▪ DIFFERING PERSPECTIVES ON THE PROBLEM

movement which neglected the idea of organic space creation leaving a lot of negative and ill-defined impact on the development of public toilets.

1.2 DIFFERING PERSPECTIVES ON THE PROBLEM

The practice of treating human excreta deals primarily with the technology and degradation processes. The subject of public toilets is not directly connected with social science. E.g. Cultural anthropology, human culture, religionand demography, gender concerns,and behavioraland psychological aspects. This is an out of ordinary aspect when one considers that the success of treatment of a system depends on the system components working together: device, process, nature, and society.

1.2.1Cultural constraints -

The conceptual background to the problem of toilets by looking at the cultural factors that characterize policy-making and investigating fundamental attitudes. The chances of adequate public toilet provision are hindered by the subcultural values and attitudes held by professional and governmental decisionmakers. Public provisions are either seen as a joke or ‘dirty scenes’ such as crime, sex, perversion, and vandalism. A range of FIG 2.. Realms concerned with toilets. historical, philosophical, geographical, and sociological perspectives needs to be drawn upon which helps to explain such attitudes. To get the subject taken seriously it is essential to take the joke out of the toilets.

1.2.2Psychological Issues-

The aspects of treating human excreta publicly are not well known. Although there is a universal agreement that the body waste is sordid and our elimination behavior and our feelings about it are all learned from our experience, evolve and change over time, except for public toilet training, the core of psychological training is limited primarily to public attitude about human waste. Technically “attitude” includes three elements of behavior: cognition, perception, and tendency to act.

FIG 3.. 3 components of attitude

1.2.3Religious Issues –

Attitudes toward human waste are somewhat akin to attitude towards diet. The mental disposition towards both physical necessities is the result of cultural norms. And one of the dominant universal influences of social behavior is religion. Religious doctrine both restricts diet and promotes diet. Although the influence of religion on waste behavior appears less obvious, it does exist. concepts of clean and dirty, pure and polluting, are well developed in the major world of religion. Although most religious doctrines lack modern medical explanations of disease, they have a ritual and spiritual significance. Aside from the major religious constraints, countless others influencing waste treatment behavior. In some areas, religion is not a separate element of society, rather an integral focal point. It is, therefore, difficult to determine if a particular behavior is the result of religious doctrine or merely a learned behavior. For example, the burying of feces is widely practiced to ward off evil spirits; separate facilities are sometimes provided for particular social groups, and contact with fecal matter is often unacceptable to certain individuals in society. The influence of theocracy on the design of both public and private toilets could be a reality if, for example, the religious doctrine was interpreted to prohibit women from the workplace, restrict public toilets to men only, or mandate that men and women use separate toilets -- even in the privacy of home.

1.2.4Gender issues –

If one considers demographics alone, worldwide the majority of toilet users are women. Gender issues are primarily a concern when toilet facilities are multi-family or public. And although compost toilets are associated with private households, they have been used for public facilities. For example, the Republic of Palau installed seven compost toilet comfort stations for tourists. Gender problems stem from several causes. But a principle explanation is that decision-making, regarding public toilet provision, has been dominated by men. The worlds of plumbing, services engineering, and building technology are particularly male-dominated, especially at the senior level. Consequently, most public toilets and associated codes fail to recognize the needs of women. Another gender issue is sexually transmitted diseases (STDs). A recent survey showed that teenagers' knowledge about STDs was very low and that a large number thought one can contract HIV/AIDS by sharing a toilet seat. This belief, which is held by many worldwide, might influence attitude and modify behavior regarding public toilets. That is, non-contact toilet facilities would be preferred over FIG 4.. Vector of female and male gender