Arhitektonski atlas crne gore (1)

commissioned by:

recommendations for construction

Njemačka tehnička saradnja | German Technical Cooperation

preporuke za građenje

Republika Crna Gora Ministarstvo za ekonomski razvoj

arhitektonski atlas crne gore architectural atlas of montenegro Oktobar | 2006 | October

Teritoriija Crne Gore (preuzeto sa Google Earth) | Territory of Montenegro (Google Earth)

SADRŽAJ uvod 1. Regionalizacija teritorije Crne Gore u kontekstu teme publikacije 2. Tipologija tradicionalnih naselja 2.1. Tipologija tradicionalnih naselja po regijama 2.2. Tipologija tradicionalnih ruralnih naselja po regijama 2.2.1. Ruralna naselja u primorju i karstnoj oblasti 2.2.2. Ruralna naselja u oblasti visokih planina

3. Tipologija tradicionalne varoške i seoske kuće i elementi arhitekture 3.1. Tipologija i elementi arhitekture u okviru južne regije 3.1.1. Tipologija varoške kuće 3.1.2. Elementi varoške arhitekture u primorju 3.1.3. Tipologija seoske kuće u primorju 3.2. Tipologija i elementi arhitekture u okviru središnje regije 3.2.1. Tipologija varoške kuće u karstnoj oblasti 3.2.2. Elementi varoške arhitekture 3.2.3. Tipologija seoske kuće u karstnoj oblasti i priobalju Skadarskog jezera 3.3. Tipologija i elementi arhitekture u okviru sjeverne regije 3.3.1. Tipologija varoške kuće u oblasti visokih planina 3.3.2. Elementi varoške arhitekture 3.3.3. Tipologija seoske kuće u oblasti visokih planina

4. Savremene realizacije i preporuke za građenje na nivou regija 4.1. Karakteristike savremene prakse i potencijali studije 4.2. Pristupi u savremenoj interpretaciji tradicionalne arhitekture 4.3. Pozitivni primjeri odnosa prema kontekstu kao preporuke za građenje na nivou regija 4.4. Preporuke za građenje - elementi za urbanističko-tehničke uslove

CONTENTS introduction 1. Regionalization of the territory of Montenegro within the context of the topic of publication 2. Typology of the traditional settlements 2.1. Typology of the traditional settlements by regions 2.2. Typology of the traditional rural settlements by regions 2.2.1. Rural settlements at the Coast and Karst areas 2.2.2. Rural settlements in the area of high mountains

3. Typology of the traditional houses in urban settlements and in villages and elements of architecture 3.1. Typology and elements of architecture in the frame of Southern region 3.1.1. Typology of the house in urban settlements 3.1.2. Elements of urban settlements architecture at the Coast 3.1.3. Typology of the rural house at the Coast 3.2. Typology and elements of architecture in the frame of Central region 3.2.1. Typology of the urban settlements house in Karst area 3.2.2. Elements of the urban settlements architecture 3.2.3. Typology of the rural house in Karst area and Skadar Lake coast 3.3. Typology and elements of architecture in the frame of Northern region 3.3.1. Typology of the urban settlements house in the area of high mountains 3.3.2. Elements of urban settlements architecture 3.3.3. Typology of the rural house in the area of high mountains 3.3.4. Elements of rural architecture

4. Contemporary realizations and recommendations for construction at the level of regions 4.1. Characteristics of contemporary practice and potentials of the study 4.2. Approaches in contemporary interpretation of traditional architecture 4.3. Positive examples of relation with context as recommendations for constructing at the level of regions 4.4. Recommendations for construction – elements for urban-technical conditions

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arhitektonski atlas crne gore ▪ preporuke za građenje ● architectural atlas of montenegro ▪ recommendations for construction

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uvod

introduction

Publikacija „Arhitektonski atlas Crne Gore“ je analiza karakterističnih tipologija i elemenata arhitekture koja je u najvećoj mjeri posvećena oblikovnim aspektima i materijalizaciji elemenata arhitekture, kao i preporukama za gradjenje. Ovaj atlas pruža investitorima informacije o arhitekturi i tradicionalnoj arhitekturi u Crnoj Gori i daje primjere uspješnih i neuspješnih rješenja arhitektonskih elemenata kao i preporuke za gradnju u tipološki karakterističnim oblastima u Crnoj Gori.

The Publication “Architectonic Atlas of Montenegro” is an analysis of characteristic typologies and elements of architecture dedicated mainly to shape aspects and materialization of architectural elements, as well as to recommendations for construction. This Atlas provides to investors information on architecture and traditional architecture in Montenegro and gives examples of successful and unsuccessful solutions of architectural elements, as well as recommendations for constructions in typologically characteristic areas of Montenegro.

S obzirom da je ideja o formulisanju stručnih smjernica zasnovana na elementima arhitekture kao regionalnim tipološkim karakteristikama, ove smjernice ne pretenduju na sugerisanje bilo kakvih tipskih ili unificiranih projektnih rješenja, kao administrativnih instrumenata koji ograničavaju kreativnost u arhitekturi.

Prilikom projektovanja novih objekata kao i rekonstrukcije postojećih, uočeno je i dugogodišnje zapostavljanje poštovanja tipologije i elemenata autentične arhitekture, nekontrolisane izgradnje i nepoštovanje zakonskih propisa. Posljedica neosmišljene novogradnje i loše sanacije tradicionalne arhitekture su devastacija i erozija predjela i kulturne baštine.

Considering the fact that the idea of formulation of professional guidelines is based on elements of architecture as regional typological characteristics, these guidelines are not aspiring to suggest any typical or unified project solutions, as administrative instruments limiting creativity in architecture.

When designing new projects, as well as when reconstructing the existing ones, long-standing neglecting of legal regulation is noticed. The result of badly though-out new construction and bad reconstruction of traditional architecture is devastation and erosion of areas and cultural heritage.

Aktuelni tretman graditeljskog nasljedja i pejzaža u cjelini, prirodnog i kulturnog, podržava reafirmaciju lokalnihh identiteta i posebnosti.

Savremene potrebe i nove tehnologije nalažu transponovanje lokalnih graditeljskih obrazaca, kao zasnovani princip u odnosu prema tradiciji, što znači reinterpretaciju, a ne imitaciju, uz očuvanje ambijentalnih kvaliteta.

Actual treatment of construction heritage and landscape in total, both natural and cultural, supports reaffirmation of local identities and particularities. Modern needs and new technologies impose application of local construction patterns as based principle in relation to tradition, which implies reinterpretation not imitation, with preservation of ambient qualities.

Stare kuće, primjeri tradicionalnog građenja, pojedinačni ili u grupama, tvore likovno i istorijski vrijedan ambijent. Novi vlasnici stare objekte kupuju uglavnom zbog njihove lokacije. Objektima se zadaju nove funkcije, a onda se počinje sa njihovim prilagođavanjem. Objekti se nadograđuju, dograđuju, proširuju.

Old houses, examples of traditional construction, individual or in groups, create pictorially and historically valuable ambient. New owners buy old objects mainly because of their location. New functions are given to objects, and then their adjustments are started.

The objects are being overbuilt, extended. Instead of selecting the

arhitektonski atlas crne gore ▪ preporuke za građenje ● architectural atlas of montenegro ▪ recommendations for construction

strana | 6 | page Umjesto da funkciju biraju u skladu sa ograničenjima objekta događa se obrnuti postupak koji vodi od zadate funkcije i kapaciteta prema rekonstrukciji i obnovi, što rezultira agresivnim intervencijama na objektima i u prostoru.

function in accordance with the limitations of the objects, the contrary procedure happens which leads from given function and capacities towards reconstruction and renewal, which results in aggressive interventions on objects and in space.

U vremenu kada atraktivan, raznolik i specifičan prostor Crne Gore, kako Primorje, tako i djelovi planinske oblasti postaju veoma privlačni investitorima, evidentna je potreba da se svim učesnicima u aktivnostima vezanim za intervencije u prostoru ponude informacije i smjernice koje treba da doprinesu kvalitetnijem odnosu prema prostoru.

In this time when an attractive, various and specific space of Montenegro, the Coast as well as parts of mountain area, are becoming very attractive to investors, the necessity to provide information and guidelines to all participants in the activities related to interventions in space which should contribute to a more qualitative space relation is evident.

Thomas Waldraff

Thomas Waldraff

Direktor GTZ za Crnu Goru

Head of GTZ Coordination Office

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Za realizaciju ove publikacije GTZ se zahvaljuje: • Autorima publikacije Profesoru Dr Dušanu Vuksanoviću, dipl. ing. arh., Docentu Mr Svetislavu Popoviću, dipl. ing. arh. sa saradnicima i Univerzitetu Crne Gore; • Uredniku publikacije Sanji Lješković Mitrović, dipl. ing. pejz. arh., GTZ projekt inžinjeru za prostorno i urbanističko planiranje; • Lektorima publikacije Tijani Durković i Slavici Stojković; • Za naslovnu stranu, dizajn i kompjutersku obradu Dejanu Mitroviću; Za doprinos u izradi ove publikacije GTZ se posebno zahvaljuje: • Dosadašnjem Ministarstvu zaštite životne sredine i uređenja prostora, Ministar Boro Vučinić, pomoćnik ministra za oblast urbanizam i građevinarstvo Maja Velimirović Petrović, dipl. ing. arh.; • Sadašnjem Ministarstvu za ekonomski razvoj Republike Crne Gore, Ministar Branimir Gvozdenović; kao i svima sa kojima smo saradjivali tokom posljednje dvije godine a koji su nam ukazali na posebnosti, probleme i otkrili ljepotu prostora Crne Gore.

For the realization of this publication GTZ is grateful to: •

Authors of the Publication professors Phd Dušan Vuksanović dipl. ing. architect, Doc mr Svetislav Popović dipl. ing. architect with their associates and University of Montenegro;

•

Editor of the Publication Sanja Lješković Mitrović dipl. ing. landscape architect, GTZ Project engineer for spatial and urban planning;

•

Lectors of the Publication Tijana Durković and Slavica Stojković;

•

Cover page, design and computer graphic Dejan Mitrović; For the contribution to elaboration of this publication GTZ is especially grateful to: •

Previous Ministry for Environment and Spatial Planning, Minister Boro Vučinić, Deputy Minister for urbanism and construction dipl. ing. Maja Velimirović Petrović, architect.

•

Current Ministry for Economic Development of the Republic of Montenegro, Minister Branimir Gvozdenović; as well as to everybody with whom we cooperated during last two years, and who pointed out the distinctness, problems and discovered beauties of Montenegro.

arhitektonski atlas crne gore ▪ preporuke za građenje ● architectural atlas of montenegro ▪ recommendations for construction

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Primorje (Južni region) | Coast (Southern region)

Karstna oblast (Centralni region) | Karst area with Zeta-Bjelopavlici plain (Central region)

Oblast visokih planina i riječnih dolina (Sjeverni region) | Area of high mountains and river valleys (Northern region)

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1.

1.

Regionalizacija teritorije Crne Gore u kontekstu teme publikacije

Regionalization of the territory of Montenegro within the context of the topic of publication

Tri oblasti u okviru teritorije Crne Gore koje su prepoznatljive po prirodnim, kao i određenim kulturološkim odlikama; Osnov (glavni aspekt, kriterijum) zoniranja: geomorfološke karakteristike oblasti.

Oblasti prepoznatljive po prirodnim i kulturološkim karakteristikama:

Three areas within the territory of Montenegro which are particular due to the natural, as well as certain cultural characteristics; Base (main aspect, criteria) of zoning: geomorphologic characteristics of the areas;

I Primorje (Južni region)

Areas particular due to the natural and cultural characteristics:

II Karstna oblast sa Zetsko-Bjelopavlićkom ravnicom (Centralni region)

I Coast (Southern region)

III Oblast visokih planina i riječnih dolina (Sjeverni region)

II Karst area with Zeta-Bjelopavlici plain (Central region) III Area of high mountains and river valleys (Northern region)

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2.

2.

Tipologija tradicionalnih naselja

Typology of the traditional settlements

2.1. Tipologija tradicionalnih naselja po regijama

2.1. Typology of the traditional settlements by regions

1878. g. proglašenjem Crne Gore nezavisnom državom njena teritorija bila je udvostručena novim plodnom zemljama i gradovima Podgoricom, Nikšićem, Kolašinom, Barom, Ulcinjem i Žabljakom.

Za privredni razvoj zemje značajnu ulogu je dobilo Jadransko

In 1878, with proclamation of Montenegro as an independent state, its territory was doubled with new arable land and towns Podgorica, Niksic, Kolasin, Bar, Ulcinj and Zabljak. Adriatic Sea, with two towns, got an important role in economic development of the state.

Ulcinj, bakrorez iz doba mletačke vladavine (državni arhiv u Zadru) | Ulcinj, copper engraving from Venice rule period (state archive in Zadar)

arhitektonski atlas crne gore ▪ preporuke za građenje ● architectural atlas of montenegro ▪ recommendations for construction

strana | 11 | page primorje, sa dva grada. Gradski život sveden, do 1878. g. na Cetinje i Danilovgrad, počeo se razvijati u širem obimu poslije prisajedinjenja novih gradova. Mijenja se odnos prema starim

Urban life, which had come down to Cetinje and Danilovgrad till 1878, started to develop in wider scope after annexation of the new towns. Relation with old settlements has been changed and

Stari Nikšićki grad, autor Artur Evans | Old Niksic town, author Arthur Evans

varošima, pored njih osnivaju se, po pravilnim planovima novi gradovi, koji će nositi isto ime, ali koji će se po novoj urbanističkoj strukturi i načinu izgradnje bitno razlikovati od starih varoši. Kao planske cjeline imaju posebnu vrijednost gradovi Podgorica, Danilovgrad i Nikšić. Plan Podgorice, posmatran samo u okviru pravougaonika, veličine 530 sa 480 metara (oko 25,92 ha), jedan

beside them, new towns have been established in line with correct plans, which have the same name but with significant differences compared to the old urban settlements especially regarding new urban structure and type of construction. Towns Podgorica, Danilovgrad and Niksic. The plan of Podgorica, observed only in the scope of rectangle, size 530 x 480meters (around 25.92ha) is

arhitektonski atlas crne gore ▪ preporuke za građenje ● architectural atlas of montenegro ▪ recommendations for construction

strana | 12 | page je od najpoznijih ili najpozniji odjek renesansnih idealnih gradova.

one of the latest or the latest echo of renaissance ideal towns.

U oblasti visokih planina po karakteru stanovanja i djelatnostima naselja mogu se podijeliti na sela i katune. Aglomeracije koje su prerasle karakter sela su Varoši. Prva stalna naselja formiraju se

In the area of high mountains settlements could be divided on villages and summer-pasture camps, regarding the character of habitation and activities. Agglomerations which have surpassed the character of villages are urban settlements. First permanent

Stari grad Kotor (Projekat “Južni Jadran”) | Old town Kotor (Proj. “South Jadran”) Cetinje 1873.

u dolini rijeka Tare, Morače, Lima, Ćehotine itd., gdje su postojeli najbolji uslovi za život (Berane, Kolašin, Pljevlja itd.).

Povremena naselja - katuni nastali zbog traženja ispaše za stoku formiraju se na jezerskoj površi. (Plav, Žabljak itd.).

Urbana matrica ovih naseljaje linearna sa strogo izraženim

settlements are being formed in the valleys of rivers Tara, Moraca, Lim, Cehotina etc., where the best conditions for living existed (Berane, Kolasin, Pljevlja, etc).

Periodical settlements-summer pasture camps established because of the search for pasture for cattle are formed at the surfaces around lakes. (Plav, Zabljak etc.).

arhitektonski atlas crne gore ▪ preporuke za građenje ● architectural atlas of montenegro ▪ recommendations for construction

strana | 13 | page Urban matrix of these settlements is linear with strictly marked center.

Coastal settlements present specific characteristics. There are similarities and joint particularities of larger towns like Kotor, Budva, Bar and Ulcinj.

Densely constructed agglomerations of the Old Towns as well as certain developed ensembles of Podgradje, Pristan, church complexes in the coastal strip and hinterland are adapted to the configuration of the terrain. Regarding the smaller town settlements, it could be supposed that they have a lot of joint characteristics.

Mostly, they are established on slopes, and never at bottom of valley, as well as beside the rocks on sunny spot protected from natural disasters.

Cetinje has in urban sense regular geometric shape, as additional building on two already constructed and formed streets-Katunska longitudinal and Dvorska transversal, which were crossing under right angle forming the structure of the town in the shape of the letter “T”.

Podgorica , danas | today

centrom.

Primorska naselja predstavljaju specifične odlike. Sličnosti i zajedničke osobenosti većih gradova kao Kotor, Budva, Bar i Ulcinj postoje.

Gusto izgrađene aglomeracije Starih gradova te pojedini razvijeni ansambli Podgrađa, Pristana, crkvenih kompleksa u priobalnom pojasu i zaleđu prilagođavaju se konfiguraciji terena. Što se tiče manjih gradskih cjelina, može se pretpostaviti da imaju dosta zajedničkih karakteristika. Uglavnom su postavljeni na padinama, nikad u dnu doline, kao i pri stijenju na osunčanom mjestu zaštićenom od prirodnih nepogoda.

Cetinje je, u urbanom smislu, pravilnog geometrijskog oblika, kao nadogradnja na već izgrađene i formirane dvije ulice Katunska longitudinalnu i Dvorsku transvezalu koje su se ukrštale pod pravim uglom formirajući strukturu grada u obliku slova „T“.

Podgorica, Stara varoš iz 1983. g.

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strana | 14 | page Urbana matrica oformljena u srednjem vijeku, mreža ulica koje su izlomljene i različitih širina nepravilna je i vrlo razuđena sa trgovima nepravilnog oblika.

Kolašin 1930.

Urban matrix formed in medieval century, network of the broken lined streets with different width, is irregular and much dissected with straggling plazas.

Nikšić, danas | today

Nova Varoš, zasnovana na ortogonalnoj šemi u rasteru pravilno postavljenih širokih ulica u pravcu sjever-jug, istok-zapad, sa velikim pravougaonim trgom i blokovima dim. 121 x 91 m, dominantni modul fronta 4 x 30 m i 3 x 30 m sa dijagonalom 5 x 30 m. Prvi poznati regulacioni plan grada izrađen je, odmah nakon pripajanja Podgorice knjaževini Crnoj Gori 1879. g., od strane ing.

Vormana. Već 1886. g. u trenutku koji potpuno odražava novu epohu u životu Knjaževine i želju za društvenim, privrednim i tehničkim progresom, po tom planu, na čistim neangažovanim terenima desne obale Ribnice, započeta je izgradnja Nove Varoši.

Poštujući osnovne programske i organizacione premise

Nova Varos (New Urban Settlement), formed on orthographic scheme within the raster of regular set up of wide streets in direction north-south, east-west, with large rectangular plaza and blocks with dimensions 121 x 91m, dominant module of the front 4 x 30 m and 3 x 30 m with diagonal of 5 x 30 m. First known regulatory plan of the town was elaborated by engineer Vorman, immediately after annexation of Podgorica to the Princedom of Montenegro in 1789. Already in 1886, in the moment which totally reflects new epoch in the life of the Princedom and its desire for social, economic and technical progress, the construction of Nova Varos has been started on clean free terrains on the right side of river Moraca, in line with that plan. Respecting the main program and organizational premise of neoclassic urban planning from the end of last century, this plan had established development on widely set up orthographic raster of straight wide streets connected with town access roads, with large foursquare plaza placed on main connection of the new part and Stara Varos (Old Urban Settlement).

Thought-out concept of forming a town with solid urban structure by applying the model on renaissance-baroque scheme of towns.

Distinct center with radial streets.

arhitektonski atlas crne gore ▪ preporuke za građenje ● architectural atlas of montenegro ▪ recommendations for construction

strana | 15 | page neoklasičnog urbanističkog planiranja s kraja prošlog vijeka, ovaj plan je razvoj zasnovao na široko postavljenom ortogonalnom rasteru, pravih širokih ulica koje se ulivaju u prilazne gradske puteve, sa velikim četvorougaonim trgom naslonjenim na glavnu vezu novog dijela i Stare Varoši.

Osmišljen koncept formiranja grada čvrste urbane strukture primjenom modela na renesansnoj-baroknoj šemi gradova.

Naglašen centar sa radijalnim ulicama.

Konfiguracija terena uticala je da gradski centar njegova struktura i ulična mreža dobiju oblik pravougaonika, orjentisanog zapadistok.

Struktura starog naselja Pržno | Old settlement Przno

Brca, primorje | coast

2.2. Tipologija tradicionalnih ruralnih naselja po regijama 2.2.1. Ruralna naselja u primorju i karstnoj oblasti

Under the influence of the terrain’s configuration the center of the town, its structure and street network have the shape of rectangle, west-east oriented.

2.2. Typology of the traditional rural settlements by regions 2.2.1. Rural settlements at the Coast and Karst areas

Osnovnu karakteristiku ruralnih naselja primorja i krasa predstavlja zbijeni tip sela - grupacije kuća situirane na malom međusobnom rastojanju ili fizički povezane u stambene sklopove.

Iz uslova terena u nagibu (padina), kao uobičajenih, razvili su se određeni tipovi stambenog sklopa, uspostavljajući na taj način podtipove u okviru osnovnog tipa: nizovi kuća formirani paralelno sa izohipsama i nizovi kuća formirani upravno na izohipse.

Main characteristic of rural settlements at the coast and in Karst areas is dense type of village-groups of houses situated on small distance or physically connected in housing constructions. Due to the conditions caused by sloped terrain (slope) as common, certain types of housing construction have been developed, establishing in such manner subtypes within the frame of the basic type: lines of houses formed in parallel with contour lines and lines of the houses formed vertically on contour lines.

Naselja formirana paralelno sa izohipsama

Settlements formed in parallel with contour lines

arhitektonski atlas crne gore ▪ preporuke za građenje ● architectural atlas of montenegro ▪ recommendations for construction

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Bajice, Karstna oblast | Karst region

a) Vrba; b) Tudorovići; c) Brca (primorje)

Dakovići, Bajice

Preovlađujući položaj kuće paralelno sa izohipsama značio je istovremeno da su prilaz kući i njeno lice okrenuti niz padinu: ka poljoprivrednim površinama (i ka moru - u primorju), čime je uslovljeno da i formiranje sklopa bude u vidu niza po izohipsi: dodavanjem novih jedinica u podužnom pravcu. Ovakvi nizovi kuća formirani su pod zajedničkim sljemenom dvovodnog ili jednovodnog krova, uz strogo poštovanje spontano usvojene (prave ili blago vijugave) regulacione linije, proistekle iz lokalnog reljefa, pri čemu je prostorno definisana i seoska ulica.

Naselja formirana paralelno sa izohipsama, Karstna oblast Settlements formed in parallel with contour lines, Karst region

Prevailing position of a house in parallel with contour lines meant that the access to the house and its front are at the same time turned down the slope: towards agricultural surfaces and towards sea (at the coast), what led to the fact that forming of the construction is done as a line on contour lines: with adding of new units in longitudinal direction. Such lines of houses are formed

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Naselja formirana upravno na izohipse | Settlem. formed vertically on contour lines

Naselja formirana upravno na izohipse Kod položaja kuće upravno na izohipse, koji možemo dovesti u vezu sa odnosom prema terenu kod grčkog megarona, zabatni zid je prema padini, a niz je formiran dograđivanjem jedinica uz zabatne zidove, što uslovljava da segmenti niza, zbog nagiba terena, budu stepenasto smaknuti po visini. Kaskadirana fizička struktura stambenog niza praćena je odgovarajućom G. Lastva, primorje | coast kaskadiranošću ulice čiji karakteristični izraz predstavljaju ulice - stepeništa („kale“).

Grozdasti tip naseljskog sklopa Poseban i atipičan oblik sklopa predstavljaju grozdaste grupacije naselja u Krtolima (prevlaka između Tivatskog polja i poluostrva Luštice). Naselja su formirana grupisanjem „domova“ - ograđenih porodičnih ekonomija, orijentisanih prema unutrašnjem dvorištu.

Gornjni Stoliv, primorje | coast

under joint shelter of single slope or double slope roof, with strict respect of the spontaneously adopted (straight or moderately

Godinje, Karstna oblast | Karst region

curved) regulative line, resulted from local relief, and where the village street is spatially defined.

Settlements formed vertically on contour lines At the position of the house vertically on contour lines, which we

arhitektonski atlas crne gore ▪ preporuke za građenje ● architectural atlas of montenegro ▪ recommendations for construction

strana | 18 | page Koncepcija samodovoljnosti i stvaranja uslova za što uspješniju

Gusinje

can compare with terrain at Greek megaron, gable wall is turned towards the slope, and the line is formed with overbuilding of units beside the gable walls, what creates precondition that the segments of the line, because of the terrain inclination, are gradually staggered according to the height. Cascade (stepped- hillside) physical structure of dwelling line is followed by appropriate cascade (stepped-hillside) streets characterized by streets-stairs („kale“).

Oblast visokih plnina, Rožaje | Region of high mountains

odbranu uslovili su specifičnosti prostorne matrice krtoljskih sela koju, umjesto longitudinalno formiranih nizova, čine izrazito zbijene grozdaste grupacije.

2.2.2. Ruralna naselja u oblasti visokih planina Osnovnu karakteristiku ruralnih naselja u oblasti visokih planina i kanjona predstavlja razbijeni tip sela - kuće sa pratećim objektima (seoska domaćinstva) situirane na većim međusobnim rastojanjima, što znači da se ne može govoriti o nekim posebnim pravilima grupisanja kuća. Prostorne matrice, zasnovane na određenim

Plav

Cluster structure of the settlement construction Special and atypical shape of the construction presents cluster structured groups of the settlements in Krtole (isthmus between Tivatsko field and peninsula Lustice). The settlements are formed by grouping „homes“-fenced family economies, oriented towards inside garden. The conception of self-sufficiency and creation of conditions for as successful as possible defense led to the specific character of the spatial matrix of „krtoljskih“ villages, which comprises of extremely dense cluster grouping instead of longitudinally formed lines.

2.2.2. Rural settlements in the area of high mountains

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strana | 19 | page principima, nisu uspostavljene ni u slučaju poluurbanih naselja kao što je Rožaje. Princip slobodno stojeće odijeljenosti, nastao u istorijskim okolnostima, rezultirao je prostornim rasporedima kuća, kod kojih nije došlo do formiranja sklopa i grupacije u uobičajenom smislu.

3.

Tipologija tradicionalne varoške i seoske kuće i elementi arhitekture 3.1. Tipologija i elementi arhitekture u okviru južne regije 3.1.1. Tipologija varoške kuće Unutrašnja funkcija formirana je prema potrebama tradicionalnog stanovanja. Prizemna etaža korišćena je kao ostava, magaza, konobe, zanatske radnje itd., a na gornjim etažama smjenjuju se prostorije za dnevni boravak - salone, spavanje i pripremu hrane.

Pristup gornjim etažama se odvija preko dvorišta vanjskim stepenicama koje se završavaju bogatim terasama. Drugi tip varoške kuće posjeduje toplu vezu između etaža formiranjem unutrašnjih stepenica koje se nalaše pored magaze.

U većini promorskih gradova preovladava koncept Barokne kuće sa radionicom u prizemljui stambenim prvim i drugim spratom.

Pompeznost koju barok posjeduje ublažena je uticajem tradicije prisutne u čvrstim, jednostavnim volumenima, primjeni materijala i umjerenosti u pogledu ukrasa.

Main characteristic of rural settlements in the area of high mountains and canyons present fractured type of the village-houses with neighborhood facilities (rural households) situated on larger distance, what means that we can not talk about some special rules for house grouping. Spatial matrixes, based on certain principles, are not established even in the case of semi-urban settlements like Rozaje. The principle of free standing separation, created in historical circumstances, resulted in spatial disposition of the houses where forming of the construction and grouping did not occur in habitual sense.

3.

Typology of traditional house in urban settlements and in village and elements of architecture 3.1. Typology and elements of architecture in the frame of Southern region 3.1.1. Typology of the house in urban settlements Inner function is formed in line with the needs of traditional habitation. Ground floor storey was used as pantry, store, cellar, craftsman store etc., and at the upper storey there are premises like living rooms-salons, sleeping rooms and kitchens. The access to the upper storey is realized with outside stairs which end with large terraces. Second type of the house in urban settlements has warm connection between the floors by forming the inside stairs placed beside the store.

3.1.2. Elementi varoške arhitekture u primorju Kuće imaju jednostavni oblik nepravilne pravougaone osnove sa naglašenom linijom mirnog sklada, ali zato svojim slobodnijim i živopisnim krovnim rješenjima Arhitektura zgrada je dosta jednostavna, tradicionalna sa zidovima od tesanog kamena golog ili malterisanog i krovoma pokrivenim kamenim pločama ili tiglom prema dosta tradicionalnim nacrtima. Nagib krovne ravni kreće se od 15 - 22°. Kao završetak pojavljuje se

Tipologija Bokeške palate: a) sobe; b) magazine; c) hol | Topology of Boka’s palace: a) rooms; b) store; c) hall

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strana | 20 | page vijenac formiran od kamenih ploča.

Malo je vanjskih ukrasnih elemenata (zbog karakteristike upotrijebljenog materijala) kao što su balkoni, krovovi itd. Često se vide vanjske stepenište koje vodi do prvog sprata i ono je napravljeno od tradicionalnih elemenata, kao što je kamen u pločama. Baš te strukturalne karakteristike, određuju visoku pejsažnu, ambijentalnu i formalnu vrijednost ovih urbanizovanih aglomeracija.

Perast

Budva

In most of the coastal towns the concept of Baroque house is prevailing with workshop at the ground floor, residential first and second floor. Grandiloquent of Baroque is mitigated by the influence of the tradition present in solid, simple volumes, use of the material and moderation regarding the ornaments.

3.1.2. Elements of urban settlements architecture at the Coast Houses have simple shape with irregular rectangular base with emphasized line of calm harmony, but with more free and picturesque roof solutions.

Kotor

Architecture of the buildings is pretty simple, traditional with walls

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strana | 21 | page Oblikovni elementi su kamene konzole oko otvora, zvekir na vratima, dimnjaci, prozor sa tipičnim „škurama“. Prozori u prizemnom dijelu objekta su u odnosu širine i visine 1.5/1 do 2/1 što je rezultat dugogodišnjeg uticaja Venecije i njene arhitekture.

Karakteristični niz spratnih kuća sa teracama ispred

3.1.3. Tipologija seoske kuće u primorju Zajedničke tipološke odlike kuće u primorju Opšti tip kuće u okviru Crnogorskog primorja je spratna kuća (prizemlje, sprat i potkrovlje) sa kamenim zidovima i kosim dvovodnim krovom, pokrivenim ćeramidom. Kuća se često javlja kao dio stambenog niza, gdje segmenti niza zadržavaju istu građevinsku liniju i osnovne elemente graditeljskog jezika. Prizemlje ima funkciju podrumske etaže (konoba). Sprat ima stambenu funkciju (sobe), a u potkrovlju je kuhinja, jer se dimnjak nije koristio. Razvojni varijetet je izmiještanje kuhinje u dvorište kao dograđenog objekta. Ulaz u kuću je preko terase, bilo da se radi o ograđenoj terasi u nivou prizemlja, ili terasi „na volat“ u nivou prvog sprata sa spoljnjim stepeništem.

Kuća Kotorskog zaliva Prepoznatljivu tipološku posebnost kuća Kotorskog zaliva predstavljaju krovne badže „viđelice“. Obično mali dvovodni krovovi nad „viđelicama“ ponekad prerastaju u poseban poprečno postavljen krov, čije sljeme nadvišava glavno sljeme kuće. Kao funkcionalna posebnost izdvaja se korišćenje prostora ispod svoda na kojem leži terasa kao cisterne za prikupljanje i čuvanje kišnice („bistijerna“).

made of dressed stone, plastered or not, and roofs covered with roughly dressed stone slabs or roofing tile in line with pretty traditional schemes. The roof slope is 15-22°. As an end, a cornice formed of roughly dressed stone slabs occurs.

There is a small number of outside decorative elements (because of the characteristics of used materials) like balconies, roofs etc.

The outside stairs which lead to the first floor are often noticeable and made of traditional elements, like roughly dressed stone slabs. Those very structural characteristics, determine high landscape, ambience and formal value of those urbanized agglomerations.

Shaped elements are stone consoles around the clear openings, knocker at the door, chimney shafts, and windows with typical „skure“ (wooden shutters). The windows in the ground floor part of the facility are in width and height proportion 1.5/1 up to 2/1 what is a result of the long-lasting influence of Venice and its architecture.

3.1.3. Typology of the rural house at the Coast Joint typological characteristics of the house at the Coast General type of the house in the frame of Montenegrin coast is storey house (ground floor, first floor and attic) with stone walls and oblique double slope roof, covered by hogs-back tile “ceramida”. The house often appears as a part

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Budva stari grad | Old town

Perast

Kotor stari grad | Old town

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Ulcinj

Kuće Kotorskog zaliva, Gornji Stoliv | Houses of Kotor’s bay

Perast

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Paštrovska kuća, tipologija | Pastovska house, typology

of the residential line, where the segments of the line keep the same construction line and basic elements of constructing language. The ground floor has the function of cellar storey (cellar).

The first floor has residential function (rooms), and at the attic there is a kitchen, because the chimney was not used. Development variety is transfer of the kitchen in the garden as an overbuilt facility. The entrance is through the terrace- fenced terrace in the level of ground floor or terrace ''na volat'' in the level of the first floor with outside stairs.

House in Kotor bay Particular typological distinctiveness of the houses in Kotor bay present roof dormers „vidjelice“. Usually, small double slope roofs above „vidjelice“ sometimes become a special transversally placed roof, which ridge is higher than the main ridge of the house. As a functional distinctiveness the use of the space under the archon on which the terrace is placed is distinguished, as a tank for collecting and keeping the rainwater („bistijerna“).

Pastrovska house

Tipična organizacija naselja na obali, naselje Orahovac Typical organization of settlements on the coast

Paštrovska kuća Glavni element prepoznatljivosti arhitekture paštrovske kuće je jednovodni krov. Uzroci nastajanja i održavanja ovakve forme krova povezani su sa spregnutim funkcionalnim razlozima i lokalnom morfologijom terena. Jednovodni krov, koji je približno

Main element of distinctiveness of architecture of the Pastrovska house is single slope roof. The causes for forming and keeping such form of the roof are connected with allied functional reasons and local terrain morphology. Single slope roof, which is approximately parallel to the slope inclination, is characteristic for the houses placed along the contour lines, what creates an obstacle for damaging the back wall of the house by rainwater flow. Double slope roofs are connected with house site location vertically on contour lines. In line with construction response on the conditions of local relief, elongated double slope roofs appear-at lined houses with joint ridge and double slope roofs with saw-tooth

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Paštrovska kuća, Tudorovići | Pastrovska house

Karakteristični detalji | Characteristic details Tudorovići

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strana | 26 | page paralelan nagibu padine, karakteriše kuće postavljene duž izohipsi, čime je spriječeno ugrožavanje zadnjeg zida kuće slivanjem kišnice. Dvovodni krovovi vezani su za lociranje kuće upravno na izohipse. U skladu sa graditeljskim odgovorom na uslove lokalnog reljefa, javljaju se izduženi dvovodni krovovi - kod kuća u nizu sa zajedničkim sljemenom i dvovodni krovovi sa testerastom siluetom - kod kuća u nizu spojenih po dužim stranama osnove.

Kuća u Krtolima (Luštica) U oblikovnom konceptu specifične jedinice grozdastog sklopa krtoljskog „doma“ - ogleda se uticaj rimskog atrijumskog tipa kuće (ideja ograđenog dvorišta kao cjeline sa kućom). Po toj orijentisanosti života prema dvorištu, kao prema okolini zatvorenom središtu, kao i po načinu grupisanja, krtoljski domovi se razlikuju od uobičajene orijentisanosti seoskih kuća na primorju prema zajedničkoj terasi ili seoskoj ulici, kao elementima otvorenog prostora linearne prostorne matrice.

3.1.4. Elementi seoske arhitekture u primorju i krasu Za primorje i kras kamen je osnovni građevinski materijal i element regionalne prepoznatljivosti u graditeljskom smislu.

Koristi se u svim zidanim elementima arhitekture: u zidovima, svodovima, stepeništima, podovima, ogradama i podzidama.

Kvalitet i estetski dometi konstrukcija od kamena u zavisnosti su od upotrijebljenog materijala i zanatske tehnike.

Zidovi Zidovi su od pritesanog ili tesanog kamena, zidanog u kreču ili krečnom malteru. Zidani su sa dva lica u debljini 50 do 80 cm i sa približno poravnatim horizontalnim spojnicama. Za strukturu kamenih zidova je karakteristično da su im i spoljnja i unutrašnja strana (oba lica) izrađene od biranog i pažljivo složenog kamena, dok im je jezgro ispunjeno lomljenim i sitnijim kamenom „trpancem“.

Otvori Prozori su malih dimenzija, na šta su presudno uticale tehničke mogućnosti izvođenja otvora u zidovima od kamena. Za premošćavanje otvora u zidu, u najvećoj mjeri, korišćen je zidani luk sa unutrašnje strane masivnog zida. Položaj prozora na spratu

(shed roof) silhouette – at lined houses connected with longer sides of the base.

House in Krtole (Luštica) In shaped concept of specific unit of cluster construction „krtoljski home“ the influence of Roman atrium type of the house is reflected (the idea of fenced garden as a whole with house). With that orientation of habitation towards the garden as a closed center towards the surrounding, as well as with the way of grouping, krtoljski homes are different from usual orientation of rural houses at the Coast towards joint terrace or village street, as the elements of open space of linear spatial matrix.

3.1.4. Elements of rural architecture at the Coast and in the Karts For the Coast and the Karst, basic construction material and element of regional particularity in constructing sense is a stone. It is used in all masonry elements of architecture: in walls, arches, stairs, floors, fences and underpinnings. The quality and esthetic achievement of stone constructions depend on the used material and techniques.

Walls The walls are made of roughly dressed or dressed stone, constructed in lime or lime mortar. They are constructed with two faces with thickness from 50 to 80cm and with roughly leveled horizontal connections. For the structure of the stone walls it is characteristic that both outer and inner side (both faces) are made of selected and carefully piled up stone, while their center is filled with broken and smaller stone „riprap“.

Openings The windows have smaller dimensions, under the influence of technical possibilities for making the openings in the stone walls.

For over-bridging the opening in the wall constructed arch was mostly used from the inner side of the massive wall. The position of the windows at the first floor is such that the roofing cornice is placed directly on window beams hood. All openings are framed with stone squares, where the window beams are made of one part while the door beams are solved with two or three stone squares. Beside the vitrified window casement, the windows are

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Crmnica Kuća u Krtolima | House in Krtole

Kuća u Krtolima, Bjelila | House in Krtole, Bjelila Krtoljski dom, tipologija | Krtole’s house, typology

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Elementi arhitekture u primorju i krasu | Elements of architecture in coast and karst

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strana | 29 | page Krovovi Kotora | Kotor roofs

Krovovi Kotora | Kotor roofs

je takav da se krovni vijenac naslanja direktno na nadprozornik.

Svi otvori su uokvireni kamenim kvadrima, pri čemu su doprozornici iz jednog dijela, dok su dovratnici riješeni sa dva ili tri kamena kvadra. Pored zastakljenih krila, prozori su opremljeni i punim drvenim kapcima „škurama“, radi zaštite od sunca, kao i od vjetra, a nekada su bili i jedini elementi za zatvaranje prozora.

Karakteristične detalje predstavljaju kamene konzole, poznate u mediteranskoj arhitekturi. Gornje konzole „uši“ (auriculi), u visini nadprozornika sa kružnim rupama, služe kao nosači motke o koju se kači platneni zastor. Donje konzole „zupci“ (dentes), u nivou kamenog podprozornika, namijenjene su oslanjanju daske na kojoj se suši voće.

equipped with full wooden shutters „skure“ for of the protection from the sun as well as from the wind, and once they used to be the only element for closing the windows. Characteristic detail present stone consoles well-known in Mediterranean architecture.

Top consoles „ears“ (auriculi) in the height of window beam with circle holes serve as the holders of the pole on which cloth curtain is hitched. Bottom consoles „toothed“ (dentes), in the level of stone podprozornika serve for placing the board for fruit drying.

Roofs Dominant roofing is half-round ridge tile - (“hogs-back tile“). Stone blocks made of slate appear in a very limited scope: in certain

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strana | 30 | page Krovovi Dominantni krovni pokrivač je koritasti crijep - ćeramida („tigla kanalica“). Kamene ploče od škriljca javljaju se u vrlo ograničenom obimu: kod izvjesnog broja crkava i mlinova.

Nagib krovne ravni kreće se od 22 - 30°.

Slivanje kišnice niz zabatne zidove spriječeno je postavljanjem završnih redova kanalice sa uvalom prema gore. S obzirom da oluka nema, kanalice na vijencu su prepuštene 15 - 20 cm, uključujući i prepust vijenca formiranog od kamenih ploča, prepuštenih 10 - 15 cm.

Terasa - elementi arhitekture Elemente arhitekture u okviru terase čine: pod popločan kamenom, zidana ograda od kamena sa profilacijom u vidu klupe („pižun“), i pergola sa vinovom lozom („odrina“) sa drvenom konstrukcijom. Terasa se javlja na dva načina: u nivou prizemlja, i u nivou prvog sprata.

number of churches and mills. The inclination of the roof slope is from 22 - 30°. Rainwater flow along the gable walls is prevented with placing the last rows of hogs-back tile with channel facing sky. Since there is no gutter, the hogs-back tiles on the cornice are from 1520cm, including the nosing of the cornice constructed of stone blocks, toed 10-15cm.

Terrace – elements of architecture The elements of architecture in the frame of terrace are: tiled floor, constructed fence made of stone with ornament in the shape of bench (“pizun“) and pergola with grapevine (“odrina“) with timber construction. The terrace appears in two ways: in the level of the ground floor and in the level of the first floor.

When the terrace is in the level of ground floor it is a kind of garden through which the entrance in the house is realized (through the Starovaroška kapija u Podgorici | Gate in old town cellar) as well as the access to the neighboring facilities (kitchen, rainwater tank, stable). At lined houses, terraces make a unique surface and stone bench Kada je u nivou prizemlja, terasa je oblik dvorišta preko kojeg se appears only towards the slope. ostvaruje ulaz u kuću (preko konobe) i pristup pratećim objektima („kužini“, bistijerni, staji). Kod kuća u nizu, terase čine jedinstvenu When the terrace is in the level of the first floor it presents a direct access to the residential space-rooms at the first floor. At the lined površinu, a kamena klupa se javlja samo prema padini. houses in Pastrovici the communication is possible even between Kada je terasa u nivou prvog sprata, preko nje se direktno ulazi u the very terraces, since the width of the terraces is usually the stambeni prostor - sobe na prvom spratu. Kod kuća u nizu u same as the width of the house. In this case, a noticeable element Paštrovićima komunikacija je omogućena i između samih terasa, of constructed arch “volat” appears as the bearing structure of the s obzirom da se širine terasa najčešće poklapaju sa širinom kuće. terrace, through which the entrance into the cellar is realized.

U ovom slučaju javlja se markantni element zidanog svoda „volat“, In Crmnica and Katunska nahija the terrace is always in the level kao noseća konstrukcija terase, kroz koji se ulazi u konobu. of the apartment, while its architectural elements depend from the U Crmnici i Katunskoj nahiji terasa je uvijek u nivou stana, dok su position of the house regarding the slope. In the case where the njeni arhitektonski elementi uslovljeni položajem kuće u odnosu house is parallel with contour lines, the type of the terrace is na padinu. U slučaju kuće paralelne sa izohipsama, terasa je tipa „terrace on volta“, while at the house vertically positioned on con„tarace na voltama“, dok je kod kuće upravne na izohipse, zbog tour lines, because of the position of the entrance, the terrace is in uslovljenosti pozicije ulaza u kuću, terasa u nivou terena, sa the level of terrain, with appropriate underpinning. odgovarajućim podziđivanjem.

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Kotor

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strana | 32 | page 3.2. Tipologija i elementi arhitekture u okviru središnje regije 3.2.1. Tipologija varoške kuće u karstnoj oblasti Kuće su prizemne i spratne, pokrivene dvovodnim krovom, gabarita u širini fronta 11, 12.5, 16.5, 18 m i dubine 10, 12 i 15 m, grade se u nizu, rijetko samostalno dim 12 sa 12 metara. Ulaz kod spratnih objekata, sa prizemlja na sprat je iz dvorišta ili jednokrakim stepenicama iz hodnika koji spaja ulicu i dvorište.

Kuće imaju svijetlu visinu prizemlja i sprata 3.20 - 3.50 m, sa naglašenim ulazom sa ulice koji hodnik povezuje sa dvorištem.

Prizemlja objekata su u ravni u odnosu na trotoar ili 15 cm izdignutog praga u odnosu na ulicu gdje nema trotoara. Gradska kuća XX vijeka imala je prozore koji su bili veličine 1/6 od površine prostorije min. širine 1.00 m i visine 1.80 m, vrata širine 1.25 m i visine 2.20 m. Prizemne kuće su se isključivo koristile za stanovanje, dok kod spratnih kuća prizemlje je određeno za radnje, knjižare, mesare itd, kao i pazar od „sitnica“.

Analizirajući tipologiju horizontalnog plana kuće sa aspekta organizacije prostora kroz vrijeme, ista se može svesti na prvobitni arhaični tip, tip „pozemljuše“ ili „plotnjače“. Ovaj tip je karakterističan do sedamdesetih godina XIX vijeka. Njegov oblik je pravougaoni i obično je visine „do početka krova s vrha čovjeka“. Od 1870. do 1941. g. prisutni su tipovi prizemnih i spratnih kuća od kamena. Karakteristika funkcionalne organizacije može se rangirati u pet kategorija. Naglašen je odnos komunikacija prema nivoima kuće, kao i raspored radnih aktivnosti u objektu. Kod prizemnih objekata u većini slučajeva prostor je namijenjen za stanovanje, ili „butige“ organizovane u prostorima koji gledaju na ulicu i imaju direktni izlazak na nju, a komunikacija sa prostorom za stanovanje odvija se preko toplih veza „hodnikom“ koji povezuje ulicu sa dvorištem. Prizemne partije kod spratnih kuća isključivo su namjenjene za ekonomiju domaćinstva ili „butige“, dok je sprat predviđen za stanovanje.

3.2.2. Elementi varoške arhitekture Do ranih sedamdesetih godina XIX vijeka graditeljstvo se zasnivalo na principu nacionalne tradicionalne gradnje. Kuće su bile prizemne, gdje je zastupljeno više suvomeđih nego klačenih kuća, kasnije su suvomeđe zidane krečnim malterom. Pokrivane su rjeđe ćeramidom, a više slamom ili daskama. Imaju jedna vrata sa vrlo uskim i malim prozorima kao puškarnice. Ove kuće nemaju odžaka već dim izlazi kroz krov. Kuće se stapaju sa okolnim

3.2. Typology and elements of architecture in the frame of Central region 3.2.1. Typology of the urban settlements house in Karst area The houses are low-rise and storey, covered by double slope roof, size in the front width 11, 12.5, 16.5, 18 m and depth 10, 12 and 15 m, they are constructed as a line, rarely independently, dimensions 12X12m. The entrance at storey facilities, from the ground floor to the first floor is from the garden or with one-leg stairs from the corridor which connects the street and the garden. The houses have bright height of the ground floor and first floor 3.20 3.50 m, with emphasized entrance from the street connected over the corridor with garden. The ground floors of the facilities are in plane with the pavement or with 15cm elevated doorstep comparing to the street where there is no pavement. Town house of XX century had windows with size 1/6 of the surface of the room with minimal width 1.00m and height 1.80m, door with width 1.25m and height 2.20m. The low-rise houses were only used for habitation, while at the storey houses the ground floor was determined for stores, bookstores, butcher’s etc., as well as for shops with small things for selling.

Analyzing the typology of the horizontal plan of the house from the aspect of the space organization through the time, the same could be brought down on the primary archaic type, type „pozemljusa“ or „plotnjaca“. This type is characteristic for the period till 70s in XIX century. The shape is rectangular and the height is usually „to the beginning of the roof from the height of man“. From 1870 till 1941 there are types of low-rise and storey houses made of stone.

The characteristic of functional organization could be ranked in five categories. The relation towards communications according to the levels of the house, as well as the distribution of the working activities in the facility. At low-rise facilities the space in most of the cases serves for living, or for „boutiques“ with direct entrance from the street and turned directly to the street, and communication with rooms for living is realized over the warm connections with „hall“ which connects the street with garden. Ground floor rooms at storey houses primarily serve for economy of the household or „boutiques“, while the first floor serves for living.

3.2.2. Elements of the urban settlements architecture Until early 70’s in XIX century the construction was based on the principle of national traditional constructing. The houses were low-

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Izgled gradske kuće između dva rata u Danilovgradu View of the house between two world wars in Danilovgrad

Tipologija varoške kuće | Topology of urban settlements house

Izgled dvojne gradske kuće u Danilovgradu | View of double city house

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strana | 34 | page kamenim ambijentom planina i brda. rise, and there were more “suvomedje” houses Graditelji su većinom Novljani kao i (houses made without mortar) then houses Dalmatinci koji su svoj istančani ukus i made with lime mortar “klacene”, and later the odgovornost građenja prenosili na first ones were constructed with lime mortar. domaće majstore.

Najviše They are rarely covered with hogs-back tile građevinskog materijala se uvozilo iz and usually covered with straw or timber Austrougarske, Italije, Turske i boards. They have one door with very narrow Engleske. Objekti su bili slični, and small windows like loop-holes. Those ujednačene spratnosti, razlika se houses do not have chimney and the smoke pojavljivala u visini samo zbog goes out through the roof. The houses are konfiguracije terena. Jedino javne assimilated with surrounding rocky ambience of zgrade isticale su se položajem, the mountains and hills. Constructors are visinom i arhitekturom. Veća pažnja mostly from Herceg Novi as well as Dalmatians poklanja se ulazu, obradi oko prozora, who handed down their refined taste and rekao i balkonskim detaljima. Obzirom sponsibility of constructing to domestic artina vrijeme nastanka, strukturu funkcije sans. Most of the construction material was i mogućnost uklapanja u cjelinu imported from Austro-Hungary, Italy, Turkey gradskog organizma u jezgru se and England. The facilities were similar, with posebno izdvaja urbani milje mješovite leveled storey, the difference in height apstambeno poslovne strukture, formiran peared only because of the terrain configurarubnom izgradnjom blokova autentične tion. Only public buildings were noticeable fizionomije i arhitektonskog izraza because of their position, height and architec(krovovi, vijenci, balkoni, plastika vrata ture. More attention is paid to the entrance, Detalj ograde | Fence detail i prozora i sl.). Neovisno od razvoja work around the windows and balcony details. tipologije Varoške kuće krovovi su bili Regarding the time of forming, structure of the uvijek dvovodni, osim trovodnih na uglovima. Nagib krovne ravni function and possibility of adapting to the whole of town organism kretao se od manje 25° - 30° i manje 30°- 35°. Prozori, naročito in the core urban milieu of residential-business structure is specifiprema ulici bili su dvokrilni, kasnije trokrilni, izdijeljeni rasterno na cally separated, formed by edged construction of the block with manje kvadratne prozorčiće (min. 100/180). Vrata na varoškim authentic physiognomy and architectonic expression (roofs, corkućama prizemljušama su 110 cm i visine 160 - 170 cm. nices, balconies, door and window’s plastic, etc.). Independently Izgrađena primitivno od neobrađenih drvenih dasaka složenih u from the development of typology of urban settlement house the horizontalnom slogu sa poprečnim ukrutama. Razvojem i roofs were always double slope roofs, except the triple slope roofs at the angles. Roof slope was less than 25° - 30° and less than modernizacijom stambene kuće dimenzije vrata se povećavaju 30°- 35°. Windows, especially those facing the street were with često sa nadsvijetlom pravougaonog ili lučnog oblika visine (55 double window panes, later triple window panes, divided in raster 65 cm) i po širini i visini (110 - 130 cm odnosno 220 cm visine). on smaller square windows (min 100/180). The door on the proUlazna vrata su naglašena kamenim okvirima, lijepom drvenom vincial town’s houses “prizemljuse” are with 110cm width and rezbarijom, lučnim ili pravougaonim završetkom. height 160-170cm, built from untreated wooden boards arranged 3.2.3. Tipologija seoske kuće u karstnoj oblasti i priobalju horizontally with transversal stiffener plates. With development Skadarskog jezera and modernization of residential house dimensions of the door are increased often with hopper window of rectangular or arch shape Sličnost prirodnih odlika primorja i karstne oblasti našla je svoj with height (55 - 65 cm) and in width and height (110 - 130 cm i.e. odraz i u tipološki veoma sličnim kućama. Stepen sličnosti je u direktnoj zavisnosti od intenziteta kulturnih uticaja koji su u

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Cetinje

Starovaroška kuća u Nikšiću | Old house in Niksic

Plavi dvorac, Cetinje | Blue castle

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Detalji Danilovrad, balkoni | Balcony details Francusko poslanstvo | French mission

Cetinje

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Cetinje, Njegoševa ulica | Njegoseva street in Cetinje Cetinje, Zetski dom

Nikšić, Dvorac Kralja Nikole | Castle of King Nikola

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strana | 38 | page prošlosti dolazili sa primorja. Potvrdu ove teze nalazimo u činjenici da je na području krasa narodna kuća svoj najviši domet dostigla u Crmnici - na kontinentalnoj strani planinskog vijenca uz more (Sutorman, Sozina, Paštrovska gora). Kao tipična, može se izdvojiti spratna kuća, izduženog oblika sa dvovodnim krovom.

Pojam „spratna kuća“, kao i u brojnim slučajevima na drugim lokalitetima, vezan je za postojanje prizemne poluetaže, formirane podziđivanjem padine, iz kojeg je nastao i naziv „kuća na konobu“ i „kuća na izbi“. Kuće sa zidovima od kamena javljaju se i van područja primorja i krasa - u djelovima oblasti visokih planina kao podtip sa mješovitim karakteristikama, što je uobičajeno za granične zone dviju oblasti. Pojava ovog tipološkog varijeteta rezultat je nedostatka kvalitetne drvene građe, kao i uvijek prisutnih kulturnih uticaja iz susjedstva. Kuće obalnog područja Skadarskog jezera kao tipološke posebnosti. Kuće prijezerskih naselja Skadarskog jezera, zbog svojih sadržaja, mogu se nazvati ribarskim kućama. Formirale su se transformacijom - stalnim nastanjivanjem obalnih sezonskih objekata, nekada namijenjenih isključivo čuvanju i obradi ribe, kao i sušenju žita. Na primjere ovakve transformacije nailazimo na različitim lokalitetima, kod kojih su se odigrali gotovo identični primjeri pretvaranja obalnih ekonomskih objekata u stalna naselja: u Paštrovićima (Pržno, Rafailovići) i u Krtolima (Bjelila, Kakrc). Autentična ribarska kuća bila je jednodjelna prizemljuša, malih dimenzija, sa dvovodnim krovom. U skladu sa karakteristikama kamene prizemljuše, umjesto prozora, postojali su samo mali nezastakljeni otvori (veličine kamenog bloka).

Obavezni dio „unutrašnje ugrađene opreme“ bilo je kameno korito „kopanja“ za soljenje ribe. Tipološki varijetet predstavlja kuća u Rijeci Crnojevića, u kojoj se prepliću karakteristike krasa i Mediterana sa orijentalnim karakteristikama, kao rezultat Kuća u Karstnoj oblasti, tipologija | House in karst region, typology

220 cm height). The entrance doors are emphasized with stone frames, lovely carved pieces of wood, arc or rectangular end.

3.2.3. Typology of the rural house in Karst area and Skadar Lake coast Similarity of natural characteristics of the Coast and Karst area found its reflection also in typologically very similar houses. The degree of the similarity depends directly from intensity of cultural influences which used to come from the coast in the past. The confirmation of this thesis can be found in the fact that in the area of karst popular house achieved its highest limit in Crmnica at the continental side of mountain chain along the sea (Sutorman, Sozina, Pastrovska gora). A storey house of elongated shape with double slope roof could be distinguished as typical. The term „storey house“, like in many cases at other locations, is connected with existence of the ground floor semi-storey, formed by underpinning the slope, what caused the name for such houses “house on the cellar” and “house on the shack“. Houses with walls made of stone appear also out of the coastal area and the area of karst – in some parts of the areas of high mountains-as a subtype with mixed characteristics, what is usual for boundary zones of two areas. The appearance of this typological variety is a result of the lack of qualitative timber, as well as always present cultural influences from neighbors. The houses of the coastal area of Skadar Lake as typological particularities. The houses of the settlements near the Skadar Lake, because of their contents, could be called fishing houses. They were formed by transformation-permanent positioning of coastal seasonal facilities which serve primarily for conservation and treatment of the fish, as well as corn drying. The examples of such transformation could be seen on different locations, on which almost identical examples of transformation of coastal economic facilities into permanent settlements were real-

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Seoske kuće u priobalju Skadarskog jezera Village houses in the coast of Skadar lake

Rijeka Crnojevića

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Dodoši

miješanja odgovarajućih kulturnih uticaja. Orijentalni uticaji najuočljiviji su kod terase, čiji su svi elementi od drveta i koja po konceptu odgovara čardaku. Na tipološke odlike kuće u Rijeci Crnojevića uticao je i promjenjljivi sezonski vodni režim jezera.

Kao rezultat prilagođavanja ovakvim uslovima okruženja, kuće u Rijeci Crnojevića, locirane na samoj obali, imaju i neke odlike sojenica. Jedan od elemenata sličnosti sa sojenicama su stubovi (masivni, kameni) u djelimično slobodnim prizemljima koja bivaju plavljena u vrijeme visokog vodostaja. Najočigledniji primjer odlika lokalne arhitekture je kuća uz stari kameni most (Danilov most).

Prednji dio kuće sa „volatom“ je u vodi, tako da poluetaža, koja uobičajeno pripada konobi, ovdje predstavlja natkriveno pristanište u okviru same kuće sa direktnim pristupom za „čun“ sa jezera.

3.3. Tipologija i elementi arhitekture u okviru sjeverne regije 3.3.1. Tipologija varoške kuće u oblasti visokih planina Karakteristika ovih kuća je što su naslonjene jedna na drugu u nizu sa obije strane ulice. Kuće su pravougaone osnove ili kvadratne sa prizemljem i spratom, poređane u nizu u sklopu većih ili manjih stambenih blokova uklapajući se u uličnu mrežu.

Fasade su raščlanjene nizom simetrično raspoređenih vrata i prozora. U prizemlju su se nalazile zanatlijske radnje, trgovine i kafane, a na spratu prostorije za spavanje. Svaka kuća imala je dvorište i baštu. Kuće sa dvorišne strane imale su kao po pravilu

ized: in Paštrovići (Pržno, Rafailovići) and in Krtole (Bjelila, Kakrc).

Authentic fishing house was one-part “prizemljusa”, with small dimensions, with double slope roof. In line with the characteristics of the stone “prizemljuse”, instead of the windows, there were only small non-vitrified openings (size of stone block). Necessary part of the “inside built-in equipment” was stone trough „kopanja” for fish salting. Typological variety presents a house in Rijeka Crnojevica, in which the characteristics of the karst and Mediterranean are mixed with oriental characteristics, as a result of mixture of relevant cultural influences. Oriental influences are most noticeable at terraces, where all elements are made of timber and which looks like enclosed porch regarding the concept. Typological characteristics of the house in Rijeka Crnojevica were influenced by unstable seasonal water regime of the lake. As a result of adaptation to such conditions of environment, the houses in Rijeke Crnojevica, located at the very coast, have some characteristics of pile dwellings. One of the elements of that similarity are pillars (massive, stone) in partly free ground floors which are flooded in the periods of high watermark. The most obvious example of the characteristics of local architecture is the house beside the old stone bridge (Danilov most). Frontal part of the house with „volat“ is in the water, so the semi-storey which usually belongs to the cellar, here presents sheltered dock in the scope of the very house with direct access for the boat „cun“ from the lake.

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strana | 41 | page doksat-balkon i stepenište koji su činili cjelinu sa osnovnim gabaritom kuće. Kuće imaju dva ulaza od ulice za poslovni prostor, sa unutrašnje strane stepenicama za sprat i od dvorišta preko doksata. Prostor za stanovanje isto je organizovan kao i kod kuća u karstnoj oblasti.

3.3. Typology and elements of architecture in the frame of Northern region

3.3.2. Elementi varoške arhitekture

Characteristic of those houses is the fact that they are placed one on each other as a line on both sides of the street. The houses have rectangular or square base with ground floor and first floor, lined within a group of residential blocks adapting into street network. Frontages are separated with lines of symmetrically distributed doors and windows. At the ground floor there were craftsman stores, shops and pubs, and at the first floor sleeping rooms. Each house had garden and yard. The houses from the yard side had as by the rule “doksat”-balcony and stairs which were making a whole with basic size of the house. Houses have two entrances from the street for business premises, from inner part with stairs to the first floor and from the yard to the “doksat”. The space for living is organized in the same way like in the houses in Karst area.

Prizemlje kuća zidani su od lomljenog kamena a sprat je obično pravljen od čakme. Neke kuće su kompletno i prizemlje i sprat pravljene od čakme. Krovni pokrivač je šindra i pokrivač od lima, krov je obično na kvadratnoj osnovi četvorovodan, a na pravougaonoj osnovi na dvije vode. Prozori i vrata su pravougaoni, oivičeni lijepo klesanim kamenom kao i ivice fasada su također obrađeni ugaonicima. Vrata pored pravougaonog

3.3.1. Typology of the urban settlements house in the area of high mountains

3.3.2. Elements of urban settlements architecture The ground floors of the houses were built of broken stone and the floor was usually built of “cakma”. Some houses were com-

Andrijevica balkon stare kuće | Balcony of old house

završetka imaju i polukružno završavanje kao nadsvijetlo dim. su (120/240 + 50 cm). Ponekad su prozori i vrata oivičeni profilisanim slojem maltera. Krovni prozori u potkrovlju su pravougaoni sa zabatnim završetkom.

3.3.3. Tipologija seoske kuće u oblasti visokih planina „Zaštitni znak“ ruralne stambene arhitekture šumovitih planinskih oblasti predstavlja dvodjelna dinarska brvnara izdužene pravougaone osnove „kuća na ćelicu“ ili „kuća na magazi“, postavljena upravno na nagib terena i prepoznatljiva po

Kolašin, fasada tipične gradske ulice | Typical façade of city house

pletely, both ground floor and first floor, made of “cakma”. Roof was constructed of shingle and metal plates. The roof is usually based on square hipped roofs, and at the rectangular base it is a double slope roof. The windows and door are rectangular, edged with nicely dressed stone and the edges of facades are also

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Berane

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strana | 43 | page podrumskoj poluetaži „izbi“ ili „magazi“, nastaloj podziđivanjem prednjeg dijela kuće.

Tradicionalna arhitektura ovih predjela prepoznatljiva je po drvetu, kao osnovnom materijalu zidova i krovnog pokrivača. U cilju izbjegavanja neposrednog dodira drveta sa tlom koristi se kamen, od kojeg su izrađeni zidovi magaze i kameni sokli, na koje se polažu grede „temeljnjače“.

Najmarkantniji tipološki element brvnare je visoki četvorovodni krov, koji se svojim oblikom približava obliku piramide. „Piramida“ krova zajedno sa relativno niskim „kubusom“ prizemlja formira veoma skladnu, dobro proporcionisanu cjelinu.

Durmitorska kuća | Durmitor house Oblikovni efekti brvnare još su snažniji kada se posmatra grupacija stambenog i pomoćnih objekata u okviru jednog domaćinstva. Ponavljanje, ili blago variranje motiva visokih tamnih krovova dovodi do gradacije efekta. Mogućnosti prostornog razvoja - dograđivanja brvnare ograničene su tradicionalnim četvorovodnim krovom. Dok je dvovodni ili jednovodni krov kamene kuće omogućavao tehnički jednostavnu realizaciju proširivanja kuće dograđivanjem, horizontalni gabarit brvnare unaprijed je bio omeđen površinom osnove krova (što je nametalo prostorni razvoj dijeljenjem unutrašnjeg prostora).

Uobičajeni oblik katuna - ljetnjeg stočarskog stana je koliba sa

worked with corner stones. The door beside the rectangular end have semicircle end as a hopper window with dimensions (120/240 + 50cm.).

Sometimes the doors and windows are edged with profiled layer of the mortar. Roof lights (windows) in the attic are rectangular with gable end.

3.3.3. Typology of the rural house in the area of high mountains „Trade mark“' of the rural residential architecture of forest mountain areas presents a two-part Dinaric cottage with elongated rectangular base „house on the cellar“ or „house on the store“, placed vertically on the slope of the terrain and recognizable because of the storage semi-storey „izba“ or „store“, formed with underpinning the front side of the house. Traditional architecture of those areas is characterized by timber, as a main material for walls and roofing. In order to avoid direct contact of the timber with ground the stone is used, from which the walls of the store and stone plinths are constructed, on which the ground beams “temeljnace” are placed. The most noticeable typological element of the cottage is high hipped roof, which is similar in shape to the shape of pyramid. “The pyramid” of the roof together with relatively low „kubus“ (main volume) of the ground floor forms a very harmonized, well proportioned whole. Shaped effects of the cottage are even stronger when the grouping of residential and neighboring facilities within the frame of one household is considered. Repetition or moderate variation of the motives of high dark roofs leads to the gradation of the effect. The possibilities of spatial development-overbuilding of the cottage are limited with traditional hipped roof. While the single slope or double slope roof of the stone house made possible technical realization of expanding the house with overbuilding, horizontal size of the cottage was beforehand bordered with the surface of the roof base (what imposed spatial development through division of the inside space). Usual shape of the summer pasture camps-for the purpose of the summer house for stockmen, is a cottage with low walls made of stone (up to 1.5m), con-

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Kosanica

Piva

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strana | 45 | page niskim zidovima od kamena (do 1.5 m), zidanih „u suvo“, i dvovodnim krovom od oblica, pokrivenim slamom ili cijepanom daskom. Neki arhaični oblici, sa odlikama neolitske kolibe, registrovani su u Pivi i na Prokletijama.

structed “u suvo“’ (without mortar) and double slope roof made of logs, covered with straw or cut timber. Some archaic types, with characteristics of Neolith cottage are registered in Piva and on Prokletije.

Derivati dinarske brvnare kao tipološke posebnosti

Derivates of the Dinaric cottage as a typological particularity

U varošicama Plav i Rožaje, naseljima poluurbanog karaktera, razvili su se tipološki derivati brvnare, nastali na ravnijem terenu i u posebnim kulturno-istorijskim prilikama: spratna brvnara i kula dvospratnica sa odlikama utvrđenja. Karakteristično obilježje tipične kuće Plava predstavlja spoljnje stepenište, natkriveno produženom strehom, koje se javlja kao „dodatni element“ u arhitekturi brvnare. Spoljnje stepenište izraz je naprednije organizacije prostora, jer su na taj način razdvojeni ulazi u staju (prizemlje) i stan (sprat). Tipičnu rožajsku kuću karakteriše zadržavanje unutrašnjeg stepeništa. Kula predstavlja veoma markantan oblik utvrđenog stana, kod kojeg se prošireni oblik primarne brvnare našao u nivou drugog sprata - na vrhu dvoetažnog kamenog kubusa (prizemlje i prvi sprat). Veoma ilustrativan primjer, u kojem je kod stana na drugom spratu u cjelini primijenjena drvena konstrukcija, je Redžepagića kula u Plavu.

In urban settlements Plav and Rozaje, settlements with semiurban character, typological derivates of cottage were developed, on more flat terrain and within special cultural-historical circumstances.: storey cottage and tower- two storey house with characteristics of the fort. Characteristic element of the typical house in Plav presents outside stairs, sheltered with extended shelter, which appear as an additional element in architecture of the cottage. The outside stairs reflects more advanced organization of the space, because in that way the entrances of the stable (ground floor) and living premises (first floor) are separated. Typical house in Rozaje is characterized by a very noticeable shape of fortified apartment, at which the expanded shape of the primary cottage is found on the level of second floor-at the top of doublestorey stone “kubus” (ground floor and first floor). Very illustrative example, where at the apartment on the second floor whole construction is built of timber, is Tower Redzepagica in Plav.

Rožaje

Plav

3.3.4. Elementi seoske arhitekture

3.3.4. Elements of rural architecture

Zidovi

Walls

Osnovna struktura zidova zavisila je od lokalnih resursa kvalitetnog drveta, ali je i u neposrednoj vezi sa funkcionalnom podjelom prostora tipične brvnare na prostoriju sa ognjištem

Basic structure of the walls depended of local resources of qualitative timber, but it is also directly connected to the functional division of the space of typical cottage on the room with fire-place

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Gornja Morača

Plav, Kula Redžepagića

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Kolašin, Savardak

Bjelasica

Kula, staro graditeljstvo

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„kuću“ i sobu. Isticanje dviju funkcija kroz različite materijale ogleda se u upotrebi kamena kod zidova „kuće“ i drveta - brvana i talpi kod zidova sobe, što je istovremeno u skladu sa principom čuvanja drvenih zidova od neposrednog kontakta sa tlom. Izraz ekonomičnije upotrebe drveta predstavljaju bondručne konstrukcije - drveni skelet sa različitim vrstama ispune. Varijante ispune su: „dizma“ - od punog drveta koju čine gredice unutar drvenog skeleta, „čatma“ - obostrano nakovane tanke oblice sa ilovačom ili šljunkom u međuprostoru, i „pleter“ - struktura od pruća upletena oko vertikalnih potki (uglavnom za pomoćne objekte). Sve tri varijante bondruka obostrano se malterišu krečnim malterom.

Krov i krovni pokrivač Nagib dviju osnovnih krovnih ravni je oko 60° (dužina roga jednaka je 4/5 raspona), a u nižim dolinskim predjelima je oko 45° (visina krova jednaka je 1/2 raspona). Strmije su uže čeone strane krova sa nagibom od 80°, čime je smanjena slobodna dužina grebenog roga, a ostvareni su i povoljniji statički uticaji na spoju rogova i vjenčanice. U okviru sličnih krovnih pokrivača od drveta izdvaja se šindra, čija geometrija (daske klinastog presjeka pritesane na krajevima) omogućava izuzetnu otpornost na vjetar i kišu.

(hearth) ’house” and the sleeping room. Distinguishing of the two functions through different materials reflects in the use of stone in the walls of the „house“ and timber-logs and planks in the walls of the sleeping room, what is at the same time in line with the principle of protection of the timber walls from direct contact with ground. The expression of a more economic use of the timber present post and pan constructions –wooden skeleton with different types of fillings. Varieties of the filling are: „dizma“ webbed wood made of small girders inside the wooden skeleton, “catma” both-side forged thin round logs with argil or gravel in space, and „pleter“ – structure made of thin sticks around the vertical woofs mostly for utility facilities). All three varieties of the post and pan are plastered on both sides with lime mortar.

Roof and roofing

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Čardak i elementi arhitekture Čardaci, kao poluotvoreni prostori uz unutrašnje stepenište, uglavnom su karakteristični za kule. Prepoznatljivi su po drvenoj konstrukciji i po namjeni koja je prvenstveno vezana za ljetnje uslove. U zimskim uslovima, radi zaštite od hladnoće, koriste se drveni kapci koji se spuštaju sa gornje strane otvora ili zastakljeni ramovi koji se horizontalno smiču.

4.

Savremene realizacije i preporuke za građenje na nivou regija 4.1. Karakteristike savremene prakse i potencijali studije Evidentne posljedice neodgovarajućih pristupa od strane investitora i projektanata praćenih pogrešnim projektantskim stavovima i odlukama kod realizacije novih objekata i kod intervencija na postojećim objektima.

Imitacija nacionalnog u arhitekturi u vidu mnogobrojnih lukova, erkera, šarenih fasada dovodi do falsifikovanja profesionalnih ideja. Umjesto poštovanja urbanog konteksta primjećuje se težnja izdvajanja sopstvenog djela.

Postupak u aktuelnoj praksi koji karakteriše tretman autentičnih seoskih kuća odvija se na način kako slijedi. Novi vlasnici kupuju stare kuće uglavnom zbog njihove lokacije. S obzirom da stare seoske kuće ne ispunjavaju savremene zahtjeve u pogledu komfora i opremljenosti instalacijama, pristupa se načelno opravdanoj rekonstrukciji. Problem nastaje u postupku intervencija koje po pravilu uključuju neizbježne promjene gabarita, ali se pritom potpuno zanemaruje lokalna arhitektura u svim njenim aspektima. Rezultat su zdanja koja ne komuniciraju i nisu u ravnoteži sa prostorom, već svojim agresivnim odnosom prema okolini uglavnom iskazuju pretenzije da se nametnu kao novi (kvazi)modeli arhitekture namijenjene turizmu.

Veće uvažavanje karakteristika i vrijednosti raznolikog ambijenta u Crnoj Gori od strane aktuelnih i potencijalnih investitora, prije svega posebnosti lokalnih graditeljskih identiteta.

The inclination of the two main roof slopes is around 60° (the length of the rafter amounts 4/5 of the span), and in lower valley areas it amounts around 45° (the height of the roof amounts 1/2 of the span). Narrower face-work sides of the roof are steeper with inclination of 80°, what decreases free length of ridge rafter, and more favorable static influences are realized at the connection of the rafters and wall plate. In the scope of similar roofing made of timber, shingle is distinguished, which geometry (boards of wedge-shaped section roughly dressed at ends) creates a very good wind and rain resistance.

Enclosed porch “cardak” and elements of architecture Enclosed porches, as half-open spaces beside the inside stairs, are mostly characteristic for the towers. They are recognizable because of the timber construction and purpose which is primarily related to summer conditions. In winter conditions, in order to create protection from the cold weather, wooden shutters are used, which are dropped from the top of the openings, or vitrified frames which could be moved horizontally.

4.

Contemporary realizations and recommendations for construction at the level of regions 4.1. Characteristics of contemporary practice and potentials of the study Evident consequence of inappropriate approaches by investors and architects followed by wrong architectural attitudes and decisions in realization of the new facilities and in interventions on the existing facilities.

Imitation of the national in architecture reflected in numerous arches, bay windows, colorful facades, leads to the forgeries of professional ideas. Instead of respecting the urban context a pretension for distinction of the individual work is noticeable.

The procedure in actual practice which characterizes the treatment of authentic rural houses is realized in following way. New owners buy old houses mostly because of their location. Since old rural houses do not satisfy contemporary demands regarding the

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Hotel “Maestral”, Pržno

Budva, “Slovenska plaža”

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Značaj problema i posljedica u direktnoj je proporciji sa: •

fizičkim obimom i graditeljskog zahvata,

•

značajem i vrijednošću same lokacije: istorijska gradska jezgra pod zaštitom, prostor nacionalnih parkova.

strukturnim

karakteristikama

Uz uvažavanje činjenice da se ključna faza odlučivanja o vrsti i sadržaju intervencija u prostoru odvija u sferi urbanističkog planiranja, tematski okvir ove studije sveden je na tipologije i elemente arhitekture koji karakterišu i po kojima su prepoznatljive određene oblasti u Crnoj Gori.

comfort and installation equipment, a justifiable reconstruction is started. The problem appears in the procedure of interventions which by the rule include inevitable changes of size, but during that, local architecture is totally neglected in all its aspects. As a result, there are buildings which do not communicate and are not in balance with space, but with their aggressive relation with environment they mostly show pretensions to impose as new (quasi) models of architecture intended for tourism.

Higher respect for characteristics and values of diverse ambience in Montenegro by actual and potential investors, especially for the particularity of local construction identity.

The importance of the problem and the consequence is in direct proportion with:

Primjenjivost studije je selektivne prirode - najdirektnije je primjenjiva na nivou individualnih stambenih objekata.

•

Physical size and structural characteristics of the construction work,

Uočeni problemi/konflikti u aktuelnoj praksi:

•

The importance and value of the very location: historical town cores under protection, the space of National parks.

•

•

•

•

Neuvažavanje/odstupanje od karaktera lokalne arhitekture: ignorisanje/nepoznavanje lokalnih prirodnih uslova i lokalnog graditeljskog nasljeđa, uz primjenu arhitektonskog izraza bez jasne fizionomije, ili neskladno kombinovanje različitih tipologija i stilova.

Neuvažavanja/odstupanja u domenu elemenata lokalne arhitekture, uz nametanje i uspostavljanje novih funkcionalnih i estetskih standarda zasnovanih na aktuelnim tržišnim mehanizmima.

Nesklad i greške u primjeni građevinskih materijala: kombinovanje tradicionalnih i novih materijala, praćeno promašajima u oblikovnom i likovnom smislu, kao i tehničkim problemima tokom eksploatacije.

With respecting the fact that the key phase of decision making on the type and contents of interventions in the space is realized in the sphere of urban planning, thematic frame of this study is brought down on typologies and elements of architecture which are characteristic and which make certain areas in Montenegro recognizable.

Applicability of the study has selective nature-the most direct application has at the level of individual housing facilities.

Noticed problems/conflicts in actual practice: •

Disrespecting/aberration from the character of local architecture: ignoring/lack of knowledge regarding local natural conditions and local construction heritage, with application of architectural expression without clear physiognomy or disharmonized combining of different typologies and styles.

•

Disrespecting/aberrations in domain of elements of local architecture, with intrusion and establishment of new functional and esthetic standards based on actual market mechanisms.

Koketiranje sa tradicijom, poteklo iz komercijalnih pobuda i neznanja, koje se iskazuje kroz površnu imitaciju tradicionalnih formi, elemenata i detalja.

4.2. Pristupi u savremenoj interpretaciji tradicionalne arhitekture Osnovna ideja (State of the Art): reinterpretacija umjesto imitacije

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strana | 52 | page Formalistički tretman tradicije često proizvodi prazne replike autentičnih/ originalnih vrijednosti.

Uzrok tome je uvjerenje da su spolajšnji aspekti arhitekture od presudnog značaja za njenu identifikaciju i integrisanje u određeni kontekst. Još uvijek u praksi to uvjerenje služi kao vrsta zajedničkog imenitelja oko kojeg različiti protagonisti u procesu građenja najlakše postižu konsenzus.

Istraživanje principa, umjesto reprodukovanja formi, omogućava transponovanje tradicije primijenjene kao inspiracija moderne arhitekture.

Prepoznata su tri pristupa/ orijentacije u navedenom smislu: •

•

Ikonički: Najšire prihvaćeni pristup gdje je akcenat na i k o n i č k i m a s p e k t i m a Nova Durmitorska kuća (konkursna rješenja) New Durmitor house (arch. competition) tradicionalne arhitekture, izraženim u citatima formi, arhitektonskim elementima i građevinskim materijalima. Ovaj metod zahtijeva suštinsko povezivanje i duboko razumijevanje i formi i odnosa sa kontekstom da bi se izbjegao neuspjeh.

Tipološki: Tipološki obrasci tradicionalne arhitekture koriste se na dva načina: tipološki elementi su inkorporirani u abstraktne forme ili obrnuto. Tradicionalna tipologija je transformisana i postavljena nasuprot modernim formama.

“Prohouse”, Podgorica

•

Disharmony and mistakes in application of construction materials: combining traditional and new materials, followed by failure in shaping and art sense, as well as with technical problems during exploitation.

•

Flirting with tradition, created from commercial needs and ignorance, expressed through superficial imitation of traditional forms, elements and details.

4.2. Approaches in contemporary interpretation of traditional architecture Basic idea (State of the Art): reinterpretation instead of imitation Formalistic treatment of tradition often produces bare replicas of authentic/original values. The cause of that is a conviction that the outside aspects of architecture present crucial importance for its identification and integration in certain context. Still in the practice that conviction serves as a kind of common denominator around which different protagonists in the process of construction achieve consensus in the easiest way.

Research of the principles, instead of reproduction of the forms, enables transposition of the tradition applied as the inspiration for the modern architecture. Three approaches/orientations are noticed in mentioned sense: •

Iconic: The most accepted approach where the accent is put on iconic aspects of traditional architecture, expressed

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Hotel “Podgorica”

•

Esencijalni: Široko orijentisan pristup gdje su ekološki kriterijumi i pitanja regionalizma u središtu pažnje. Ovaj pristup se zasniva na shvatanju da regionalni identitet potiče od određenog ekološkog principa integracije građenog i prirodnog okruženja.

Osnovna ideja i misija preporuka za građenje na nivou regija je insistiranje na uvažavanju konteksta. Ostvarivanje uspjelih graditeljskih odgovora na investitorske zahtjeve i očekivanja uključuju profesionalno znanje i istraživanje, iz kojih treba da proistekne stručni stav i projektantska rješenja u domenu jednog od navedenih pristupa.

•

Typological: typological patterns of the traditional architecture are used in two ways: typological elements are incorporated in abstract forms and vice versa. Traditional typology transformed and established contrary to the modern forms.

•

Essential: Widely oriented approach where the ecological criteria and issues regarding regionalization are in the center of attention. This approach is based on the idea that the regional identity origins from a certain ecological principle of integration of constructed and natural environment.

Basic idea and mission of recommendations for construction at the level of regions is insisting on respect of the context. Realization of successful construction answers on investors' requests and expectations include professional knowledge and research, which should result in an expert attitude, as well as design solutions in domain of one of the mentioned approaches.

It should be enabled to the architecture of Montenegrin towns as Hotel “Podgorica”

Arhitekturi crnogorskih gradova kao gradova uzbudljive morfologije treba omogućiti da se kroz svoj budući razvoj razvijaju kao urbane cjeline u kojoj prioritet ima obnova grada odnosno racionalnije i kvalitetnije korišćenje postojeće gradske strukture, a uz poštovanje i isticanje ambijentalnih vrijednosti.

Principi rješavanja •

Uklapanje novih vrijednosti u postojeći ambijent, ali i postepen razvoj fizičkih struktura uz zadržavanje funkcionalnog i fizičkog karaktera;

•

Očuvanje urbane matrice , principi revitalizacije oslonjeni

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Prisutna tipološka arhitektura, da novi objekat arhitektonske odlike i tipološke karakteristike obelježava ambijent grada;

•

Nova arhitektura slobodno iskazivanje kreacije uz poštujuće elementarne propise urbane regulacije;

•

Oblik zgrada mora da bude posmatran u odnosu na okolni prirodni i izgrađeni ambijent.

Arhitektonsko projektovanje uglavnom se ograničilo na regulativu i zapostavilo kreativnu akciju, izgubilo se u teoretskom istraživanju, dok je razmatranje cjeline problema tako reći napušteno. Ako se ranije urbanizam strogo potčinjavao vlasti, sada mu zapovijeda novac. Ne tako davno morali smo da tačno sprovodimo pravila izgradnje. Ovim projektom ostvaren je maksimalni respekt naslijeđene vrijednosti prostora, a na bazi programa kompleksne građevinske sanacije, uvođenjem u zatečenu strukturu novih formi savremenih standarda stanovanja i neophodne opreme za druge namjene (trgovine, servisi, usluge i dr.). Preporuka arhitektima i graditeljima da poštuju i koriste nasljeđena iskustva prošlosti koja su vodila računa o visinskim gabaritima objekata, o uljepšavanju uličnih fasada korišćenju i primjeni iskustava drugih naroda a ne preslikavanje nego prilagođenih ovom prostoru.

4.3. Pozitivni primjeri odnosa prema kontekstu kao preporuke za građenje na nivou regija Ilustracije pristupa u interpetaciji tradicije kroz primjere Realizacije sa prostora primorja (južna regija): •

Obnovljena kuća iz Paštrovića - primjer ikoničkog pristupa; Kuća u paštrovskom selu u blizini Svetog Stefana predstavlja primjer veoma dosljedno sprovedene rekonstrukcije stare porodične kuće. Ostvarena arhitektura izražava tradicionalnu disciplinu i dosljednost graditeljskog postupka: jasno i oštro definisan osnovni volumen kuće, jednoobraznost volumena i nagiba krova, otvori sa istim mjerama i proporcijama, itd., kao potvrda prisustva određenih ''standarda'' gradnje.

towns with colorful morphology that their future development is realized considering them as an urban whole, where the renewal of the town has the priority, i.e. more rational and qualitative use of the existing urban structure, with respect and emphasize of ambience values.

The principles of solving •

Inserting new values in existing ambience, but also gradual development of physical structures, keeping the functional and physical character;

•

Conservation of the urban matrix , principles of revitalization based on analysis of cultural, material and ecologic values

•

Present typological architecture where the new facility with architectonic and typological distinctiveness characterizes the ambience of the town;

•

New architecture-free expression of creation with respect of the basic urban regulations;

•

The shape of the buildings must be considered in relation to the surrounding natural and constructed environment.

Architectural design is mostly limited on regulations and creative action is neglected, it is disoriented in theoretical research, while the examination of the whole problem is almost abandoned. Urbanism used to be under the bondage of authorities, now the money plays the main role. Not so long ago we were obliged to respect the rules for constructing exactly as they were. This project has maximum respect for the inherited values of the space, and on the basis of the program of complex construction repair, by introducing new forms of contemporary standards of habitation and necessary equipment for other purposes (shops, services, etc.) in the existing structure. It is a recommendation for the architects and constructors to respect and use inherited experiences from the past which were taking care regarding height of the facilities, decoration of the street facades, use and application of experiences of other nations, and not copying but adaptation to this space.

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Podgorica

PEC “Kamena kuća”

PC “Stara varoš”, Rožaje Obnova “Paštrovske” kuće

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Sveti Stefan

Hotel “Bjanka”

Sveti Stefan

Bijelo Polje

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Turističko naselje „Slovenska plaža'“, Budva - primjer tipološkog pristupa;

4.3. Positive examples of relation with context as recommendations for constructing at the level of regions

Turističko naselje “Slovenska plaža”, kao izraz novijeg trenda u turizmu 80-tih godina, očigledan je izraz sasvim drugačijeg koncepta u rješavanju smještaja turista, u odnosu na hotelske objekte/komplekse iz sedamdesetih godina (autor projekta: Janez Kobe, izgradnja: 1984. I faza, 1989. II faza, investitor: Budvanska rivijera, Budva).

U ovom slučaju transponovan je model mediteranskog naselja, oformljenog oko komunikacione kičme - pješačke ulice, gdje su ulica, atrijumi i tremovi mediteranski elementi u generalnom smislu.

Illustrations of the approach in interpretation of tradition through examples Realizations in the space of Coast (Southern region): •

House in Pastrovsko village near Sveti Stefan presents an example of a very consistently executed reconstruction of old family house. Realized archetecture expresses traditional discipline and consistence of construction procedure : clearly and sharply defined basic volume of the house , uniformity of the volume and and slope of the roof, openings with same measures and proportions, etc. as a confirmation of the presence of certain construction »standards«.

Primjena prostornih kompozicija kubičnih volumena, sa prepoznatljivim odnosom zidnih i krovnih ravni, karakterističnih za primorje i kras, veoma je uočljiva u arhitekturi “Slovenske plaže”, gdje pročišćene forme i jednovodni krovovi predstavljaju tipične elemente lokalne (paštrovske) arhitekture.

•

Rekonstruisani hotel „Maestral“, Pržno, Miločer - primjer esencijalnog pristupa.

U situaciji sveopštih aspiracija na prostor Primorja, izraženih u neodmjerenim i sa ambijentom neusaglašenim građevinskim zahvatima, vrijedan i prilično usamljen primjer znalački i odmjereno profilisanog investitorskog programa i graditeljskog postupka predstavlja rekonstrukcija i nadgradnja hotela “Maestral” u Pržnu kod Svetog Stefana (autor projekta izvornog rješenja: Edvard Ravnikar, izgradnja: 1970.-1971.; autori projekta rekonstrukcije: Miha Kerin, Majda Kregar, izgradnja: 2002.-2004., investitor: HIT, Nova Gorica, Slovenija).

Rekonstrukcija odražava skup principa održivog razvoja i profesionalne etike koji su demonstrirani u širokom spektru materijalizovanih stavova i rješenja. Ključno obilježje je mali obim fizičkih proširenja u vidu nadgradnji po jedne etaže na djelovima kompleksa, uz izuzetno uvažavanje izvornog arhitektonskog rješenja i njegovog autora.

Rafinirano rješenje vizuelne prihvatljivosti povećanih masa objekata hotela “Maestral”, usljed nadgradnje po jednog sprata na lamelama, ostvareno je “povlačenjem fasada” nadgrađenih etaža za dubinu terasa u odnosu na osnovne fasadne ravni.

Renewed house in Pastrovici the example of iconic approach;

•

Tourist settlement “Slovenska plaža”, Budva – the example of typological approach;

Tourist settlement “Slovenska plaža”, as an expression of newer trend in tourism of 80s, is obvious expression of totally different concept in solving the issues of tourists' accommodation, comparing to the hotel facilities/complexes in 70s (author of the project: Janez Kobe, construction: 1984. I phase, 1989. II phase, investor: Budvanska rivijera, Budva). In this case a model of Mediterranean settlement is applied, formed around communication spinepedestrian streets, where the street, atriums and porches are Mediterranean elements in general sense.

Application of spatial composition of cubic volumes, with recognizable proportion of wall and roof planes, characteristic for Coast and Carst, is very evident in architecture of “Slovenska plaza”, where clear forms and single slope roofs present typical elements of local (pastrovska) architecture.

•

Reconstruction of hotel “Maestral”, Pržno, Miločer – the example of essential approach

In situation of comprehensive aspirations towards Coastal space, expressed in constructions which are inadequate and unbalanced

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strana | 58 | page Svojevremeno kritikovana dominantna boja zidova koju daje fasadna opeka, u “novom čitanju” arhitekture “Maestrala” povezuje se sa bojom prepoznatljivih krovova sa pokrivačem od ćeramide. Površine u natur betonu, korespondiraju sa površinama kamenih zidova i doprinose hromatskoj uravnoteženosti fasada.

Značajan doprinos “prijateljskom odnosu” prema prirodnom ambijentu daju krovne bašte, kao djelovi “pete fasade”, koje smanjuju i usitnjavaju površine ravnih krovova. Posebnu i izuzetno značajnu komponentu u slici cjelokupnog ambijenta predstavljaju kultivisane zelene površine sa mediteranskim biljem koje okružuju objekte.

Realizacije sa prostora središnje regije (karstna oblast i ZetskoBjelopavlićka ravnica) •

Hotel ''Podgorica''

•

Poslovni objekat ''Prohouse''

•

Poslovno-edukativni centar ''Kamena kuća''

Realizacije i projekti sa prostora visokih planina (sjeverna regija): •

Poslovni centar ''Stara varoš'' Rožaje - primjer tipološkog pristupa;

•

Projekti sa konkursa za Novu Durmitorsku kuću - primjeri tipološkog/esencijalnog pristupa.

4.4. Preporuke za građenje - elementi tehničke uslove

za urbanističko-

Primjenjivost elemenata za urbanističko-tehničke uslove koji slijede u prvom redu se odnose na zone čija je urbanizacija u toku, što znači na lokacije na kojima nije bilo prethodne izgradnje, i stara seoska naselja, koja kao lokacije za turističko tržište, kao i tzv. ''drugi dom'', poprimaju atribute ekskluzivnosti. Činjenicom da opisane vrste intervencija predstavljaju najzastupljeniji tip investitorskih zahtjeva determinisan je okvir i sadržaj elemenata za urbanističko-tehničke uslove koji slijede. Drugi veoma značajan domen potencijalnih intervencija su istorijska jezgra primorskih gradova sa kategorisanim tretmanom zaštite. U toj sferi uslove i način izvođenja intervencija definišu institucije za zaštitu spomenika kulture, bilo da se radi o pojedinačnim objektima ili ambijentalnim cjelinama.

with the ambience, significant and quite lonely example of professionally and thoughtfully profiled investment program and construction procedure presents a construction and overbuilding of hotel “Maestral” in Przno, near Sveti Stefan (author of the project of original solution: Edvard Ravnikar, construction: 1970.-1971.; authors of the reconstruction project: Miha Kerin, Majda Kregar, construction: 2002.-2004., investor: HIT, Nova Gorica, Slovenija).

Reconstruction reflects group of principles of sustainable development and professional ethics which are demonstrated in wide specter of materialized attitudes and solutions. Key characteristic is small scope of physical expansions like overbuilding one storey on parts of the complex, with exceptional respect of original architectural solution and its author.

Refined solution of visual acceptability of increased size of hotel »Maestral« facilities because of overbuilding with one storey on semi-detached houses, is realized with »receding of the facades« of overbuilt storeys for the depth of terraces compared to basic facades' planes.

Dominant color of walls resulting from use of front bricks, which used to be criticized, in the “new reading” of architecture of “Maestral” is in relation to the color of recognizable roofs with hogs-back tile. Surfaces in nature concrete, correspond with surfaces of atone walls and contribute to chromatic balance of facades. Roof gardens give significant contribution to “friendly relations” towards natural ambience, as parts of “fifth façade” which make the surfaces of flat roofs smaller and fragmentized. Special and extremely important component in the picture of whole ambience present cultivated green areas with Mediterranean plants surrounding facilities.

Realizations in the space of Central region (Karst area and ZetaBjelopavlici plain) •

Hotel ''Podgorica'';

•

Business facility in ''Prohouse'';

•

Business-educational centar “Kamena kuca”.

Realizations and projects in the space of high mountains (Northern region) :

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strana | 59 | page U okviru elemenata za urbanističko-tehničke uslove, koji u ovoj studiji imaju karakter principa, razmatrani su sljedeći slučajevi:

•

Business center “Stara varos” Rozaje-example of typological approach;

•

Obnova tradicionalne kuće;

•

•

Rekonstrukcija starog kućišta izgradnjom nove kuće;

Projects from the public contest for New House of Durmitor- examples of typological/essential approach.a

•

Izgradnja nove kuće;

Obrađeni su oni urbanistički i arhitektonski elementi koji su kao teme karakteristični u navedenim slučajevima i ne zavise od regionalnih posebnosti, zbog čega se mogu tretirati kao tipični u postupcima izgradnje i rekonstrukcije. Izvor informacija o regionalnim posebnostima vezanim za aspekte tipologije, elemenata arhitekture, materijala i arhitektonskih detalja predstavljaju poglavlja o tipologiji tradicionalnih naselja i kuće.

Obnova tradicionalne kuće Vrste intervencija koje ulaze u pojam obnove stare kuće Obnova tradicionalnih kuća je glavna aktivnost slučaju obnove tradicionalnog ambijenta, a obnovljena kuća glavni arhitektonski motiv sela. Termin obnova se odnosi na: •

obnovu i očuvanje parterne zone kuće (dvorište, zidovi, ograde, podzide);

•

konstruktivnu sanaciju kuće (temelji, zidovi, međuspratne konstrukcije);

•

sanitarno-tehničko opremanje kuće (izgradnja sanitarnih prostorija, uvođenje savremenih instalacija);

•

dogradnju aneksa (soba, kuhinja, pomoćne prostorije, sanitarne prostorije), kao i

•

nadgradnju kuće (podizanje spratne visine u potkrovlju, ili izgradnja sprata).

Zadržavanje i unapređivanje arhitekture partera u dvorištu Očuvanje i obnova postojeće arhitekture partera (denivelacija terena, suvomeda, stepenica, popločanih i kaldrmisanih delova dvorišta, ograda, kapija i sl.) je obavezna tokom obnove kuće. Parter je značajan motiv tradicionalne arhitekture. Tokom obnove je moguće

4.4. Recommendations for construction – elements for urbantechnical conditions Applicability of the elements for following urban-technical conditions in first line regard zones where urbanization is on-going , what means on locations where there was no previous construction, and old rural settlements, which as locations for tourist market, as well as so called “second home”, are becoming exclusive sites. With the fact that described types of interventions present the most present type of investment demands the frame and the contents of the elements for following urban-technical conditions are defined. Second very important domains of potential interventions are historical cores of coastal towns with categorized treatment of protection. In that sphere, the conditions and ways of realization of interventions are defined by institutions for the protection of monuments of culture, as separate facilities as well as ambience wholes.

In the scope of elements for urban-technical conditions, which in this situation have the character of principle, following cases have been considered: •

Renewal of the traditional house;

•

Reconstruction of the old house site with construction of a new house;

•

Construction of a new house;

Those urban and architectural elements which are characteristic as topics in mentioned cases and do not depend on regional particularities are treated, since they could be treated as typical in the procedures of construction and reconstruction. The chapters about typology of traditional settlements and houses present a source of information on regional particularities related to the aspects of typology, elements of architecture, material and architectonic details.

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Bijelo Polje

Dom kulture, Kolašin

Kafe bar, Kolašin Andrijevica

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Budva

Konoba, Kolašin

Stambena zgrada, Kolašin

Stambeni niz, Kolašin

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Gospoština, Budva

Stari grad, Budva

Budva

Bečići

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Rijeka Crnojevića

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strana | 64 | page da se izvrši i dopuna delova i zona partera, njegovo prilagodavanje savremenim potrebama Čuvanje gabarita kuće Zadržavanje postojećeg gabarita objekata je obavezno prilikom obnove kuća, ukoliko se ne predviđa nadgradnja ili dogradnja.

Pod zadržavanjem postojećeg gabarita se podrazumijeva da se tokom obnove zadržava postojeći oblik kuće, postojeće dimenzije kuće (posebno se naglašava zadržavanje fasadnih visina, širina i drugih dimenzija, odnos punih zidnih površina i otvora i sl.) oblik i nagib krova.

Renewal of traditional house Types of interventions within the term renewal of the old house The renewal of traditional houses is main activity in the case of renewal of traditional ambience, and renewed house is main architectural element of the village. The term renewal regards: •

Renewal and conservation of ground floor zone of the house (yard, walls, fences, underpinning);

•

Constructive repair of the house (foundation, walls, storey constructions);

•

Sanitary – technical equipping of the house (construction of sanitary premises, equipping with modern installations);

•

Overbuilding with the annexes (rooms, kitchens, utility premises, sanitary premises) as well as

•

Overbuilding the house (elevating the attic to become a storey, or storey construction).

Nadgradnja novog sprata Nadgradnja novog sprata se preporučuje u okviru postojećeg horizontalnog gabarita kuće. Dograđeni sprat može da ima formu potkrovlja (plafon formira kosa krovna konstrukcija), ili može da ima ravan plafon iznad koga je tavanski prostor koji može da se koristi kao pomoćni prostor. Novi sprat ne smije da ugrožava susjede i treba da bude izveden u skladu sa tradicionalnim principima.

Tretman tradicionalne forme krova Krov je jedan od elemenata koji prilikom obnove po pravilu mora da se rekonstruiše. Prilikom obnove krova treba težiti da se sačuva izvorna forma i nagib krovnih ravni. Izuzetno važan element je krovni pokrivač čiji izbor proističe iz lokalne tradicije.

Dogradnja aneksa Pod aneksom se podrazumeva novi dodatni deo čija je visina za jednu etažu niža od visine kuće, a u osnovi zauzima najviše polovinu površine osnove kuće. Aneks može da bude trem iznad koga je terasa, terasa ispod koje su prostorije, prostorija sa kosim krovom koja može da bude ostava, stambeni prostor, apartmanski prostor, garaža, sanitarne prostorije i sl.

Rekonstrukcija starog kućišta izgradnjom nove kuće Postoji značajan broj situacija u kojima su stare kuće činile grupe, nizove i grozdove, a da je unutar tih skupina po neka od zgrada, ili veći deo njih evidentno propao do mjere da su ostali samo temelji, ili neupotrebljivi zidovi. U takvim slučajevima je moguća izgradnja potpuno nove kuće ali uz poštovanje gabarita stare kuće.

Keeping and improving the architecture of ground floors in the yard Conservation and renewal of the existing architecture of the ground floor (terrain leveling, constructions without mortar, stairs, paved and blocked pavement parts of the yard, fences, etc.) is obligatory during the renewal of the house. The ground floor is a significant motive of traditional architecture. During the renewal it is possible to execute additional constructions in the parts and zones of ground floor, in order to adapt it with contemporary needs.

Conserving the size of house Conservation of the existing size of house is obligatory during the renewal of the house, unless the overbuilding is not anticipated.

Conservation of the existing size means that the existing shape of the house is kept during the renewal, as well as the existing dimensions (keeping of the facade height, width and other dimensions, relation between massive wall surfaces and openings, etc., is specially emphasized), and the shape and slope of the roof.

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strana | 65 | page Preparcelacija postojećih parcela

Overbuilding with new storey

Preparcelacija postojećih parcela je moguća u zoni u kojoj se grade nove kuće u gabaritu starih kako bi se kroz preparcelaciju dobili povoljniji odnosi slobodnih površina, povoljniji pešački i kolski pristupi i sl. Preparcelacija može da se radi za onu grupu kuća čiji vlasnici se izjasne da su voljni da pristupe preparcelaciji.

Overbuilding with new storey is recommended in the frame of existing horizontal size of the house. That storey can have a form of attic (the ceiling forms oblique roof construction) or it can have flat ceiling above which there is attic space which could be used as utility space. New floor must not jeopardize neighbors and it should be constructed in line with traditional principles.

Poštovanje gabarita stare kuće U svim slučajevima rekonstrukcije starih kućišta potrebno je prilikom nove izgradnje da se poštuje stari gabarit. Razlog tome je što u izgrađenom seoskom tkivu arhitektonsko građe-vinsku cjelinu ne čini samo jedna kuća, ili pojedinačni objekat već ukupna grupacija sa svim svojim objektima, parterom, i sl.

Otvaranje prozora i vrata nove kuće ka susjedu Prozori i vrata nove kuće ka susjedu mogu da se otvaraju na isti način kako je to bilo i u staroj kući, ukoliko ne remete privatnost susjeda. Moguće je izvršiti promjene položaja vrata i prozora, ali treba težiti da se istovremeno ugrožavanje privatnosti susjeda svede na minimum.

Poštovanje građevinske stabilnosti susjednih kuća Građevinska stabilnost susjednih kuća, njihova upotrebljivost, ispravnost instalacija i sl. kao i javnih površina i drugih objekata u susjedstvu, ne smije da bude narušena izgradnjom nove kuće kojom će se rekonstruisati staro kućište. Da bi se to obezbijedilo neophodno je pri izgradnji nove kuće predvidjeti odgovarajuće zaštitne radove.

Arhitektura nove kuće izgrađene rekonstrukcijom starog kućišta Pod ovim se podrazumijeva niz pristupa i postupaka, od doslovne imitacije tradicionalne kuće do različitih interpretacija narodne arhitekture. Prilikom projektovanja treba se pridržavati određenih stilskih odlika koje se mogu kombinovati sa savremenim rješenjima.

Izgradnja nove kuće u tradicionalnom duhu Pod ovim se ne podra-zumijeva imitacija tradicionalne kuće, već se preporučuje reinterpretacija određenih tipoloških odlika u sprezi sa

Treatment of the traditional form of the roof The roof is one of the elements which by the rule must be reconstructed during the renewal. During the renewal of the roof it should be aimed at conservation of the origin form and the roof slopes. A very important element is roofing which selection comes from local traditions.

Overbuilding the annex Annex implies new additional part which height is one storey lower of the house, and with the base utmost large as half of the base of house. Annex could be a porch under the terrace, terrace under which there are rooms, room with oblique roof which could be used as pantry, residential space, apartment space, garage, sanitary premises etc.

Reconstruction of the old house site by construction of a new house There is a significant number of locations where the old houses made groups, lines and clusters, and inside those groups some of the facilities, or larger part of them is obviously ruined and where only foundations or useless walls exist. In such cases construction of a totally new house is possible but with respecting the size of the old house.

Re-parcelization of the existing parcels of land Re-parcelization of the existing parcels of land is possible in the zone where new houses are constructed within the size of the old houses, in order to achieve more favorable relation between free spaces, more favorable pedestrian and cart-track access, etc. Reparcelization could be executed for the group of houses which owners state that they are ready to start re-parcelization.

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strana | 66 | page savremenim funkcionalnim, građevinskim, energetskim i pejзаžnim rješenjima.

instalacionim,

Pravila za polaganje kuće na parcelu Nova kuća može da bude postavljena na različite načine, ali svojom postavkom ne smije da ugrozi susjedne kuće, ili javne površine, javne objekte, infrastrukturu i sl. Da bi se ovo obezbijedilo potrebno je da se pri projektovanju i izgradnji nove kuće poštuju pravila koja se sreću u tradicionalnoj arhitekturi, koja su se kristalisala kroz vreme i kojima su dodata i neka nova.

Arhitektura nove kuće u tradicionalnom duhu Spratna visina treba da je usklađena sa spratnim visinama objekata u okruženju. Broj etaža, posmatrajući sa najniže strane kuće je 3, a broj meduspratnih konstrukcija je 2. Zadnja etaža može da bude rađena kao i etaža ispod nje, znači sa ravnim plafonom pri čemu je iznad tog prostora tavanski prostor, ili može da bude rađena kao potkrovlje sa kosim plafonom. Otvori za prozore i vrata na drugoj i trećoj etaži treba da su po površini u skladu sa otvorima susjednih objekata.

Komponovanje većeg broja osnovnih volumena i aneksa Komponovanje većeg broja osnovnih volumena (kubusa) i aneksa je podržano. Ovakvim kompono-vanjem je moguće dobiti nizove, grupe ili grozdove kuća. Ukupna površina može da bude vrlo velika i da zadovolji različite programe, a da se pritom ne ugroze tradicionalne stilske odlike.

Neprihvatljivi arhitektonski postupci, rješenja i elementi Arhitektura koja generalno otstupa od izvornog karaktera Arhitektura koja generalno otstupa od izvornog karaktera je neprihvatljiva: upotreba arhitektonskih kompozicija, oblika, dimenzija, elemenata, boja i materijala koji otstupaju od stilskih odlika lokalne arhitekture bilo da pripadaju drugim stilovima, bilo da su plod neukosti, neznanja, neprofesionalizma i sl.

Respecting the size of the old house In all cases of reconstruction of the old house sites it is necessary to respect the old size during new construction. The reason for that is the fact that in developed rural area architectural construction whole is not comprised only of one house or separate facility, but of total grouping with all its facilities, ground floor, etc.

Construction of windows and doors facing neighbor Windows and doors of a new house facing neighbor could be constructed in the same way like it used to be on the old house, unless that disturbs the privacy of the neighbor. It is possible to change the positions of the windows and doors, but that should be aimed to decrease the disturbance to minimum.

Respecting the construction stability of neighboring houses Construction stability of neighboring houses, their utilization, functioning of installation, etc., as well as public surfaces and other facilities in neighborhood, must not be disturbed with construction of a new house, i.e. with reconstruction of an old house site. In order to secure that, it is necessary to anticipate appropriate protective works during the reconstruction.

Architecture of a new house built with reconstruction of an old house site This implies several approaches and procedures, from the very imitation of traditional house to the different interpretations of folk architecture. During the elaboration of design, certain styles should be respected which could be combined with contemporary solutions.

Construction of a new house in traditional spirit This does not imply imitation of traditional house, but what is recommended is reinterpretation of certain typological characteristics in line with contemporary functional, construction, energy and landscape solutions.

Usjecanje terena za postavjanje čitave osnove kuće

Rules for placing a house on a parcel of land

Usecanje terena za postavljanje čitave osnove kuće na ravnu površinu se ne preporučuje. Pod tim se podrazumijeva usjecanje terena za samu osnovu kuće, ili i za prolaz iza kuće. Umjesto toga

New house could be placed in different ways, but with its position it should not jeopardize neighboring houses, or public surfaces, public facilities, infrastructure, etc. In order to secure this, it is

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strana | 67 | page osnova kuće treba da se kroz denivelaciju prilagodi padu terena.

Pejzažna arhitektura Izostavljanje pejzažne arhitekture nije prihvatljivo. Pod ovim se podrazumijeva otsustvo prilagođavanja površine dvorišta prirodnoj morfologiji terena, kao i otsustvo podzida, ograda, stepenica, rampi i drugih elementa koji treba da budu građeni od kamena i ostalih prirodnih materijala. Koristiti autohtone vrste biljaka.

Korišćenje predimenzionisanog gabarita Korišćenje predimenzionisanog gabarita kuće je isključeno. Pod ovim se podrazumijeva gabarit koji se formira korišćenjem spratnih visina koje nisu u skladu sa okolinom, kao i sa većim brojem etaža od tri, odnosno sa većim brojem međuspratnih konstrukcija od dvije, gledajući sa najniže strane kuće. Traži se visina od najviše tri etaže za najniže skladu sa otvorima okolnih kuća.

necessary that during the design and construction of a new house rules found in traditional architecture are respected, as well as the rules which were crystallized during the time and to which a new rules were added.

Architecture of a new house in traditional spirit The height of the storey should be harmonized with the height of the storey of neighboring facilities. There are 3 floors, watching from the lowest side of the house and 2 floor constructions. The highest storey could be constructed like the storey under it, with flat ceiling where the space above is attic, or it could be constructed as an attic with oblique ceiling. Openings for windows and doors on the second and third floor should be harmonized with surface of the openings on neighboring facilities.

Composing the larger number of main volumes and annexes Composing of the larger number of main volumes (kubus) and annexes is supported. With such composing, it is possible to obtain lines, groups or clusters of the houses. Total surface could be very large and it could satisfy different programs, without disturbing traditional style characteristics.

Unacceptable architectonic actions, solutions and elements Architecture which generally deviates from original character The architecture which generally deviates from original character is unacceptable: the use of architectural compositions, shapes, dimensions, elements, colors and materials which are not in line with style characteristics of the local architecture, i.e. belong to other styles, they are fruits of incompetence, ignorance, unprofessional work, etc.

Cutting the terrain for placing the whole base of the house Cutting the terrain for placing the whole base of the house is not recommended. This implies cutting of the terrain for the very base of the house or for the corridor behind the house too. Instead, the base of the house should be adapted to the terrain inclination through leveling.

Landscape architecture Neglecting of the landscape architecture is unacceptable. This

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strana | 68 | page implies the lack of adapting of the yard surface to the natural terrain morphology, as well as the lack of underpinning, fences, stairs, ramps and other elements which should be constructed of stone and other natural materials. Autochthon types of the plants should be used.

The use of over-dimensioned size The use of over-dimensioned size is out of question. This implies size formed by the use of storey heights which are not harmonized with surrounding, as well as with higher number of storey than three, i.e. higher number of floor constructions than two, watched from the lowest side of the house. The height should be utmost three floors and in line with the openings on neighboring houses.

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arhitektonski atlas crne gore ▪ preporuke za građenje ● architectural atlas of montenegro ▪ recommendations for construction

arhitektonski atlas crne gore architectural atlas of montenegro Radni tim Autori: Prof. dr Dušan Vuksanović, dipl. ing. arh.

Doc. mr Svetislav G. Popović, dipl. ing. arh.

Urednik: Sanja Lješković Mitrović, dipl. ing. pejz. arh. projekt inžinjer za prostorno i urbanističko planiranje GTZ Podgorica Lektori: Tijana Durković Slavica Stojković Naslovna strana, dizajn i kompjuterska obrada: Dejan Mitrović

NjemaÄ?ka tehniÄ?ka saradnja | German Technical Cooperation

Republika Crna Gora Ministarstvo za ekonomski razvoj

arhitektonski atlas crne gore | architectural atlas of montenegro Oktobar | 2006 | October