the distance?" "Yes, master, I did," said Victor. "What of it?"

And Rusty

continued:

tend to leave this forest."

"My

"Why?"

cause," said Rusty, "there has

some prodigious

good

creature, from

fellow, I in-

said Victor. "Be-

come

into our forest

whom we

hear this

great voice. His nature must correspond to his voice, and his power to his nature."

"What!" said Victor. "Is our master frightened by a mere voice? You know the proverb: Water undermines the dikes; Love dissolves when malice strikes; Secrets melt when babblings start; Simple words melt dastard hearts.

THE PANCHATANTRA

would be improper

the forest which was

our master abruptly

won by

his ancestors

left

and has

been so long in the family. For they say: Wisely move one foot; the other Should its vantage hold; Till assured of some new dwelling, Do not leave the old.

"Besides, many kinds of sounds are heard here. Yet they are nothing but noises, not a warning of

danger. For example,

we hear

thunder, wind among the

the sounds

made by

reeds, lutes, drums,

tam-

bourines, conch-shells, bells, wagons, banging doors, machines, and other things. They are nothing to be afraid of.

As the verse

says:

If a king be brave, however Fierce the foe and grim,

Sorrows of humiliation Do not wait for him.

And

again: Bravest bosoms do not falter, Fearing heaven's threat: Summer dries the pools; the Indus Rises, greater yet.

And

once again: Mothers bear on

rare occasions the world a chief, Glad in luck and brave in battle,

Undepressed in

And

grief.

yet again:

not act as does the grass-blade.

Lacking honest pride,

THE LOSS OF FRIENDS Drooping low

in feeble

meanness,

Lightly brushed aside.

My master must take this point of view and reinforce his resolution, not fear a

mere sound. As the saying

goes: I

thought at

first

that

was

full

Of fat; I crept within And there I did not find a thing Except some wood and skin."

"How was

that?" asked Rusty.

And

Victor told

the story of

THE JACKAL AND THE WAR-DRUM In a certain region was a jackal whose throat was pinched by hunger. While wandering in search of food, he

came upon a

midst of a

forest.

And

king's battle as he lingered a

ground

in the

moment there,,

he heard a great sound. This sound troubled his heart exceedingly, so that he fell into deep dejection and said: "Ah me! Disaster is upon me. I am as good as dead already. Who

made

that sound?

What

kind of a creature?"

But on peering about, he spied a war-drum that loomed like a mountain-peak, and he thought: "Was that sound its natural voice, or was it induced from without?" Now when the drum was struck by the tips of grasses

but was

swaying in the wind,

dumb

made the sound,

at other times.

So he recognized its helplessness, and crept quite near. Indeed, his curiosity led him to strike it him-

THE PANCHATANTRA

on both heads, and he became gleeful at the thought: "Aha! After long waiting food comes even to me. For this is sure to be stuffed with meat and

self

fat."

Having come to this conclusion, he picked a spot, gnawed a hole, and crept in. And though the leather covering was tough, still he had the luck not to break his teeth. But he was disappointed to find it pure wood and skin, and recited a stanza: Its voice

With

And

was

fierce; I

thought

stuffed

so crept within; there I did not find a thing fat,

Except some wood and

skin.

So he backed out, laughing to himself, and said: I

thought at

first

that

was

full

Of fat, .... and the

rest of

it.

"And that is why I say that one should not be troubled by a mere sound." "But," said Rusty, "these retainers of mine are terrified and wish to run away. So how

am I

to reinforce

my resolution ?" And

Victor answered: "Master, they are not to blame. For servants take after the master. You know the proverb:

In case of horse or book or sword,

Of woman, man or lute or word, The use or uselessness depends

qualities the user lends.

THE LOSS OF FRIENDS

"Then summon your manhood and remain on spot until I return, the creature.

Then

said Rusty, "are

having ascertained the nature of act as seems proper." "What!"

you plucky enough

And Victor answered: "When is

there

difference

any

this

go there?"

the master

between

commands, 'possible' and 'im-

good servant? As the proverb says: Good servants, when their lords command,

possible' to the

Behold no fear on any hand, Cross pathless seas if he desire

gladly enter flaming

fire.

The

servant who, his lord commanding, Should strive to reach an understanding On labors hard or easy, he King's counselor should never be."

"If you

feel so,

my dear fellow," said Rusty, "then

go. Blest be your journeyings." So Victor bowed low and set out in the direction

of the sound

made by Lively. And when he was gone,

Rusty 's heart, so that he thought: him to the "Ah, of in what mind. is my Perhaps this revealing point Victor will betray me by taking wages from both parties, or from spite at losing his job. For the provterror troubled I

made

a sad mistake in trusting

erb says:

A servant suffering

from a king Dishonor after honoring, Though born and trained to service,

Be eager

to destroy

him

still.

will

THE PANCHATANTRA

44 "So

go elsewhere and wait, in order to learn Perhaps Victor might even bring the thing along and try to kill me. As the saying goes: The trustful strong are caught I will

his purpose.

By weaker

foes with ease;

The wary weak are safe From strongest enemies."

Thus he

set his

mind

in order,

went elsewhere, and

all alone, spying on Victor's procedure. Meanwhile Victor drew near to Lively, discovered that he was a bull, and reflected gleefully: "Well,

waited

This

lucky. I shall get Rusty into my power him war or peace with this fellow. before by 'dangling As the proverb puts it: well

All counselors

draw

profit

from

king in worries pent, And that is why they always wish For him, embarrassment.

As men

in health require

no drug

Their vigor to restore, So kings, relieved of worry, seek Their counselors no more."

With

meet Rusty. And Rusty, seeing him coming, assumed his former attitude in an effort to put a good face on the matter. So when Victor had come near, had bowed low, and had seated himself, Rusty said: "My good fellow, did you see the creature?" "I saw him," said Victor, "through my master's grace." "Are you tellthese thoughts in mind, he returned to

THE LOSS OF FRIENDS

ing the truth?" asked Rusty. And Victor answered: "How could I report anything else to my gracious

master? For the proverb says: Whoever makes before a king Small statements, but untrue, Brings certain ruin on his gods

And on

And

his teacher, too.

again:

The king

incarnates

all

the gods,

So sing the sages old; Then treat him like the gods: to him Let nothing false be told.

And

once again:

The king

incarnates

all

the gods,

Yet with a difference: He pays for good or ill at once;

The

gods, a lifetime hence."

"Yes," said Rusty, "I suppose you really did see him. The great do not become angry with the mean.

the proverb says:

The hurricane innocuous passes O'er feeble, lowly bending grasses, But tears at lofty trees: the great Their prowess greatly demonstrate."

And Victor replied:

knew beforehand

that

master would speak thus. So why waste words?

I will

bring the creature into my gracious master's presence." And when Rusty heard this, joy overspread

and his mind felt supreme satisfaction. Meanwhile Victor returned and called reproach-

his lotus-face,

THE PANCHATANTRA

fully to Lively:

Come

"Come

you

here,

villainous bull!

Our master Rusty asks why you are not afraid to keep up this meaningless bellowing." And Lively answered: "My good fellow, who is this person named Rusty?" "What!" said Victor, "you do not even know our here!

master Rusty?"

And

he continued with indignation: "The consequences will teach you. He has a retinue of all kinds of animals. He dwells beside the spreading banyan tree. His heart is high with pride. He is lord of life and wealth. His name is Rusty. He is a

mighty

lion."

When good

Lively heard this, he thought himself as and he fell into deep dejection, saying:

as dead,

dear fellow, you appear to be sympathetic and eloquent. So if you cannot avoid conducting me

"My

there,

me a gracious are quite right," said Victor.

pray cause the master to grant

safe-conduct."

"You

"Your request shows

savoirfaire.

For

The earth has a limit, The mountains, the sea; The deep thoughts of kings

are

Without boundary.

Do you

then remain in this spot. Later, when I have held him to an agreement, I will conduct you to him."

Then Victor returned ter,

Rusty and

no ordinary creature.

vehicle of blessed Shiva.

And when I

he said: 'Great Shiva was

satisfied

said:

"Mas-

has served as the questioned him, with me and bade

THE LOSS OF FRIENDS

crop the grass beside the Jumna. Why long story of it? The blessed one has given " forest as a playground/

make

this

At this Rusty was frightened, and he said: "I knew it, I knew it. Only by special favor of the gods do creatures wander in a wild wood, bellowing like that, and fearlessly cropping the grass. But what did you say?" "Master," said Victor, "I said: This forest

the

domain of Rusty, vehicle of Shiva's passionate wife. Hence you come as a guest. You must meet him,

must spend your time in brotherly love, must eat, drink, work, play, and make your home with him/ All this he promised, adding: 'You must make your master grant me a safe-conduct/ As to that, the master

the sole judge/' this

Rusty was delighted and

said: "Splendid,

You must have tak-

my intelligent servant, splendid! en counsel with my own heart before speaking.

grant

him a safe-conduct. You must hasten to conduct him here, but not until he too has bound himself by oath toward me. Yes, there

sound sense

ing: Polished, fully tested, Sturdy too, and straight Are the pillars proper

a house

or state.

Again:

Wit

is shown in hours of crisis: Doctors' wit, in sore disease;

in the say-

THE PANCHATANTRA

Counselors', in patching friendship All are wise in hours of ease."

Now Lively:

Victor thought, as he set out to meet

The master is gracious to me do my bidding. So there is none more For

"Well, well!

and ready

blest than

Four things are nectar: milky food;

A fire in

chilly weather;

An honor granted by the king; And loved ones, come together." So he found Lively, and said friend, I

won

respectfully:

"My

the old master's favor for you, and

made

him give you a safe-conduct. You may go without anxiety. Still, though you have favor in the eyes of the king, you must act in agreement with me. You must not play the haughty master. I for my part, in alliance

with you,

will take the r&le

of counselor,

and bear the whole burden of administration. Thus we shall both enjoy royal affluence. For

A sinful

chase

yet

men can

stalk

The treasures of the crown: One starts the quajrry from its Another

And

strikes

lair;

down.

again:

Whoever is too haughty to Pay king's retainers honor due, Will find his feet are tottering

So merchant Strong-Tooth with the king."

"How was the story of

that?" asked Lively.

And

Victor told

THE LOSS OF FRIENDS

MERCHANT STRONG-TOOTH There

surface. In

a city called Growing City on the earth's lived a merchant named Strong-Tooth

who directed

the whole administration. So long as he

handled city business and royal business, all the inhabitants were satisfied. Why spin it out? Nobody ever saw or heard of his like for cleverness. For there is

much wisdom

in the proverb:

Suppose he minds the king's affairs, The common people hate him; And if he plays the democrat, The prince will execrate him: So, since the struggling interests

Are wholly contradictory,

A manager is hard Who gives them While he occupied daughter married.

to find

both the victory.

this position,

he once had a

the wedding he invited

all

the

townspeople and the king's entourage, paid them much honor, feasted them, and regaled them with gifts of garments and the like. And when the wedding was over, he conducted the king home with his ladies and showed him reverence. Now the king had a house-cleaning drudge named Bull, who took a seat that did not belong to him this in the very palace, and in the presence of the king's professor. So Strong-Tooth administered a cuffing and drove him out. From that moment the humiliation so rankled in Bull's inner soul that he had no rest even at night. Yet he thought: "After all.

THE PANCHATANTRA

should I grow thin? It does me no good. For cannot possibly hurt him. And there is sense in the

why I

saying: Indulge no angry, shameless wish To hurt, unless you can:

The

chick-pea, hopping up and down, Will crack no frying-pan."

Now

one morning, as he was sweeping near the bed where the king lay half awake, he said: "What

impudence! Strong-Tooth kisses the queen." When the king heard this, he jumped up in a hurry, crying: Is that thing true that you were the queen been kissed by Strong-

"Come, come, Bull muttering? Has

Tooth?"

"O King," answered Bull, "I was awake all night because I am passionately fond of gambling. So sleep overpowered me even when I was busy with my sweeping. I do not know what I said." But the jealous king thought: "Yes, he has free entrance to my palace. So has Strong-Tooth. Per-

haps he actually saw the fellow hugging the queen. For the proverb says: Whate'er a man desires, sees, does In broad daylight, Still mindful, he will say or do Asleep at night.

And

again:

Whatever

Men

secrets, good or ill, in their bosoms keep,

Are soon betrayed when they are drunk

talking in their sleep.

THE LOSS OF FRIENDS In any case, what doubt can there be where a is concerned?

woman

With one she tries the gossip's art; Her glances with a second flirt; She holds another

in her heart: does she love enough to hurt?

Whom And

again:

The The

logs will glut the hungry fire, rivers glut the sea's desire,

And Death The

flirt

with life be glutted, when has had enough of men.

No chance, no corner No man to woo;

dark,

Then, holy sage, you find

A woman

And

true.

once again:

The blunderhead who 'My love loves me,' Is ever in her

tame

thinks:

power;

bird, he."

lamentation, he withdrew his favor from forthwith Strong-Tooth. Not to make a long of he his entrance at court. forbade it, story

After

all this

When

Strong-Tooth saw that the monarch's favor was suddenly withdrawn, he thought: "Ah me!

There

wisdom

in the stanza:

Whom does not fortune render proud? Whom does not death lay low? To what

rout do passions not Bring never ceasing woe?

THE PANCHATANTRA

What

beggar can be dignified?

Whose heart no woman stings? Who, trapped by scamps, comes safely

Who

And

off?

beloved of kings?

again:

Who ever saw or heard A gambler's truthful word, A neat and cleanly crow, A woman going slow In love, a kindly snake,

A eunuch's pluck awake, A drunkard's love of science, A king in friends' alliance? And yet I the king

never committed an unfriendly act against or anyone else not even in a dream, not

even by mere words. So his favor from me?"

why does

the king withdraw

Now one day Bull, the sweeper, saw StrongTooth stopped at the palace gate, and he laughed aloud, saying to the doorkeepers: "Be careful, doorkeepers! This fellow Strong-Tooth's temper has been spoiled by the king's favor and he dispenses arrests

and

releases. If

you stop him, you

will get

a cuffing,

just like me."

And Strong-Tooth see. It

was

reflected

on hearing

Bull's doing. Well, there

this:

proverb:

Though

and lacking pride, the monarch's side

foolish, base,

A servant at

Will have his honor satisfied.

sense in the

THE LOSS OF FRIENDS Though

fashioned on a cowardly plan a royal servant can

And mean,

Resent affronts from any man."

After this lamentation he went home, abashed and deeply stirred. Then he summoned Bull in the eve-

him two garments as an honorable present, and said: "My good fellow, I did not drive you out by order of the king. It was because I saw you, in the chaplain's presence, sitting where you did not belong, ning, gave

humiliated you." Bull received the two garments as if they were the Kingdom of Heaven, and feeling intense that

Now

satisfaction,

you.

he said:

You will

"Friend merchant, I forgive soon see the reward of the honor shown

and such things." With this glee. For there is wisdom in the

in the king's favor

he departed in high saying:

A little thing will lift him A little make him fall:

high,

'Twixt balance-beam and scamp there

difference at

all.

the next day Bull entered the palace, and did his sweeping. And while the king lay half awake, he said: "What intelligence! When our king sits at stool,

he eats a cucumber."

Now the king, hearing this, rose in amazement and "Come, come, Bull! What twaddle is this? But I remember that you are a house-servant and do not kill you. Did you ever see me engaged in that occupasaid:

tion?"

THE PANCHATANTRA

"O cause

King," said Bull, "I was awake all night beam passionately fond of gambling. So drowsi-

ness overcame

me in

the very act of doing

my sweep-

do not know what I was muttering. Pardon I was really asleep." master. me, Then the king thought: "Why, from the day of my birth I never ate a cucumber while engaged in ing. I

And since this

that occupation.

blockhead has talked

unimaginable nonsense about me, it must be the same with Strong-Tooth. This being so, I made a mistake in taking the poor man's honors from him. Nothing of the sort is conceivable with such men. And in his

absence

all

the king's business and city business

loose ends."

After thus considering the matter from every point of view, he summoned Strong-Tooth, presented him with gems from his own person and with gar-

ments, and reinstated him.

"And

that

why

Whoever

Pay

and the

I say:

too haughty to

king's retainers

rest of it."

"your argument

honor due, ....

dear fellow," said Lively, quite convincing. Let it be as you

"My

say." After this Victor took

him

Rusty and

said:

King, here is Lively. I have brought him hither. The future rests with the king." Then Lively bowed respectfully

and stood before the king

in a

modest

atti-

THE LOSS OF FRIENDS

Thereupon Rusty extended over him a right paw plump, firm, massive, adorned with claws as formidable as thunderbolts, and said with deference: "Do you enjoy health ? Why do you dwell in this wild wood?" tude.

Thus questioned, Lively

related accurately his

separation from merchant Increase and the others. And Rusty, after listening to the story, said: "Have no fear, comrade. Protected by my paws, lead your

own

life

in this forest.

Furthermore, you must

ways take your amusements forest has

many

al-

For this swarms with

my vicinity.

drawbacks, since

numerous savage creatures." And Lively made answer: "Very well, O King." Then the king of beasts went down to the bank of the Jumna, drank and bathed his fill, and plunged again into the forest, wherever inclination led him. Thus the time passed, the mutual affection of the two increasing daily. Now Lively had assimilated solid intelligence by mastering numerous authoritative works, so that in a very few days he planted discernment in Rusty, dull as was his mind. He weaned him from forest habits and taught him village manners. Why spin it out? Lively and Rusty did nothing but hold secret confabulations every day. This being so, all the other animals of the retinue

were kept at a distance. As for the two jackals, they did not even have the entre. More than that, as soon as they lacked the lion's prowess, the whole com-

THE PANCHATANTRA

pany of animals, not excluding the two jackals, suffered grievously from hunger and huddled together. As the proverb puts it:

A king, A And

though proud and pure of birth, Will see his servants flee court where no rewards are won, As birds a withered tree.

again:

They may be honored gentlemen, They may devoted be, Yet servants leave a monarch who Forgets the salary.

While, on the other hand:

A king may scold Yet servants If he but

Upon

hold,

pay

the day.

Indeed, all the creatures in this world, adopting cajolery or one of the other three devices, live by eating one another. For example:

Some eat the countries; these are kings; The doctors, those whom sickness stings; The merchants, those who buy their things;

And

learned men, the fools.

The married are the clergy's meat; The thieves devour the indiscreet; The flirts their eager lovers eat; And Labor eats us all. They keep deceitful snares in play; They lie in wait by night and day;

THE LOSS OF FRIENDS And when Like

Now

fish

occasion offers, prey

lesser fish.

Cheek and

Victor, robbed of their master's

for their throats were favor, took counsel together pinched with hunger. And Victor said: "Cheek, my noble friend, we two seem to have lost our job. For

Rusty takes such delight

in Lively's conversation that he neglects his business. And the whole court is scattered every which way. What is to be done?"

And Cheek replied: "Even

the master does not

you should admonish him to

take your advice,

still

correct his faults.

For the proverb says:

Good

counselors should warn a king Although he pay no heed (As Vidur warned the monarch blind) To cease from evil deed.

And

again:

Good From

counselors or drivers may not duck kings or elephants that run amuck.

Besides, in introducing this grass-nibbler to the master you were handling live coals." And Victor an-

swered: master's.

"You are right. The As the saying goes: The jackal

fault

mine, not the

at the ram-fight;

And we, when tricked by June; The meddling friend were playing

A self-defeating

"How was

tune."

that?" asked Cheek.

three stories in one, called

And

Victor told

THE PANCHATANTRA

GODLY AND JUNE In a certain district there was a monastery in a secluded spot. In it lived a holy man named Godly,

who in

course of time acquired a great sum of money by selling finely woven garments, the numerous offerings of the faithful for whom he performed sacrifices.

As a

he trusted no man, and kept his treasure arm by night and day. For there is wisdom

result,

under

his

in the proverb:

Money causes pain in getting; In the keeping, pain and fretting; Pain in loss and pain in spending: Damn the trouble never ending!

Now a rogue named June, who took other people's money from them, observed

the treasure under his

arm, and reflected: "How am I to take this treasure from him? In the first place, I cannot pierce the wall of the cell, which is compactly built of solid stone.

And I cannot enter talk to him, ciple, for

win will

the door, which

too high.

I will

and become his dispower when I have his con-

his confidence,

be in

the proverb says: None lacking shrewdness flatter well; None but a lover plays the swell; No saints are found in judgment seats;

fidence.

clear, straightforward

Having thus made up

his

speaker cheats."

mind, he drew near to

Godly, uttered the words: "Glory to Shiva. Amen," "O fell flat on his face, and spoke with deference: holy

sir!

All life

vanity.

Youth

slips

THE LOSS OF FRIENDS mountain

torrent.

The days

of our

life

are like a

in chaff. Delights of the flesh are as the

cloud.

Union with son,

dream. that

friend, servant, wife, is

All this I discern clearly.

fire

shadow of a

What

but a

shall I

may safely cross the sea of many lives?" hearing this, Godly said respectfully:

"My

son, blest are you, being thus indifferent to the world in early youth.

What

says the proverb?

Tis only saints in youth That can be saints in truth: Ah, who is not a saint

When

And

ebbing passions faint?

again: First mind, then

body ages In case of holy sages: The body ages first, Mind never, in the worst.

"And

as for your search to find a

crossing the sea of

many

means of safely

lives, just listen to this:

A hangman

with his matted hair, man, through prayer To holy Shiva, changes caste, Becomes pure Brahman at the last.

serf,

or other

Six syllables, a

A single On No

When holy

prayer;

he had listened to

holy man's so,

little

blossom resting there Shiva's symbol and on earth further pain, no later birth,"

sir,

this, June clasped the and said deferentially: "This being pray do me the favor of imposing a vow."

feet

THE PANCHATANTRA

"My

son," answered Godly, "I

ready to oblige

you. But you must not enter my cell by night. For renunciation is recommended to ascetics, to you and to me as well. As the proverb puts it: Ascetics

And

come

kings,

to grief through greed; evil counsels heed;

who

Children through petting, wives through wine,

Through wicked sons a noble

line;

A Brahman through unstudied books, A character through haunting crooks; A farm is ruined through neglect; And

friendship, lacking kind respect;

Love dies through absence; fortunes crash Through naughtiness; and hoarded cash Through carelessness or giving rash. So, after taking the vow, you must sleep in a hut of thatch at the monastery gate."

"Holy

sir," said

the law of my

life.

the other, "your prescription is need it in the next world."

I shall

So, the sleeping arrangements being made,

Godly him initiation and granted disciplegraciously gave ship. June for his part made the holy man very happy by rubbing his hands and feet, bringing writingpaper, and other services. Still, Godly kept his treasure under his arm.

As the time passed in this manner, June reflected: "Dear me! Do what I will, he does not trust me. So shall I kill him with a knife in broad daylight? Or give him poison? Or butcher him like a beast?" While he was reflecting thus, the son of a pupil of Godly's came from the village, bearing an invitation.

THE LOSS OF FRIENDS And he

said:

"Holy

sir,

pray come to

the ceremony of the sacred thread."

heard

this,

Now

house for

And when Godly

he started with June.

came to a river, seeing from under his arm, the treasure which he took wrapped

as he traveled, he

carefully in his patched ascetic robe, wor-

shiped the appropriate gods, and said to June: "June, I must step aside. Please keep careful watch of this

robe and of the necessary until I return." With these words he moved away. And as soon as he was out of sight,

June seized the treasure and decamped.

THE JACKAL AT THE RAM-FIGHT Now Godly sat down perfectly carefree, for

his

disciple's countless virtues had lulled his suspicions. As he rested, he saw a herd of rams, and two of them

fighting.

These two would angrily draw apart and

dash together, their slablike foreheads crashing so that blood flowed freely. This spectacle attracted a jackal whose soul was in the fetters of carnivorous desire, and he stood between the two, lapping up the blood.

When Godly well! This

he thought: "Well, a dull-witted jackal. If he happens to be observed

this,

between just when they crash, he will certainly meet death. This inference seems inescapable to me."

Now the next time, being greedy as ever to lap up the blood, the jackal did not move away, was caught between the crashing heads, and was killed. Then

THE PANCHATANTRA

Godly said: "The jackal at the ram-fight," and grieving for him, started to resume his treasure.

returned in no haste, but when he failed to find June, he hurried through a ceremony of purification, then

gone, he

examined

fell

"Oh, oh!

Finding the treasure swoon, murmuring: ground robbed." In a moment he came to his robe.

in a

to the

himself, rose again, and started to scream: "June, June Where did you go after cheating me ? Give me !

answer!" With

repeated lamentation he moved slowly on, picking up his disciple's tracks and muttering:

this

"And we, when

tricked

by June."

THE WEAVER'S WIFE Now

as he walked along, his wife was on his

who with

Godly spied a weaver to a neighboring called out: "Look

way

city for liquor to drink, and he here, good fellow! I come to you a guest, brought by the evening sun. I do not know a soul in the vil-

lage.

Let

receive the treatment due a guest.

the proverb says:

No stranger may be turned aside Who seeks your door at eventide; Nay, honor him and you Transmuted into deity.

And

shall

again:

Some

straw, a floor, and water, With kindly words beside:

These four are never wanting

Where pious

folk abide.

For

THE LOSS OF FRIENDS And

once again:

The

fires by kindly word Indra by the chair is stirred, Krishna by water for the feet, The Lord of All by things to eat."

sacred

And

On hearing

my dear. Take

the weaver said to his wife: "Go, this guest to the house. Treat him hos-

this,

pitably, giving him water for the feet, food, a bed, and so on. And stay in the house yourself. I will

bring plenty of wine and meat for you." With this he went farther. So the wife started home with Godly, and she showed a laughing countenance, for she was a whore and had a certain swain in mind. Indeed, there is sense in the verse:

When night is dark And dark the day, When streets are mired With

sticky clay,

When husband

lingers

Far away, The flirt becomes Supremely gay.

The wench

A straw

cares not to miss

The covered couch, The husband's kiss, The pleasant bed; In place of this

She ever seeks

A stolen

bliss.

THE PANCHATANTRA

And

again:

For stranger men

The slut will see The ruin of Her family, The world's reproach, The jailer's key Will risk a death

She cannot

Then she went home, and

said:

"My

holy

sir,

flee.

offered

Godly a rickety cot friend has come

woman

from the village and I must speak to her. I will be back directly. Meanwhile, you may stay in our house. But please be careful." With this she put on her best things and started to find her swain.

this

moment

ing a jug of wine.

she ran into her husband, clasp-

He was reeling drunk,

his hair

was

towsled, and he stumbled at every step. She ran when she saw him, entered the house, took off her finery, and appeared as usual.

Now

the weaver had seen her

flee,

had observed

the finery, and since he had previously heard the gossip that went the rounds about her, his heart was

troubled and anger overcame him. So he entered the house and said: "You wench! You whore! Where

were you going?"

And she replied: "I have not been out since I left you. What is this drunken twaddle? There is sense in the proverb: After wine and fever, these Selfsame symptoms come:

THE LOSS OF FRIENDS

Shaking, falling to the ground,

Mad

And

delirium.

again:

The

setting sun

Are both a

They

and drunken

man

fiery red;

sink in naked helplessness;

Their dignity

dead."

When

he had taken the scolding and had noticed her change of dress, he said: "Whore! I have heard gossip about you for a long time. Today I have seen the proof. I am going to give you what you deserve." So he beat her limp with a club, tied her firmly to a post,

and

fell

into a drunken slumber,

juncture her friend, the barber's wife, that the weaver was asleep, came in and said: learning he is waiting for you over there you "My dear, this

know who. Go

But the weaver's wife rewhat a fix I am in. How can I go? You must return and tell my adorer that I cannot possibly meet him there at this moment." "My dear," said the barber's wife, "do not say things like that. For a wench of spirit this is no way to behave. As the saying goes: at once."

plied: "Just see

Those who earn the name of blessed

Show

a camel-like persistence they pluck the fruit of pleasure, Counting neither toil nor distance.

When

And

again:

the other world is doubtful as scandal misses truth,

And

THE PANCHATANTRA

When youVe hooked Best enjoy the

And

another's lover,

fruit of

youth.

once again:

may rob him of his manhood, He may handsome be or ugly,

Fate

Yet a wench, whate'er

cost her,

Entertains her lover snugly."

"Very tell

fine indeed," said the

me how am I

to go

when

weaver's wife. "But

tied fast.

And here

my husband the brute!" "My dear," said the barber's wife, "he is helpless with drink and will not

lies

wake

until the sun's rays reach him. I will set you and take your place myself. But you must hurry back when you have entertained your admirer." This she did, and a moment later the weaver rose a little mollified, and said drunkenly: "Come, you nagger! If you will stay at home after today and stop free

nagging,

I will set

you

free."

The

barber's wife said

nothing, fearing that her voice would betray her. Even when he repeated his offer, she made no answer.

Then he became angry and sharp

knife.

And

he said:

cut off her nose with a

"Whore!

stay there. I shall not be nice to

Now

you can you again." So he

Now

fell

asleep, muttering. money, was so tormented

Godly, having lost his by hunger that he could

not sleep, and was a witness of all that the women did. Presently the weaver's wife, after enjoying the delight of love with her swain, came home and

full

said to the barber's wife: "Well, are I

hope that brute did not get

you all right? I was gone."

while

THE LOSS OF FRIENDS And

the barber's wife answered:

all right.

But

will

I've lost

before he wakes up.

"The

nose. Set

want

rest of

free quick,

go home. If not, he do something worse next time, cut off ears and

things." So the

wench

freed the barber's wife, took her

former position, and cried reproachfully: "Oh, you dreadful simpleton! I am a true wife, a model of

me?

What man

able to violate or disfigure Listen, ye guardian deities of the world!

faithfulness.

Earth, heaven, and death, the feeling mind, Sun, moon, and water, fire and wind, Both twilights, justice, day and night Discern man's conduct, wrong or right.

So, if I

a faithful wife,

nose grow again as I

was

may

make my More than that, if

these gods

before.

have had so much as a secret desire

man, may they reduce me

for a strange

to ashes."

After this explosion, she said to him directly: "Look, you villain By virtue of my faithfulness my !

nose has grown as it was before." And when he took a torch and examined her, he found her nose as it was originally,

and a great pool of blood on the

floor.

he was amazed, released her from the cords, and flattered her with a hundred wheedling endearments. this

Now Godly had seen the whole was amazed and said:

business.

"Learn science with the gods above Or imps in nether space,

And he

THE PANCHATANTRA

Yet women's wit will rival it: How keep them in their place? Behold the

faults with

woman

born:

Impurity, and heartless scorn, Untruth, and folly, reckless heat, Excessive greediness, deceit.

Be not enslaved by women's charm, Nor wish them growth in power to harm: Their slaves, of manly feeling stripped, Are tame, pet crows whose wings are clipped. in a woman's words, Poison in her breast: So, although you taste her lip, Drub her on the chest.

Honey

This palace

filled

with vice, this

field

where sprouts

Suspicion's crop, this whirling pool of doubts, This town of recklessness, sin's aggregate, This house where frauds by hundreds lie in wait, This basketful of riddling sham and quip O'er guessing which our best and bravest trip,

This woman, this machine,

Who set

here, to

make

this nectar-bane

religion vain?

A bosom hard is praised, a forehead low, A fickle glance, a mumbling speech and slow, Thick

hips, a heart that constant tremors move, twist in hair, and twists in love. Their virtues are a pack of vices. Then

A natural

Let beasts adore the fawn-eyed

things, not

For reasons good they laugh or weep; trust you not, your trust they keep: These graveyard urns, oh, haunt them not! Keep kin and conduct free from spot.

They

men.

THE LOSS OF FRIENDS The

whose awful face mane, The elephant upon whose cheeks Streams ichor's glistening rain, lion o'er

Falls fierce the towsled

The men

of wit or courage who In books or battles gleam, In presence of their females, all Turn into cowards supreme.

And

once more: This gunja-fruit (oh, what was God about?) Is poisonous within, and sweet without."

In these meditations the night dragged drearily

man. Meanwhile the go-between went home with her nose cut off, and reflected: "What is to be done now? How is this great deficiency to be for the holy

concealed?"

The

night during which she pondered thus, her in the king's palace, practicing his

husband spent trade.

At dawn he came home and, being eager

begin his thriving business

stopped at the door and called to her:

me my

bring

need

with the townspeople, he

razor-case at once.

"My

dear,

The townspeople

my services."

Hereupon an idea occurred to the noseless woman. She remained in the house, but sent him a single

had

And

the barber, angry because the entire case not been delivered, flung the razor in her direc-

razor.

This gave the wench her opportunity. Lifting her hands to heaven, she dashed from the house, screaming with all her might: "Oh, oh, oh! The tion.

THE PANCHATANTRA

70 ruffian! I

off

was always a

nose.

faithful wife.

Look!

cut

Save me, save me!"

Hereupon the police arrived, thrashed the barber limp, tied him fast, and took him to court with his wife whose nose was gone. And the judges asked him: "Why did you do this ghastly thing to your wife?" Then, his wits being so addled by astonishment that he could give no answer, the jurymen quoted law: "The

guilty

man

terrified

reason of his crime. His pride Is gone, his powers of speaking fail,

His glances rove,

And

his face is pale.

again:

The sweat appears upon

his brow, stumbles on, he knows not how, His face is pale, and all he utters Is much distorted; for he stutters.

The

culprit always

may

be found

shake, and gaze upon the ground: Observe the signs as best you can And shrewdly pick the guilty man.

While, on the other hand:

The innocent

self-reliant;

His speech is clear, his glance defiant; His countenance is calm and free; His indignation makes his plea.

The

prisoner

for assaulting a

obviously guilty. The legal penalty woman is death. Let him be im-

paled."

But Godly,

seeing

him

led to the place of execu-

THE LOSS OF FRIENDS tion,

went

to the officers of justice and said: "Gentlea mistake in putting this wretched

men, you make

barber to death. His conduct has been correct. Pray words of mine:

listen to these

The jackal

And

we,

at the ram-fight; tricked by June;

when

The meddling

friend

A self-defeating So the

officers said:

Then Godly

related to

they

listened.

They

"How was that, holy sir?" them the three stories, com-

And

plete in every detail.

were playing

tune."

they were

all

set the barber free,

astonished as

and

said:

"Slay not a woman, Brahman, child, An invalid or hermit mild: In case of major dereliction, Disfigurement

Now she

the infliction.

has lost her nose through her

own

act.

additional punishment from the king, let her ears be

When

cut off."

had been done, Godly, strengthby the two examples, returned to his this

ening his spirit

own monastery.

"And

that

why

The jackal

and the

I say:

at the ram-fight,

....

rest of it."

"Well," said Cheek, "such being the case, what are you and I to do?" And Victor answered: "Even in these circumstances, I shall

gence, showing

me how

have a

flash of intelli-

to separate Lively

from the

THE PANCHATANTRA

king. Besides, he has fallen into serious vice, has our

master Rusty. For

Mad The

folly stings

greatest kings,

Who But

then embrace a vice;

servants' care

Should check them there

By means

of learning nice."

"Into what vice has our master Rusty fallen?" And Victor replied: "There are seven

asked Cheek.

vices in the world, namely:

Drink, women, hunting, scolding, dice, Greed, cruelty: these seven are vice.

These, however, really make a single vice, called 'attachment/ with seven subdivisions." Then Cheek inquired: "Is there only a single fundamental vice, or are there others also?"

And

Victor expounded: "There are in the world

fundamentally vicious." And when Cheek asked: "How are they differentiated?" Victor continued: "They are called: (i) deficiency, (2) corfive situations

ruption, (3) attachment, (4) devastation, (5) mis-

taken policy.

"To

begin at the beginning, the vice called 'deficiency* means the non-existence of one or another of these: king, counselor, people, fortress, treasure, punitive power, friends.

"Secondly, native,

become

when

whether foreign or whether individually or en

subjects,

restless,

THE LOSS OF FRIENDS Cy

there arises the vicious situation called 'cor-

ruption/ " 'Attachment* was explained above, in the words: Drink, women, hunting,

Here there is a love-group (drink, women, hunting, dice) and a wrath-group (scolding, and the rest). A man thwarted in the love-group becomes obnoxious to the wrath-group. The love-group requires no elucidation. The wrath-group, however, threefold as already described, needs some further and the

rest of

it.

characterization. 'Scolding' is ill-considered imputation of fault on the part of one bent on injuring an

antagonist.

'Cruelty'

means

ruthless

and unwar-

ranted refinements in putting to death, imprisonment, mutilation. 'Greed' is covetousness pushed to a merciless point. These are the seven subdivisions

of the vice of attachment.

"Next, there are eight kinds of devastation of God,

by act

water, disease, plague, panic, famine, devil-rain (which is a mere name for excessive rain). fire,

This disposes of the vice called 'devastation.' "Finally, there is mistaken policy. Where a

man

makes a mistaken use of the

six expedients peace, of entrenchment, alliance, base, war, change dupliadopting war instead of peace, or peace instead city of war, or making similar mistakes in regard to the

other expedients, there policy.

we have

the vice of mistaken

THE PANCHATANTRA

"Now

our master Rusty has

fallen into the

very

that of deficiency. For he has been so captivated by Lively that he pays not the smallest heed to counselor or any other of the six supports of his

first vice,

adopts rather completely a vegetarian morality. So what is the use of a lengthy discussion? Rusty must by all means be detached from Lively. throne.

lamp, no light."

"How

you detach him?" objected Cheek.

will

"You have not

the power." "My dear fellow," said Victor, "there is a verse to fit the situation, namely: In cases where brute force would fail, device may still prevail: The crow-hen used a golden chain, And so the dreadful snake was slain."

A shrewd

"How was

that?" asked Cheek.

HOW THE CROW-HEN

And

Victor told

KILLED

THE BLACK SNAKE In a certain region grew a great banyan it

lived a

crow and

tree.

occupying the nest which a black snake crawled through

his wife,

they had built. But the hollow trunk and ate their chicks as fast as they were born, even before baptism. Yet for all his sorrow over this violence, the poor crow could not desert the old familiar banyan and seek another tree. For

Three cannot be induced to go The deer, the cowardly man, the crow: Three go when insult makes them pant

The

lion, hero, elephant.

THE LOSS OF FRIENDS At

crow-hen

last the

fell

at her husband's feet

and said: "My dear lord, a great many children of mine have been eaten by that awful snake. And grief for my loved and lost haunts me until I think of moving. Let us make our home in some other tree. For

friend like health abounding;

And

like disease,

foe;

love like love of children;

Like hunger-pangs, no woe.

And

again:

With fields overhanging rivers, With wife on flirting bent, Or in a house with serpents,

No man

We are living in At

can be content.

deadly peril."

crow was dreadfully depressed, and he said: "We have lived in this tree a long time, my dear. We cannot desert it. For this the

Where water may be sipped, and grass Be cropped, a deer might live content; Yet insult will not drive him from The wood where all his life was spent. Moreover, by some shrewd device

upon

this villainous

"But," said snake.

How

and mighty

I will

bring death

foe."

his wife, "this is a terribly

will

venomous

you hurt him?" And he

replied:

"My dear, even if I have not the power to hurt him, still I have friends who possess learning, who have

THE PANCHATANTRA

mastered the works on

ethics. I will go and get from them some shrewd device of such nature that the villain curse him! will soon meet his doom." After this indignant speech he went at once to

another

tree,

under which lived a dear

friend,

He courteously called the jackal forth, related sorrow, then said: "My friend, what do you consider opportune under the circumstances? The

jackal. all his

killing of

our children

sheer death to

my wife

and

me."

"My friend," said the jackal, matter through.

"I have thought the

You need not put yourself out. That is near his doom by reason of

villainous black snake his heartless cruelty.

For

Of means to injure brutal foes You do not need to think, Since of themselves they fall, like trees Upon the river's brink.

And

there

a story: ate what

A heron

fish

he could,

The

bad, indifferent, and good; His greed was never satisfied Till, strangled by a crab, he died."

"How was

that?" asked the crow.

And

the jackal

told the story of

THE HERON THAT LIKED CRAB-MEAT There was once a heron

in a certain place

on the

edge of a pond. Being old, he sought an easy way of catching fish on which to live. He began by lingering

THE LOSS OF FRIENDS

at the edge of his pond, pretending to be quite irresolute, not eating even the fish within his reach.

Now among

He drew near do "Uncle, why you neglect today your usual meals and amusements?" And the heron replied: "So long as I kept fat and flourishing by eating and

the fish lived a crab.

said:

fish, I

spent

my time pleasantly, enjoying the taste of

you. But a great as I

life.

disaster will soon befall you.

And

old, this will cut short the pleasant course

For

this reason I feel depressed."

"Uncle," said the crab, "of what nature is the disaster?" And the heron continued: "Today I over-

heard the talk of a number of fishermen as they passed near the pond. 'This is a big pond,' they were saying,

will try a cast of the net tomorrow or of fish. the day after. But today we will go to the lake near the city/ This being so, you are lost, my food supply is cut off, I too am lost, and in grief at the thought, I 'full

indifferent to food today."

Now when the water-dwellers heard the trickster's feared for their lives and implored the heron, saying: "Uncle! Father! Brother! Friend! Thinker! Since you are informed of the cal report, they

all

know

the remedy. Pray save us this death."

also

Then

the heron said: "I

am a bjff<tnpt competent

men. This, ho transfer you from this pond to

to contend with

one."

this artful

anfiffltf,

speech they

a l)t(b&llss

THE PANCHATANTRA

that they said: "Uncle! Friend! Unselfish kinsman! first! Me first! Did you never hear this?

Take me

Stout hearts delight to pay the price

Of merciful Count

self-sacrifice,

as nothing, if it end In gentle service to a friend."

Then

life

the old rascal laughed in his heart, and took

counsel with his mind, thus: "My shrewdness has brought these fishes into my power. They ought to be eaten very comfortably." Having thus thought it

through, he promised what the thronging

some

fish

im-

them a certain distance to a slab of stone, and ate them there. Day after day he made the trip with supreme delight and satisfaction, and meeting the fish, kept their conplored, lifted

fidence

in his bill, carried

by ever new

inventions.

One day

the crab, disturbed by the fear of death, him with the words: "Uncle, pray save importuned me, too, from the jaws of death." And the heron reflected: "I

quite tired of this unvarying fish diet. I should like to taste him. He is different, and choice."

So he picked up the crab and flew through the air. But since he avoided all bodies of water and seemed planning to alight on the sun-scorched rock, the crab asked him: "Uncle, where is that pond without any bottom?" And the heron laughed and said:

"Do you

see that broad, sun-scorched rock? All the

water-dwellers have found repose there.

has

now come

to find repose."

Your turn

THE LOSS OF FRIENDS Then of

sacrifice,

And

down and saw

the crab looked

made

he thought:

79 a great rock

by heaps of fish-skeletons.

horrible

"Ah me!

Friends are foes and foes are friends As they mar or serve your ends;

Few

discern where profit tends.

Again: you will, with serpents play; Dwell with foemen who betray: Shun your false and foolish friends, If

Fickle, seeking vicious ends. fish whose skeletons So what might be an opportune course of action for me? Yet why do I need to

Why, he

has already eaten these

are scattered in heaps.

consider?

Man Even

bidden to chastise

elders

who

devise

Devious courses, arrogant, Of their duty ignorant.

Again: Fear fearful things, while yet

No fearful thing appears; When danger must be met, Strike,

So, before he drops all four claws."

and forget your

fears.

there, I will catch his

neck

with

When

the heron tried to escape, but being a fool, he found no parry to the grip of the crab's nippers, and had his head cut off.

Then

he did

so,

the crab painfully

made

his

way back

THE PANCHATANTRA

the pond, dragging the heron's neck as if it had been a lotus-stalk. And when he came among the fish, they said:

"Brother,

showed the head

why come back?" Thereupon he as his credentials and said: "He

enticed the water-dwellers from every quarter, deceived them with his prevarications, dropped them

away, and ate them. But I further life being predestined perceived that he destroyed the trustful, and I have brought back his

on a slab of rock not

neck.

far

All the water-dwellers

Forget your worries.

shall live in peace."

"And

that

why

A heron and the

"My

ate

I say:

what

fish

he could,

rest of it."

me how this meet his doom." And the jackal

friend," said the crow, "tell

villainous snake

answered:

"Go

monarch. There

some spot frequented by a great

seize a golden chain or a necklace

from some wealthy man who guards it carelessly. Deposit this in such a place that

snake

may

when it is recovered, the

be killed."

So the crow and his wife straightway flew off at random, and the wife came upon a certain pond. As she looked about, she saw the women of a king's court playing in the water, and on the bank they had laid golden chains, pearl necklaces, garments, and gems. One chain of gold the crow-hen seized and started for the tree where she lived.

THE LOSS OF FRIENDS

But when the chamberlains and the eunuchs saw the theft, they picked up clubs and ran in pursuit. Meanwhile, the crow-hen dropped the golden chain in the snake's hole

Now when

and waited at a

safe distance.

the king's men climbed the tree, they in it a black snake with swelling

found a hole and

hood. So they killed him with their clubs, recovered the golden chain, and went their way. Thereafter the

crow and

"And

his wife lived in peace.

that

why

I say:

In cases where brute force would

and the

rest of

it.

fail,

Furthermore:

Some men permit a petty

foe

Through purblind heedlessness Till

who played

Grows,

....

like disease,

to grow,

a petty r&le

beyond

control.

is nothing in the world that the control. As the saying goes: cannot gent Intelligence is power. But where Could power and folly make a pair?

Indeed, there

The

intelli-

rabbit played upon his pride him; and the lion died."

fool

"How was

that?" asked Cheek.

And

Victor told

the story of

NUMSKULL AND THE RABBIT In a part of a forest was a lion drunk with pride, and his name was Numskull. He slaughtered the

THE PANCHATANTRA

If he

animals without ceasing.

saw an animal, he

could not spare him.

all

the natives of the forest

deer, boars,

buffaloes, wild oxen, rabbits, and others

came

to-

gether, and with woe-begone countenances, bowed heads, and knees clinging to the ground, they under-

took to beseech obsequiously the king of beasts: "Have done, O King, with this merciless, meaningslaughter of all creatures. It is hostile to happiness in the other world. For the Scripture says: less

thousand future lives Will pass in wretchedness For sins a fool commits

His present

life

to bless.

Again:

What wisdom

in a

deed

That brings dishonor fell, That causes loss of trust, That paves the way to hell?

And

yet again:

The

ungrateful body,

And rank Is

with

filth

frail

within,

such that only fools For its sake sink in sin.

"Consider these

facts,

and

cease,

pray, to

slaughter our generations. For if the master will remain at home, we will of our own motion send him

each day for his daily food one animal of the forest. In this way neither the royal sustenance nor our

THE LOSS OF FRIENDS families will be cut short. In this

way

let

83 the king's

duty be performed. For the proverb says:

The king who Elixir, bit

Who

tastes his

does not overtax Will fully relish it.

The king who madly Their

kingdom

bit, its life,

butchers men,

lives as little

reckoned

As lives of goats, has one square meal, But never has a second.

A king desiring profit,

guards His world from evil chance; With gifts and honors waters it As florists water plants.

Guard

subjects like a cow, nor ask

For milk each passing hour: vine must first be sprinkled, then It ripens fruit and flower.

The monarch-lamp from

subjects draws Tax-oil to keep it bright: Has any ever noticed kings That shone by inner light?

A seedling is

a tender thing, yet, if not neglected, It comes in time to bearing fruit:

And

So subjects well protected. Their subjects form the only source

From which accrue to kings Their gold, grain, gems, and varied drinks,

And many

other things.

THE PANCHATANTRA

kings who serve the common weal, Luxuriantly sprout; The common loss is kingly loss, Without a shade of doubt."

The

After listening to this address, Numskull said:

"Well, gentlemen, you are quite convincing. But if an animal does not come to me every day as I sit here,

promise you I will eat you all." To this they assented with much relief, and fearlessly roamed the wood. Each day at noon one of them appeared as his I

dinner, each species taking its turn and providing an grown old, or religious, or grief-smitten, or

individual

fearful of the loss of son or wife.

One day

And when directions, this lion

a rabbit's turn came, it being rabbit-day. the thronging animals had given him

all

he reflected: curse

"How

him Yet !

after

is it

possible to

kill

all,

In what can wisdom not prevail? In what can resolution fail? What cannot flattery subdue? What cannot enterprise put through?

can

kill even a lion/' So he went very slowly, planning to arrive tardily, and meditating with troubled spirit on a means of killing him. Late in the day he came into the presence of the lion, whose throat was pinched by hunger in consequence of the delay, and who angrily thought as he licked his chops: "Aha! I must kill all the ani-

mals the

first

thing in the morning."

While he was thinking, the rabbit slowly drew

THE LOSS OF FRIENDS

bowed low, and stood before him. But when the saw that he was tardy and too small at that for a meal, his soul flamed with wrath, and he taunted

near, lion

the rabbit, saying: "You reprobate! First, you are too small for a meal. Second, you are tardy. Because of this wickedness I am going to kill you, and tomor-

row morning

I shall

extirpate every species of ani-

mal."

Then

the rabbit

bowed low and

said with defer-

ence: "Master, the wickedness is not mine, nor the other animals*. Pray hear the cause of it." And the

answered: "Well, between my fangs." lion

tell it

quick, before

you are

"Master," said the rabbit, "all the animals recognized today that the rabbits' turn had come, and because I was quite small, they dispatched me with five other rabbits. But in mid-journey there issued from

who said: 'Where are your favorite god/ Then I said:

a great hole in the ground a lion

you bound? Pray to 'We are traveling as the dinner of our master, according to agreement/ he. 'This forest belongs to me. So

lion

Numskull,

'Is

that so ?' said

all

the animals,

without exception, must deal with me according to agreement. This Numskull is a sneak thief. Call him out and bring him here at once. Then whichever of us proves stronger, shall be king and shall eat all these animals/ At his command, master, I have come to you. This is the cause of my tardiness. For the rest,

my master is

the sole judge."

THE PANCHATANTRA

After listening to

this, Numskull said: "Well, show me that sneak thief of a

my good fellow, and be quick about it. I cannot find peace of mind until I have vented on him my anger against the animals. He should have remembered the saying: well, lion,

Land and friends and gold at most Have been won when battles cease; If but

one of these should fail, not think of breaking peace.

Where no great reward is won, Where defeat is nearly sure, Never stir a quarrel, but Find

"Quite

wiser to endure."

master," said the rabbit.

so,

fight for their

country when they

this fellow skulks in a fortress.

"Warriors

But You know he came are insulted.

out of a fortress when he held us up. And an enemy in a fortress is hard to handle. As the saying goes:

A single royal

fortress

adds

More military force Than do a thousand elephants,

A hundred

thousand horse.

A single archer from a wall A hundred foes forfends; And

so the military art fortress

recommends.

God Indra used the wit and Of gods in days of old,

skill

When Devil Gold-mat plagued To build a fortress-hold.

the world,

THE LOSS OF FRIENDS And he

Who

decreed that any king built a fortress sound,

Should conquer foemen. This Such fortresses abound."

When fellow,

he heard

show me

this,

Numskull

Even

that thief.

fortress, I will kill

why

said:

"My

good

hiding in a

him. For the proverb says:

strongest man who fails to crush birth, disease or foe, Will later be destroyed by that Which he permits to grow.

The

And

again:

The man who reckons Nor pride nor vigor

May

well his power,

lacks, single-handed smite his foes

Like Rama-with-the-axe." true," said the rabbit.

"Very a mighty

lion that I saw.

"But

after all

was

So the master should not

set out without realizing the

enemy's capacity. As the

saying runs:

warrior failing to compare

Two

hosts, in

mad

desire

For battle, plunges like a moth Headforemost into fire.

And

again:

The weak who

challenge mighty foes

battle to abide,

Like elephants with broken tusks, Return with drooping pride."

But Numskull

Show him

said:

"What business is it of yours?

me, even in his fortress." "Very well,"

THE PANCHATANTRA

88 said

"Follow me, master." And he where he said to the lion:

the rabbit.

led the

to a well,

way

"Master, who can endure your majesty? The moment he saw you, that thief crawled clear into his hole. Come, I will show him to you." "Be quick about it,

my good

fellow," said

Numskull.

So the rabbit showed him the well. And the lion, being a dreadful fool, saw his own reflection in the water, and gave voice to a great roar. Then from the well issued a roar twice as loud, because of the echo.

This the lion heard, decided that his rival was very powerful, hurled himself down, and met his death.

Thereupon the rabbit cheerfully carried the glad news to all the animals, received their compliments, and lived there contentedly in the forest.

"And

that

why

say:

Intelligence

and the

power,

. . ,

rest of it."

"But," said Cheek, "that is like a palm-fruit a quite exceptional case. falling on a crow's head

Even

the rabbit was successful,

still

man of feeble

powers should not deal fraudulently with the great." And Victor retorted: "Feeble or strong, one must

make up

his

mind

proverb: Unceasing

to vigorous action.

effort brings success;

'Fate, fate is Smite fate and

What

You know

all,' let

dastards wail:

prove yourself a man; fault if bold endeavor fail?

the

THE LOSS OF FRIENDS Furthermore, the very gods befriend those strive.

As the story

who

ever

goes:

man who climbs Determination's height: So Vishnu, discus, bird sustained

The gods

befriend a

The weaver

And

in the fight.

further:

Not even Brahma sees the end Of well-devised deceit: The weaver, taking Vishnu's form, Embraced the princess sweet."

"How was

that?" asked Cheek. "Are undertak-

ings successful even through deceit, resolutely well devised?" And Victor told the story of

and

THE WEAVER WHO LOVED A PRINCESS In the Molasses Belt

is a city called Sugarcane In it two lived friends, a weaver and a carpenCity. ter. Since they were past masters in their respective

they had earned enough money by their labors so that they kept no account of receipt and expendi-

crafts,

ture.

They wore

soft, gaily colored,

expensive gar-

ments, adorned themselves with flowers and betel-

and diffused odors of camphor, aloes, and musk. They worked nine hours a day, after which they adorned their persons and met for recreation in

leaves,

such places as public squares or temples. They made the rounds of the spots where society gathered theaters, conversaziones, birthday parties, banquets,

THE PANCHATANTRA

and the like

then went

home at twilight. And so

the

time passed.

One day there was a great festival, an occasion when the entire population, wearing the finest ornaments that each could

afford, began sauntering of the the through temples gods and other public The and weaver the carpenter, like the rest, places.

put on their best things, and

in squares and courtfaces of the yards inspected people dressed to kill. And they caught a glimpse of a princess seated at the window of a stucco palace. The vicinity of her heart

was made lovely by a firm bosom with the curve of early youth. Below the slender waist was the graceful swell of the hips. Her hair was black as a rain-

cloud, soft, glossy, with a billowy curl. golden earring danced below an ear that seemed a hammock

where Love might swing. Her face had the charm of a new-blown, tender water-lily. Like a dream she took captive the eyes of

all,

as she sat surrounded

girl friends.

And

the weaver, ravished by lavish loveliness,

since the love-god with five fierce arrows pierced his heart, concealed his feelings by a supreme effort of resolution, and tottered home, seeing nothing but the

princess in the whole horizon.

With long-drawn,

burning sighs he tumbled on the bed (though it had not been made up), and there he lay. He perceived,

he thought of nothing but her, just as he had seen her, and there he lay, reciting poetry:

THE LOSS OF FRIENDS Virtues with beauty dwell: So poets sing, This contradiction not Considering:

That

she, so cruel-sweet, Far, far apart,

Tortures Still in

Or does

my body still, my heart.

this explain it?

One heart my darling took; One pines as if to die; One throbs with feeling pure:

How many

And

hearts have I

yet If

all

the world from virtue draws

A blessing and a gain, Why should all virtue in my

maid,

My fawn-eyed maiden, pain? Each guards his home, they say; Yet in my heart you stay, Burning your home alway, Sweet, heartless one!

That these her bosom's youthful pride, Her curling hair, her sinuous side, Her blood-red lip, her waist so small Should hurt me,

not strange at

But that her cheeks Should torture me,

Her bosom,

all:

so clear, so bright,

far

from

right.

like an elephant's brow, saffron-scented. Swells, How, ah, how

THE PANCHATANTRA thereon my bosom lay, love is tired of play, fettered in her arms, to keep So, vigil waking half, half sleep ?

May

When weary

If fate has willed

That I should die, Are there no means Save that soft eye?

You

see

love,

Before you ever,

though

far apart,

O my heart!

Should vision cease to satisfy, Oh, teach your magic to my eye: For even her presence will distress, If bought by too great loneliness, Since none the merciful are blest Of selfishness may stand confessed. stole his luster from the moon The moon is dull and cold; The lily's sheen is in her eyes

She

charge of theft will hold;

The elephant's majesty she seized Naught knows he of her art; From me the slender maiden took, Ah, strange! a

feeling heart.

In middle air I see my love, earth below, in heaven above; In life's last hour, on her I call: She is, like Vishnu, all-in-all.

All mental states, the Buddha said, Are transient; he was wrong:

My meditations on my love Are

infinitely long.

THE LOSS OF FRIENDS

In such lamentation, his thoughts tossing to and fro, the night dragged drearily away. On the next day at the customary hour, the carpenter, wearing an elegant costume, came as usual to the weaver's house.

There he found the weaver with arms and sprawled over the

unmade bed, heard

legs

his long-drawn,

burning sighs, and noticed his pallid cheeks and trickling tears. Finding him in this condition, he said: "My friend,

my friend, why are you in such a state today?"

But the poor weaver, though questioned repeatedly, was too embarrassed to say a word. At last the carpenter grew weary and dropped into poetry:

is he whose anger a Compels timid languor, Nor he whom all must anxiously attend; But when you trust another

friend

he were your mother,

no mere acquaintance, but a

friend.

Then, after examining the weaver's heart and other members with a hand skilled in detecting symptoms, he said: "Comrade, if my diagnosis is correct, your condition is not the result of fever, but of love."

Now when subject, the

his friend voluntarily introduced the

weaver sat up

bed and recited a stanza

of poetry:

You find repose in sore disaster By telling things to clear-eyed master, To virtuous servant, gentle friend, Or wife who loves you to the end.

THE PANCHATANTRA

Then he related his whole experience from the moment he laid eyes on the princess. And the carpenter, after some reflection, said: "The king belongs to the warrior caste, while you are a business man.

Have you no

reverence for the holy law?"

But the weaver warrior three wives.

replied:

The

"The holy law

allows a

be the daughter of

girl may woman of my caste. That may explain my her. What says the king in the play?

love for

Surely, she may become a warrior's bride; Else, why these longings in an honest mind? The motions of a blameless heart decide

Of right and wrong, when

reason leaves us blind."

Thereupon the carpenter, perceiving his determined purpose, said: "Comrade, what is to be done next?" And the weaver answered: "I don't know. I you because you are would not add a word. told

At last

friend."

And

to this he

the carpenter said: "Rise, bathe, eat. Say

farewell to despondency. I will invent something such

that you will enjoy with her the delights of love withloss of time."

out

Then

the weaver, hope reviving at his friend's promise, rose and returned to seemly living. And the next day the carpenter came bringing a brand-new

mechanical bird, like Garuda, the bird of Vishnu. It

was made of wood, was gaily painted in many colors, and had an ingenious arrangement of plugs. "Comrade," he said to the weaver, "when you

THE LOSS OF FRIENDS

mount the bird and insert a plug, it goes wherever you.

And

the contrivance alights at the spot where you pull out the plug. It is yours. This very night, when people are asleep, adorn your person, disguise wish.

my wit and skill are at your servGaruda bird, alight on the maidens' balcony of the palace, and make whatever arrangements you like with the princess. I have ascertained that the princess sleeps alone on the palace balcony." When the carpenter had gone, the weaver spent

yourself as Vishnu ice

mount

this

the rest of the day in a hundred fond imaginings. He took a bath, used incense, powders, ointments, betel, scents for the breath, flowers, and so forth. He put on

gay garlands and garments, rich in fragrance. He adorned himself with a diadem and other jewelry. And when the night came clear, he followed the carpenter's instructions. Meanwhile, the princess lay in her bed alone on the palace balcony bathed in moonbeams. She gazed at the

moon, her mind

idly dallying with the thought

of love. All at once she spied the weaver, disguised

Vishnu and mounted on his heavenly bird. At sight of him she started from her bed, adored his feet, and humbly said: "O Lord, to what end am I honored as

Pray command me. What am I to do?" To the princess' words the weaver, in dignified and sweetly modulated accents, made stately answer:

this visit?

"Yourself, dear maiden, are the occasion of this visit to earth." "But I am merely a mortal girl," said she.

THE PANCHATANTRA

And he continued: "Nay, you have been my now fallen to earth by reason of a curse. It is

bride, I

who

have so long protected you from contact with a man. I will now wed you by the ceremony used in heaven."

And

she assented, for she thought: "It is a thing beyond my fondest aspirations." And he married her

by the ceremony used in heaven. So day followed day in the enjoyment of love's delights, each day witnessing a growth in passion. Before dawn the weaver would mount his mechanical Garuda, would bid her farewell with the words: "I depart for Vishnu's heaven," and would always reach his house undetected.

One day

the guards at the women's quarters observed indications that the princess was meeting a man, and in fear of their very lives made a report to their master. "O King," they said, "be gracious and confirm our personal security. There is a disclosure to be made." And when the king assented, the guards

reported: "O King, we have used anxious care to forbid the entrance of men. Yet indications are ob-

served that Princess Lovely has meetings with a man. Not unto us does it fall to take measures. The king, the king alone

Upon

prime mover."

this information the

king pondered with

troubled spirit:

You

are worried when you hear that she is born; Picking husbands makes you anxious and forlorn; When she marries, will her husband be a churl? It is tough to be the father of a girl.

THE LOSS OF FRIENDS

Again: At her birth she steals away her mother's heart; Loving friends, when she is older, fall apart;

Even married, she is apt to bring a stain: Having daughters is a business full of pain. Again:

When

a poem or daughter comes out, The author is troubled with doubt, With a doubt that his questions betray; Will she reach the right hands? Will she please as she stands? And what will the critics say?

Having thus considered the matter from every point of view, he sought the queen and said: "My dear queen, pray give careful attention to what these chamberlains have to say.

Who is this offender whom

the death-god seeks today?" Now when they had related the facts, the queen hastened in great perturbation to the maiden's apartments and found her daughter with lips sore from kissing and with telltale traces on her limbs. And she cried: "You wicked girl! You are a disgrace to

the family!

away?

Who

How is

could you throw your character the man that comes to you? The

death-god has looked upon him. Dreadful as things are, at least tell the truth." Then the princess, with shamefaced, drooping glances, recounted the whole story of the weaver disguised as Vishnu.

Thereupon the queen, with laughing countenance and thrilling in every limb, hastened to the king and

THE PANCHATANTRA

said: "O King, you are indeed fortunate. It is blessed Vishnu who comes each night in person to our

daughter's side.

He has married her by

the ceremony

used in heaven. This very night you and I are to hide in the window niche and have sight of him. But with mortals he does not exchange words."

the king was glad at heart, and somehow lived through the day, which seemed a hundred years. When night came, the king and queen

hearing

this,

stood hidden in the window niche and waited, their gaze fixed on the sky. Presently the king descried one

descending from heaven, mounted on Garuda, grasping the conch-shell, discus, mace, marked with the familiar symbols. And feeling as if drenched by a shower of nectar, he said to the queen "There is none other on earth so blest as you and I, whose child blessed Vishnu seeks with love. All the desires nearest :

our hearts are granted. Now, through the power of our son-in-law, I shall reduce the whole world to subjection."

At this juncture envoys arrived to collect the yearKing Valor, monarch of the south, lord of nine million, nine hundred thousand villages. But the king, proud of his new relationship with Vishnu, ly tribute for

did not show them the customary honor, so that they

grew indignant and said: "Come, King! Pay-day is past. Why have you failed to offer the taxes due? It must be that you have recently come into possession of some unanticipated* supernatural power from some

THE LOSS OF FRIENDS

source or other, that you irritate King Valor, who is a flame, a whirlwind, a venomous serpent, a death-

god." Upon this the king showed them his bare bottom. And they returned to their own country, exaggerated the matter a hundred thousand fold, and stirred the

wrath of

their master.

Then

the southern monarch, with his troops and retainers, at the head of an army with all four service

branches, marched against the king.

And

he angrily

cried:

This king may climb the heavenly mount, May plunge beneath the sea; And yet I promise it the wretch Shall soon be slain by me.

So Valor reached the country by marches never interrupted, and ravaged it. And the inhabitants who survived the slaughter besieged the palace gate of the king of Sugarcane City, and taunted him. But what

he heard did not cause the king the slightest anxiety. On the following day the forces of King Valor ar%

rived and invested Sugarcane City, whereupon hosts

of counselors and chaplains interceded with the king: "O King," they said, "a powerful enemy has arrived

and invested the self so

city.

gentlemen

may

How

can the king show him-

And

the king replied: "You be quite comfortable. I have devised

unconcerned?'"

I am about to do to tomorrow morning." army, you, After this address, he bade them provide adequate defense for the walls and gates.

a means of killing this foe.

his

What

too, will learn

THE PANCHATANTRA

ioo

Then he summoned Lovely and with

respectful

coaxing said: "Dear child, relying on your husband's power, we have begun hostilities with the enemy.

This very night pray speak to blessed Vishnu when he comes, so that in the morning he may kill this enemy of ours."

So Lovely delivered to him at night her father's message, complete in every particular. On hearing it, the weaver laughed and said: "Dear love, how little a business is this, a mere war with men! Why, in days gone by

have with the greatest ease

slain

mighty

demons by the thousand, and they were armed with magic; there was Hiranyakashipu, and Kansa, and Madhu, and Kaitabha, to name but a few. Go, then, and say to the king: 'Dismiss anxiety. In the morning Vishnu will slay the host of your enemies with his " discus.'

So she went to the king and proudly told him all. Whereat he was overjoyed and commanded the doorkeeper to have proclamation made with beat of drum throughout the city, in these words: "Whatever any hands on during tomorrow's battle in the

shall lay

of Valor slain, whether coined money or grain or gold or elephant or horse or weapon or other object,

camp

that shall remain his personal possession." This proclamation delighted the citizens, so that they gossiped together, saying:

unalarmed even

He is

"This king of ours is a lofty soul, in the presence of the hostile host.

certain to kill his rival in the morning."

THE LOSS OF FRIENDS Meanwhile the weaver, forgetting

101

love's allure-

ments, took counsel with his brooding mind:

I to

do now? Suppose

mount

"What

the machine and

fly away, then I shall never meet my pearl, my wife, again. King Valor will drag her from the palace after

killing I shall

desire.

poor father-in-law. Yet if I accept battle, meet death, who puts an end to every heart's But death is mine if I lose her. Why spin it

out? Death, sure death, in either case. It then, to die

it is

better,

just possible that the

game. Besides, enemy, if they see me accepting battle and mounted on Garuda, will think me the genuine Vishnu and will flee. For the proverb says: Let resolution guide the great,

However desperate his state, However grim his hostile fate:

resolution lifted high, decision as ally,

With shrewd

When

grimly sees grim trouble fly."

the weaver

had thus resolved on

battle, the

genuine Garuda made respectful representations to the genuine Vishnu in heaven. "O Lord," he said, "in a city on earth called Sugarcane is a weaver who, disguising himself as my Lord, has wedded a princess.

As a result, a more powerful monarch of the south has marched to extirpate the king of Sugarcane City.

Now the weaver today takes his resolution to befriend his father-in-law. This, then,

your decision. If he meets death

what

must

refer to

in battle, then scan-

THE PANCHATANTRA

102

dal will arise in the mortal world to the effect that blessed Vishnu has been killed

south. Thereafter sacrificial

by the king of the offerings will fail, and

other religious ceremonies. Then atheists will destroy the temples of the Lord, while pilgrims of the triple

devotees of blessed Vishnu, will abstain from pious journeyings. Such being the condition of affairs, staff,

decision rests with

Lord/'

Then

blessed Vishnu, after exhaustive meditation, Garuda: "O King of the winged, your to spoke reasoning is just. This weaver has a spark of divinity in him.

Therefore he must be the slayer of yonder

And

to bring this about, you and I must beking. friend him. spirit shall enter his body, you are to

inspire his bird, it," said

and

"So be

discus, his discus."

Garuda, assenting.

Hereupon the weaver, inspired by Vishnu, gave "Dear love, when I set out

instructions to Lovely:

made ready that bring a then performed auspicious cere-

for battle, let all things be

benediction."

monies, assumed ornaments seemly for battle, and permitted worshipful offerings of yellow pigment, black mustard, flowers, and the like. But when the friend of day-blooming water-lilies, the blessed,

thousand-beamed sun arose, adorning the bridal brow of the eastern sky, then to the victorious

roll

of the

war-drums, the king issued from the city and drew near the field of battle, then both armies formed in exact array, then the infantry

came

to blows.

this

THE LOSS OF FRIENDS

103

moment

the weaver, mounted on Garuda, and scattering largess of gold and precious gems, flew from the palace roof toward heaven's vault, while the townspeople, thrilling with wonder, gazed and adored, then beyond the city he hovered above his army, and drew

from Vishnu's conch a proud, grand burst of martial sound.

the blare of the conch, elephants, horses,

chariots, foot-soldiers,

ments were

Some

fouled.

rolled

paralyzed.

were dismayed and many garshrill screams fled afar.

Some with

purposive movement stood stock still, with terrified gaze

on the ground,

Some

all

unwavering on heaven. this point all the gods were drawn to the spot by curiosity to see the fight, and Indra said to fixed

Brahma: "Brahma, is this some imp or demon who must needs be slain ? For blessed Vishnu, mounted on Garuda, has gone forth to battle in person." At these words Brahma pondered: "Lord Vishnu's discus drinks in flood The hostile demons' gushing blood, And strikes no mortal flat: The jungle lion who can draw

The

tusker's life with awful paw, Disdains to crush a gnat.

What means this marvel ?" Thus Brahma himself was astonished. That is why I told you: Not even Brahma sees the end Of well-devised deceit: The weaver, taking Vishnu's form, Embraced the princess sweet.

THE PANCHATANTRA

io4

While the very gods were thus pondering with tense interest, the weaver hurled his discus at Valor. This discus, after cutting the king in twain, returned to his hand.

At the

sight, all the kings

without ex-

ception leaped from their vehicles, and with hands,

and head drooping in limp obeisance, they implored him who bore the form of Vishnu: "O Lord, feet,

An army, Be mindful of this and What are we to do?"

leaderless,

is slain.

spare our

lives.

Command us.

So spoke the whole throng of kings, until he made answer who bore the form of Vishnu: "Your persons are secure henceforth.

Whatever commands you

re-

ceive from the local king, King Stout-Mail, you must on all occasions unhesitatingly perform." And all the

kings it

humbly received

his instructions, saying:

"Let

be as our Lord commands."

Thereupon the weaver bestowed on Stout-Mail wealth, whether men or elephants or

all his rival's

chariots or horses or stores of merchandise or other riches, while

he himself, having attained the special

majesty of those victorious, enjoyed lights with the princess.

"And

that

why

all

known

I say:

befriend a man who climbs Determination's height, ....

The gods

and the

rest of it."

de-

THE LOSS OF FRIENDS

105

listened to this, Cheek said: "If you, too, thus are climbing determination's height, then proceed to the accomplishment of your desire. Blest be

Having

your journeyings."

Thereupon Victor sought the presence of the lion, Victor had bowed and seated himself: has so long a time passed since you were last "Why

who said, when

"O King, urgent I am come, Hence master my today. the bearer of tidings unwelcome but wholesome. This

visible?"

And

Victor answered:

business awaits

is not, indeed, the desire of dependents, who yet bring such tidings when they fear the neglect of immediate

and necessary

When

action.

As the proverb

says:

those appointed to advise

Speak wholesome truth, they cause surprise

this

remarkable excess

Of passionate

And

devotedness.

again:

A man To say

King, quickly found, the sycophantic thing; one prepared to hear or speak

But Unwelcome

truth,

far to seek."

words worthy of respectfully asked him: "What do you wish to

Hereupon Rusty, believing trust,

his

"O King, Lively has with treasonable purpose. crept into your confidence On several occasions he has confidentially whispered imply?"

Victor answered:

hearing: 'I have examined the strong points the weak in your master's power in his prestige,

and

And

THE PANCHATANTRA

106 his advisers,

him and

and

his material resources. I plan to kill

to seize the royal

power myself without

diffi-

culty/ This very day this Lively person intends to carry out his design. That is why I am here to warn the master whose service

To Rusty fall

this

mine by inheritance." report was more terrible than the

of a thunderbolt.

sank into a panic-stricken

stupor and said not a word. Then Victor, compre-

hending his state of mind, continued: "This

the

great sadness in the discharge of a counselor's duty. There is wisdom in the saying:

When

a counselor or king Rises higher than he should, Fortune strives in vain to make Still her double footing good; Being woman, feels the strain; Soon abandons one of twain.

For, indeed,

With broken sliver, loosened tooth, Or counselor who fails in truth, Pull roots and all; so only, grief Will find its permanent relief.

And

again:

king should ever delegate one sole man the powers of state: For folly seizes him, then pride, Whereat he grows dissatisfied

With

service; thus impatient grown,

He longs to rule the realm alone; And such impatient longings bring Him into plots to kill his king.

THE LOSS OF FRIENDS

107

Even now, will,

this Lively manages all business as he without restraint of any kind. Hence the well-

known saying

finds application:

A counselor who

tramples through His business, though his heart be true, May not unheeded go his way, Since future days the present pay.

But such

the nature of kings.

the poet sings:

Some

gentle actions born of love thoughts of active hatred move; Some deeds of traitorous offense Win guerdon of benevolence; The kingly mind can no man tame, As never being twice the same:

Such service makes the

A hard conundrum On

hearing

this,

Rusty

spirit faint, for a saint."

said: "After

all,

Why should he experience a change of heart toward me?" But Victor answered: "Servant or not,

servant.

there

nothing conclusive in that. For the proverb

says:

The man who

loves not royalty, Just serving while he can Find nothing better worth his pains, Is not a loyal man."

"My not find

dear fellow," said the lion, "even so, I canin my heart to turn against him. For

However false and fickle grown, Once dear is always dear:

Who

does not love his body, though Decrepit, blemished, queer?

THE PANCHATANTRA

io8

And

again:

His actions may be hard to bear, His speech be harsh to hear;

The

heart

clings delighted to truly dear."

still

A person

"For that very reason," retorted Victor, "there is a serious flaw in the business of getting on in the world. Observe

how

this person,

upon whom the

master has concentrated his consideration to the exclusion of the whole to

company of animals, now

desires

become himself the master. As the verse puts The man of birth or man unknown, If kingly eyes

Are

it:

on him alone

fixed, aspires to seize the throne.

Therefore, dear though he be, he should be abandoned, being a traitor, like one who has never been dear. There

much wisdom

in the saying:

Pursue your aim, abandoning

The fools inclined to sin, The comrades, brothers, friends, or sons, Or honorable kin: You know the song the women sing,

hear

far

and near

What good They

"And cause he take.

if is

are golden earrings, if lacerate your ear?

you fancy that he will bring benefit bebulky of body, you make a perverse mis-

For

How

use a proud bull-elephant will not serve the king? man is better, fat or lean, Who does the helpful thing.

That

THE LOSS OF FRIENDS

109

"Again, any pity that our lord and king might toward him, is quite out of place. For

Whoever leaves the righteous path For some unrighteous course, Will meet calamity in time And suffer much remorse.

Whoever will not take from Most excellent advice,

friends

Will gladden foes, and falling soon, Will pay his folly's price.

And

again:

wicked trick intently bent,

The

wilful still lack ear to hear (So blind their mind) of nice and vice The cause in saws appearing clear.

Furthermore:

Where one

What

will

in the

speak and one end is well,

will

heed

Although unpleasant at the time, There riches love to dwell.

And

again:

king's retainer should devise fraud, for spies are kingly eyes: Then bear with harsh as kind, King; The truth is seldom flattering.

Tried servants never should be

And

left,

strangers taken; kingdom's health by no disease

Is sooner

shaken."

feel

THE PANCHATANTRA

"My good fellow," said the lion, "pray do not say such things. For Never publicly defame Any once commended name: Broken promises are shame. "Now

formerly gave him a safe-conduct, since he appeared as a suppliant. How then can he prove I

ungrateful?" But Victor rejoined:

"No

rogue asks reason for his wrath;

Nor

saint, to tread in kindness* path:

By nature's power, the sweet or sour In sugar dwells or nim-tree's flower.

And

again: Caress a rascal as you

He was and

a rascal

will, still:

and sweating-treatments fail To take the kink from doggy's tail. All salve-

And

once again: Slight kindness

shown

to lofty souls

A strange enlargement seeks: The moonbeams gleam with

whiter light

Himalaya's peaks.

While, on the other hand:

The kindness shown

to vicious souls

Strange diminution seeks: The gleam of moonbeams is absorbed

Sooty Mountain's peaks.

hundred benefits are lost, on the mean; A hundred epigrams^ with their True relevance unseen; If lavished

THE LOSS OF FRIENDS A hundred counsels,

when a

life

Obeys no rigid rule; A hundred cogent arguments Are lost upon a fool. Lost

every gift that goes it does not fit;

Where Lost

service lavished

Sluggish

mind and

wit;

Lost upon ingratitude Is the kindest plan;

Lost

Not

Or put

it this

courtesy on one a gentleman,

way:

Perfume offered to a corpse, Lotus-planting dry, in the wood, prolonged

Weeping

Rain on alkali, Taking kinks from doggy's Drawl in deafened ear, Decking faces of the blind,

tail,

Sense for fools to hear.

this

way: bull, and think him some Heavy-uddered cow;

Milk a

Blind to lovely maidens, clasp

Eunuchs anyhow; Seek in shining scraps of quartz Lapis lazuli: Do not serve an addlepate, Bidding sense goodbye.

"Ergo, the master must by no means my sound advice. And one thing more:

fail

heed

THE PANCHATANTRA

ii2

What I

tiger,

monkey, snake advised,

did not do; and so

That dreadfully ungrateful man

Has brought me very low."

"How was

that?" asked Rusty.

And

Victor told

the story of

THE UNGRATEFUL MAN In a certain town lived a Brahman whose name was Sacrifice. Every day his wife, chafing under their poverty, would say to him "Come, Brahman Lazybones! Stony-Heart! Don't you see your babies :

you hang about, mooning? Go somewhere, no matter where, find some way, any way, to get food, and come back in a hurry." starving, while

At last

Brahman, weary of this refrain, undertook a long journey, and in a few days entered a great forest. While wandering hungry in this forest, he began to hunt for water. And in a certain spot he came the

well, overgrown with grass. When he looked he discovered a tiger, a monkey, a snake, and a

upon a in,

man

at the bottom.

They

also

saw him.

Then

the tiger thought: "Here comes a man," and he cried: "O noble soul, there is great virtue in saving

life.

Think of that, and

live in the

company

pull

me out,

so that I

may

of beloved friends, wife, sons, and

relatives."

"Why," your name

said the

Brahman, "the very sound of

brings a shiver to every living thing. I cannot deny that I fear you." But the tiger resumed:

THE LOSS OF FRIENDS

113

"To Brahman-slayer,

impotent, drunkard, him on treason bent, sinner through prevarication, The holy grant an expiation:

To To

While for ingratitude alone

expiation will atone."

And he continued:

"I bind myself by a triple oath that no danger threatens you from me. Have pity and pull me out." Then the Brahman thought it

through to saving of

"If disaster befalls in the

this conclusion:

life, it is

a disaster that spells salvation."

So he pulled the tiger Next the monkey

out.

"Holy sir, pull me out pulled him out too. Then the snake said: "Brahman, pull me out too." But the Brahman answered: "One shudders at the mere sound of your name, how much more at touching you!" "But," said the snake, "we are not free agents. too."

And

the

said:

Brahman

We bite only under orders.

bind myself by a triple oath that you need have no fear of me." After listening to this, the Brahman pulled him out too. Then the animals said:

of every

sin.

"The man down

Beware.

there

not pull him out.

a shrine

not

trust him."

Furthermore, the tiger said: "Do you see this mountain with many peaks? My cave is in a wooded ravine on the north slope. You must do me the favor of paying me a visit there some day, so that I may make return for your kindness. I should not like to

1 1

THE PANCHATANTRA

drag the debt into the next he started for his cave.

Then

the

monkey

said:

life."

With

"My home

these words

the cave, beside the waterfall. Please pay

quite near me a visit

With this he departed. Then the snake said: "In any emergency, remember me." And he went his way. Then the man in the well shouted time and again: "Brahman! Pull me out too!" At last the Brahman's pity was awakened, and he pulled him out, thinking: there."

"He

a man, like me."

And

the

man

said: "I

goldsmith, and live in Baroch. If you have any gold to be worked into shape, you must bring it to me." With this he started for home.

Brahman continued his wanderings but found nothing whatever. As he started for home, he Then

the

monkey's invitation. So he paid a visit, found the monkey at home, and received fruits sweet as nectar, which put new life into him. Furthermore,

recalled the

the monkey said: "If you ever have use for fruit, pray come here at any time." "You have done a friend's

duty," said the Brahman. "But please introduce

full

me to

the tiger." So the monkey led the troduced him to the tiger.

Now

way and

in-

him and, by way of rebestowed on him a necklace and

the tiger recognized

turning his kindness,

other ornaments of wrought gold, saying: "A certain prince whose horse ran away with him came here alone,

and when he was within range of a

spring, I

THE LOSS OF FRIENDS killed him. All this I took

carefully for you. will."

from

Pray accept

115

and stored and go where you

his person it

So the Brahman took it, then recalled the goldsmith and visited him, thinking: "He will do me the favor of getting

sold."

Now

the goldsmith wel-

comed him with

respectful hospitality, offering water for the feet, an honorable gift, a seat, hard food and

and other things, then said: "Command I do for you?" And the Brahman me, sir. said: "I have brought you gold. Please sell it." "Show me the gold," said the goldsmith, and the soft, drink,

What may

other did so.

Now worked

the goldsmith thought

when he saw

this gold for the prince."

it:

And having made

sure of the fact, he said: "Please stay right here, while I show it to somebody." With this he went to court

and showed

to the king.

seeing

it,

the king

"Where did you get this?" And the goldsmith replied: "In my house is a Brahman. He brought it." asked:

reflected: "Without quesvillain that killed tion, my son. I will show him what that costs." And he issued orders to the police:

Thereupon the king

"Have

this

Brahman scum

fettered,

and impale him

tomorrow morning."

When the snake,

Brahman was fettered, he remembered who appeared at once and said "What can

the

do to serve you ?" "Free me from these fetters," said the Brahman. And the snake replied: "I will bite the

THE PANCHATANTRA

ii6

king's dear queen. Then, in spite of the charms employed by any great conjurer and the antidotes of

other physicians, I will keep her poisoned. Only by the touch of your hand will the poison be neutralized.

Then you

will

go free."

Having made this promise, the snake bit the queen, whereupon shouts of despair arose in the palace, and the entire city was filled with dismay.

Then they summoned scientists,

dealers in antidotes, conjurers,

druggists, and

foreigners, all of whom treat-

ed the case with such resources as they had, but none could neutralize the poison. Finally, a proclamation was made with beat of drum, upon hearing which the

Brahman

said:

"I will cure her."

spoke, they freed

him from

the king, and introduced him.

"Cure

The moment he

his fetters, took

And

him

the king said:

So he went to the queen and cured her by the mere touch of his hand. When the king saw her restored to life, he paid the her, sir."

Brahman honor and reverence, then respectfully asked him "Reveal the truth, sir. How did you come by this gold?" And the Brahman began at the beginning and related the whole adventure accurately. As :

soon as the king comprehended the facts, he arrested the goldsmith, while he gave the Brahman a thousand villages

and appointed him privy counselor. But the his family, was surrounded by and relatives, took delight in eating and other

Brahman summoned friends

natural functions, acquired massive merit by the

THE LOSS OF FRIENDS performance of numerous

sacrifices,

heedful attention to

by duty, and lived happily. thority

"And

that

What and the

why

tiger,

rest of it."

all

concentrated au-

phases of royal

say:

monkey, snake advised, ....

And

Victor continued:

"Friend or kinsman, teacher, king, Must be kept from trespassing: If they cling to evil will

They

King, he

bend you

still,

to their will.

obviously a traitor. However,

Tirelessly benevolent, Save a friend on evil bent:

This

sainthood's perfect song;

Every substitute

wrong.

Again:

And

Who

saves from vice

True True True True True True True

wife

she

who

acts are free

is truly kind; shares your mind;

from every blame;

joy, from avarice's shame; wisdom wins the praise of saints; friends involve in

restraints;

glory knows no haughtiness; men are cheerful in distress.

again:

Rest your sleeping head in fire; Pillow it with snakes: Do not smile at worthy friends

Who pursue

mistakes.

117

THE PANCHATANTRA

ii8

"Now my

lord and king associates with Lively, vicious mistake that results in the neglect a making of the three things worth living for virtue, money,

and love. And in spite of my protestations, urged from various points of view, my lord and king goes way, unheeding. In the future, therefore, the crash comes, do not blame your servant. have heard the saying:

his wilful

when

You

thought of profit or of right

Can headstrong monarchs stay, Who, like bull-elephants amuck, Pursue their reckless way; When, puffed with pride, they come to grief In thickets of distress, They blame their servants, and forget Their proper naughtiness."

"Such being the case, my good fellow," said the lion, "should I warn him?" "What! Warn him?" " said Victor. What kind of policy would that be ? For

He stings or strikes in hasty fear When warning has been heard: 'Tis wise to

Rusty, "he is a grass-nibbler. I a carnivore. How can he hurt me?" "Precisely,"

"After

all," said

said Victor. is

warn an enemy by word."

action, not

"He is

a carnivore.

lord and king a grass-nibbler. lord and king devours is food.

food. In spite of all, if the fellow is not likely to work harm through his own power, he will egg on another to it. As the saying goes:

THE LOSS OF FRIENDS

119

The weak, malicious fool Can use a keener tool: It

sharpens sword-blades, but

The whetstone cannot

"How can swered:

cut."

that be?" said the lion.

And Victor an-

"Why, you have constantly engaged in battle

with unnumbered bull-elephants, wild oxen, buffaloes, boars, tigers,

with scars

and leopards, until your body is spotted by the thrust of claw and tusk. Now

left

this Lively, living beside

you, is always scattering his In it worms will breed.

excrement far and wide.

These worms, finding your body conveniently near, will creep into ready-made crevices, and will bore deep. And so you are as good as dead. As the proverb says:

With no stranger share your house; Leap, the

"How was the story of

flea, killed

Creep, the louse."

that?" asked Rusty.

And

Victor told

LEAP AND CREEP

In the palace of a certain king stood an incomparable bed, blessed with every cubiculary virtue.

In a corner of its coverlet lived a female louse

named

Creep. Surrounded by a thriving family of sons and daughters, with the sons and daughters of sons and daughters, and with more remote descendants, she drank the king's blood as he slept. On this diet she

grew plump and handsome. While she was living there in this manner, a flea named Leap drifted in on the wind and dropped on

THE PANCHATANTRA

120

the bed. This

flea felt

supreme

satisfaction

on exam-

ining the bed its

the wonderful delicacy of its coverlet, double pillow, its exceptional softness like that of

a broad, Gangetic sand-bank,

its delicious

perfume.

Charmed by the sheer delight of touching it, he hopped this way and that until fate willed it so he chanced to meet Creep, who said to him: "Where do you come from? This is a dwelling fit for a king. Begone, and lose no time about it/' "Madam," said he, "you should not say such things. For

The Brahman

reverences

Himself the lower

The But

fire,

castes' desire;

wife reveres her husband dear; the world must guests revere.

all

Now I am your guest.

have of

sampled the various blood of Brahmans, warriors, business men, and serfs, but found it acid, slimy, quite unwholesome. I

late

the contrary, he who reposes on this bed have a delightful vital fluid, just like nectar. It

must must

be free from morbidity, since wind, bile, and phlegm are kept in harmony by constant and heedful use of potions prepared by physicians. It must be enriched by viands unctuous, tender, melting in the mouth;

viands prepared from the flesh of the choicest creatures of land, water, and air, seasoned furthermore with sugar, pomegranate, ginger, and pepper. To me it

seems an

permission,

elixir

life.

Therefore, with your kind

plan to taste this sweet

and fragrant

substance, thus combining pleasure and profit."

THE LOSS OF FRIENDS

121

she. "For fiery-mouthed stingers like out of the question. Leave this bed. You

"No," said you,

it is

know

the proverb:

The fool who does not know His own resource, his foe, His duty, time, and place,

Who

sets a reckless pace, Will by the wayside fall, Will reap no fruit at all."

Thereupon he

fell at her feet, repeating his reshe agreed, since courtesy was her hobby, quest. and since, when the story of that prince of sharpers, Muladeva, was being repeated to the king while she

And

lay on a corner of the coverlet, she had heard how Muladeva quoted this verse in answer to the question

of a certain damsel:

Whoever, angry though he be, a suppliant enemy, In Shiva, Vishnu, Brahma, he Has scorned the Holy Trinity.

Has spurned

Recalling this, she agreed, but added: "However, you must not come to dinner at a wrong place or time."

"What is

the right place and

what

the right

time?" he asked. "Being a newcomer, I am not au courant" And she replied: "When the king's body is

mastered by wine, fatigue, or sleep, then you may quietly bite him on the feet. This is the right place and the right time." To these conditions he gave his assent.

In spite of this arrangement, the famished bun-

THE PANCHATANTRA

122 gler,

when

the king had just dozed off in the early him on the back. And the poor king, as

evening, bit

burned by a firebrand, as if stung by a scorpion, as if touched by a torch, bounded to his feet, scratched his back, and cried to a servant: "Rascal! Somebody bit me. You must hunt through this bed until you find the insect." Now Leap heard the king's command and in terriif

fied haste crept into a crevice in the bed.

Then the

king's servants entered, and following their master's orders, brought a lamp and made a minute inspection. fate would have it, they came upon Creep as she crouched in the nap of the fabric, and killed her with her family.

"And

that

why

I say:

With no stranger share your house, ....

And

another thing. lord and king does wrong in neglecting the servants who are

and the

his

rest of

it.

inheritance.

For

Whoever

leaves his friends, Strange folk to cherish,

Like foolish Fierce-Howl,

will

Untimely perish/'

"How was the story of

that?" asked Rusty.

And

Victor told

THE BLUE JACKAL

There was once a jackal named Fierce-Howl, who lived in a cave near the suburbs of a city. One day he was hunting for food, his throat pinched with hunger,

THE LOSS OF FRIENDS

123

city after nightfall. There the his limbs with their sharpat city dogs snapped pointed teeth, and terrified his heart with their dread-

and wandered into the

barking, so that he stumbled this way and that in his efforts to escape and happened into the house of ful

a dyer. There he tumbled into a tremendous indigo the dogs went home. Presently the jackal further

vat,

and

tined

all

managed

life

being predes-

to crawl out of the indigo vat

and

escaped into the forest. There all the thronging animals in his vicinity caught a glimpse of his body dyed

with the juice of indigo, and crying out: "What is this creature enriched with that unprecedented color?" they fled, their eyes dancing with terror, and spread the report: "Oh, oh! Here is an exotic creature that has dropped from somewhere. Nobody

knows what

conduct might be, or his energy. are going to vamoose. For the proverb says: his

Where you do not know Conduct, stock, and pluck, *Tis not wise to trust, If you wish for luck."

Now

Fierce-Howl perceived their dismay, and

them: "Come, come, you wild things! Why do you flee in terror at sight of me? For Indra, realizing that the forest creatures have no monarch, anointed me my name is Fierce-Howl as your king. Rest in safety within the cage formed by my called to

resistless

paws."

THE PANCHATANTRA

1*4

the lions, tigers, leopards, monkeys, rabbits, gazelles, jackals, and other species of wild life bowed humbly, saying: "Master, prescribe

hearing

this,

to us our duties."

Thereupon he appointed the

lion

prime minister and the tiger lord of the bedchamber, while the leopard was made custodian of the king's betel, the elephant doorkeeper, and the monkey the bearer of the royal parasol. But to all the jackals, his own kindred, he administered a cuffing, and drove

them away. Thus he enjoyed the kingly glory, while lions and others killed food-animals and laid them before him. These he divided and distributed to all after the manner of kings. While time passed in this fashion, he was sitting one day in his court when he heard the sound made by a pack of jackals howling near by. At this his with tears of joy, he to his and feet, began to howl in a piercing leaped tone. When the lions and others heard this, they per-

body

thrilled, his eyes filled

ceived that he was a jackal, and stood for a moment shamefaced and downcast, then they said: "Look! We have been deceived by this jackal. Let the fellow

be killed." flee,

And when he heard

but was torn to

"And

that

why

Whoever

and the

bits

by a

this,

he endeavored to

tiger

and

died.

say:

leaves his friends,

....

rest of it."

Then Rusty asked: "How am

I to

recognize that

THE LOSS OF FRIENDS he

treacherous?

nique?"

And

And what

125

his fighting tech-

Victor answered: "Formerly he would

come into the presence of my lord and king with limbs relaxed. If today he approaches timidly, in obvious readiness to thrust with his horns, then the king may

understand that he has treachery in mind."

Hereupon Victor rose and visited Lively. To him, also, he showed himself sluggish, like one penetrated

by discouragement. Therefore Lively said: "My good fellow, are you in spirits?" To which he replied: "How can a dependent be in spirits? For you know They

see their wealth in others'

Who

power

wait upon a king;

They even

fear to lose their lives:

A doleful

song they

sing.

Again:

With

birth begin the sorrows which Forever after cling, The never ending train of woes In service of a king.

Five deaths-in-life sage Vyasa notes With well-known epic swing:

The poor man,

And

sick

man,

exile, fool,

servant of a king.

His food repels; he dare not say An independent thing; Though sleepless, he is not awake Who hangs upon a king.

THE PANCHATANTRA

126

The common phrase

'a dog's life*

has

A most persuasive ring:

But dogs can do

the things they like;

A slave obeys his king.

He must be chaste, sleep hard, grow And eat a meager dinner: The

thin,

servant lives as lives the saint, is not saint, but sinner.

Yet

He cannot do the things he would; He serves another's mind; He sells his body. How can such

A wretch contentment find?

According to the

A servant uses

lesser distance,

more persistence

In watching for his master's whim trembling at the sight of him: this because a fire, a king, Are double name for single thing, A burning thing that men can stand Afar, but not too close at hand.

And And

What

flavor has a tidbit, good as good,

though

It be as

Soft, dainty, melting in the If bought by servitude?

To sum

it all

up:

What

my place? My

mouth,

time?

My friends?

Expenditure or dividends? And what am I? And what

my power? So must one ponder hour by hour."

After listening to this, Lively said, perceiving that Victor had a hidden purpose in mind: "Tell me, my

THE LOSS OF FRIENDS

127

what you wish to imply." And Victor friend. I cannot help answer^: "Well, you are my The telling *^5u what is to your profit. Here goes.

good

fellow,

is filled

master, Rusty, he said today: for all

with wrath against you. And Lively and provide a feast

will kill

who eat meat.' Of course, I

on hearing crisis demands." tion

this.

Now

fell

into deep dejec-

you must do what the

To Lively this report was like the fall of a thunderand he fell into deep dejection. Yet as Victor's words were always plausible, he grew more and more troubled, fell into a panic, and said: "Yes, the proverb bolt,

right:

Women

oft are tricked by scamps; Kings with rascals oft agree;

Toward

the skinflints

Rain on mountains

Ah, me! Ah, me! What

You

money falls

drifts; sea.

and

this that

has befallen

serve your king most heedfully.

Of course. Who could complain? But enmity Is

And

again: If one

as your reward unexpected pain.

angry, giving cause,

Remove it, and the wrath will But how may man propitiate

A mind

that harbors causeless hate?

Who does The

pause:

not fear the scoundrel's art,

causeless hate, the flinty heart?

For ever ready venom drips Resistless from his serpent-lips.

me?

THE PANCHATANTRA

128

The stupid king-swan pecks by ni At starshine, in the water bright^, Believing

a lotus white;

Then, fearing stars when shines the sun, Avoids the lotus. Everyone

Who Alas!

dreads a trap, will blessings shun.

What wrong have

done our master Rusty?"

"Comrade," said Victor, "kings love to injure without reason, and they seek out the vulnerable spot an adversary." "True, too true," said Lively. "There is wisdom in the verse:

The

serpent sandal-trees defiles; In lotus-ponds lurk crocodiles; The slanderer makes virtue vain: No blessing lacks attendant pain.

mountain height; scoundrels issues nothing right; saints no change of heart is known; lotus decks the

From

Rice never sprouts from barley sown. Nobility's constraints felt by gracious saints,

Are

Who

bear good deeds in mind Forget the other kind.

"Yet, after all, the fault is mine, because I advances to a false friend. As the story goes:

Harsh

talk,

untimely action, are worse than vain:

False friends

The swan

Was by

lilies

sleeping,

the arrow slain."

made

THE LOSS OF FRIENDS "How was

that?" asked Victor.

And

129

Lively told

the story of

PASSION

AND THE OWL

Within a certain forest was a broad expanse of lake. There lived a king-swan named Passion, who spent his days in a great variety of pastimes. One day death, fatal death, visited him in the person of an owl. And the swan said: "This is a lonely wood.

Where do you come from ?" The owl replied "I came :

because

heard of your virtues. Furthermore,

In search of virtue roaming The wide world through,

No I

virtues being greater, come to you.

That

must

you,

cling in friendship sure:

The impure turns, attaining The Ganges, pure.

And

again:

The conch was bone Has purified:

that Vishnu's hand

For contact with the righteous lends

noble pride."

After this address, the swan gave his assent, in the "My excellent friend, dwell with me as you

words:

broad lake in this pleasant wood." So was spent in friendly diversions. But one day the owl said: "I am going to my own home, which is called Lotus Grove. If you set any like

this

their time

THE PANCHATANTRA

130 value on

me and

to pay a visit as

feel

any

affection,

my guest." With

you must not fail went

these words he

home.

Now grown

as time passed, the swan reflected: "I have old, living in this spot, and I do not know a

single other region.

So now

I will

go to

visit

my dear

friend, the owl. There I shall find a brand-new recreation ground and new kinds of food, both hard and

soft."

After these reflections, he went to visit the owl. first he could not find him in Lotus Grove, and

*when, after a minute search, he discovered him,

was the poor creature crouching in an ugly hole, he was blind in the daytime. But Passion called:

there for

dear fellow, come out! I am your dear friend the swan, come to pay you a visit."

"My

And and

the owl replied: "I do not stir by day. You meet when the sun has set." So the swan

I will

waited a long time, met the owl at night, and after giving the conventional information about his health, being wearied by his journey, he went to sleep on the spot.

Now it happened that a large commercial caravan had encamped at that very lake. At dawn the leader and had the signal of departure given by conch.

rose

This the owl answered with a loud, harsh hoot, then dived into a hole in the river-bank. But the swan did not

stir.

Now the evil omen so disturbed the leader's

spirit that

he gave orders to a certain archer who

THE LOSS OF FRIENDS

131

could aim by sound. This archer strung his powerful bow, drew an arrow as far as his ear, and killed the

swan,

who was

"And and the

And was

all

that

resting near the owl's nest.

why

I say:

Harsh

talk,

untimely action,

. . .

rest of it."

Lively continued:

honey at

to poison.

first,

"Why, our master Rusty

but at the

last his

purpose turns

Ah, yes!

compliments you to your face; His whispered slanders never stop:

Avoid a friend

like that.

A poison-jug with cream on

top.

have learned by experience the truth of the well-known verse: "Yes, I

He lifts his hands to see you standing there; His eyes grow moist; he offers half his chair; He hugs you warmly to his eager breast; In kindly talk and question finds no rest; skill is wondrous in deceptive tricks; Honey without, within the poison sticks: What play is this, what strange dramatic turns, That every villain, like an actor, learns?

His

At first rogues' friendship glitters With service, flattery, delight; Thence, in

its

bright

middle journey, shoot

flowers of speech that fail to fruit; Its final goal is treason, shame, Disgust, and slanders that defame:

Gay

Alas! Its

Who made

one

foul

the curs&d thing?

purpose

to sting.

THE PANCHATANTRA

13*

And

again:

They bow abjectly; leap to greet You with their speech seductive-sweet; Pursue and hug you day by day;

Of deep devotion make

display:

your virtue. Never one Finds time to do what should be done.

All praise

"Woe

me!

How

consort with this lion is

wisdom

can

a creature herbivorous,

who devours raw

in the saying:

Where wealth

very

much

the same,

And

similar the family fame, Marriage or friendship is secure; But not between the rich and poor.

And

flesh?

there

The

a proverb:

sun, already setting, shows

His

final

flaming power, the honey-thirsty bee Explores the lotus-flower, Forgets that it will prove a trap

And

still

That shuts

at set of sun:

Ambition, thirsting for reward, Is blind to dangers run.

Abandoning the lotus-bloom With all its sweet content,

The

jasmine's natural perfume luxury of scent, The water-bees seek toilsome food, On ichor-sipping bent: So men reject the easy good,

And

In rogues o'erconfident.

There

THE LOSS OF FRIENDS

133

The

bees that, too adventurous, honey seek In springtime ichor glistening on

A novel

The elephant-monarch's cheek, When, tossed by wind from flapping They tumble to the ground,

ears,

Remember

then what gentle sport In lotus-cups is found.

Yet, after

all,

virtues involve corresponding defects.

For

The fruit-tree's branch by very wealth Of fruit is bended low; The peacock's feathered pride compels

A sluggish gait

and slow;

The blooded horse that wins his Must like a cow be led: The good in goodness often find An enemy to dread.

race,

Where Jumna's waves roll blue With sands of sapphire hue, Black serpents have their

lair;

And who would hunt them

there,

But that a jewel's bright star From each hood gleams afar?

By By

virtue rising, all that same virtue

fall.

The man of virtue commonly Is hateful to the king,

While riches to the scamps and

fools

Habitually cling: The ancient chant 'By virtue great Is man' has run to seed; The world takes rare and little note

Of any plucky

deed.

THE PANCHATANTRA

134

Sad, shamefaced lions fail to rage, Their spirit mastered by the cage; And captive elephants' brows and pride

drivers'

goads are scarified;

Charms

dull the cobras; hopeless woe scholars flat and soldiers low:

Lays For Time, the mountebank, enjoys

A juggling bout with chosen The honey-greedy bee

poor

toys. fool!

Deserts the flowering lotus-pool Where danger is not found, to sip The springtime ichor-rills that drip

From elephant foreheads; does not fear The flapping of that monstrous ear: by his nature, greedy man Forgets the issue of his plan.

So,

"Yes, by entering a vulgarian's sphere of power, I

have certainly

forfeited

life.

As the proverb

says: All

who

live

upon

their wits,

Many learn&d, too, are mean, Do the wrong as quick as right: Illustration may be seen In the well-known tale that features Camel, crow, and other creatures."

"How was

that?" asked Victor.

And

Lively told

the story of

UGLY'S TRUST ABUSED In a certain city lived a merchant named Ocean, who loaded a hundred camels with valuable doth and set out in a certain direction.

Now one of his camels,

THE LOSS OF FRIENDS

135

whose name was Ugly, was overburdened and fell limp, with every limb relaxed. Then the merchant divided the pack of cloth, loaded it on other camels, and because he found himself in a wild forest region where delay was impossible, he proceeded, leaving Ugly behind.

When and began

was gone, Ugly hobbled about crop the grass. Thus in a very few days

the trader to

the poor fellow regained his strength. In that forest lived a lion whose

name was

Haughty, who had as hangers-on a leopard, a crow, and a jackal. As they roamed the forest, they encountered the abandoned camel, and the lion said, after observing his fantastic and comical shape: "This is an exotic in our forest. Ask him what he is." So the crow informed himself of the facts and said:

what goes by the name of camel in the world." Thereupon the lion asked him: "My good friend, where did you come from?" And the camel "This

gave precise

from the trader, experienced compassion and guar-

details of his separation

so that the lion

anteed his personal security. In this posture of affairs, the lion fought an elephant one day, received a thrust from a tusk, and

keep his cave. And when five or six days had passed, they all found themselves in urgent distress from the failure of food. So the lion, observing how

had

they drooped, said to them: "I am crippled by this wound and cannot supply you with the usual food.

136

THE PANCHATANTRA

You

will just have to account."

make an

effort

on your own

And they replied: "Why should we care to thrive, while our lord and king is in this state?" "Bravo!" "You show the conduct and devotion of good servants. Round up some food-animal for me while I am in this condition." Then, when they made no answer, he said to them: "Come! Do not be bashful. Hunt up some creature. Even in my present said the lion.

condition I will convert

into food for

you and my-

self."

So the four started to roam the woods. Since they found no food-animal, the crow and the jackal conferred together, and the jackal said: "Friend crow, why roam about? Here is Ugly, who trusts our king. Let us provide for our sustenance by killing him."

very good suggestion," said the crow. "But after all, the master guaranteed his personal security,

and so cannot

kill

him."

"Quite so," said the jackal. "I will interview the

master and make him think of

killing Ugly. Stay I and return with the mashere until home right go With this to the master. answer." he hastened ter's

When he found the lion, he said: "Master, we have roamed the entire forest, and are now too famished to stir a foot. Besides, the king is on a diet. So, the king commands, one might fortify one's health today by means of Ugly's flesh."

When

the lion had listened to this ruthless pro-

THE LOSS OF FRIENDS

137

posal, he cried out, angrily: "Shame upon you, most degraded of sinners! The moment you repeat those I will strike

words,

you dead. Why, I guaranteed his can I kill him with my own

How

personal security.

paw? You have heard the saying: The wise declare and understand

gift

safety granted

of cow or food or land among all gifts as grand

on demand."

"Master," replied the jackal, "if you kill him after guaranteeing his safety, then you are indeed blameworthy.

If,

offers his

attaches.

however, of his

own

life

So you

own accord he devotedly and king, then no blame him on condition that he

to his lord

may

kill

voluntarily destines himself to slaughter. Otherwise, pray eat one or another of the rest of us. For the king is

on a

change

diet,

and

food

fails,

will experience

for the worse. In that case,

what value have

these lives of ours, which will no longer be spent in our master's service? If anything disagreeable happens to our gracious master, then we must follow him into the

For the proverb says:

fire.

Save the chieftain of the clan, Whatsoe'er the pain; Lose him, and the clan is lost: Hubless spokes are vain." After listening to

you

With

this,

Haughty

said:

"Very

well.

will."

this

message the jackal hastened to say to

THE PANCHATANTRA

138

the others: "Well, friends, the master

very low.

Hie life is oozing from the dp of his nose. If he goes, who will be our protector in this forest? So, since staris driving him toward the other world, let us and voluntarily offer our own bodies. Thus we go shall pay the debt we owe our gracious master. And

vation

the proverb says:

when disaster Comes upon their master, Servants,

If alive and well, Tread the road to

hell."

So they

all went, their eyes brimming with tears, before Haughty, and sat down. seeing them, Haughty said: "My friends, did

bowed low

you catch any creature, or see any?" And the crow replied: "Master, though we roamed everywhere, we still did not catch any creature, nor see any. Master, pray eat me and support your life for a day. Thus the master

will

be replete, while

I shall rise to

heaven.

For the saying goes:

A servant who,

in loyal love, yielded up his breath, Adorns a lofty seat in heaven,

Has

Secure from age and death."

hearing this, the jackal said: "Your body is small. If he ate you, the master would scarcely pro-

long his life. Besides, there the verse tells us:

a moral objection. For

flesh and such small leavings Are things to be passed by:

Crows'

;

THE LOSS OF FRIENDS Why cat

evil

That does not

somewhat satisfy?

"You have shown your saintly reputation in

while

loyalty,

both worlds.

and have won a

Now make

address the master." So the jackal

spectfully

and

139

way,

bowed

re-

"Master, pray use my body to today, thus conferring on me the

said:

support your life best of earth and heaven. For the proverb says: Since servants' lives on masters hang In forfeit for their pay,

The master

perpetrates no sin

In taking them away."

Hearing

this,

the leopard said:

"Very

praise-

worthy, indeed, my friend. However, your body is rather small, too. Besides, he ought not to eat you, since

you belong

You know

to the

same unguipugnacious

family.

the proverb:

The prudent, though with

life

at stake,

Avoid forbidden food (Too small at that) from fear to lose Both earth's and heaven's good.

Well, you have shown yourself a loyal servant. There is truth in the stanza:

That swarms of gentlemen

delight

A monarch, is

not strange, last and times between, first and Since, Their honor does not change.

Make way,

then, so that

too,

may win

the master's

grace."

Thereupon the leopard bowed low and

said:

THE PANCHATANTRA

go with anjana

his wife into the forest, logs.

Spotless,

Now

where he cut great

in that forest lived a lion

who had

as hangers-on

named

two carnivorous

and a crow. One day the lion was roaming the wood alone and

creatures, a jackal

encountered the carpenter.

The

carpenter for his

part, on beholding that most alarming

lion,

whether

considering himself already lost or perhaps with the ready wit to perceive that it is safer to face the powerful, advanced to meet the lion, bowed low, and said: "Come, friend, come! Today you must eat my

own

dinner which

wife

your brother's wife

has provided."

"My good ous, I

do not

fellow," said the lion, "being carnivoron rice. But in spite of that, I will

live

have a taste, since I take a fancy to you. What kind of dainty have you got?" When the lion had spoken, the carpenter stuffed

him with all kinds of dainties buns, muffins, chewers, and things, all flavored with sugar, butter, grapejuice, and spice. And to show his gratitude, the lion guaranteed his safety and granted unhindered pas* sage through the forest. Then the carpenter said: "Comrade, you must come here every day, but please come alone. You must not bring anyone else to visit me." In this manner they spent their days in friend-

And

the lion, since every day he received such hospitality, such a variety of goodies, gave up the practice of hunting. ship.

THE LOSS OF FRIENDS

143

the jackal and the crow, who lived on others' went luck, hungry, and they implored the lion. "Master," they said, "where do you go every day? And tell us why you come back so happy." "I don't go anywhere," said he. But when they urged the

Then

question with great deference, the lion said: "A friend of mine comes into this wood every day. His wife

cooks the most delicious things, and I eat them every day, in order to show friendly feeling."

Then go

"We two will and have enough

the jackal and the crow said:

there, will kill the carpenter,

meat and blood to keep us fat for a long time." But the lion heard them and said: "Look here! I guaranteed his safety. How can I even imagine playing him such a scurvy trick? But I will get a delicious

from him for you also." To this they agreed. So the three started to find the carpenter. While they were still far off, the carpenter caught a glimpse of the lion and his seedy companions, and he thought: "This does not look prosperous to me." So he and tidbit

made haste to climb a tree. Then the lion came up and said: "My good fellow, why did you climb a tree when you saw me? Why, I am your friend, the lion. My name is Spotless. Do not be alarmed." But the carpenter stayed his wife

where he was and

said:

Your jackal does not reassure; Your crow's sharp bill offends: You therefore see me up a tree I

do not

your

friends.

THE PANCHATANTRA

144

"And

that

why

say that a king with shabby

advisers brings no good to his dependents." After telling the story, Lively continued:

body must have

set

"Some-

Rusty against me. Besides:

Soft water's scars elide

The mighty mountain side, And leave it much diminished: By those who have the trick To make a whisper stick Man's gentleness

finished.

"Under these circumstances, what portune? Indeed, there

nothing

action

left

opsave battle.

For the proverb says:

By By

gifts, by self-denial, sacrificial trial,

Some

slowly win to heaven;

To him who

yields his

life

In glad, heroic strife, Quick entrance there

And

given.

again:

The slain attains the sky, The victor joyful lives;

And

heroes are content

With

And once

these alternatives.

again:

Gay maidens, smart with gems and The flyflap's royal toy;

gold;

Throne, horse, and elephant, and cash; The white umbrella, joy And sign of monarchs shun the coward, Are not for mamma's boy."

THE LOSS OF FRIENDS

145

When he heard this, Victor thought: "The fellow has sharp horns and plenty of vigor. He might perhaps strike down the master, if fate decreed it. That would not do, either. And the proverb says: Even with heroes victory Whimsically

may

alight.

Try three other methods Only in extremis fight.

I will

ing."

use

And

my wits

he said:

first;

to turn his thoughts from fight-

"My

dear fellow, this

not a

good plan, because

loses fights

who

fights before

His foeman's power is reckoned: The ocean and the plover fought, And ocean came out second."

"How was

that?" asked Lively.

And

Victor told

the story of

THE PLOVER WHO FOUGHT THE OCEAN A

plover and his wife once lived by the shore of the sea, the mighty sea that swarms with fish, crocodiles, turtles, sharks, porpoises, pearl oysters,

and other teeming life. The plover was called Sprawl, and his wife's name was Constance. In due time she became pregnant and was ready to lay her eggs. So she said to her husband: "Please find a spot where I may lay my eggs." "Why," said he, "this home of ours, inherited from our ancestors, shellfish,

promises progress.

Lay your

eggs here." "Oh," said

THE PANCHATANTRA

146 she, "don't

mention

this dreadful place.

Here

the

ocean near at hand. His tide might some day make a long reach and lick away my babies." But the plover answered: "Sweetheart, he knows me, he knows Sprawl. Surely the great ocean cannot

show such enmity to me. Did you never hear What man is rash enough to take The gleaming crest-jewel from a snake? Or

stirs

the wrath of one so dread may strike his victim dead?

His glance

However summer heat In wild and

Who,

all, would seek the shade rogue elephant's body made?

after

By some

And

distresses

treeless wildernesses,

again:

When

morning's chilly breezes blow particles of snow, What man with sense of value sure, Employs for cold the water cure?

With whirling

visit Death what man desires, So wakes the lion's sleeping fires, Who, tired from slaying elephants,

Lies in a temporary trance?

Who dares

to visit

and defy

The death-god? Dares I challenge

you to

the fearless cry

single strife;

power be yours, pray take

What

life?

son of man, with simple wit,

Defies the

fire,

and enters

The smokeless flame that terrifies, Whose tongues by hundreds lick the

skies?"

this?

THE LOSS OF FRIENDS

147

But even as he spoke, his wife laughed outright, since she knew the full measure of his capacity, and she said: "Very fine, indeed. There is plenty more where that came from. O king of birds, Your heavy boastings startle, shock, And make of you a laughingstock: One marvels if the rabbit plants

A dung-pile like

the elephant's.

How can you fail to appreciate your own strength and weakness? There

To know

a saying:

one's self

hard, to

know

Wise effort, effort vain; But accurate self-critics are Secure in times of strain.

This much of effort brings success; I have the power; I can: So think, then act, and reap the fruit

Of your judicious

And

there

sound sense

plan.

in this:

take advice from kindly friends

Be ever satisfied: The stupid turtle lost his grip Upon the stick, and died."

"How was

that?" asked Sprawl. told the story of

SHELL-NECK, SLIM,

And Constance

AND GRIM

In a certain lake lived a turtle

named

Shell-Neck.

He had as friends two ganders whose names were Slim and Grim.

Now in the vicissitudes of time there came

THE PANCHATANTRA

a twelve-year drought, which begot ideas of this nature in the two ganders: "This lake has gone dry. Let us seek another body of water. However, we must first

say farewell to Shell-Neck, our dear and long-

proved friend." bid

When they did so, the me farewell? I am a

do you and here I water-dweller, turtle said:

"Why

should perish very quickly from the scant supply of water and from grief at loss of you. Therefore, if you feel any affection for me, please rescue me from the jaws of this death. Besides, as the water dries in this lake,

you two

while to

which

But they

nothing beyond a restricted diet, means immediate death. Consider

suffer

serious, loss of food or loss of life."

replied:

"We

are unable to take

you

with us since you are a water-creature without wings." Yet the turtle continued: "There is a posBring a stick of wood." This they did, the turtle gripped the middle of the stick whereupon between his teeth, and said: "Now take firm hold sible device.

side, fly up, and travel the sky, until we discover flight through another desirable body of water."

with your with even

bills,

one on each

But they objected: "There is a hitch in this fine plan. If you happen to indulge in the smallest conversation, then you will lose your hold on the stick, will fall from a great height, and will be dashed to bits."

"Oh," said the

turtle,

"from

this

moment

take

THE LOSS OF FRIENDS a

vow

of silence, to last as long as

149

are in heaven."

So they carried out the plan, but while the two ganders were painfully carrying the turtle over a neighboring city, the people below noticed the spectacle, and there arose a confused buzz of talk as they

"What

asked:

this cartlike object that

two birds

are carrying through the atmosphere?" Hearing this, the doomed turtle was heedless

enough to ask: "What are these people chattering about?" The moment he spoke, the poor simpleton lost his grip and fell to the ground. And persons who

wanted meat cut him

to bits in a

moment with

sharp knives.

"And

that

To and the

why

say:

take advice from kindly friends,

rest of it."

And Constance

....

continued:

Forethought and Ready wit thrive; Fatalist can't keep alive.

"How was

that?" asked Sprawl.

And she

told the

story of

FORETHOUGHT, READYWIT, AND FATALIST In a great lake lived three full-grown fishes, whose names were Forethought, Readywit, and Fatalist. Now one day the fish named Forethought overheard passers-by on the bank and fishermen saying: "There

THE PANCHATANTRA

150

are plenty of fish in this pond.

Tomorrow we go

fish-

ing."

On hearing this, Forethought reflected: "This looks bad. Tomorrow or the day after they will be come here. I will take Readywit and Fatalist and move to another lake whose waters are not 9 troubled.' So he called them and put the question. Thereupon Readywit said: "I have lived long in this lake and cannot move in such a hurry. If fishermen come here, then I will protect myself by some means devised for the occasion." But poor, doomed Fatalist said: "There are sizable lakes elsewhere. Who knows whether they will come here or not? One should not abandon the lake sure to

of his birth merely because of such small gossip. the proverb says:

And

Since scamp and sneak and snake So often undertake plan that does not thrive,

The world wags Therefore

on, alive.

determined not to go."

And when

Forethought realized that their minds were he went to another body of water.

made

up,

On the next day, when he had gone, the fishermen with their boys beset the inner pool, cast a net, and caught all the fish without exception. Under these circumstances Readywit, while

in the water, played "This dead. big fellow died they thought: without help," they drew him from the net and laid

And since

still

THE LOSS OF FRIENDS

151

him on the bank, from which he wriggled back to safety in the water. But Fatalist stuck his nose into the meshes of the net, struggling until they pounded killed him.

him repeatedly with clubs and so

"And

that

why

I say:

Forethought and Readywit thrive; Fatalist can't keep alive."

"My dear," me

said the plover,

"why do you

think

like Fatalist?

Horses, elephants, and iron,

Water, woman, man, Sticks

and stones and clothes are

built

a different plan.

Feel no anxiety. Who can bring humiliation upon you while my arms protect you?"

So Constance laid her eggs, but the ocean, who had listened

"Well, well!

the

previous conversation, is sense in the saying:

Of self-conceit

An The

thought:

There

all

creatures

show

adequate supply: lies with claws upstretched prop the falling sky.

plover

put his power to the test." So the next day, when the two plovers had gone foraging, he made a long reach with his wave-hands and eagerly seized the eggs. Then when the henplover returned and found the nursery empty, she said to her husband: "See what has happened to poor I will just

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152

me. The ocean seized my eggs today. I told you more than once that we should move, but you were stupid as Fatalist and would not go. Now I am so sad at the loss of my children that I have decided to burn myself."

"My dear," said the plover, "wait until you witmy power, until I dry up that rascally ocean with my bill." But she replied: "My dear husband,

ness

how can you

fight the

ocean ? Furthermore,

Gay simpletons who fight, Not estimating right The foe's power and their own, Like moths in flame atone."

"My

dear," said the plover, "you should not say

such things.

The sun's new-risen beams Upon the mountains fall: Where glory is cognate, Age matters not at all.

With this bill I shall dry up the water to the last drop, and turn the sea into dry land." "Darling," said his wife,

"with a

bill

that holds one drop

how

will

you

dry up the ocean, into which pour without ceasing the Ganges and the Indus, bearing the water of nine times nine hundred tributary streams ? sense?" But the plover said: Success

And

rooted in the

Why talk non-

will;

an iron-strong bill; Long days and nights before me lie: Why should not ocean's flood go dry? I possess

THE LOSS OF FRIENDS The

153

highest glory to attain

Asks enterprise and manly strain: The sun must first to Libra climb Before he routs the cloudy time.

"Well/* said his wife, "if you

feel

that you

must

make war on

the ocean, at least call other birds to aid before your you begin. For the proverb says:

A host where each

weak

Brings victory to pass: The elephant is bound By woven ropes of grass.

And

again:

Woodpecker and sparrow With froggy and gnat, Attacking en masse, laid The elephant flat."*

"How was

that?" asked Sprawl. told the story of

And Constance

THE DUEL BETWEEN ELEPHANT AND SPARROW In a dense bit of jungle lived a sparrow and his wife, who had built their nest on the branch of a tamal

and

time a family appeared. Now one day a jungle elephant with the spring fever was distressed by the heat, and came beneath tree,

in course of

that tamal tree in search of shade. Blinded

his

tip of his trunk at the branch where the sparrows had their nest, and broke it. In the process the sparrows' eggs were crushed, though

fever, he pulled with the

THE PANCHATANTRA

154

the parent-birds further barely escaped death.

Then

life

being predestined

the hen-sparrow lamented, desolate with And presently, hear-

grief at the death of her chicks.

ing her lamentation, a woodpecker bird, a great friend of hers, came grieved at her grief, and said: "My dear friend,

why lament

in vain?

For the Scripture says:

and dead and past wise have no laments: Between the wise and fools For

lost

The

Is just this difference.

And

again:

life deserves lament; Fools borrow trouble, Add sadness to the sad, So make it double.

And

yet again: Since kinsmen's sticky tears Clog the departed,

Bury them

decently, Tearless, whole-hearted."

"That is good doctrine," said the hen-sparrow, "but what of it? This elephant curse his spring fever!

killed

babies.

you are

friend,

think of some plan to kill this big elephant. If that were done, I should feel less grief at the death of my children.

You know

the saying:

While one brings comfort Another jeers at pain;

in distress,

paying both as they deserve, born again."

A man is

THE LOSS OF FRIENDS

155

said the woodpecker, "your remark very true. For the proverb says:

"Madam,"

A friend in

need

a friend indeed,

Although of different caste; The whole world is your eager friend So long as riches last.

And

again:

friend in need is a friend indeed; Fathers indeed are those who feed; True comrades they, and wives indeed, Whence trust and sweet content proceed.

"Now see what my wit know

that

too,

have a

can devise. But you must friend, a gnat called Lute-

with her, so that this villainous beast of an elephant may be killed."

Buzz.

I will return

So he went with the hen-sparrow, found the gnat, and said: "Dear madam, this is my friend the hensparrow. She is mourning because a villainous elephant smashed her eggs. So you must lend your assistance while I work out a plan for killing him." friend," said the gnat, "there is only possible answer. But I also have a very intimate

"My one

good

friend, a frog

right thing

named Cloud-Messenger. Let us do

calling

him

into consultation.

proverb says:

A wise companion

find,

Shrewd, learned, righteous, kind; For plans by him designed Are never undermined."

the

For the

THE PANCHATANTRA

156

three went together and told Cloud-Mesthe entire story. And the frog said: "How senger feeble a thing is that wretched elephant when pitted all

against a great throng enraged! Gnat, you must go and buzz in his fevered ear, so that he may shut his

eyes in delight at hearing your music.

Then

the

peck out his eyes. After that

I woodpecker's will sit on the edge of a pit and croak. And he, being thirsty, will hear me, and will approach expecting to find a body of water. When he comes to the pit, he bill will

will fall in

and perish."

When

they carried out the plan, the fevered elephant shut his eyes in delight at the song of the gnat, was blinded by the woodpecker, wandered thirstsmitten at noonday, followed the croak of a frog, came to a great pit, fell in, and died.

"And

that

why

say:

Woodpecker and sparrow,

and the

. .

rest of it."

"Very well," said the plover. "I will assemble my and dry up the ocean." With this in mind, he summoned all the birds and related his grief at the friends

rape of his chicks. And they started to beat the ocean with their wings, as a means of bringing relief to his sorrow.

But one

bird said:

"Our desires will not be accom-

plished in this manner. Let us rather fill up the ocean with clods and dust." So they all brought what clods

THE LOSS OF FRIENDS

157

and dust they could carry in the hollow of and started to fill up the ocean.

Then another

bird said: "It

their bills

plain that

are

not equal to a contest with mighty ocean. So I will tell you what is now timely. There is an old gander

who lives

beside a

banyan

tree,

who will give us sound

and

practical advice. Let us go there is a saying:

Take

old folks' counsel (those are old

Who The

and ask him. For

have experience)

captive wild-goose flock was freed old gander's sense."

By one

"How was

that?" asked the birds.

And

the speak-

er told the story of

THE SHREWD OLD GANDER In a part of a forest was a fig tree with massive branches. In it lived a flock of wild geese. At the root of this tree appeared a creeping vine of the species called koshambi. Thereupon the old gander said: "This vine that is climbing our fig tree bodes ill to us.

By means of it, someone might perhaps

climb up here Take it away while it is still cut." But the geese despised his

some day and and readily counsel and did not cut the kill us.

slender

time

wound

its

way up

vine, so that in course of

the tree.

Now one day when

the geese were out foraging, a hunter climbed the fig tree by following the spiral vine, laid a snare

among

the nests, and went home.

THE PANCHATANTRA

158

When the geese, after food and recreation, returned at they were caught to the last one. Whereupon the old gander said: "Well, the disaster has taken place. You are caught, having brought it on nightfall,

yourselves by not heeding

my advice. We are all lost

now."

Then the geese said to him: come to pass, what ought we

"Sir, the thing

having

do now?" And the

old fellow replied: "If you will take my advice, play dead when that hateful hunter comes. And when the hunter, inferring that we are dead, throws the last one to the ground, we then must all rise simultaneously, flying over his head."

early

dawn

the hunter arrived, and

when he

looked them over, everyone seemed as good as dead. He therefore freed them from the snare with perfect

them all to the ground, one after But when they saw him preparing to de-

assurance, and threw

the other.

all followed the shrewd plan of the old flew and up simultaneously. gander

scend, they

"And

that

why

Take

and the

I say:

old folks' counsel,

....

rest of it."

When the story had been

told, all the birds visited

the old gander and related their grief at the rape of Then the old gander said: "The king of all is Garuda. us Therefore, the timely course of acthe chicks.

tion

is this.

You must

all stir

the feelings of

Garuda

THE LOSS OF FRIENDS

159

by a chorus of wailing lamentation. In consequence, he will remove our sorrow." With this purpose they sought Garuda.

Now Garuda had just been summoned

bless&d

Vishnu to take part in an impending battle between gods and demons. At just this moment the birds reported to their master, the king of the birds, what sorrow in the separation of loved ones had been wrought by the ocean when he seized the chicks. "O bird divine," they said, "while you gleam in royal radiance, we must live on what little is won by the

Because of our weak necessity of eating, the ocean has, in overbearing manner, carried away our young. Now there is a saying: labor of our

bills.

The poor are in peculiar need Of being secret when they feed: The lion killed the ram who could Not check his appetite for food."

"How was

that?" asked Garuda.

And

an old bird

told the story of

THE LION AND THE RAM In a part of a forest was a ram, separated from his flock. In the armor of his great fleece and horns, he roamed the wood, a tough customer. Now one day a lion in that forest,

kinds of animals, encountered him. At unprecedented sight, since the wool so bristled

retinue of this

who had

all

in every direction as to conceal the body, the lion's

THE PANCHATANTRA

160

heart was troubled and invaded by fear. "Surely, he more powerful than I am/' thought he. "That is

why

he wanders here so fearlessly."

And

the lion

edged away. But on a later day the lion saw the same ram cropping grass on the forest floor, and he thought: "What!

The

fellow nibbles grass! His strength must be in relation to his diet/' So he made a quick spring and

ram.

killed the

"And

that

why

I say:

The poor are in peculiar need Of being secret when they feed,

and the rest of it." While they were thus conferring, Vishnu's messenger returned and said: "Garuda, Lord Vishnu sends orders that you repair at once to the celestial city."

hearing

"Messenger, what servant as

this,

will

Garuda proudly said to him: the master do with so poor a

am?"

"Garuda," said the messenger, "it may be that the blessed one has spoken to you harshly. But why should you display pride toward the blessed one?"

And Garuda replied: "The ocean,

the resting-place of

the blessed one, has stolen the eggs of the plover, who is my servant. If I do not chastise him, then I am

not the servant of the blessed one.

Make

this report

to the master."

Now when

Vishnu learned from the messenger's

THE LOSS OF FRIENDS that

lips

"Ah, he

161

Garuda was

feigning anger, he thought: dreadfully angry. I will therefore go in

person, will address him, and bring honor. For the proverb says:

him back with

all

Shame no

servant showing worth, and noble birth; Loyalty, Pet him ever like a son, If

And

you wish your business done.

again: Masters, fully satisfied,

Pay by

gratifying pride; Servants, for such honor's pay,

Gladly throw their lives away."

Having reached

this conclusion,

he hastened to

Garuda, who, beholding his master a visitor in his own house, modestly gazed on the ground, bowed low,

and

said:

blessed one, the ocean,

his service as

made

insolent

your resting-place, has stolen

hold! has stolen the eggs of

be-

servant, and thus

brought shame upon me. From reverence for the blessed one, I have delayed. But if nothing is done, I myself will this day reduce him to dry land. For the proverb says:

A loyal

servant dies, but shrinks

From doing deeds of such a kind As bring contempt from common men

And

lower him in his master's mind."

one replied: justified. Because

this the blessed

your speech

son of Vinata,

For servants' crimes the master should

Be made

to suffer, say the good,

THE PANCHATANTRA

162

So long as he does not erase From service, cruel folk and base.

we may recover the eggs the may satisfy plover, and then proceed on the celestial to the city gods' business." To this then, so that

"Come,

from ocean,

Garuda

agreed, and the blessed one reproached the then fitted the fire-arrow to his bow and said: ocean, "Villain, give the plover his eggs. Else, I will reduce to dry land."

you

On hearing this, the ocean, while all his train shook with

fright, tremblingly

them

took the eggs and restored

to the plover, as the blessed one directed.

"And

that

why

I say:

loses fights

who

fights before

His foeman's power

and the

reckoned,

rest of it."

Now when Lively understood the matter, he asked Victor: "Tell me, comrade. What is his fighting technique?" And Victor answered: "Formerly he would lie carelessly on a slab of stone, with limbs relaxed. If today his tail is drawn in at the very first, if his four paws are bunched and his ears pricked up,

and off,

watching for you while you are still far may understand that he has treachery

then you

mind."

Hereupon Victor visited Cheek, who asked: "What have you accomplished?" And he replied: "I have already set them at odds with each other."

THE LOSS OF FRIENDS "Have you

really

done

said Cheek, "it

says:

Cheek.

it?" said

answered: "The outcome

163

And

Victor

show you." "Indeed," not surprising. For the proverb will

A well-devised estranging scheme The firmest prudence shocks, As constant floods of water split The mountains' close-piled rocks."

Then Victor continued: estrangement, a

man

"Having wrought an

should not

fail

to seek his

own

advantage in it. As the verse puts it: The man who studies every book

And understands, yet does not look To his advantage, learns in vain; His books are merely mental strain."

"But in the final analysis," said Cheek, "there no such thing as personal advantage. For Since worms and filth and ashes cling, The body is a loathsome thing; What statecraft therefore may there be In hurting

vicariously?"

"Ah," replied Victor, "you have no comprehension of the devious ways of statesmanship, the basic support of the profession of counselor. On this point there is a verse: Let your speech like sugar be, Steel your heart remorselessly;

Never draw a doubtful breath:

Pay

And

for suffered

wrongs with death.

another thing. This Lively, even when killed, will provide us with nourishment. For you know,

THE PANCHATANTRA

164

wise who wrongs another, Pursuing selfish good, Should keep his plans a secret,

The

As Smart did

"How was the story of

in the

wood."

that?" asked Cheek.

And

Victor told

SMART, THE JACKAL

In a part of a forest lived a lion named ThunderFang, in company with three counselors, a wolf, a

and -a camel, whose names were Meat-Face, Smart, and Spike-Ear. One day he fought with a furious elephant whose sharp-pointed tusk so tore his

jackal,

body that he withdrew from the world. Then, suffering from a seven-day fast,

his

body

lean with hunger, he said to his famished advisers: "Round up some creature in the forest, so that, even in

present condition,

may

provide needed

nourishment for you." The moment he issued his roamed the wood, but found nothing.

orders, they

Thereupon Smart reflected: "If Spike-Ear here were killed, then we should all be nourished for a few days. However, the master is kept from killing him wit will put friendly feeling. In spite of that, the master in a frame of mind to kill him. For, indeed,

All understanding may be won, All things be slain, and all be done, If mortals

have

For me,

make good use

sufficient wit;

it."

After these reflections, he said to Spike-Ear: "Friend Spike-Ear, the master lacks wholesome food,

THE LOSS OF FRIENDS and

165

starving. If the master goes, our death

also

a certain thing. So I have a suggestion for your benefit and the master's. Please pay attention." "My

good fellow," said Spike-Ear, "make haste to inform me, so that I may unhesitatingly do as you say. Besides, one earns credit for a hundred good deeds by serving his master."

And Smart said: "My good

fellow, give your own 100 at cent so that you may receive interest, body per a double body, and the master may prolong his life."

hearing this proposal, Spike-Ear said: "If that is possible, my friend, my body shall be so devoted. Tell

the master that this thing should be done. I stipulate only that the Death-God be requested to guarantee

the bargain."

Having made their decision, they all went to visit the lion, and Smart said: "O King, we did not find a thing today, and the blessed sun is already near his setting." On hearing this, the lion fell into deep despondency.

Then Smart continued: "O King, our

makes this proposal: 'If you call to guarantee the bargain, and if Death-God the upon you render it back with 100 per cent of interest, then " I will give my body/ "My good fellow," answered the lion, "yours is a beautiful act. Let it be as you friend Spike-Ear

say."

down by

the basis of this pact, Spike-Ear

was struck

the lion's paw, his body was torn by the wolf

and the jackal, and he died. Then Smart reflected: "How can

get

him

all

THE PANCHATANTRA

166

myself to eat?" With

this

thought in his mind, he

noticed that the lion's body was smeared with blood, and he said: "Master, you must go to the river to

bathe and worship the gods, while

stay here with

Meat-Face to guard the food-supply." On hearing this, the lion went to the river. When the lion was gone, Smart said to Meat-Face: "Friend Meat-Face, you are starving. You might eat this camel before the old master returns. I

some of

make your

apologies to the master." So MeatFace took the hint, but had only taken a taste when will

Smart

cried:

"Drop

it,

Meat-Face. The master

coming." Presently the lion returned, saw that the ramel heart, and wrathfully roared: "Look

was minus a here!

Who

to kill

turned this camel into leavings?

wish

Then Meat-Face peered into much as to say: "Come, now! Say as

too."

him, Smart's visage,

may calm down." But Smart said: and "Come, come! You ate the camel's laughed heart all by yourself. Why do you look at me?" And Meat-Face, hearing this, fled for his life, making for another country. But when the lion had pursued him something, so that he

a short distance, he turned back, thinking: "He, too, unguipugnacious. I must not kill him."

this

moment,

as fate

would have

it,

there

came

way a great camel caravan, heavily laden, maka tremendous jingling with the bells tied to the ing camels' necks. And when the lion heard the jingle of that

THE LOSS OF FRIENDS

167

loud even in the distance, he said to the jackal: "My good fellow, find out what this horrible the

bells,

may be." On receiving

noise

commission, Smart advanced a little in the forest, then darted back, and cried in great excitement: "Run, master! Run, if you can run!"

"My good

this

fellow," said the lion,

me what

so? Tell

the Death-God

it is."

And Smart

coming, and he

"why

terrify

cried: "Master, in a rage against

you because you brought untimely death upon

his

camel, and had him guarantee the bargain. He intends to make you pay a thousand fold for his camel.

He has immense pride in his camels. He also plans to make

inquiries

that one.

about the father and grandfathers of coming. He is near at hand."

When the lion heard this, he, too, abandoned the dead camel and scampered for dear life. Whereupon Smart ate the camel bit by bit, so that the meat lasted a long time.

"And

that

The

why wise

I say:

who wrongs

Pursuing

and the

selfish

another, good, ....

rest of it."

Now when

Victor was gone, Lively reflected: to do? Suppose I go elsewhere, then

"What am

some other

merciless creature will

kill

me,

for this is

a wild wood. Indeed, when the master is furious, it is not possible even to depart. For the proverb says:

THE PANCHATANTRA

168

Impunity comes not By fleeing far away: The long arms of the shrewd

Make

"My

careless sinners pay.

best course

might regard

to approach the lion.

as a suppliant,

might even spare

life."

Having thus

set his

mind

in order,

he started very

spirit, and when he perceived the lion in the posture foretold by Victor, he sank down at some little distance, thinking: "Ah, the un-

slowly, with troubled

fathomable character of kings! As the proverb says: Tis a house with serpents crawling,

Wood

with beasts of prey appalling, Lotus-pond where blossoms smile O'er the lurking crocodile, Spot that sneaking rogues deface With repeated slanders base Timid servant never learns

Whither kingly purpose turns."

Rusty

for his part, perceiving the bull in the atti-

tude predicted by Victor, him.

And Lively, though

made

his

a sudden spring at body was torn by sharp

claws as formidable as thunderbolts, also scored the lion's belly with his horns, contrived to break away

from him, and stood

in fighting posture,

ready to gore

again.

At this point Cheek perceived that both of them, red as dhak trees in blossom, were intent on killing each other, and he said reproachfully to Victor:

"You

THE LOSS OF FRIENDS

169

dunderhead! In setting these two at enmity, you have done a wicked deed. You have brought trouble

and confusion into

this entire forest, thus

proving

your ignorance of the true nature of statecraft. For the saying runs: Those are counselors indeed, Wise in statecraft, who succeed In composing reckless strife That, unhindered, threatens

life:

Those on petty purpose bent,

Keen

to visit punishment,

Quick in wrong and folly, bring Risk to kingdom and to king.

Ah, poor

fool !

Men

of true discernment,

first

Try

conciliation; For the victories of peace Suffer no frustration.

Ah, poor simpleton You seek the post of counselor, and are ignorant of the very name of conciliation. Your ambition is vain, since you love harsh measures. !

As the proverb puts

it:

Lord Brahma bids the statesman try Conciliation

first,

Postpone or shun

Harsh deeds, of 'Tis neither

(it

all

can be done) deeds worst.

sun nor flashing

gem

Nor

fiery spark, 'Tis peace, from bitter

That routs the dark.

foemen's hearts

THE PANCHATANTRA

170

And

again:

Try peaceful means, not harsh, Your quarrel flit: Take sugar, not cucumber, for

A And

bilious

make

fit.

once again:

The doors

that wit unlocks are three

Peace, shrewd intrigue, and bribery; The fourth device that brings success In struggle, is plain manliness.

Tis womanish, no doubt, to show Small strength, abundant sense; But power is merely bestial, if Without intelligence. Snake,

lion, elephant,

and

fire,

With water, wind, and sun, Have power. From undirected power Is little profit

won.

"Now if it was overweening pride in being the son of a counselor that has led you to outrage decency, the your own ruin. As the proverb

result will be merely

says:

What

is learning whose attaining Sees no passion wane, no reigning

Love and self-control? Does not make the mind a menial, Finds in virtue no congenial Path and final goal?

Whose

attaining

but straining

For a name, and never gaining

Fame

or peace of soul?

THE LOSS OF FRIENDS "Now

in the treatises

subsumed under

171

on the subject statesman-

five heads, to wit:

proper inception; resources, human and material; determination of place and time; countermeasures for misship

chance; and successful accomplishment. At the present moment, the master finds himself in serious peril.

you have any such capacity, devise countermeasures for his mischance. For the wisdom of a if

So,

counselor finds

its test in

the patching of friendship.

That you cannot do, because you have Ah, you a perverted mind. As the saying goes: fool!

No scamp

can further others' work,

But can deprave it: The mole uproots the mulberry, But cannot save it. "After master's, are.

And

the fault

all,

who

not yours, but rather the

your words, dull-witted as you the proverb says: trusts

Educating sluggish wit Kills no pride but fosters

it:

In the sunlight others find Aid to vision; owls go blind*

Education thrusts aside

Man's If

fatuity and pride; foster them, who can

Cure the educated man ? Remedies are useless when Heaven's nectar poisons men."

And Cheek, beholding

his

sank into deep dejection.

master

in pitiful plight,

"Dreadful,"

he cried,

THE PANCHATANTRA

172 "dreadful

the penalty the master pays for taking is wisdom in the verse:

evil counsel! Indeed, there

Monarchs who adopt a plan From the mean and vicious man,

Who

refuse to tread the

way

That the prudent counsel

they

Enter misadventure's cage

Where

the adversaries rage;

Thence deliverance's gate Crowns an issue rugged, strait. "Fool! Fool! All the world seeks the service of a

master whose retinue

righteous.

How,

then, can

evil counselor as you, who, like a beast, understand nothing but destruction how can such a one enrich the master with righteous companions? For

such an

the proverb says:

Monarchs, ill-advised, repel, Even though they purpose well: Sweet and placid waters smile, But beware the crocodile.

"Yet you, I suppose, seeking your own advantage, desire to have the king quite solitary. Ah, fool! Are you ignorant of the verse? Kings shine as

social beings, not

As solitaries; Whoever wish them lonely are Their adversaries.

And

again:

Draw

benefit

No poison,

from comments harsh; this:

In flattery see treason, not

True nectar's

bliss.

THE LOSS OF FRIENDS "And

173

you are grieved at seeing others happy and prosperous, that, too, is wicked. It is wrong to proceed thus when friends have fulfilled their nature. For Those who seek, through treason, friends; if

Seek, through

humbug, righteous ends;

Property by wronging neighbors; Learning's wealth by easy labors;

Woman's

love by cruel pride

These are

fools, self-stultified.

Likewise:

The happiness of subjects makes The monarch gay and brave: Nay, what would be the dancing sea With no gem-flashing wave?

"Furthermore, for one ter's favor,

puts

who has enjoyed

the mas-

modesty is peculiarly proper. As the verse

it:

According to his favored state, A servant's modest, humble gait Is notably appropriate.

"Your

And

character, however,

marked by

levity.

the proverb says:

The

great are firm, though battered, as before; Great ocean is not fouled by caving shore: For petty cause the fickle change and pass;

The

gentlest breezes ruffle pliant grass.

"When

all is

said, it is the master's fault.

For

pursuit of virtue, money, and love, he recklessly takes counsel with one like you one who lives by the mere

pretense of administrative competence, in total ignor-

174

THE PANCHATANTRA

ance of the

six expedients

and the four devices is wisdom in this:

for

attaining success. Yes, there

If kings are satisfied at their side

With servants

Who

ply a wheedling tongue,

Whose bows are never strung, Then kingly glory goes Embracing manlier

foes.

"Indeed, there is much sense in the story which summed up in the familiar verse:

counselor whose name was Strong Attained his dearest heart's desire: He won the favor of his king; He burned the naked monk with fire."

The

"How was

that?" asked Victor.

And Cheek

told

the story of

THE MONK WHO LEFT BODY BEHIND

HIS

In the Koshala country is a city called Unassailable. In it ruled a king named Fine-Chariot, over footstool rippled rays of light from the diauncounted vassal princes. of dems One day a forest ranger came with this report:

whose

the forest kings have become turbulent, and in their midst is the forest chief named Vindhyaka.

"Master, It

all

the king's affair to teach him modest manners/* hearing this report, the king summoned Counselor

Strong, and despatched the forest chieftains.

him with orders

to chastise

THE LOSS OF FRIENDS Now monk

in the absence of the counselor, a

arrived in the city at the

175

naked

end of the hot season*

He was master of the astronomical specialties, such as problems and etymologies, rising of the zodiacal signs, augury, ecliptic intersection, and the decanate; also mansions divided into nine parts, twelve parts,

stellar

thirty parts; the shadow of the gnomon, eclipses, and numerous other mysteries. With these the fellow in a few days won the entire population, as if he had bought and paid for them. Finally, as the matter went from mouth to mouth, the king heard a report of its character, and had the curiosity to summon the monk to his palace. There he offered him a seat and asked: "Is it true, Professor,

as they say, that you read the thoughts of others?" "That will be demonstrated in the sequel," replied the monk, and by discourses adapted to the occasion he

brought the poor king to the extreme pitch of curiosity.

One day he failed to appear at the regular hour, but the following day, on entering the palace, he announced: "O King, I bring you the best of good tidAt dawn today I flung this body aside within cell, assumed a body fit for the world of the gods,

ings.

and, inspired with the knowledge that all the immortals thought of me with longing, I went to heaven

and have just returned. While

there, I

by the gods to inquire in their welfare."

name

was requested

after the king's

THE PANCHATANTRA

176

When

this, the king said, his extreme a curiosity begetting feeling of amazement: "What, Professor! You go to heaven ?" "O mighty King," re-

he heard

plied the fellow, "I go to heaven every day." This the king believed poor dullard! so that he grew negli-

royal business and all duties toward the ladies, concentrating his attention on the monk. While matters were in this state, Strong entered

gent of

all

the king's presence, after settling all disturbances in the forest domain. He found the master wholly indifferent to every one of his counselors, withdrawn in private conference with that naked monk, discussing

what seemed

some miraculous occurrence, his And on learning the facts, low and said: "Victory, O King! May bowed Strong the gods give you wit!" Thereupon the king inquired concerning the counselor's health, and said: "Sir, do you know this lotus-face

to be

ablossom.

professor?" To which the counselor replied: "How could there be ignorance of one who is lord and creator of a whole school of professors ? Moreover, I

have heard that

this professor goes to

heaven. Is

a fact?" "Everything that you have heard," answered the king, "is beyond the shadow of doubt."

Thereupon the monk said: "If this counselor feels any curiosity, he may see for himself." With this he entered his cell, barred the door from within, and waited there. After the lapse of a mere moment, the counselor spoke:

King," he said, "how soon

will

THE LOSS OF FRIENDS

177

And the king replied: "Why this imYou must know that he leaves his lifeless

he return?"

patience? body within this

cell,

and returns with another, a

heavenly body." "If this is indeed the case," said Strong, "then bring a great quantity of firewood, so that

may

set

"For what purpose?" asked the king. And the counselor continued: "So that, when this fire to this cell."

body has been burned, the gentleman may stand before the king in that other body which visits lifeless

heaven. In this connection

I will tell

you the story of

THE GIRL WHO MARRIED A SNAKE Brahman named Godly, wept bitterly when she saw the youngsters. But one day the Brahman

In Palace City lived a

whose

childless wife

neighbors'

said: "Forget

your sorrow, mother dear. See!

When

I was offering the sacrifice for birth of children, an invisible being said to me in the clearest words:

'Brahman, you shall have a son surpassing all man" kind in beauty, character, and charm/ When she heard this, the wife felt her heart swell with supreme delight. "I only hope his promises come true," she said. Presently she conceived, and in course of time gave birth to a snake. When she saw him, she paid no attention to her companions, who all

advised her to throw him away. Instead, she took laid him with motherly tender-

him and bathed him,

ness in a large, clean box, and

pampered him with

THE PANCHATANTRA

178

milk, fresh butter, and other good things, so that before

many days had

But one day

passed, he grew to maturity. the Brahman's wife was watching the

marriage festival of a neighbor's son, and the tears streamed down her face as she said to her husband:

know that you despise me, because you do nothing about a marriage festival for my boy." "My good wife," answered he, "am I to go to the depths of the "I

underworld and beseech Vasuki the serpent-king?

Who

else,

you

foolish

woman, would give

his

own

daughter to this snake?"

But when he had spoken, he was disturbed at seeing the utter woe in his wife's countenance. He therefore packed provisions for a long journey, and undertook foreign travel from love of his wife. In the course of some months he arrived at a spot called Kutkuta City in a distant land. There in the house of a kinsman whom he could visit with pleasure since each respected the other's character, he was hospitably received, was given a bath, food, and the like, and there

he spent the night. Now at dawn, when he paid his respects to his Brahman host and made ready to depart, the other asked him: "What was your purpose in coming

fit

And where

your errand lead you?" To this he replied: "I have come in search of a wife for my son." "In that case," said his host, "I

hither?

will

have a very beautiful daughter, and my own person is yours to command. Pray take her for your son."

THE LOSS OF FRIENDS

179

So the Brahman took the girl with her attendants and returned to his

own

place.

But when the people of the country beheld her incomparable opulence of beauty, her supreme loveliness and superhuman graces, their eyes popped out with pleasure, and they said to her attendants:

"How can right-thinking persons bestow such a pearl girl upon a snake?" On hearing this, all her elder-

of a

ly relatives without exception were troubled at heart, and they said: "Let her be taken from this imp-

ridden creature." But the

girl said:

mockery! Remember the

text:

"No more of this

once, once only, these three things:

Once spoken, stands the word of kings; The speech of saints has no miscarriage; A maid is given once in marriage.

And

again: All fated happenings, derived

From any former state, Must changeless stand: the very gods Endured poor Blossom's

Whereupon they this

all

Blossom person?"

fate."

asked in chorus:

And

"Who was

the girl told the story of

POOR BLOSSOM '

God Indra once had

a parrot

named Blossom. He

enjoyed supreme beauty, loveliness, and various graces, while his intelligence was not blunted by his extensive scientific attainments.

One day he was

resting

on the palm of great

THE PANCHATANTRA

180

Indra's hand, his

body

thrilling

with delight at that

contact, and was

reciting a variety of authoritative he caught sight of Yama, lord of

when who had come

formulas,

to pay his respects at the time the appointed. Seeing god, the parrot edged away. And all the thronging immortals asked him: "Why

death,

did you

move away,

sir,

upon beholding that person-

age?" "But," said the parrot, "he brings harm to all not move away from him?" living creatures. Upon hearing this, they all desired to calm his

Why

fears, so said to

Yama: "As

please not kill this parrot." do not know about that. It

a favor to us, you

must

And Yama replied: "I is Time who determines

these matters." therefore took Blossom with them, paid a visit to Time, and made the same request. To which

They

Time

"It

replied:

affairs.

Death who

posted in these

speak to him."

Pray But when they did

so, the parrot died at the mere of Death. And they were all distressed at seeing sight the occurrence, so that they said to Yama: "What

does this mean?"

And Yama

said:

"It

was simply

fated that he should die at the mere sight of Death."

With

this reply

"And

that

they went back to heaven.

why

say:

All fated happenings,

and the

....

Furthermore, I do not wish my father reproached for double dealing on the part of rest of

it.

THE LOSS OF FRIENDS his daughter."

When

she had said

181

she married

this,

the snake, with the permission of her companions,

and at once began devoted attendance upon him by offering milk to drink and performing other services.

One night the serpent issued from the generous chest which had been set for him in her chamber, and entered her bed. "Who is this?" she cried. "He

And thinking him a strange she started man, up, trembling in every limb, unlocked the door, and was about to dart away when has the form of a man."

she heard him say: "Stay, my dear wife. I am your husband." Then, in order to convince her, he reentered the body which he had left behind in the chest, issued

from

again,

and came

to her.

When she beheld him flashing with lofty diadem, with earrings, bracelets, armbands, and rings, she fell at his feet, and then they sank into a glad embrace.

Now

his father, the

Brahman, rose betimes and

discovered how matters stood.

He therefore seized the

serpent's skin that lay in the chest, and with fire, for he thought: "I do not want

consumed it him to enter

that again." And in the morning he and his wife, with the greatest possible joy, introduced to everybody as their

own an

wrapped up

extraordinarily

handsome

son, quite

in his love affair.

After Strong had related this parallel case to the king, he set fire to the cell that contained the naked

monk.

THE PANCHATANTRA

i8a

"And The

that

why

say:

counselor whose

name was

Strong,

and the rest of it. Poor fool! Such men

....

are true coun-

selors, not creatures like you, who make a living by a mere pretense of administrative competence, though quite ignorant of the ways of statecraft. Your evil conduct demonstrates an inherited lack of executive capacity. Surely, your father before you was the same kind of person. For

The character of sons The father e'er reflects: Who, from a screw-pine tree,

emblic fruit expects?

"While in men of learning and native dignity, an inner weakness is not detected even with the lapse of time. It remains hidden, unless of their own accord they cast dignity aside and display what is vulnerable in their minds.

For

Did not the

silly peacock wheel In giddy dance at thunder's peal, What peering effort could reveal His nakedness?

you are a villain, good advice thrown away upon you. As the saying goes: "Since, then,

knife prevails against a stone; the unbending tree;

Nor bends

good advice from Needle-Face Helped indocility."

"How was the story of

that?" asked Victor.

And Cheek

told

THE LOSS OF FRIENDS

183

THE UNTEACHABLE MONKEY In a part of a forest was a troop of monkeys who firefly one winter evening when they were

found a

dreadfully depressed. On examining the insect, they believed it to be fire, so lifted it with care, covered it

with dry grass and leaves, thrust forward their arms, sides, stomachs, and chests, scratched themselves, and enjoyed imagining that they were warm. One of the arboreal creatures in particular, being especially chilly, blew repeatedly and with concentrated attention

on the

firefly.

Thereupon a bird named Needle-Face, driven by hostile fate to her own destruction, flew down from her tree and said to the monkey: "My dear sir, do not put yourself to unnecessary trouble. This is not This is a firefly." He, however, did not heed her

fire.

warning but blew again, nor did he stop when she tried more than once to check him. To cut a long story short,

when she vexed him by coming

close and and dashed her on a head, and neck so that she

shouting in his ear, he seized her rock, crushing face, eyes, died.

"And that is why I say: No knife prevails against and the

a stone; ....

rest of

it. For, after all, Educating minds unfit

Cannot rescue

sluggish wit,

Just as house-lamps wasted are, Set within a covered jar.

THE PANCHATANTRA

184

"Plainly, you are

The

what

known

as worse-born/

technical explanation runs:

Sons of four divergent kinds Are discerned by well-trained minds: 'Born/ and 'like-born/ 'better-born'; Lastly, 'worse-born* has their scorn.

'Born' the mother's image gives; 'Like-born' like the father lives; 'Better-born' more nobly acts;

'Worse-born' morally subtracts.

"Ah, there

wisdom

By whom

in the saying:

far-piercing

wisdom or

Great wealth or power

A Again:

won

the family, in him mother has a son.

lift

A merely striking beauty Is

not so hard to find;

rarer

gem

wisdom,

Far-reaching power of mind.

"Yes, there

sense in the story:

Right-Mind was one, and Wrong-Mind two; I know the tale by heart: The son in smoke made father choke

By being supersmart." "How was that?" asked Victor. And Cheek

told

the story of

RIGHT-MIND AND WRONG-MIND In a certain city lived two friends, sons of merchants, and their names were Right-Mind and

THE LOSS OF FRIENDS

185

Wrong-Mind. These two traveled to another country far away in order to earn money. There the one

named Right-Mind,

as a consequence of favoring a found fortune, pot containing a thousand dinars, which had been hidden long before by a holy man. He debated the matter with Wrong-Mind, and they de-

cided to go home, since their object was attained. So they returned together.

When Mind

they drew near their native city, Rightsaid: "My good friend, a half of this falls to

your share. Pray take it, so that, now that we are at home, we may cut a brilliant figure before our friends and those less friendly." But Wrong-Mind, with a sneaking thought of his

own advantage, said to the other: "My good friend, so long as we two hold this treasure in common, so long will our virtuous friendship suffer no interruption. Let us each take a hundred dinars, and go to

our homes after burying the remainder. The decrease or increase of this treasure will serve as a test of our virtue."

Now Right-Mind, in the nobility of his nature, did not comprehend the hidden duplicity of his friend, and agreed to the proposal. Each then took a certain

sum

They carefully hid the residue in the ground, and made their entrance into the city. Before long, Wrong-Mind exhausted his prelimiof money.

nary portion because he practiced the vice of unwise expenditure and because his predetermined fate of-

THE PANCHATANTRA

i86

fered vulnerable points.

therefore

made

a second

with Right-Mind, each taking a second

division

this, too, had slipped in the same way through Wrong-Mind's fingers. As a re-

hundred. Within a year

thoughts took this form: "Suppose I divide another two hundred with him, then what is the good

sult, his

of the remainder, a paltry four hundred, even if I steal it? I think I prefer to steal a round six hundred." After this meditation, he went alone, removed the treasure, and leveled the ground.

mere month later, he took the initiative, going Right-Mind and saying: "My good friend, let us divide the rest of the money equally." So he and Right-Mind visited the spot and began to dig. When to

the excavation failed to reveal any treasure, that impudent Wrong-Mind first of all smote his own head

with the empty pot, then shouted:

"What became

that good lucre ? Surely, Right-Mind, you stolen

it.

Give

me my

half. If

you

must have

don't, I will bring

you into court."

"Be

silent, villain!" said

Right-Mind.

know

Such

the other.

thefts are not in

"My name is my line. You

the verse:

A man Mere

A In

right-minded sees but trash, clods of earth, in others' cash;

mother all

in his neighbor's wife; that lives, his own dear life."

So together they carried their dispute to court and related the theft of the money. And when the magis-

THE LOSS OF FRIENDS trates learned the facts, they decreed

But Wrong-Mind

each.

ment

said:

187

an ordeal for

"Come! This judg-

not proper. For the legal dictum runs: Best evidence

written word;

Next, witnesses who saw and heard; Then only let ordeals prevail

When

witnesses completely

fail.

In the present case, I have a witness, the goddess of the wood. She will reveal to you which one of us is guilty,

which not

quite right,

sir.

guilty.

And

For there

To meanest

they replied:

"You

are

a further saying:

witnesses, ordeals

Should never be preferred;

Of course much

less, if

you possess

forest goddess' word.

Now we also feel a great interest in the case. You two must accompany us tomorrow morning to that part of the forest." With this they accepted bail from each and sent them home. Then Wrong-Mind went home and asked his father's help.

"Father dear," said he, "the dinars are

my hand. They only require one little word from you. This very night I am going to hide you out of in

sight in a hole in the

the spot where

I dug must be morning you

mimosa

tree that

grows near

out the treasure before. In the

witness in the presence of

the magistrates."

"Oh,

my son,"

said the father,

"we

are both lost.

THE PANCHATANTRA

188

This

no kind of a scheme. There

wisdom

in the

old story:

The good and bad of given schemes Wise thought must first reveal: The stupid heron saw his chicks Provide a mungoose meal."

"How was

that?" asked Wrong-Mind. father told the story of

And

his

A REMEDY WORSE THAN THE DISEASE

A flock of herons once had their nests on a fig tree in a part of a forest. In a hole in the tree lived a black

who made a practice of eating the heron chicks before their wings sprouted. At last one heron, in utter woe at seeing the young ones eaten by a snake, went to the shore of the pond, snake

and stood with downcast And a crab who noticed him in this attitude, shed a flood of

tears,

face.

said:

"Uncle, why you so tearful today?" "My good the friend," said heron, "what am I to do? Fate is are

My babies and the youngsters belonging

against me. to

have been eaten by a snake that lives the fig tree. Grieved at their grief, I weep.

relatives

in a hole in

possible device for killing him ?" the crab reflected: "After all, he hearing this, a natural-born enemy of my race. I will give him

Tell me,

there

any

such advice

may

a kind of true

also perish.

lie

that other herons

For the proverb says:

Let your speech like butter be; your heart remorselessly:

Steel

THE LOSS OF FRIENDS Stir an enemy to action That destroys him with

189

his faction."

And

he said aloud: "Uncle, conditions being as they are, scatter bits of fish all the way from the

mungoose burrow

to the snake's hole.

will follow that trail

and

will

The mungoose

destroy the villainous

snake."

When

had been done, the mungoose followed fish, killed the villainous snake, and also

this

the bits of

ate at his leisure

all

the herons

who made

their

home

in the tree.

"And

that

why

say:

The good and bad

of given schemes,

....

and the rest of it." But Wrong-Mind disdained the paternal warning, and during the night he hid his father out of sight

When morning came, the on a clean garments, and foltook bath, put scamp in the hole in the tree.

lowed Right-Mind and the magistrates to the mimosa tree, where he cried in piercing tones: "Earth, heaven, and death, the feeling mind, Sun, moon, and water, fire and wind, twilights, justice, day and night Discern man's conduct, wrong or right.

Both

O blessed goddess of the wood, which of us two is the thief?

Speak."

Then Wrong-Mind's in the

mimosa:

father spoke from his hole "Gentlemen, Right-Mind took that

THE PANCHATANTRA

190

money/' And when

all

and they searched

the king's

men heard

this

blossomed with astonishment,

statement, their eyes

their

minds

to discover the ap-

money, in order on Right-Mind. Meanwhile Right-Mind heaped inflammable matter about the hole in the mimosa and set fire to it.

propriate legal penalty for stealing to visit

As the mimosa burned, Wrong-Mind's from the hole with a

pitiful wail, his

and his eyes popping out. And they sir! What does this mean?"

all

father issued

body scorched asked:

"Why,

Wrong-Mind's doing," he replied. the king's men hanged Wrong-Mind to a Whereupon branch of the mimosa, while they commended Right"It

all

Mind and caused him him the

king's favor

"And

that

why

satisfaction

and other

by conferring upon

things.

say: Right-mind was one, and Wrong-mind two, ....

and the

rest of it."

After telling the story, Cheek continued: "Poor fool! By your oversubtle wisdom you have burned

your own family. Yes, there

wisdom

Rivers find their ending In the salty sea; Household peace, as soon as

Women disagree; Secrets end that do not Every traitor shun; Families are ended In a wicked son.

in the saying:

THE LOSS OF FRIENDS who can

"Besides,

human or not,

trust

creature,

191

whether

that has two tongues in a single mouth?

As the proverb

says:

Mouths of snake and scamp Bear a savage stamp;

Rough and Only good

Where

ruthless for

still,

ill:

the tongue is double, look for trouble.

You may

"Consequently, your conduct makes

my own

me fearful for

person. For I

would not trust a rascal; His ways I understand:

The

petted, pampered serpent Will bite the feeding hand.

Again:

fire will burn, though kindled In fragrant sandalwood: rascal is a rascal,

Although

"After

all,

his birth is good.

this is the

very nature of rascals. As

the proverb says:

Each

self-advertising traitor, Skilful as calumniator,

Fate condemns to ruin

Who

all

within his clutches

fall.

Oh, any tongue in human mouth That lends itself to slander's cant Yet does not split a hundred times, Is surely made of adamant.

THE PANCHATANTRA

I 92

Oh, may no

evil e'er befall

The lion-man who

loves his kind,

Who

practices a silent vow When others' faults are in his mind.

"Ah, one must use great circumspection acquaintances. As the proverb

making

says:

With the shrewd and upright man Seek a friendship rare; Exercise with shrewd and false Superheedful care; Pity for the upright fool Find within your heart; If a man be fool and false, Shun him from the start.

"Yes, your efforts have tended to the destruction not only of your own family, but, toward the last, of the master too. Since you reduce your own master to this state, other persons mean no more to you than withered grass. As the saying goes: Where mice eat balance-beams of iron A thousand pals in weight, A hawk might steal an elephant;

"How was

boy

is trifling

freight."

that?" asked Victor.

And Cheek

told

the story of

THE MICE THAT ATE IRON In a certain town lived a merchant

who lost

his

money and determined

named Naduk,

to travel abroad.

For The meanest of mankind is he Who, having lost his money, can

THE LOSS OF FRIENDS

193

Inhabit lands or towns where once He spent it like a gentleman.

And

again:

The neighbor

gossips

blame

His poverty as shame

Who

long was wont to play them, proud and gay.

Among

In his house was an iron balance-beam inherited

from his ancestors, and it weighed a thousand pals. This he put in pawn with Merchant Lakshman before he departed for foreign countries. Now after he had long traveled wherever business led

him through foreign lands, he returned to his naand said to Merchant Lakshman: "Friend

tive city

Lakshman, return

And Lakshman

deposit, the balance-beam."

said: "Friend

Naduk, your balance-

beam has been eaten by mice."

To this Naduk replied: "Lakshman, you are in no way to blame, if it has been eaten by mice. Such is life. Nothing in the universe has any permanence. However, I am going to the river for a bath. Please send your boy Money-God with me, to carry my bathing things." Since

Lakshman was

conscience-stricken at his

own

theft, he said to his son Money-God: "My dear boy, let me introduce Uncle Naduk, who is going to the river to bathe. You must go with him and carry

his bathing things."

the saying:

Ah, there

too

much

truth in

THE PANCHATANTRA

There is no purely loving deed Without a pinch of fear or greed

And

service of a selfish need.

again:

Wherever there is fond attention That does not seek a service pension, Was there no timid apprehension?

So Lakshman's son took the bathing things and delightedly accompanied Naduk to the river. After Naduk had taken his bath, he thrust Lakshman's son Money-God into a mountain cave, blocked the entrance with a great rock, and returned to Lakshman's house. And when Lakshman said: "Friend Naduk, tell

me what

has become of

son

Money-God who

went with you," Naduk answered: "My good Lakshman, a hawk carried him off from the river-bank." "Oh, Naduk!" cried Lakshman. "You liar! How could a hawk possibly carry God?" "But, Lakshman,"

off a big

boy like MoneyNaduk, "the a iron. balance-beam of made Give me mice could eat if want son." balance-beam, you your my retorted

Finally, they carried their dispute to the palace gate, where Lakshman cried in a piercing tone:

"Help! Help! A ghastly deed! This Naduk person has carried off my son his name is Money-God."

Thereupon the magistrates said to Naduk: "Sir, boy to Lakshman." But Naduk pleaded:

restore the

"What am I to do? Before my eyes a hawk carried him from the river-bank." "Come, Naduk!" said

THE LOSS OF FRIENDS they,

"you are not

carry off a

telling the truth.

195

How can a hawk

boy?" Then Naduk "Gentlemen, listen to my

fifteen-year-old

laughed outright and

said:

words.

Where mice

eat balance-beams of iron thousand pals in weight, hawk might steal an elephant;

boy

is trifling

freight."

"How was that?" they asked, and Naduk told them the story of the balance-beam. At this they laughed and caused the restoration of balance-beam and boy to the respective owners. "And

that

Where mice

why

say:

eat balance-beams of iron,

....

rest of it." And Cheek continued: "DunderYou have done this because you could not

and the head!

cheerfully see Rusty's favor bestowed on Lively. Yes, yes, there is wisdom in the saying:

Cowards reproach the hero here on earth; Base-born rascals blame the man of birth; Misers, him who gives whatever he can; Misfit lovers blame the ladies'

man;

Rogues, the righteous; cripples blame the straight; Those unlucky blame the fortunate; Last, the scholar 'tis the wretched rule Listens to reproaches from the fool.

Again: Learned men from

fools have hate; Rich, from those less fortunate;

THE PANCHATANTRA

196

Men of virtue, from the vicious; Wives, from creatures meretricious. Yet, after

all:

Wise men, even, carry through What their nature bids them do: Nature ever will direct;

What

can punishment effect?

"Instruction has value only for him who grasps what has been said once. But you are like a stone brainless,

you

immovable.

More than

Why waste effort to instruct fool it is a mistake even to O that, !

A disaster might some day befall me from mere association with you. As the proverb says:

live beside you.

live beside

In house or

a dunderhead village,

town or nation,

pure and simple, though One may escape all litigation.

Is evil

Better plunge in sea or fire, Hell or deepest pit, Than associate with one Quite devoid of wit.

With the bad or good

consort,

Vice or virtue clings; Just as when the breezes in Distant wanderings Carry odors foul or sweet

their restless wings.

"Indeed, there

Two One

wisdom

birds were we. I

father had;

in the old story:

and the other

we had one mother.

THE LOSS OF FRIENDS

197

But

I was taught by hermits, while Beef-eaters gave him training vile. Beef-eaters speech, King, he heard; 1

I listened to the

hermits' word,

Our education, good and bad, The obvious consequences had."

"How was

that?" asked Victor.

And Cheek

told

the story of

THE RESULTS OF EDUCATION On

a part of a mountain a hen-parrot brought two chicks into the world. These chicks were caught

by a hunter when the mother had search for food. One of them since

left

the nest to

fate decreed

contrived to escape, while the other was kept in a cage and taught to speak. Meanwhile, the first chick

encountered a wandering holy man, who caught him, took him to his own hermitage, and gave him kindly care.

While time was passing in this manner, a certain king, whose horse ran away and separated him from his guard, came to that part of the forest where the

The moment he perceived the king's the parrot straightway began to chuckle approach, from his cage: "Come, come, my masters! Here hunters lived.

comes somebody riding a horse. Bind him, bind him Kill him, kill him!" And when the king heard the parrot's words, he quickly spurred his horse in an-

other direction.

Now when

the king

came

to another

wood

far

THE PANCHATANTRA

198

away, he saw a hermitage of holy men, and in it a parrot who addressed him from a cage: "Enter, O King, and find repose. Taste our cool water and our

Come, hermits! Pay him honor. Give him water to wash his feet in the cool shade of this sweet

fruit.

tree."

When

he heard

this,

the king's eyes blossomed

wide, and he wonderingly pondered what it might mean. And he said to the parrot: "In another part

met another parrot who looked like you, but who had a cruel disposition. 'Bind him, bind of the forest

" him!' he cried; 'kill him, kill him!' And the parrot a to the king by giving precise relation of the replied course of his

life.

"And

that

why

say:

Our education, good and bad, The obvious consequences had.

Thus mere

association with

you

evil.

As the

proverb says:

foes of sense, not foolish friends, far to cling:

Tis wiser

The robber for The monkey

"How was two

his victims died; killed the king."

that?" asked Victor.

And Cheek

told

stories, called

THE SENSIBLE ENEMY There was once a prince who made friends with a merchant's son and the son of a man of learning.

THE LOSS OF FRIENDS

199

Every day the three found entertainment in various diversions, flirtations, and pastimes in public squares, parks, and gardens. Every day the prince showed his aversion to the science of archery, to equitation and elephant-riding, to driving and hunting. At last, when his father one day gave him a wigging, telling him that he showed no aptitude for kingly pursuits, he disclosed to his two friends the injury inflicted on his self-esteem.

And

they rejoined: "Our fathers, too, are continually talking nonsense when we show our aversion to their business. This tribulation, however, we have

many days because of the pleasure we took in your friendship. But now that we see you also grieved with the same grief, we are grieved exceednot noticed for

ingly."

Thereupon the prince

said: "It

would be unmanly

remain here after being insulted. Let us depart together, all grieved with the same grief, and go someto

where

else.

For

The

truly self-respecting

Discovers what he

man

and can, Deserves, and dares, and understands

is,

traveling in foreign lands."

So much being determined, they considered where it was advisable to go. And the merchant's son said: "You know that no desire is anywhere attained without money. Let us therefore go to Climbing Mountain, where we may find precious gems and enjoy

THE PANCHATANTRA

200

every heart's desire." The truth of this presentation they

all

recognized, so started for Climbing

Moun-

tain.

There, as fate decreed, each of them found a priceless, magnificent gem, whereupon they debated as follows: "How are we to guard these gems when we leave this spot by a forest trail thick with peril ?" Then the son of the man of learning said: "You know

the son of a counselor, and I have consequently thought out an appropriate plan, namely, that we

swallow our gems and carry them in our stomachs. shall not be an object of interest to mer-

Thus we

chants, highwaymen, and other such people." Having adopted this plan, each inserted his gem. in a mouthful of food at dinner time, and swallowed so, a fellow who was on mountain the slope, observed resting unperceived "Look here! I, too, have tramped them and reflected: Mountain for many days, searching for Climbing I had no luck. I found nothing. So I will But gems. travel with them and wherever they grow weary and go to sleep, I will cut their stomachs open and take

But while they were doing

it.

all

three gems."

this in mind, he came down the slope and overtook them, saying: "Good masters, I cannot pierce the frightful forest alone and reach my home.

With

Let

me join

your caravan and travel with you."

this they assented, for they desired the increase of friendliness, and the four continued their journey.

THE LOSS OF FRIENDS

201

Now in

that forest, near the trail, was a Bhil village, nestling in a rugged bit of jungle. As the travelers passed through its outskirts, an old bird in a

cage began to sing this bird belonging to a numerous aviary kept as pets in the hut of the village chief.

This chief understood the meaning that

all

kinds

He therefore comprehended the old bird's intention, and cried with great delight to his men: "Listen to what this bird tells us.

of birds express in their song.

He says that there are precious gems in

the possession

trail, and that we ought to them. Catch and them, bring them here." stop When the robbers had done so, the chief stripped

of yonder travelers on the

the travelers with his

So he

them

set

own hand, but found

free to

resume

But the bird sang the same

loincloths only.

nothing.

their journey, clad in

story, so

that the village chief had them brought back, and freed them only after a most particular and minute inspection.

Once more they

started, but

when

the bird im-

patiently screamed the same song, the chief recalled them once more and questioned them, saying: "I

have tested

this bird

time and again, and he never

Now

he says there are gems in your possession. Where are they?" And they replied: "If tells

lie.

there are

gems

careful search

fail

our possession, to reveal

how

did your most

them ?"

But the chief retorted: "If this bird says the thing

THE PANCHATANTRA

202

over and over, the gems are certainly there, in your stomachs. It is now evening. At dawn I am deter-

mined

to cut your stomachs open for gems." After he had them thrust into a dungeon.

this scolding,

Then the captive thief reflected: "In the morning, when their stomachs are cut open and the chief finds such splendid gems, the greedy villain will be death is a belly too. So quite certain to slash

certainty, whatever happens.

What am

do?

Well, the proverb says:

When

that last hour arrives, that none,

However shrewd, may

A noble spirit serves And death It

itself is bliss.

best, then, to offer

my own

knife, saving the very

men

when

cut open

stomach

miss,

his kind,

villain finds nothing,

stomach

had planned first

first to

all

kill. For and that

grub as he may, then he

cease to suspect the existence of

gems and,

the

will

heartless

yet have mercy enough to renounce the cutting of the stomachs of those others. Thus, by giving them life and wealth I shall gain the

though he be,

will

glory of a generous deed in this world, and a rebirth in purity hereafter. This is, so to speak, a wise man's

death, though I did not seek the opportunity." And so the night passed. At dawn the village chief was preparing to cut

open their stomachs when the thief clasped his hands and humbly entreated him. "I cannot," he said, "be-

THE LOSS OF FRIENDS

203

hold the cutting of the stomachs of these my brothers. Pray be gracious, and cut my stomach first."

To this the chief mercifully agreed, but he found no sign of a gem in the stomach, cut as he would. Thereupon he penitently cried: "Woe, woe is me! Swelling with greed at the mere interpretation of a bird's song, I have done a ghastly deed. I infer that no more gems will be found in the other stomachs than in this." The three were therefore set free uninjured, and hastening through the forest, they reached a civilized spot.

"And

that

why

The robber Better the sensible

say: for his victims died.

enemy than

THE FOOLISH FRIEND In this spot they sold all three gems, the merchant's son serving as their agent. The considerable capital thus obtained he laid before the prince, who,

having appointed the son of the

prime

man

minister, planned to seize the

of learning his kingdom of the

monarch of that country, and made the merchant's son his secretary of the treasury. He then, by offering double pay, assembled an army of picked elephants, horse, and infantry, began hostilities with a prime minister

intelligent in the six expedients, killed

kingdom, and himself became king. Next he delegated all burdensome adthe king in battle, seized his

THE PANCHATANTRA

ao4

ministrative functions to his two friends and con-

of graceful luxury. After a time, as he dallied now and then in the ladies' apartments, he made a pet and constant comsulted his ease in a

life

panion of a monkey from the stable near by. For it is a well-known fact that kings take naturally to parrots, partridges, pigeons, rams, monkeys, and such creatures. In course of time the monkey, regaled with

a variety of dainties from the royal hand, grew to be a big fellow, and became an object of respect to the entire court. The king, indeed, felt such confidence

monkey and such

in the

affection that he

made him

his personal sword-bearer.

Now the king had near his palace a pleasure-grove made charming by clumps of

When

trees of various species.

springtime came, he perceived

how

delightful

was this grove, since it advertised the glory of Love in the humming of swarms of bees, and was fragrant with the perfumes of crowding blossoms. He therefore entered it with his queen in a passion of love, and all his human retinue were left behind at the entrance. After a period of delighted wandering and gazing, the king grew weary and said to the monkey: "I shall rest and sleep a moment in this arbor. You must keep careful

With

watch

this

to prevent anyone went to sleep.

from disturbing me."

Presently a bee, drawn by the fragrance of flowers, of musk, and other perfumes, hovered over him and alighted on his head. On seeing this, the monkey

THE LOSS OF FRIENDS

205

angrily thought: "What! Under my very eyes this wretched creature looks upon the king!" And he undertook to drive him away.

But when the

bee, for

all his efforts,

continued to

approach the king, the monkey went blind with rage, drew his sword, and fetched a blow at the bee a blow that split the king's head. And the queen, who was sleeping beside him, started

in terror,

screaming when she beheld the

incomprehensible fact: "You fool! You monkey! The king trusted you. How could you do it?" Then the monkey told what had happened, after which everybody, by common consent, scolded him

and shunned him. "So there

make

reason in saying that one should not inasmuch as the monkey

friends with a fool,

killed the king. Indeed, that is

why

I say:

foes of sense, not foolish friends, 'Tis wiser far to cling:

The robber for The monkey

And Cheek

his victims died; killed the king."

continued:

"Where your

sort

have the

final

word,

By whom Whose

friends' enmities are stirred, wisdom lies in tricky traps,

All efforts

And

end

in sad mishaps.

again:

The Still

however deep his need, shuns the guilt of evil deed;

saint,

THE PANCHATANTRA

206

does the deeds that bring no shame honorable name and fame.

Still

To Again:

The

wise in need

still

does the deed

That keeps his honor bright: The shell a peacock ate and dropped, Remains a pearly white.

.And the proverb says:

Wrong is wrong; the wise man never Wrong as right will treat: None would drink, however thirsty, Water

To sum

it all

in the street.

up:

the right, the right, the right, Till the breath of death; Shun the wrong, although the right Lead to death of breath."

Hereupon, being a tortuous-minded creature to advocating such moral standards was

whom a sermon

sheer poison, Victor slunk away.

this

moment Rusty and

Lively, their

minds

blinded by rage, renewed the battle. But when Rusty had killed Lively, his wrath subsided into pity at the

memory of past

affection.

with a blood-smeared

me! life.

He wiped his weeping eyes

paw and

penitently said: "Ah,

It was very wrong. Lively was almost my second In killing him, I have only hurt myself. For the

proverb says:

When Or

bits are lost of royal land servants true who understand,

THE LOSS OF FRIENDS

207

The

servants' loss is deadly pain; Lost lands are quickly won again."

But Victor, the impudent, perceiving that Rusty was mastered by irresolution, slowly crept near and said: "Master, what conduct is this to show yourself irresolute after slaying a rival? For the saying runs:

None leaves a father, brother, Or bosom-friend alive

Who

son,

treasonably threatens him,

If he desires to thrive.

Likewise:

A king compassionate, A careless magistrate, A wilful wife, a friend Whose thoughts

to treason tend,

A guzzling Brahman, or A sulky servitor, With

all

who do not know

Their business

Go however

let

them

go.

far to find

Honest joy; Learn from any who

wise,

Though a boy; Give your

life,

the altruist's

Bliss to win;

Cut your very arm away, If

it sin.

"And the morality of kings has nothing in common with that of ordinary men. As the proverb says: To ruling monarchs let no trace

Of common nature

cling;

THE PANCHATANTRA

oo8

For what

vice in other

men,

Is virtue in a king.

And

once more: Kings' policy is fickle, like woman of the town:

For now

Now *Tis

hoards

flings it

money up,

its

careless

down;

rough and flattering by turns;

'Tis kind,

and

cruel too;

Exacting much and giving much, At once 'tis false and true."

Hereupon Cheek,

since Victor did not return,

drew

down beside the lion, and said to Victor: know nothing of the business of administrayou

near, sat "Sir,

tion, since the stirring of strife

of those

means the destruction

who had enjoyed mutual

friendship. It

not

the practice of genuine counselors, when objects of ambition are attainable through conciliation, bribery, or intrigue, to advise the master to fight his own servant, so bringing

him

into deadly danger.

proverb says:

The god of wealth, the god of war, The god of water, and The god of fire have planned to win, Then lost the fights they planned; For victory

not a thing

That men or gods command.

And

besides:

No wisdom It

lies in fighting,

the fools

who

fight;

since

the

THE LOSS OF FRIENDS The

209

wise discover in wise books

What course is wise and right, And wise books in the course that Not

violent, delight.

"Therefore a counselor should under no circumstances advise his master to fight. another wise saying:

And

there

Where

the palace harbors servants Kindly, modest, pure, Death to enemies, and deaf to Avarice's lure, Foes may struggle, but the royal

Honor

secure.

Therefore Speak the truth, though harsh Blarney

And

be:

true enmity.

again:

Where

royal servants, asked or not,

Indulge in pleasant

lies

That lead the royal mind The royal glory dies.

astray,

"Furthermore, counselors should be consulted severally by the master, who should thereupon make

own decision concerning the advice given by each, as tending to the king's loss or profit. For it happens at times that even an established fact seems other-

his

wise to a wandering judgment.

The Yet

seems a

As the proverb

fire, the sky looks flat; firefly are neither this nor that. and fly sky

says:

THE PANCHATANTRA

210

And

again:

The true seem often false, the Appearances deceive, so think

false it

seem

true;

through.

"Consequently, a master should not implicitly rely on the advice of a servant who lacks the administrative sense,

inasmuch as rascally servants, for master in

their personal profit, present matters to the

a false light, and with bewildering eloquence. Hence, a master should undertake a matter only after full reflection.

Let

fit

the proverb says:

and friendly counsel

first,

And more

than once, be heard; Then ponder on the plan proposed From first to final word; Then act, and harvest fame and wealth,

Avoiding the absurd. "Finally, let no master suffer his mind to be twitched aside by others' counsel. Let him always be

mindful of the differences in men, let him fully consider the ultimate issue, whether favorable or the

and times of Let him be the master, a wise master, ever cognizant of the multiform complexities of duty."

reverse, of various counsels, answers, action.

Here ends Book

The

first

called

"The Loss of Friends."

verse runs:

The forest lion and the bull Were linked in friendship, growing,

A jackal

then estranged the friends For greedy and malicious ends.

full;

BOOK II THE WINNING OF FRIENDS

BOOK II THE WINNING OF FRIENDS Here, then, begins Book II, called of Friends." The first verse runs:

"The Winning

The mouse and

Had

turtle, deer and crow, first-rate sense and learning; so,

Though money failed and means were few, They quickly put their purpose through.

"How was sharman

that?" asked the princes. told the following story.

In the southern country

Not

And Vishnu-

a city called Maidens'

away was a very lofty banyan tree Delight. with mighty trunk and branches, which gave refuge to all creatures. As the verse puts it: far

Blest be the tree whose every part Brings joy to many a creature's heart Its green roof shelters birds in rows,

While deer beneath

And

shadow doze; by tranquil bees,

its

Its flowers are sipped

insects throng its cavities, in familiar mirth

While monkeys

Embrace its trunk. That tree has worth; But others merely cumber earth. In the tree lived a crow

named

Swift.

One morn-

ing he started toward the city in search of food. But he saw a hunter who lived in the neighborhood and who 213

THE PANCHATANTRA

2i 4

was already near the

tree, approaching to trap birds. hideous in person, flat of hand and foot, bare to the calf of the leg, dreadfully ugly of complexion,

He was

had bloodshot

was accompanied by dogs, wore his hair in a knot, carried snare and club in his hand why spin it out? He seemed a second god of destruceyes,

noose in hand; the incarnation of evil; the heart of unrighteousness; the teacher of every sin; the tion,

bosom

friend of death.

When and

Swift saw him, he was disturbed in spirit "What does he mean to do, the sinner?

reflected:

hurt

me? Or has he some other purpose?" And

he clung to the hunter's heels, being

filled

with curi-

osity.

Now

the hunter picked a spot, spread a snare,

scattered grain, and hid not far away. But the birds who lived there were held in check by Swift's counsel,

regarded the rice-grains as deadly poison, and did not peep.

At this juncture a dove-king named Gay-Neck, with hundreds of dove retainers, was wandering in search of food, and spied the rice-grains from afar. In spite of dissuasion from Swift, he greedily sought alighted in the great snare. The mohe did so, he and his retainers were caught in the

to eat

ment

them and

meshes.

through

Nor should he be blamed. hostile fate.

As the saying

goes:

How

did

Ravan

That

'tis

wrong, a wife to steal?

fail

to feel

happened

THE WINNING OF FRIENDS How did Rama

fail

215

to see

Golden deer could never be?

How Yudhishthir fail Clutching

evil

Darkening

And

know

woe? dims the sense,

Gambling brings a

train of

intelligence.

again:

When once the mind is gripped by The judgment even of the great,

fate,

In mortal meshes fettered, wends unintended, crooked ends.

So the hunter gleefully forward.

lifted his

club and ran

Then Gay-Neck and

him advancing, were

his retainers, seeing distressed by their disastrous

position in the snare. But the king, with much presence of mind, said to the doves: "Have no fear,

friends.

For Provided judgment does not

Whatever the

Men

fail,

distress,

reach the farther shore of woe,

And

rest in happiness.

We must

all agree in purpose, must fly up in uniand son, carry the snare away. This is not possible without united action. For death befalls those of disunited purpose. As the saying goes:

Bharunda

The

birds will teach

you why

disunited surely die: For, single-bellied, double-necked, They took a diet incorrect/'

THE PANCHATANTRA

216

"How was Neck

that?" asked the doves.

And Gay-

told the story of

THE BHARUNDA BIRDS By

a certain lake in the world lived birds called

"bharunda

They had one

birds."

belly

and two necks

apiece.

While one of these birds was sauntering about, his first neck found some nectar. Then the second said:

"Give

half."

And when

the

first

refused, the

second neck angrily picked up poison somewhere and ate it. As they had one belly, they died.

"And

that

Bharunda

why

I say:

birds will teach

you why, ....

it. Thus union is strength." the doves heard this, being eager to live, When they united their efforts to carry the snare away, flew

and the

rest of

just an ari-ow-shot into the air, formed a canopy in the sky, and proceeded without fear.

When

the hunter saw the snare carried

away by

he looked up in amazement, thinking: "This unprecedented." And he recited a stanza:

birds, is

So long as they agree, they may Carry the fatal snare away;

But they

And

will quickly disagree, then those birds belong to me.

With this in mind, he started to pursue. And when

Gay-Neck perceived the savage pursuer and

recog-

THE WINNING OF FRIENDS

217

nized his purpose, with judgment unconfused, he started to fly over regions rough with hills and trees.

And Swift

in turn, astonished both by Gay-Neck's conduct and the hunter's cruel purpose, reprudent

peatedly shifted his glance, looking now up, now down, forgot his concern for food, and followed the flock of doves with keenest interest.

For he was think-

ing: "What will this noble soul do next? And what this villain?" At last the hunter, observing that the

was protected by the roughness of the in disappointment, saying: back turned paths, flock of doves

"What shall not be, will never be; What shall be, follows painlessly; The thing your fingers grasp, will If fate has predetermined

And

flit,

it.

again: If fate be hostile, even gains

Acquired no

man

can hold;

They go, and take his other wealth, Like hoards of magic gold. "For, to say nothing of getting birds to eat, I have actually lost the snare which was my means of supporting the family."

Now when Gay-Neck

saw that the hunter had

turned back hopeless, he said to the doves: "See! We may travel quietly. The villainous hunter has turned back. This being so, our best plan is to fly to the city Maidens' Delight. For in its northeastern quarter dwells a mouse named Gold, a dear friend of

THE PANCHATANTRA

2i 8

mine.

will cut

competent So they

our bonds in a hurry. He from our trouble."

quite

to set us free all

did as he said, for they were eager to

mouse named Gold. And when they reached the hole which he had converted into a fortress, they

find the

alighted.

Now previously The mouse, in social ethics skilled, Saw danger coming. Then

built

and was residing

A hundred-gated This being

so,

Gold was alarmed at the whir of

birds' wings, darted along

one path

in his fortress-

beyond reach of a cat's paw, and re-

den mained on the qui until just

den.

vivey

wondering what it meant. But

Gay-Neck took his stand at a gate of the den, and said: "My dear Gold, pray hasten to me. See what a plight I

in."

Thereupon Gold, still within his fortress, said: "My good sir, who are you? What is your errand? And of what nature is your misfortune? Please inform me." And Gay-Neck answered: "Why, my name is Gay-Neck. I am king of the doves, and a friend of yours. Hasten to me." At this the mouse felt a quiver in his body and a thrill in his soul. He hastened forth, saying: If daily to his home friends who love

The

him come,

And coming, bring delight To eyes that kindle bright, A man has found the whole Of life within his soul.

THE WINNING OF FRIENDS

219

Then, observing that Gay-Neck and his retainers were caught in a snare, he sadly said: "My good friend, what is this, and whence? Tell me." "My good friend," answered Gay-Neck, "why do you ask me? For you know it well. As the proverb says:

Whence, what, by whom, how long, when, where, And how deserved is good or ill, Thence, that, by him, so long, then, there,

And

comes. Fate has

its will.

again:

The peacock seems the world to view From thousand eyes that mock the hue Of some bright water-lily;

When

fear of death beclouds his

mind,

of one born blind; sinks disheartened, silly.

His conduct

A hundred leagues and

twenty-five

The vulture spies his meat, But fate decreeing fails to see The snare before his feet.

And

again:

Snake, bird, and elephant are caged; The moon and sun go through eclipse; The wise are poor: all this I see, And think how dreadfully fate grips.

And

once again:

The

birds that in the sky securely soar, calamities; While fish are plucked by men from ocean's floor

Endure In

far,

unsounded

seas:

THE PANCHATANTRA

220

speak of virtue here or moral harm? stance could help or mar? Tis Time that stretches forth a fatal arm, And seizes from afar."

Why

What

When Gay-neck had

spoken thus, Gold began to

cut his bonds, but Gay-Neck checked him, saying: "My good friend, this is wrong. Please do not cut my

bonds

first,

but

followers'."

Now

Gold grew

angry at this and said: "Come now! You are mistaken. For servants follow the master." "No, no,

good Gay-Neck. "All these poor creato tures left others take service with me. Shall I fail friend," said

show them

this

petty honor?

You know

the

proverb:

The king who

offers honor to His followers beyond their due, Has servants glad who never quail, Not even should his money fail.

And again: trust, the root of happy power, creature wins to kingship's flower; While lions, born to kingship, must

Through

As tyrants govern, lacking

trust.

"Besides, after cutting my bonds, you might perhaps get a toothache. Or that villainous hunter might return. In that case, I should surely plunge to hell.

As the proverb

says:

A king who is

content to

know

That

loyal servants suffer woe, Will later go to hell, but first

Will see his earthly projects burst."

THE WINNING OF FRIENDS

221

am well aware of this royal I said what I did. Now that duty. It you I will cut the bonds of all, and you will have in them "Yes," said Gold, "I

was

to test

a numerous retinue. For the proverb says: The king who mercifully grants

Due share in all good circumstance To serving-folk, may fitly rise The

triple

world to supervise."

After making these observations, Gold cut the all, then said to Gay-Neck: "Now, my

bonds of

you are

friend,

home with

free to

go home." So Gay-Neck went Yes, there

his retinue.

wisdom

in the

saying:

Because a

Though Get

man

can gain his ends, with aid of friends,

difficult,

friends,

and

feel

those friends to be

Integral with prosperity.

Now

Swift,

who had

followed the whole matter

of Gay-Neck's capture and release, was filled with astonishment, and he thought: "What intelligence has this Gold! What capacity! What an ingenious fortress! It

make

would therefore be wise

friends with Gold.

for

Even though

me also to am of a

suspicious temperament, confiding in nobody, even if I am too clever to be overreached by anybody, even so I should win a friend. For the proverb says:

Even Get

The

the self-sufficient should

friends, and seek a greater good: ocean fears no diminution,

Yet waits Arcturus* contribution."

THE PANCHATANTRA

222

After these reflections, he flew down from his tree, approached the gate of the den, and called out for

he had previously heard the name of Gold: "Gold,

dear

sir,

pray come out."

And

Gold, hearing this, reflected: "Is this perhaps some other dove who, still somewhat entangled, is addressing me?" And he said: "Who are you, sir?" "I

am a crow," was the answer. "My name is Swift." On hearing this, Gold hugged a far corner and

very dear sir, please leave this neighborhood." "But," replied the crow, "I have come to see you on weighty business. Please grant me an intersaid:

"My

view." "I see no advantage in making your acquaintance," said Gold. "But," said the crow, "I feel great confidence in you the result of seeing how Gay-Neck relieved of bonds through your exertions. I too may possibly be caught some day and find deliverance

was

through you. Please enter into friendship with me." "Sir," answered Gold, "you eat, and I am food.

How

can

I feel friendship for

you? You have heard

the saying:

The

dull think inequalities In strength no fatal blocks To friendship. True but they are dull,

And

public laughingstocks.

Please begone."

"Look!" said the crow. "Here I perch at the gate of your den. If you do not make friends with me, I

THE WINNING OF FRIENDS

223

shall starve to death." "But," said Gold, "how can I make friends with you, with an enemy? For the prov-

erb says:

Make no

truce,

With foemen

however snug, dire:

Water, even boiling hot, Will quench a fire."

"Why," by

sight.

thing so

said the crow,

Why

little

"you do not even know

should there be strife?

Why

say a

to the purpose?"

"Sir," said Gold, "strife

and

incidental.

me.

And

Now

you

of two kinds, natural

are in natural strife with

the saying goes:

By incidental means one ends An incidental strife, And quickly. Nature's kind endures Until the loss of

life."

"Sir," said the crow, "I should like to learn the characteristic quality of each kind." "Well," said the mouse, "incidental strife springs from a specific cause,

and can therefore be removed by rendering an appropriate service. But strife rooted in nature never disappears. Thus there is enduring strife between mungoose and snake herbivorous creatures and those armed with claws water and fire gods and devils dogs and cats rival wives lions and elephants hunter and deer crow and owl scholar and numskull wife and harlot saint and sinner. In these cases, nobody belonging to anybody has been killed by anybody, yet they fight to the death."

THE PANCHATANTRA

224

"But

this is senseless," said the crow. "Listen to

me. For cause a man becomes a friend; For cause grows hostile. So

The prudent make a friend of him, And never make a foe." "But," said Gold, "what commerce can there be between you and me? Listen to the kernel of social ethics:

Whoever

trusts a faithless friend

And

twice in him believes, Lays hold on death as certainly As when a mule conceives.

And

again:

lion

Grammar's most famous name; tusker madly crushed sage Jaimini

took the

life

of Panini,

Of metaphysic fame; And Pingal, metric's boast, was

A seaside crocodile

slaughtered

What sense for scholarly attainments Have beasts besotted, vile?"

high

"True enough," said the crow. "But listen beasts and birds as friends are won For cause; plain folks, for service done;

The

And

silly souls, for

But good men

And

greed or fright

are your friends at sight.

again: Like pots of clay, the wicked friend Is quick to smash and hard to mend: Like pots of gold the righteous flash, As quick to mend, as hard to smash.

to this:

THE WINNING OF FRIENDS And

225

yet again:

Each segment of a sugar-cane Beyond the tip, is sweeter;

The friendship of the good is so The other kind grows bitter.

Now

you that I am upright. Besides, I will reassure you by taking oaths." But Gold replied: "I have no confidence in your oaths. There is a saying: I assure

Though a foe be bound by oaths, Trust him none the more: Indra struck the demon down, Spite of oaths galore.

And

again:

Even gods must

try to

lull

Foes with measures mild: Indra, soothing Diti first, Smote her unborn child.

Through a narrow crevice Enemies who gloat,

slip

Bringing slow destruction, like Water in a boat. If,

relying on their means, confide in foes,

Men Or

wives whose love

is lost,

Life abruptly goes."

To this Swift found no rejoinder, and he thought: "What an eminent intelligence he has in the field of social ethics!

friendship."

Yet

for that

And he

said:

very reason

crave his

THE PANCHATANTRA

aa6

"True

friendship,

sir, is

affair

Of seven words,

the wise declare; I've forced you, then, to be a friend So hear my pleading to the end.

Now grant me

your friendship. If you

starve where

stand."

And Gold reflected: "He is speech proves

refuse, I shall

not unintelligent. His

it.

None lacking shrewdness flatter well; None but a lover plays the swell;

No No So

must

saints are found in

him mind

certainly grant

Having made up dear

his

crow:

"My

But

was necessary

judgment

clear, straightforward

sir,

friendship." to this, he said to the

you have won first

seats;

speaker cheats.

confidence.

to test your intelligence.

Now I lay my head in your lap." With this he started but when scarcely halfway out, he stopped again. And Swift said: "Do you cherish even yet some reason for mistrusting me? I see you do not to

come

forth,

leave your fortress." "I have no fear of you," said Gold, "for I have

examined your mind. But if I gave my confidence, I might perhaps meet death through other friends of yours." Then the crow spoke: Friends purchased at the price of death To other friends and true, One should avoid, like worthless corn

Where

finest rice-plants grew.

THE WINNING OF FRIENDS

227

Gold hastened forth, and there was a civil greeting on both sides. After a moment Swift said to Gold: "I will not keep you longer outdoors. I am in search of food." With this he left his friend and flew into thick jungle where he found a wild buffalo that a tiger had killed. Of this he ate his fill, then returned to Gold, carrying a lump of meat red Hearing

this,

as a dhak-blossom.

And

Come

out!

dear Gold!

"Come

he cried:

Enjoy

this

out,

meat that

have brought."

Now

Gold, with sedulous forethought, had constructed a great heap of corn and rice for his friend's use.

And

he said:

dear friend, pray enjoy this have provided to the best of my ability."

"My

which I So each was highly pleased with the other, and they

rice

ate in order to manifest kindly feeling. This, indeed, is the seed of friendship. As the verse puts it: Six things are done

friends:

To take, and give again; To listen, and to talk; To dine, to entertain.

friendship ever comes Without some kindly deed:

The very gods respond

gifts

As soon

they have decreed.

as presents cease,

So soon does friendship

The calf deserts the cow Whose udder has gone

die:

dry.

THE PANCHATANTRA

228 So, to

make

a long story short:

The mouse and crow became Such friends as never

fail,

Enduring, hard to

flesh

and

split finger nail.

Indeed, the mouse was so captivated by the crow's attentions that he grew confident to the point of feeling quite at home between his wings.

Now his eyes,

one day the crow appeared with tears filling and sobs choked him as he said: "My very

dear Gold, I have grown dissatisfied with this country. I intend to travel." "My dear friend," said Gold, "what cause have you for discontent?" "Listen, my friend," said the crow. "There has

been a dreadful drought in

this country, so that all

the city people, driven by famine, not only cease to give the birds a few mere crumbs, but actually set bird-traps in every house. To be sure, I have not been caught, for further life is appointed me. Yet this is why I shed tears for I think of foreign travel. This is

why

plan to visit another land." "Then

tell

where you plan to go," said Gold. And Swift replied: "In the far south is a great lake in the heart of the jungle. There lives a turtle named Slow, a bosom friend of mine, dearer even than you are. He will give

me bits offish,

a digestible diet. In his society

I shall

be happy, enjoying the delight of conversation spiced with wit. Besides, I cannot behold such slaughter of birds.

For the proverb says:

THE WINNING OF FRIENDS

229

Blest are they who do not see Death upon the family,

Friend in trouble, stolen wife,

Ruin of the

nation's life."

"Considering the circumstances," said Gold, "I accompany you. I, too, have a great sorrow."

will

"Of what nature?" asked Swift. "Oh," said Gold, "it is a long story. When we get there, I will tell you in detail."

you on me?" And you accompany

"But," said the crow, "I travel the ground.

How

will

Gold answered: "If you tion of

feel

in the air,

concern for the preserva-

my life, mount me on your back and carry me

very gently."

At is

this the

crow was delighted and

possible, then I blest than I.

blest indeed.

Let

be done.

said: "If that

There is none For I know the

eight flights, Full-Flight and the rest.

carry you

"My

Thus

I shall

in comfort."

friend," said Gold, "I should like to

the flights

by name." And the crow

know

recited:

Full-Flight, Part-Flight, and the Rise, Great-Flight, and the Curve likewise, Horizontal, Downward-Flight;

Number

eight

set off

brought

sit

called the Light.

Gold mounted the crow, Full-Flight. And very gently he

After listening to

who

this,

his friend to the lake.

Thereupon Slow saw a mouse riding a crow, and wondering who he might be, plopped into the water

THE PANCHATANTRA

230

he was a judge of occasions. And Swift, after depositing Gold in a hole in a tree on the bank, perched on the tip of a twig and called in a piercing tone: for

here! I am your crow friend. have come, my heart filled with longing. Come, embrace me. For the saying runs: Bring sandalwood or camphor? No! Nor even flakes of cooling snow;

"Friend Slow!

Come

After long absence

All are not

worth the sixteenth part

Of rest upon

When

he heard

a friendly heart."

this,

Slow made a narrow inspec-

with a quiver of delight and with eyes in joyful tears, he hurriedly scrambled swimming from the water, saying: "I did not know you. I am tion, then,

much to blame. Forgive me." And when down from the tree, he embraced him.

Swift flew

So the two, after exchanging embraces, thrilled with delight, and sitting beneath the tree told each other their adventures during the long separation.

Gold

also,

with a

bow

to Slow, sat

down

Slow, spying him, said to Swift: "Tell me,

there.

And

who is

this

mouse? And why did you mount him, your natural food, on your back and bring him hither?" And Swift replied: "Ah, he is a mouse named Gold, a friend of mine, almost short story of it:

second

make a

His virtues,

like the

streams of rain

Or stars that dot the sky Or like the grains of dust on earth All

numbering defy;

life.

THE WINNING OF FRIENDS

231

Yes, mathematics

fails to count His lofty virtues through; Yet he, in deep dejection sunk, Has come to visit you."

"And what,"

said Slow,

"is

the cause of his

gloom?" "That," said the crow, "I asked

him yonder.

But he put me off, saying: 'It is a long story. I will tell you when we get there/ Now, my very dear Gold, pray

us both the cause of your gloom." Gold told the story of

tell

And

GOLD'S

GLOOM

In the southern country is a city called Maidens' Delight, and in the neighborhood a shrine to Shiva. near by lived a hermit named Crop-Ear. During his begging hour he would fill his alms-bowl with dainties from the city, eatables jellified, melting

In a

cell

mouth, toothsome, flavored with sugar, treacle, and pomegranate. Then, returning to his cell, he in the

what

satisfied himself according to the ordinance, hid

food was

keeping

left in the alms-bowl,

and hung

I subsisted

with

companions.

On And so

for the servants' breakfast.

on a peg, food

this

the time

passed. Since I nibbled his food, however carefully he hid the hermit was disgusted, and in fear of me he it,

moved it from place to er. Even so I got at it

Now

place, always hanging easily

enough and ate

high-

it.

one day a guest arrived, a holy man named Wide-Bottom. And Crop-Ear welcomed him, paid

THE PANCHATANTRA

232

and relieved his fatigue. At night couch and started to relate on the same they lay pious tales. But Crop-Ear's thoughts were so pre-

him due

respect,

occupied with mice that he kept striking the almsbowl with a frazzled bamboo and returned an absent-

minded answer

Wide-Bottom

as he told a pious

tale.

Then the guest grew extremely angry and said: "Come, Crop-Ear! I perceive that your friendship is dead. For you do not talk with me whole-heartedly. So, night though it be, I shall leave your cell and go elsewhere. For there

a saying:

'Come! Enter! News from town? A chair! You look run down! Welcome! Why have you slighted

Our home

so long? Dee-lighted!'

Such kindly words as these set the mind at ease, friends be glad to go Where they are greeted so.

May

And

again:

Wherever hosts look vaguely round

Or fix their glances on the ground, The guests who visit such a place Are hornless, yet of bovine

race.

You should not visit any home From which no gentle greetings come, Which fails in eager promptitude, With gossip touching bad and good.

"But this you do not understand, having forgotten friendship through pride in the ownership of one mere

THE WINNING OF FRIENDS

233

So that you seem to dwell here, but in reality you have earned a place in hell. For the proverb says: cell.

A certain

course for hell to steer,

Become a chaplain for a year; Or try more expeditious ways Become an abbot for three days.

Poor

fool!

You

take pride in what should cause con-

trition."

When he heard this, Crop-Ear was terrified and said: "Do not speak thus, holy sir. There is no friend nearer

heart than you. Pray hear the reason of There is a villainous mouse that

inattention.

jumps and climbs to my alms-bowl, however high I hang it, and he eats my leavings. Thus the servants get no recompense, and refuse to tidy up. So to frighten the mouse, I strike the alms-bowl repeatedly with my bamboo. This is the whole story. But I

should add that the villain has such cleverness in as to put cats, to the blush."

jumping

Then Wide-Bottom

monkeys, and other creatures

"But have you found the mouse-hole anywhere?" "Holy sir," said Cropsaid:

Ear, "I have not." "Surely," said the other, "his hole is over his hoard. Beyond question, the fragrance

from

his

hoard makes him spry. For

The smell of wealth is quite enough To wake a creature's sterner stuff;

And

wealth's enjoyment, even more,

With virtuous giving from

his store.

THE PANCHATANTRA

234

And

again:

Tis

certain

Mother Shandilee

If bargaining in sesame Her hulled grains for the unhulled kind

Has some good

"How was Bottom

reason in her mind."

that?" asked Crop-Ear.

And Wide-

told the story of

MOTHER SHANDILEE'S BARGAIN At one time I asked a certain Brahman in a certain town

for shelter during the rainy season,

gave me. So there

One day

and

this

occupied with pious duties. woke betimes, and listening to a conI lived,

my host and his wife, I heard the "My dear, tomorrow will be the winter

versation between

Brahman say: solstice,

an extremely profitable season. to another village in search of donations.

And you,

honor of the sun, should give some Brahman food

to the extent of your ability." But his wife snapped at

"Who

him

would give food to a poor

Are you not ashamed

I will

harshly, saying:

Brahman

to talk like that?

And

you ?

besides:

Since first I put my hand in yours, I haven't had a thing: I've never tasted stylish food; Don't mention gem or ring."

this the

Brahman was

terrified

and he stam-

"My dear, my dear, you should not say such things. You have heard the saying:

mered:

THE WINNING OF FRIENDS

235

You have

a mouthful only? Give feed the needy: Will any ever own the wealth For which his soul is greedy?

A half to

And

again:

The poor man can but Yet

his

reward

give a mite;

such us as

The Scriptures tell is From riches giving much.

his,

The cloud gives only water, The whole world treats him

yet as a pet: But none can bear the sun, who stands With rays that look like outstretched hands.

mind, even the poor should give to the right person at the right time though the gift seems beneath contempt. For

"Bearing

Great

this in

faith,

Fit time, a

gift fit

appropriate,

recipient,

understanding heart and gifts blest beyond all measurement.

Are

And some

quote

this:

Indulge in no excessive greed (A little helps in time of need) But one, by greed excessive led, Perceived a topknot on his head."

"How was that?" asked man told the story of

the wife.

And

the Brah-

SELF-DEFEATING FORETHOUGHT There was once a hillman set out to increase his sins

in a certain place

who

by hunting. As he walked

THE PANCHATANTRA

236

met a boar that resembled the top of Sooty Mountain. Straightway he drew an arrow as far as his ear, and recited this verse: along, he

The

The Is:

and bow-string's tension and shows no apprehension;

fitted shaft

sees,

psychological conclusion

Death has prompted

this intrusion.

the boar, who in the hillman's stomach with a

Then with a sharp arrow he shot turn

angrily

tore

pointed fang that shone like the crescent moon, so that the man fell dead. The boar also, after killing the hunter, died in torment from the arrow- wound. At this point a starving jackal reached the spot in his aimless wanderings.

When

he spied a boar and a

hunter, both dead, he gleefully thought: "Fate is kind to me, providing this unlooked-for store of food.

There

wisdom

in the verse:

The

fruit of actions good or bad In each preceding state, Without a further effort, comes

Upon

And

us, brought

fate.

again:

Each deed from every time and place

And age, as consequence Brings good or evil in exact And fitting recompense.

"Now nance

for

I will

eat in such a

many

days.

I will

way

as to

have suste-

begin with the sinew will hold it in my paws

wrapped round the bow-tip. I and eat very slowly. For the saying goes:

THE WINNING OF FRIENDS

237

Consumption of a treasure earned Should very slowly follow,

As wise men sip elixir down, Not bolt it at a swallow." After these reflections, he took into his

sinew with

its

end hanging from the bow.

mouth the And when

the gut snapped, the bow-tip pierced the roof of his mouth and came out like a topknot. And the jackal perished from the pain of

"And

that

why

it.

I say:

Indulge in no excessive greed,

and the rest of it." Then the Brahman continued:

"My dear, did you

never hear this? five are fixed for every man Before he leaves the womb: His length of days, his fate, his wealth,

These

His learning, and his tomb."

After this preachment, the wife said: "Well, I believe I have a bit of sesame grain in the house. I

and feed a Brahman." And her husband, having received her promise, went off to will grind it into flour

another village.

Then

the wife softened the sesame grains in hot water, hulled them, placed them in the hot sun, and returned to her chores in the house. In this state of affairs a

dog made water

thought when she saw it:

and she "Dear me! See how shrewd

in the dish of grain,

THE PANCHATANTRA

1238

fate

when

is,

has turned against you. Even these it has made unfit to eat. Well, I

poor sesame grains

them to some neighbor's house, and make an exchange, unhulled for hulled. For anybody will bargain on those terms." So she put her grain in a

will take

basket and went from house to house, saying: "Who cares to exchange sesame unhulled for sesame hulled ?" she happened to enter with her grain a house which I had entered to beg alms, and she made her

Now

The housewife was

delighted and took the hulled grain in exchange for unhulled. Later, her husband came home and asked: "My dear, what does offer there.

this

mean?" And she

told him: "I

made

a bargain,

hulled sesame for unhulled."

he pondered, then said: "To whom did this grain belong?" And his son Kamandaki told him: "To Mother Shandilee." Then he said: "My dear

Over

mighty shrewd at a bargain. You had betthrow this sesame away.

wife, she ter

this

Mother Shandilee, If bargaining in sesame Her hulled grains for the unhulled kind

'Tis certain 1

Has some good

reason in her mind."

"So," said Wide-Bottom, "he surely derives this vigor in jumping from the smell of his hoard." And

he continued:

"Do you know his manner of attack?" answered Crop-Ear. "He comes

sir, I do,"

"Yes, holy not alone, but with a school of mice."

"Well now," said Wide-bottom,

"is there

any

dig-

THE WINNING OF FRIENDS

239

ging tool about?" "Indeed there is," said Crop-Ear. "Here is a handy pickaxe, solid iron." "In that case," said the guest, "you and I must wake early, so as to follow their tracks together, while the footprints still dirty the floor."

Now when I

thunderbolt,

For

heard the

villain's

thought: "Ah,

speech

fall like

this spells ruin for

me.

words imply something more. Just as he has marked my hoard, so he will surely discover my his

fortress, also.

this his implied

meaning convinces

me. For the proverb says: Shrewd characters at sight Can estimate aright Their man, as some are deft To gauge an ounce by heft.

And

again:

The budding fancy first betrays The character that strives For birth as recompense of good

former lives: tail has grown, yet when You see the beggar pick His mincing steps about the pond, " You cry: 'A peacock chick!'

ill

marking

was terrified, deserted the beaten track to my fortress, and with my followers started on another So

track.

Then a prodigious cat met us, and seeing the whole pack before him, pounced into our midst. And the mice who survived the slaughter scolded me for picking a bad trail, and sought shelter in the old fortress,

THE PANCHATANTRA

240

drenching the floor with blood. Yes, there

wisdom

in the old story:

A deer

there

was that burst

his bonds;

He flung the trap aside; He violently broke apart The hobbling

snare that tied;

From woods uncouth with

tufted flames

Around him bristling, fled; The hunters' arrows left behind;

To seeming

safety sped;

Into a well at last he tumbles: hostile fate all effort stumbles.

On Then

The

departed, alone.

others

poor dolts!

plunged into the old fortress. Thereupon the holy man, perceiving that the floor was smeared with trail to the fortress, and As he dug, he came upon had lived so long, and the

drops of blood, followed the

began to ply the pickaxe. the hoard over which

smell of which used to guide

Then Wide-Bottom was

back to the

fortress.

with glee and said: "Now, Crop-ear, sleep in peace. It was the smell of this that enabled the mouse to wake you." So they filled

took the hoard and turned to the

cell.

Now when I returned to the spot, I could not bear to look at the sad, disturbing sight.

And

I reflected:

"Ah, what shall I do? Where shall I go? How may I win peace of mind?" In such reflections the day dragged drearily away. Still, when the sun had laid his thousand beams to

THE WINNING OF FRIENDS

241

went with my companions to the same cell, though I was troubled and lacking in vigor. And

rest, I

when Crop-Ear heard and again he started frazzled bamboo.

Then

the patter of our pack, time

to strike the alms-bowl with his

his guest said:

"My

friend,

why

not go

peacefully to sleep at last?" "Holy sir/' he replied, "I am sure that villainous mouse has come with his followers. I

this

from fear of him."

But Wide-Bottom laughed and said: "Have no fear, my friend. His jumping energy is gone with his property. This rule applies to exception. As the saying goes:

The man has constant

all

others' backs to

creatures without

vigor? Dares

mount?

Speaks in a self-sufficient tone? He has a bank account."

This angered

me so

for the alms-bowl,

that I

made

but missed and

a desperate jump fell to the floor.

And my enemy saw me and said to Crop-Ear: "Look, my friend! It is quite wonderful. You could put it into poetry:

The wealthy men

And

are

they are scholars

men all,

of force; of course:

The mouse who lost his wealthy store, Is now a mouse and nothing more.

And

there

point in this: fangless snake; an elephant ichor-store;

Without an

THE PANCHATANTRA

042

A man who

lacks a cash account

Are names and nothing more."

When though

heard

this, I reflected:

my enemy who

it is

not the power to

jump

curse upon a fellow's

life

it.

"Alas! It

For today

After money has departed, If the wit is frail,

Then, like rills in summer weather, Undertakings fail. Forest sesame, crow-barley,

have no cash,

Owning names but Are accounted

lacking substance,

trash.

Beggars have, no doubt, their virtues, Yet they do not flash: As the world has need of sunlight, Virtues ask for cash. Beggars-born

less

keenly suffer

Than the men who crash From a life of comfort to a Deficit of cash.

Like the flabby breasts of widows,

Hopes and wishes rash fall upon the bosom, When there is no cash.

Helpless

The sun

that stuns the eyes that shun, In vain he strains to see:

The

light so bright is wrapped in night veils of poverty."

true,

have

says a mere finger's breadth. A without money! As the say-

ing goes:

Men who

THE WINNING OF FRIENDS With

this broken-spirited

243

lamentation I saw

own hoard

of wealth converted into a pillow for my enemy, and at dawn I crept into my fortress a failure.

Then my attendants retired and gossiped together. "Look here!" said they, "the fellow has no power to fill our bellies. Those who ride his back get from

nothing but buffets

cats, for

pay him reverence? For the proverb

example.

Why

says:

king from whom no bounties come, But only buffets fall, Had better be avoided, and By soldiers first of all."

Such remarks

when

heard on the

trail.

And

returned to the fortress, not one of

lowers accompanied

to ponder deeply. "A curse, a curse

(for I

on a

was

life

penniless) I

fol-

began

of poverty! There

sound sense in the verse: Even relatives are

sure Scornfully to treat the poor; Pride is docked, and virtue's

Loses luster, waning soon; Friends that were, disgusted Sorrows breed and multiply; Comes the imputation then Of the sins of other men.

moon fly;

When man is crushed by poverty And stricken down by fate, His best of friends become

And

since,

his foes,

tried affection, hate.

THE PANCHATANTRA

044

And

again:

Empty

the childless

home;

Hearts that lack a friendship sure;

Wide All

And

horizons, to the fool; empty to the poor.

once again: His passions are entire; his name, Keen wit, and speech are just the same; The man's the same. No! See him change!

Cash

fails.

"Yet what have Folk whose

The

life is

folk like

final fate is

out! Ah, strange!

do with money?

such as this? Positively

best course, now that property is gone, to the forest. As the proverb says:

withdraw

Pride builds a proper house; Never be humble: Spurn cars of heaven, where Pride takes a tumble.

may dog the step; Pride stands erect, Stoops not to widest wealth Failure

Tainted, abject."

And I continued my reflections: beggary

"Yes, the curse of

dreadful as death. For

Gutted by the forest fire, Stands in sterile soil a tree, Gnarled, and riddled by the worms Better that than beggar be.

And

as for beggary: It

the shrine of wretchedness,

The

dwelling-place of tears,

THE WINNING OF FRIENDS The thief of mind, the soil of doubts, The treasury of fears, Concreted meanness, home of woe, And haughty honor's knell, A form of death to self-esteem No different from hell.

And

again:

beggar

Who

man

of shame,

bids farewell to honor's

name;

From this, humiliations grow, Then melancholy's gloomy woe; But gloom with sadness dims the

sense,

sad men lack intelligence; Now death is folly's certain fruit

And

Thus, money's lack

And

is evil's

root.

once again: Thrust your hands between the jaws Of an angry snake; Slumber in the house of Death; Poisoned liquor take;

Dash

yourself to pieces

down

Himalaya's side: Do not feast on riches wrung

From

To sum

a villain's pride.

up: Feed your body to the flames, Friend, if you are needy; Do not cringe to beg a dole

From

the selfish-greedy.

Better roam in forest wilds With the beasts of prey

Than, by whimpering Baseness to betray.

for gifts,

245

THE PANCHATANTRA

246

"This being the case, what possible course shall I adopt to keep alive? How about robbery? That too is damnable, for it means appropriating what belongs to others.

As the verse puts

it:

your tongue be tied that you have lied; Better to be impotent Better

Than

let

know

Than

adulterously bent; Better die than take delight In the petty pricks of spite; Better beg as monk than feel

That you Well, then, shall

live

by what you

live

steal.

on charity? That, too, is damnable. That too is a

damnable, my friends, second gate of death. As the saying goes: Parasite, or exiled scamp, Invalid, or homeless tramp Life is death for these. The best

Would be

death. For death

is rest.

"Then I must at any cost recover the very treasure I saw my money-

that Wide-bottom has stolen. For

bag converted into a pillow for those two villains. I my property, and if I die in the attempt, it will be better than this. For

must regain

who see themselves Too tamely feel the sting,

If cowards

despoiled

Their fathers in the world beyond Will spurn their offering."

After reaching this conclusion, I went there at night and gnawed a hole in the bag after he had gone

THE WINNING OF FRIENDS

247

Thereupon that dreadful holy man awoke and struck me on the head with the frazzled bamboo. Yet somehow I escaped death predestination, you to sleep.

see.

the old

rhyme puts it: What's duly his, a man receives; This law not even God can break;

My heart

not surprised, nor grieves; mine, no strangers take.

For what

"How was that?" asked And Gold told the story of

the crow and the turtle.

MISTER DULY In a certain city lived a merchant named Ocean. His son picked up a book at a sale for a hundred rupees. In this book

was the

What's duly

his,

line:

man

receives.

Now Ocean saw it and asked his son: "My boy, what did you give for this book?" "A hundred rupees," said the son. "Simpleton!" said Ocean, "if you pay a hundred rupees for a book with one line of

poetry written in

money? From

it,

this

how do you

calculate to

day you are not

home

make in

house." After this wigging, he showed him the door. This melancholy rebuff drove the young man to

another country far away, where he came to a city there. After some days a native asked

and stopped

him: "Whence are you, be?" And he replied: "What's duly

sir?

his,

What might your name man

receives."

THE PANCHATANTRA

248

To a second inquirer he gave the same reply. Then all who questioned him, he bestowed his stereo-

typed answer. This of Mister Duly.

how he came by

his

nickname

Now a princess named Moonlight, who was in

the

of youth and beauty, stood one day with a friend, looking out over the city. At that spot a

first flush

girl

extraordinarily handsome and charming, chanced to come it was fate's doing within her

prince,

range of vision. The moment she saw him, she was smitten by the arrows of Love, and said to her friend:

"Dear

girl,

gether this

you must make an

effort to bring us to-

very day."

So the friend went straight to him and said: "Moonlight sent me to you. She sends you this message: 'The sight of you has reduced me to the last extremity of love. If you do not hasten to me, I shall die,

nothing less/

hearing tell

trip, please the friend said:

this,

he said: "If

cannot avoid the

me how to get into the house." And "When night comes, you must climb

up a stout strap that story of the palace."

will

And

be hanging from an upper he replied: "If you have it

my part." With this understandto Moonlight. returned the girl ing But when night came, the prince thought it over: all settled, I will

Brahman-slayer, so they say, he who tries to house With teacher's child, or wife of friend, Is

royal servant's spouse.

THE WINNING OF FRIENDS And

049

again:

A deed

that brings dishonor,

Whereby a man must fall, That causes disadvantage, Don't do

that

is all."

So after full reflection he did not go to her. But Mister Duly was roaming through the night and spied a strap hanging

Out of

down

the wall of a fine stucco house.

curiosity mingled with

bravado he took hold

and climbed.

Now

the princess, being perfectly confident that he was the right man, treated him with high con-

him a bath, a meal, a drink, fine like. Then she went to bed with and the garments, him, and her limbs thrilled with joy at touching him. But she said: "I fell in love with you at first sight, and have given you my person. I shall never have sideration, giving

another husband, even mentally. realize this

and

talk to

"What's duly

Why

me?" And he his, a

man

don't you

replied:

receives."

When

she heard this, her heart stopped beating, and she sent him down the strap in a hurry. So he made for a tumble-down temple and went to sleep.

Presently a policeman who had an appointment with a woman of easy virtue arrived there and found him asleep.

As the policeman wished

up, he said:

hush the matter

"Who are you?" and the other answered:

"What's duly

his,

man

receives."

THE PANCHATANTRA When temple

he heard deserted.

the policeman said: "This and sleep in my bed." And he

this,

agreed, but made a blunder, lying down in the wrong bed. In that bed lay the policeman's daughter, a big

named Naughty, beautiful and young. She had made a date with a man she loved, and when she saw girl

Mister Duly, she thought: "Here is my sweetheart." So, her blunder due to the pitchy darkness of the night, she rose,

by the ceremony used in heaven, then lay with him in bed, her lotus-eyes and lily-face ablossom. But she said: "Even yet you do not talk nicely with me. Why not?"

And

gave herself

he replied:

"What's duly

in marriage

his,

man

receives."

she thought: "This is what one gets for being careless." So she gave him a sorrowful scolding and sent him packing.

hearing

this,

As he walked along a business street, there approached a bridegroom named Fine-Fame. He came from another district and marched with a great whanging of tom-toms. So Mister Duly joined the pro-

happy moment was near at hand, the bride, a merchant's daughter, was standing at the door of her father's house near the highway. She stood on a raised step under an awning provided for the occasion, and displayed her wedding finery. cession. Since the

At this moment an elephant reached the spot, running amuck. He had killed his driver, had got be-

THE WINNING OF FRIENDS yond

control,

and the crowd was

one scared out of

his wits.

251

in a

hubbub, everythe bridegroom's of him, they ran the

When

parade caught a glimpse bridegroom, too and started

for the horizon.

In this crisis Mister Duly perceived the girl, all alone, her eyes dancing with terror, and with the words: "Don't worry. I will save you," manfully reassured her, put his right arm around her, and with enormous sang-froid gave the elephant a cruel scoldit was fate's doing ing. And the elephant actually went away. Presently Fine-Fame appeared with friends and relatives, too late for the

was holding rival,

wedding; for another

At the

his bride's hand.

man

sight of his

he said: "Come, father-in-law! This

hardly

respectable. You promised your daughter to me, then gave her to another man." "Sir," said the father-in-

was frightened by the elephant, and I ran too. I came back with you gentlemen, and do not know what has been going on." Then he turned and questioned his daughter: "My darling girl, what you have been doing is scarcely the thing. Tell me what this business means." And law, "I

she replied: "This

So long as

I live,

man

saved

no man but him

from deadly peril. my hand."

shall hold

When the story got abroad, dawn had come. /Vnd as a great crowd gathered in the early morning, the princess heard the story of events and came to the spot.

The

policeman's daughter also, hearing

what

THE PANCHATANTRA

252

lip to lip, visited the place. And the king in turn, learning of the gathering of a great crowd,

passed from

arrived in person, and said to Mister Duly: "Speak without apprehension. What sort of business is this ?" And Mister Duly said:

"What's duly

his,

man

receives."

Then

the princess remembered, aad she said: "This law not even God can break."

Then

the policeman's daughter said: "My heart is not surprised, nor grieves."

And

hearing

Then

the merchant's daughter said:

all this,

"For what

mine, no strangers take."

the king promised

gether,

immunity

to one

and

all,

piecing their narratives to-

arrived at the truth

by and ended by respectfully giving Mister Duly

his own daughter, together with a thousand villages. Then he bethought himself that he had no son, so he anointed Mister Duly crown prince. And the crown

prince, together with his family, lived happily; for

means of enjoyment were provided

"And and the

that

why

in great variety.

I say:

man

What's duly

his,

rest of it."

And Gold

"After these reflections,

receives,

....

continued: I

recovered from

money-madness. For there is much wisdom Not rank, but character, is birth; It is

not eyes, but wits, that see;

in this:

THE WINNING OF FRIENDS True learning 'tis, to cease from wrong; Contentment is prosperity.

And

again: all

Yes,

prosperities are his,

Whose heart is filled with mirth: The feet in leather sandals shod, Travel a leather earth.

A hundred

leagues is naught to him vehicle is greed: To clasp the wealth that fingers touch Contentment has no need.

Whose

Since Vishnu, universal lord, Through thee a dwarf was made,

manhood's solvent, Greed divine,

thee be

homage

paid.

feat is hard for thee, O Greed, Dishonor's wedded dame, Who, for the men of kindest heart, Preparest draughts of shame.

What man

should never bear,

bore;

And

spoke and, speaking, lied; waited at the stranger's door: O Greed, be satisfied!

again:

drunk

foul water; slept forlorn gathered bits of broken thorn;

I've

I've lost my love, I've begged for alms, Enduring heart- and belly-qualms; I've crossed the sea; I've walked afar; I've treasured half a shattered jar: labors is there need?

Of further Quick,

damn

you! Give your orders, Greed!

253

THE PANCHATANTRA No

poor man's evidence

Though

logic link it

word

heard, to word:

While wealthy babble passes muster

Though crammed with

harshness, vice, and bluster.

The wealthy, though of meanest birth, Are much respected on the earth: The poor whose lineage is prized Like clearest moonlight, are despised.

The wealthy

are, however old, Rejuvenated by their gold:

If money has departed, then The youngest lads are aged men.

Since brother, son, and wife, and friend is at an end, Returning when the cash rolls in, cash that is our next of kin.

Desert when cash

"At the moment when, with such thoughts in my mind, I went to my quarters, our friend Swift came to I

me and suggested a journey hither. So here I am. have come with him to visit you. Thus I have

related to

you the cause of my gloom.

"Well, there

is this

The world

to be said:

gods, elephants, and

men,

Deer, devils, snakes

Before the noonday hour Its dinner takes.

When hour and

spent,

appetite arrive,

There should suffice For world-wide conqueror or slave A bowl of rice.

THE WINNING OF FRIENDS

255

For this, what man of sense would do Base deeds perverse, Whose consequences drag him down From bad to worse?"

When

he had listened to

consolation.

"My

this,

Slow began to

offer

dear fellow," said he, "you must

not lose heart at leaving your country. Intelligent as you are, why feel disturbed without occasion? Consider the saying:

The merely learnid is a fool; The wise man uses action's tool: For no remembered drug can cure

The

sick

by name

alone,

'tis

sure.

brave and wise what land is strange, native? Whatsoever change Befall, he makes the land his own By strength of valiant arm alone:

lion's whim is jungle law By strength of tooth and tail and claw; He slaughters elephants for food, And slakes his servants' thirst with blood.

The

my dear fellow, we must always be Where will money feel at home, or You know the saying:

"Therefore, energetic.

pleasures?

As frogs will find a drinking-hole, Or birds a brimming lake, So friends and money seek a man Whose vigor does not break.

From another

point of view:

The goddess Fortune seeks as home The brave and friendly man,

THE PANCHATANTRA

256

The

grateful, righteous soul

Each moment what he

Who

regulates a sturdy active plan.

who does

can,

life

Upon an Or, put

it this

way: The brave, wise, hopeful, and persistent, From tricks, freaks, meanness equidistant If such there be,

And Fortune

flee,

The joke on Fortune

falls, insistent.

While, on the other hand: If man be fatalist and slacker, Irresolute and sang-froid lacker, Him Fortune as a bouncing miss

Her aged

lover

hates to

kiss.

learning does not aid virtue those who are afraid:

Abysmal

As men with lamps no sooner Lost objects,

those

men

find are blind.

The

prince becomes a beggar; are slayers slain; The beggar ceases begging; When fate revolves again.

By weak

"Nor must you,

view of the aphorism, and nails and men and hair, in

Since teeth If out of place, are ugly there

draw the coward's conclusion: Let no man leave his native

place.

competent there is no distinction between native and foreign land. You must have heard

"For

to the

the saying:

THE WINNING OF FRIENDS

257

Brave, learned, fair, Where'er they roam,

Without delay Are quite at home.

The shrewdly

valiant on the earth Will always master money's worth; Not those of godlike scholarship if they lose their 'Tis certain grip.

"Today, no doubt, your purse is light. For all that, you are not in the position of the commonplace fellow, for you have sense and vigor. And the proverb says:

Let sturdy resolution guide,

And poor men touch the peak of pride; Let money fold in its embrace The mean, they sink to lowly The lion's majesty derives From nature, rich because he

place: strives

To crown his feats with nobler feats. What golden-collared dog competes?

And

again:

Some men compacted of self-rigor With valor, enterprise, and vigor Indifferently view the

muddle

Of ocean and the petty puddle; As at some wretched ant-hill, frown At Himalaya's highest crown: To these, not those who wait and see, Comes Fortune, tripping eagerly.

And

once more:

Mount Meru Hell

is not very high, not very low,

THE PANCHATANTRA The

sea not shoreless,

man

Abounding vigor show. For, after

all:

wealthy, puff with pride? poor, in gloom subside? Since, like a stricken ball, Men's fortunes rise and fall.

Why, Why,

In any case, remember that youth and wealth are unstable as water-bubbles.

the saying goes:

With shadows of the passing

New

cloud,

and knavish friends, With women's love, and youth, and wealth, Enjoyment quickly ends.

This being

money,

let

enjoying

grain,

so, if

him make it As the proverb

it.

man

catches slippery fruitful, by giving it away or

intelligent

tells

us:

The coin that cost a hundred toils, That men are wont to cherish Beyond their life, will, if it be Not given to others, perish.

And

again:

Bestow, or use your wealth for pleasure; you hoard another's treasure:

If not,

As in your home, your lovely girl Awaits a stranger Us dear pearl.

And

once again:

The miser

for another hoards

His' bags of needless

money:

The bees laboriously pack, But others taste the honey.

THE WINNING OF FRIENDS In any event, fate has the last word. puts

259

the proverb

it:

In weapon-bristling battle or at home, In flaming fire, wild cave, or monstrous sea, Among thanatophidian fangs elate, The to-be is, is not the not-to-be.

Now you is

are healthy and enjoy peace of mind. This the supreme possession. As the saying goess

The

lord of seven continents, Beset by crawling greed, Is but a beggar; he who lives Content, is rich indeed.

Besides, on this earth

treasure equals charity;

Content

perfect wealth;

No gem compares with character; No wish fulfilled, with health. Nor must you

think:

'How can

having lost my possessions?' For money passes away, man's character abides. There is a proverb to fit the case:

The noble man,

earth

may

indeed,

I survive,

fall

elastic ball;

The coward who drops

down

to stay,

Is flattened like a ball of clay.

But why bore you? Here

the

men

nub of duty. Certain

are born to enjoy the pleasures that money brings, certain others are born money's guardians. There is a verse about it:

Your wealth

will flee,

If fate decree,

THE PANCHATANTRA

*6o

Though So

was

fairly earned:

silly Soft,

When perched aloft In that great forest, learned."

"How was

that?" asked Gold.

And Slow

told the

story of

SOFT,

THE WEAVER

In a certain town lived a weaver. His

and he spent

name was

his time

making garments dyed such people as princes. But for all his labors, he could not collect a bit of money beyond food and clothes. Yet he saw other weavers, Soft,

in various patterns,

who made

fit

for

coarse fabrics, rolling in wealth, and he "Look at these fellows, my dean

said to his wife:

They make

coarse stuff, but they earn heaps of money. This city does not offer me a decent living. I

going to move."

my dear," said his wife, "it is a mistake to that money comes to those who travel. There is say a proverb: /'Oh,

What What

shall not be, will never be; shall be, follows painlessly:

The

thing your fingers grasp, will If fate has predetermined it.

And

again:

A calf can Among

find its

So good or

And

mother cow

a thousand kine: evil done, returns

whispers:

thine/

flit,

THE WINNING OF FRIENDS And

261

once again: As shade and sunlight interbreed, So twined are Doer and his Deed.

So stay here and mind your business."

"You comes

are mistaken,

dear,

to fruition without effort.

You cannot Nor,

And

"No deed

said he.

There

a proverb:

clap a single hand;

effortless,

do what you planned.

again: Although, at meal-time, fate provide A richly loaded plate,

food will reach the mouth, unless

The hand

And

co-operate.

once again:

Through work, not

wishes, every plan

Its full fruition reaps:

deer walk down the lion's throat So long as lion sleeps.

And one

last quotation:

Suppose he gave the best he had, Yet no fruition came, 'Twas fate that blocked his efforts, not The man who was to blame. I

must go

to another country."

So he went to Growhome with

ing City, stayed three years, and started savings of three hundred gold-pieces.

In mid-journey, he found himself in a great forest when the blessed sun went to rest. So, forethoughtful for his safety, he climbed

upon a stout branch of a

THE PANCHATANTRA

a6a

and dozed. In the middle of the night, as human figures whose eyes were slept, bloodshot with fury, and heard them abusing each

banyan

tree

he saw two

other.

The first of them was saying: "Come now, Doer! You know you have, in every possible way, prevented from getting any capital beyond food So and clothes. you have no right ever to let him have any. Why did you give him three hundred goldthis fellow Soft

pieces?"

"Now, Deed!"

said the other, "I

constrained

to give the enterprising a reward in proportion to their enterprise.

The final consequence is your affair. Take

from him yourself." On hearing this, Soft awoke and looked for his bag of gold. When he found it empty, he thought: "Oh, dear! It was so much trouble to earn the money, and it went in a flash. I have had my work for nothing. I haven't it

a thing.

How

can

friends?" So he

look

wife in the face, or

made up his mind

to return to

Grow-

ing City. There he earned five hundred gold-pieces in just one single year, and started home again by a different road.

When

came upon the very he and tree, thought: "Oh, oh, oh! What is fate up to damn the brute! Here is that same fiendish old banyan tree once more." But he dozed off on a branch, and saw the same two figures. One of them was saying "Doer, why did you give the sun went down, he

same banyan

THE WINNING OF FRIENDS

263

hundred gold-pieces? Don't you know that he doesn't get a thing beyond food and this fellow Soft five

clothes?"

"Friend Deed," said the other, "I

am constrained

The final consequence is So blame me?" why your When poor Soft heard this, he looked for his bag and found it empty. This plunged him into the to give to the enterprising. affair.

depths of gloom, and he thought: "Oh, dear!

good

is life

myself from

if I lose

my money?

tree

this

What

I will just hang and say goodbye to life."

banyan Having made up his mind, he wove a rope of

spear-grass, adjusted

as a noose to his neck, climbed

out a branch, fastened it, and was about to let himself drop, when one of the figures appeared in the sky and

"Do not be so rash, Friend Soft. I am the perwho takes your money, who does not allow you

said:

son

one cowrie beyond food and clothes. Now go home. But, that you may not have seen me without result, ask your heart's desire."

"In that case," said

Soft, "give

plenty of

"what money." "My good cannot will you do with money which you enjoy or of no it beyond use For to are have you give away? food and clothes." But Soft replied: "Even if I get no use of it, still I want it. You know the proverb: fellow," said the other,

The man of capital, Though ugly and base-born,

THE PANCHATANTRA

264

And

honored by the world For charity forlorn.

again:

Loose they

are, yet tight; dear? Fall, or stick,

have watched them now Till the fifteenth year."

"How was

that?" asked the figure.

And

Soft told

the story of

HANG-BALL AND GREEDY In a certain town lived a bull

named Hang-Ball.

From

excess of male vigor he abandoned the herd, tore the river-banks with his horns, browsed at will

on emerald-tipped grasses, and went wild

the

forest.

In that forest lived a jackal named Greedy. One day he sprawled at ease with his wife on a sandy river-

bank. At that moment the bull Hang-Ball came to the

same

stretch of sand for a drink.

And

down

the she-

jackal said to her husband when she saw the hanging testicles: "Look, my dear! See how two lumps of flesh

hang from that

or a few hours at

They will fall in a moment, most. So you must follow him, bull.

please."

"My dear," said the jackal, "nobody knows. Perhaps they will fall some day, perhaps not. Why send me on you

a fool's errand? I would rather stay here with and eat the mice that come to water. They follow

this trail.

And

if I

should follow him, somebody else

THE WINNING OF FRIENDS would come here and occupy the do it. You know the proverb:

265

spot. Better not

If any leave a certain thing, For things uncertain wandering, The sure that was, is sure no more; What is not sure, was lost before."

said she,

"Come," with any

little

ways ought is

thing.

"you are a coward,

You

satisfied

are quite wrong.

to be energetic, a

man

especially.

al-

There

a saying:

Depend on

And

energetic might, banish indolence's blight,

Let enterprise and prudence kiss All luck is yours it cannot miss.

And

again:

Let none, content with fate's negation, Sink into lazy self-prostration:

oil

The

"And perhaps

of sesame, unless

seeds of sesame you press.

as for your saying: 'Perhaps they will

fall,

wrong. Remember

the

not,'

that,

too,

proverb:

Mere bulk is naught. The Have honor sure:

God

resolute

brings the plover water.

Dare

call

Who

him poor?

"Besides, I am dreadfully tired of mouse-flesh, and these two lumps of meat are plainly on the point of falling. You must not refuse me."

So when he had listened

to this,

left

the spot

THE PANCHATANTRA

266

where mice were to be caught and followed Hang. Ball. Well, there is wisdom in the saying: Only while he does not hear

Woman's whisper

in his ear, his will,

Goading him against Is a

And

man

his

master

still.

again: In action, should-not is as should, In motion, cannot is as can, In eating, ought-not is as ought, When woman's whispers drive a man.

So he spent much time wandering with after the bull.

fifteenth year,

his wife

But they did not fall. At last in the in utter gloom he said to his wife:

"Loose they

are, yet tight; dear? Fall, or stick,

have watched them now Till the fifteenth year.

Let us draw the conclusion that they will not fall in the future either, and return to the old mouse-trail."

"And

that

why

I say:

Loose they

and the

rest of

are, yet tight,

....

it.

"Now anybody as rich as that becomes an object of desire. So give me plenty of money. "If things stand so," said the figure, "go once more Growing City. There dwell two sons of merchants; their names are Penny-Hide and Penny-Fling. When you have observed their conduct, you may ask for to

THE WINNING OF FRIENDS

267

yourself the nature of one or the other." With this he vanished, and Soft returned to Growing City, his mind in a maze.

At evening

he wearily inquired for Penny-Hide's residence, learned with some trouble where it was, and called there* In spite of scoldings from the wife, the children, and others, he made his twilight,

way into the courtyard and sat down. Then at dinner-time he received food but no kind word, and went

to sleep there. During the night he

figures holding council.

saw the same two human

One of them was

"Come now, Doer! Why

are you

saying: ex-

making extra

pense for this fellow Penny-Hide, in providing Soft with a meal?

And

the second replied: "Friend Deed, it is no am constrained to attend to acquisi-

fault of mine. I

tion

your

and expenditure. But affair."

had to

Now when

fast because

their final consequence is the poor fellow awoke, he

Penny-Hide was

in the

second day

of a cholera attack.

So Soft

left

that house and went to Penny-Fling's,

who showed him much

honor, greeting him cordially and providing food, garments, and the like. In his house Soft rested in a comfortable bed, and in the night he saw the same two figures taking counsel together. One of them was saying: "Come now, Doer! This fellow Penny-Fling is at no little expense today,

entertaining Soft. So

how will he pay

that debt?

THE PANCHATANTRA

268

has drawn everything from the bank." "Friend Deed," said the second, "I had to do it. The final

consequence is your affair." Now at dawn a policeman came with money, a favor from the king, and

gave

it all

When

to Penny-Fling.

he saw

this, Soft thought: "This Pennyeven without any capital, is a better Fling person, kind of thing than that scaly old Penny-Hide. The

proverb

right:

The

Scriptures' fruit is pious homes; Right conduct, that of learned tomes; Wives fructify in joy and son; And money's fruit is gifts and fun.

"So may the blessed Lord of All make me a person whose money goes in gifts and fun. I see no good in Penny-Hiding." So the Lord of All took him at

him

his

word, making

that kind of person.

"And

that

why

say:

Your wealth

will flee,

If fate decree,

and the

....

it. Therefore, my dear friend Gold, facts and feel no uneasiness in the dethe recognize partment of finance. You know the proverb:

rest of

A lofty

soul, in days of power, Is tender as a lotus-flower;

But, meeting misadventure's shock,

Grows hard

Himalayan

rock.

THE WINNING OF FRIENDS And

269

again:

The

goal desiderating powers at strain,

reached by listless sleepers with no pain: Though panting life go struggling ceaselessly, The to-be is, is not the not-to-be. Is

And

once again: think and think without relief? weight the mind with aimless grief? All finds fulfilment, soon or late, If written on the brow by fate.

Why Why

Or put

this way: From distant island, central Or far horizon's brink,

sea,

Fate brings and links its wilful whims, Before a man can wink.

this

way: Fate links the unlinked, unlinks links; It links the things that no man thinks. All

life,

unwilling, faces its

Unbidden doom Some ill, no doubt, but Why sink in gloom?

And

blessings, too

yet again: Courageous, cultivated minds Their fate would supervise; But linked causation masters them,

And makes

otherwise.

And He who made the parrots green, But made the king-swans white, And peacocks particolored, He Will order us aright.

THE PANCHATANTRA

270

There

great wisdom in the old story:

Within a basket tucked away In slow starvation's grim decay,

A broken-hearted serpent lay. But

see the cheerful

A hole,

and tumbles

new

At night

mouse that gnaws in his

jaws

hope's unbidden cause!

Now see the serpent, sleek with meat, Who hastens through the hol#, to beat From

quarters cramped, a glad retreat!

So fuss and worry will not do; For fate is somehow muddling through To good or bad for me and you.

"Adopt

and give some attenThere is a verse about

this point of view,

tion to ultimate salvation. that, too:

Let some small

rite

vow,

fasting, self-control

daily practiced with a quiet soul; For fate chips daily from our days to be, Though panting life go struggling ceaselessly.

"This being

so,

contentment

always wise:

Contentment's nectar-draught supplies quiet joy that satisfies; How can the money-maddened know

The

That joy

in bustlings to

and

fro?

And once again: No penance like forbearance; No pleasure like content; No friend like gifts; no virtue Like hearts on mercy bent.

THE WINNING OF FRIENDS

271

"But why bore you with a sermon ? In this place you are at home. Pray divest yourself of disturbing worries, and spend your time in friendship with me." Now when Swift had listened to these observations of Slow, set off as they were with the inner truth of

numerous authoritative works, his face blossomed, his heart was satisfied, and he said: "Slow, my dear fellow, you are good. Your virtue is something to rely on. For in the act of offering this comfort to Gold, you have brought perfect satisfaction to my heart. As the proverb puts it: They

taste the best of bliss, are good, find life's truest ends,

And Who,

glad and gladdening, rejoice

In love, with loving friends.

And

again:

The

richest

man

A living naught,

penniless,

a vain distress, If greed, true wealth destroying, bends His soul to lack the charm of friends.

"Now by means of this

first-class

advice you have

rescued our poor friend, sunk in the sea of wretchedness. After all, it is quite in the nature of things:

The good

When

forever save the good,

dull misfortunes clog:

For only elephants can drag Their comrades from the bog.

And

again:

No man

deserves the praise of men, the vow of virtue, when

Nor meets

THE PANCHATANTRA

272

The poor

or suppliant from him go Averted, sunk in hopeless woe.

Yes, there

wisdom

in this:

What manhood The

is there, sad, secure?

making not

What wealth is that, availing not To aid the poor? What sort of act, performed without Good consequence? What kind of life, that To be offense?"

glory feels

While they were conversing thus, a deer named Spot arrived, panting with thirst and quivering for

seeing him approach, Swift flew into a tree, Gold crept into a grass-clump, fear of hunters' arrows.

and Slow sought an asylum

in the water.

But Spot

stood near the bank, trembling for his safety. Then Swift flew into the air, inspected the terrain for the distance of a league, then settled on his tree again,

come

and

called to Slow:

come

out!

"Slow,

dear fellow,

evil threatens

you here. I have inspected the forest minutely. There is only this deer who has come to the lake for water." Thereupon out,

three gathered as before. Then, out of friendly feeling toward a guest, Slow said to the deer: "My good fellow, drink and bathe. all

Our water is of excellent quality, and cool." And Spot thought, after meditating on this invitation: "Not the slightest danger threatens

from these.

And

THE WINNING OF FRIENDS

273

because a turtle has no capacity for mischief when out of water, while mouse and crow feed only this

on what

dead. So

pany/* And

I will

make one

of their com-

he joined them.

Then Slow bade him welcome and did

the honors, "I trust circumstances are saying: happy. Pray your tell us how you happened into this neck of the

And Spot

woods."

am weary

of a

life

without love. have been hard pressed on every by mounted grooms and dogs and hunters. But

side

replied:

fear

lent speed, I left them all behind, and came here to I am desirous of your friendship." drink. Upon hearing this, Slow said: "We are little of

Now

body. It is unnatural for you to make friends with us. One should make friends with those capable of returning favors." But Spot rejoined: "Better with the learned dwell, Even though it be in hell Than with vulgar spirits roam Palaces that gods

"And be of no

since

call

home.

you know that one

little

of body

may

these self-deprecia-

consequence, why tory remarks? Yet after all, such speech is becoming to the excellent. I therefore insist that you make little

friends with

Make

today. There

friends,

make

Or weak they

friends,

be:

Recall the captive elephants

That mice

set free."

a good old saying:

however strong

THE PANCHATANTRA

274

"How was

that?" asked Slow.

And Spot

told the

story of

THE MICE THAT SET ELEPHANTS FREE There was once a region where people, houses, and temples had fallen into decay. So the mice, who were old settlers there, occupied the chinks in the floors of stately dwellings with sons, grandsons (both in the

male and female line), and further descendants as they were born, until their holes formed a dense tangle. They found uncommon happiness in a variety of festivals, dramatic performances (with plots of their

own

invention), wedding-feasts, eating-parties, drinking-bouts, and similar diversions. And so the

time passed.

But

into this scene burst an elephant-king,

whose retinue numbered thousands. He, with his herd, had started for the lake upon information that there was water there. As he marched through the mouse community, he crushed faces, eyes, heads, and necks of such mice as he encountered.

Then

the survivors held a convention.

"We

are

these lumbering ele-

"by being killed," they curse them! If they come this way again, there will not be mice enough for seed. Besides: said,

phants

An He

elephant will kill you, if touch; a serpent if he sniff; King's laughter has a deadly sting;

A rascal kills by honoring.

THE WINNING OF FRIENDS Therefore

let

275

us devise a remedy effective in this

crisis."

When

they had done

bowed

so,

a certain

number went

and said respectfully: "O King, not far from here is our community, inherited from a long line of ancestors. There we have prospered through a long succession of sons and grandsons. Now you gentlemen, while coming here to water, have destroyed us by the thousand. to the lake,

before the elephant-king,

Furthermore, if you travel that way again, there will not be enough of us for seed. If then you feel compassion toward us, pray travel another path. Consider the fact that even creatures of our size will some

day prove of some

service."

And what

the elephant-king turned over in his mind he had heard, decided that the statement of the

mice was entirely

Now

and granted

their request. in the course of time a certain king comlogical,

his elephant-trappers to trap elephants. And a so-called water-trap, caught the constructed they king with his herd, three days later dragged him out

manded

made of ropes and things, to stout trees in that very bit of forest.

with a great tackle tied

him

When

and

the trappers had gone, the elephant-king "In what manner, or through whose

reflected thus:

assistance, shall I be delivered?"

him:

Then

occurred to

"We have no means of deliverance except those

mice."

So the king sent the mice an exact description of

THE PANCHATANTRA

276

his disastrous position in the trap through

one of his

personal retinue, an elephant-cow who had not ven-

tured into the trap, and who had previous information of the mouse community.

When

the mice learned the matter, they gathered the thousand, eager to return the favor shown

them, and visited the elephant herd. And seeing king and herd fettered, they gnawed the guy-ropes

where they stood, then swarmed up the branches, and by cutting the ropes aloft, set their friends free.

"And Make and the

that

friends,

why

make

friends,

you

so,

however strong, ....

rest of it."

When Slow had even

say:

listened to this, he said:

"Be

Have no fea&r In this place dismiss anxieties and behave Pray So they all took food and dwelling."

dear fellow.

are at home.

as in your own recreation at such hours as suited each,

noon hour

met

at the

shade of crowding trees beside the broad lake, and spent their time in reciprocated friendship, discussing a variety of masterly works on

religion,

in the

economics, and similar subjects.

seems quite natural: For men of

And

sense, good poetry science will suffice:

The time of dunderheads

is spent In squabbling, sleep, and vice.

And

this

THE WINNING OF FRIENDS And

277

again:

thrill

Will

fill

The

When

wisest heart,

flow

Sons mots

Composed with Though fe-

art,

Males be

Removed

Now one hour.

And

evil

apart.

appear at the regular the others, missing him, alarmed also by

day Spot

omen

failed to

that appeared at that

moment, drew

the conclusion that he was in trouble, and could not keep up their spirits. Then Slow and Gold said to Swift:

"Dear

fellow,

we two

are prevented

loco-

motive limitations from hunting for our dear friend. We beg you, therefore, to hunt about and learn

whether the poor fellow

forest fire,

eaten by a lion, or singed or fallen into the power of hunters and

such creatures. There

a saying:

fears for loved ones who In pleasure-gardens play: What, then, if they in forests grim And peril-bristling stay?

One quickly

means go, search out precise news concerning return quickly." and Spot,

all

hearing this, Swift flew a little distance to the of a swamp, and finding Spot caught in a stout edge trap braced with pegs of acacia-wood, he sorrowfully said: "My dear friend, how did you fall into this dis-

THE PANCHATANTRA tress?"

"My friend," said Spot, "there is no time for

delay. Listen to me.

When The

near an end, presence of a friend life is

Brings happiness, allying living with the dying.

The

Oh, pardon any expressions of friendly impatience I may have used in our discussions. Likewise, say to Gold and Slow in my name: If

any ugly word

Was

willy-nilly heard,

pray you both, forgive Let only friendship live."

On hearing this, Swift replied: "Feel no fear, my dear fellow, while you have friends like us. I will return with all speed, bringing Gold to cut your bonds." Thereupon, with his heart in a flutter, he found Slow and Gold, explained the nature of Spot's captivity, then returned to Spot, carrying Gold in his beak. Gold, for his part, on seeing the plight of his friend, sorrowfully said:

"My

dear fellow, you

ways had a wary mind and a shrewd eye. How, did you fall into this dreadful captivity?"

And Spot

rejoined:

you know, does what

"Why

it will.

What

ask,

then,

friend? Fate,

As the saying goes:

mortal

flies

(However wise)

When billows rise To fatal size On seas of woe?

al-

THE WINNING OF FRIENDS

279

In dead of night,

Or broad daylight, Grim fate may smite; Ah, who can fight

An You,

unseen foe?

my saintly friend,

are familiar with the caprices

of constraining destiny. Therefore be quick. Cut bonds before the pitiless hunter comes."

"Have no

fear," said Gold, "while I

at your I which my heart, however, great sorrow, beg you to remove by telling your story. You are guided by an eye of wisdom. How did you fall into side.

this captivity?"

"Well," said Spot, "if you insist on knowing, listen, and learn how I have been made captive a second time, having once before suffered the woes of captivity." "Tell me," said Gold, fered the

"how once

before you sufeager to learn the

woes of captivity. I am And Spot told the story of

full detail."

SPOT'S CAPTIVITY

when

I was six months old, I used to Long ago, gambol in front of all the rest, as a youngster does. Out of sheer spirits I would run far ahead, then wait for the herd. Now we deer have two gaits, called the Jump-Up and the Straightaway. Of these I knew the

Straightaway, but not the Jump-Up.

While amusing myself one day, I lost touch with the herd. At this I was dreadfully worried, gazed

THE PANCHATANTRA

282

"Thus, though having suffered a previous captivity, I am caught again through constraining destiny."

At was

this

moment Slow joined them. For

so full of love for his friend that he

his heart

had followed,

leaving grass, shrubs, and spear-grass crushed behind him. At sight of him, they were more distressed than

and Gold became

their spokesman. "My dear have done wrong in leaving "you to come since fortress here, you are not able to your save yourself from the hunter, while on us he cannot lay hands. For when the bonds are cut and the hunter stands near, Spot will bound away and disappear,

ever,

fellow," said he,

Swift will fly into a tree, while I, being a little fellow, will find some chink to slide into. But what will you do,

when within

this

Slow

his reach?"

listened,

blame me, you of

The

all

but he said: "Oh, do not

people.

For

of love and loss of wealth could endure But for restoratives of health In friendship sure? loss

Who

And

again:

The days when meetings do not With wise and good

fail

Are lovely clearings on the trail Through life's wild wood.

The heart finds rest in (When troubles toss)

telling things

THE WINNING OF FRIENDS To

honest wife, or friend

Or kindly

Ah,

my dear

clings,

boss.

fellow,

The The

wistful glances wander, wits, bewildered,

In good

Whose

And more

who

283

men

love

ponder

separated,

unabated.

than that: Better lose your

life

than friends;

when this life ends, sympathy that blends."

Life returns

Not

the

At this moment the hunter arrived, bow and arrow Under his very eyes Gold cut the bonds and

in hand.

slipped into the before-mentioned chink. Swift flew into the air and was gone. Spot darted away. Now when the hunter saw that the deer's bonds

had been cut, he was filled with amazement and said: "Under no circumstances do deer cut their own bonds. It was through fate that a deer has done it." Then he spied a turtle on most improbable terrain, and with mixed feelings he said: "Even if the deer, with fate's help, cut his bonds and escaped, still I've got this turtle. As the saying goes: Nothing comes, of all that walks, All that

flies

to heaven,

All that courses o'er the earth, If it be not given."

After this meditation, the hunter cut spear-grass with his knife, wove a stout rope, tied the turtle's feet

THE PANCHATANTRA

a8 4

tightly together, fastened the rope to his bow-tip, and started home. But when Gold saw his friend

borne away, he sorrowfully said: "Ah, me! Ah, me!

No I

sooner sorrow's ocean-shore reach in safety, than once more

bitter sorrow is my lot: Misfortunes crowd the weakest spot.

Fresh blows are dreadful on a wound; fails, and hunger-pangs abound; Woes come, old enmities grow hot: Misfortunes crowd the weakest spot.

Food

One walks

at ease on level ground one begins to stumble; Let stumbling start, and every step Is apt to bring a tumble. Till

And

besides:

hard to find in life a bow, a wife,

*Tis

A friend,

Strong, supple to endure, In stock and sinew pure,

In time of danger sure. False friends are

common. Yes, but where

True nature

The

links a friendly pair, blessing is as rich as rare.

To bitter ends You trust true

friends,

Not wife nor mother, Not son nor brother.

long experience alloys friendship's sweet and supple joys;

True

THE WINNING OF FRIENDS No

evil

men can

285

steal the treasure; sets a measure.

Tis death, death only,

"Ah, what First

(

came the

this fate that smites loss of property;

ceaselessly?

then humiliations

from my own people, the result of poverty; because of gloom thereat, exile; and now fate prepares for me the loss of a friend. As the proverb says: In truth, I do not grieve though riches flee; Some lucky chance will bring them back to me: 'Tis this that hurts

The

And

best of friends relax

lacking riches' stay,

and

fall

away.

again: Fate's artful linkage since

birth

Of evil deeds and deeds of worth Pursues

me on

Till states

this present earth

mind that play and sway range from day to day, that strive and pass away.

And change and Seem

lives

Ah, there is only too much wisdom in this: The body, born, is near its doom;

And

riches are the source of gloom;

All meetings

The world

end in partings: yes, one brittleness.

is all

"Ah, me! Ah, me! The loss of my friend is death me. What care I even for my own people? As the

saying goes:

A foe of woe and pain and fear, A cup of trust and feelings dear, A pearl who made it? Who could blend Six letters in that

name of friend?

THE PANCHATANTRA

286

Oh, friendly meetings!

O joy

to which the righteous cling, Machine that answers love's sole string,

Pure happiness

Cut short by one

And

every breath, stern exile Death!

once again: Pleasant riches; friendship's course In familiar ruts;

Enmities of

men

of sense

Death abruptly

And one

last

cuts.

word:

If birth

and death did not

exist

Nor age nor

fear of loved ones missed, If all were not so quick to perish,

Whose

life

were not a thing to cherish?"

While Gold recited these grief-stricken sentences, Spot and Swift joined him and united their lamentations with his. And Gold said to them: "So long as our dear Slow is within sight, so long we have a chance to save him.

Leave

You must

past the hunter unobserved, drop to earth somewhere near water, and pretend to be dead. Swift, you must spread your claws in the cagework of Spot's horns,

and pretend

us, Spot.

to peck out his eyes.

beast of a hunter, in the

greedy

Then

slip

that dreadful

belief that

he has

found a dead deer, will certainly wish to seize him, throw the turtle on the ground, and hurry up. When his back is turned, I for my part will in a mere will

THE WINNING OF FRIENDS

287

twinkling set Slow free to seek refuge in the water near by, his natural fortress. I myself will slide into

a grass-clump. You, furthermore, must plan a second escape when the beast of a hunter is upon you." So

they put this plan into practice. Now when the hunter saw a deer as good as dead beside the water, and noticed that a crow was pecking at him, he joyfully threw the turtle on the ground,

and ran

for a club.

As soon

Spot could

from

tell

the tramp of feet that the hunter was close upon him, with a supreme burst of speed he swept into dense forest. Swift flew into a tree. The turtle, his fettering cord cut by Gold, scrambled to shelter in the water. Gold slipped into a grass-clump.

To the hunter it seemed a conjurer's trick. "What does it mean?" he cried in his disappointment. Then he returned to the spot where he had left the hundred pieces no longer than a finger's breadth. Then he perceived that the turtle had vanished like a magician, and turtle,

and saw the cord cut

in a

anticipated danger for his own person. With troubled heart he made all speed out of the wood for home, casting anxious glances at the horizon. Meanwhile the four friends, free of all injury,

came new

together, expressed their mutual affection, took a lease on life, and lived happily. And so If beasts enjoy so great a prize

Of friendship, why should wonder In men, who are so very wise?

rise

THE PANCHATANTRA

288

Here ends Book Friends."

The

first

The deer and

II,

called

"The Winning of

verse runs:

mouse and crow and learning; so, Though money failed and means were few, They quickly put their purpose through.

Had

turtle,

first-rate sense

BOOK III CROWS AND OWLS

BOOK III CROWS AND OWLS Here, then, begins Book III, called "Crows and Owls," which treats of peace, war, and so forth. The first

verse runs: Reconciled although he be,

Never

trust an enemy. For the cave of owls was burned, When the crows with fire returned.

"How was that?" asked the princes, and Vishnusharman told the following story. In the southern country is a city called EarthBase. Near it stands a great banyan tree with countless

branches.

And

in the tree dwelt a crow-king

named Cloudy with a countless retinue of crows. There he made his habitation and spent his time. Now a rival king, a great owl named Foe-Crusher, and his habitation in a mountain an unnumbered retinue of owls. and he had cave, This owl-king cherished a grudge, so that whenever he met a crow in his airings, he killed him and passed

had

his fortress

In this

his constant aggression gradually of crows about the banyan tree. dead spread rings Nor is this surprising. For the proverb says:

on.

way

291

THE PANCHATANTRA you permit disease or foe unheeded, you may know That death awaits you, sure if slow. If

To march

Now one day Cloudy summoned all his counselors and

"Gentlemen, as you are aware, our enemy is arrogant, energetic, and a judge of occasions. He always comes at nightfall to work havoc in our ranks. said:

How, then, can we counter-attack? For we do not see at night, and in the daytime we cannot discover his fortress. Otherwise, we might go there and strike a blow. What course, then, shall we adopt? There are six

peace, war, change of base, en-

possibilities

trenchment, alliances, and duplicity."

And put

"Your Majesty does well to For the saying goes:

they replied:

this question.

Good

counselors should

tell

their king,

Unasked, a profitable thing; If asked, they should advise. flatterers who shun the true

While

(Which in the end is wholesome, Are foemen in disguise. Therefore

it is

too)

now proper to confer in secret session/'

Then Cloudy

started to consult severally his five

whose names were Live-Again, Live-Well, Live-Along, Live-On, and Live-Long. And first of all he questioned Live-Again: "My worthy sir, what is your opinion under the circumstances?" And Live-Again replied: "O King, one should not make war with a powerful enemy. And this one is ancestral counselors,

CROWS AND OWLS powerful and knows when to strike. Therefore peace with him. For the saying goes:

Bow

your head before the great, it when times beseem,

Lifting

And

prosperity will flow like a stream.

Ever onward,

And

again:

Make your

peace with powerful foes

Who are rich and good and wise, Who are seasoned conquerors, In whose home no discords

Make your If your

rise.

with wicked men, peace endangered be;

life

Life, itself first

made

secure,

Gives the realm security.

And

again:

Make your peace

with him whose wont conquer in a fight; Other foes will bend their necks 'Tis to

you, fearful of his might.

equals make your peace; Victory is often given Whimsically; take no risks Says the current saw in heaven.

Even with

Even with equals Whimsically

victory

may

alight.

three other methods Only in extremis fight.

Try

And

first;

yet again: See!

The

Power

bully to whose soul and peace is not,

is all,

293

make

THE PANCHATANTRA

294

Clashing with an equal foe, Crumbles like an earthen pot.

Land and friends and gold at most Have been won when battles cease; If but one of these should fail, It is best to live in peace.

When

a lion digs for moles in their pebbly house, He is apt to break his nails, And at best he gets a mouse.

Hiding

Therefore, where no prize is won And a healthy fight is sure, Never stir a quarrel, but Whatsoe'er the cost, endure.

a stronger foe assailed, as bends the river reed; Do not strike, as serpents do, If you wish your luck to speed.

Bend

Imitators of the reed

Slowly win to glory's peak;

But the luckless serpent-men Only earn the death they seek. Shrink like turtles in their shells, Taking blows if need there be; Raise your head from time to time Like the black snake, warily.

To sum

up: Never struggle with the strong (If you wish to know my mind)

Who

has ever seen a cloud

Baffle the opposing

wind?"

CROWS AND OWLS

295

Having heard this view, the king said to LiveWell: "My worthy sir, I desire to hear your opinion also."

And

Inasmuch pled,

Live-Well said:

as the

enemy

King,

disagree.

cruel, greedy, and unprinci-

you should most certainly not make peace with

him. For the proverb says:

With

and false accommodation: Agreements bind them not; and soon They show a wicked transformation. foes unprincipled

'Tis vain to seek

Therefore you should, in my judgment, fight with him. You know the saying: 'Tis easy to uproot a foe Contemning fighters, never steady,

Cruel and greedy, slothful, false, Foolish and fearful and unready.

"But more than will

we have been humiliated by

propose peace, he will be angry violence again. There is a saying: employ

him. Therefore,

and

this

The

if you

truculence of fevered foes

By gentle measures is abetted: What wise physician tries a douche?

He knows

that fever should be sweated.

Conciliation simply makes foeman's indignation splutter,

Like drops of water sprinkled on

A briskly

boiling

pan of

butter.

the previous speaker's point strength of the enemy is not decisive. Besides,

about the

THE PANCHATANTRA

296

The

smaller often slays the great

By showing energy and vigor: The lion kills the elephant, And rules with unrestricted rigor.

And more

than that:

Foes indestructible by might Are slain through some deceptive gesture, As Bhima strangled Kichaka, Approaching him in woman's vesture.

And

yet again:

When

kings are merciless as death,

All foes are quick to knuckle under; Quick, too, to kill the kings who fall Into compassion's fatal blunder.

And

he whose sun of glory sets Before the glory of another Is born in vain; he wastes for naught The youthful vigor of his mother.

For Regal Splendor, unbesmeared

With foemen's blood as rich cosmetic, Though dear, is insufficient for Ambitions truly energetic.

And

in a kingdom unbedewed With foemen's blood in slaughter And hostile women's falling tears,

The king

Having heard to Live-Along:

opinion also."

enemy

enjoys no living glory."

this view, the

"My And

vicious

gory,

king put the question

worthy pray express your Live-Along said: "O King, the sir,

and powerful and unscrupulous.

CROWS AND OWLS

297

Therefore you should make neither peace nor war with him. Only a change of base can be recommended.

For the saying goes: With vicious foemen, proud of power, From hindering scruples free, Adopt a change of base, not peace Nor war, for victory.

Now change of base is known No single thing, but twin

to be

Retreat, to save imperiled life; Invasion, planned to win.

A warlike and ambitious king May choose 'twixt April and November

other months are barred

invade the hostile land.

For storming-parties Prescribe

all

so the books times are fair,

show distress, some weakness bare.

If hostile forces

And

lay

king should put his realm in charge

Of heroes strong and fit; Then pounce upon the hostile

When

spies

have peopled

land,

it.

The case in hand requires, O King, The base-change called Retreat, Not peace nor war; the foe is vile,

And

very hard to beat.

"Furthermore, a recessive movement is made, says the science of ethics, with due regard to cause

and

effect.

The

point

thus expressed in poetry:

THE PANCHATANTRA

298

When rams draw

back, their butting fiercer stings; crouching king of beasts more deadly springs: So wise dissemblers, holding vengeance sure, In dumb communion with their hearts, endure.

The

And

once again:

king, abandoning his realm foes of fighting worth,

Preserves his

And

so, to

life,

as Fight-Firm did,

later rules the earth.

sum

up:

The weak who,

struggling with the strong,

Are not too proud to

fight,

Bring great rejoicing to their foes, And on their kinsmen, blight.

"Therefore, since you are engaged with a powerful foe, there is occasion for a change of base. It is no

time for peace or war/' When he had listened to this view, the king said to Live-On: "My worthy sir, pray express your opin-

And Live-On said: "O King, I disapprove of peace, war, and change of base, all three of them; and particularly change of base. For ion also."

A crocodile

at home Can beat an elephant; But if he goes abroad, A dog can make him pant.

And

again:

When

stronger foes attack, Close in your fortress stay; But sally to relieve Your friends, and save the day.

CROWS AND OWLS If,

panic-struck,

you

flee

When foes are at the door, And leave the land to them, You ne'er will see it more. One man,

entrenched, can hold

hundred

foes at

bay

(Strong foes at that), therefore In your entrenchment stay.

Therefore provide your fort With shaft and gun; adorn It well with moat and wall,

And

store

abundant corn.

Stand ever firm within, Resolved to do or die: So, living, earn renown; Or dead, the starry sky.

And

there

a further consideration:

The union

of the

weak

A powerful

bully stumps: The hostile blizzard spares The shrubs that grow in clumps.

And single trees, though huge And posted for defense,

May

be uprooted by stout wind's violence.

The

While groves of trees, where each Receives and gives defense, Unitedly defy

The

wind's fierce violence.

299

THE PANCHATANTRA

300

Just so, one

man

alone,

However brave he be, Is scorned by foes, who soon Proceed to injury."

Having

listened to this view likewise, the king

"My

said to Live-Long:

worthy

sir,

pray express

your opinion also." And Live-Long said: "O King, from among the six possibilities, I recommend alliance. Pray adopt that. For the saying goes:

Though deft and brilliant, what good end Can you attain without a friend? The fire that seems immortal will Die when the fanning wind is still. "Therefore you should stay at home and seek some

competent ally, to make a counterweight against the enemy. But if you leave home and travel, no one will give you so much as a friendly word. For the proverb says:

The wind

And

causes

friend to forest-fire it

to flame the higher; candle out.

The same wind blows a

Who

cares

what poor

folk are about?

"Nor is it even essential that the ally be powerful; the alliance even of feeble folk makes for defense. You

know

the saying:

However weak, a bamboo stem From others takes, and gives to them Strength to resist uprooting: so kings unite against a foe.

Weak

"And how much more so, if you have alliance with the truly great! For the poet says:

CROWS AND OWLS Who With

301

there whom a friendly state great folk does not elevate?

The raindrop, hiding Of lotus-petal, shines

in a curl like pearl.

O King, there is no counterweight to your save in alliance. Therefore let an alliance be

"Thus,

enemy

concluded. Such

is my opinion." After these opinions had been given, Cloudy bowed low before an ancient, farsighted counselor of

who had persevered to the of of social ethics, and his textbook every page name was Live-Strong. "Father," said the king, "I his race.

This was a crow

last

had a

secret purpose in questioning the others in your very presence; namely, that you might listen to everything, and instruct me as to what is fitting. Pray in-

me in the appropriate course of action." And Live-Strong said: "My son, all that

struct

these

have proposed is drawn from the textbooks of social ethics, and all is highly proper, each course in its own good time. But the present hour demands duplicity.

You have heard

the saying:

You must

regard with like distrust

Both peace and warlike measures; must Seek through duplicity your goal, With powerful foes of evil soul.

"In

this

way

trust of an

those

who

themselves trust nobody win the

single eye to self-interest can

and have a

enemy and

saying goes:

easily destroy him.

For the

THE PANCHATANTRA

302

Shrewd enemies will cause a foe Whom they would ruin, first to grow: The flow of mucus by molasses Is first increased,

And

but later passes.

again:

To foe, to false friend, to female (Particularly her for sale) The man so simple as to give Straightforward conduct, does not

Proceed

live.

pure straightforwardness

With Brahmans, with the gods no less, With teachers, with yourself; but treat All other creatures to deceit.

A hermit mastering his soul May

see

Not

those

life

simple, see

who

whole;

thirst for carnal things,

Nor, most particularly, kings.

And

so:

Strong through duplicity, you will Preserve your habitation still; For death will prove a friend in need, To crush a foe possessed by greed.

"Furthermore,

a vulnerable point appears in him,

him by being aware of it." you But Cloudy said: "Father, I do not know his residence. So how shall I become aware of a vulnerwill destroy

able point?"

And Live-Strong replied: "My I will reveal

son, through spies not only his dwelling, but also his vulner-

able point. For

CROWS AND OWLS

303

Cows see a thing by sense of smell; While Scripture serves the Brahman well; The king perceives by means of spies:

And

other creatures use their eyes.

in this connection there is

another saying: served by spies, who knows

The The

king, well functionaries of his foes, Who knows his retinue no less, Is

never plunged in deep distress."

Then Cloudy

what are these functionaries? What their number? And of what character are secret-service men? Pray tell me all." said: "Father, is

And

Live-Strong replied:

"On

these points the

sage Narada gave the following information questioned by King Fight-Firm. In the hostile are eighteen

functionaries;

Their conduct

camp

one's own, fifteen.

discovered by assigning to each

three secret-service men,

and enemies are kept put

when

by whose efforts both friends good control. The facts are

in a bit of doggerel:

The

foe has eighteen functionaries; five and ten:

And you have

Give each, as unknown secretaries, Three secret-service men.

"The term 'functionary' implies a delegated task. If this be shamefully performed, it ruins the king; if admirably, it brings him high success.

"Now for details. The functionaries in

the hostile

the counselor, the chaplain, the commander-in-chief, the crown prince, the concierge, the

camp

are

THE PANCHATANTRA

304

superintendent of the gyneceum, the adviser, the tax-collector, the introducer, the master of ceremonies, the director of the stables, the treasurer, the minister for elephants, the assessor, the war-minister, the minister for fortifications, the favorite, the forester, and so forth. By sowing intrigue among these the

enemy

subdued. In one's

own camp

the func-

the queen, the queen-mother, the chamberlain, the florist, the lord of the bedchamber, the chief of the secret service, the star-gazer, the are

tionaries

court physician, the purveyor of water, the purveyor of spices, the professor, the life-guard, the quartermaster, the bearer of the royal umbrella, and the

by way of these that ruin own party. As the saying goes: It

geisha.

befalls one's

Professor, star-scout, and physician Find flaws within your home position:

The madman and snake-charmer know Points vulnerable in the foe."

"Father," said Cloudy, "what is the origin of the deadly feud between crows and owls?"

And you

Live-Strong answered:

HOW THE

I will tell

BIRDS PICKED A KING

Once upon a time the consultation.

"Listen.

bird-clans gathered for

There were swans and cranes and

nightingales; there were peacocks, plovers, and owls; there were doves and pigeons and partridges; there

were bluejays, vultures, skylarks; there were demoiselles and cuckoos and woodpeckers and many others.

CROWS AND OWLS

305

they said: "We have in Garuda a king, to be But he is ever intent on serving holy Vishnu, and pays no heed to us. What is the good of a sham king? He does not defend us when we are in genuine distress when we are caught in traps, for instance.

And

sure.

There

a saying:

Only one, but anyone Is my king, when all is done Only one who will restore Health and joy I felt before: Anyone, but only one For the moon a single sun.

"Any other is king only in name. As the poet says: Let him calm the panting breath

Of his

people, quivering

Under blows; or he is Death Masquerading as a king.

And

again:

These six should every man avoid Like leaky ships at sea A dull professor; and a priest Without theology;

A king who does not give defense; A wife whose tongue can slash; A cowboy hankering for town; A barber after cash.

must

therefore pitch of the birds."

upon someone

else as

king

Thereupon, observing that the owl had a venerable appearance, they all said: "Let this owl be our

THE PANCHATANTRA

306

And let a plentiful supply be provided of all substances prescribed for the anointing of a king." Straightway water was brought from various holy king.

streams; a bouquet of one hundred and eight roots was provided, including the one marked with a

wheel and the yellow-stemmed lotus; and the lionthrone was set in place. Moreover, there was drawn on the ground a relief map of the seven continents, oceans, and mountains.

tiger-skin

was spread.

Golden jars were filled with five twigs, blossoms and grains; oblations were prepared; the most eminent bards

chanted

poetry.

Furthermore,

Brahmans,

Vedas, also chanted, while maidens sang songs, sweet holiday songs being their specialty. In the forefront was prepared a vessel of skilled in reciting the four

consecrated rice set off with white mustard, parched grain, rice-grains, yellow pigment, wreaths of flowers,

The

materials for lustra-

tion ceremonies were provided,

and holiday drums

conch-shells,

and so

forth.

rumbled. In the midst of a consecrated spot strewn with potash stood the lion-throne, adorned by the person of the owl as he waited the anointing. At that moment a crow came into the assembly

from nobody knew where, announcing his entrance with a raucous caw. And he thought: "Well, well!

What means

this

gathering of

all

the birds, and this

great festival ?"

But when the gether:

"He

birds

saw him, they whispered

to-

the shrewdest of the birds, they say.

CROWS AND OWLS So

let

307

us have a speech from him, too. For the prov-

erb says:

Of men, the barber smartest is; The jackal, of the beasts; The crow is cleverest of birds; The White-Robe, of the priests.

And

besides:

Concerted counsels of the wise, If needfully thought through, Will never founder, being sound From every point of view."

So the birds said to the crow: "You know, the have no king. They have therefore decided unanimously to anoint this owl as their supreme birds

monarch.

Please express your opinion also.

You

come Then the crow laughed and said: "Gentlemen, this is foolish. When you have eminent swans, peain the nick of time."

cocks, nightingales, partridges, sheldrakes, pigeons, cranes, and others, why anoint this ugly-faced fellow

who

blind in the daytime? It seems

wrong to me.

For Big hooked nose, and eyes asquint, Ugly face without a hint

tenderness or beauty in 't. Good-natured, it is fierce to see; If he were mad, what might it be?

And

furthermore: Ugly, cruel,

full

of spleen,

Every word he speaks

mean;

THE PANCHATANTRA

308 If

you make the owl your king,

You Besides,

will fail in everything.

when Garuda is your king, what is

this fellow

for? Suppose he has virtue, still a second king not a good idea when you already have one. For

good is

the saying runs:

single king of lordly

sway

good; but more than one will slay, Like plural suns on Judgment Day. Is

name

of your genuine king keeps others from taking liberties. As the proverb puts it: Mere mention of a lordly monarch's name To mean men, straightway saves from loss and shame.

Why,

And

the very

there

a saying:

The

feigning of a great commission

Immensely betters your condition: Feigning a message from the moon,

The

"How was

rabbits dwelt in comfort soon."

that?" asked the birds.

And

the crow

told

HOW THE

RABBIT FOOLED THE ELEPHANT

In a part of a forest lived an elephant-king named Four-Tusk, who had a numerous retinue of elephants. His time was spent in protecting the herd.

Now once there came a twelve-year drought, so that tanks, ponds, swamps, and lakes went dry. Then all the elephants said to the lord of the herd: "O King, our

little

ones are so tortured by thirst that

CROWS AND OWLS

309

some are like to die, and some are dead. Pray devise a method of removing thirst." So he sent in eight directions elephants fleet as the wind to search for water. Now those who went east found beside a path near a hermitage a lake named Lake of the Moon. It was beautiful with swans, herons, ospreys, ducks, sheldrakes, cranes, and water-creatures. It was embowered in flowering sprays of branches drooping under the weight of various blossoms. Both banks were embellished with trees. It had beaches made

by sheets of foam born of the splashing of transparent waves that danced in the breeze and broke on the shore. Its water was perfumed by the ichor-juice that oozed from elephant-temples washed lovely

clean of bees; for these flew up when the lordly creatures plunged. It was ever screened from the heat of

the sun by hundreds of parasols in the shape of the countless leaves of trees on its banks. It gave forth

deep-toned music from uncounted waves that turned aside on meeting the

plump

legs, hips,

and bosoms of

mountain maidens diving. It was brimming with crystal water, and beautified with thickets of waterlilies in full bloom. Why describe it? It was a seg-

ment of paradise. When they saw

this,

they hastened back to report

to the elephant-king.

So Four-Tusk, on hearing their report, traveled with them by easy stages to the Lake of the Moon. And finding a gentle slope all around the lake, the ele-

THE PANCHATANTRA

3io

phants plunged

in,

thereby crushing the heads, necks,

fore-paws and hind-paws of thousands of rabbits who long before had made their home on the banks. Now after drinking and bathing, the elephant-king with his followers departed to his own portion of the jungle. Then the rabbits who were left alive held an

emergency convention. "What are we to do now?" said they. "Those fellows curse their tracks! will come here every day. Let some plan be framed at once to prevent their return." Thereupon a rabbit named Victory, perceiving their terror and their utter woe at the crushing of sons,

wives,

"Have no For

and

fear.

said compassionately: not return. I promise it.

relatives,

They

shall

guardian angel has granted

this grace."

And hearing this, the rabbit-king, whose name was Block-Snout, said to Victory: "Dear friend, this

beyond peradventure. For Good Victory knows every fact The textbooks teach; knows how to In every place and time. Where he Is sent, there

And

act

comes prosperity.

again:

Speak for pleasure, speak with measure, Speak with grammar's richest treasure, Not too much, and with reflection Deeds will follow words' direction.

The

elephants,

ripe wisdom,

making acquaintance with your become aware of my majesty, wis-

sir,

will

CROWS AND OWLS dom, and energy, though

311

not present. For the

proverb says: I learn if foreign

And

kings be fools or no

their dispatches or their nuncio.

there

a saying:

The envoy

binds; he loosens

Through him success

And

you

go,

it is

what

bound;

in war, if found, is found.

as if I

went myself. Because,

you Speak what lies in your commission, Speak with careful composition, Grammar and good ethics seeking, 'Tis as if

And

myself were speaking.

again: This

is,

in brief, the envoy's care: facts

An argument to fit the And sound results, so far

May

be translated into

as speech acts.

"Depart then, dear friend. And may the office of envoy prove a second guardian angel to you." So Victory departed and espied the elephant-king in the act of returning to the lake. He was surrounded by thousands of lordly elephants, whose ears, like flowering branches, were swaying in a dignified dance. His body was dappled with masses of pollen from his couch made of twigs from the tips of branches of flowering cassia trees; so that he seemed a laden cloud with many clinging lightning-flashes. His trumpeting

was

as deep toned

and awe inspiring as the clash of

THE PANCHATANTRA

312

countless thunderbolts from which in the rainy season piercing flashes gleam. He had the glossy beauty of leaves in a bed of pure blue lotuses. His twisting trunk had the charm of a perfect snake. His presence was that of an elephant of heaven. His two tusks,

shapely, smooth, and

full,

had the

color of honey.

Around charming hum from swarms of bees drawn by the fragrant perfume of the his entire visage rose a

ichor-juice that issued from his temples. And Victory reflected: "It is impossible for folk like

puts

it:

come too

near.

Because, as the proverb

An He

elephant will kill you if touch; a serpent if he sniff; King's laughter has a deadly sting;

A rascal I

must by

all

kills

by honoring.

odds seek impregnable terrain beforv

introducing myself." After these reflections, he climbed upon a tall and jagged rock-pile before saying: "Is it well with you, lord of the two-tusked breed?"

And

the elephant

peered narrowly about, and saicf king, hearing "Who are you, sir?" "I am an envoy," said the rabbit. "In whose service?" asked the elephant, and the this,

envoy answered: "In the service of the blessed Moon." "State your business," said the elephantking, and the rabbit stated it thus. "You are aware, sir, that no injury may be done an envoy in the discharge of his function. For all

CROWS AND OWLS

313

kings, without exception, use envoys as their pieces. Indeed, there is a proverb:

mouth-

Though swords be out and kinsmen fall in strife, The king still spares the harsh-tongued envoy's life.

command

"Therefore by

of the

Moon

say to

why have you used violence no true upon reckoning of your own or For foe's? the your power Scripture says: All those who madly march to deeds, Not reckoning who are masters, you: 'Why,

mortal,

others, with

Themselves or powerful enemies, Are asking for disasters.

"'Now you have sinfully violated the Lake of the Moon, known afar by my sacred name. And there you have slain rabbits who are under my special protection, who are of the race of that rabbit-king cherished in my bosom. This is iniquitous. Nay, one would think you the only creature in the world who does not know the rabbit in the moon. But what is gained by much speaking? Desist from such actions, or great disaster will befall you at my hands. But if from this hour you desist, great distinction will be for yours; your body will be nourished by my moon-

and with your companions you

light,

shall

pursue

your happy, carefree fancies in this forest. In the alternative case, light shall be withheld, your

body

will

be scorched by summer heat, and you with

your companions

hearing

will perish.'"

this,

the elephant-king

felt his

heart

THE PANCHATANTRA

314

and after long reflection he said: "It is true, have sinned against the blessed Moon. Who am I that I should longer contend with him? Pray point out to me, and quickly, the way that I must travel to win the blessed Moon's forgiveness/* stagger, I

sir.

The

rabbit said:

"Come,

sir,

alone.

I will

point

So he went by night to the Lake of the Moon, and showed him the moon reflected in the water. There was the brilliant, quivering disk, of lustrous loveliness, surrounded by planets, the Seven Sages, and hosts of stars, all dancing in the reflection of heaven's broad expanse. And its circle was complete, it out.*'

with the

full

complement of

digits.

the elephant said: "I purify myself Seeing and worship the deity," and he dropped upon the water a trunk that two men's arms might have enthis,

Thereby he disturbed the water, the moon's if mounted on a whirling wheel, and he saw a thousand moons. Then Victory started back in great agitation, and circled.

disk danced to and fro as

"Woe, woe to you, O King! enraged the Moon." The elephant

said to the elephant-king:

You have doubly said:

"For what reason

the blessed

Moon

angry

with me?"

"Because," said Victory, "you have touched this water." So the elephant-king, with drooping ears,

bowed

his

head to the very earth in deep obeisance, win forgiveness from the blessed Moon.

in order to

And he

spoke again to Victory:

"My worthy sir,

CROWS AND OWLS

315

other manners, also, beseech for me the forgiveness of the blessed Moon. I shall never return here." all

And

with these words he went to his

"And

that

The and the

why

own

I say:

feigning of a great commission,

rest of

with a wicked soul.

subjects.

you

...

it.

"But worse remains behind. The owl rascal,

place.

could never protect

rather, to say nothing of protection,

anticipate actual danger from him. the stanza:

may

know

a seedy

You

A seedy umpire is not very Pleasing to either adversary:

Rabbit and partridge teach you that

They

died, confiding in the cat."

"How was

that? Tell us about it/' said the birds, and the crow told the story of

THE CATS JUDGMENT At one time

I was myself living in a certain tree. beneath the same tree dwelt another bird, a partridge. So by virtue of our near neighborhood

And

there sprang

up between us a

firm friendship.

Every

day after taking our meals and airings we spent the evening hours in a round of amusements, such as repeating witty sayings, telling tales from the old story-books, solving puzzles and conundrums, or ex-

changing presents.

THE PANCHATANTRA

316

One day

the partridge went foraging with other birds to a spot where the rice was ripe and abundant,

and he did not return at nightfall. Of course, I missed him greatly and I thought: "Alas! Why does not my friend the partridge come home tonight? I am much afraid he is caught in some trap, or has even been killed." this

And many days

passed while

grieved in

way. one evening a rabbit named Speedy made

Now

himself at

home in

Nor

say him nay,

did

the partridge's old nest in the hole. for I despaired of seeing the

partridge again.

day the partridge, who had grown extremely plump from eating rice, remembered his old home and returned. This, indeed, is not to be wondered at. However, one

fine

mortal has such joy, although fields he roam,

In heaven's

in his city, in his land, in his humble home.

And

Now when reproachfully:

he saw the rabbit

"Come now,

in the hole,

shabby thing in occupying my apartment. begone, and lose no time about it."

"You

fool!" said the rabbit, "don't

a dwelling

he said

rabbit, you have done a

Please

you know that

yours only while you occupy it?" "Very

well, then," said the partridge, "suppose we ask the neighbors. For, to give you a legal quotation,

CROWS AND OWLS

317

For ownership of cisterns, tanks, Wells, groves, and houses, too,

The

neighbors' testimony goes is the legal view.

Such

And

again:

When

house or

Or land

A Then

field

or well or grove

in dispute,

neighbor's testimony Decisive of the suit."

"You

Are you ignorant of the consecrated tradition which says: the rabbit said:

fool!

Suppose beside your neighbor you For ten long years abide, What weight have learned arguments? Eyewitnesses decide.

Fool! Fool! Did you never hear the dictum of the sage Narada?

The

to possession is ten years' habitation With men. But with the birds and beasts title

Mere

present occupation.

"Hence, even supposing still it

this

was unoccupied when

apartment to be yours, in, and now it is

moved

mine." "Well, well!" replied the partridge, "if you appeal to consecrated tradition, come with me, and we will consult the specialists.

It shall be yours or

according to their decision." other,

mine

well," said the

"Very and together they started off to have

their suit

THE PANCHATANTRA

3i8 decided.

was at

I, too,

out of curiosity.

their heels,

"I will just see what comes of

all this," I

said to

my-

self.

Now they had not traveled far when the rabbit asked the partridge: "My good fellow, who is to pass judgment on our disagreement?" And the partridge answered: "On a sand-bank by the sacred Ganges where there is sweet music from the dancing

waves that intercross and break when the water is swept by nimble breezes there dwells a tomcat whose name is Curd-Ear. He abides unshaken in his vow of penance and self-denial, and character has begotten compassion." But when the rabbit spied the cat, his soul staggered with terror, and he said: "No, no! He is a

seedy rascal.

You must have heard

Oh, never trust a rogue for His pharisaic puzzling:

At holy

shrines

some

the proverb:

all

saints are found

Quite capable of guzzling."

Upon life

hearing

this,

had been assumed

Curd-Ear, whose manner of purpose of making an

for the

easy livelihood, desired to win their confidence. He therefore gazed straight at the sun, stood on his hindblinked his eyes, and in order to deceive them by pious sentiments, delivered the following moral discourse. "Alas! Alas! All is legs, lifted his fore-paws,

vanity. This fragile life passes in a moment. Union with the beloved is an empty dream. Family endear-

CROWS AND OWLS

319

ments are a conjurer's trick. But for the moral law, there would be no escape. Oh, listen to Scripture! Each

transitory day, O man, moral living give;

Else, like the blacksmith's bellows,

Suck

And

air,

but do not

furthermore:

Non-moral learning

A dog's

a curse,

nothing less, That does not save from flies and Nor cover nakedness.

And

you

live.

tail,

fleas,

yet again:

A rotten

ear among the wheat, the birds a bat, Is he who spurns the moral law;

Among

The merest

living gnat.

The

flowers and fruit are better than the tree; Better than curds is butter said to be; Better than oil-cake, oil that trickles free; Better than mortal man, morality.

The praise of constant steadfastness Some wise professors sing; But moral earnestness is swift, Though many fetters cling. Forget your prosings manifold;

The moral law

To To

briefly told:

help your neighbor this injure him is devilhood."

Having listened

good;

to this moral discourse, the rabbit

said: "Friend partridge, here

on the river-bank

THE PANCHATANTRA

320

who expounds

the saint

the moral law.

Let us ask

him."

But the partridge

said: "After all, he is our nathim from a distance." So Let us ask enemy. to question him: "O holy moraltogether they began

ural

ist,

a dispute has arisen between us. Pray give judgin accordance with the moral law. And which-

ment

ever of us

found to speak

falsely,

him you may eat."

"Dear

friends," said the cat, "I implore you not to soul abhors every act of cruelty, thus. speak that street-sign pointing to hell. Surely, you know

the Scripture:

The holy first commandment runs Not harsh, but kindly be

And

mercy on and flea.

therefore lavish

Mosquito, louse,

speak of hurting innocence? For he, with purpose fell Who injures even noxious beasts,

Why Is

plunged

in ghastly hell.

"Nay, even those who slay living creatures in the act of sacrifice are befuddled, and their hermeneutic theology is at fault. And if you object to me the passage, 'One should sacrifice with goats,' in that passage the word 'goats' signifies grain that has aged

seven years. 'Go, oats' such is the true exegesis. then, consider the passage:

And

If he who Or makes

cuts down trees or cattle, a bloody slime in battle,

CROWS AND OWLS

321

Should thereby win to heaven well, (let me ask you) goes to hell ?

Who

"No, no. I shall eat nobody. However, I am somewhat old and do not readily distinguish your voices from a distance.

So how

to determine

pray draw near Then I can

winner and loser? In view of

this,

and make me acquainted with

the case.

pronounce a judgment that discriminates the essence of the matter, and thus causes no impediment in my

march

to the other world.

You know

the stanza:

any man, from pride or greed, Timidity or wrath, Judge falsely, he has set his foot On hell's down-sloping path. If

And

again:

Who wrongs a sheep, slays kinsmen five; Who wrongs a cow, slays ten; A hundred die for maidens wronged; A thousand die for men. "Therefore confide in

edge of

my Why spin

me and

speak clearly at the

ear."

That seedy rogue won their drew near him. Then, of

out?

trust so fully that both

them simultaneously, one with his paw, the other with the saw of his teeth. And when they were dead, he ate them both. course, he seized

"And

that

why

say:

A seedy umpire is not and the

rest of

it.

very.

THE PANCHATANTRA

322

if you

take

is blind in the

day-

"Just so, you, too, being blind at night, as overlord this seedy fellow who time, will go the way of the rabbit

and the partridge.

Reflect on this, then do what seems proper." And all the birds, after listening to the crow's re-

"He

speaks well," and they flew to homes, planning to reassemble for consultation on the question of a king. Only the owl remained

marks, said: their

with his consort, for he was blind in the daytime. There he sat in his chair of state, awaiting the anointing.

And he

called out:

"Ho,

there!

Who

takes

Why the ceremony delayed?" Thereupon his consort said: "My dear sir, the crow has found means to hold up the ceremony. And orders?

the birds have gone flying away. Only that crow, for some reason or other, remains here all alone. Rise at once,

and

I will

conduct you home."

Then the owl was deeply disappointed, and he said: "You monster! Why have you wronged me by preventing the regal anointing? From this day there is

For the proverb says: When arrows pierce or axes wound

enmity between

tree, it

us.

grows together sound;

From cruel, ugly speech you feel A wound that time will never heal." Thereupon he went home with his consort, while the crow reflected: "Dear me! I have burdened myself

with a needless enmity by speaking

have remembered:

so.

should

CROWS AND OWLS

323

All spoken words, if harsh and heedless And inappropriate and needless,

Are self-condemnatory slips to poison on the lips.

That turn

And

again:

However wise and strong you Beware the needless enemy:

be,

You would

not swallow poison down Because a doctor lives in town.

No man

of sense vituperates Another, while the public waits; For even truth should be concealed, If causing sorrow when revealed.

And

finally:

Reflect with

many

Reflect alone,

a chosen friend;

and to the end;

act. You are intelligent, fame's and wealth's recipient."

Then

And

After these reflections, the crow also

"For

this cause,

son,

the spot.

left

we have an

inherited

feud with the crows."

"Father," said Cloudy, "what should we do under the circumstances?" And Live-Strong answered:

"Even

in these circumstances there is

an effective

procedure other than the six expedients. This

I will

adopt, and will myself lead the way to conquer the enemy. I will deceive them and put them in a fatal situation. For the saying goes:

The

Who

strong, deft, clever rascals note, robbed the Brahman of his goat."

THE PANCHATANTRA

324

"How was that?" asked Cloudy. And Live-Strong told the story of

THE BRAHMAN'S GOAT In a certain town lived a

Brahman named Friend-

who had undertaken the labor of maintaining the fire. One day in the month of February, when a gentle breeze was blowing, when the sky was veiled ly

sacred

in clouds

and a drizzling rain was

falling,

another village to beg a victim for the said to a certain

man: "O

sacrificer, I

he went to

sacrifice,

wish to

and

make

an offering on the approaching day of the new moon. Pray give me a victim." And the man gave him a plump goat, as prescribed in Scripture. This paces, found it sound, placed it his shoulder, and started in haste for his own

he put through

its

city.

Now on the road he was met by three rogues whose throats were pinched with hunger. These, spying the plump creature on his shoulder, whispered together:

"Come now!

If we could eat that creature,

we should

have the laugh on this sleety weather. Let us fool him, get the goat, and ward off the cold." So the first of them changed his dress, issued from a by-path to meet the Brahman, and thus addressed that man of pious life: "O pious Brahman, why are you doing a thing so unconventional and so ridicu-

You

are carrying an unclean animal, a dog, your shoulder. Are you ignorant of the verse:

lous?

CROWS AND OWLS

325

The dog and the rooster, The hangman, the ass, The camel, defile you: Don't touch them, but pass."

At that the Brahman was mastered by

anger,

and

he said: "Are you blind, man, that you impute dog-

hood to a goat?" "O Brahman," said the rogue, "do not be angry. Go whither you will." But when he had traveled a little farther, the second rogue met him and said: "Alas, holy sir, alas! Even if this dead calf was a pet, still you should not put it on your shoulder. For the proverb says: Touch not unwisely man That lifeless lie; Else, gifts of milk

Must

and lunar

in anger: calf."

"Holy sir, do not be angry.

fast

purify."

Then the Brahman spoke blind, man? You call a goat a said:

or beast

And

the rogue

spoke in ignorance.

will."

you But when he had walked only a

through the dress,

"Are you

forest,

met him and

little

farther

the third rogue, changing his

said: "Sir, this

most improper.

You

are carrying a donkey on your shoulder. Yet the proverb tells you:

you should touch an ass be it In ignorance or not You needs must wash your clothes and bathe, If

To Pray drop

cleanse the sinful spot.

this thing, before

another sees you."

THE PANCHATANTRA

326

So the Brahman concluded that it was a goblin in quadruped form, threw it on the ground, and made Meanwhile, the three rogues the met, caught goat, and carried out their plan. for

terrified.

home,

"And

that

The

and the

why

I say:

strong, deft, clever rascals note,

rest of

....

it.

"Moreover, there

sound sense

in this:

any man uncheated by

New The

servants' diligence, praise of guests, the maiden's tears,

And

roguish eloquence?

Furthermore, one should avoid a quarrel with a crowd, though the individuals be weak. As the verse puts

it:

Beware the populace enraged;

A crowd's

The

a fearsome thing: ants devoured the giant snake

For

all

"How was

his quivering."

that?"

asked Cloudy.

And

Live-

Strong told the story of

THE SNAKE AND THE ANTS In a certain snake, and

his

ant-hill

lived a prodigious black

name was Haughty. One

day, instead

of following the beaten path out of his hole, he tried crawl through a narrower crevice. In doing so, he

.to

wound, because his body was huge, and the opening was small, and fate willed it so. suffered a

CROWS AND OWLS

327

Then

the ants gathered about him, drawn by the from the wound, and drove him frantic. blood odor of

How many

did he kill?

Or how many crush? Yet

uncounted phalanx stung him in every member, and enlarged the numerous wounds. And Haughty their

perished.

"And

that

why

say:

Beware the populace enraged, ....

and the

rest of

it.

O King, I have something to tell must which consider, and ponder, and you you, "Furthermore,

do."

"Father," said Cloudy, "tell me what you have in mind." And Live-Strong said: "Listen, my son. I have discovered a fifth device, different from the

well-known four

conciliation, intrigue, bribery,

and

it is this. You must turn against me, with the hardest-hearted words you can find, smear me with blood (which you will provide) in order to deceive the enemy's spies, throw me out

fighting. revile

And

banyan tree, and depart yourself to Antelope Mountain. And there you must stay with your retinue until by clever planning I win the trust of all the enemy, discover the heart of their for they are blind in the dayfortress, and kill them time. This plan I devised on the assumption that at the foot of this

their fortress is of simple construction,

at the rear. For the saying goes:

without egress

THE PANCHATANTRA

328

A fort must have The

for egress,

say

specialists, a

gap; If this be lacking, it is not A fortress, but a trap.

Nor should you

feel

any pity

for

me. For the proverb

says:

Pet and pamper servants well; Love them as you love your Yet consider them as dry Tinder in the hour of strife.

Nor must you

balk

my design.

life:

For once more:

Cherish servants like yourself;

Guard them as you guard your life Every day for one sole day, When you meet your foe in strife."

With

these words he started a

And

sham

fight

with the

Cloudy's king. seeing Live-Strong jabber with unbridled license at the king, started up to kill him. But Cloudy said: "Out of my path, you. I

retinue,

take upon myself the chastisement of this traitorous

With

he pounced upon him, pecked at him gently, smeared him with blood (which he had provided), and departed with his retinue for Antelope scoundrel."

this

Mountain, as Live-Strong had recommended.

juncture the owl's consort, acting as spy enemy, went and reported in detail to the

this

for the

owl-king the disgrace of Cloudy's prime minister. the owl-king, informed of the occurrence, started

And

with his retainers at sundown on a crow-hunt.

he said:

"Hasten, friends, hasten!

And

The enemy

CROWS AND OWLS panic-stricken, is in full flight, caught. For the proverb says:

329

and can be readily

a fort becomes a trap defense is lacking; 'Tis easy then to beat a king Whose men are busy packing." flight,

Where

With yan

tree.

all

this battle-cry

And

they flew to attack the banKing Foe-

failing to find a single crow,

Crusher gleefully perched on a branch, and while the court poets chanted flatteries, he gave orders: "Ho there! Discover their line of retreat. Before they establish themselves in a fort, I will be at their heels

and

will kill

them."

At this point Live-Strong reflected: "If the enemy simply go home after learning what we have done, I shall

have accomplished nothing. For the proverb

says:

The first or second evidence Of genuine intelligence leave a business unbegun, Or, begun, then see it done. Is

would have been better not

to undertake this than

to see the undertaking

fail. I will reveal myself by caw." them hear me letting So he cawed with a feeble squeak. And the owls, hearing this, started up to kill him. But Live-Strong

"Gentlemen, I am Cloudy's minister, LiveStrong, reduced to this state by Cloudy himself. Pray inform your own king. I have much to discuss with him." said:

THE PANCHATANTRA

330

So the owl-king, informed by his followers, came, beheld with astonishment the scars of many wounds, and said: "Well, sir! How did you fall into this condition? Tell

me."

Live-Strong said: "O King, listen. Yesterthat rascal Cloudy, seeing how many crows you day had killed, was distracted by wrath and grief, and

And

started for your fortress.

Whereupon

I said:

'You

should not march against him. For they are strong, and we are weak. Now the proverb advises those who

wish to thrive:

not, even in thought, offend

who

Stronger foes

They

You

will feel

will die,

will

not bend;

loss or

moth

shame;

in flame.

You should seek peace by paying him tribute/ When he heard this, he was made furious by rascally advisers, suspected me of being a partisan of yours, and reduced me to this state. Therefore your royal feet are now my sole refuge. In a word, so long as I can stir, I will

conduct you to his abode, and cause the

total destruction of the crows."

On hearing the counselors

this,

Foe-Crusher took counsel with

who had

served his father and his

They were five in number, and their names were Red-Eye, Fierce-Eye, Flame-Eye, HookNose, and Wall-Ear. So first he questioned Red-Eye: "My worthy sir, what is to be done under the circumstances?" And grandfather.

CROWS AND OWLS

331

Red-Eye said: "O King, what is there to consider here? Kill him without hesitation. For the proverb says: Kill a weakling, lest Hard to smite;

he "grow

Later, with augmented power

He Besides,

will fight.

you know how common people say: 'A

chance brings a curse/

And

lost

again:

He who will not when he may, When he will, he shall have nay.

And

this too:

The

lighted funeral pile

Break up and

But

love,

when

you may

fling apart;

torn and patched again,

Lives in an aching heart."

"How was Eye

that?" asked Foe-Crusher.

And Red-

told the story of

THE SNAKE WHO PAID CASH There was once a Brahman in a certain place. His time was wholly spent in unproductive farming. Now one day, toward the end of summer, the heat was too much for him, and he dozed in the shade of a field. Not far away he saw, a ant-hill, terrifying snake that thrust forward a great, swelling hood. And he reflected:

tree in the

middle of his

peering over an

"Surely, this is the guardian deity of the field, and I never paid him honor. That is why my farm-work is unproductive. I will pay him honor."

THE PANCHATANTRA

332

Thereupon he begged milk from somebody, put a saucer, went to the ant-hill, and said: "O

it in

field! All this long time I did not that you were living here. Therefore I paid you no honor. From now on, please be gracious to me." With this he presented the milk and went home.

guardian of the

know

Now when

he came back

the morning and looked about, he found a gold dinar in the saucer. So he went there every day alone, and offered milk, rein

ceiving a dinar each time. One day, however, the Brahman went to town, instructing his son to carry milk to the ant-hill. And the boy took the milk there, set

down, and went home again. The next day he went there, found a it

single dinar,

and thought: "Surely, this ant-hill is full of dinars. I will kill that fellow and get them all." With this purpose, while offering milk the next day, the Brahman's boy struck the snake on the head with a cudgel. Yet

somehow

for fate willed it so

the snake did not die.

Instead, he furiously struck the boy with his sharp fangs to such effect that the boy died at once. And

the relatives cremated him on a woodpile near the field.

the second day the father returned. And learning from his relatives the cause of his son's

death, he found the facts as stated.

Be generous

And

to all that lives;

Receive the needy guest: If not, your own life fades away Like swans from lotus nest.

he said:

CROWS AND OWLS "How was man

that?" asked the men.

333

And

the Brah-

told the story of

THE UNSOCIAL SWANS There was once a king named Gay-Chariot in a certain place. He owned a lake named Lotus Lake, which his soldiers guarded carefully. For many golden swans lived there, and they gave one tailfeather apiece every six months.

Now And

came

to that lake

a great bird,

"You cannot

they told him:

all

live

of gold.

among

us.

For we have rented this lake at the rate of a tailfeather for six months." And so, to cut a long story short, a dispute arose. Then the great bird sought the king's protection, saying: "O King, those birds ask: 'What will our

We give lodging to nobody/ And I said: 'You are not very polite. I will go and tell the king/ This is the situation. The king must decide." Then the king said to his men: "Go, you. Kill all the birds and bring them here at once." And they king do?

started immediately, obeying the king's command. Now one old bird saw the king's men with clubs in their hands, and he said: "Well, kinsmen, this is must all hang together. Let rather unpleasant. us fly up and away." And they did so.

"And

that

why

Be generous

and the

rest of it."

say: to

all

that lives,

THE PANCHATANTRA

334

So in the morning the Brahman took milk again, went to the spot, and called out, in an effort to win the snake's confidence: "My son met the death that suited his intelligence."

The

Then

lighted funeral pile

Break up and

the snake said:

you may

fling apart;

love, when torn and patched again, Lives in an aching heart.

But

"Thus, when he

dead, you will without effort

enjoy a thornless kingdom." listened to this proposal, the king asked

Having Fierce-Eye:

And less.

"My worthy sir,

Fierce-Eye said: For one does not

"O kill

what

your opinion?" King, his advice is hearta suppliant. No doubt you

have heard the old story: The dove (there mentioned)

entertained

His suppliant foeman slaughter-stained; Paid honor due, his guest to greet; And sacrificed himself for meat."

"How was that?" asked Foe-Crusher. And FierceEye

told the story of

THE SELF-SACRIFICING DOVE A ghastly fowler plied his trade Of horror

in a forest;

made

All living creatures hold their breath: He seemed to them the god of death.

He had no comrade on the earth, No friend, no relative by birth. They

all

Them do

renounced him; he had made so by his horrid trade.

CROWS AND OWLS

335

For you know The dreadful wretches bringing death On those who love their living breath, With natural repulsion (like Fierce serpents) fill before they strike.

To snare, to imprison, and to drub He took a net, a cage, a club, And wandering daily in the wood, He brought all creatures harm, not

good.

in the wood one day, The sky grew black with clouds straightway;

While he was

So wild the wind, so fierce the rain, seemed the world dissolved in pain.

Then, as the heart within him quivered, And every limb grew numb and shivered, He sought where might a refuge be, And chanced to come upon a tree.

Now

as he rested, near and far In sudden-clearing skies, each star Shone bright; and he had wit to pray: "O Lord, be kind to me today."

There was a dove upon the tree Whose nest was in a cavity; And since his wife was absent long, He grieved for her in mournful song:

"The wind and

rain were very great, belov&d wife is late In coming home. When she is not

And my

At home, home

an empty spot.

THE PANCHATANTRA

336

"The house is not the home; but where The wife is found, the home is there. The home without the wife is less To me than some wild wilderness.

"Some wives

And

their life's devotion give,

and for the husband live; Whatever man has such a wife Is heaped with blessings all his life." in

From

fowling-cage the female dove

Had caught the speech of grief and And she was deeply gratified, And to her husband thus replied:

love;

"No woman

earns the name of bride is not satisfied. If he is happy, she may know The gods she venerates are so.

Whose husband

"That woman should be burned

entire

(Like vines that fade in forest-fire While blossoms drop from clustered side)

Whose husband

And

not satisfied."

she continued:

"Oh, harken heedfully, my dear; My words are good for you to hear; Though it should cost your life, defend The guest who seeks in you a friend.

"Here

lies a fowler; as a guest asks for comfort at your nest. Since cold and hunger press him sore, Begrudge him not from honor's store.

CROWS AND OWLS And

the Scripture says:

"Whoever does not

give his best cheer the late-arriving guest Will see his merit borne away, And for the other's sins will pay.

no hate against him rise caged the wife you idolize; It is my sins of former lives That, fateful, hold me in the gyves.

"Oh,

let

Who

For well you know: "Disease, and poverty, and pain, With woe that prison brings amain, Are all the fruit of one sole tree,

Our own, our past

iniquity.

therefore, thoughts of hate Deriving from my captive state; On virtue set your heart; and pay This man such honor as you may."

"Abandon,

listening to his darling, who virtue- woven through and through,

Seemed

An unknown courage fired the dove; He gave the fowler words of love. "A hearty welcome, sir, to you; What for your service may I do?

No more

let

anxious fancies roam,

For here with

me you

are at home."

In answer to his kindly words Replied the murderer of birds: "Well, dove, the cold is in me still; Give me a remedy for chill."

337

THE PANCHATANTRA

338

The dove then brought a

bonfire's sole

Surviving ember one live coal, And where a pile of dry leaves lay, He kindled it to fire straightway. sir, take heart; forgetting fear, Resuscitate your members here; Alas I cannot put to flight The cravings of your appetite.

"Now, !

"One patron feeds a thousand men; One feeds a hundred; one feeds ten. But I, whose virtue does not thrive, Scarce keep my puny self alive. if you have not in your nest Provision for a single guest, Why occupy today, tomorrow nest that harbors naught but sorrow?

"Ah,

"I shall destroy

body, fain with its pain, That nevermore I stand confessed Powerless to aid a needy guest."

To end

And

its living

thus he blamed himself, you see;

The greedy fowler went scot-free: Then "I may yet your craving sate, If one mere moment you will wait." Whereat that creature

free from sin, soul his within, Joy-quivering

Walked round the fire, as it had been His cherished home, and entered in.

When

this the

Compassion

greedy fowler saw, and awe.

filled his soul,

CROWS AND OWLS He, while the dove was cooking, spoke What from his heart a passage broke:

"None

Who

loves his soul,

smears

'tis very plain, with a sinful stain.

The soul commits the sin; and late Or soon, the soul must expiate.

"My

thoughts are

evil;

my desire

on what is dire: needs but little wit to tell

Is ever set

I steer

my course

for ghastly hell.

"A moral lesson let me draw From what my savage spirit The Has

saw. high-souled dove, that I may eat, sacrificed himself for meat.

"Henceforth

An I'll

let all

enjoyment be

unfamiliar thing to me; share the shallow water's fate

In August;

will evaporate.

"Cold, wind, and heat

Grow

I will

embrace,

and dirty, form and face, Will fast by every method known, Seek virtue, perfect and alone." thin

The

fowler then apieces tore Club, peg, net, cage and what is more, Set free the wretched female dove Who sorrowed for her perished love.

But

she, released from clutches dire, Beheld her husband in the fire; Whereat she gave expression so To thoughts of horror and of woe:

339

THE PANCHATANTRA

340

"My

lord!

With

My love!

What

shall I

that drags, apart from you? What profit has a wretched wife, Without a husband, of her life?

"For

life

self-esteem, respect,

and pride,

The

family honor paid a bride, Authority with all the brood Of servants, die with widowhood."

Now after this lamenting sore, This sorrow bitter evermore, She went where lay her heart's desire, Walked

straight into the blazing

fire.

And lo! She sees her husband shine Oh, wonder! in a car divine; Her body wears a heavenly gown; And heavenly gems hang pendent down. While he, become a god, addressed True consolation to her breast: "The deed that you have done, is meet In following your husband, sweet.

"There grow upon a

man

alive

Some thirty million hairs and five; So many years in heaven spend Wives following husbands

to the end."

So he joyfully took her into the chariot, embraced her, and lived happily. But the fowler sank into the deepest despondency, and plunged into a great forest, meditating death.

And And

there he saw a forest-fire entered it; for all desire

CROWS AND OWLS

341

Was dead. His sins were burned away; He went to heaven, there to stay.

"And

that

The dove

and the

why

say:

(there mentioned) entertained,

....

rest of it."

Having listened

to this, Foe-Crusher asked

Eye: "What is your opinion, sir, they do ?" And Flame-Eye said:

Flame-

things standing as

"She who always shrank from

Hugs me to her breast. Thank you, benefactor! Take

What you

And

like the best."

the thief replied:

"Nothing here that I should Should I want a thing, I'll

return

like;

she does not

Passionately cling."

"But," asked Foe-Crusher, "who is she that does not cling? And who is the thief ? I should like to hear this

one

in detail."

And Flame-Eye

told the story of

THE OLD MAN WITH THE YOUNG WIFE There was once an aged merchant in a certain town, and his name was Lovelorn. To such an extent had love clouded his reason that, when his wife died, he gave much money in order to marry the daughter of a penniless shopkeeper. But the girl was heartbroken and could not bear to look at the old merchant.

This, indeed, might have been anticipated.

THE PANCHATANTRA

342

The

silvered

head

A maiden's

will sue in vain, love beseeching;

The maid,

despising it, is fain with screeching; Like Hangman's Well it causes pain, Where dead men's bones are bleaching.

And

flee afar

furthermore: Slow, tottering steps the strength exhaust; The eye unsteady blinks; From driveling mouth the teeth are lost;

The handsome figure shrinks; The limbs are wrinkled; relatives

And

wife contemptuous pass; further honor gives

The son no

doddering age. Alas!

Now one night, while she was him

turning her back to And she was

in bed, a thief entered the house.

terrified at seeing a thief, and embraced her husband, old as he was. He, for his part, felt every limb thrill

with astonishment and love, and he thought: "Gracious me! Why does she hug me tonight?" Then, peering narrowly about, he discovered the thief in a

and reflected: "No doubt she embraces from fear of him." So he said to the thief: corner,

"She who always shrank from me,

Hugs me to her breast; Thank you, benefactor! Take What you like the best."

And

the thief

made

reply:

"Nothing here that I should Should I want a thing,

like;

CROWS AND OWLS I'll

return

343

she does not

Passionately cling."

"Thus advantage may be anticipated from a benefactor, thief though he be. How much more from a suppliant guest? Besides, having been maltreated by them, he will labor for our success, or for the revelation of their vulnerable point. In view of this, he should not be killed." listened to this view, Foe-Crusher quesanother tioned counselor, namely, Hook-Nose. "My worthy sir, what should be done under the present

Having

circumstances?"

And Hook-Nose

King, he should not be

killed.

From enemies

expect

answered:

For relief,

If discord pierce their host; Thus, life was given by the thief

And

cattle

"How was that?"

by the ghost."

asked Foe-Crusher.

And Hook-

Nose told the story of

THE BRAHMAN, THE THIEF, AND THE GHOST There was once a poor Brahman in a certain place. He lived on presents, and always did without such luxuries as fine clothes and ointments and perfumes and garlands and gems and betel-gum. His beard and his nails were long, and so was the hair that covered his head and his body. Heat, cold, rain, and the like had dried him up.

THE PANCHATANTRA

344

Then someone pitied him and gave him two calves. And the Brahman began when they were little and them on butter and oil and fodder and other things that he begged. So he made them very plump. Then a thief saw them and the idea came to him at once: "I will steal these two cows from this Brahman." So he took a rope and set out at night. But on the way he met a fellow with a row of sharp teeth set far apart, with a high-bridged nose and uneven fed

eyes, with limbs covered with knotty muscles, with hollow cheeks, with beard and body as yellow as a

with

fire

much

And when and

fear

said:

butter in

the thief saw him, he started with acute "Who are you, sir?"

The other said: now your turn The thief said:

a ghost

named

Truthful.

to explain yourself."

am on my way

cruel. I

it.

a thief, and

to steal

acts are

two cows from a poor

Brahman."

Then sir, I

the ghost felt relieved and said: take one meal every three days. So

Brahman

today. It I are on the same errand."

eat this

"My

dear

I will

just

delightful that

So together they went there and

you and

hid, waiting

for the proper moment. And when 'the Brahman went to sleep, the ghost started forward to eat him.

But the not

thief

right.

have stolen

saw him and

You his

said:

"My dear sir,

are not to eat the

two cows."

Brahman

this is

until I

CROWS AND OWLS

345

The ghost said: "The racket would most likely wake the Brahman. In that case all my trouble would be vain." "But, on the other hand/' said the thief, "if any hindrance arises when you start to eat him, then I

cannot steal the two cows the two cows, then you

either.

may

First I will steal

eat the

So they disputed, each crying

Brahman."

"Me

first!

And when

they became heated, the hubbub waked the Brahman. Then the thief said: "Brahfirst!"

man,

this is a

ghost

When

the

Brahman heard

took a good look. his favorite god,

to eat you." And the a thief who wishes to

who wishes

ghost said: "Brahman, this steal your two cows."

this,

he stood up and

And by remembering he saved his

life

a prayer to from the ghost,

then lifted a club and saved his two cows from the thief.

"And

that

why

I say:

From enemies and the

rest of

it.

relief,

Besides:

The Scriptures Of sacrificial

How

expect

tell

a holy tale

love,

Shibi gave the hawk his flesh for the dove

As ransom showing that

it is

contrary to religion to slay a sup-

pliant."

Having

listened to this opinion, the king asked

THE PANCHATANTRA

346

"What is your view, sir? Tell me." And Wall-Ear said: "O King, he certainly should not be killed. For if you spare his life, you two may well grow fond of each other, and spend the time pleasantWall-Ear:

ly.

There

a saying:

Be quick with mutual

defense

In honest give-and-take;

perish, like the ant-hill beast

And

"How was Ear

like the belly-snake."

that?" asked Foe-Crusher.

And Wall-

told the story of

THE SNAKE IN THE PRINCE'S BELLY In a certain city dwelt a king whose name was He had a son who wasted daily in every

Godlike.

limb because of a snake that used his belly as a home instead of an ant-hill. So the prince became dejected

and went

to another country. In a city of that coun-

try he begged alms, spending his time in a great

temple.

Now in that city was a king named Gift, who had in early womanhood. One of these at her father's feet with the greeting: bowed daily "Victory, King," while the other said: "Your

two daughters

deserts, O

King." king grew angry, and said: "See, This young lady speaks malevolently.

this the

counselors.

Give her to some deserts/'

foreigner.

Let her have her own

this the counselors agreed,

and gave

CROWS AND OWLS

347

the princess, with very few maid-servants, to the prince who made his home in the temple.

And she was delighted, accepted her husband like a god, and went with him to a far country. There by the edge of a tank in a distant city she left the prince to look after the house while she went with her maids to buy butter, oil, salt, rice, and other supplies. When her shopping was done, she returned

head resting on an anthill. And from his mouth issued the head of a hooded snake, taking the air. Likewise another snake crawled

and found the prince with

from the

ant-hill, also to

his

take the

air.

When these two saw each other, their eyes grew red with anger, and the ant-hill snake said: "You villain! How can you torment in this way a prince who is so perfectly handsome?" And the snake in the prince's mouth said: "Villain yourself! How can you bemire those two pots

full

of gold?"

In this

fashion each laid bare the other's weakness.

Then

the ant-hill snake continued:

"You

villain!

Doesn't anybody know the simple remedy of drinking black mustard and so destroying you?" And the belly-snake retorted: "And doesn't anybody know the simple way to destroy you, by pouring in hot

water?"

Now

the princess, hiding behind a branch, over-

heard their conversation, and did just as they suggested. So she made her husband sound and well, and acquired vast wealth. When she returned to her own

THE PANCHATANTRA

34 8

country, she was highly honored by father, mother, and relatives, and lived happily. For she had her deserts.

"And

that

why

say:

Be quick with mutual

and the

Now agreed.

defense,

....

rest of it."

Foe-Crusher, having heard their advice,

But Red-Eye, perceiving that the matter

was decided, continued sneer: "Alas! Alas! Our edly done to death by erb says:

Where honor

his remarks with a quiet lord the king has been wickyou gentlemen. For the prov-

Mistakenly,

withheld or paid

'tis

clear

Three things have unrestricted course: Famine, and death, and fear.

And

again:

want of sense obvious offense:

It argues utter

To pardon

The carpenter upon his head Took wife and him who fouled

"How was Eye

his bed."

that?" asked the counselors, and Red-

told the story of

THE GULLIBLE CARPENTER There was once a carpenter in a certain village. His wife was a whore, and reputed to be such. So he,

CROWS AND OWLS

349

desiring to test her, thought: "How can I put her to the test? For the proverb says: Fire chills, rogues bless, and moonlight burns Before a wife to virtue turns.

"Now faithful.

know from popular gossip

that she

un-

For the saying goes: All things that are not seen or heard In science or the Sacred Word,

All things in interstellar space Are known among the populace."

After these reflections, he said to his wife: "Tomorrow morning, my dear, I am going to another village,

where

I shall

be detained several days. Please And her heart quivered

me up when she heard this; she eagerly dropped everything to make delicious dishes, almost pure butter and sugar. In fact, the old saw was justified: a nice lunch."

put

When

lowering clouds in the day,

Shut

When

streets are

With

mired

sticky clay,

When husband

lingers

Far away, The flirt becomes

Supremely gay.

Now house.

dawn

When

the carpenter rose and left his she had made sure that he was gone,

with laughing countenance she spent the dragging day in trying on all her best things. Then she called on an old lover and said: "My husband has gone to

350

THE PANCHATANTRA

another village

the rascal! Please

come

to our house

the people are asleep." And he did so. Now the carpenter spent the day in the forest, stole into his own house at twilight by a side entrance,

when

and hid under the bed. At this juncture the other fellow arrived and got into bed. And when the carpenter saw him, his heart was stabbed by wrath, and he thought: "Shall I rise and smite him? Or shall I wait until they are asleep and kill them both without effort? Or again, shall

wait to see

how

she

behaves, listen to what she says to him?" At this moment she softly locked the door and went to bed.

But

as she did so, she stubbed her toe on the

carpenter's body. And she thought: "It must be who is testing me. Well, that carpenter the rascal I will give him a taste of woman's tricks." !

While she was thinking, the fellow became insistent. But she clasped her hands and said: "Dear and honored sir, you must not touch me." And he said: "Well, well! For what purpose did you invite

me?" "Listen," said she. "I went this morning to Gauri's shrine to see the goddess. There all at once I heard a voice in the sky, saying: 'What am I to do, my daughter? You are devoted to me, yet in six

months' time, by the decree of fate, you will be a Then I said: 'O blessed goddess, since you are aware of the calamity, you also know the remedy. Is there any means of making my husband live a

widow.'

CROWS AND OWLS

351

hundred years?' And the goddess replied: 'Indeed there is a remedy depending on you alone/ Of course I said: 'If it cost my life, pray tell me, and I

Then

the goddess said: 'If you go to bed with another man, and embrace him, then the unwill

it/

timely death that threatens your husband will pass to him. And your husband will live another hundred

years/ For this purpose

you had be

invited you.

Now do what

mind. The words of a goddess must not

falsified

much

certain/'

Then

face

his

blossomed with noiseless laughter, and he did as she said.

Now

the carpenter, fool that he was, felt his body with joy on hearing her words, and he issued from under the bed, saying: "Bravo, faithful wife! thrill

Bravo, delight of the family! Because

heart was

troubled by the gossip of evil creatures, I pretended a trip to another village in order to test you, and lay hidden under the bed.

Come now, embrace

me!"

With these words he embraced her and to his shoulder, then said to the fellow:

lifted

"My

her

dear

you have come here because my deeds this happiness. Through your earned good favor I have won a full hundred years of life. You, and honored

too,

sir,

must mount

So he forced the

mount

his shoulder,

shoulder/'

fellow,

much

against his will, to

and then went dancing about

to the doors of the houses of

all his relatives.

THE PANCHATANTRA

35*

"And

that

why

say:

It argues utter

To pardon and the

rest of

"We proverb

want of sense

obvious offense,

and undone. For the

right in saying:

Shrewd men unmask a

Who To

foe

seems a friend,

Whose speech

And

it.

are certainly uprooted is

kind, whose acts

hatred tend.

again: Before

fools'

counsel flees

Prosperity, though won; Its place and time are lost,

Like dark before the sun."

But they

all

disregarded his advice, picked Live-

Strong up, and started to carry him to their fortress. And on the journey Live-Strong said: "O King, I have done nothing yet, and I am in a sad state. Why are you so kind to

blazing

viding

fire.

me? Nay,

I desire to

enter the

Pray put me under obligations by pro-

fire."

Now Red-Eye "Why do you wish

pierced his purpose and said: to enter fire?" And Live-Strong

"For your sake I have been plunged into this calamity by Cloudy. Therefore I wish to be reborn as an owl in order to requite their enmity." Now replied:

Red-Eye, being a master of diplomacy, rejoined: "My dear sir, you are wily and plausible. Even if

CROWS AND OWLS

353

reborn as an owl, you would highly esteem your corvine provenience. There is a story that illustrates the point:

Though mountain, sun, and cloud, and wind Were suitors at her feet, The mouse-maid turned a mouse again Nature

hard to beat."

"How was Eye

that?" asked Live-Strong. told the story of

And Red-

MOUSE-MAID MADE MOUSE The billows of the Ganges were dotted with pearly foam born of the leaping of fishes frightened at hearing the roar of the waters that broke on the rugged, rocky shore. On the bank was a hermitage crowded with holy men devoting their time to the performance of sacred rites chanting, self-denial, self-torture, study, fasting, and sacrifice. They would take purified water only, and that in measured sips. Their

bodies wasted under a diet of bulbs, roots, fruits, and moss. A loin-cloth made of bark formed their scanty

raiment. father of the hermitage was named Yajnavalkya. After he had bathed in the sacred stream and had begun to rinse his mouth, a little female mouse

The

dropped from a hawk's beak and fell into his hand. When he saw what she was, he laid her on a banyan leaf, repeated his bath and mouth-rinsing, and performed a ceremony of

purification.

Then through

the

THE PANCHATANTRA

3S4

magic power of his holiness, he changed her into a girl, and took her with him to his hermitage. As his wife was childless, he said to her: "Take her, my dear wife. She has come into life as your daughter, and you must rear her carefully." So the wife reared her and spoiled her with petting. As soon as the girl reached the age of twelve, the mother saw that she was ready for marriage, and said to her husband: "My dear husband, how can you fail to see that the time

should marry ?" And he replied:

The

passing

"You

when your daughter

are quite right,

saying goes: Before a

man

gratified,

These gods must treat her as a bride The fire, the moon, the choir of heaven; In this way, no offense is given. Holiness is the gift of fire; A sweet voice, of the heavenly choir;

The moon So

gives purity within:

woman

free

from

sin.

Before nubility, 'tis said is white; but after, red; Before her womanhood is plain,

That she She

is,

though naked,

free

from

stain.

The moon, in mystic fashion, weds A maiden when her beauty spreads; The heavenly choir, when bosoms grow; The fire, upon the monthly flow.

dear.

CROWS AND OWLS

355

To wed

a maid is therefore good Before developed womanhood; Nor need the loving parents wait Beyond the early age of eight.

The early signs one kinsman slay; The bosom takes the next away; Friends die for passion gratified; father, if she ne'er be bride.

The

For if she bides a maiden still, She gives herself to whom she will;

Then marry her in tender age: So warns the heaven-begotten sage. If she,

unwed, unpurified, long within the home abide, She may no longer married be: miserable spinster, she.

Too

A A

father then, avoiding sin, her, the appointed time within

Weds

(Where'er a husband may be had) To good, indifferent, or bad.

Now

I will try to

You know

give her to one of her

own

the saying:

Where wealth

very

much

the same,

And

similar the family fame, Marriage (or friendship) is secure; But not between the rich and poor.

And

finally:

Aim

at seven things in marriage;

All the rest

you may disparage:

station.

THE PANCHATANTRA

356

"But Get money, good

looks,

And knowledge of books, Good family, youth, Position,

"So,

she

and

truth.

willing, I will

summon

the blessed

and give her to him." "I see no harm said his wife. "Let it be done." sun,

The holy man

therefore

summoned

the sun,

appeared without delay, and said: "Holy

in that,"

sir,

who

why

summoned?" The father said: "Here is a daughter of mine. Be kind enough to marry her." I

Then, turning to his daughter, he said: "Little girl, how do you like him, this blessed lamp of the three worlds?" "No, father," said the girl. "He is too burning hot. I could not like him. Please another one, more excellent than he is."

Upon

hearing

this,

the holy

man

summon

said to the sun:

"Blessed one, is there any superior to you?" And the sun replied: "Yes, the cloud is superior even to me. When he covers me, I disappear."

So the holy

man summoned

said to the maiden:

"Little

the cloud next, and

him." "No," said she. "This one is Give me to someone finer than he."

Then

man

asked:

give you to black and frigid.

girl, I will

"O cloud, is

there anyone superior to you ?" And the cloud replied: "The wind is superior even to me."

the holy

So he summoned the wind, and

said: "Little girl,

CROWS AND OWLS I give

you

357

to him." "Father/* said she, "this one is

too fidgety. Please invite somebody superior even to him." So the holy man said: "O wind, is there any-

one superior even to you ?" "Yes," said the wind. "The mountain is superior to me."

So he summoned the mountain and said to the "Little girl, I give you to him." "Oh, father," said she. "He is rough all over, and stiff.

maiden:

Please give me to somebody else." So the holy man asked: "O kingly mountain, is there anyone superior even to you ?" "Yes," said the

mountain. "Mice are superior to me." Then the holy man summoned a mouse, and presented him to the

girl,

saying:

do you

"Little girl,

mouse?"

like this

The moment she saw him, she felt: "My own kind, my own kind," and her body thrilled and quivand she said: "Father dear, turn me into a mouse, and give me to him. Then I can keep house ered,

kind of people ought to do." And her father, through the magic power of his holiness, turned her into a mouse, and gave her to him. as

"And

that

why

Though mountain,

and the

I say:

sun, and cloud, and wind,

rest of it."

But they paid no heed to Red-Eye's reasoning, and took the crow to their fortress, to the destruction

THE PANCHATANTRA

358

And on

of their race.

laughed

in his heart

The

and

secrets of

the journey Live-Strong said:

diplomacy

To him

alone were plain Who, instant in his master's cause, Advised that I be slain.

"Now

When

they came to the fortress gate, Foe-Crusher

they were to take his advice, not even the slightest misfortune would befall them."

"Come, my friends! Give this Live-Strong whatever chamber he prefers for he wishes us well." And Live-Strong, hearing this, reflected: "I must said:

now

devise a plan for their destruction. This is not possible if I live in their midst. For they would ob-

purpose, and would Only by remaining near the

serve motions betraying

keep their eyes open. gate can I accomplish

desire."

therefore said to the owl-king:

King, what

the king has said, is eminently right. Yet I, too, am a student of diplomacy and a well-wisher. I know that

even one

who

loyal

and pure

purpose should not

dwell in the heart of a fortress. I will therefore take place here at the fortress gate and pay daily homage, my body sanctified by the dust from your

lotus feet."

this the owl-king agreed,

and

his efficient

caterers daily gave Live-Strong, by special command of the king, the pick of the viands. So that in a very

few days he grew strong as a peacock.

CROWS AND OWLS

359

But Red-Eye, seeing how Live-Strong was being pampered, was amazed, and he said to the counselors and to the king himself "Dear me! These counselors are a pack of fools, and you, too, sir. I cannot think otherwise. Then there is the saying: :

played the

Who

And

had

fool at first; then his tether;

me on

then the king and counselor all were fools together."

"How was

that?" they asked.

And Red-Eye

told

the story of

THE BIRD WITH GOLDEN DUNG On in

There was once a great tree on a mountain side. it lived a bird in whose dung gold appeared. One day a hunter came to the spot, and directly front of him the bird dropped its dung, which at

the

moment

of falling turned to gold.

this the

hunter was amazed. "Well, well !" said he. "For eighty years, man and boy, I have had bird-trapping on the brain, and I

never once saw gold in a bird's dung." So he set a snare in the tree. And the bird, fool that he was, forgot the danger,

and perched on the customary

spot. Of course, he was caught immediately. Then the hunter freed him from the snare, put him in a cage and took him home. But he reflected: "What am I to do with this bird of ill omen? If any-

body should ever discover

his peculiarity, it

would be

THE PANCHATANTRA

360

reported to the king. In that case my very life would be in genuine danger. I will take the bird and report

And

to the king myself."

Now when

he did

so.

the king saw the bird, his lotus eyes

blossomed and he

felt

supremely

gratified.

"Come

now, guardsmen," said he. "Look after this bird with anxious care. Give him everything he wants to eat and drink."

Then a counselor said: "He was hatched from an egg. Why keep him ? You have no evidence save the mere incredible assurance of a hunter.

ever present in bird-dung?

Take

this bird

Is gold

from the

cage and set him free."

So the king, taking the counselor's advice, freed the bird, who perched on the lofty arch of the door-

way long enough to drop dung which was Then he recited the stanza: I

played the fool at

Who

And

me on

had

first;

of gold.

then he

his tether;

then the king and counselor

all

were fools together.

After which he took his carefree flight through the

atmosphere.

"And

that I

why

played the

and the rest of it." But once more

say: fool at first,

....

was hostile they neglected Red-Eye's counsel, sound as it was, and pamfor fate

CROWS AND OWLS

361

pered Live-Strong further with varied viands, including plenty of meat.

Then Red-Eye herents, and

called together his personal adthem privately: "The end is at

said to

hand. The welfare of our king, and his fortress, are things of the past. I have given him such counsel as

an ancestral counselor should give. Let us now, for our part, seek another fortress in the mountains. For the saying goes:

Joy comes from knowing what to dread, And sorrow smites the dunderhead: A long life through, the woods I've walked, But never heard a cave that talked."

"How was

that?" they asked.

And Red-Eye

told

the story of

THE CAVE THAT TALKED There was once a lion in a part of a forest, and his name was Rough-Claw. One day he found nothing whatever to eat in his wanderings, and his throat was pinched by hunger. At sunset he came to a great mountain cave and went in, for he thought: "Surely, some animal will come into this cave during the night. I will hide and wait." Presently the owner of the cave, a jackal named Curd-Face, came to the door and began to sing:

motone: same silence, "Hello! Don't you remember how you and I made "Cave ahoy! Cave aho-o-oy!" Then

ment's

he continued

the

after a

THE PANCHATANTRA

362

an agreement that I was to speak to you when I came back from the world outside, and that you were to sing out to me? But you won't speak to me today. So I am going off to that other cave, which will return

my greeting/' Now when

he heard

the lion thought: "I out a greeting when the fellow returns. But today, from fear of me, it doesn't say a word. This is natural enough. For see.

This cave always

The

feet

this,

calls

and hands refuse to act

When

peril terrifies; trembling seizes every limb; speech unuttered dies.

And

"I will myself call out a greeting, which he will follow to its source, so providing me with a dinner."

The lion thereupon

called out a greeting.

cave so magnified the roar that

its

echo

But the

filled

the

circuit of the horizon, thus terrifying other forest

creatures as well, even those far distant. Meanwhile the jackal made off, repeating the stanza:

Joy comes from knowing what to dread,

And

sorrow smites the dunderhead:

A long life

through, the woods I've walked^ But never heard a cave that talked.

"Take

this to heart

and come with me." And

Red-Eye, having made his decision, departed another fortress, accompanied by a retinue of

for fol-

lowers.

At Red-Eye's

departure, Live-Strong was over-

CROWS AND OWLS joyed.

And he

363

"Very good, indeed. Redto us. For he was farsighted,

reflected:

Eye's flight is a blessing while the rest are numskulls.

can easily destroy

them now. For the proverb says: no farsighted counselors, Long-tried, secure, Aid him, the downfall of a king Is swift and sure. If

And

there

sound reasoning

in this:

The shrewd

discover enemies Disguised as friends

In senseless counselors whose speech

evil tends."

After these reflections, he dropped each day one fagot from the forest into his own nest, with the ul-

timate purpose of setting the cave afire. Nor did the owls, poor fools, perceive that he was building up his nest in order to burn them alive. Well, there is sense in the saying:

Cause your friends no

bitter woes;

not fraternize with foes:

Friends,

when

Enemies were

lost, are friends

no more;

lost before.

Thus, pretending to build a nest, Live-Strong constructed a woodpile at the fortress gate. Then at sunrise, when the owls became blind, he hastened to Cloudy: "My lord and king, have prepared the enemy's cave for burning. Come with your retainers, each bringing a lighted fagot from the forest, to throw on my nest at the gate of the

away and reported I

THE PANCHATANTRA

364 cave.

Thus all your foes will die in torments like those

in Pot-baking Hell." At this Cloudy was delighted and said: "Father, tell me your adventures. It is long since we met."

"No,

for talk.

"This

son," said Live-Strong.

Some enemy spy might

no time

possibly report

And our blind enemy, thus informed, might make his escape. Make haste, make haste.

journey hither.

For the proverb says:

When

speed is needful, ne'er permit Delay, but do it pat; Else, wrathful gods are sure to strike

The undertaking

And

flat.

again:

Whatever deed you have in mind when fate is kind), Do quickly. If you wait a bit,

(Especially

Then time

will

suck the juice of

it.

"Later, when your enemies are slain, and you have returned to your home, I will tell the whole story in carefree humor." So Cloudy and his followers, taking Live-Strong's advice, seized one lighted fagot apiece in their bills, flew to the gate of the cave, and threw their fagots

upon Live-Strong's blind in the daytime)

nest.

Then

remembered

the owls (being Red-Eye's counsels

all

as they suffered the torments of Pot-baking Hell. In this fashion Cloudy exterminated his foes and re-

turned to his old fortress in the banyan tree. There he mounted the lionthrone and, his heart

CROWS AND OWLS

365

overflowing with joy, he questioned Live-Strong in full session of his court: "Father, how did you pass the time in the midst of the

enemy? For the proverb

says: Better a plunge in blazing fire (The righteous know) Than momentary contact with

A And

wicked foe."

"My lord

Live-Strong said:

and king!

Whatever path provides escape

When With

danger's face

seen,

clear decision follow, if

It noble seem, or

Two arms

mean:

trunks of elephants, Fight-calloused, skilled to wield

The bow

of heaven, Arjun

To woman's

felt

bracelets yield.

The wise and strong, awaiting days More prosperous, must grant Obedience to wicked lords

Whose speech is adamant: Gigantic Bhima, smoke-begrimed, Puffing at labor, and flourished in his

A ladle

Was cook

The prudent, As suits an

Matsya

hopeful

fist,

land.

man

should act

evil case,

Should

steel his heart to carry through holy deed, or base: Great Arjun with a calloused arm

From twanging bow

divine

Effeminately danced, and saw

His tinkling girdle shine.

THE PANCHATANTRA

366

The

wise, alert, ambitious If he expect success,

man,

Must

wait on fortune, watch his step, curb his stateliness: Yudhishthir King, with pilgrim's staff,

And

Long drew his painful breath, Though worshiped by his brothers, great As War, and Wealth, and Death. So Kunti's handsome, powerful twins, High birth writ on their brows,

Were menials at Virata's court, And lived by counting cows. So queenly Draupadi, with youth's

And matchless beauty's seal, In charm most like a goddess, fell By turn of fortune's wheel; And haughty maidens called her slave And sneered at her for sport, What time she powdered sandalwood In Matsya's royal court." "Father," said Cloudy, "this dwelling with an enemy seems to me like the sword-blade ordeal."

"So

it is,"

said Live-Strong.

"But I never saw such a

anywhere. Not one was

sensible except pack of fools has indeed, He, great capacity, an intelliRed-Eye. his scientific attainextensive blunted not by gence

He discovered my exact purpose. But as for the other counselors, they were great fools, making a living by a mere pretense of giving good counsel, ments.

with no of this:

flair for

verity.

They were not even aware

CROWS AND OWLS

367

'Tis ruinous to trust the

Who come

scamps you from hostile camps; you should chase away,

Such rivals For constant trouble does not pay.

The foeman

Who

serving as a scout,

knows (by bobbing

and out)

Your favored chair, familiar bed, And how you drink, and what you're Your travels to another town

fed,

Will strike his heedless foeman down.

The prudent therefore guards himself The source of virtue, love, and pelf With every effort, strain, and stress: For death

And

there

Who,

will follow heedlessness.

plenty of sense in this: ill-advised, does not commit faults of savoirfaire?

Grave

What

glutton has not

much

unrest

Within himself to bear?

Whom does not fortune render proud? Whom does not death lay low? To whom do

not possessions bring

Abundant harm and woe?

The steady forfeit glory, while The restless forfeit friends; The bankrupt forfeits family, The banker, better ends; The man of passion forfeits books, The fawner, friendship's flower; The king with careless counselors Must forfeit kingly power.

King, I have experienced in person what you were kind enough to put into words: that associ-

"Yes,

THE PANCHATANTRA

368

ation with the ordeal.

is equal to the sword-blade verse the old puts it:

enemy

Bear even

foes

upon your back;

When Your

fortune clogs path, endure. The great black snake

Slew

many

"How was

frogs."

that?"

asked Cloudy.

And

Live-

Strong told the story of

THE FROGS THAT RODE SNAKEBACK There was once an elderly black snake in a certain spot, and his name was Slow-Poison. He considered the situation from this point of view: "How in the world can gies?"

get along without overtaxing my enerto a pond containing many

Then he went

and behaved as if very dejected. As he waited thus, a frog came to the edge of the water and asked: "Uncle, why don't you bustle about frogs,

today for food as usual ?" "My dear friend," said Slow-Poison, "I am afflicted. Why should I wish for food? For this evening, as I

was bustling about

for food, I

saw a

frog

made ready to catch him. But he saw me and,

and

fearing

among some Brahmans intent upon nor did I perceive which way he went. holy recitation, But in the water at the edge of the pond was the great toe of a Brahman boy, and stupidly deceived death, he escaped

by its resemblance immediately.

to a frog, I bit

Then

it,

and the boy died

the sorrowing father cursed

CROWS AND OWLS

369

you bit my harmless son, you shall for this sin become a vehicle for frogs, and shall subsist on whatever they choose to allow you/ Consequently, I have come here to serve as in these terms: 'Monster! Since

your vehicle."

Now every

the frog reported this to all the others. And one of them, in extreme delight, went and

last

reported to the frog-king, whose name was WaterFoot. He in turn, accompanied by his counselors, for he thought it an rose hurriedly from the pond

extraordinary occurrence and climbed upon SlowPoison's hood. The others also, in order of age,

climbed on his back. Yet others, finding no vacant spot, hopped along behind the snake. Now SlowPoison, with an eye to making his living, showed them fancy turns in great variety. And Water-Foot, enjoying contact with his body, said to him: I'd rather ride Slow-Poison than

The finest horse I've seen, Or elephant, or chariot, Or man-borne palanquin.

The next day, Slow-Poison was wily enough to move very slowly. So Water-Foot said: "My dear Slow-Poison, did before?"

why

don't you carry us nicely, as you

"O King, I have no carrylack of food." "My dear of because ing power today fellow," said the king, "eat the plebeian frogs." And

Slow-Poison said:

When

Slow-Poison heard

this,

he quivered with

THE PANCHATANTRA

370

joy in every member and made haste to say: "Why, that is a part of the curse laid on me by the Brahman.

For that reason I am greatly pleased at your command." So he ate frogs uninterruptedly, and in a very few days he grew strong. And with delight and inner laughter he said:

The

trick

Within

The only Is:

was good. All sorts of frogs power have passed.

question that remains, long will they last?

How

Water-Foot, for his part, was befooled by SlowPoison's plausibilities, and did not notice a thing. At this moment another black snake, a tremendous fellow, arrived on the scene. And being amazed at the sight of Slow-Poison used as a vehicle

frogs,

he said: "Partner, they are our natural food, yet they use you as a vehicle. This is repellent." And Slow-Poison said: I

know I

But

have I

should not cany frogs; it

well in

The Brahman

"How was

mind;

am marking

time, as did butter-blind.

that?" asked the snake.

And

Slow-

Poison told the story of

THE BUTTER-BLINDED BRAHMAN There was once a Brahman named Theodore in a certain town. His wife, being unchaste and a pursuer of other men, was forever making cakes with

CROWS AND OWLS

371

sugar and butter for a lover, and so cheating her husband.

Now one day her husband saw her and said: "My dear wife, what are you cooking? And where are you forever carrying cakes? Tell the truth."

But her impudence was equal to the occasion, and she lied to her husband: "There is a shrine of the blessed goddess not far from here. undertaken a fasting ceremony, and ing, including the

most

There I have take an offer-

delicious dishes."

Then she

took the cakes before his very eyes and started for the shrine of the goddess, imagining that after her statement, her husband would believe it was for the goddess that his wife was daily providing delicious dishes.

Having reached the

shrine, she

went down

to the river to perform the ceremonial bath.

Meanwhile her husband arrived by another road and hid behind the statue of the goddess. And his wife entered the shrine after her bath, performed the various rites laving, anointing, giving incense,

making an offering, and so on bowed before the goddess, and prayed: "O blessed one, how may my husband be made blind?" Then the Brahman behind the goddess* back spoke, disguising his natural tone: "If you never stop giving him such food as butter and butter-cakes, then

will presently

Now

go blind."

that loose female, deceived by the plausible revelation, gave the Brahman just that kind of food

THE PANCHATANTRA

37*

every day. One day the Brahman said: "My dear, I don't see very well." And she thought: "Thank the goddess." Then the favored lover thought:

"The Brahman

has gone blind. What can he do to me ?" Whereupon he came daily to the house without hesitation. But at last the Brahman caught him as he entered, seized

him by the

hair,

and clubbed and kicked him

to such effect that he died. wife's nose,

"And

that I

and the

and is

know

He also cut off his wicked

dismissed her.

why I

say:

should not carry frogs ....

rest of it."

Then

hummed

Slow-Poison, over the verse:

The

trick

with

noiseless

laughter,

was good. All sorts of frogs ....

and the rest of it. And Water-Foot, hearing this, was conscience stricken, and wondering what he meant, inquired: "My dear sir, what do you mean by reciting that repulsive verse?" "Nothing at all," said Slow-Poison, desiring to mask his purpose. And

Water-Foot, befooled by his plausible manner,

failed

to perceive his treachery.

Why

spin

out?

ate

that not even frog-seed was

"And

that

why

them

all

so completely

left.

say:

Bear even foes upon your back, ....

CROWS AND OWLS

373

it. Thus, O King, just as Slow-Poison the destroyed frogs through the power of intelligence, so did I destroy all the enemy. There is much wisdom

and the

rest of

in this:

The forest-fire leaves roots entire, Though trunks remain a shell; The flooding pool of water cool Uproots the roots as well."

"Very

true," said Cloudy.

This

"And

besides:

the greatness of the great

Whom

gems of wisdom decorate; Despite what hurts and hinders, too,

They

"Very

see

an undertaking through."

true," said Live-Strong.

"And once

again:

The final penny of a debt, The final foeman dire, The final twinges of disease, The final spark of fire on these imposed Leaves nothing to desire.

Finality

"O King, you are truly fortunate. For your undertaking has had final success. Indeed, valor is not sufficient to end a matter. Victory is wisdom's business.

As the proverb 'Tis not the

says:

sword destroys a

foe,

'Tis wit that utterly lays low:

Swords kill the body; wit destroys Fame, family, and regal joys.

THE PANCHATANTRA

374

"Thus, success comes with minimum of wisdom and manliness. For

effort to

man

Wisdom broods

Memory

o'er the inception;

does not

Means appear

fail;

to predilection;

Counsels wise prevail; Sparkles fruitful meditation;

Mind

attains its height;

Joy achieves its consummation In a worthy fight.

"Thus kingship belongs the verse puts

man

to the

prudence, capacity for self-sacrifice,

possessing

and courage. As

it:

Associate in

full

delight

With someone who Self-sacrificing, brave;

Win

wise,

thereby

virtue as a prize;

On virtue follows money; and On money follows fame; Then, personal authority; And then, the kingly name."

And Cloudy mediate

replied:

"It

wonderful

how im-

the reward of knowing social ethics.

virtue of which

Foe-Crusher with his retinue."

Whereupon Live-

Strong said:

"Where

you penetrated and exterminated

at last

you need sharp measures,

First try gentle measures there: Thus the lofty, lordly tree-trunk Is not felled

without a prayer.

CROWS AND OWLS "And

375

my king, why say of a future matter no effort or that it is not readily involves either that attainable? There is wisdom in the saying: yet, it

Since words with actions

fail

to suit,

The

timidly irresolute Who see a thousand checks and blocks Turn into public laughingstocks.

Nor

are thoughtful matters. For

The

negligent

men who

heedless even in minor

say:

'Some day, some other day

The thing is petty, small; Demands no thought at all,' Are, heedless, headed straight For that repentant state That ever comes too late.

"But

as for

master,

who has overcome

his

sleep tonight as soundly as ever he did.

foes, may You know the

saying:

In houses where no snakes are found, sleeps; or where the snakes are bound: But perfect rest is hard to win With serpents bobbing out and in.

One

"And

again:

A noble purpose

to attain

Desiderates extended pain, Asks man's full greatness, pluck, and care, And loved ones aiding with a prayer. Yet if it climb to heart's desire, What man of pride and fighting fire,

THE PANCHATANTRA

376

Of passion, and of self-esteem Can bear the unaccomplished dream ? His heart indignantly is bent its achievement) on content.

(Through

"Therefore

heart

at peace.

For

saw the

undertaking through. Therefore may you now long enjoy this kingdom without a thorn intent on the safeguarding of your people

your royal umbrella,

throne, and glory unshaken through the long succession of son, grandson, and beyond. Remember:

king should bring his people ease,

But he should His reign

A And

also

aim to please;

else of little note,

neck-teat on a female goat.

once again: Love of

virtue, scorn of vice,

Wisdom make a kingdom's price. Then is Glory proud as slave, Then her plumes and pennons brave Near the white umbrella wave.

"Nor must you, in the thought, 'My kingdom is won/ shatter your soul with the intoxication of glory.

And

uncertain.

because the power of kings is a thing Kingly glory is hard to climb as a bamthis

boo-stem; hard to hold, being ready to tumble in a moment, with whatever effort it be held upright;

even though conciliated, yet sure to

slip

away

at last;

fidgety as the bandar-log; unequilibrated as water on a lotus-leaf; mutable as the wind's path; untrust-

worthy as rogues' friendship; hard to tame as a

ser-

CROWS AND OWLS pent; gleaming but a

moment

377

like a strip of

evening

bubbles on water; cloud; fragile by ungrateful as the substance of man's body; lost in nature, like the

moment dream. And the

of attainment, like the treasure of a furthermore:

Whenever kings anointed

are,

Let wit spy trouble from afar; Anointing-jars too often spill, With holy water, pending ill.

"And no man clutch of pending

in the ill.

wide world

As the poet

beyond the

sings:

Remember Rama, wandering far; Remember Nala's sinking star; With

Bali's bonds, the Vrishnis'

And Lanka's

tomb, monster-monarch's doom;

The Pandus'

forest-borne disaster,

And

knightly Arjun, dancing-master. Time brings us woe in countless shapes. What savior is there? Who escapes?

Dasharath, who rose to heaven its king beside? Ah, where King Sagar, he to whom 'twas given To bind the ocean's tide? Where arm-born Prithu? Where is Manu gone, Sun-child (yet suns still rise) ?

Ah, where

And

dwelt

Imperious Time awakened them at dawn, At evening closed their eyes.

And

again:

Where is Mandhatar, conqueror supreme? Where Satyavrat, the king? God-ruling Nahush? Keshav, e'er the gleam Of science following?

THE PANCHATANTRA

378

They and

their lordly elephants, I ween, Their cars, their heavenly throne, By lofty Time conferred, in Time were seen,

And

lost

through Time alone.

yet again:

The

king, his counselors,

His maidens gay, His golden groves, Fate

They

stings.

sink away.

"Thus, having won kingly glory, quivering like the ear of a rogue elephant, take delight in her, but trust in

wisdom only/'

Here ends Book III, called "Crows and Owls," which treats of peace, war, and the other four expedients.

The

first

verse runs:

Reconciled although he be,

Never trust an enemy. For the cave of owls was burned,

When

the crows with

fire

returned.

BOOK

LOSS OF GAINS

BOOK IV LOSS OF GAINS Here, then, begins Book IV, called "Loss of Gains." The first verse runs: Blind folly always has to pay For giving property away Because of blandishments and guile

The monkey

tricked the crocodile.

"How was

that?" asked the princes. sharman told the story of

And

Vishnu-

THE MONKEY AND THE CROCODILE On

the shore of the sea was a great rose-apple was never without fruit. In it lived a mon-

tree that

key named Red-Face. Now one day a crocodile named Ugly-Mug crawled out of the ocean under the tree and burrowed in the soft sand. Then Red-Face said: "You are my guest, sir. Pray eat these rose-apples which I throw you.

You

will find

them

like nectar.

You know

erb:

fool or scholar let him be, Pleasant or hideous to see,

A guest,

when

offerings are given,

Is useful as

a bridge to heaven.

Ask not

home

his

or education,

His family or reputation,

the prov-

THE PANCHATANTRA

382

But offer thanks and sacrifice: For so prescribes the lawbook wise.

And

again:

By honoring the guests who come Wayworn from some far-distant home To share the sacrifice, you go The

And

noblest

once again

way

that mortals know.

unhonored leave your door, sadly sighing come no more, Your fathers and the gods above Turn from you and forget their love." If guests

And

Thus he spoke and offered rose-apples. And the them and enjoyed a long and pleasant

crocodile ate

conversation with the his

home. So the

monkey monkey and

before returning to the crocodile rested

each day in the shade of the rose-apple tree. They spent the time in cheerful conversation on various

and were happy. Now the crocodile went home and gave his wife the rose-apples which he had not eaten. And one day she asked him "My dear husband, where do you subjects,

get such fruits?

are like nectar."

have an awfully good a monkey named Red-Face. He gives me these

"My friend,

They

dear," he

fruits in the

Then she

said, "I

most courteous manner."

"If anyone eats such nectar fruit every day, his heart must be turned to nectar. So, said:

LOSS OF GAINS if

you value your

eat

Then

it.

wife, give

I shall

383

his heart,

never grow old or

and

sick,

I will

but

will

be a delightful companion for you." But he objected: "In the first place, my dear, he is our adopted brother. Secondly, he gives us fruit.

cannot

sides, there is a

kill

him. Please do not

insist.

Be-

proverb:

give us birth, we need a mother; For second birth we need another: And friendship's brothers seem by far More dear than natural brothers are."

But she So

said:

sure

"You have never refused me before. is a she-monkey. You love her and

That is why you will And when you meet me at night, your sighs are hot as a flame of fire. And when you hold me and kiss me, you do not hug me tight. I know some other woman has stolen into your spend the whole day with her.

me what I

not give

want.

heart."

Then

the crocodile was quite dejected, and said to

his wife:

When I am at your feet And at your service, sweet, Why do you look at me With peevish jealousy?

But her face swam and she said:

in tears

when she heard him,

"You love her, you deceiver; Your wishes never leave her;

THE PANCHATANTRA

384

Her pretty shamming

steals

upon your

heart.

My rivalry is vain, sir; And so I pray abstain, From service that is only "Besides,

when

sir,

tricky art.

you do not love

And

ask you?

should you love him ?

her,

why

not

kill

her

a he-monkey, why Unless I eat his heart,

if it is really

Enough

starve myself to death in your house." Now when he saw how determined she was, he

I shall

was distracted with anxiety, and proverb

said:

"Ah, the

right:

Remember that a single grab Suffices for a fish or crab, For For

"Oh, what

fool or sot,

woman; and

'tis

cement, or indigo.

shall I

do?

How can I kill him ?"

With

these thoughts in mind, he visited the monkey. the monkey had missed his friend, and when

Now

he saw him

afflicted,

he said:

"My

friend,

why have

Why

don't you

you not been here this long time? speak cheerfully, and repeat The crocodile replied:

something witty?"

"My

my wife scolded me today. Do not show me

wretch!

She your

and brother, 'You ungrateful

friend

said: face.

You

are living

and make him no return. You do not even show him the door of your house. You cannot possibly make amends for this. There is daily at a friend's expense,

a saying:

LOSS OF GAINS The Brahman-murderer Drunkard or While

liar,

385

or thief,

finds relief;

for ingratitude alone

expiation will atone.

monkey as my brother-in-law. So and him we will make some return for home, bring his kindness. If you refuse, I will see you later in heaven/ Now I could not come to you until she had "'I regard this

And this long time passed while with her about you. So please come I was quarreling home with me. Your brother's wife has set up an finished her scolding.

She has fixed her clothes and gems and rubies and all that, to pay you a fitting welcome. She has hung holiday garlands on the doorposts. And awning.

she

waiting impatiently."

"My

friend

"your lady

and brother," said the monkey,

very kind. It

quite according to the

proverb: Six things are done by friends:

To take, and give again; To listen, and to talk; To dine, to entertain. and your home is in the water. How can I go there? Rather bring your lady here, brother, that I may bow down and

"But we monkeys

receive her blessing." The crocodile said:

live in trees,

"My

friend,

lovely sand-bank under the water.

home is on a So climb on my

our

back and travel comfortably with nothing to fear."

THE PANCHATANTRA

386

When and

the

monkey heard

said: "If that

possible,

delay? Here

am on

Why

But ming

And "If he

then hasten.

your back/'

"Go

crocodile

swim-

monkey was

terri-

slow, brother.

in the bottomless ocean, the

bly frightened and said:

drenched by the great waves." the crocodile thought when he heard

this:

move an

inch,

fell

the water tell

my friend,

and saw the

as he sat there

whole body

he was delighted

this,

him

from

back, he could not

power. So I will purpose, and then he can pray to his

so deep.

favorite god." And he said: to

"Sir,

have deceived you and my wife bade

your death, because

brought you it. So pray to your favorite god." "Brother," said the monkey, "what harm have I done her or you? Why have you planned to kill

me do

me?" "Well," replied the crocodile, "those nectar fruits tasted so sweet that she began to long to eat your

That is why I have done this." Then the quick-witted monkey said: "If that

heart.

the case, sir, why didn't you then I might have brought with tell

very sweet indeed, which apple

tree.

it is, I

keep

me me

on shore? For another heart,

in a hole in the rose-

forlorn in this heart, at

being taken to her in vain, without my sweet heart." When he heard this, the crocodile was delighted

and

said:

"If you

feel so,

friend, give

that

LOSS OF GAINS other heart.

And my herself.

up starving

387

and give take you back to the

cross wife will eat

Now

I will

rose-apple tree."

So he turned back and swam toward the roseapple tree, while the monkey murmured a hundred prayers to every kind of a god. And when at last he came to shore, he hopped and jumped farther and farther, climbed

"Hurrah!

and thought: the Surely, saying is a

up the rose-apple

life is

saved.

tree,

good one:

We We

dare not trust a rogue; nor must trust in those deserving trust:

For danger follows, and we fall Destroyed and ruined, roots and

So today

The

all.

rebirthday."

crocodile said:

"My

friend

and brother,

give me the heart, so that my wife may eat it and give

up starving herself." Then the monkey laughed, and scolded him, saying:

"You

fool!

two hearts?

You

How can

anyone have home, and never come back under

the rose-apple tree.

Whoever

traitor!

You know

the proverb:

trusts a faithless friend

And

twice in him believes, Lays hold on death as certainly As when a mule conceives."

Now fool

the crocodile was embarrassed

when he

this, and he thought: "Oh, why was I such a as to tell him my plan? If I can possibly win his

heard

THE PANCHATANTRA

388

confidence again, I will do it." So he said: "My friend, she has no need of a heart. What I said was just a joke to test your sentiments. Please our house as a guest. Your brother's wife

come is

most

eager for you."

The monkey ment.

I will

said:

"Rascal!

Go away

this

mo-

And

the

not come. For

The hungry man at nothing sticks; The poor man has his heartless tricks. Tell Handsome, miss, that Theodore Will see him in the well no more."

"How was monkey

that?" asked the crocodile.

told the story of

HANDSOME AND THEODORE There was once a frog-king in a well, and his name was Theodore. One day when tormented by his he climbed from bucket to bucket up the water-wheel, and finally emerged. Then he thought:

relatives,

"How

can

pay those

relatives

back? For the prov-

erb says:

While one brings comfort in distress, Another jeers at pain; By paying both as they deserve,

A man is

born again."

mind, he saw a black snake named Handsome crawling out of his hole. And on seeing him, he thought once more: "I will invite that black

With

this in

snake into the well, and clean out

For the saying goes:

all

relatives.

LOSS OF GAINS

389

A sliver draws a sliver out; Just so the wise employ

Grim foes to slaughter foes; and thus Turn danger into joy."

Having come to this conclusion, he went to the mouth of the hole and called: "Come out! Come out, Handsome! Come out!" But when the snake heard this, he thought: "Whoever he may be that is calling me, he does not belong to my race. That is no snake's voice. And I have no alliance with anyone else in the living world. So I will just stay here until I am sure who he may be. For the proverb

says: Until you have full information Of prowess, character, and station, To no man let your trust be given Such is the current saw in heaven.

some conjurer or druggist who is calling me in order to put me in a cage. Or a man who bears a grudge and summons me in the interest of his

Perhaps

it is

friend."

So he said:

am to

a frog-king

make

are you?" The other said: "I named Theodore, and I have come

friends with you."

When

the snake heard this, he said:

incredible.

know

"Who

Does grass make

"Why,

friends with fire?

the proverb:

You do

not, even in a dream, foe

Approach the kind of

Who kills at sight. What can you mean? Why should you babble so?"

it is

You

THE PANCHATANTRA

390

But Theodore

You

are

"You

said:

born enemy.

are quite right, sir. yet I come to you be-

And You know

cause I have been insulted.

well:

When all your property is goi^e And life itself at stake To save that life and property You grovel to a snake."

The snake

said: "Well,

the frog answered:

"My

who

insulted you?"

relatives."

And

"But where

your home?" asked the snake.

"In a pond? or a

well? or a cistern? or a tank?"

"My home

in a

"But," said the snake, "I can't could, there is no place for me to lie

well," said the frog.

get in. And if I while killing your relatives.

Besides,

Begone.

you

know: Eat only what

will

swallow

And

gratify the hollow Within with good digestion

Put not your health

in question."

But Theodore replied: "No, sir. Come with me. will show you an easy way into the well. And inside

there

you can

a very attractive hole at water-level. There lie, and you will find it child's play to finish

relatives."

the snake reflected: "Yes, I am old. and then, with great effort, I catch one mouse.

Then

often

I don't.

Yes, yes.

The proverb

right:

When strength is ebbing, dying, When friends are gone, and wife,

Now And

LOSS OF GAINS The prudent should be

391

trying

A carpet-slippery life."

After these reflections, he said: "Well, Theodore, you really mean it, lead the way. We will go to-

gether." "Friend will take you there

said Theodore, "I an by easy way and show you the

Handsome,"

But you must spare my family. You must not eat any except those I point out." "My dear fellow," said the snake, "you and I are

resting-place.

now

Have no

friends.

fear.

I will

do nothing but

what you wish." Then he came out of his hole, hugged the frog, and started off with him. So they came to the edge of the well, and the snake went in with the frog by way of the buckets on the water-wheel. Then Theodore settled the black snake in the hole and showed him the relatives. And he ate them all one after

And

lacking relatives, he made up to a few friends, and ate them, too, with much circum-

another.

of the

spection.

Then

the snake said:

"My

dear fellow,

disposed of your enemies. Please give to eat, for you brought me here."

"But,

have

something

dear fellow," said Theodore, "you have Pray return by way of

done what a

friend should do.

the buckets."

"Friend Theodore," said Handsome, "you make a How can I go home? My hole was

serious mistake.

fortress,

and

Is surely occupied

strangers.

THE PANCHATANTRA

39*

Here

and you must give me a frog at a time,

I stay,

even from your own family. If not,

I will eat

every

one."

Theodore was disturbed in spirit, and reflected: "Oh, what was I about when I brought him here? And if I deny him now, he will eat every

this,

one. Yes, the proverb

right:

Whoever fraternizes with Too vigorous a foe, Is eating poison,

Perceive

"So friend.

I will

give

and

will

soon

to be so.

him one a day, even

For they say: Calm with a prudent, petty A foe who may desire

seize

if it

must be a

bribe

your all. So calms the sea subaqueous fire.

Its fierce

And

again:

when all is threatened, give a half, and guard The other half to win one's ends; For total loss is hard.

'Tis wise,

And

yet again:

No prudent

soul

Much good

for little use;

would

lose

Prudence implies much gain Acquired with little pain."

So he made up his mind, and assigned a frog a day. the snake ate this one and another, too, behind

And

the frog-king's back. Ah,

it is

too true:

LOSS OF GAINS

393

As muddied garments dirty All that you sit upon, So, when one virtue tumbles, The rest are quickly gone.

Now

one day, while eating frogs, he ate a frog named Theodosius, the son of Theodore. And Theodore, seeing him do it, wailed with piercing shrillness.

But

his wife said: so shrill? You were still While you worked your cruel will. Hope has fled with your dead; Who will save your hapless head?

"Why

So think out a plan of escape scheme to kill him."

Now in

very day, or else a

this

course of time the frogs were finished one

and all; only Theodore remained. And then Handsome said: "My dear Theodore, I am hungry and the frogs are finished. Please give to eat, for you brought me here."

all

something

Theodore said: "My friend, feel no anxiety on that head while I am alive. If you permit me to leave, I will persuade the frogs in other wells, and bring them all here."

The snake

said: "Well, I can't eat you, for if you do as you say,

are like a brother. will

Now

like a father."

So the frog planned while

you you

his escape,

Handsome waited

there,

and

left

the well,

impatient for his

THE PANCHATANTRA

394 return.

But

after a long time

Handsome

said to a

same well: "My dear madam, do me a small favor, since Theodore is an old friend of yours. Please go and find him in some pool or other, and take him a message from me. Tell him to return quickly, alone if need be, if lizard that lived in another hole in the

no other frogs

And

cannot

live here

without

him that if I hurt him, he may have have acquired in a lifetime." So the lizard did as she was bid, quickly hunted

him. all

come.

will

tell

the merit

Theodore out, and

Handsome is

said:

"My

dear

waiting, waiting for

sir,

your friend

your return. Please

hurry back. And furthermore, in case of his doing you any harm, he pledges you the merit acquired in a lifetime. So drop all anxious thoughts, and come

home." But Theodore

said:

The hungry man at nothing sticks; The poor man has his heartless tricks. Tell

Handsome, miss, that Theodore him in the well no more.

Will see

And

so he sent her back.

"So then, you

rascally water-beast!

Like Theo-

dore, I will never, never enter your house." When he heard this, the crocodile said:

you are quite wrong. house, and so wipe out

friend,

Otherwise, doorstep."

I shall starve

"My good beg of you to come to

sin of ingratitude.

myself to death on your

LOSS OF GAINS "You like

fool!" said the

Flop-Ear, be killed?"

self

monkey,

395

go there and let my-

"shall I

in full sight of the danger,

"But who was Flop-Ear?" asked the

crocodile.

"And how

did he perish in

Please

me." So the monkey told the story of

tell

FLOP-EAR There was once a

full

sight of the danger?

AND DUSTY

lion

named Fierce-Mane, who

lived in a part of a forest.

And

for servant

he had a

named Dusty. one day the lion fought with an elephant, and took such cruel wounds on his body that he could not stir a foot. And since the master could not

jackal, a faithful drudge

Now

stir,

Dusty grew

feeble, for his throat

was pinched by

hunger. Then he said to the lion: "O King, I am tortured with hunger until I cannot drag one foot after another. So how can I serve you?" "My good

Dusty," said the I can kill even in

lion,

"hunt out some animal that

present state."

So the jackal went hunting, and dragging himself nearby village, he saw beside a tank a donkey named Flop-Ear who was choking over the thin and to a

prickly grass. And he drew near and said: "Uncle, my respects to you. It is long since we met.

How

have you grown so feeble?"

And Flop-Ear

answered:

"What am

nephew? The laundryman

And

with dreadful burdens.

merciless,

to do,

and tortures

he never gives

THE PANCHATANTRA

386

When and

the

monkey heard

said: "If that

delay? Here I

possible,

this,

he was delighted

my friend,

then hasten.

on your back." Why But as he sat there and saw the crocodile swim-

monkey was "Go and said: brother. slow, bly frightened whole body is drenched by the great waves." in the bottomless ocean, the

ming

terri-

And

the crocodile thought when he heard this: from my back, he could not move an inch, the water is so deep. He is in my power. So I will

"If he

fell

him

tell

purpose, and then he can pray to his

favorite god." And he said:

have deceived you and brought you your death, because my wife bade me do it. So pray to your favorite god." "Brother," said the monkey, "what harm have I done her or you? Why have you planned to kill "Sir, I

me?" "Well," replied the crocodile, "those nectar fruits tasted so sweet that she began to long to eat your

That is why I have done this." Then the quick-witted monkey said: "If

heart.

the case,

me me

that

on shore? For

didn't you another heart, have brought with might I in the rosewhich in a hole sweet indeed, very keep

then

sir,

why

tell

apple tree. As it is, I am forlorn in this heart, at being taken to her in vain, without my sweet heart." When he heard this, the crocodile was delighted

and

said:

"If you

feel so,

friend, give

that

LOSS OF GAINS other heart.

up starving

And my herself.

and give take you back to the

cross wife will eat

Now I

will

387 it

rose-apple tree."

So he turned back and swam toward the roseapple tree, while the monkey murmured a hundred prayers to every kind of a god. And when at last he

came

hopped and jumped farther and up the rose-apple tree, and thought:

to shore, he

farther, climbed

"Hurrah!

life is

saved.

Surely, the saying

good one:

We dare not trust a rogue; nor must We trust in those deserving trust: For danger follows, and we fall Destroyed and ruined, roots and

So today

all.

my rebirthday." "My friend and brother, that me the so heart, give my wife may eat it and give The

crocodile said:

up starving herself." Then the monkey laughed, and scolded him, saying: "You fool! You traitor! How can anyone have two hearts? Go home, and never come back under the rose-apple tree.

Whoever

And

You know

the proverb:

trusts a faithless friend

him believes, Lays hold on death as certainly As when a mule conceives."

Now

the crocodile was embarrassed

when he

this, and he thought: "Oh, why was I such a as to tell him my plan? If I can possibly win his

heard fool

twice in

THE PANCHATANTRA

388

confidence again, I will do it." So he said: "My friend, she has no need of a heart. What I said was just a joke to test your sentiments. Please our house as a guest. Your brother's wife

come is

most

eager for you."

The monkey ment.

said:

"Rascal!

Go away

this

mo-

And

the

not come. For

I will

The hungry man at nothing sticks; The poor man has his heartless tricks. Handsome, miss, that Theodore Will see him in the well no more."

Tell

"How was monkey

that?" asked the crocodile.

told the story of

relatives,

"How

can

pay those

relatives

back? For the prov-

erb says:

While one brings comfort in distress, Another jeers at pain; By paying both as they deserve, A man is born again."

mind, he saw a black snake named Handsome crawling out of his hole. And on seeing him, he thought once more: "I will invite that black

With

this in

snake into the

well,

For the saying goes:

and clean out

all

relatives.

LOSS OF GAINS

389

A sliver draws

a sliver out; Just so the wise employ

Grim foes to slaughter foes; and thus Turn danger into joy."

says: Until you have full information Of prowess, character, and station, To no man let your trust be given Such is the current saw in heaven.

some conjurer or druggist who is calling me in order to put me in a cage. Or a man who bears a grudge and summons me in the interest of his Perhaps

it is

friend."

So he

am to

said:

a frog-king

make

are you?" The other said: "I named Theodore, and I have come

friends with you."

When

the snake heard this, he said:

incredible.

know

"Who

Does

make

grass the proverb: You do not, even

in a

"Why,

friends with fire?

dream,

Approach the kind of

foe

Who kills at sight. What can you mean? Why should you babble so?"

it is

You

THE PANCHATANTRA

390

But Theodore

You

"You

said:

my born enemy. And have been insulted. You know well:

are

cause

are quite right, sir. yet I come to you be-

When all your property is gor^e And life itself at stake To save that life and property You grovel to a snake."

The snake

said: "Well,

who

insulted you?"

And

"My relatives." "But where is home?" asked the snake. "In a pond? or a your the frog answered:

well? or a cistern? or a tank?"

"My home

in a

"But," said the snake, "I can't could, there is no place for me to lie

well," said the frog.

get in. And if I while killing your relatives.

Besides,

Begone.

you

know: Eat only what

And

will

swallow

gratify the hollow

Within with good digestion Put not your health in question."

But Theodore replied: "No, sir. Come with me. will show you an easy way into the well. And inside

a very attractive hole at water-level. There you can lie, and you will find it child's play to finish there

relatives."

the snake reflected: "Yes, I am old. and then, with great effort, I catch one mouse.

Then

often I don't. Yes, yes.

The proverb

right:

When strength is ebbing, dying, When friends are gone, and wife,

Now And

LOSS OF GAINS The prudent should be

391

trying

A carpet-slippery life."

After these reflections, he said: "Well, Theodore, you really mean it, lead the way. We will go to-

gether."

"Friend Handsome," said Theodore, "I

way and show you the But must you resting-place. spare my family. You must not eat any except those I point out." "My dear fellow," said the snake, "you and I are take you there by an easy

will

now

Have no

friends.

fear.

I will

do nothing but

And

lacking relatives, he

made up to a few much circum-

of the friends, and ate them, too, with spection.

Then

the snake said:

"My

dear fellow,

disposed of your enemies. Please give to eat, for you brought me here."

"But,

my dear

done what a

fellow," said Theodore,

friend should do.

Pray return

have

something

"you have by way of

the buckets."

"Friend Theodore," said Handsome, "you make a serious mistake. How can I go home? My hole was

fortress,

and

Is surely occupied

strangers.

THE PANCHATANTRA

39*

Here

and you must give

I stay,

even from your own family. If not,

a frog at a time, I will eat

every

one."

Theodore was disturbed in spirit, and "Oh, what was I about when I brought

this,

reflected:

him here? And

if I

deny him now, he

one. Yes, the proverb

will eat

every

right:

Whoever fraternizes with Too vigorous a foe, Is eating poison,

Perceive

"So friend.

I will

give

and

will

soon

to be so.

him one a day, even

For they say: Calm with a prudent, petty A foe who may desire

seize

if it

must be a

bribe

your all. So calms the sea subaqueous fire.

Its fierce

And

again: 'Tis wise,

when

all is threatened, a and guard half, give The other half to win one's ends; For total loss is hard.

And

yet again:

No prudent

soul

Much good

for little use;

would

lose

Prudence implies much gain Acquired with little pain."

So he made up his mind, and assigned a frog a day. And the snake ate this one and another, too, behind the frog-king's back. Ah,

it is

too true:

LOSS OF GAINS

393

As muddied garments dirty All that you sit upon, So, when one virtue tumbles, The rest are quickly gone.

Now

one day, while eating frogs, he ate a frog named Theodosius, the son of Theodore. And Theodore, seeing him do But his wife said:

it,

wailed with piercing shrillness.

so shrill? You were still While you worked your cruel will. Hope has fled with your dead; Who will save your hapless head?

"Why

So think out a plan of escape to kill him."

very day, or else a

this

scheme

Now in

course of time the frogs were finished one only Theodore remained. And then Hand-

and all; some said:

dear Theodore, I am hungry and the frogs are finished. Please give me something

all

"My

you brought me here." Theodore said: "My friend, feel no anxiety on that head while I am alive. If you permit me to leave, I will persuade the frogs in other wells, and bring to eat, for

them

all

here."

The snake

said: "Well, I can't eat you, for if you do as you say, are like a brother.

Now

will

like a father."

So the frog planned while

you you

his escape,

Handsome waited

there,

and

left

the well,

impatient for his

THE PANCHATANTRA

394 return.

But

after a long time

Handsome

said to a

all

have acquired in a lifetime." So the lizard did as she was bid, quickly hunted

the merit

Theodore out, and

Handsome

said:

"My

dear

waiting, waiting for

sir,

your friend

your return. Please

hurry back. And furthermore, in case of his doing you any harm, he pledges you the merit acquired in a lifetime. So drop all anxious thoughts, and come

home." But Theodore

said:

The hungry man at nothing sticks; The poor man has his heartless tricks. Tell

Handsome, miss, that Theodore him in the well no more.

Will see

And

so he sent her back.

"So then, you

rascally water-beast!

Like Theo-

dore, I will never, never enter your house." When he heard this, the crocodile said:

you are quite wrong. house, and so wipe out

friend,

Otherwise, doorstep."

I shall

"My good beg of you to come to my sin of ingratitude.

starve myself to death on your

LOSS OF GAINS "You

fool!" said the

go there of the danger, and let my-

monkey,

like Flop-Ear, in full sight

395

"shall

be killed?"

self

"But who was Flop-Ear?" asked the

crocodile.

"And how

did he perish in

Please

me." So the monkey told the story of

tell

FLOP-EAR There was once a

full

sight of the danger?

AND DUSTY named Fierce-Mane, who

lion

And

lived in a part of a forest.

for servant

he had a

jackal, a faithful drudge named Dusty. one day the lion fought with an elephant, and took such cruel wounds on his body that he

Now

could not stir,

stir

a foot.

Dusty grew

And

since the master could not

feeble, for his throat

was pinched by

hunger. Then he said to the lion: "O King, I am tortured with hunger until I cannot drag one foot after another. So how can I serve you ?" "My good

Dusty," said the I can kill even in

lion,

"hunt out some animal that

present state."

So the jackal went hunting, and dragging himself saw beside a tank a donkey

to a nearby village, he

named Flop-Ear who was choking over

the thin and

And

he drew near and said: "Uncle, prickly grass. to my respects you. It is long since we met. How

have you grown so feeble?"

And Flop-Ear

answered:

"What am

nephew? The laundryman

And he

with dreadful burdens.

merciless,

to do,

and tortures

never gives

THE PANCHATANTRA

396

I eat nothing but this prickly flavored with dust, and I do not thrive." grass "Well, uncle," said the jackal, "I know a lovely

handful of fodder.

covered with emerald grass. Come there and live with me. I promise you the pleasure

spot by a river,

all

of witty conversation."

"Very well said, nephew," answered Flop-Ear, "but village beasts are likely to be killed by forest animals. So what good is your charming spot to me ?" "No, no," said the jackal. "My paws form a cage to protect the spot, and no stranger has entrance there.

Besides,

there

are

unmarried she-

three

donkeys who were tormented just like you by laundrymen. They have now grown plump; they are

young and frisky; they said to me: 'Uncle dear, go to some village and bring us a proper husband/ That is why I came to fetch you."

Now when

he heard the jackal's words, Flop-Ear limbs quiver with love, and he said: "In that case, my dear sir, lead the way. We will hurry

felt his

there."

For the poet

hits the

mark when he

says:

You

are our only nectar; you, woman, are our poison, too.

For union with you

the breath

Of life; and absence from you,

death.

So the poor creature went with the jackal into But the lion was dreadfully

the lion's presence.

When

he saw the donkey actually within range of his spring, he was so overjoyed that he foolish.

LOSS OF GAINS

397

jumped over him and landed on the other side. And the donkey wondered: "What, oh, what can this be?" For to him it seemed like the fall of a thunderbolt. Yet somehow for fate was kind to him he escaped quite unhurt. But when he looked back, he saw the egregious creature, cruel, horrifying, with bloodshot eyes, and he beat a hasty, terrified retreat to his own city.

Then the jackal said to the lion: "Well, what does this mean? I saw your heroic exhibition." And the lion was dumfounded, and he said: "But I could not prepare for a spring. So what was I to do? Could an elephant, even, escape, if he came within range of

spring?"

The

jackal said:

next time. For

"My

"Have your

spring prepared

am going to bring him

dear fellow," said the

lion,

"he saw

you again."

face to

How can he be enticed here again?

and escaped. Bring me some other animal." But the jackal said: "Why should you worry about that? I am wide awake on that point." So the jackal followed the donkey's tracks, and found him grazing in the old place. Now when he saw the jackal, the donkey said: "Well, nephew, it was a charming spot you took me to. I was lucky to escape with my life. Tell me, what was that horrible creature? He was a thunderbolt, but he missed me." Then the jackal laughed and said: "Uncle, that face

THE PANCHATANTRA

398

was a she-donkey. She was unspeakably lovesick, and seeing you, she rose up passionately to embrace you. But you were shy, and ran away. And as you disappeared, she stretched out a hand to detain you. That is the whole story. So come back. She has resolved to starve to death for your sake, and she says: 'If Flop-Ear does not marry me, I will plunge into fire or water, or will eat poison. Anyhow, I cannot bear to be separated from him/ So have

mercy, and return. If not, you will be a womanmurderer, and the god of love will be angry. For you

know:

Woman

Confers

all

Love's victorious

seal,

good. If for their weal (Supposed) in heaven or for salvation Dull men hold her in detestation,

Love

strikes

them

for their sins forlorn,

And some turn naked monks, some shorn; Some have red garments; others wear Skull-necklaces, or frowsy hair."

So the donkey, persuaded by this reasoning, him once more. Indeed, the proverb

started off with is

right:

Men, knowing

better, oft

A shabby deed

is fate.

are they who relish once it is irrevocate?

But where

When

commit

so strong

it,

Thereupon the donkey, deceived by a hundred arguments of the rascal, came again into the presence, and was straightway killed by the lion, who had pre-

LOSS OF GAINS

399

pared his spring beforehand. And then the lion set the jackal on guard, and went himself to the river to

Whereupon the greedy jackal ate the donkey's and heart. Now when the lion returned after bathing and repeating the proper prayers, he found the donkey minus ears and heart, and his soul was suffused with wrath, and he said to the jackal: "You scoundrel! What is this unseemly deed? You have eaten ears and heart, and my share is your leavings." "O King," said the jackal respectfully, "do not speak so. This creature was born without ears and heart. Otherwise, how could he have come here, have seen you with his own eyes, have run in terror, and then come back? Why, it goes into poetry: bathe.

ears

came, he saw, he

fled

From your appearance

dread,

Returned, forgot his fears

The So the

fool lacked heart

lion

and ears."

was convinced by the

jackal's argu-

ment, divided with him, and ate his own share without suspicion.

"And

why I say that I shall not be like the donkey Flop-Ear. You see, you foolish fellow, you played a

that

trick,

but spoiled

just like Fight-Firm.

The

The saying

heedless trickster

who

correct:

forgets

His own advantage, and who

The

telling the truth,

lets

truth slip out, like Fight-Firm, he Is sure to lose his victory."

THE PANCHATANTRA

4oo

"How was monkey

that?" asked the crocodile.

And

the

told the story of

THE POTTER MILITANT There was once a potter in a certain place. One day he carelessly ran with all his might into the jagged edge of a broken pot, and tumbled. And though the jagged edge tore his forehead, he struggled to his feet, blood streaming over his body. Now as the wound was unskilfully treated, the scar cicatrized horribly.

After some time the land was afflicted with famine, felt the pinch of hunger. So he joined certain

and he

life-guards,

went

to another country,

and became a

life-guard.

Now

brow the horrible and he thought: "Surely,

the king noticed on his

scar from the potsherd, this man is a great hero.

took a

wound

brow." So he bestowed honors and

in front,

gifts and him more like, regarding graciously than all others. Even the princes, observing the exceptional favor shown him, cherished an extreme jealousy, yet they feared the king and said not a word. Now one day there was a review of picked troops. While the elephants were being accoutered and the horses caparisoned and the men inspected, the king took occasion to say to the potter: "O Prince, what is your name? And what your family? In what battle was this wound printed on your brow?"

the

his

LOSS OF GAINS

401

"Your Majesty," he replied, "by birth I am a potter, and my name is Fight-Firm. This is not a sword-wound. But when I was unsteady with liquor, I was hurrying through a courtyard littered with broken pots, and tumbled over one. Later the scar from the potsherd became a horrible cicatrice."

Then

the king reflected:

"Good heavens!

was

taken in by this potter who seemed a prince. Let a cuffing be administered."

When

had been done, the potter said: "Your not treat me thus, but witness my do Majesty, adroitness in battle." "No, my friend," said the king, "you may be a treasure-house of all the virtues. Yet you must begone. You may have heard the stanza: this

Handsome you

You have But

your family, my boy, elephants are slain."

"How was

are, and valorous; a scholar's brain:

that?" asked the potter. told the story of

And

the king

THE JACKAL WHO KILLED NO ELEPHANTS In a part of a forest lived a lion and his wife.

One

day the lioness gave birth to twins. And the lion killed deer and things every day, and gave them to the lioness.

But one day as he ranged the forest, he had met nothing when the blessed sun sank to his setting. As he trotted home, he found a baby jackal on the

THE PANCHATANTRA

402 trail.

held

And he

pitied

between

home, giving

Then

because

his teeth

was a baby. So he

and

carefully carried

to the lioness alive.

the lioness said:

"Have you brought any

food, sweetheart?" And he answered: *My dear, I didn't find a thing today except this jackal cub. Even him I did not kill, for I thought: 'He is a creature

much

like us,

and a baby at

that.'

You know

the

proverb:

Never

strike a hermit mild, clergyman, or child:

Woman,

Give your

"Now

not

life, if

needs you must

falsify their trust.

suppose you eat him, and

the morning

feel better.

else."

I will

bring something "Sweetheart," said she, "you did not kill him because you thought: 'He is a baby.' So how can I

destroy him for of Scripture:

my belly's sake? You know the verse

No man may

plead the death-god's might

For doing wrong, or shirking

So he

shall

right.

third son."

After this reply, she gave him her own milk and made him very fat. So the three cubs spent their

babyhood

in the

same business and amusements, not

recognizing any difference in parentage. Now one day a wild elephant came wandering into that forest. The two lion-cubs, when they saw

him, wrathfully started for him, eager to

kill.

But

LOSS OF GAINS the jackal-cub said: "Brothers, that

403 is

an elephant,

an enemy of your race. Don't go near him." With this he ran home. And the other two, seeing their elder brother routed, felt their pluck ooze away.

The

well-known proverb is right: One bold and plucky fighter Will give an army pluck:

One

broken, routed blighter

Diffuses evil luck.

And, indeed, This

the very reason why Kings look for sturdy fighters, Heroic, dauntless, stone-wall men, And shun the cowardly blighters. is

Later the twin brothers went home, and humorously told their parents

behaved.

how

"Why, you know,"

their elder brother

had

said they, "the minute

he saw him, he couldn't get far enough quick enough." When the jackal heard this, wrath entered his

His blossom-lip quivered, his eyes grew red, and a frown made two deep wrinkles on his brow.

spirit.

And

he spoke harshly, scolding the twins. Then the lioness took him aside and admonished

him: "You must never, never speak

so,

dear.

But her patient pleading They filled him with greater anger, and he burst upon her, too: "Do you think me their inferior in courage or are your brothers."

beauty or science or application or skill ? What right have they to ridicule me? I am certainly going to kill

them."

THE PANCHATANTRA

4o4

When quietly

she heard this outburst, the lioness laughed for she did not wish him to die and said:

"Handsome you

You have But

your family, my boy, elephants are slain.

Now

are, and valorous; a scholar's brain:

listen carefully,

Your mother was a

dear.

fattened you with my own milk because I pitied you. Now while my twins are babies and do not know you for a jackal, hurry away and join your

jackal, and

own

people. If not, they will fight you, and you will tread the path of death." When the jackal heard this,

he was terror stricken, and softly stole away to join his

own

people.

"Just so you, too, had best decamp before these veterans learn that you are a potter. If not, you will

be hooted and killed."

And

the potter, hearing this,

absconded.

"And

that

The

and the

why

I say:

heedless trickster

rest of

it.

Oh,

who

fool, fool

forgets, !

....

To undertake

a thing for your wife! Never trust a woman. must have heard the pat little anecdote: I

family for her; half my life; her gave

I left

me now without a thought; What man can trust his wife?"

She leaves

such

You

LOSS OF GAINS

"How was monkey

405

that?" asked the crocodile, and the

told the story of

THE UNGRATEFUL WIFE There was once a Brahman

in a certain city

who

loved his wife more than his

life. But she squabbled with his family every day, and never rested. Since he could not endure the squabbling, yet was devoted

to his wife, he left his family country far away.

and started

for another

In the middle of a great

forest, the

Brahman's

wife said:

"My

dear, I

look about for water."

am tortured by thirst. Please And he did as she requested,

but when he returned with water, he found her dead. Since he loved her dearly, he fell into despair,

but as he lamented, he heard a voice from heaven, saying: life,

"Brahman,

your wife

may

you will give half your own So he performed a ceremony

live."

of purification, then gave a half of his own life by repeating the three magic words: "I give life." The moment he spoke, his wife stood up, alive.

So together they drank the water, ate forestfruits, and started on. Finally, they entered a flowergarden near a city, where the Brahman said to his wife: "Beloved, please stay here until I return with food."

And

left her.

Now in

the garden was a cripple, turning a waterwheel and singing with a heavenly voice. When she

heard the song, she was smitten with love, went to

THE PANCHATANTRA

406

him, and said: "Dear friend, if you do not give me your love, you will be the murderer of a Brahman

woman/' "But what can you do with an invalid like me?" asked the cripple. "Be still," said she, "you must make me your bride." And hearing her words, he did so. Thereupon she said: "From this moment I give you my person for life. You must accompany us with this understanding." "Very well," said he. Then when the Brahman returned with food and

began to eat with her, she said:

"This cripple

hungry. Please give him a bite, too." When this was done, the lady said: "Brahman, when you go alone to another village, I have no one to talk to. Suppose

take this cripple with us."

But he

replied:

cannot even carry myself, to say nothing of this cripple." "I will carry him," said she, "if he will get into a basket."

And

the

Brahman

agreed, his

judgment

being bewildered by her artful argument. One day thereafter, as they rested near a well, the wife, aided by the cripple, gave the Brahman a

push and plunged him in. And she took the cripple and went to a city. There the policemen, making their rounds to attend to taxes, robberies, and protection, saw the basket on her head, snatched it from her, and took it to the king. And as soon as the king had it opened, he saw the cripple. Presently the Brahman's wife arrived, weeping and wailing, for she had followed on the heels of the policemen.

And when

the king asked,

"What

does

LOSS OF GAINS this

mean?" she

said:

"This

who was tormented by

407 invalid

husband

countless relatives, until,

by love, I put him on my head and brought him before you." And the king said: "You are my Receive two villages, enjoy their delights sister. with your husband, and make yourself comfortable." At this point the Brahman arrived in the same city, for a certain holy man, as it happened, had drawn him from the well, and he had wandered on. When the wicked wife saw him, she denounced him to the king. "O King," she said, "there comes my distracted

husband's enemy." And the king sentenced him to death.

But the Brahman

said: "Your Majesty, this has something which she received from me. If you love justice, make her give it back." "My

woman

good woman," said the king, "restore whatever you may have that belongs to him," And she replied: "Your Majesty, I have nothing."

Then the Brahman said: "With three magic words I gave you half my life. Give me that." And from fear of the king she murmured, just as he had done, the three words "I give life," and fell dead. Then the king was amazed and said: "What does this mean?" And the Brahman related to him all that had gone before.

"And

that I

why I say: left my family for is

and the rest of

it."

her,

....

THE PANCHATANTRA

4o8

Then little

the

monkey continued: "There

anecdote that

another

very pat:

What will not man for woman do, When heads are shorn at odd times, too? What will not man for woman say, When those who are not horses, neigh?"

"How was monkey

that?" asked the crocodile.

And

the

told the story of

KING JOY AND SECRETARY SPLENDOR There was once a king named Joy, lord of the seagirdled earth, whose power and manliness were famed afar, whose footstool was reticulated with interlacing beams of light from the diadems of uncounted hosts of kneeling princes, whose glory was unspotted as the autumn moonbeams. He had a secretary named Splendor, who had absorbed the total truth of all the scientific textbooks, but whose wife pouted in a lovers' quarrel.

"Beloved," said her husband,

"tell

the

means

And of appeasing you. adopt it cost her a struggle to say: "If you will shave your head and fall at my feet, then I will think of relentI will

ing."

When

Now

he did

so,

without

fail."

she did so.

same be not he and would appeased though begged way, Joy's wife became angry in just the

her pardon. Then he said: "Beloved, I cannot live a moment without you. I will fall at your feet and beg

your pardon." She said: "If you hold a bit in your let me climb on your back and drive you,

mouth and

LOSS OF GAINS

409

and if, when driven, you neigh like a horse, then I will relent." And this was done. Next morning Splendor came before the king as he sat in council. And the king asked, when he saw him: "Good Splendor, why is your head shaved at this odd time?" And Splendor answered: What will not man for woman do,

When heads are shorn at odd times, too? What will not man for woman say, When those who are not horses, neigh?

"You

You,

too, are

henpecked just Joy and Splendor. You tried to find a means of killing me, because your wife asked it. But you were betrayed by your own speech. Yes, the proverb is simpleton!

right:

The parrots and the grackle birds Are caged because they utter words: The stupid herons go scot-free For silence is a master-key.

And

again:

However However

skilful in disguise,

frightful to the eyes,

Although in The ass was

"How was monkey

tiger-skin arrayed, because he brayed." killed

that?" asked the crocodile.

And

the

told the story of

THE

ASS IN

THE TIGER-SKIN

There was once a laundryman named CleanCloth in a certain town. He had a single donkey who had grown very feeble from lack of fodder.

THE PANCHATANTRA

4 io

the laundryman wandered in the forest, he

saw a dead

and he thought: "Ah, this is lucky. on the donkey and let him put loose in the barley fields at night. For the farmers will think him a tiger and will not drive him out." When this was done, the donkey ate barley to his I will

tiger,

this tiger-skin

heart's content.

him back

And

to the barn.

dawn the laundryman took So as time passed, he grew

could hardly squeeze into the stall. But one day the donkey heard the bray of a she-

plump.

donkey in the distance. At the mere sound he himself began to bray. Then the farmers perceived that he was a donkey in disguise, and killed him with blows from clubs and stones and arrows.

"And

that

why

However

and the

rest of it."

Now

while the

I say:

skilful in disguise,

monkey was

....

telling these stories

to the crocodile, another water-beast

came up and

said: "Friend crocodile, your wife has starved herself to death."

When

was bewildered in spirit, and lamented: "Oh, what has come upon me, upon hapless me? For the proverb says: the crocodile heard this, he

Where a mother does not dwell a wife who flatters well, Better leave the house, and roam

And

Forests not so wild as home.

LOSS OF GAINS

411

Oh, my friend! Forgive my sins toward you. For have lost her, and I plan to burn myself alive."

When the monkey heard this, he laughed and "Come now! I knew from the very beginning that you were henpecked and in leading-strings. And

said:

this

proves

it.

You dunderhead! You despair when happy. When a wife like that dies,

to be

you ought you ought

to give a party.

A wife And Is

For the proverb says:

forever nagging falling in a rage,

not a wife, say sages,

But premature

old age.

Therefore with patient effort Avoid the very name Of every earthly woman, If comfort be your aim.

For what she feels, she does not say; She speaks and looks a different way; Far from her looks her actions veer: Oh, woman, woman! You are queer.

But enough! One fact They

And

Cite no more! the children that they bore.

suffices.

kill

yet:

Though

girls are tasteless,

hard, and

selfish,

and

elfish."

Boys think them sweet and

soft

"True enough/' said the crocodile, "but what am do? Two calamities have befallen me. First, my home is ruined. And second, I have quarreled with I to

THE PANCHATANTRA

4 ia

Yet

my friend. know

You

goes with the unfortunate.

the stanza:

The

cleverness that

You naked

thing!

you have shown, twice my own;

Your husband and your lover fair Are lost. But why this vacant stare?"

"How was

that?" asked the monkey.

And

the

crocodile told the story of

THE FARMER'S WIFE There was once a farmer who lived with in a certain place.

And

his wife

because the husband was

was forever thinking of lovers, and could not possibly be contented at home. Her one idea was strange men.

old, the wife

Now and

who

lived

"You

pilfering, noticed her

wife is dead, and lovely creature, smitten with love at the sight of you. Pray en-

am rich me And I

a rogue

said:

with love's perfect treasure." she said:

"You

beautiful

man,

you feel husband has a great deal of money,

that way, my and he is so old that he cannot stir. I will bring it, so that I may go somewhere with you and enjoy the delights of love."

"That pose you

satisfactory to me," he replied. "Suphasten to this spot at dawn, so that we may is

go together to some fascinating city where bear for

agreed, and

its

perfect

fruit."

"Very

life

may

well/' she

went home with laughing countenance.

LOSS OF GAINS Then all

413

husband slept, she took and reached the rendezvous at dawn. the money, at night, while her

The

rogue, for his part, put her in front, started south, and traveled two leagues, gaily enjoying the delights of conversation with her. But when he saw

a river ahead, he reflected: "What am I to do with this middle-aged female? Besides, someone might perhaps pursue her. I will just take her money and

off."

So he said to her: hard to safe

cross.

on the

far

this is a great river,

just take the money and put it bank, then return to carry you alone

I will

my back, and so, my beloved," on

"My dear,

so transport said she.

you

in comfort."

"Do

So he took the money to the last penny, and then he said: "Dearest, hand me your dress and your wrap, too, so that you may travel through the water unembarrassed." And when she did so, the rogue took the money and the two garments and went to the place he had in mind. Then the farmer's wife sat

down woebegone on

the river-bank, digging her two hands into her throat. At that moment a she-jackal came to the spot, carry-

ing a piece of meat. As she came up and peered about, a great fish leaped from the water and was stranded

on the bank. On spying him, she dropped the meat and darted at the fish. Whereupon a vulture swooped from the sky and flew off with the meat. And the fish,

perceiving the jackal, struggled into the river.

THE PANCHATANTRA

4 i4

So the she-jackal had her pains for nothing, and as she gazed after the vulture, the naked woman smiled

and

said:

"You poor

she-jackal!

The vulture has your meat; The water holds your fish: Of fish and flesh forlorn,

What

And

further

do you wish?"

the she-jackal, perceiving that the

woman

was equally forlorn, having lost her husband's money and her lover, said with a sneer: "You naked thing! Your cleverness is twice As great as mine, 'twould seem; Lover and husband

You

sit

lost,

beside the stream."

While the crocodile was telling this story, a second water-beast arrived and reported: "Alas! Your house has been occupied by another crocodile a big fellow." And the crocodile became despondent on hearing this, anxiously considering how to drive him from the house. "Alas, my friends !" said he. "See how

unlucky

am. For you must know,

A stranger occupies my house; My friend is sadly vexed;

top of that,

Oh, what

"How singly!

true

will

wife

dead.

happen next?

that misfortunes never

Well, shall I fight him?

come

shall I address

LOSS OF GAINS

415

him with soft conciliation, and get him out of the house? Or shall I try intrigue? Or bribery? Ah, here is my monkey friend. I will ask him. For the proverb says:

Ask aid of kindly teachers, man, The kind you ought to ask. Their counsel leads to sure success, Whatever be your task."

After these reflections, he put the question to the monkey, who had climbed back into the rose-apple

"Oh, my friend," said he, "see how unlucky I am. For now my very house is seized and held by a tree.

powerful crocodile. Therefore I put it to you. Tell me, what am I to do? Is this the place for soft conciliation or one of the other three devices?"

But the monkey said: "You ungrateful wretch! Why do you still pursue me, though I asked you not

You

are a fool, therefore I will not even give you good advice. For the proverb says: to?

Give counsel only when it fits To such as seek the best.

The foolish monkey broke to The sparrow's cozy nest.

"How was monkey

bits

that?" asked the crocodile.

And

the

told the story of

THE PERT HEN-SPARROW In a certain wood lived a sparrow and his wife built their nest on the branch of a tree.

who had

THE PANCHATANTRA

4 i6

One day

in the

month of February a monkey took

under the tree; for he had been caught in an unseasonable hail-storm, and his body shivered to the slightest breeze. Since his teeth were making shelter

his face was woebegone and his hands and were tightly clenched, the hen-sparrow said to

music and feet

him compassionately: With hands and feet of human plan, Almost you seem to be a man. So, if you find the weather cool, Why not construct a house, you fool?

When the monkey heard this, he reflected:

"Well,

some people fancy themselves. Here is this paltry hen-sparrow who has a good opinion of her well,

own judgment. The well-known Of self-conceit

all

creatures

saying

correct:

show

adequate supply: The plover lies with claws upstretched To prop the falling sky."

Thereupon he said to her: You slut! You wench! You smarty! You needle-face! Be still, Or I will spoil the party; I will, I will, I will.

But she continued

to ply

him with

excellent ad-

vice concerning the construction of a house, even after he had thus requested her not to do so. So he

climbed the tree and destroyed her nest, breaking to bits.

LOSS OF GAINS "And

that

why

I say:

Give counsel only when

and the

417

it fits,

....

rest of it."

Then

the crocodile said:

"Oh,

friend, I did

wrong, but please remember our old friendship and give

me good

advice."

"I will not

tell

you a thing," said the monkey,

"because you took your wife's advice and carried me out to sea in order to drop me in. However much you love your wife, why throw friends, relatives, and such into the ocean just because she asks it?"

And

the crocodile answered:

"My

dear fellow,

Yet consider the maxim, 'Seven words make friendship/ and give me a bit of good advice. For there is a saying: it is all true.

Disaster cannot threaten The man of sterling worth

Who

offers helpful counsel

In heaven, or on earth.

you a wrong, I beg you to show forgiveness by giving good advice. You know the provSo, though I did

erb:

And

there

any saintlihood

In recompensing good with good? But worthy men go seeking still The saints returning good for ill."

Then the monkey fellow, I is

"Well, well, my good advise you to go and fight him. For there

a saying:

said:

THE PANCHATANTRA

4 i8

patrons with obeisance; In heroes raise a doubt; Fling petty bribes to flunkeys;

Sway

With

"How was monkey

equals, fight

out."

that?" asked the crocodile.

And

the

told

HOW SUPERSMART ATE THE ELEPHANT There was once a jackal named Supersmart in a part of a forest. One day he came upon an elephant that had died a natural death in the wood. But he could only stalk about the body; he could not cut through the tough hide.

At this moment a lion, in his wanderings to and fro, came to the spot. And the jackal, spying him, obsequiously rubbed his scalp in the dust, clasped his lotus paws, and said: lord and king, I am merely a cudgel-bearer, guarding this elephant in the king deign to eat it." the king's interest.

"My

Then

May "My

the lion said:

good

what another has

circumstances do

graciously bestow

this elephant

eat

fellow,

upon you."

under no killed.

And

the

jackal joyfully replied: "It is only what our lord and king has taught his servants to expect."

When

the lion was gone, a tiger arrived.

And the

jackal thought when he saw him: "Well, I sent one rascal packing by doing obeisance. Now, how shall dispose of this one? To be sure, he is a hero, and therefore can be managed only by intrigue. For there is a saying: I

LOSS OF GAINS Where

bribes

Intrigue

And

and

flattery

419

would

fail,

certain to avail.

creatures are held in bondage heart-piercing intrigue. As the saying goes:

indeed,

all

Even a

pearl, so smoothly hard and round, Is fastened by a thread and safely bound,

After a

way

to pierce its heart

found."

So he took his decision, went to meet the tiger, and slightly stiffening his neck, he said in an agitated tone: "Uncle, how could you venture into the jaws of death? This elephant was killed by a lion, who put

me on guard while he went to bathe. And as he went, he gave me my orders. 'If any tiger comes this way,' he

said, 'creep

up and

tell

me.

have to clear

when

forest of tigers, because once,

had

this

killed

elephant, a tiger helped himself while my back was turned, and I had the leavings. From that day I have " been death on tigers/

"My if

hearing this, the tiger was terrified, and said: dear nephew, make me a gift of my life. Even

of me."

slow in returning, don't give him any news With these words he decamped.

When the tiger had gone, And the jackal thought when comes Spot.

He has powerful

a leopard appeared.

he saw him:

teeth.

to cut into this elephant-hide." With this in mind, he said: "Well,

have you been

this long time?

And

I will

"Here use him

nephew, where why do you seem

THE PANCHATANTRA

4 2o so hungry?

You come

proverb:

A guest

guest, according to the

need

Is a guest indeed.

Now

here

appointed

lies

this elephant, killed

its

guardian. But

by a

for all that,

lion

who

you

may

enjoy a square meal of elephant-meat, provided you cut and run before he gets back."

"No, uncle," said the leopard, "if things stand so, meat is not healthy for me. You know the saying:

this

A man

to thrive

Must keep

alive.

Never eat a thing that doesn't sit well on the stomach. So I will be off;" "Don't be timid," said the jackal. "Pluck up courage and eat. I will warn you of his coming while he is yet a long way off." So the leopard did as suggested, and the jackal, as soon as he saw the hide cut through, called out: "Quick, nephew, quick! Here comes the lion." Hearing this, the leop-

ard vanished

also.

Now

while the jackal was eating meat through the opening cut by the leopard, a second jackal came

on the scene in a great rage. And Supersmart, esteeming him an equal whose prowess was a known quantity, recited the stanza:

Sway patrons with

obeisance;

In heroes raise a doubt; Fling petty bribes to flunkeys; With equals, fight it out

LOSS OF GAINS

421

him with his fangs, made him seek the horizon, and himself comfortably en-

made a dash

at him, tore

joyed elephant-meat

for a long time.

"Just so you, too, should fight it out with a natural enemy, one of your own race, and send him to the

you don't, he will presently strike his roots deep and will destroy you. You know the sayIf

horizon.

ing:

From cows expect subsistence; From Brahmans, self-denial; From women, fickle conduct; From relatives, a trial.

"And

the further saying:

The

food is very good to eat does not lack variety;

And

While easy-going women meet

You

in the town's society: in that foreign street

But kinsmen

Are wanting

"How was monkey

in sobriety."

that?" asked the crocodile.

And

the

told the story of

THE DOG WHO WENT ABROAD There was once a dog named Spot in a certain town which was afflicted by a long famine. And as food gave out, dogs and others began to lose their homes. In fear of

this,

by hunger, and he went

Spot

felt his

throat pinched

to another country far

away.

In a city of that country he found a citizen's wife

THE PANCHATANTRA who was

slipshod in her housekeeping, so he entered her house every day, and ate his fill from a diversified

bill of fare. But as he left the house, other dogs, drunk with aristocratic spleen, closed in from all sides, and tore him in every limb with their fangs.

Then he thought:

"Better one's native land,

where one lives at peace even in times of famine, and no one picks a quarrel. It is better to return to my

own

Having thus reasoned

city."

returned to his

Then

own

through, he

place.

his relatives

asked him questions, as one re"Come now, tell us about

turning from foreign parts:

What

it.

behave?

the country like? they eat ?

What do

How

do the people

And what

are their

habits?"

And he

replied:

"Why

speak of the country?

The food

And

is very good to eat does not lack variety;

While easy-going women meet

You

in the

town's society:

But kinsmen in that foreign Are wanting in sobriety."

street

So the crocodile, having received his friend's advice, resolved to die if need be, said farewell to the monkey, and went to his own house. There he joined battle with the desperate ruffian who had forced a way in, put his reliance in resolute valor,

and

killed him.

So he recovered

there happily for a long time.

his

home and

lived

LOSS OF GAINS Yes, the proverb

423

right:

Shun pleasant days that

listless pass, that hides In slotn. For deer can eat the grass

The joy

That

fate provides.

Here ends Book IV, first

called "Loss of Gains."

verse runs: Blind folly always has to pay For giving property away Because of blandishments and guile

The monkey

tricked the crocodile.

The

BOOK V ILL-CONSIDERED ACTION

BOOK V ILL-CONSIDERED ACTION Here, then, begins Book V, called "Ill-considered Action." The first verse runs:

Deeds ill-known,

ill-recognized,

Ill-accomplished, ill-devised Thought of these let no man harbor; Take a warning from the barber.

"How was

that?" asked the princes. sharman told the following story.

And Vishnu-

In the southern country is a city called Trumpetit lived a merchant named Jewel, who

Flower. In

lost his fortune

by the decree of

fate,

though

his life

was given

to the pursuit of virtue, money, love, and salvation. The loss of property led to a series of humiliations, so that he sank into utter despondency. night he reflected: "A curse, a curse upon

And one

this state of poverty!

For the proverb says:

Conduct, patience, purity, Manners, loving-kindness, After

birth,

money

disappears, Cease to have the slightest worth.

Wisdom, sense, and Honest pride and After

money

All at once

social

charm,

self-esteem,

disappears, become a dream.

427

THE PANCHATANTRA

4*8

wisdom of the wise

the

Constant household worries bring Daily diminution, like Winter breathed upon by spring. After

money

disappears, is at fault,

Keenest wisdom

Choked by daily fuel and clothes, Oil and butter, rice and salt. Poor and paltry neighbors scarce

Waken sentiments of scorn, Like the bubbles on a stream, Ever dying, ever born. Yet the

rich

have

license for

All things vulgar

When

and debased:

the ocean bellows, none

Reprobate

his faulty taste."

Having thus set his mind "Under these circumstances, self-starvation. life

What can

in order, I will

he concluded:

abandon

life

made of this calamity

without money?" With his resolve taken, he went

to sleep.

Now as he slept, a trillion dollars appeared in the form of a Jain monk, and said: "Good merchant, do not lose interest. I am a trillion, earned by your ancestors.

Tomorrow morning

I will

come

house in this same form. Then you must club the head, so that I

may

your

me on

turn to gold and prove in-

exhaustible."

On awaking

in the

morning, he spent some time

pondering on his dream: "Let

think. Will this

ILL-CONSIDERED ACTION dream prove true or it will

all

prove

false? I

cannot

false, for I think of

tell.

429

nothing but

doubt

money

day and all night. And the proverb says: Dreams that do not mean a thing

Come to sick and sorrowing, Lovelorn, drunk, and worrying."

moment a barber arrived to manicure his wife's nails. And while the barber was busy with his manicuring, the Jain monk suddenly appeared. When At

this

Jewel perceived the monk, he was delighted and struck him on the head with a stick of wood that lay

handy. Whereupon the mediately

fell

monk

turned to gold and im-

to the ground.

The merchant then set him up in house, and said tip:

"My

good

fellow,

what has happened assented, but

"Surely,

all

the middle of the

to the barber, after handing

you must not

our house."

tell

him a

anybody

this the

barber

when he reached home, he thought: naked fellows turn to gold when

these

clubbed on the head. So tomorrow morning I, too, will invite a lot of them and club them to death, in order to get a lot of gold."

And

the day and the night

dragged away as he meditated In the morning he rose and went to a Jain monastery, arranged his upper garment, circumambulated the Conqueror thrice, sought the ground with his his plan.

knees, laid his garment's hem over the gateway of his mouth, made a profound obeisance, and with an earpiercing voice intoned the following

hymn:

THE PANCHATANTRA

430 "The

saints victorious endure

Who live by saving knowledge Who sterilize the mind within By mind,

And

pure,

against the seed of sin.

further:

The tongue that praiseth Him is blest; The heart, in Him that seeketh rest; The hands are blest, and only they, That e'er to Him due homage pay." After chanting other effect,

but

in great variety,

and dropped on ings,

hymns

his knees

also to the

same

he sought out the abbot

and hands, saying: "Greet-

Your Reverence." From

the abbot he received a

benediction for the increase of his virtue, likewise vow that involved the practice of

instructions for a

Then he said devoutly: "Holy sir, when take your pious walk today, pray come to my you house with your whole company of monks." celibacy.

dear neophyte," replied the abbot, "you the holy law. How can you speak so? Do you take us for Brahmans, that you invite us to eat?

"My

know

Nay, we wander each day just as it happens, and when we meet a pious neophyte, enter his house. Begone. Never speak so again."

"Holy sir," said the barber, "I know it well. I will do as you say. However, you have many neophytes engaged in pious labors; while I, for my part, have made ready strips of canvas adapted to the wrapping of manuscripts. And for the copying of manuscripts and the payment of scribes, sufficient money is pro-

ILL-CONSIDERED ACTION vided. In view of this, pray do And so he started home.

431

what seems proper."

When

he arrived there, he got ready cudgels of them in a corner behind the door, then toward noon he returned to the monastery gate

acacia wood, placed

there. Then as they all came forth in of order dignity, he besought them as teachers, and led them to his house. For their part, in their greed

and waited

and money they passed by their familiar neophytes, even the pious ones, and joyfully for book-covers

flocked behind him. Well, there

sense in the verse:

Behold a wonder! Even he lives alone, from kindred free, With hand for spoon, and air for dress, Is overcome by greediness.

Who

Then

the barber conducted them well into the

house and clubbed them. Under the clubbing some died, others had their heads broken and began to bawl.

But when

the soldiers in the citadel heard the

"Well, well! What is this trein the middle of town? Come

howling, they said:

mendous hubbub

along!" So they all scampered and saw the monks rushing from the barber's house, blood streaming over their bodies.

And

being asked what

meant, they

told exactly how the barber had behaved. So the soldiers fettered the barber and carried off to court together with such

There the judges questioned him: What means this shameful deed by you

the slaughter.

"Come,

sir!

him monks as had survived

THE PANCHATANTRA

432

committed?" And he replied: "Gentlemen, what else could I do ?" And with this he related the behavior of Jewel.

The judges therefore despatched a summonser, who returned with Jewel. And they questioned him "Merchant, why did you kill a certain Jain monk?" :

And he

account of the original monk. Whereupon they said: "Well, well! Let this villainous barber be impaled. For his act was ill in turn

gave a

full

advised."

When

this

had been done, they observed:

Deeds ill-known,

ill-recognized,

Ill-accomplished, ill-advised Thought of these let no man harbor; Take a warning from the barber.

And

there

sound sense

in this:

Let the well-advised be done; Ill-advised leave unbegun: Else, remorse will be let loose, As with lady and mungoose.

"How was

that?" asked Jewel.

And

they told the

story of

THE LOYAL MUNGOOSE There was once a Brahman named Godly in a cermothered a single son and a mun-

tain town. His wife

goose.

And

as she loved little ones, she cared for the

him milk from her and baths, and so on. But she did

also like a son, giving

mungoose breast, and

salves,

not trust him, for she thought:

"A mungoose

ILL-CONSIDERED ACTION nasty kind of creature. there

He might hurt my boy."

433 Yes,

sense in the proverb:

A son

ever bring delight, bent on folly, passion, spite, Though Though shabby, naughty, and a fright.

One day jar,

and said

will

she tucked her son in bed, took a waterto her husband: "Now, Professor, I am

You must protect the boy from the But when she was gone, the Brahman mungoose." went off somewhere himself to beg food, leaving the going for water.

house empty. While he was gone, a black snake issued from his hole and, as fate would have it, crawled toward the baby's cradle. But the mungoose, feeling him to be a natural enemy, and fearing for the life of his baby brother,

fell

upon the vicious serpent halfway, joined him to bits, and tossed the pieces

battle with him, tore

far and wide. Then, delighted with his own heroism, he ran, blood trickling from his mouth, to meet the mother; for he wished to show what he had done.

But when the mother saw him coming, saw his bloody mouth and his excitement, she feared that the villain must have eaten her baby boy, and without thinking twice, she angrily dropped the water-jar upon him, which killed him the moment that it

There she left him without a second thought, and hurried home, where she found the baby safe and sound, and near the cradle a great black snake, torn to bits. Then, overwhelmed with sorrow because she struck.

THE PANCHATANTRA

434

had thoughtlessly killed her benefactor, her son, she beat her head and breast. At this moment the Brahman came home with a dish of rice gruel which he had got from someone in his begging tour, and saw his wife bitterly lamenting her son, the mungoose.

"Greedy! Greedy!" she cried. "Because you did not do as I told you, you must now taste the bitterness of a son's death, the fruit of the

your own wickedness. Yes, this is what happens to those blinded by greed. For the proverb says: tree of

Indulge in no excessive greed little helps in time of need)

greedy fellow in the world his head a wheel that whirled."

Found on

"How was

that?" asked the Brahman.

And

his

wife told the story of

THE FOUR TREASURE-SEEKERS In a certain town in the world were four Brahmans lived as the best of friends. And being stricken with utter poverty, they took counsel together: "A curse, a curse on this business of being poor! For

who

well-served master hates him still; His loving kinsmen with a will Abandon him; woes multiply, While friends and even children fly; His high-born wife grows cool; the flash Of virtue dims; brave efforts crash For him who has no ready cash.

The

ILL-CONSIDERED ACTION And

435

again:

Charm, courage, eloquence, good

looks,

And

thorough mastery of books (If money does not back the same) Are useless in the social game.

"Better be dead than penniless. As the story goes:

beggar to the graveyard hied

And

there 'Friend corpse, arise,' he cried;

moment

'One

lift

heavy weight

Of poverty; for I of late Grow weary, and desire instead Your comfort: you are good and dead/ The corpse was silent. He was sure 'Twas better to be dead than poor.

"So

let

us at any cost strive to

make money. For

the saying goes:

Money

gets

you anything,

Gets it in a flash: Therefore let the prudent get Cash, cash, cash.

"Now

this cash

comes to men

in six

ways. They

are: (i) begging for charity, (2) flunkeyism at a court, (3)

farmwork,

(4)

the learned professions, (5) usury,

(6) trade.

"However, among

money, trade

all

these

methods of making it. For

the only one without a hitch in

Kings' favor

a thing unstable;

Crows peck at winnings charitable; You make, in learning the professions.

Too many wearisome

concessions

teachers; farms are too much labor; In usury you lend your neighbor

THE PANCHATANTRA

436

The cash which is your life, and therefore You really live a poor man. Wherefore I see in trade the

only living

That can be truly Hurrah for trade!

"Now are:

pleasure-giving.

profitable trade has seven branches.

They

weights and balances, (2) price-boostkeeping a pawnshop, (4) getting regular cus-

(i) false

ing* (3)

tomers, (5) a stock company, (6) articles de luxe such as perfumes, (7) foreign trade.

"Now

the economists say:

False weights and boosting prices to An overshameless sum And constant cheating of one's friends

Are

And

fit

for social

scum.

again: Deposits in the house compel The pawnshop man to pray: If you will kill the owner, Lord, I'll

give

you what you

say.

Likewise:

The

holder of a stock reflects

With glee, though one of many: The wide world's wealth belongs to me;

No other gets

a penny.

Furthermore: Perfumery

is first-class

ware;

Why deal in gold and such? Whate'er the cost, you sell it for thousand times as much.

ILL-CONSIDERED ACTION "Foreign trade

the affair of the capitalist.

437

the book says:

Wild elephants are caught by tame: So money-kings, devising

trap for money, capture it far-flung advertising.

With

The

brisk commercial traveler, knows the selling game,

Who .

And

Invests his money, and returns With twice or thrice the same.

again:

The

crow, or good-for-naught, or deer, Afraid of foreign lands, In heedless slothfulness is sure To perish where he stands."

Having thus set their minds in order, and resolved on foreign travel, they said farewell to home and friends, and started, all four of them. Well, there is

wisdom

in the saying:

The man whose mind is money mad, From all his kinsmen flees;

He hastens from his mother dear; He breaks his promises; He even goes to foreign lands Which he would not

elect

And leaves his native country. What else do you expect ?

Well,

So in time they came to the Avanti country, where they bathed in the waters of the Sipra, and adored the

As they traveled farther, they met a master-magician named Terror-Joy. And having

great god Shiva.

THE PANCHATANTRA

438

greeted him in proper

Brahman

fashion, they all ac-

companied him to his monastery cell. There the magician asked them whence they came, whither they were going, and what was their object. And they replied: "We are pilgrims, seeking magic power. We have resolved to go where we shall find enough money, or death. For the proverb says:

While water

given

By fate out of heaven, If men dig a well, It bubbles

from

hell.

Man's

Can

And

effort (sufficiently great) equal the wonders of fate.

again: Success complete In any feat Is sure to bless True manliness.

Man's Is just

effort (sufficiently great) what a dullard calls fate.

is no toy Called easy joy,

There

But man must

strain

body's pain.

Even Vishnu embraces his bride With arms that the churn-stick has

tried.

"So disclose to us some method of getting money, whether crawling into a hole, or placating a witch, or living in a graveyard, or selling human flesh, or anything. You are said to have miraculous magic, while

we have boundless

daring.

You know

the saying:

ILI^CONSIDERED ACTION

439

Only the great can aid the great

To win their heart's desire: Apart from ocean, who could bear The fierce subaqueous fire?" So the magician, perceiving their fitness as disciples, made four magic quills, and gave one to each, saying: "Go to the northern slope of the Himalaya Mountains.

And wherever

a quill drops, there the owner will certainly find a treasure." Now as they followed his directions, the leader's

And on examining

the spot, he found So said: "Look he here! Take all copper. the copper you want." But the others said: "Fool! What is the good of a thing which, even in quantity, does not put an end to poverty? Stand up. Let us go quill

the

dropped.

soil all

on."

And he

"You may

replied:

pany you no farther." So he took the

first

accomwas and copper

go. I will his

to turn back.

farther. But they had when the leader's quill way dropped. And when he dug down, he found the soil all silver. At this he was delighted, and cried: "Look! Take all the silver you want. No need of going farther." "Fool!" said the other two. "The soil was

The

went

three others

traveled only a

little

copper first, then silver. It will certainly be gold ahead. This stuff, even in quantity, does not relieve poverty so much." "You two may go," said he. "I will not join you." So he took his silver

The two went on

until

one

and turned back.

quill

dropped.

When

THE PANCHATANTRA

440 the owner

dug down, he found the

soil all gold.

See*

ing this, he was delighted, and said to his companion: "Look! Take all the gold you want. There is nothing

beyond better than gold." "Fool!" said the other. "Don't you see the point? First came copper, then silver, and then gold. Beyond there will certainly be gems. Stand up. Let us go farther. What is the good of this stuff? A quantity of it is a mere burden." "You may go," he replied. "I will stay here and wait for you."

So the other went on alone. His limbs were scorched

by the rays of the

summer sun and

his thoughts

were

confused by thirst as he wandered to and fro over the trails in the land of the fairies. At last, on a whirling platform, he saw a man with blood dripping his body; for a wheel was whirling on his head.

down Then

he made haste and said: "Sir, why do you stand thus with a wheel whirling on your head? In any case, tell

me if there is water anywhere. The moment

the

Brahman

am mad with thirst."

said this, the wheel left

and settled on his own. "My very "what is the meaning of this?" "In the very same way," replied the other, "it settled on my head." "But," said the Brahman, "when will it the other's head

dear

sir," said he,

go away? It hurts terribly." the fellow said: "When someone who holds hand a magic quill such as you had, arrives and speaks as you did, then it will settle on his head." "Well," said the Brahman, "how long were you

And

in his

ILL-CONSIDERED ACTION here?"

And

441

"Who is king in the On hearing the answer, "King "When Rama was king, I was

the other asked:

world at present?" Vinavatsa," he said:

poverty stricken, procured a magic quill, and came here, just like you. And I saw another man with a

head and put a question to him. The asked a question (just like you) the wheel his head and settled on mine. But I cannot reckon

wheel on

moment left

his

the centuries."

Then

the wheel-bearer asked:

"My dear sir, how,

pray, did you get food while standing thus?" "My dear sir," said the fellow, "the god of wealth, fearful lest his treasures be stolen, prepared this terror, so that no magician might come so far. And if any should succeed in coming, he was to be freed from

hunger and thirst, preserved from decrepitude and death, and was merely to endure this torture. So now permit me to say farewell. You have set me free from a sizable misery. went.

his

Now

going home."

And he

After he had gone, the gold-finder, wondering why companion delayed, eagerly followed his foot-

prints. And having gone but a little way, he saw a man whose body was drenched with blood, a man

tortured by a cruel wheel whirling on his head

and

this man was his own companion. So he came near and asked with tears: "My dear fellow, what is the

meaning of this?" "A whim of fate," said the other. "But tell me," said he, "what has happened." And in

THE PANCHATANTRA

442

answer to his question, the other told the entire

his-

tory of the wheel. When the friend heard

this, he scolded him, saytime and again not to do it. ing: "Well, you Yet from lack of sense you did not do as I said. InI

deed, there

told

wisdom

in the saying:

Scholarship is less than sense; Therefore seek intelligence: Senseless scholars in their pride a lion; then they died."

Made

"How was

that?" asked the wheel-bearer.

And

the gold-finder told the story of

THE LION-MAKERS In a certain town were four Brahmans in friendship.

who

lived

Three of them had reached the

far

scholarship,, but lacked sense. The other found scholarship distasteful; he had nothing but

shore of

all

sense.

One day they met

for consultation.

"What

the

use of attainments," said they, "if one does not travel, win the favor of kings, and acquire money? What-

ever

do, let us

all

travel."

But when they had gone a little way, the eldest "One of us, the fourth, is a dullard, hav-

of them said:

arship. Therefore

Now nobody

gains the favorwithout scholsense by simple will not share our earnings with

ing nothing but sense. able attention of kings

him. Let him turn back and go home."

ILL-CONSIDERED ACTION Then

the second said:

lack scholarship.

443

"My intelligent friend, you

Please go home."

But the

third

no way to behave. For we "No, have played together since we were little boys. Come along, my noble friend. You shall have a share of the This

no.

said:

money we earn/' With this agreement they continued and

in a forest

their journey,

they found the bones of a dead

lion.

Thereupon one of them said: "A good opportunity to test the ripeness of our scholarship. Here lies some kind of creature, dead. Let us bring it to life by means of the scholarship we have honestly won." first said: "I know how to assemble the The second said: "I can supply skin, skeleton." flesh, and blood." The third said: "I can give it life."

Then

the

So the

first

assembled the skeleton, the second

provided skin, flesh, and blood. But while the third was intent on giving the breath of life, the man of

remarking: "This is a lion. If you bring him to life, he will kill every one of

sense advised against

it,

us."

simpleton !" said the other, "it is not I who reduce scholarship to a nullity." "In that case," came the reply, "wait a moment, while I climb this

"You

will

convenient tree."

When

had been done, the lion was brought to But the man of life, rose up, and killed all three. lion the after had climbed down elsewhere, sense, gone home. went and this

THE PANCHATANTRA

444

"And

that

why

Scholarship

and the

I say: is less

than sense,

...

rest of it."

But the wheel-bearer, having heard the story, retorted: "Not at all. The reasoning is at fault. For creatures of very great sense perish if stricken by fate, while those of very meager intelligence, if protected

fate, live happily.

There

a stanza:

While Hundred-Wit is on a head, While Thousand-Wit hangs limp and dead, Your humble Single-Wit, my dear, Is paddling in the water clear."

"How was

that?" asked the gold-finder. wheel-bearer told the story of

And

the

HUNDRED-WIT, THOUSAND-WIT, AND SINGLE-WIT In a certain pond lived two

fishes

whose names

were Hundred-Wit and Thousand-Wit. And a frog named Single-Wit made friends with them. Thus all three would for

some time enjoy at the water's edge

the pleasure of conversation spiced with witticisms,

then would dive into the water again. One day at sunset they were engaged in conversation,

when fishermen with

nets

came

there,

who

said

on seeing the pond: "Look! This pond appears to contain plenty offish, and the water seems shallow. We will return at dawn/' With this they to one another

went home.

ILL-CONSIDERED ACTION The the

fall

gether.

445

speech to be dreadful as of a thunderbolt, and they took counsel to-

three friends

The

felt this

"Hundred- Wit and dear friends, what should we do

frog spoke first:

Thousand-Wit, my now: flee or stick it out?"

Thousand-wit laughed and said: "My good friend, do not be frightened merely because you have heard words. An actual invasion is not to be this

anticipated. Yet should it take place, I will save you and myself by virtue of my wit. For I know plenty of tricks in the water." And Hundred-Wit added: "Yes, Thousand-Wit is quite right. For

Where wind is checked, and light of day, The wise man's wit soon finds a way.

One

cannot, because he has heard a few mere words, abandon his birthplace, the home of his ancestors.

You must

not go away.

I will

save you by virtue of

wit."

"Well," said the frog, "I have only a single wit,

and that tells me to flee. My wife and I are going to some other body of water this very night." So spoke the frog and under cover of night he went to another body of water. At dawn the next day came the fish-catchers, who seemed the servants of Death, and inclosed the pond with nets. And all the fishes, turtles, frogs, crabs, and other water-creatures were caught in the nets and captured. Even Hundred-Wit and Thousand-Wit fell into a net and were killed,

THE PANCHATANTRA

446

though they struggled to save their

lives

by fancy

turns.

On the following day the fishermen gleefully started home. One of them carried Hundred-Wit, who was heavy, on

his head.

Another carried Thou-

sand-Wit tied to a cord. Then the

frog, safe in the

throat of a cistern, said to his wife: "Look, darling, look! While Hundred-Wit is on a head, While Thousand-Wit hangs limp and dead,

Your humble Is

"And sole

Single-Wit, my dear, paddling in the water clear."

that

why I

say that intelligence

not the

determinant of fate."

Then

the gold-finder said: "It may be so. Yet a friend's advice should not be disregarded. But what

happened? Spite of my dissuasion, you would not stop, such was your greed and pride in your scholarship. Yes, there is sense in the stanza:

would you you to? stop What a necklace! Yes, you wear Music medals rich and rare." Well sung, uncle!

Not

"How was

when

Why

I told

that?" asked the wheel-bearer.

And

the other told the story of

THE MUSICAL DONKEY In a certain town was a donkey named Prig. In the daytime he carried laundry packages, but was at liberty to

wander anywhere

at night.

One night while

ILL-CONSIDERED ACTION

447

he fell in with a jackal and So the two broke through a hedge into made cucumber-beds, and having eaten what they could

wandering

in the fields

friends.

hold of that comestible, parted at dawn to go home.

One night the egotistical donkey, standing among the cucumbers, said to the jackal: "See, nephew! The night is marvelously fine. I will contribute a song.

What

sentiment

shall

song

express?"

"Don't, uncle," said the jackal. "It might make trouble, seeing that we are on thieves' business. Thieves and lovers should keep very quiet. As the

proverb says:

No No No

sleepyhead should pilfer fur, invalid, rich provender,

sneezer should become a thiefUnless they wish to come to grief.

"Besides, your vocal music is not agreeable, since it resembles a blast on a conch-shell. The farmers

would hear you from

would

and would and eat." keep quiet "Come, come!" said the donkey. "Your remarks prove that you live in the woods and have no musical taste. Did you never hear this? Oh, bliss if murmurs sweet to hear Of music's nectar woo your ear afar,

rise,

fetter or kill you. Better

When

darkness flees from moonlight clear In autumn, and your love is near."

"Very true, uncle," said the jackal. "But your bray is harsh. Why do a thing that defeats your own

THE PANCHATANTRA

448

purpose?" "Fool, fool!" answered the donkey. "Do you think me ignorant of vocal music? Listen to its systematization, as follows:

Seven notes, three scales, and twenty-one Are modulations said to be;

Of pitches

there are forty-nine,

Three measures,

also pauses three;

Caesuras three; and thirty-six Arrangements of the notes, in

fine;

Six apertures; the languages Are forty; sentiments are nine.

One hundred songs and

eighty-five

Are found

With

in songbooks, perfect, pure, all accessories complete,

Unblemished

earth

in their phrasing sure.

nothing nobler found,

Nor yet in heaven, than vocal song; The singing Devil soothes the Lord,

When "After

quivering strings the sound prolong.

how can you

think

lacking in educated taste? How can you try to hinder me?" "Very well, uncle," said the jackal. "I will stay by this,

the gap in the hedge, and look for farmers. sing to heart's content."

When

he had done

You may

the donkey lifted his neck and began to utter sounds. But the farmers, hearing the bray of a donkey, angrily clenched their teeth, so,

and beat him so that he to the ground. Next they hobbled him by fasten-

snatched cudgels, rushed fell

in,

ILL-CONSIDERED ACTION

449

ing on his neck a mortar with a convenient hole, then went to sleep. Presently the donkey stood up, forgetting the pain as donkeys naturally do.

puts

As the verse

it:

With dog, and

and

ass,

And donkey more The pain from

beatings

Immediately

horse,

than most, is

lost.

Then with the mortar on

his neck,

he trampled the

hedge and started to run away. At this moment the jackal, looking on from a safe distance, said with a smile:

Well sung, uncle!

Why

would you

Not

stop when I told you to? What a necklace! Yes, you wear

Music medals

rich

and

rare.

"Just so, you would not stop when I advised After listening to this, the wheel-bearer said:

friend,

wisdom

you are quite

right. Yes, there is

it."

much

in the verse:

who, lacking wit, does not Harken to a friend, Just like weaver Slow, inclines To a fatal end."

"How was

that?" asked the gold-finder.

And

the

wheel-bearer told the story of

SLOW, THE

WEAVER

In a certain town lived a weaver named Slow.

day

all

One

the pegs in his loom broke. So he took an axe,

THE PANCHATANTRA

450

and in his search

for

wood, came to the seashore. There

he found a great sissoo tree, and he thought: "This seems a good-sized tree. If I cut it down, I can make plenty of weaving-tools."

upon

therefore lifted his axe

it.

Now

there

was a

fairy in the tree

who

said:

"My

my home. Please spare it. For I live here in utter happiness, since my body is caressed by breezes cool from contact with ocean billows." friend, this tree is

the weaver, "what While I lack apparatus made of wood, sir," said

"But,

I to

family

move

do? is

else-

pinched by hunger. Therefore, please where, and quickly. I intend to cut it down." "Sir," said the fairy, "I have taken a liking to you. Ask anything you like, but spare this tree."

"In that case," said the weaver, "I

and return

will

go home

and my wife." And my the weaver started home. consented,

after asking

when

friend

the fairy entering the town, he encountered his particular friend, the barber, and said: "My friend, I have won

the favor of a fairy. Tell me what to ask for." And the barber said: "My dear fellow, if really so,

ask for a kingdom.

it is

You can

be king, and I shall both taste the de-

be prime minister. So we lights of this world before those of the world to come." will

"Quite

so,

ever, I shall

barber. "It

saying goes:

my friend," replied the weaver. "Howmy wife, too." "Don't," said the

ask

a mistake to consult

women. As the

ILL-CONSIDERED ACTION Give a

woman

451

food and dresses

when her trouble presses); Give her gems and all things nice;

(Chiefly

And

not ask for her advice.

again:

Where a woman, gambler, child, As a guide is domiciled, Death advances, stage by stage So declares the ancient

And

once again

sage.

Only while he does not hear

Woman's whisper

May

man

in his ear,

a leader be,

Keeping due humility.

Women

seek for selfish treasures,

Think of nothing but their pleasures, Even children by them reckoned

And

their selfish comfort second."

the weaver rejoined: "You may be right. ask her. She is a good wife."

Still, I shall

So he made haste and said to her:

"My dear wife,

today we won the favor of a fairy. He offers anything we want. So I have come to ask you to tell me what to say to him. Here is my friend, the barber, who tells

to ask for a

kingdom."

"Dear husband/' barbers?

said

she,

"what sense have

not take his advice. For the proverb

says:

you may discard a barber, child, or bard,

All advice

From

THE PANCHATANTRA

45*

Monk

or hermit or musician,

Or a man of base

condition.

"Besides, this king-business means a series of dreadful troubles and involves worry about peace, war, change of base, entrenchment, alliance, duplicity,

and other matters.

And even

It never gives satisfaction.

worse,

His very sons and brothers wish

The slaughter of a king; As this is kingship's nature, who Would not reject the thing? "Yes," said the weaver, "you are right. But tell me what to ask for." And she replied: "As it is, you turn out one piece of cloth a day, and this meets

all

our expenses. Now ask for a second pair of arms and an extra head, so that you may produce one piece of cloth in front

and another behind. The

price of

one

meets the household expenses, with the price of the may put on style and spend the time in honor among your peers."

other you

this,

hearing

"Splendid, my did suggestion.

he was delighted and said: You have made a splen-

faithful wife! I

determined to follow

So the weaver went and

laid his request before the

what I wish, pray give "Well, you a second pair of arms and an extra head." And in sir, if

fairy:

it."

offer

the act of speaking he became two-headed and four-

armed.

But

as he

came home,

delight in his heart, the

ILL-CONSIDERED ACTION

453

people thought he was a fiend, and beat him with clubs and stones and things so that he died.

"And

that

He and the

why

say:

who, lacking

wit, does not,

rest of it."

Then the wheel-bearer continued: "Yes, any man becomes ridiculous when bitten by the demon of extravagant hope. There is sense in this:

not indulge in hopes Extravagantly high: Else, whitened like the sire

Of Moon-Lord, you

"How was

will lie."

that?" asked the gold-finder.

And

the

other told the story of

THE BRAHMAN'S DREAM In a certain town lived a

Brahman named Seedy,

who

got some barley-meal by begging, ate a portion, and filled a jar with the remainder. This jar he hung on a peg one night, placed his cot beneath it, and fixing his gaze on the jar, fell into a hypnotic reverie.

"Well, here

"Now

thought.

of barley-meal," he famine comes, a hundred rupees a jar

full

come out of it. With that sum I will get two goats. Every six months they will bear two more will

sheshe-

goats. After goats, cows. When the cows calve, I will sell the calves. After cows, buffaloes; after buffaloes,

The

From

the mares I shall get plenty of horses. sale of these will mean plenty of gold. The gold

mares.

THE PANCHATANTRA

454

buy a great house with an inner court. Then someone will come to my house and offer his lovely daughter with a dowry. She will bear a son, whom I shall name Moon-Lord. When he is old enough to ride on my knee, I will take a book, sit on the stable roof, and think. Just then Moon-Lord will see me, will

will

ride

jump from on

Then

his mother's lap in his eagerness to knee, and will go too near the horses.

get angry and tell my wife to take the will be busy with her chores and will not But she boy. pay attention to what I say. Then I will get up and I shall

kick her."

Being sunk

in his hypnotic

dream, he

let fly

such

a kick that he smashed the jar. And the barley-meal which it contained turned him white all over.

"And

that

Do and the

why

I say:

not indulge in hopes, ....

rest of it."

"Very

true, indeed," said the gold-finder.

"For

who do not heed Greedy Consequences of a deed, Suffer disappointment soon; For example take King Moon." folk

"How was

that?" asked the wheel-bearer.

And

the other told the story of

THE UNFORGIVING MONKEY In a certain city was a king named Moon, who had a pack of monkeys for his son's amusement.

ILL-CONSIDERED ACTION They were kept

ender and pabulum

455

prime condition by daily provin great variety.

For the amusement of the same prince there was a herd of rams. One of them had an itching tongue, so he went into the kitchen at all hours of the day and night and swallowed everything in sight. And the cooks would beat him with any stick or other object within reach.

Now when

the chief of the monkeys observed this, "Dear me! This quarrel between ram he reflected: and cooks will mean the destruction of the monkeys. For the ram is a regular guzzler, and when the cooks are infuriated, they hit him with anything handy. Suppose some time they find nothing else and beat him with a firebrand. Then that broad, woolly back will

And if the ram, while burn-

very easily catch fire.

ing, plunges into the stable near by, it will blaze and the horses will be scorchfor it is mostly thatch

ed.

Now

the standard

work on veterinary to relieve burns

science

on horses.

prescribes monkey-fat so, we are threatened with death."

This being

Having reached monkeys and said:

this conclusion,

he assembled the

ram and cooks come about; It threatens every monkey life Without a shade of doubt. quarrel of the

Has

lately

"Because, if senseless quarrels rend A house from day to day,

THE PANCHATANTRA

458

commit an outrage on house, and one forgives it from fear or greed he is

If foes

Be The meanest man

Now

the

thirsty,

he came

lotuses.

And

elderly to a lake

that lives.

monkey wandered about made lovely by clusters of

as he observed

narrowly, he noticed

footprints leading into the lake, but none coming out. Thereupon he reflected: "There must be some vicious

beast here in the water. So I will stay at a safe distance and drink through a hollow lotus-stalk."

When

he had done

so, there issued

from the water

a man-eating fiend with a pearl necklace adorning his neck, who spoke and said: "Sir, I eat everyone who enters the water. So there

who

drink

you.

Name "

"Sir,

And

none shrewder than you, have taken a liking to

in this fashion. I

your heart's desire."

said the

monkey, "how many can you eat?"

the fiend replied:

"I can eat hundreds, thou-

sands, myriads, yes, hundreds of thousands, if they enter the water. Outside, a jackal can overpower

me."

"And

monkey, "I live in mortal enmity with a king. If you will give me that pearl necklace, I will awaken his greed with a plausible narrative, and will make that king enter the lake along with his retinue." So the fiend handed over the pearl I,"

said the

necklace.

Then people saw

the

monkey roaming over

trees

ILL-CONSIDERED ACTION

459

and palace-roofs with a pearl necklace embellishing his throat, and they asked him: "Well, chief, where have you spent this long time? Where did you get a pearl necklace like that? Its dazzling beauty dims the very sun."

And

the

monkey answered: "In

a spot in the forest is a shrewdly hidden lake, a creation of the god of wealth. Through his grace, if anyone bathes there

on Sunday, he comes out with a pearl

at sunrise

necklace like this embellishing his throat." Now the king heard this from somebody, sum-

moned

the monkey, and asked: "Is this true, chief?" King," said the monkey, "you have visible proof

in the pearl necklace

find a use for one, send

my throat.

If you, too, could

somebody with me, and

I will

show him."

hearing

this,

"In view of the

the king said:

come myself with my retinue, so that we may acquire numbers of pearl necklaces." "O King," said the monkey, "your idea is delicious." So the king and his retinue started, greedy for facts, I will

pearl

necklaces.

clasped the

And

monkey

the king in to

his

palanquin bosom, showing him

honor as they traveled. For there

wisdom

saying:

The educated and

the rich,

Befooled by greed, Plunge into wickedness, then The pinch of need.

feel

in the

THE PANCHATANTRA

460

And again:

A hundred's mine? A thousand, please. Thousand? A lakh would give me ease. A kingdom's power would satisfy would own the sky.

The

lakh-lord. Kings

The The

hair grows old with aging years; teeth grow old, the eyes and ears.

But while the aging seasons speed, thing is young forever greed.

One

At dawn they reached

the lake and the

monkey

said to the king: "O King, fulfilment comes to those who enter at sunrise. Let all your attendants be told,

may dash in with one fell swoop. You, must enter with me, for I will pick the however, I found before and show you plenty of pearl place necklaces." So all the attendants entered and were so that they

eaten by the fiend.

Then, as they lingered, the king said to the monkey: "Well, chief, why do my attendants linger?"

And

monkey hurriedly climbed a tree before saying to the king: "You villainous king, your attendants the

are eaten

by a

fiend that lives in the water.

enmity with you, arising from the death of my household, has been brought to a happy termination. Now go. I did not make you enter there, because I remembered that you were the king. But the proverb says:

Having Give an

suffered an offense, evil

recompense;

ILL-CONSIDERED ACTION For I deem it righteous Evil to repay with ill.

461

still,

Thus you

plotted the death of my household, and I of yours." When the king heard this, he hastened home, griefstricken. And when the king had gone, the fiend, fully satisfied, issued

from the water, and gleefully

recited a verse:

Very good,

monkey-o!

You won a friend, and killed a foe, And kept the pearls without a flaw, By sucking water through a straw.

"And

that

Greedy

and the

why folk

I say:

who do not

heed,

....

rest of it."

Then

the gold-finder continued: "Please bid me go home." But the wheel-bearer

farewell. I wish to

"How

answered: plight?

You know

can you go, leaving

in this

the proverb:

Whoever through hard-heartedness Deserts a friend in his distress,

For such ingratitude must pay To hell he treads the certain way."

"That is true," said the gold-finder, "in case one able to aid deserts a friend in a remediable situation.

But

this situation

has no

human remedy, and

never have the ability to set you

I shall

free. Besides,

the

at your face, distorted with pain from the whirling wheel, the surer I feel that I am going to

more I gaze

THE PANCHATANTRA

462

leave this spot at once, lest perchance the same ca-

lamity befall me, too. There

To judge by

some point

in this:

the expression,

Friend monkey, on your face, You have been caught by Twilight He lives who wins the race."

"How was

that?" asked the wheel-bearer.

And

the other told the story of

THE CREDULOUS FIEND In a certain city lived a king whose

name was

He had

a daughter named Pearl, blessed Fine-Army. with the thirty-two marks of perfect beauty. Now a certain fiend, who wished to carry her off,

came every evening and abused

her,

but he could not

carry her off because she protected herself by drawing a magic circle. However, at the hour when he em-

braced her, she experienced trembling, fever, and the like,

the feelings that arise in the presence of a fiend. in this state, the fiend once

While matters were

took his stand in a corner and revealed himself to the princess,

who thereupon

dear! This

said to a girl friend: "Look, the fiend who comes every evening

and torments me. Is there any means of keeping the ruffian at a distance?" When he heard this, the fiend thought: "Aha! I am not the only one. There is someone else and his at twilight's hour

name

Twilight

who comes every day

to carry her

ILL-CONSIDERED ACTION But he cannot do

off.

either.

463

Suppose I take the and find out what he

form of a horse, go to the stable, looks like and what power he has."

When

he had done

so,

a horse-thief

came

to the

palace at dead of night. He examined all the horses, found the fiend-horse the finest, put a bit in his

mouth, and mounted.

Meanwhile the fiend was thinking: "I presume this is the fellow named Twi-

light.

thinks

a vile creature, he

angry, he

kill me. What shall I do?" While he was thinking, the horse-thief struck him with a whip. And he was terrified and started to run.

has come to

The

thought: bit.

some

distance,

at the bit.

And he

thief, for his part, after traveling

tried to stop

him by tugging

"Now if he were a horse,

he would mind the

Instead, he goes faster and faster." the thief perceived how little he

When

minded the

tugging at the bit, he reflected: "Well, well! Horses are not like this. This must be a fiend in equine form. So if I find a spot thick with dust, I will drop. It is

one chance of life." While the horse-thief was thinking and praying to his favorite god, the fiend-horse passed under a banyan tree. And the thief caught a branch and stuck. So both of them gained the hope of life from their separation, and were filled with extreme

delight.

Now in fiend,

who

the banyan was a monkey, a friend of the said when he saw the fiend making off:

THE PANCHATANTRA

464

"Look

here!

danger? him."

do you run from an imaginary your natural food, a man. Eat

Why

This

On hearing this, the fiend took his own form and turned about but his mind was disturbed and his

And when

the thief saw that the him back, he was angry. As the monkey sat above, and his tail hung down, the thief took it in his mouth and started to chew very hard. Then the monkey concluded that he was dealing with one more powerful than the fiend, and was too fright-

purpose shaky.

monkey had

called

ened to utter a word. In dreadful pain, he could only shut his eyes tight, clench his teeth, and wait. And the fiend, observing

him

in this state, recited the

stanza:

To judge by

the expression,

Friend monkey, on your face, You have been caught by Twilight He lives who wins the race.

the gold-finder continued: "Bid me farewell. I desire to go home. You may stay here and taste the

Then

of the tree of your waywardness." "Oh," said the wheel-bearer, "that is uncalled

fruit

for.

or evil comes by fate's decree to men well-behaved or wayward. As the old verse puts it:

Good

Blind man, hunchback, and unblest Princess with an extra breast

Waywardness

prudence,

when

Fortune favors wayward men."

ILL-CONSIDERED ACTION

465

"How was

that?" asked the gold-finder. wheel-bearer told the story of

And

the

THE THREE-BREASTED PRINCESS In the north country was a city called Honey-

Town, where the king was named Honey-Host* And once there was born to him a daughter with three breasts. As soon as he learned of the birth of a threebreasted girl, he summoned the chamberlain and said: "Sir, let this girl be exposed in the forest, so that not a

single soul

may

learn the fact."

To this it is

the chamberlain replied: "O king of kings, a well-known fact that a three-breasted daughter

Brahmans

brings misfortune. In spite of this, the

should be

summoned and

their opinion asked, in order

that no law be offended, whether

human

or divine.

For the proverb says:

prudent

man

What

beyond

should always ask his ken:

dreadful fiend the

But

let

Brahman caught,

him go again."

"How was

that?" asked the king. berlain told the story of

And

the

cham-

THE FIEND WHO WASHED HIS FEET In a certain forest lived a fiend

named

Cruel.

One

day he met a Brahman in his wanderings, climbed on his shoulder, and said: "Now go ahead." So the terrified Brahman started off with him.

THE PANCHATANTRA

466

But on observing that the

fiend's feet

lotus-heart, he asked him: "Sir, tender?"

And

the fiend replied: "I

to touch the

ground with

why

were soft as a

are your feet so

under a vow never have washed

feet until I

them." Soon the Brahman, while meditating a plan of escape, came to a lake. Here the fiend said: "Sir, do not stir from this spot until I come forth from the lake after bathing and worshiping the god."

Thereupon the Brahman thought: "He sure to eat

For he

not follow

will

And when his

that

he did

hurry away. with unwashen feet."

so, the fiend,

not daring to break

follow.

why

A prudent man and the

after his worship. I will

vow, did not

"And

will

say: should always ask,

rest of it."

After listening to

Brahmans and

this,

the king

summoned

the

"Brahmans, a three-breasted to me. Are any remedial has born been daughter said:

measures to be taken, or not?"

King,

And

they replied:

listen.

A daughter fitted out with limbs Too numerous or few, Will lose her character, and will Destroy her husband, too. But if the father sees a girl With triple breast about,

ILL.CONSIDERED ACTION

467

She dooms him to a speedy death Without a shade of doubt. "Therefore, O King, shun the sight of her. Give her to anyone who will marry her, but banish him from the country. If this is done, there is no offense

human

to laws

When

or divine."

the king had listened to this opinion, he

ordered a proclamation to be made everywhere with beat of drum, as follows: "Hear ye! There is a threebreasted princess. To anyone who marries her the king will give a hundred thousand gold-pieces, but

him." For a long time this proclamation was made without anyone marrying the princess, who will exile

remained

Now

in seclusion

there

was

and grew

a blind

man

young womanhood. and as

in the city,

companion he had a hunchback named Slow, who guided him with a staff. These two heard the drum

and consulted, saying: "In case we touch that drum, our life will be get girl and gold. With the gold

happy.

And even

formity,

it will

put a

death results from the final

end

girl's

de-

to the wretchedness of

poverty. For Until a mortal's belly-pot Is full, he does not care a jot For love or music, wit or shame, For body's care or scholar's name, For virtue or for social charm, For lightness or release from harm,

For godlike wisdom, youthful beauty. For purity or anxious duty."

THE PANCHATANTRA

470

Not

finding a knife, he went up to Slow in the old way, wrathfully seized him by the feet, whirled him

about his head with every bit of strength he could muster, and dashed him against the chest of the threebreasted woman. And the blow from the hunchback's

body forced the third breast in, while the hunchback, his hump smashed against her bosom, became

when

straight.

"And

that

why

say:

Blind man, hunchback,

and the

rest of it."

Then

the gold-finder said: "Yes, you are quite right in saying that good fortune always comes through the favor of fate. Yet, after all, a man as

make

fate his ov/n, and not desert prudence, in did rejecting my advice." you With this the gold-finder bade him farewell and

should

started home.

jlere ends Book V, called "Ill-considered Deeds." runs: ill-known, ill-recognized,

omplished, ill-devised of these let no man harbor; rning from the barber. :

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